U.S. patent application number 12/764788 was filed with the patent office on 2010-08-12 for antenna system.
Invention is credited to Shu-Li Wang.
Application Number | 20100201583 12/764788 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38948739 |
Filed Date | 2010-08-12 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100201583 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Wang; Shu-Li |
August 12, 2010 |
ANTENNA SYSTEM
Abstract
An antenna system includes a dielectrically-loaded loop element
electromagnetically coupled to a planar element. The antenna system
exhibits uniform, broadband radiation and reception patterns.
Inventors: |
Wang; Shu-Li; (Santa Clara,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Treyz Law Group
870 Market Street, Suite 984
SAN FRANCISCO
CA
94102
US
|
Family ID: |
38948739 |
Appl. No.: |
12/764788 |
Filed: |
April 21, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11486223 |
Jul 12, 2006 |
|
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12764788 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
343/702 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q 9/265 20130101;
H01Q 1/22 20130101; H01Q 1/38 20130101; H01Q 1/243 20130101; H01Q
7/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
343/702 |
International
Class: |
H01Q 1/24 20060101
H01Q001/24 |
Claims
1. A portable media player, comprising: an antenna system,
comprising: a dielectrically-loaded loop element; and a
substantially planar element coupled with the dielectrically-loaded
loop element, wherein the substantially planar element is disposed
substantially parallel to a major axis of the dielectrically-loaded
loop element, substantially perpendicular to a minor axis of the
dielectrically-loaded loop element; a radio frequency (RF)
transceiver coupled with the antenna system to transmit and receive
media; a media processing system coupled with the RF transceiver to
process the media; a storage device coupled to the media processing
system to store the media; and one or more input-output devices to
provide a user interface and to present the media to a user.
2. The portable media player defined in claim 1, wherein the media
comprises one or more of music and video and wherein the one or
more input-output devices comprises a click wheel selection device
to select the media stored on the storage device, and wherein the
media processing system is disposed within a PCB within a volume
defined by the substantially planar element, and wherein a display
device is coupled to the media processing system to display
indicators of media being selected through the click wheel
selection device.
3. A wireless device, comprising: an antenna system, comprising: a
dielectrically-loaded loop element; and a substantially planar
element coupled with the dielectrically-loaded loop element,
wherein the substantially planar element is disposed substantially
parallel to a major axis of the dielectrically-loaded loop element,
substantially perpendicular to a minor axis of the
dielectrically-loaded loop element; a digital radio frequency (RF)
transceiver coupled to the antenna system to send and receive at
least one of digital voice signals and digital data signals via the
antenna system; a digital processing system coupled with the
transceiver to control the transceiver and manage the digital
signals; a storage device coupled with the digital processing
system to store data; and one or more input-output devices to
provide a user interface.
4. The wireless device defined in claim 3, wherein the one or more
input-output devices comprise at least one of an LCD display, a
keypad and an audio transducer, and wherein the digital processing
system and the transceiver are disposed on a PCB within a volume
defined by the substantially planar element.
5. A portable device having an antenna structure therein,
comprising: a generally U-shaped element; and a support element
having a substantially planar portion, wherein the substantially
planar portion has an electrical length along a first dimension
proximate to one-half wavelength of a frequency of interest, and an
electrical length along a second dimension proximate to one
wavelength of a frequency of interest, wherein the support element
is a conductive element located within an induction field region of
the loop element.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention relates to antenna systems and, in particular,
to antenna systems for wireless communication devices.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Advances in semiconductor technology have allowed wireless
communication devices, such as cell phones, personal digital
assistants (PDA's) and pagers, to become smaller and smaller.
However, the antenna systems for these devices have not evolved at
the same pace because antenna efficiency generally decreases with
reductions in antenna size. To maintain reasonable gain and
non-directional receive/transmit patterns, most conventional
antenna designs have relied on external monopole antennas, either
fixed or telescoping. Other designs have realized internal antennas
of different varieties (e.g., monopole, dipole, helical and patch
antennas). However, these antennas are susceptible to performance
degradation due to the proximity of other components. For example,
coupling to the electric fields of internal components (e.g.
oscillators, amplifiers, mixers) can degrade the signal-to-noise
ratio of the receiving section of the wireless device, and internal
ground planes and metallic enclosures can distort antennas patterns
or completely block transmission and reception in some directions.
Therefore, in order to obtain reasonable antenna performance, these
internal antennas are normally kept away from other components in
the wireless device by placing them in separate areas, adding size
and volume to the wireless devices.
SUMMARY OF THE DESCRIPTION
[0003] Various embodiments of an antenna system are described. In
one exemplary embodiment, an antenna system includes a
dielectrically-loaded loop element and a substantially planar
element. The substantially planar element is disposed substantially
parallel to a major axis of the dielectrically-loaded loop element,
substantially perpendicular to a minor axis of the
dielectrically-loaded loop element and within an induction field
region of the dielectrically-loaded loop element. Features and
benefits of the various embodiments of the invention will be
apparent from the description.
[0004] At least certain embodiments of the present invention
include a portable device having an antenna structure therein, the
antenna structure including a generally U-shaped loop element
coupled with a support element having a substantially planar
portion, wherein the substantially planar portion has an electrical
length along a first dimension proximate to one wavelength of a
frequency of interest, and an electrical length along a second
dimension proximate to one-half wavelength of the frequency of
interest, where the support element is located within an induction
field of the loop element.
[0005] At least certain embodiments of the present invention
include an embodiment of the antenna system as part of a digital
media player, such as a portable music and/or video media player,
which includes a media processing system to present the media, a
storage device to store the media and a radio frequency (RF)
transceiver to couple the antenna system to the media processing
system. The RF transceiver uses the antenna system to transmit or
receive the media, which may be one or more of music, still
pictures or motion pictures, for example. The portable media player
may include a media selection device, such as a click wheel device,
a touchpad, pushbuttons or other similar selection devices as are
known in the art. The media selection device may be used to select
the media stored on the storage device. The portable media player
may, at least in certain embodiments, include a display device,
such as an LCD display, coupled to the media processing system to
display titles or other indicators of media selected with the input
device and presented, through a speaker and/or earphones or on the
display device or on both the display and a speaker and/or
earphones. In certain embodiments, the display device may also be
the media selection device such as, for example, an LCD touch
screen device.
[0006] At least certain embodiments of the present inventions
include an embodiment of the antenna system as part of a wireless
device such as a cellular telephone, smart phone or personal
digital assistant, for example, which includes a digital radio
frequency (RF) transceiver. The digital RF transceiver uses the
antenna system to send and receive digital voice and/or data
signals. The wireless device may include a digital processing
system coupled to the transceiver to control the transceiver and
manage the digital signals. The digital processing system may be
coupled to a storage device to store data, to a display device such
as an LCD display to display data and/or receive user input (e.g.,
via touch screen sensors), to an input device such as a keypad, and
to audio transducers (e.g., microphone and/or speaker) with
associated analog/digital converters and device drivers.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way
of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying
drawings in which like references indicate similar elements.
[0008] FIG. 1A illustrates an antenna system in one embodiment;
[0009] FIG. 1B illustrates a loop element of an antenna assembly in
one embodiment;
[0010] FIG. 1C illustrates a cross-section of a planar antenna
element in one embodiment;
[0011] FIG. 1D illustrates another cross-section of a planar
antenna element in one embodiment;
[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates a plane view of the antenna system
embodiment of FIG. 1A;
[0013] FIG. 3 is an exploded view illustrating a
dielectrically-loaded loop element in one embodiment;
[0014] FIG. 4 is a partially assembled antenna system illustrating
a dielectrically-load loop element in one embodiment;
[0015] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an antenna
system in a wireless communications device in one embodiment;
[0016] FIG. 6A is a plane view of the embodiment of FIG. 5;
[0017] FIGS. 6B through 6E illustrate alternative embodiments of
the invention;
[0018] FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating an exemplary return loss of
an antenna system in one embodiment;
[0019] FIG. 8A is a gain plot illustrating a horizontally polarized
azimuth radiation pattern of an antenna system in one
embodiment;
[0020] FIG. 8B is a gain plot illustrating a vertically polarized
azimuth radiation pattern of an antenna system in one
embodiment;
[0021] FIG. 9 illustrates an orientation of a wireless
communications device for the azimuth (X-Y plane) radiation
patterns of FIGS. 8A and 8B;
[0022] FIG. 10A is a gain plot illustrating a vertically polarized
elevation radiation pattern of an antenna system in one
embodiment;
[0023] FIG. 10B is a gain plot illustrating a horizontally
polarized elevation radiation pattern of an antenna system in one
embodiment;
[0024] FIG. 11 illustrates an orientation of a wireless
communications device for the elevation (X-Z plane) radiation
patterns of FIGS. 10A and 10B;
[0025] FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another
embodiment of an antenna system in a wireless communications
device;
[0026] FIG. 13 is a plane view of the embodiment of FIG. 12;
[0027] FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating a system in which
embodiments of the invention may be implemented; and
[0028] FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating a method of manufacture
in one embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0029] Various embodiments and aspects of the invention will be
described with reference to details discussed below, and the
accompanying drawings will illustrate the various embodiments. The
following description and drawings are illustrative of the
invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
Numerous specific details such as dimensions and frequencies are
described to provide a thorough understanding of various
embodiments of the present invention. However, in certain
instances, well-known or conventional details are not described in
order to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments of the present
invention.
[0030] At least certain embodiments of the present invention
include a portable device having an antenna structure therein, the
antenna structure including a generally U-shaped loop element
coupled with a support element having a substantially planar
portion, wherein the substantially planar portion has an electrical
length along a first dimension proximate to one wavelength of a
frequency of interest, and an electrical length along a second
dimension proximate to one-half wavelength of the frequency of
interest, where the support element is located within an induction
field of the loop element.
[0031] At least certain embodiments of the antenna system described
herein may be part of a digital media player, such as a portable
music and/or video media player, which includes a media processing
system to present the media, a storage device to store the media
and a radio frequency (RF) transceiver coupled with the antenna
system and the media processing system. In certain embodiments,
media stored on a remote storage device may be transmitted to the
media player. The media player may receive the transmitted media
via the antenna system and RF transceiver, and may store and/or
stream the media. In other embodiments, the media player may
transmit the media to a remote storage device and/or another media
player. The media may be, for example, one or more of music or
other audio, still pictures, or motion pictures. The portable media
player may include a media selection device, such as a click wheel
device on an iPod.RTM. or iPod Nano.RTM. media player from Apple
Computer, Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., a touch screen device,
pushbutton device, movable pointing device or other selection
device. The media selection device may be used to select the media
stored on the storage device and/or the remote storage device. The
portable media player may, in at least certain embodiments, include
a display device which is coupled to the media processing system to
display titles or other indicators of media being selected through
the input device and being presented, either through a speaker or
earphone(s), or on the display device, or on both the display
device and a speaker or earphone(s). In certain embodiments, the
display device may also be the media selection device (e.g., a
touch screen display device). Examples of a portable media player
are described in published U.S. Patent Applications 2003/0095096
and 2004/0224638, both of which are incorporated herein by
reference.
[0032] FIG. 1A illustrates an antenna system 100 according to one
embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 1A, a generally U-shaped
dielectrically-loaded loop element 104 includes a loop element 101
loaded with a dielectric material 103. Dielectrically-loaded loop
element 104 is located in proximity to an element with a
substantially planar portion 102 (referred to as "planar element"
hereinafter for convenience), having a substantially rectangular
footprint. As illustrated in FIG. 1B, the loop element 101 has
terminals 101a and 101b (driven end of the loop), an aperture 101c,
a major axis 101d and a minor axis 101e. Loop element 101 may be,
for example, a metallic ribbon or tape, as illustrated in FIG. 1A.
Alternatively, loop element 101 may be a wire element, a printed
circuit element or any combination thereof. Dielectric material 103
may be any low loss dielectric material such as epoxy-fiberglass
printed-circuit board material, poly-tetraflouroethylene (PTFE)
fiberglass or the like. Dielectrically-loaded loop element 104 may
have a total electrical length between approximately one-half
wavelength and one wavelength at a center frequency of the antenna
system.
[0033] Planar element 102 may have a width W and a length L. As
illustrated in FIGS. 1C and 1D, the "planar element" 102 may have a
shape more complex than a simple plane. For example, planar element
102 may have a flanged edge or a curved portion and/or section in
addition to a planar portion, and may still be considered
substantially planar. For example, planar element 102 may be part
of a case assembly (e.g., a backplate) of a wireless communications
device (e.g., a cellular phone, smart phone, PDA and the like) or a
media player. Planar element 102 may be, for example, a
metal-plated insulator or dielectric material such as molded
plastic or the like. Alternatively, planar element 102 may be a
fabricated, cast or formed piece of metal. In one embodiment, as
illustrated in FIG. 1A, a face 102b of planar element 102 may be
disposed substantially parallel to the major axis 101d of the
aperture 101c, and substantially perpendicular the minor axis 101e
of loop element 101. In one embodiment, the major axis 101d of loop
element 101 may be disposed substantially parallel to an edge 102a
of the planar element 102. In other embodiments, the
dielectrically-loaded loop element 104 may be located at any
location and at any orientation with respect to the planar element
102, provided that minor axis 101e is substantially perpendicular
to planar element 102 and major axis 101d is substantially parallel
to planar element 102. The distance between dielectrically-loaded
loop element 104 and planar element 102 may be adjusted to tune the
input impedance of dielectrically-loaded loop element 104. In one
embodiment, dielectrically-loaded loop element 104 may be separated
from planar element 102 by less than or equal to one-fortieth of a
free-space wavelength at an operating frequency of the antenna
system 100.
[0034] FIG. 2 illustrates a plane view of antenna system 100 in one
embodiment. In FIG. 2, dielectrically-loaded loop element 104 is
formed by wrapping loop element 101 around the dielectric material
103 such that the terminals 101a and 101b of loop element 101 are
co-planar on one surface of dielectric material 103. The terminals
101a and 101b may be driven by an RF (radio frequency) voltage
source, illustrated schematically as RF voltage source 105. In one
embodiment illustrated, dielectric material 103 may be a printed
circuit board (PCB) assembly and RF voltage source 105 may be a
PCB-mounted RF voltage source.
[0035] In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 3, a
dielectrically-loaded loop element, such as dielectrically-loaded
loop element 101, may be integrated into the assembly of an
electronic device such as a communications device or media player,
for example, such that planar element 102 serves as a physical
support element for dielectrically-loaded loop element 101. FIG. 3
is an exploded view 300 of an exemplary assembly of a printed
circuit board (PCB) and an LCD display. In FIG. 3, a first section
of a dielectrically-loaded loop element may be embodied as a
printed trace 301a on a PCB 302. A second section of a
dielectrically-loaded loop element may be embodied as a printed
trace on a flexible circuit 301b. PCB 302 may then be loaded with
PCB mounted components such as LCD display 303, and the second
section of the dielectrically-loaded loop element 301b may be
formed around the PCB/LCD assembly and may be soldered or otherwise
bonded with section 301a to form the loop element, wherein the loop
element is integrated with the PCB assembly. The trace on the flex
circuit may have a gap in an appropriate location (not shown) to
provide terminal connections for the driven end of the loop as
described above. The PCB assembly may then be mounted within the
planar element 102 as illustrated in FIG. 5 and described
below.
[0036] FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating a method 1500 for
manufacturing the antenna system described herein in one
embodiment. In operation 1501, a first portion of a loop element is
printed on a printed circuit board (PCB). In operation 1502, a
second portion of the loop element is printed as a trace on a
flexible circuit. In operation 1503, the PCB is loaded with PCB
components to fabricate a PCB assembly. In operation 1504, the
second portion of the loop element is attached to the first portion
of the loop element. In operation 1505, the second portion of the
loop is formed to the PCB assembly, wherein the loop element is
formed and integrated with the PCB assembly. In operation 1506, the
PCB assembly is mounted within a support element having a
substantially planar portion.
[0037] FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment 400 of a
dielectrically-loaded loop element. In FIG. 4, a single long piece
of flex circuit 401 may be wrapped around and conformed to PCB 302
and/or LCD 303, with loop terminals 402 exposed as the driven end
of the loop. A dielectrically-loaded loop element may be formed in
a variety of different ways including (but not limited to) forming
a loop by printing traces on both sides of a PCB and connecting the
traces with wrap-around connections or plated feedthroughs.
[0038] FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-sectional view 500 of one
exemplary embodiment of an antenna system in a wireless
communications device, where the antenna system is configured to
transmit and receive RF signals in a bandwidth around 2.4 GHz. In
FIG. 5, a dielectrically-loaded loop element 501 is wrapped around
a PCB 503 and an LCD display 504, as described above. Backplate 502
functions as a planar element as described above. A plastic cover
505 completes the assembly. For clarity of illustration, other
components which may be present in a wireless communications device
(e.g., a radio frequency transceiver, a digital processing system,
a storage device and a battery) are not shown.
[0039] FIG. 6A illustrates another view of device 500, rotated 90
degrees and with plastic cover 505 removed. In the embodiment
illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, dielectrically-loaded loop element
501 includes an aperture of approximately 36 millimeters (mm) by
3.2 mm and backplate 502 has a footprint of approximately 90 mm by
40 mm. PCB 503 has a footprint of approximately 87 mm by 38 mm and
a thickness of 0.6 mm. PCB 503 may be fabricated from G10/FR-4
fiberglass epoxy laminate material conforming to Mil-I-24768/2
and/or Mil-24768/27, for example. Plastic cover 505 may be any
plastic housing material as is normally used in portable electronic
devices (e.g., ABS, polycarbonate, polystyrene or the like).
[0040] Each of PCB 503, LCD 504 and plastic cover 505 may be
characterized by a dielectric constant that, as is known in the
art, reduces the propagation velocity of electromagnetic energy and
increases the electrical length (in contrast to the physical
length) of those materials and surrounding structures which are
electromagnetically coupled with the dielectric materials. For the
configuration illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6A, it has been determined
experimentally that the electrical length of the long dimension of
backplate 502 (i.e., approximately 90 mm) is approximately
one-wavelength at approximately 2.4 GHz and the electrical length
of the short dimension of backplate 502 (i.e., approximately 40 mm)
is approximately one-half wavelength at approximately 2.4 GHz. It
will be appreciated that device 500 is an exemplary embodiment, and
that the dimensions of device 500 may be scaled to achieve
comparable electrical lengths at other frequencies of interest.
[0041] Exemplary embodiment 500 is illustrated in FIG. 6A with a
substantially rectangular footprint. Other embodiments of the
invention, as illustrated in FIGS. 6B through 6E, for example, may
have other footprints, such as a substantially square footprint
(FIG. 6B), a substantially circular footprint (FIG. 6C), a
substantially elliptical footprint (FIG. 6D), a substantially
semi-circular footprint (FIG. 6E) or combinations thereof having
principle dimensions (e.g., perimeters, diameters, diagonals, etc.)
compatible with half-wave and full-wave resonant modes at a
frequency of interest. For example, in FIGS. 6B through 6E,
principle dimensions d1, d2, d3 or d4 may be approximately a half
wavelength at a frequency of interest in various alternative
embodiments. In yet other embodiments, principle dimensions d1, d2,
d3 or d4 may be approximately one wavelength at a frequency of
interest.
[0042] FIG. 7 is a plot 1000 of return loss versus frequency at the
driven end 507 of dielectrically-loaded loop element 501 in device
500. As is known in the art, return loss is a direct measure of the
impedance match at the input of a circuit, and is an indirect
measure of the efficiency of an antenna system. As shown by plot
1000, the return loss is greater than or equal to approximately 8
decibels (dB) from 2.25 GHz to 2.95 GHz, which represents
approximately 85% efficiency (ignoring resistive losses) over a
13.5% bandwidth.
[0043] FIG. 8A is a horizontally polarized azimuth (X-Y plane)
antenna pattern 800A of device 500 for the orientation illustrated
in FIG. 9. Antenna pattern 800A includes superimposed patterns at
2.400 GHz, 2.440 GHz and 2.485 GHz, having average gains of -2.5
dBi (dB relative to an isotropic radiator), -2.6 dBi and -3.0 dBi,
respectively.
[0044] FIG. 8B is a vertically polarized (cross-polarized) azimuth
(X-Y plane) antenna pattern 800A of device 500 for the orientation
illustrated in FIG. 9. Antenna pattern 800B includes superimposed
patterns at 2.400 GHz, 2.440 GHz and 2.485 GHz.
[0045] FIG. 10A is a vertically polarized (co-polarized) elevation
(X-Z plane) antenna pattern 1000A of device 500 for the orientation
illustrated in FIG. 11. Antenna pattern 1000A includes superimposed
patterns at 2.4 GHz, 2.44 GHz and 2.485 GHz, having peak gains of
approximately 0 dBi at zero degrees and 180 degrees and 3 dB
(half-power) beamwidths of approximately 60 degrees.
[0046] FIG. 10B is a horizontally polarized elevation (X-Z plane)
antenna pattern 1000B of device 500 for the orientation illustrated
in FIG. 11. Antenna pattern 1000A includes superimposed patterns at
2.4 GHz, 2.44 GHz and 2.485 GHz
[0047] FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate one embodiment of an antenna
system in a wireless communication device 1200. Device 1200 may
include a dielectrically-loaded loop element 501, a PCB 503, a
backplate 502 and a plastic cover 505 as previously described. As
noted above, the device 1300 may be dimensionally scaled to achieve
antenna resonance at other frequencies of interest.
[0048] FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating a wireless device
1400, as described above, in which embodiments of the antenna
system described herein may be implemented. Wireless device 1500
may be, for example, a portable media player, a cellular telephone,
a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or other portable
wireless device. Wireless device 1400 may include an antenna system
1401, which may be antenna system 500 or 1200, for example.
Wireless device 1400 may also include a digital radio frequency
(RF) transceiver 1402, coupled to the antenna system 1401, to
transmit and/or receive digital voice, data and/or media signals
through antenna system 1401. Wireless device 1400 may also include
a digital processing system 1403 to control the digital RF
transceiver and to manage the digital voice, data and/or media
signals. Digital processing system 1403 may be a general purpose
processing device, such as a microprocessor or controller for
example. Digital processing system 1403 may also be a special
purpose processing device, such as an ASIC (application specific
integrated circuit), FPGA (field-programmable gate array) or DSP
(digital signal processor). Digital processing system 1403 may also
include other devices, as are known in the art, to interface with
other components of wireless device 1400. For example, digital
processing system 1403 may include analog-to-digital and
digital-to-analog converters to interface with other components of
wireless device 1400 as described below. Digital processing system
1403 may include a media processing system 1409, which may also
include a general purpose or special purpose processing device to
manage media
[0049] Wireless device 1400 may also include a storage device 1404,
coupled to the digital processing system, to store data and/or
operating programs for the wireless device 1400. Storage device
1404 may be, for example, any type of solid-state or magnetic
memory device. Wireless device 1400 may also include one or more
input devices 1405, coupled to the digital processing system 1403,
to accept user inputs (e.g., telephone numbers, names, addresses,
media selections, etc.) Input device 1405 may be, for example, one
or more of a keypad, a touchpad, a touch screen, a pointing device
in combination with a display device or similar input device.
Wireless device 1400 may also include a display device 1406,
coupled to the digital processing system 1403, to display
information such as messages, contact information, pictures, movies
and/or titles or other indicators of media being selected via the
input device 1405. Display device 1406 may be, for example, an LCD
display device such as LCD display 504. In one embodiment, display
device 1406 and input device 1405 may be the same device (e.g., a
touch screen LCD). Wireless device 1400 may also include a battery
1407 to supply operating power to components of the system
including digital RF transceiver 1402, digital processing system
1403, storage device 1404, input device 1405, audio transducer 1408
and display device 1406. Battery 1407 may be, for example, a
rechargeable or non-rechargeable lithium or nickel metal hydride
battery. Wireless device 1400 may also include audio transducers
1408, which may be one or more speakers and/or microphones for
example.
[0050] In one embodiment, digital RF transceiver 1402, digital
processing system 1403 and/or storage device 1404 may include one
or more integrated circuits disposed on a PCB such as PCB 501
described above and included within a volume defined by or adjacent
to the substantially planar element 502.
[0051] As is known in the art, antenna systems are governed by the
laws of reciprocity. Therefore, it will be appreciated that any
discussion above with respect to transmission properties of
embodiments of the described antenna systems applies equally to
reception properties. Conversely, any discussion above with respect
to reception properties of embodiments of the described antenna
systems applies equally to transmission properties.
[0052] In the foregoing specification, the invention has been
described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof.
It will be evident that various modifications may be made thereto
without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the
invention as set forth in the following claims. The specification
and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative
sense rather than a restrictive sense.
* * * * *