U.S. patent application number 12/118868 was filed with the patent office on 2010-07-08 for compositions including triciribine and one or more platinum compounds and methods of use thereof.
Invention is credited to Jin Q. Cheng, Said M. Sebti.
Application Number | 20100173864 12/118868 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 42312096 |
Filed Date | 2010-07-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100173864 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Cheng; Jin Q. ; et
al. |
July 8, 2010 |
COMPOSITIONS INCLUDING TRICIRIBINE AND ONE OR MORE PLATINUM
COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF
Abstract
This application encompasses combination therapies including
triciribine and related compounds and one or more platinum
compounds and compositions with reduced toxicity for the treatment
and prevention of tumors, cancer, and other disorders associated
with abnormal cell proliferation.
Inventors: |
Cheng; Jin Q.; (Tampa,
FL) ; Sebti; Said M.; (Tampa, FL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MORGAN LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP
1111 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE NW
WASHINGTON
DC
20004
US
|
Family ID: |
42312096 |
Appl. No.: |
12/118868 |
Filed: |
May 12, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11096082 |
Mar 29, 2005 |
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12118868 |
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60557599 |
Mar 29, 2004 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/49 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 35/04 20180101;
A61K 39/39558 20130101; A61K 9/0053 20130101; A61K 31/7064
20130101; A61K 31/7076 20130101; A61K 31/706 20130101; A61P 35/02
20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61K 33/24 20130101; A61K 31/282
20130101; A61K 31/555 20130101; C12Q 1/485 20130101; A61K 9/0019
20130101; G01N 33/57496 20130101; G01N 2333/91205 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/49 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/70 20060101
A61K031/70; A61P 35/04 20060101 A61P035/04 |
Claims
1. A composition comprising: (i) a compound of the formula I-IV:
##STR00016## wherein each R.sub.2', R.sub.3' and R.sub.5' are
independently hydrogen, optionally substituted phosphate or
phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or a stabilized
phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including
lower alkyl); amide, sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl;
sulfonyl, including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl
group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as
for example as described in the definition of an aryl given herein;
optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a
phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; or
cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group
that, in vivo, provides a compound wherein R2', R3' or R5' is
independently H or mono-, di- or tri-phosphate; wherein R.sup.x and
R.sup.y are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted
phosphate; acyl (including lower acyl); amide, alkyl (including
lower alkyl); aromatic, polyoxyalkylene such as polyethyleneglycol,
optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a
phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; or
cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group. In
one embodiment, the compound is administered as a 5'-phosphoether
lipid or a 5'-ether lipid. R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each are
independently H, optionally substituted straight chained, branched
or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, or alkynyl,
CO-alkyl, CO-alkenyl, CO-alkynyl, CO-aryl or heteroaryl,
CO-alkoxyalkyl, CO-aryloxyalkyl, CO-substituted aryl, sulfonyl,
alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl; (ii) one or more
platinum compounds as in formula V, ##STR00017## wherein: R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen,
optionally substituted amine, aromatic amine, heteroaromatic amine,
optionally substituted straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl,
aromatic, heteroaromatic or cyclic ring formed among R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4; R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are each
independently halogen, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally
substituted ester, optionally substituted alkyl amine, aromatic
amine, heteroaromatic amine: (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula I is
triciribine.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula I is
triciribine phosphate.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula I is
triciribine phosphate monohydrate.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the platinum compounds of
formula V is ##STR00018## wherein: R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and
R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted
amine, aromatic amine, heteroaromatic amine, optionally substituted
straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, aromatic,
heteroaromatic or cyclic ring formed among R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are each independently
halogen.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more platinum
compounds are selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00019##
##STR00020##
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula I is
present in a dose amount of at least 10 mg/m.sup.2.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula V is
present in an amount of at least 1 mg/kg.
9. The composition of claim 1, suitable for parenteral
administration.
10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the parenteral
administration is intravenous administration.
11. The composition of claim 1, suitable for oral
administration.
12. The composition of claim 1, suitable for topical
administration.
13. A method of treating a tumor or cancer in a mammal comprising
administering to the mammal an effective amount of a composition
comprising: a compound of formula I-IV: ##STR00021## wherein each
R2', R3' and R5' are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted
phosphate or phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or
a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl
(including lower iky amide, sulfonate ester including alkyl or
arylalkyl; sulfonyl, including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein
the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more
substituents as for example as described in the definition of an
aryl given herein; optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid,
including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide;
or cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group
that, in vivo, provides a compound wherein R2', R3' or R5' is
independently H or mono-, di- or tri-phosphate; wherein R.sup.x and
R.sup.y are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted
phosphate; acyl (including lower acyl); amide, alkyl (including
lower alkyl); aromatic, polyoxyalkylene such as polyethyleneglycol,
optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a
phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; or
cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving roup. In
one embodiment, the compound is administered as a 5'-phosphoether
lipid or a 5'-ether lipid. R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each are
independently H, optionally substituted straight chained, branched
or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, or alkynyl,
CO-alkyl, CO-alkenyl, CO-alkynyl, CO-aryl or heteroaryl,
CO-alkoxyalkyl, CO-aryloxyalkyl, CO-substituted aryl, sulfonyl,
alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl; and (ii) one or more
platinum compounds of formula V, ##STR00022## wherein R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen,
optionally substituted amine, aromatic amine, heteroaromatic amine,
optionally substituted straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl,
aromatic, heteroaromatic or cyclic ring formed among R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4; R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are each
independently halogen, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally
substituted ester, optionally substituted alkyl amine, aromatic
amine, heteroaromatic amine.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein a compound of formula I-IV and
a compound of formula V are administered simultaneously.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein a compound of formula I-IV is
administered followed by the administration of a compound of
formula V.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein a compound of formula V is
administered followed by the administration of a compound of
formula I-IV.
17. The method of claim 13, wherein the compound of formula I-IV is
administered one time per week for three weeks followed by a one
week period wherein the compound is not administered.
18. The method of claim 13, wherein the compound of formula V is
administered one time per week for three weeks followed by a one
week period wherein the compound of formula I-IV is not
administered.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the dosing schedule is repeated
at least twice.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the dosing schedule is repeated
at least 4 times.
21. The method of claim 13, wherein the tumor treated is breast,
pancreatic, ovarian and colorectal tumors.
22. The method of claim 13, wherein at least 10 g/m.sup.2 of the
compound of formula I-IV is administered.
23. The method of claim 13, wherein 100 mg/m.sup.2 or less of the
compound of formula I-IV is administered.
24. The method of claim 13, wherein at least 1 mg/kg of the
compound of formula V is administered.
25. The method of claim 13, wherein 10 mg/kg or less of the
compound of formula V is administered.
Description
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
application Ser. No. 11/096,082, filed Mar. 25, 2005, which claims
the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/557,599
filed Mar. 29, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference.
1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This application relates to combination therapies including
triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds and
compositions with reduced toxicity for the treatment and prevention
of tumors, cancer, and other disorders associated with abnormal
cell proliferation.
2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells. Cancer cells rapidly
reproduce despite restriction of space, nutrients shared by other
cells, or signals sent from the body to stop reproduction. Cancer
cells are often shaped differently from healthy cells, do not
function properly, and can spread into many areas of the body.
Abnormal growths of tissue, called tumors, are clusters of cells
that are capable of growing and dividing uncontrollably. Tumors can
be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors
tend to grow slowly and do not spread. Malignant tumors can grow
rapidly, invade and destroy nearby normal tissues, and spread
throughout the body.
[0004] Cancers are classified according to the kind of fluid or
tissue from which they originate, or according to the location in
the body where they first developed. In addition, some cancers are
of mixed types. Cancers can be grouped into five broad categories,
carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemias, and myelomas, which
indicate the tissue and blood classifications of the cancer.
Carcinomas are cancers found in body tissue known as epithelial
tissue that covers or lines surfaces of organs, glands, or body
structures. For example, a cancer of the lining of the stomach is
called a carcinoma. Many carcinomas affect organs or glands that
are involved with secretion, such as breasts that produce milk.
Carcinomas account for approximately eighty to ninety percent of
all cancer cases. Sarcomas are malignant tumors growing from
connective tissues, such as cartilage, fat, muscle, tendons, and
bones. The most common sarcoma, a tumor on the bone, usually occurs
in young adults. Examples of sarcoma include osteosarcoma (bone)
and chondrosarcoma (cartilage). Lymphoma refers to a cancer that
originates in the nodes or glands of the lymphatic system, whose
job it is to produce white blood cells and clean body fluids, or in
organs such as the brain and breast. Lymphomas are classified into
two categories: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Leukemia, also known as blood cancer, is a cancer of the bone
marrow that keeps the marrow from producing normal red and white
blood cells and platelets. White blood cells are needed to resist
infection. Red blood cells are needed to prevent anemia. Platelets
keep the body from easily bruising and bleeding. Examples of
leukemia include acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous
leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic
leukemia. The terms myelogenous and lymphocytic indicate the type
of cells that are involved. Finally, myelomas grow in the plasma
cells of bone marrow. In some cases, the myeloma cells collect in
one bone and form a single tumor, called a plasmacytoma. However,
in other cases, the myeloma cells collect in many bones, forming
many bone tumors. This is called multiple myeloma.
[0005] Tumor induction and progression are often the result of
accumulated changes in the tumor-cell genome. Such changes can
include inactivation of cell growth inhibiting genes, or tumor
suppressor genes, as well as activation of cell growth promoting
genes, or oncogenes. Hundreds of activated cellular oncogenes have
been identified to date in animal models, however, only a small
minority of these genes have proven to be relevant to human cancers
(Weinberg et al., 1989, Oncogenes and the Molecular Origins of
Cancer Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Stanbridge and Nowell, 1990, Cell
63: 867-874; Godwin et al., 1992, Oncogenes and antioncogenes in
gynecological malignancies, in W J Hoskins, C A Perez and R C Young
(eds), Gynecological oncology: principles and practice, pp 87-116,
Lippincott, Philadelphia). The activation of oncogenes in human
cancers can result from factors such as increased gene copy number
or structural changes. These factors can cause numerous cellular
effects, for example, they can result in overexpression of a gene
product. Several oncogenes involved in human cancer can be
activated through gene overexpression.
[0006] It has become apparent that the successive genetic
aberrations acquired by cancer cells result in defects in
regulatory signal transduction circuits that govern normal cell
proliferation, differentiation and programmed cell death (Hanahan
et al., 2000, Cell 100: 57-700). This in turn results in
fundamental defects in cell physiology which dictate malignancy.
These defects include: a) self sufficiency in growth signals (i.e.
overexpression of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases such as
EGFR and aberrant activation of downstream signal transduction
pathways such as Ras/Raf/MekiErk 1/2 and Ras/PI3K/Akt), b)
resistance to anti-growth signals (i.e. lower expression of
TGF.beta. and its receptor), c) evading apoptosis (i.e. loss of
proapoptotic p53; overexpression of pro-survival Bcl-2;
hyperactivation of survival pathways such as those mediated by
PI3K/Akt), d) sustained angiogenesis (i.e. high levels of secretion
of VEGF) and f) tissue invasion and metastasis (i.e. extracellular
proteases and prometastatic integrins) (Hanahan et al., 2000, Cell
100: 57-700).
[0007] Receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR, ErbB2, VEGFR and
insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R) are intimately
involved in the development of many human cancers including
colorectal pancreatic, breast and ovarian cancers (Khaleghpour et
al., 2004, Carcinogenesis 25: 241-8.; Sekharam et al., 2003, Cancer
Res 63: 7708-16). Binding of ligands such as EGF, VEGF and IGF-1 to
their receptors promotes stimulation of the intrinsic tyrosine
kinase activity, autophosphorylation of specific tyrosines in the
cytoplasmic domain of the receptors and recruitment of signaling
proteins that trigger a variety of complex signal transduction
pathways (Olayioye et al., 2000, Embo J 19: 3159-3167, Porter et
al., 1998, Oncogene 17: 1343-52). This in turn leads to the
activation of many tumor survival and oncogenic pathways such as
the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk 1/2, JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathways. Although
all three pathways have been implicated in colon, pancreatic,
breast and ovarian oncogenesis, those that are mediated by Akt have
been shown to be critical in many steps of malignant transformation
including cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis/survival, invasion and
metastasis and angiogenesis (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13:
2905-2927).
[0008] Akt is a serine/threonine protein kinase (also known as
PKB), which has 3 family members Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3. Stimulation
of cells with growth or survival factors results in recruitment to
the receptors of the lipid kinase phosphoinositide-3-OH-kinase
(PI3K) which phosphorylates phosphoinositol-4,5-biphosphate
(PIP.sub.2) to PIP.sub.3 which recruits Akt to the plasma membrane
where it can be activated by phosphorylation on Thr308 and Ser473
(Akt1), Thr308 and Ser474 (Akt2) and Thr308 and Ser472 (Akt3)
(Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927). Thus, PI3K activates
Akt by phosphorylating PIP2 and converting to PIP3. The phosphatase
PTEN dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2 and hence prevents the
activation of Akt.
[0009] The majority of human cancers contain hyperactivated Akt
(Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927; Bellacosa et al.,
1995. Int Jr Cancer 64: 280-285; Sun et al., 2001, Am J Pathol 159:
431-437). In particular, Akt is overexpressed and/or hyperactivated
in 57%, 32%, 27% and 36% of human colorectal, pancreatic, breast
and ovarian cancers, respectivel (Roy et al., 2002, Carcinogenesis
23: 201-205; Altomare et al., 2003, J Cell Biochem 88: 470-476; Sun
et al., 2001, Cancer Res 61: 5985-5991; Stal et al., 2003, Breast
Cancer Res 5: R37-R44; Cheng et al., 1992, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
89: 9267-9271; Yuan et al., 2000, Oncogene 19: 2324-2330).
Hyperactivation of Akt is due to amplification and/or
overexpression of Akt itself as well as genetic alterations
upstream of Akt including overexpression of receptor tyrosine
kinases and/or their ligands (Khaleghpour et al., 2004,
Carcinogenesis 25: 241-248; Sekharam et al., 2003, Cancer Res 63:
7708-7716; Cohen et al., 1998, Biochem Soc Symp 63: 199-210; Muller
et al., 1998, Biochem Soc Symp 63: 149-157; Miller et al., 1995, J.
Virol 69: 4390-4398; Slamon et al., 1987, Science 235: 177-182;
Andrulis et al., 1998, J Clin Oncol 16: 1340-1349) and deletion of
the phosphatase PTEN. Proof-of-concept of the involvement of Akt in
oncogenesis has been demonstrated preclinically by showing that
ectopic expression of Akt induces malignant transformation and
promotes cell survival (Sun et al., 2001, Am J Pathol 159: 431-437;
Cheng et al., 1997, Oncogene 14: 2793-2801) and that disruption of
Akt pathways inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis (Jetzt et
al., 2003, Cancer Res 63: 6697-6706).
[0010] Current treatments of cancer and related diseases have
limited effectiveness and numerous serious unintended side effects.
Despite demonstrated clinical efficacy of many anti-cancer drugs,
severe systemic toxicity often halts the clinical development of
promising chemotherapeutic agents. Further, overexpression of
receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR and their ligands such as
IGF-1, Akt overexpression and/or loss of PTEN (all of which result
in hyperactivation of Akt) are associated with poor prognosis,
resistance to chemotherapy and shortened survival time of cancer
patients. Current research strategies emphasize the search for
effective therapeutic modes with less risk.
[0011] Thus, a combination of a triciribine compound or a
derivative thereof and one or more platinum compounds holds promise
as a potential combination therapy for treating tumors, cancer, and
abnormal cell proliferation.
3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] The present invention encompasses novel therapeutic regimens
of triciribine, triciribine phosphate and related compounds in
combination with one or more platinum compounds to treat tumors or
cancer in a subject while limiting systemic toxicity. The invention
is based on the discovery that tumors or cancers, which overexpress
Akt kinase are particularly sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of
TCN and related compounds and a synergistic affect would arise with
a combination of one or more platinum compounds. The inventors have
determined, contrary to the prior art and experience, how to
successfully use triciribine and one or more platinum compounds to
treat tumors and cancer by one or a combination of (i)
administering triciribine and one or more platinum compounds to
patients who exhibit enhanced sensitivity to the triciribine
compound and or the one or more platinum compounds; (ii) use of a
described dosage level that minimizes the toxicity of the
triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum compounds but yet
still exhibits efficacy; or (iii) use of a described dosage regimen
that minimizes the toxicity of the triciribine compound and/or one
or more platinum compounds.
[0013] In one illustrative embodiment of the invention, the
invention encompasses a composition including: [0014] (i) a
compound of the formula I-IV:
[0014] ##STR00001## [0015] wherein each R.sub.2', R.sub.3' and
R.sub.5' are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted
phosphate or phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or
a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl
(including lower alkyl); amide, sulfonate ester including alkyl or
arylalkyl; sulfonyl, including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein
the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more
substituents as for example as described in the definition of an
aryl given herein; optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid,
including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide;
or cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group
that, in vivo, provides a compound wherein R.sub.2', R.sub.3' or
R.sub.5' is independently H or mono-, di- or tri-phosphate; [0016]
wherein R.sup.x and R.sup.y are independently hydrogen, optionally
substituted phosphate; acyl (including lower acyl); amide, alkyl
(including lower alkyl); aromatic, polyoxyalkylene such as
polyethyleneglycol, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid,
including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide;
or cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group.
In one embodiment, the compound is administered as a
5'-phosphoether lipid or a 5'-ether lipid. [0017] R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 each are independently H, optionally substituted straight
chained, branched or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl,
or alkynyl, CO-alkyl, CO-alkenyl, CO-alkynyl, CO-aryl or
heteroaryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, CO-aryloxyalkyl, CO-substituted aryl,
sulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl; [0018] (ii)
one or more one or more platinum compounds as in Formula V.
[0018] ##STR00002## [0019] wherein [0020] R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3
and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted
amine, aromatic amine, heteroaromatic amine, optionally substituted
straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, aromatic,
heteroaromatic or cyclic ring formed among R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
R.sub.3 and R.sub.4; [0021] R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are each
independently halogen, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally
substituted ester, optionally substituted alkyl amine, aromatic
amine, heteroaromatic amine; [0022] (iii) a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier.
[0023] In another illustrative embodiment, the invention
encompasses a method of treating a tumor or cancer in a mammal
including administering to the mammal an effective amount of a
composition including: [0024] (i) a compound of formula I-IV:
##STR00003##
[0024] wherein each R.sub.2', R.sub.3' and R.sub.5' are
independently hydrogen, optionally substituted phosphate or
phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or a stabilized
phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including
lower alkyl); amide, sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl;
sulfonyl, including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl
group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as
for example as described in the definition of an aryl given herein;
optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a
phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; or
cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group
that, in vivo, provides a compound wherein R.sub.2', R.sub.3' and
R.sub.5' is independently H or mono-, di- or tri-phosphate; [0025]
wherein R.sup.x and R.sup.y are independently hydrogen, optionally
substituted phosphate; acyl (including lower acyl); amide, alkyl
(including lower alkyl); aromatic, polyoxyalkylene such as
polyethyleneglycol, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid,
including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide;
or cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group.
In one embodiment, the compound is administered as a
5'-phosphoether lipid or a 5'-ether lipid; and [0026] R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 each are independently H, optionally substituted straight
chained, branched or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl,
or alkynyl, CO-alkyl, CO-alkenyl, CO-alkynyl, CO-aryl or
heteroaryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, CO-aryloxyalkyl, CO-substituted aryl,
sulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl; and [0027]
(i) one or more one or more platinum compounds as in formula V.
[0027] ##STR00004## [0028] wherein: [0029] R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen, optionally
substituted amine, aromatic amine, heteroaromatic amine, optionally
substituted straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, aromatic,
heteroaromatic or cyclic ring formed among R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
R.sub.3 and R.sub.4; [0030] R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are each
independently halogen, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally
substituted ester, optionally substituted alkyl amine, aromatic
amine, heteroaromatic amine.
[0031] Methods are useful to treat tumors and cancers that are
particulary susceptible to the toxic effects of TCN, TCN-P and/or
related compounds. In another embodiment, methods are provided for
treating a tumor in a mammal, particularly a human that includes
(i) obtaining a biological sample from the tumor; (ii) determining
whether the tumor overexpresses an Akt kinase, and (iii) treating
the tumor that overexpresses Akt kinase with triciribine,
triciribine phosphate or a related compound in combination with one
or more platinum compounds, as described herein. In another
embodiment, the level of Akt kinase expression can be determined by
assaying the tumor or cancer for the presence of a phosphorylated
Akt kinase, for example, by using an antibody that can detect the
phosphorylated form. In another embodiment, the level of Akt
expression can be determined by assaying a tumor or cancer cells
obtained from a subject and comparing the levels to a control
tissue. In certain embodiments, the Akt can be overexpressed at
least 2, 2.5, 3 or 5 fold in the cancer sample compared to the
control. In certain embodiments, the overexpressed Akt kinase can
be a hyperactivated and phosphorylated Akt kinase.
[0032] In another embodiment of the invention, dosing regimens are
provided that limit the toxic side effects of TCN and related
compounds. In another embodiment, such dosing regimens minimize or
eliminate toxic side effects, including, but not limited to,
hepatoxicity, thrombocytopenia, hyperglycemia, vomiting,
hypocalcemia, anemia, hypoalbunemia, myelosuppression,
hypertriglyeeridemia, hyperamylasemia, diarrhea, stomachitis and/or
fever. In another embodiment, the administration of TCN, TCN-P or
related compounds provides at least a partial, such as at least 15,
20 or 30%, or complete response in vivo in at least 15, 20, or 25%
of the subjects.
[0033] In another embodiment, a method is provided to treat a
subject who has been diagnosed with a tumor by administering to the
subject an effective amount of TCN, TCN-P or a related compound and
one or more platinum compounds according to a dosing schedule that
includes administering the triciribine compound and one or more
platinum compounds approximately one time per week for
approximately three weeks followed by a one week period wherein the
triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds are not
administered. In another embodiment, methods are provided to treat
tumor or cancer in a subject by administering to the subject a
dosing regimen of 10 mg/m.sup.2 or less of TCN, TCN-P or a related
compound and one or more platinum compounds each one time per week.
In another embodiment, the triciribine compound and one or more
platinum compounds can be administered as a single bolus dose over
a short period of time, for example, about 5, 10 or 15 minutes. In
further embodiments, dosing schedules are provided in which the
triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds are
administered via continuous infusion for at least 24, 48, 72, 96,
or 120 hours. In certain embodiments, the continuous administration
can be repeated at least once a week, once every two weeks and/or
once a month. In other embodiments, the triciribine compound and
one or more platinum compounds can be administered at least once
every three weeks. In further embodiments, the compounds can be
administered at least once a day for at least 2, 3, 4 or 5
days.
[0034] In further embodiments, the triciribine compound and one or
more platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be administered to
patients in an amount that is effective in causing tumor
regression. The administration the triciribine compound and one or
more platinum compounds can provide at least a partial, such as at
least 15, 20 or 30%, or complete response in vivo in at least
15-20% of the subjects. In certain embodiments, at least 2, 5, 10,
15, 20, 30 or 50 mg/m.sup.2 of the triciribine compound and one or
more platinum compounds disclosed herein can be administered to a
subject. The administration of the triciribine compound and one or
more platinum compounds can be conducted according to any of the
therapeutic regimens disclosed herein. In particular embodiments,
the dosing regimen can include administering less than 20
mg/m.sup.2 of the triciribine compound and one or more platinum
compounds. In one embodiment, less than 10 mg/m.sup.2 of the
triciribine compound and less than about 10 mg/kg of one or more
platinum compounds can be administered once a week. In further
embodiments, dosages of or less than 2 mg/m.sup.2, 5 mg/m.sup.2, 10
mg/m.sup.2, 15 mg/m.sup.2, 20 mg/m.sup.2, 25 mg/m.sup.2, 35
mg/m.sup.2, 45 mg/m.sup.2, 55 mg/m.sup.2, 65 mg/m.sup.2, 75
mg/m.sup.2, 85 mg/m.sup.2, and/or 95 mg/m.sup.2 of the triciribine
compound and dosages of or less than 2 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15
mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, 55 mg/kg, 65 mg/kg,
75 mg/kg, 85 mg/kg, and/or 95 mg/kg one or more platinum compounds
can be administered to a subject. In another embodiment, less than
100 mg/m.sup.2 of the triciribine compound can be administered to a
subject via continuous infusion once a day for at least five days.
In particular embodiments, the triciribine compound and one or more
platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be used for the
treatment of pancreatic, prostate, colo-rectal and/or ovarian
cancer.
[0035] In another embodiment, the triciribine compound and one or
more platinum compounds and/or therapeutic regimens of the present
invention can be used to prevent and/or treat a carcinoma, sarcoma,
lymphoma, leukemia, and/or myeloma. In other embodiments of the
invention, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum
compounds can be used to treat solid tumors. In still further
embodiments, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum
compounds and compositions disclosed herein can be used for the
treatment of a tumor or cancer, such as, but not limited to cancer
of the following organs or tissues: breast, prostate, bone, lung,
colon, including, but not limited to colorectal, urinary, bladder,
non-Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma, kidney, renal, pancreas, pharnx,
thyroid, stomach, brain, and/or ovaries. In a particular
embodiment, the triciribine compound and one or more platinum
compounds can be used for the treatment of pancreatic, breast,
colorectal and/or ovarian cancer. In further embodiments of the
present invention, the triciribine compound and one or more
platinum compounds disclosed herein can be used in the treatment of
angiogenesis-related diseases. In certain embodiments, methods are
provided to treat leukemia via continuous infusion of, the
triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds via
continuous infusion for at least 24, 48, 72 or 96 hours. In other
embodiments, the continuous infusion can be repeated, for example,
at least once every two, three or four weeks.
[0036] In a particular embodiment, there is provided a method for
the treatment of tumors, cancer, and others disorders associated
with an abnormal cell proliferation in a host, the method includes
administering to the host an effect amount of the triciribine
compound and one or more platinum compounds optionally in
combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0037] In one embodiment, the triciribine compound and one or more
platinum compounds and compositions can be administered in
combination and can form part of the same composition, or be
provided as a separate composition for administration at the same
time or a different time.
[0038] In other embodiments, the triciribine compound and one or
more platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be used to treat
tumors or cancers resistant to one or more known anti-cancer drugs,
including the embodiments of tumors or cancers and compounds
disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the triciribine compound and
one or more platinum compounds as disclosed herein is administered
in an effective amount for the treatment of a patient with a drug
resistant tumor or cancer, for example, multidrug resistant tumors
or cancer including, but not limited to, those resistant to taxol
alone, rapamycin, tamoxifen, cisplatin, and/or gefitinib
(iressa).
[0039] In certain embodiments, a method is provided including
administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a
triciribine compound and one or more platinum compounds disclosed
herein, or pharmaceutical composition including a triciribine
compound and one or more platinum compounds, in an effective amount
for the treatment of the treatment of tumors, cancer, and others
disorders associated with an abnormal cell proliferation in a
host.
[0040] In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of a tumor
or cancer is provided including an effective amount of a compound
disclosed herein, or a salt, isomer, prodrug or ester thereof, to
an individual in need thereof, wherein the cancer is for example,
carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, or myeloma. The compound,
or salt, isomer, prodrug or ester thereof, is optionally provided
in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition including the
appropriate carriers, such as water, which is formulated for the
desired route of administration to an individual in need thereof.
Optionally the compound is administered in combination or
alternation with at least one additional therapeutic agent for the
treatment of tumors or cancer.
[0041] Also within the scope of the invention is the use of a
compound disclosed herein or a salt, solvate, prodrug or ester
thereof in the treatment of a tumor or cancer, optionally in a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and the use of a triciribine
compound and one or more platinum compounds disclosed herein or a
salt, prodrug or ester thereof in the manufacture of a medicament
for the treatment of cancer or tumor, optionally in a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0042] FIG. 1 demonstrates the identification of API-2
(triciribine) as a candidate of Akt inhibitor from the NCI
Diversity Set. A illustrates the chemical structure of API-2
(triciribine). B demonstrates that API-2 inhibits phosphorylation
levels of AKT2 in AKT2-transformed NIH3T3 cells. Wile type
AKT2-transformed NIH3T3 cells were treated with API-2 (1 .mu.M) for
indicated times and subjected to immunoblotting analysis with
anti-phospho-Akt-T308 and -S473 antibodies (top and middle panels).
The bottom panel shows expression of total AKT2. In C, it is shown
that API-2 inhibits three isoforms of Akt. HEK293 cells were
transfected with HA-Akt 1, -AKT2 and -AKT3 and treated with API-2
(1 .mu.M) or wortmannin (15 .mu.M) prior to EGF stimulation, the
cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody. The
immunoprecipitates were subjected to in vitro kinase assay (top)
and immunoblotting analysis with anti-phospho-Akt-T308 (bottom)
antibody. Middle panel shows expression of transfected Akt1, AKT2
and AKT3. D illustrates that API-2 did not inhibit Akt in vitro. In
vitro kinase assay of constitutively active AKT2 recombinant
protein in a kinase buffer containing 1 .mu.M API-2 (lane 3).
[0043] FIG. 2 demonstrates that API-2 does not inhibit PI3K, PDK1
and the closely related members of AGC kinase family. A
demonstrates an in vitro PI3K kinase assay. HEK293 cells were
serum-starved and treated with API-2 (1 .mu.M) or Wortmannin (15
.mu.M) fro 30 minutes prior to EGF stimulation. Cells were lysed
and immunoprecipitated with anti-p110.alpha. antibody. The
immunoprecipitates were subjected to in vitro kinase assay using
PI-4-P as substrate. B illustrates the effect of API-2 on in vitro
PDK1 activation (top panel), closed circles show inhibition by
API-2. Open circles show inhibition by the positive control
staurosporine, which is a potent PDK1 inhibitor (IC50=5 nM). Bottom
panels are immunoblotting analysis of HEK293 cells that were
transfected with Myc-PDK1 and treated with wortmannin or API-2
prior to EGF stimulation. The immunoblots were detected with
indicated antibodies. C illustrates an immunoblot analysis of
phosphorylation levels of PKC.alpha. with
anti-phospho-PKC.alpha.-T638 (top) and total PKC.alpha. (bottom)
antibodies following treatment with API-2 or a nonselective PKC
inhibitor Ro31-8220. D shows an in vitro SGK kinase assay. HEK293
cells were transfected with HA-SGK and treated with API-2 or
wortmannin prior to EGF stimulation. In vitro kinase was performed
with HA-SGK immunoprecipitates using MBP as substrate (top). Bottom
panel shows the expression of transfected HA-SGK. E illustrates the
results of a PKA kinase assay. Immuno-purified PKA was incubated in
ADB buffer (Upstate Biotechnology Inc) containing indicated
inhibitors (API-2 or PKAI) and substrate Kemptide. The kinase
activity was quantified. In F, a western blot is shown. OVCAR3
cells were treated with API-2 for indicated times. Cell lysates
were immunoblotted with indicated anti-phospho-antibodies (panels
1-4) and anti-actin antibody (bottom).
[0044] FIG. 3 demonstrates that API-2 inhibits Akt activity and
cell growth and induces apoptosis in human cancer cells with
elevated Akt. A is a western blot, following treatment with API-2,
phosphorylation levels of Akt were detected with
anti-phospho-Akt-T308 antibody in indicated human cancer cell
lines. The blots were reprobed with anti-total Akt antibody (bottom
panels). In B, a cell proliferation assay is shown. Cell lines as
indicated in the figure were treated with different doses of API-2
for 24 h and 48 h and then analyzed with CellTiter 96 Cell
Proliferation Assay kit (Promega). C provides an apoptosis
analysis. Cells were treated with API-2 and stained with annexin V
and PI and analyzed by FACScan.
[0045] FIG. 4 shows that API-2 inhibits downstream targets of Akt
and exhibits anti-tumor activity in cancer cell lines with elevated
Akt in mouse xenograft. In A, it is demonstrated that API-2
inhibits Akt phosphorylation of tuberin, Bad, AFX and GSK-3.beta..
Following treatment with API-2, OVAR3 cells were lysed and
immunoblotted with indicated antibodies. B shows that API-2
inhibits tumor growth. Tumor cells were subcutaneously injected
into nude mice with low level of Akt cells on left side and
elevated level of Akt cells on right side. When the tumors reached
an average size of about 100-150 mm.sup.3, animals were treated
with either vehicle or 1 mg/kg/day API-2. Each measurement
represents an average of 10 tumors. C illustrates a representation
of the mice with OVCAR3 (right) and OVCAR5 (left) xenograft treated
with API-2 or vehicle (control). D shows examples of tumor size
(bottom) and weight (top) at the end of experiment. In E,
immunoblot analysis of tumor lysates was performed with
anti-phospho-Akt-S473 (top) and anti-AKT2 (bottom) antibodies in
OVCAR-3-derived tumors that were treated (T3 and T4) and untreated
(T1 and T2) with API-2.
[0046] FIG. 5 shows that API-2 (triciribine) inhibits Akt kinase
activity in vitro. In vitro kinase assay was performed with
recombinant of PDK1 and Akt in a kinase buffer containing
phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-P3 (PIP3), API-2 and histone H2B as
substrate. After incubation of 30 min, the reactions were separated
by SDS-PAGE and exposed in a film.
[0047] FIG. 6 provides the mRNA and amino acid sequence of human
Akt1, restriction enzyme sites are also noted.
[0048] FIG. 7 provides the mRNA and amino acid sequence of human
Akt2 restriction enzyme sites are also noted.
[0049] FIG. 8 provides the mRNA and amino acid sequence of human
Akt3 restriction enzyme sites are also noted.
[0050] FIG. 9 shows that cisplatin (CDDP) resistant cell lines
endogenously express hyperactive Akt. FIG. 9A shows a graph of cell
survival for two ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780S and OV2008) and
their cisplatin resistant ocunterparts (A2780CP and C13,
respectively) treated with increasing amounts of cisplatin. The
cisplatin resistant variants, A2780CP and C13, demonstrated
increased survival in response to cisplatin. FIG. 9B shows that a
comparison of cisplatin sensitive ovarian cancer cells, A2780S and
OV2008, to their cisplatin resistant counterparts. The upper panels
illustrate hyperactive Akt in the cisplatin resistant cell lines
C13 and A2780S. The lower panels illustrate comparable total
amounts of Akt are present in each cell type.
[0051] FIG. 10 illustrates that triciribine (TCN) (API-2) overcomes
cisplatin resistance. Cisplatin resistant cell lines, A2780S and
C13, were treated with 0, 5, 10, and 20 .mu.M cisplatin. The white
and striped bars represent treatment with cisplatin only. The black
and grey bars represent treatment with cisplatin and 10 .mu.M TCN.
The co-treatment with TCN decreased cell survival, indicating TCN
overcomes cisplatin resistance.
[0052] FIG. 11 illustrates the synergistic effect seen with TCN and
cisplatin on the cell survival of C13 ovarian cancer cells. C13
cells were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 .mu.M TCN, with and
without 10 .mu.M cisplatin. The combination of cisplatin and TCN
synergistically reduced cell survival.
[0053] FIG. 12 illustrates that TCN enhances the ability of
cisplatin to inhibit the growth of C13 ovarian cancells in nude
mice xenografts. Nude mice received C13 xenografts, followed by
treatment with vehicle (DMSO), cisplatin alone, TCN alone, or
cisplatin and TCN, followed by analysis of tumor progression at 7,
14, 21, or 28 days post-inoculation. The left panel (A) shows a
graph illustrating that the combination of cisplatin and TCN
significantly reduces tumor growth. The right panel (B) depicts
representative tumor mass in inoculated mice receiving the
represented treatments.
[0054] FIG. 13 shows the rapid activation of Akt pathway by mTOR
inhibitors in human ovarian cancer cells. The upper panels (A) show
western blots of OV3 cell lysates following the treatment with 1 nM
mTOR inhibitor rapamycin for the time indicated. Membranes were
probed with antibodies specific to phosphorylated isoforms and to
the total protein for comparison of Akt, p70S6K and FKHRL 1. The
lower panels (B) illsuprate western blots of MCF7 cell lysates
following treatment with the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 for the time
indicated. Membranes were probed with antibodies specific to
phosphorylated isoforms and to the total protein for comparison of
Akt and p70S6K.
[0055] FIG. 14 shows that activation of AKT pathway via mTOR
inhibitors is attenuated by TCN. The left panel (A) illustrates the
effect of TCN on Akt phosphorylation with rapamycin treatment in
OV3 cells. The right panel (B) illustrates the same effect of TCN
on Akt phosphorylation with RAD001 treatment in MCF7 cells.
[0056] FIG. 15 illustrates the enhanced effect on cell growth
through the combination of TCN with RAD001 or rapamycin. The top
left panel (A) is a graph illustrating cell number counts of DU-145
cells over six days treated with control, rapamycin alone, TCN
alone, or TCN and rapamycin. The top right panel (B) is a graph
illustrating cell number counts of MCF7 cells over six days treated
with control, RAD001 alone, TCN alone, or TCN and RAD001. The
bottom panel (C) is a graph illustrating cell number counts of OV3
cells over six days treated with control, rapamycin alone, TCN
alone, or TCN and rapamycin.
[0057] FIG. 16 illustrates the induction of cell survival and
chemoresistance through Aurora-A activation of Akt. The top panels
(A) show successfully transfection and expression of Aurora-A in
A2780S, A2780CP and OV2008 ovarian cancer cell lines. The second
panel (B) is a graph illustrating that expression of Aurora-A in
A2780S cells increases cell survival and resistance to paclitaxel.
The third panel (C) is a graph illustrating that expression of
Aurora-A in A2780S cells increases cell survival and resistance to
cisplatin. The bottom panel (D) is a graph illustrating that
expression of Aurora-A in OV2008 cells increases cell viability and
resistance to cisplatin.
[0058] FIG. 17 illustrates the effect of Aurora-A on cytochrome c
release and Akt activation. FIG. 17A shows immunofluorescence of
cytochrome c in A2780S cells transfected with empty vector or
Aurora-A treated with or without cisplatin. Cisplatin induced
release of cytochrome c is inhibited by expression of Aurora-A.
FIG. 17B is a western blot showing expression of Aurora-A increases
phosphorylation of Akt in cisplatin sensitive cells. FIG. 17C shows
that increased concentrations of Aurora-A increase the
phosphorylation and activation of Akt.
[0059] FIG. 18 shows the effect of TCN (APT-2) on Aurora-A induced
cisplatin resistance. The top two graphs (A and B) show A2780S
cells transfected with empty vector or Aurora-A, followed by
treatment with cisplatin alone, API-2 alone or API-2 and cisplatin.
The bottom two graphs (C and D) show OV2008 cells transfected with
empty vector or Aurora-A, followed by treatment with cisplatin
alone, API-2 alone or API-2 and cisplatin. TCN diminishes the
resistance to cisplatin afforded by Aurora-A expression in both
A2780S and OV2008 cells.
[0060] FIG. 19 shows a schematic cartoon of the roles API-2,
Aurora-A, p53 and Akt play in cell survival.
[0061] FIG. 20 shows the effect of the Src family tyrosine kinase
inhibitor dasatinib (Sprycel.RTM.) on Src phosphorylation and Akt
phosphorylation in A375 cells. Inhibition of Src tyrosine kinases
increases phosphorylation of Akt.
5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0062] The inventors have determined, contrary to the prior art and
experience, how to successfully use triciribine compounds in
combination with one or more platinum compounds to treat tumors and
cancer by one or a combination of (i) administering triciribine and
one or more platinum compounds only to patients which according to
a diagnostic test described below, exhibit enhanced sensitivity to
the triciribine compound and/or the one or more platinum compounds;
(ii) using a described dosage level that minimizes the toxicity of
the triciribine compound and/or the one or more platinum compounds
but yet still exhibits efficacy; or (iii) using a described dosage
regimen that minimizes the toxicity of the triciribine compound
and/or the one or more platinum compounds.
5.1. DEFINITIONS
[0063] As used herein, the term "compounds of the invention" refers
to compounds encompassed by formulas I-IV, compounds of formula V,
compounds of structures A-I and combinations thereof.
[0064] As used herein, the terms "cancer" and "cancerous" refer to
or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is
typically characterized by unregulated cell growth, i.e.,
proliferative disorders. Examples of such proliferative disorders
include cancers such as carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and
leukemia, as well as other cancers disclosed herein. More
particular examples of such cancers include breast cancer, prostate
cancer, colon cancer, squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer,
non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic
cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, e.g.,
hepatic carcinoma, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial
carcinoma, kidney cancer, and thyroid cancer.
[0065] Other non-limiting examples of cancers are basal cell
carcinoma, biliary tract cancer; bone cancer; brain and CNS cancer;
choriocarcinoma; connective tissue cancer; esophageal cancer; eye
cancer; cancer of the head and neck; gastric cancer;
intra-epithelial neoplasm; larynx cancer; lymphoma including
Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; melanoma; myeloma;
neuroblastoma; oral cavity cancer (e.g., lip, tongue, mouth, and
pharynx); pancreatic cancer; retinoblastoma; rhabdomyosarcoma;
rectal cancer; cancer of the respiratory system; sarcoma; skin
cancer; stomach cancer; testicular cancer; uterine cancer; cancer
of the urinary system, as well as other carcinomas and
sarcomas.
[0066] As used herein, the term "tumor" refers to all neoplastic
cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all
pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues. For example, a
particular cancer may be characterized by a solid mass tumor. The
solid tumor mass, if present, may be a primary tumor mass. A
primary tumor mass refers to a growth of cancer cells in a tissue
resulting from the transformation of a normal cell of that tissue.
In most cases, the primary tumor mass is identified by the presence
of a cyst, which can be found through visual or palpation methods,
or by irregularity in shape, texture or weight of the tissue.
However, some primary tumors are not palpable and can be detected
only through medical imaging techniques such as X-rays (e.g.,
mammography), or by needle aspirations. The use of these latter
techniques is more common in early detection. Molecular and
phenotypic analysis of cancer cells within a tissue will usually
confirm if the cancer is endogenous to the tissue or if the lesion
is due to metastasis from another site.
[0067] The term alkyl, as used herein, unless otherwise specified,
includes a saturated straight, branched, or cyclic, primary,
secondary, or tertiary hydrocarbon of for example C.sub.1 to
C.sub.24, and specifically includes methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl,
propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl,
cyclopentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, cyclohexyl,
cyclohexylmethyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, and
2,3-dimethylbutyl. The alkyl is optionally substituted, e.g., with
one or more substituents such as halo (F, Cl, Br or I), (e.g.,
CF.sub.3, 2-Br-ethyl, CH.sub.2F, CH.sub.2Cl, CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 or
CF.sub.2CF.sub.3), hydroxyl (e.g. CH.sub.2OH), amino
CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, CH.sub.2NHCH.sub.3 or CH.sub.2N(CH.sub.3).sub.2),
alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, azido
CH.sub.2N.sub.3), cyano (e.g., CH.sub.2CN), sulfonic acid, sulfate,
phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either unprotected, or
protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for
example, as taught in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic
Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, hereby incorporated by
reference.
[0068] The term lower alkyl, as used herein, and unless otherwise
specified, refers to a C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 saturated straight,
branched, or if appropriate, a cyclic (for example, cyclopropyl)
alkyl group, including both substituted and unsubstituted
forms.
[0069] The term alkylamino or arylamino includes an amino group
that has one or two alkyl or aryl substituents, respectively.
[0070] The term amino acid includes naturally occurring and
synthetic .alpha., .beta., .gamma. or .delta. amino acids, and
includes but is not limited to, amino acids found in proteins, i.e.
glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine,
phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine,
tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, lysine,
arginine and histidine. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid
is in the L-configuration. Alternatively, the amino acid can be a
derivative of alanyl, valinyl, leucinyl, isoleuccinyl, prolinyl,
phenylalaninyl, tryptophanyl, methioninyl, glycinyl, serinyl,
threoninyl, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl,
aspartoyl, glutaroyl, lysinyl, argininyl, histidinyl,
.beta.-alanyl, .beta.-valinyl, .beta.-leucinyl,
.beta..beta.-isoleuccinyl, .beta.-prolinyl, .beta.-phenylalaninyl,
.beta.-tryptophanyl, .beta.-methioninyl, .beta.-glycinyl,
.beta.-serinyl, .beta.-threoninyl, .beta.-cysteinyl,
.beta.-tyrosinyl, .beta.-asparaginyl, .beta.-glutaminyl,
.beta.-aspartoyl, .beta.-glutaroyl, .beta.-lysinyl,
.beta.-argininyl or .beta.-histidinyl. When the term amino acid is
used, it is considered to be a specific and independent disclosure
of each of the esters of a natural or synthetic amino acid,
including but not limited to .alpha., .beta., .gamma. or .delta.
glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine,
phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine,
tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, lysine,
arginine and histidine in the D and L-configurations.
[0071] The term "protected" as used herein and unless otherwise
defined includes a group that is added to an oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur or phosphorus atom to prevent its further reaction or for
other purposes. A wide variety of oxygen and nitrogen protecting
groups are known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis
(see Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John
Wiley and Sons).
[0072] The term aryl, as used herein, and unless otherwise
specified, includes phenyl, biphenyl, or naphthyl, and preferably
phenyl. The aryl group is optionally substituted with one or more
moieties such as halo, hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino,
alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic
acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected
as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as
taught in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,
John Wiley and Sons.
[0073] The term alkaryl or alkylaryl includes an alkyl group with
an aryl substituent. The term aralkyl or arylalkyl includes an aryl
group with an alkyl substituent.
[0074] The term halo, as used herein, includes chloro, bromo, iodo,
and fluoro.
[0075] The term acyl includes a carboxylic acid ester in which the
non-carbonyl moiety of the ester group is selected from straight,
branched, or cyclic alkyl or lower alkyl, alkoxyalkyl including
methoxymethyl, aralkyl including benzyl, aryloxyalkyl such as
phenoxymethyl, aryl including phenyl optionally substituted with
halogen, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl or C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkoxy,
sulfonate esters such as alkyl or aralkyl sulphonyl including
methanesulfonyl, the mono, di or triphosphate ester, trityl or
monomethoxytrityl, substituted benzyl, trialkylsilyl (e.g.
dimethyl-t-butylsilyl) or diphenylmethylsilyl. Aryl groups in the
esters optimally comprise a phenyl group. The term "lower acyl"
refers to an acyl group in which the non-carbonyl moiety is lower
alkyl.
[0076] As used herein, the term "substantially free of" or
"substantially in the absence of" with respect to enantiomeric
purity, refers to a composition that includes at least 85% or 90%
by weight, preferably 95% to 98% by weight, and even more
preferably 99% to 100% by weight, of the designated enantiomer. In
a preferred embodiment, in the methods and compounds of this
invention, the compounds are substantially free of other
enantiomers.
[0077] Similarly, the term "isolated" refers to a compound
composition that includes at least 85% or 90% by weight, preferably
95% to 98% by weight, and even more preferably 99% to 100% by
weight, of the compound, the remainder comprising other chemical
species or enantiomers.
[0078] The term "independently" is used herein to indicate that the
variable, which is independently applied, varies independently from
application to application. Thus, in a compound such as R''XYR'',
wherein R'' is "independently carbon or nitrogen," both R'' can be
carbon, both R'' can be nitrogen, or one R'' can be carbon and the
other R'' nitrogen.
[0079] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug" is
used throughout the specification to describe any pharmaceutically
acceptable form (such as an ester, phosphate ester, salt of an
ester or a related group) of a compound, which, upon administration
to a patient, provides the compound. Pharmaceutically acceptable
salts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable
inorganic or organic bases and acids. Suitable salts include those
derived from alkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline
earth metals such as calcium and magnesium, among numerous other
acids well known in the pharmaceutical art. Pharmaceutically
acceptable prodrugs refer to a compound that is metabolized, for
example hydrolyzed or oxidized, in the host to form the compound of
the present invention. Typical examples of prodrugs include
compounds that have biologically labile protecting groups on a
functional moiety of the active compound. Prodrugs include
compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated,
hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dehydrolyzed, alkylated,
dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated
to produce the active compound.
[0080] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable esters" as used
herein, unless otherwise specified, includes those esters of one or
more compounds, which are, within the scope of sound medical
judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of hosts
without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like,
are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are
effective for their intended use.
[0081] The term "subject" as used herein refers to an animal,
preferably a mammal, most preferably a human. Mammals can include
non-human mammals, including, but not limited to, pigs, sheep,
goats, cows (bovine), deer, mules, horses, monkeys and other
non-human primates, dogs, cats, rats, mice, rabbits or any other
known or disclosed herein.
5.2. COMPOUNDS OF THE INVENTION
[0082] The present invention provides for the use of TCN, TCN-P and
related compounds in combination with one or more platinum
compounds for use in particular therapeutic regimens for the
treatment of proliferative disorders.
[0083] As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the teen
"triciribine compound(s)" and "triciribine and related compounds"
refers to compounds having the following structures:
##STR00005## [0084] wherein each R.sub.2', R.sub.3' and R.sub.5'
are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted phosphate or
phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or a stabilized
phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including
lower alkyl); amide, sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl;
sulfonyl, including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl
group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as
for example as described in the definition of an aryl given herein;
optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a
phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; or
cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group
that, in vivo, provides a compound wherein R2', R3' or R5' is
independently H or mono-, di- or tri-phosphate; [0085] wherein
R.sup.x and R.sup.y are independently hydrogen, optionally
substituted phosphate; acyl (including lower acyl); amide, alkyl
(including lower alkyl); aromatic, polyoxyalkylene such as
polyethyleneglycol, optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid,
including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide;
or cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group.
In one embodiment, the compound is administered as a
5'-phosphoether lipid or a 5'-ether lipid; [0086] R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 each are independently H, optionally substituted straight
chained, branched or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl,
or alkynyl, CO-alkyl, CO-alkenyl, CO-alkynyl, CO-aryl or
heteroaryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, CO-aryloxyalkyl, CO-substituted aryl,
sulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl.
[0087] In one embodiment, R2' and R3' are hydrogen. In another
embodiment, R2' and R5' are hydrogen. In yet another embodiment,
R2', R3' and R5' are hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, R2', R3',
R5', R1 and R2 are hydrogen.
[0088] In another embodiment, the triciribine compound has the
following structure:
##STR00006## [0089] wherein R.sub.3 is H, optionally substituted
straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl),
alkenyl, or alkynyl, NH.sub.2, NHR.sup.4, N(R.sup.4).sub.2, aryl,
alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, or substituted aryl; and [0090] Each
R.sup.4 independently is H, acyl including lower acyl, alkyl
including lower alkyl such as but not limited to methyl, ethyl,
propyl and cyclopropyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy,
alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or aryl. In a subembodiment, R.sub.3 is
a straight chained C1-11 alkyl, iso-propyl, t-butyl, or phenyl.
[0091] In one embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided herein
have the following structure:
##STR00007##
[0092] In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided
herein have the following structure:
##STR00008##
[0093] In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided
herein have the following structure:
##STR00009## [0094] wherein R.sub.6 is H, alkyl, (including lower
alkyl) alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, arylalkyl,
cycloalkyl, NH.sub.2, NHR.sup.4, NR.sup.4R.sup.4, CF.sub.3,
CH.sub.2OH, CH.sub.2Cl, CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, C(Y.sup.3).sub.3,
C(Y.sup.3).sub.2C(Y.sup.3).sub.3, C(.dbd.O)OH, C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.4,
C(.dbd.O)-aryl, C(.dbd.O)-alkoxyalkyl, C(.dbd.O)NH.sub.2,
C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.4, C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2, where each Y.sup.3
is independently H or halo; and [0095] each R.sup.4 independently
is H, acyl including lower acyl, alkyl including lower alkyl such
as but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or
aryl.
[0096] In a subembodiment, R.sub.6 is ethyl, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH, or
CH.sub.2-phenyl.
[0097] In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided
herein have the following structure:
##STR00010## [0098] wherein R.sub.7 is H, halo, alkyl (including
lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,
cycloalkyl, nitro, cyano, OH, OR.sup.4, NH.sub.2, NHR.sup.4,
NR.sup.4R.sup.4, SH, SR.sup.4, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.2OH, CH.sub.2F,
CH.sub.2Cl, CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, C(Y.sup.3).sub.3,
C(Y.sup.3).sub.2C(Y.sup.3).sub.3, C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.4,
C(.dbd.O)-alkyl, C(.dbd.O)-aryl, C(.dbd.O)-alkoxyalkyl,
C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.4, C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2, or N.sub.3, where
each Y.sup.3 is independently H or halo; and [0099] each R.sup.4
independently is H, acyl including lower acyl, alkyl including
lower alkyl such as but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and
cyclopropyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl,
hydroxyalkyl.
[0100] In a subembodiment, R.sub.7 is methyl, ethyl, phenyl, chloro
or NH.sub.2.
[0101] In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided
herein have the following structure:
##STR00011##
[0102] In another embodiment, the triciribine compounds provided
herein have the following structure:
##STR00012##
[0103] As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term
"platinum compounds" refers to a compound of formula V.
##STR00013##
[0104] wherein: [0105] R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are
each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted amine, aromatic
amine, heteroaromatic amine, optionally substituted straight
chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, aromatic, heteroaromatic or
cyclic ring formed among R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4.
[0106] In an illustrative embodiment, the platinum compounds
include, but are limited to, platinum compounds of structures
A-I:
##STR00014## ##STR00015##
[0107] It is to be understood that the compounds disclosed herein
may contain chiral centers. Such chiral centers may be of either
the (R) or (S) configuration, or may be a mixture thereof. Thus,
the compounds provided herein may be enantiomerically pure, or be
stereoisomeric or diastereomeric mixtures. It is understood that
the disclosure of a compound herein encompasses any racemic,
optically active, polymorphic, or steroisomeric form, or mixtures
thereof, which preferably possesses the useful properties described
herein, it being well known in the art how to prepare optically
active forms and how to determine activity using the standard tests
described herein, or using other similar tests which are will known
in the art. Examples of methods that can be used to obtain optical
isomers of the compounds include the following: [0108] i) physical
separation of crystals--a technique whereby macroscopic crystals of
the individual enantiomers are manually separated. This technique
can be used if crystals of the separate enantiomers exist, i.e.,
the material is a conglomerate, and the crystals are visually
distinct; [0109] ii) simultaneous crystallization--a technique
whereby the individual enantiomers are separately crystallized from
a solution of the racemate, possible only if the latter is a
conglomerate in the solid state; [0110] iii) enzymatic
resolutions--a technique whereby partial or complete separation of
a racemate by virtue of differing rates of reaction for the
enantiomers with an enzyme [0111] iv) enzymatic asymmetric
synthesis--a synthetic technique whereby at least one step of the
synthesis uses an enzymatic reaction to obtain an enantiomerically
pure or enriched synthetic precursor of the desired enantiomer;
[0112] v) chemical asymmetric synthesis--a synthetic technique
whereby the desired enantiomer is synthesized from an achiral
precursor under conditions that produce asymmetry (i.e., chirality)
in the product, which may be achieved using chiral catalysts or
chiral auxiliaries; [0113] vi) diastereomer separations--a
technique whereby a racemic compound is reacted with an
enantiomerically pure reagent (the chiral auxiliary) that converts
the individual enantiomers to diastereomers. The resulting
diastereomers are then separated by chromatography or
crystallization by virtue of their now more distinct structural
differences and the chiral auxiliary later removed to obtain the
desired enantiomer; [0114] vii) first- and second-order asymmetric
transformations--a technique whereby diastereomers from the
racemate equilibrate to yield a preponderance in solution of the
diastereomer from the desired enantiomer or where preferential
crystallization of the diastereomer from the desired enantiomer
perturbs the equilibrium such that eventually in principle all the
material is converted to the crystalline diastereomer from the
desired enantiomer. The desired enantiomer is then released from
the diastereomer; [0115] viii) kinetic resolutions--this technique
refers to the achievement of partial or complete resolution of a
racemate (or of a further resolution of a partially resolved
compound) by virtue of unequal reaction rates of the enantiomers
with a chiral, non-racemic reagent or catalyst under kinetic
conditions; [0116] ix) enantiospecific synthesis from non-racemic
precursors--a synthetic technique whereby the desired enantiomer is
obtained from non-chiral starting materials and where the
stereochemical integrity is not or is only minimally compromised
over the course of the synthesis; [0117] x) chiral liquid
chromatography--a technique whereby the enantiomers of a racemate
are separated in a liquid mobile phase by virtue of their differing
interactions with a stationary phase. The stationary phase can be
made of chiral material or the mobile phase can contain an
additional chiral material to provoke the differing interactions;
[0118] xi) chiral gas chromatography--a technique whereby the
racemate is volatilized and enantiomers are separated by virtue of
their differing interactions in the gaseous mobile phase with a
column containing a fixed non-racemic chiral adsorbent phase;
[0119] xii) extraction with chiral solvents--a technique whereby
the enantiomers are separated by virtue of preferential dissolution
of one enantiomer into a particular chiral solvent; [0120] xiii)
transport across chiral membranes--a technique whereby a racemate
is placed in contact with a thin membrane barrier. The barrier
typically separates two miscible fluids, one containing the
racemate, and a driving force such as concentration or pressure
differential causes preferential transport across the membrane
barrier. Separation occurs as a result of the non-racemic chiral
nature of the membrane which allows only one enantiomer of the
racemate to pass through.
[0121] In some embodiments, triciribine, triciribine phosphate
(TCN-P), triciribine 5'-phosphate (TCN-P), or the DMF adduct of
triciribine (TCN-DMF) are provided. TCN can be synthesized by any
technique known to one skilled in the art, for example, as
described in Tetrahedron Letters, 49: 4757-4760 (1971). TCN-P can
be prepared by any technique known to one skilled in the art, for
example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,123,524. The synthesis of
TCN-DMF is described, for example, in INSERM, 81: 37-82 (1978).
Other compounds related to TCN as described herein can be
synthesized, for example, according to the methods disclosed in
Gudmundsson et al., 2001, Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 20:
1823-1830; Porcari et al., 2000, J Med Chem 43: 2457-2463; Porcari
et al., 1999, Nucleosides Nucleotides, 18:2475-2497; Porcari et
al., 2000, J Med Chem, 43: 2438-2448; Porcari et al., 2003,
Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids, 22: 2171-2193; Porcari et
al., 2004, Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 23: 31-39;
Schweinsberg et al., 1981, Biochem Pharmacol 30: 2521-2526; Smith
et al., 2004, Bioorg Med Chem Lett 14: 3517-3520; Townsend et al.,
1986, Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 1986: 41-44; and/or, Wotring et al.,
1986, Cancer Treat Rep 70: 491-7.
5.3. PHARMACEUTICALLY ACCEPTABLE SALTS, HYDRATES AND PRODRUGS
[0122] In cases where compounds are sufficiently basic or acidic to
form stable nontoxic acid or base salts, administration of the
compound as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be appropriate.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from
pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and acids.
Suitable salts include those derived from alkali metals such as
potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals such as calcium and
magnesium, among numerous other acids well known in the
pharmaceutical art. In particular, examples of pharmaceutically
acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids,
which form a physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate,
methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate,
benzoate, ascorbate, .alpha.-ketoglutarate, and
.alpha.-glycerophosphate. Suitable inorganic salts may also be
formed, including, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate
salts.
[0123] In another embodiment, the triciribine compound is a
solvate, for example, triciribine phosphate monohydrate
(TCN-PM).
[0124] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be obtained using
standard procedures well known in the art, for example, reacting a
sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid
affording a physiologically acceptable anion. Alkali metal (for
example, sodium, potassium or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for
example calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be made.
[0125] Any of the nucleotides described herein can be administered
as a nucleotide prodrug to increase the activity, bioavailability,
stability or otherwise alter the properties of the nucleoside. A
number of nucleotide prodrug ligands are known. In general,
alkylation, acylation or other lipophilic modification of the mono,
di or triphosphate of the nucleoside will increase the stability of
the nucleotide. Examples of substituent groups that can replace one
or more hydrogens on the phosphate moiety are alkyl, aryl,
steroids, carbohydrates, including sugars, 1,2-diacylglycerol and
alcohols. Many are described in R. Jones and N. Bischofberger,
1995, Antiviral Research 27: 1-17. Any of these can be used in
combination with the disclosed nucleosides to achieve a desired
effect.
[0126] In one embodiment, the triciribine or a related compound is
provided as 5'-hydroxyl lipophilic prodrug. Nonlimiting examples of
U.S. patents that disclose suitable lipophilic substituents that
can be covalently incorporated into the nucleoside, preferably at
the 5'-OH position of the nucleoside or lipophilic preparations,
include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,149,794 (Yatvin, et al.); 5,194,654
(Hostetler, et al.); 5,223,263 (Hostetler, et al.); 5,256,641
(Yatvin, et al.); 5,411,947 (Hostetler, et al.); 5,463,092
(Hostetler, et al.); 5,543,389 (Yatvin, et al.); 5,543,390 (Yatvin,
et al.); 5,543,391 (Yatvin, et al.); and 5,554,728 (Basava, et
al.), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0127] Foreign patent applications that disclose lipophilic
substituents that can be attached to the triciribine or a related
compound s of the present invention, or lipophilic preparations,
include WO 89/02733, WO 90/00555, WO 91/16920, WO 91/18914, WO
93/00910, WO 94/26273, WO/15132, EP 0 350 287, EP 93917054.4, and
WO 91/19721.
[0128] Additional nonlimiting examples of derivatives of
triciribine or a related compound s are those that contain
substituents as described in the following publications. These
derivatized triciribine or a related compound s can be used for the
indications described in the text or otherwise as antiviral agents,
including as anti-HIV or anti-HBV agents. Ho, 1973, Cancer Res 33:
2816-2820; Holy, 1993, Isopolar phosphorous-modified nucleotide
analogues, in: De Clercq (ed.), Advances in Antiviral Drug Design,
Vol. I, JAI Press, pp. 179-231; Hong et al., 1976, Biochem Biophys
Rs Commun 88: 1223-1229; Hong et al, 1980, J Med Chem 28: 171-177;
Hostetler et al., 1990, J Biol Chem 266: 11714-11717; Hostetler et
al., 1994, Antiviral Res 24: 59-67; Hostetler et al., 1994,
Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 38: 2792-2797; Hunston et al., 1984,
J Med Chem 27: 440-444; Ji et al 1990, J Med Chem 33: 2264-2270;
Jones et al., 1984, J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I: 1471-1474; Juodka et
al., 1974, Coll Czech Chem Comm 39: 363-968; Kataoka et al., 1989,
Nucleic Acids Res Sym Ser 21: 1-2; Kataoka et al., 1991,
Heterocycles 32: 1351-1356; Kinchington et al., 1992, Antiviral
Chem Chemother 3: 107-112; Kodama et al., 1989, Jpn J Cancer Res
80: 679-685; Korty et al., 1979, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch
Pharmacol 310: 103-111; Kumar et al., 1990, J Med Chem 33:
2368-2375; LeBec et al., 1991, Tetrahedron Lett 32: 6553-6556;
Lichtenstein et al., 1960, J Biol Chem 235: 457-465; Luethy et al.,
1981, Mitt Geg Lebensmittelunters Hyg 72: 131-133 (Chem. Abstr. 95,
127093); McGuigan et al., 1989, Nucleic Acids Res 17: 6065-6075;
McGuigan et al., 1990, Antiviral Chem Chemother 1: 107-113;
McGuigan et al., 1990, Antiviral Chem Chemother 1: 355-360;
McGuigan et al., 1990, Antiviral Chem Chemother 1: 25-33; McGuigan
et al., 1991, Antiviral Res 15: 255-263; McGuigan et al., 1992,
Antiviral Res 17: 311-321; McGuigan et al., 1993, Antiviral Chem
Chemother 4: 97-101; McGuigan et al., 1993, J Med Chem 36:
1048-1052.
[0129] Alkyl hydrogen phosphonate derivatives of the anti-HIV agent
AZT may be less toxic than the parent nucleoside analogue.
Antiviral Chem Chemother 5: 271-277; Meyer et al., 1973,
Tetrahedron Lett 269-272; Nagyvary et al., 1973, Biochem Biophys
Res Commun 55: 1072-1077; Namane et al., 1992, J Med Chem 35:
3939-3044; Nargeot et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:
2395-2399; Nelson et al., 1987, J Am Chem Soc 109: 4058-4064;
Nerbonne et al., 1984, Nature 301: 74-76; Neumann et al., 1989, J
Am Chem Soc 111: 4270-4277; Ohno et al., 1991, Oncology 48:
451-455. Palomino et al., 1989, J Med Chem 32: 622-625; Perkins et
al., 1993, Antiviral Res 20(Supp. I): 84; Piantadosi et al., 1991,
J Med Chem 34: 1408-1414; Pompon et al., 1994, Antiviral Chem
Chemother 5: 91-98; Postemark, 1974, Arm Rev Pharmacol 14: 23-33;
Prisbe et al., 1986, J Med Chem 29: 671-675; Pucch et al., 1993,
Antiviral Res 22: 155-174; Pugaeva et al., 1969, Gig Trf Prof Zabol
13: 47-48 (Chem. Abstr. 72, 212); Robins, 1984, Pharm Res 11-18;
Rosowsky et al., 1982, J Med Chem 25: 171-178; Ross, 1961, Biochem
Pharm 8: 235-240; Rya et al., 1982, J Med Chem 25: 1322-1329;
Saffhill et al., 1986, Chem Biol Interact 57: 347-355; Saneyoshi et
al., 1980, Chem Pharm Bull 28: 2915-2923; Sastry et al., 1992, Mol
Pharmacol 41: 441-445; Shaw et al., 1994, 9th Annual AAPS Meeting,
San Diego, Calif. (Abstract); Shuto et al., 1987, Tetrahedron Lett
28: 199-202; Shuto et al., 1988, Chem Pharm Bull 36: 209-217. One
preferred phosphate prodrug group is the S-acyl-2-thioethyl group,
also referred to as "SATE."
[0130] Additional examples of prodrugs that can be used are those
described in the following patents and patent applications: U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,614,548, 5,512,671, 5,770,584, 5,962,437, 5,223,263,
5,817,638, 6,252,060, 6,448,392, 5,411,947, 5,744,592, 5,484,809,
5,827,831, 5,696,277, 6,022,029, 5,780,617, 5,194,654, 5,463,092,
5,744,461, 4,444,766, 4,562,179, 4,599,205, 4,493,832, 4,221,732,
5,116,992, 6,429,227, 5,149,794, 5,703,063, 5,888,990, 4810,697,
5,512,671, 6,030,960, 2004/0259845, 6,670,341, 2004/0161398,
2002/082242, 5,512,671, 2002/0082242, and or PCT Publication Nos WO
90/11079, WO 96/39197, and/or WO 93/08807.
5.4. IN VIVO EFFICACY/DOSING REGIMENS
[0131] In another aspect of the present invention, dosing regimens
are provided that limit the toxic side effects of TCN and related
compounds. In one embodiment, such dosing regimens minimize the
following toxic side effects, including, but not limited to,
hepatoxicity, thrombocytopenia, hyperglycemia, vomiting,
hypocalcemia, anemia, hypoalbunemia, myelosuppression,
hypertriglyceridemia, hyperamylasemia, diarrhea, stomachitis and/or
fever.
[0132] In another embodiment, the administration of TCN, TCN-P or
related compounds and one or more platinum compounds provides at
least a partial or complete response in vivo in at least 15-20% of
the subjects. In particular embodiments, a partial response can be
at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80 or 85%
regression of the tumor. In other embodiments, this response can be
evident in at least 15, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,
75, 80, 85 or 90% of the subjects treated with the therapy. In
further embodiments, such response rates can be obtained by any
therapeutic regimen disclosed herein.
[0133] In other embodiments, methods are provided to treat a
subject that has been diagnosed with cancer by administering to the
subject an effective amount of TCN, TCN-P, TCN-PM or a related
compound and one or more platinum compounds according to a dosing
schedule that includes administering the triciribine compound
and/or the one or more platinum compounds one time per week for
three weeks followed by a one week period wherein the drug is not
administered (i.e., via a 28 day cycle). In other embodiments, such
28 day cycles can be repeated at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 times or until
regression of the tumor is evident.
[0134] In further embodiments, a 42 day cycle is provided in which
the compounds disclosed herein can be administered once a week for
four weeks followed by a two week period in which the triciribine
compound and/or one or more platinum compounds are not
administered. In other embodiments, such 42 day cycles can be
repeated at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 times or until regression of the
tumor is evident. In a particular embodiment, less than 12, less
than 11 or less than 10 mg/m.sup.2 of TCN, TCN-P, TCN-PM or a
related compound can be administered according to a 42 day cycle.
In other particular embodiments, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
mg/m.sup.2 of TCN, TCN-P, TCN-PM or a related compound can be
administered according to a 42 day cycle. In another particular
embodiment, about 1 to about 50 mg of a platinum compound is
administered. In a particular embodiment, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 mg/kg of a platinum compound can
be administered according to a 42 day cycle.
[0135] In another embodiment, methods are provided to treat cancer
in a subject by administering to the subject a dosing regimen of 10
mg/m.sup.2 or less of TCN, TCN-P or a related compound and less
than about 30 mg of one or more platinum compounds one time per
week. In particular embodiments, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4,
4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 mg/m.sup.2 of
TCN, TCN-P or a related compound as dislosed herein can be
administered one time per week In another particular embodiment, 1,
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 mg/kg of
a platinum compound can be administered one time per week.
[0136] In embodiments of the present invention, the compounds
disclosed herein can be administered simultaneously as a single
bolus dose over a short period of time, for example, about 5, 10,
15, 20, 30 or 60 minutes. In further embodiments, dosing schedules
are provided in which the compounds are administered simultaneously
via continuous infusion for at least 24, 48, 72, 96, or 120 hours.
In certain embodiments, the administration of the triciribine
compound and/or one or more platinum compounds via continuous or
bolus injections can be repeated at a certain frequency at least:
once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once a
month, once every five weeks, once every six weeks, once every
eight weeks, once every ten weeks and/or once every twelve weeks.
The type and frequency of administrations can be combined in any
manner disclosed herein to create a dosing cycle. The triciribine
compound and/or one or more platinum compounds can be repeatedly
administered via a certain dosing cycles, for example as a bolus
injection once every two weeks for three months. The dosing cycles
can be administered for at least: one, two three, four five, six,
seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, eighteen or twenty four
months. Alternatively, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
15 or 20 dosing cycles can be administered to a patient. The
triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum compounds can be
administered according to any combination disclosed herein, for
example, the triciribine compound and/or one or more platinum
compounds can be administered once a week every three weeks for 3
cycles.
[0137] In further embodiments, the compounds can be administered
separately at least once a day for at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
or 10 days. Such administration can be followed by corresponding
periods in which the triciribine compound and/or one or more
platinum compounds are not administered.
[0138] The TCN, TCN-P, TCM-PM and related compounds and one or more
platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be administered to
patients in an amount that is effective in causing tumor
regression. The administration of TCN, TCN-P or related compounds
and one or more platinum compounds can provide at least a partial,
such as at least 15, 20 or 30%, or complete response in vivo in at
least 15-20% of the subjects. In certain embodiments, at least 2,
5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 50 mg/m.sup.2 of a triciribine compound
disclosed herein can be administered to a subject. In certain
embodiments, at least about 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5,
5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 165,
175, 200, 250, 300, or 350 mg/m.sup.2 of TCN, TCN-P, TCN-PM or a
related compound disclosed herein can be administered to a subject.
In certain embodiments, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350,
or 400 mg of a platinum compound can be administered to a
subject.
[0139] The administration of the compound can be conducted
according to any of the therapeutic regimens disclosed herein. In
particular embodiments, the dosing regimen includes administering
less than about 20 mg/m.sup.2 of TCN and related compounds and less
than about 100 mg of a platinum compound either concurrently,
sequentially, or conducted over a period of time. In one
embodiment, less than 20 mg/m.sup.2 of TCN or related compounds can
be administered once a week concurrently with less than about 100
mg of a platinum compound. In another embodiment, less than 20
mg/m.sup.2 of TCN or related compounds can be administered once a
week and less than about 100 mg of a platinum compound can be
administered the following week.
[0140] In further embodiments, 2 mg/m.sup.2, 5 mg/m.sup.2, 10
mg/m.sup.2, and/or 15 mg/m.sup.2 of TCN or a related compound and
less than about 30, 25, 20, 50, or 100 mg of a platinum compound
can be administered to a subject. In another embodiment, less than
10 mg/m.sup.2 of a triciribine compound and less than about 100 mg
of a platinum compound can be administered to a subject via
continuous infusion for at least five days. The present invention
provides for any combination of dosing type, frequency, number of
cycles and dosage amount disclosed herein.
5.5. SCREENING OF PATIENT POPULATIONS
[0141] In another aspect of the present invention, methods are
provided to identify cancers or tumors that are susceptible to the
toxic effects of triciribine (TCN) and related compounds. In one
embodiment, methods are provided to treat a cancer or tumor in a
mammal by (i) obtaining a biological sample from the tumor; (ii)
determining whether the cancer or tumor overexpresses Akt kinase or
hyperactivated and phosphorylated Akt kinase, and (iii) treating
the cancer or tumor with triciribine or a related compound as
described herein. In one embodiment, the biological sample can be a
biopsy. In other embodiments, the biological sample can be fluid,
cells and/or aspirates obtained from the tumor or cancer.
[0142] The biological sample can be obtained according to any
technique known to one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, a
biopsy can be conducted to obtain the biological sample. A biopsy
is a procedure performed to remove tissue or cells from the body
for examination. Some biopsies can be performed in a physician's
office, while others need to be done in a hospital setting. In
addition, some biopsies require use of an anesthetic to numb the
area, while others do not require any sedation. In certain
embodiments, an endoscopic biopsy can be performed. This type of
biopsy is performed through a fiberoptic endoscope (a long, thin
tube that has a close-focusing telescope on the end for viewing)
through a natural body orifice (i.e., rectum) or a small incision
(i.e., arthroscopy). The endoscope is used to view the organ in
question for abnormal or suspicious areas, in order to obtain a
small amount of tissue for study. Endoscopic procedures are named
for the organ or body area to be visualized and/or treated. The
physician can insert the endoscope into the gastrointestinal tract
(alimentary tract endoscopy), bladder (cystoscopy), abdominal
cavity (laparoscopy), joint cavity (arthroscopy), mid-portion of
the chest (mediastinoscopy), or trachea and bronchial system
(laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy).
[0143] In another embodiment, a bone marrow biopsy can be
performed. This type of biopsy can be performed either from the
sternum (breastbone) or the iliac crest hipbone (the bone area on
either side of the pelvis on the lower back area). The skin is
cleansed and a local anesthetic is given to numb the area. A long,
rigid needle is inserted into the marrow, and cells are aspirated
for study; this step is occasionally uncomfortable. A core biopsy
(removing a small bone `chip` from the marrow) may follow the
aspiration.
[0144] In a further embodiment, an excisional or incisional biopsy
can be performed on the mammal. This type of biopsy is often used
when a wider or deeper portion of the skin is needed. Using a
scalpel (surgical knife), a full thickness of skin is removed for
further examination, and the wound is sutured (sewed shut with
surgical thread). When the entire tumor is removed, it is referred
to as an excisional biopsy technique. If only a portion of the
tumor is removed, it is referred to as an incisional biopsy
technique. Excisional biopsy is often the method usually preferred,
for example, when melanoma (a type of skin cancer) is
suspected.
[0145] In still further embodiments, a fine needle aspiration (FNA)
biopsy can be used. This type of biopsy involves using a thin
needle to remove very small pieces from a tumor. Local anesthetic
is sometimes used to numb the area, but the test rarely causes much
discomfort and leaves no scar. FNA is not, for example, used for
diagnosis of a suspicious mole, but may be used, for example, to
biopsy large lymph nodes near a melanoma to see if the melanoma has
metastasized (spread). A computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan)
can be used to guide a needle into a tumor in an internal organ
such as the lung or liver.
[0146] In other embodiments, punch shave and/or skin biopsies can
be conducted. Punch biopsies involve taking a deeper sample of skin
with a biopsy instrument that removes a short cylinder, or "apple
core," of tissue. After a local anesthetic is administered, the
instrument is rotated on the surface of the skin until it cuts
through all the layers, including the dermis, epidermis, and the
most superficial parts of the subcutis (fat). A shave biopsy
involves removing the top layers of skin by shaving it off. Shave
biopsies are also performed with a local anesthetic. Skin biopsies
involve removing a sample of skin for examination under the
microscope to determine if, for example, melanoma is present. The
biopsy is performed under local anesthesia.
[0147] In particular embodiment, methods are provided to determine
whether the tumor overexpresses an Akt kinase. Akt kinase
overexpression can refer to the phosphorylation state of the
kinase. Hyperphosphorylation of Akt can be detected according to
the methods described herein. In one embodiment, a tumor biopsy can
be compared to a control tissue. The control tissue can be a normal
tissue from the mammal in which the biopsy was obtained or a normal
tissue from a healthy mammal. Akt kinase overexpression or
hyperphosphorylation can be determined if the tumor biopsy contains
greater amounts of Akt kinase and/or Akt kinase phosphorylation
than the control tissue, such as, for example, at least
approximately 1.5, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4, 4.25,
4.5, 4.75, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10-fold greater amounts of Akt
kinase than contained in the control tissue.
[0148] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method
to detect aberrant Akt kinase expression in a subject or in a
biological sample from the subject by contacting cells, cell
extracts, serum or other sample from the subjects or said
biological sample with an immunointeractive molecule specific for
an Akt kinase or antigenic portion thereof and screening for the
level of immunointeractive molecule-Akt kinase complex formation,
wherein an elevated presence of the complex relative to a normal
cell is indicative of an aberrant cell that expresses or
overexpresses Akt. In one example, cells or cell extracts can be
screened immunologically for the presence of elevated levels of Akt
kinase.
[0149] In an alternative embodiment, the aberrant expression of Akt
in a cell is detected at the genetic level by screening for the
level of expression of a gene encoding an Ala kinase wherein an
elevated level of a transcriptional expression product (i.e., mRNA)
compared to a normal cell is indicative of an aberrant cell. In
certain embodiments, real-time PCR as well as other PCR procedures
can be used to determine transcriptional activity. In one
embodiment, mRNA can be obtained from cells of a subject or from a
biological sample from a subject and cDNA optionally generated. The
mRNA or cDNA can then be contacted with a genetic probe capable of
hybridizing to and/or amplifying all or part of a nucleotide
sequence encoding Akt kinase or its complementary nucleotide
sequence and then the level of the mRNA or cDNA can be detected
wherein the presence of elevated levels of the mRNA or cDNA
compared to normal controls can be assessed.
[0150] Yet another embodiment of the present invention contemplates
the use of an antibody, monoclonal or polyclonal, to Akt kinase in
a quantitative or semi-quantitative diagnostic kit to determine
relative levels of Akt kinase in suspected cancer cells from a
patient, which can include all the reagents necessary to perform
the assay. In one embodiment, a kit utilizing reagents and
materials necessary to perform an ELISA assay is provided. Reagents
can include, for example, washing buffer, antibody dilution buffer,
blocking buffer, cell staining solution, developing solution, stop
solution, anti-phospho-protein specific antibodies, anti-Pan
protein specific antibodies, secondary antibodies, and distilled
water. The kit can also include instructions for use and can
optionally be automated or semi-automated or in a form which is
compatible with automated machine or software. In one embodiment, a
phosphor-ser-473 Akt antibody that detects the activated form of
AKT (Akt phosphorylated at serine 474) can be utilized as the
antibody in a diagnostic kit. See, for example, Yuan et al., 2000,
Oncogene 19: 2324-2330.
5.6. AKT KINASES
[0151] Akt, also named PKB.sup.3, represents a subfamily of the
serine/threonine kinase. Three members, AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3, have
been identified in this subfamily. Akt is activated by
extracellular stimuli in a PI3K-dependent manner (Datta et al.,
1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927). Full activation of Akt requires
phosphorylation of Thr.sup.308 in the activation loop and
Ser.sup.473 in the C-terminal activation domain. Akt is negatively
regulated by PTEN tumor suppressor. Mutations in PTEN have been
identified in various tumors, which lead to activation of Akt
pathway (Datta Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927). In
addition, amplification, overexpression and/or activation of Akt
have been detected in a number of human malignancies (Datta et al.,
1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927; Cheng et al., 2001, AKT signal
transduction pathway in oncogenesis in Schwab D (ed.) Encyclopedic
Reference of cancer Springer pp 35-7). Ectopic expression of Akt,
especially constitutively active Akt, induces cell survival and
malignant transformation whereas inhibition of Akt activity
stimulates apoptosis in a range of mammalian cells (Datta et al.,
1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927; Cheng et al., 2001, AKT signal
transduction pathway in oncogenesis in Schwab D (ed.) Encyclopedic
Reference of cancer Springer pp 35-7; Sun et al, 2001, Am J Path,
159: 431-437; Cheng et al., 1997, Oncogene 14: 2793-2801). Further,
activation of Akt has been shown to associate with tumor
invasiveness and chemoresistance (West et al., 2002, Drug Resist
Vpdat 5: 234-248).
[0152] Activation of the Akt pathway plays a pivotal role in
malignant transformation and chemoresistance by inducing cell
survival, growth, migration, and angiogenesis. The present
invention provides methods to determine levels of Akt kinase
overexpression and/or hyperactivated and phosphorylated Akt
kinase.
[0153] The Akt kinase can be any known Akt family kinase, or kinase
related thereto, including, but not limited to Akt 1, Akt 2, Akt 3.
The mRNA and amino acid sequences of human Akt1, Akt2, and Akt 3
are illustrated in FIGS. 6a-c, 7a-d, and 8a-c, respectively.
5.7. DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS
[0154] Immunological Assays
[0155] In one embodiment, a method is provided for detecting the
aberrant expression of an Akt kinase in a cell in a mammal or in a
biological sample from the mammal, by contacting cells, cell
extracts or serum or other sample from the mammal or biological
sample with an immunointeractive molecule specific for an Akt
kinase or antigenic portion thereof and screening for the level of
immunointeractive molecule-Akt kinase complex formations and
determining whether an elevated presence of the complex relative to
a normal cell is present.
[0156] The immunointeractive molecule can be a molecule having
specificity and binding affinity for an Akt kinase or its antigenic
parts or its homologs or derivatives thereof. In one embodiment,
the immunointeractive molecule can be an immunglobulin molecule. In
other embodiments, the immunointeractive molecules can be an
antibody fragments, single chain antibodies, and/or deimmunized
molecules including humanized antibodies and T-cell associated
antigen-binding molecules (TABMs). In one particular embodiment,
the antibody can be a monoclonal antibody. In another particular
embodiment, the antibody can be a polyclonal antibody. The
immunointeractive molecule can exhibit specificity for an Akt
kinase or more particularly an antigenic determinant or epitope on
an Akt kinase. An antigenic determinant or epitope on an Akt kinase
includes that part of the molecule to which an immune response is
directed. The antigenic determinant or epitope can be a B-cell
epitope or where appropriate a T-cell epitope. In one embodiment,
the antibody is a phosphor-ser 473 Akt antibody.
[0157] One embodiment of the present invention provides a method
for diagnosing the presence of cancer or cancer-like growth in a
mammal, in which aberrant Akt activity is present, by contacting
cells or cell extracts from the mammal or a biological sample from
the subject with an Akt kinase-binding effective amount of an
antibody having specificity for the Akt kinase or an antigenic
determinant or epitope thereon and then quantitatively or
qualitatively determining the level of an Aid kinase-antibody
complex wherein the presence of elevated levels of said complex
compared to a normal cell is determined.
[0158] Antibodies can be prepared by any of a number of means known
to one skilled in the art. For example, for the detection of human
Akt kinase, antibodies can be generally but not necessarily derived
from non-human animals such as primates, livestock animals (e.g.
sheep, cows, pigs, goats, horses), laboratory test animals (e.g.
mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits) and/or companion animals (e.g.
dogs, cats). Antibodies may also be recombinantly produced in
prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells. Generally, antibody based
assays can be conducted in vitro on cell or tissue biopsies.
However, if an antibody is suitably deimmunized or, in the case of
human use, humanized, then the antibody can be labeled with, for
example, a nuclear tag, administered to a patient and the site of
nuclear label accumulation determined by radiological techniques.
The Akt kinase antibody can be a cancer targeting agent.
Accordingly, another embodiment of the present invention provides
deimmunized forms of the antibodies for use in cancer imaging in
human and non-human patients.
[0159] In general, for the generation of antibodies to an Akt
kinase, the enzyme is required to be extracted from a biological
sample whether this be from animal including human tissue or from
cell culture if produced by recombinant means. The Akt kinase can
be separated from the biological sample by any suitable means. For
example, the separation may take advantage of any one or more of
the Akt kinase's surface charge properties, size, density,
biological activity and its affinity for another entity (e.g.
another protein or chemical compound to which it binds or otherwise
associates). Thus, for example, separation of the Akt kinase from
the biological fluid can be achieved by any one or more of
ultra-centrifugation, ion-exchange chromatography (e.g. anion
exchange chromatography, cation exchange chromatography),
electrophoresis (e.g. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
isoelectric focussing), size separation (e.g., gel filtration,
ultra-filtration) and affinity-mediated separation (e.g.
immunoaffinity separation including, but not limited to, magnetic
bead separation such as Dynabead (trademark) separation,
immunochromatography, immuno-precipitation). The separation of Akt
kinase from the biological fluid can preserve conformational
epitopes present on the kinase and, thus, suitably avoids
techniques that cause denaturation of the enzyme. In a further
embodiment, the kinase can be separated from the biological fluid
using any one or more of affinity separation, gel filtration and/or
ultra-filtration.
[0160] Immunization and subsequent production of monoclonal
antibodies can be carried out using standard protocols known in the
art, such as, for example, described by Kohler and Milstein (Kohler
and Milstein, 1975, Nature 256: 495-499; Kohler and Milstein, 1976,
Eur J Immunol 6: 511-519, Coligan et al. Current Protocols in
Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc) or Toyama et al.,
Monoclonal Antibody, Experiment Manual, Kodansha Scientific).
Essentially, an animal is immunized with an Akt kinase-containing
biological fluid or fraction thereof or a recombinant form of Akt
kinase by standard methods to produce antibody-producing cells,
particularly antibody-producing somatic cells (e.g. B lymphocytes).
These cells can then be removed from the immunized animal for
immortalization. In certain embodiment, a fragment of an Akt kinase
can be used to the generate antibodies. The fragment can be
associated with a carrier. The carrier can be any substance of
typically high molecular weight to which a non- or poorly
immunogenic substance (e.g. a hapten) is naturally or artificially
linked to enhance its immunogenicity.
[0161] Immortalization of antibody-producing cells can be carried
out using methods which are well-known in the art. For example, the
immortalization may be achieved by the transformation method using
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (Kozbor et al, 1986, Methods in Enzymology
121: 140). In another embodiment, antibody-producing cells are
immortalized using the cell fusion method (described in Coligan et
al., supra), which is widely employed for the production of
monoclonal antibodies. In this method, somatic antibody-producing
cells with the potential to produce antibodies, particularly B
cells, are fused with a myeloma cell line. These somatic cells may
be derived from the lymph nodes, spleens and peripheral blood of
primed animals, preferably rodent animals such as mice and rats. In
a particular embodiment, mice spleen cells can be used. In other
embodiments, rat, rabbit, sheep or goat cells can also be used.
Specialized myeloma cell lines have been developed from lymphocytic
tumours for use in hybridoma-producing fusion procedures (Kohler
and Milstein, 1976, supra; Shulman et al., 1978, Nature 276:
269-270; Volk et al., 1982, J Virol 42: 220-227). Many myeloma cell
lines can also be used for the production of fused cell hybrids,
including, e.g. P3.times.63-Ag8, P3.times.63-AG8.653, P3/NS1-Ag-4-1
(NS-1), Sp2/0-Ag14 and S194/5.XXO.Bu.1. The P3.times.63-Ag8 and
NS-1 cell lines have been described by Kohler and Milstein (1976,
supra). Shulman et al. (1978, supra) developed the Sp2/0-Ag14
myeloma line. The S194/5.XXO.Bu.1 line was reported by Trowbridge
(1978, J Exp Med 148: 313-323). Methods for generating hybrids of
antibody-producing spleen or lymph node cells and myeloma cells
usually involve mixing somatic cells with myeloma cells in a 10:1
proportion (although the proportion may vary from about 20:1 to
about 1:1), respectively, in the presence of an agent or agents
(chemical, viral or electrical) that promotes the fusion of cell
membranes. Fusion methods have been described (Kohler and Milstein,
1975, supra; Kohler and Milstein, 1976, supra; Gefter et al., 1977,
Somatic Cell Genet 3: 231-236; Volk et al., 1982, supra). The
fusion-promoting agents used by those investigators were Sendai
virus and polyethylene glycol (PEG). In certain embodiments, means
to select the fused cell hybrids from the remaining unfused cells,
particularly the unfused myeloma cells, are provided. Generally,
the selection of fused cell hybrids can be accomplished by
culturing the cells in media that support the growth of hybridomas
but prevent the growth of the unfused myeloma cells, which normally
would go on dividing indefinitely. The somatic cells used in the
fusion do not maintain long-term viability in in vitro culture and
hence do not pose a problem. Several weeks are required to
selectively culture the fused cell hybrids. Early in this time
period, it is necessary to identify those hybrids which produce the
desired antibody, so that they may subsequently be cloned and
propagated. Generally, around 10% of the hybrids obtained produce
the desired antibody, although a range of from about 1 to about 30%
is not uncommon. The detection of antibody-producing hybrids can be
achieved by any one of several standard assay methods, including
enzyme-linked immunoassay and radioimmunoassay techniques as, for
example, described in Kennet et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and
Hybridomas: A New Dimension in Biological Analyses, Plenum Press,
New York pp 376-384) and by FACS analysis (O'Reilly et al. 1998.
Biotechniques 25: 824-830).
[0162] Once the desired fused cell hybrids have been selected and
cloned into individual antibody-producing cell lines, each cell
line may be propagated in either of two standard ways. A suspension
of the hybridoma cells can be injected into a histocompatible
animal. The injected animal will then develop tumours that secrete
the specific monoclonal antibody produced by the fused cell hybrid.
The body fluids of the animal, such as serum or ascites fluid, can
be tapped to provide monoclonal antibodies in high concentration.
Alternatively, the individual cell lines may be propagated in vitro
in laboratory culture vessels. The culture medium containing high
concentrations of a single specific monoclonal antibody can be
harvested by decantation, filtration or centrifugation, and
subsequently purified.
[0163] The cell lines can then be tested for their specificity to
detect the Akt kinase of interest by any suitable immunodetection
means. For example, cell lines can be aliquoted into a number of
wells and incubated and the supernatant from each well is analyzed
by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect fluorescent
antibody technique, or the like. The cell line(s) producing a
monoclonal antibody capable of recognizing the target LIM kinase
but which does not recognize non-target epitopes are identified and
then directly cultured in vitro or injected into a histocompatible
animal to form tumours and to produce, collect and purify the
required antibodies.
[0164] The present invention provides, therefore, a method of
detecting in a sample an Akt kinase or fragment, variant or
derivative thereof comprising contacting the sample with an
antibody or fragment or derivative thereof and detecting the level
of a complex containing the antibody and Akt kinase or fragment,
variant or derivative thereof compared to normal controls wherein
elevated levels of Akt kinase is determined. Any suitable technique
for determining formation of the complex may be used. For example,
an antibody according to the invention, having a reporter molecule
associated therewith, may be utilized in immunoassays. Such
immunoassays include but are not limited to radioimmunoassays
(RIAs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs)
immunochromatogaphic techniques (ICTs), and Western blotting which
are well known to those of skill in the art. Immunoassays can also
include competitive assays. The present invention encompasses
qualitative and quantitative immunoassays.
[0165] Suitable immunoassay techniques are described, for example,
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,016,043; 4,424,279; and 4,018,653. These
include both single-site and two-site assays of the non-competitive
types, as well as the traditional competitive binding assays. These
assays also include direct binding of a labeled antigen-binding
molecule to a target antigen.
[0166] The invention further provides methods for quantifying Akt
protein expression and activation levels in cells or tissue samples
obtained from an animal, such as a human cancer patient or an
individual suspected of having cancer. In one embodiment, the
invention provides methods for quantifying Akt protein expression
or activation levels using an imaging system quantitatively. The
imaging system can be used to receive, enhance, and process images
of cells or tissue samples, that have been stained with AKT
protein-specific stains, in order to determine the amount or
activation level of AKT protein expressed in the cells or tissue
samples from such an animal. In embodiments of the methods of the
invention, a calibration curve of AKT1 and AKT2 protein expression
can be generated for at least two cell lines expressing differing
amounts of AKT protein. The calibration curve can then used to
quantitatively determine the amount of AKT protein that is
expressed in a cell or tissue sample. Analogous calibration curves
can be made for activated AKT proteins using reagents specific for
the activation features. It can also be used to determine changes
in amounts and activation state of AKT before and after clinical
cancer treatment.
[0167] In one particular embodiment of the methods of the
invention, AKT protein expression in a cell or tissue sample can be
quantified using an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) to
determine the amount of AKT protein in a sample. Such methods are
described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication No.
2002/0015974.
[0168] In other embodiments enzyme immunoassays can be used to
detect the Akt kinase. In such assays, an enzyme is conjugated to
the second antibody, generally by means of glutaraldehyde or
periodate. The substrates to be used with the specific enzymes are
generally chosen for the production of upon hydrolysis by the
corresponding enzyme, a detectable colour change. It is also
possible to employ fluorogenic substrates, which yield a
fluorescent product rather than the chromogenic substrates. The
enzyme-labeled antibody can be added to the first antibody-antigen
complex, allowed to bind, and then the excess reagent washed away.
A solution containing the appropriate substrate can then be added
to the complex of antibody-antigen-antibody. The substrate can
react with the enzyme linked to the second antibody, giving a
qualitative visual signal, which may be further quantitated,
usually spectrophotometrically, to give an indication of the amount
of antigen which was present in the sample. Alternately,
fluorescent compounds, such as fluorescein, rhodamine and the
lanthanide, europium (EU), can be chemically coupled to antibodies
without altering their binding capacity. When activated by
illumination with light of a particular wavelength, the
fluorochrome-labeled antibody adsorbs the light energy, inducing a
state to excitability in the molecule, followed by emission of the
light at a characteristic colour visually detectable with a light
microscope. The fluorescent-labeled antibody is allowed to bind to
the first antibody-antigen complex. After washing off the unbound
reagent, the remaining tertiary complex is then exposed to light of
an appropriate wavelength. The fluorescence observed indicates the
presence of the antigen of interest. Immunofluorometric assays
(IFMA) are well established in the art and are particularly useful
for the present method. However, other reporter molecules, such as
radioisotope, chemiluminescent or bioluminescent molecules can also
be employed.
[0169] In a particular embodiment, antibodies to Akt kinase can
also be used in ELISA-mediated detection of Akt kinase especially
in serum or other circulatory fluid. This can be accomplished by
immobilizing anti-Akt kinase antibodies to a solid support and
contacting these with a biological extract such as serum, blood,
lymph or other bodily fluid, cell extract or cell biopsy. Labeled
anti-Akt kinase antibodies can then be used to detect immobilized
Akt kinase. This assay can be varied in any number of ways and all
variations are encompassed by the present invention and known to
one skilled in the art. This approach can enable rapid detection
and quantitation of Akt kinase levels using, for example, a
serum-based assay.
[0170] In one embodiment, an Akt Elisa assay kit may be used in the
present invention. For example, a Cellular Activation of Signaling
ELISA kit for Akt S473 from SuperArray Bioscience can be utilized
in the present invention. In one embodiment, the antibody can be an
anti-pan antibody that recognizes Akt S473. Elisa assay kit
containing an anti-Akt antibody and additional reagents, including,
but not limited to, washing buffer, antibody dilution buffer,
blocking buffer, cell staining solution, developing solution, stop
solution, secondary antibodies, and distilled water.
[0171] Nucleotide Detection
[0172] In another embodiment, a method to detect Akt kinases is
provided by detecting the level of expression in a cell of a
polynucleotide encoding an Akt kinase. Expression of the
polynucleotide can be determined using any suitable technique known
to one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, a labeled
polynucleotide encoding an Akt kinase can be utilized as a probe in
a Northern blot of an RNA extract obtained from the cell. In other
embodiments, a nucleic acid extract from an animal can be utilized
in concert with oligonucleotide primers corresponding to sense and
antisense sequences of a polynucleotide encoding the kinase, or
flanking sequences thereof, in a nucleic acid amplification
reaction such as RT PCR. A variety of automated solid-phase
detection techniques are also available to one skilled in the art,
for example, as described by Fodor et al. (1991, Science 251:
767-777) and Kazal et al. (1996, Nature Medicine 2: 753-759).
[0173] In other embodiments, methods are provided to detect akt
kinase encoding RNA transcripts. The RNA can be isolated from a
cellular sample suspected of containing Akt kinase RNA, e.g. total
RNA isolated from human cancer tissue. RNA can be isolated by
methods known in the art, e.g. using TRIZOL reagent (GIBCO-BRL/Life
Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Oligo-dT, or random-sequence
oligonucleotides, as well as sequence-specific oligonucleotides can
be employed as a primer in a reverse transcriptase reaction to
prepare first-strand cDNAs from the isolated RNA. Resultant
first-strand cDNAs can then amplified with sequence-specific
oligonucleotides in PCR reactions to yield an amplified
product.
[0174] Polymerase chain reaction or "PCR" refers to a procedure or
technique in which amounts of a preselected fragment of nucleic
acid, RNA and/or DNA, are amplified as described, for example, in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195. Generally, sequence information from the
ends of the region of interest or beyond is employed to design
oligonucleotide primers. These primers will be identical or similar
in sequence to opposite strands of the template to be amplified.
PCR can be used to amplify specific RNA sequences and cDNA
transcribed from total cellular RNA. See generally Mullis et al.
(1987, Quant Biol 51: 263; Erlich (ed.), PCR Technology, Stockton
Press, NY). Thus, amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences
by PCR relies upon oligonucleotides or "primers" having conserved
nucleotide sequences wherein the conserved sequences are deduced
from alignments of related gene or protein sequences, e.g. a
sequence comparison of mammalian Akt kinase genes. For example, one
primer is prepared which is predicted to anneal to the antisense
strand and another primer prepared which is predicted to anneal to
the sense strand of a cDNA molecule which encodes a Akt kinase. To
detect the amplified product, the reaction mixture is typically
subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis or other convenient
separation technique and the relative presence of the Akt kinase
specific amplified DNA detected. For example, Akt kinase amplified
DNA may be detected using Southern hybridization with a specific
oligonucleotide probe or comparing its electrophoretic mobility
with DNA standards of known molecular weight. Isolation,
purification and characterization of the amplified Akt kinase DNA
can be accomplished by excising or eluting the fragment from the
gel (for example, see references Lawn et al., 1981, Nucleic Acids
Res 2: 6103; Goeddel et al., 1980, Nucleic Acids Res 8: 4057),
cloning the amplified product into a cloning site of a suitable
vector, such as the pCRII vector (Invitrogen), sequencing the
cloned insert and comparing the DNA sequence to the known sequence
of LIM kinase. The relative amounts of LIM kinase mRNA and cDNA can
then be determined.
[0175] In one embodiment, real-time PCR can be used to determine
transcriptional levels of Akt nucleotides. Determination of
transcriptional activity also includes a measure of potential
translational activity based on available mRNA transcripts.
Real-time PCR as well as other PCR procedures use a number of
chemistries for detection of PCR product including the binding of
DNA binding fluorophores, the 5' endonuclease, adjacent liner and
hairpin oligoprobes and the self-fluorescing amplicons. These
chemistries and real-time PCR in general are discussed, for
example, in Mackay et al., 2002, Nucleic Acids Res 30: 1292-1305;
Walker, 2001, J Biochem Mol Toxicology 15: 121-127; Lewis et al.,
2001, J Pathol 195: 66-71
[0176] In an alternate embodiment, the aberrant expression of Akt
can be identified by contacting a nucleotide sequences isolated
from a biological sample with an oligonucleotide probe having a
sequence complementary to an Akt sequences selected from the
nucleotide sequences of FIG. 6a-c, 7a-d, or 8a-c, or fragment
thereof, and then detecting the sequence by hybridizing the probe
to the sequence, and comparing the results to a normal sample. The
hybridization of the probe to the biological sample can be detected
by labeling the probe using any detectable agent. The probe can be
labeled for example, with a radioisotope, or with biotin,
fluorescent dye, electron-dense reagent, enzyme, hapten or protein
for which antibodies are available. The detectable label can be
assayed by any desired means, including spectroscopic,
photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, radioisotopic, or
chemical means. The probe can also be detected using techniques
such as an oligomer restriction technique, a dot blot assay, a
reverse dot blot assay, a line probe assay, and a 5' nuclease
assay. Alternatively, the probe can be detected using any of the
generally applicable DNA array technologies, including macroarray,
microarray and DNA microchip technologies. The oligonucleotide
probe typically includes approximately at least 14, 15, 16, 18, 20,
25 or 28 nucleotides that hybridize to the nucleotides selected
from FIGS. 6a-c, 7a-d, and 8a-c, or a fragment thereof. It is
generally not preferred to use a probe that is greater than
approximately 25 or 28 nucleotides in length. The oligonucleotide
probe is designed to identify an Akt nucleotide sequence.
[0177] Kinase Assays
[0178] The activity of the Akt kinases can be measured using any
suitable kinase assay known in the art. For example, and not by way
of limitation, the methods described in Hogg et al (1994, Oncogene
9: 98-96), Mills et al (1992, J Biol Chem 267: 16000-006) and
Tomizawa et al. (2001, FEBS Lett 492: 221-7), Schmandt et al.
(1994, J Immunol 152: 96-105) can be used. Further serine,
threonine and tyrosine kinase assays are described in Ausubel et
al. (Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 1999, unit 17.6).
[0179] Akt kinase assays can generally use an Akt polypeptide, a
labeled donor substrate, and a receptor substrate that is either
specific or non-specific for Akt. In such assays Akt transfers a
labeled moiety from the donor substrate to the receptor substrate,
and kinase activity is measured by the amount of labeled moiety
transferred from the donor substrate to the receptor substrate. Akt
polypeptide can be produced using various expression systems, can
be purified from cells, can be in the form of a cleaved or
uncleaved recombinant fusion protein and/or can have non-Akt
polypeptide sequences, for example a His tag or
.beta.-galactosidase at its N- or C-terminus. Akt activity can be
assayed in cancerous cells lines if the cancerous cell lines are
used as a source of the Akt to be assayed. Suitable donor
substrates for Akt assays include any molecule that is susceptible
to dephosphorylation by Akt., such as, for example include
.gamma.-labeled ATP and ATP analogs, wherein the label is .sup.33P,
.sup.32P, .sup.35S or any other radioactive isotope or a suitable
fluorescent marker. Suitable recipient substrates for Akt assays
include any polypeptide or other molecule that is susceptible to
phosphorylation by Akt. Recipient substrates can be derived from
fragments of in vivo targets of Akt. Recipient substrates fragments
can be 8 to 50 amino acids in length, usually 10 to 30 amino acids
and particularly of about 10, 12, 15, 18, 20 and 25 amino acids in
length. Further recipient substrates can be determined empirically
using a set of different polypeptides or other molecules. Targets
of Recipient substrates for TTK can be capable of being purified
from other components of the reaction once the reaction has been
performed. This purification is usually done through a molecular
interaction, where the recipient substrates is biotinylated and
purified through its interaction with streptavidin, or a specific
antibody is available that can specifically recognize the recipient
substrates. The reaction can be performed in a variety of
conditions, such as on a solid support, in a gel, in solution or in
living cells. The choice of detection methods depends on type of
label used for the donor molecule and may include, for example,
measurement of incorporated radiation or fluorescence by
autoradiography, scintillation, scanning or fluorography.
6. METHODS OF TREATMENT
[0180] The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions provided
herein can be used in the treatment of a condition including
tumors, cancer, and other disorders associated with abnormal cell
proliferation. In one embodiment, the compounds of the present
invention can be used to treat a carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma,
leukemia, and/or myeloma. In other embodiments of the present
invention, the compounds disclosed herein can be used to treat
solid tumors.
[0181] The compounds of the present invention can be used for the
treatment of cancer, such as, but not limited to cancer of the
following organs or tissues: breast, prostate, lung, bronchus,
colon, urinary, bladder, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma, kidney,
renal, pancreas, pharnx, thyroid, stomach, brain, multiple myeloma,
esophagus, liver, intrahepatic bile duct, cervix, larynx, acute
myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, soft tissue, such as
heart, Hodgkin lymphoma, testis, small intestine, chronic myeloid
leukemia, acute lymphatic leukemia, anus, anal canal, anorectal,
thyroid, vulva, gallbladder, pleura, eye, nose nasal cavity, middle
ear, nasopharnx, ureter, peritoneum, omentum, mesentery, and
gastrointestineal, high grade glioma, glioblastoma, colon, rectal,
pancreatic, gastric cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma; head and
neck cancers, carcinomas; renal cell carcinoma; adenocarcinoma;
sarcomas; hemangioendothelioma; lymphomas; leukemias, mycosis
fungoides. In additional embodiments, the compounds of the present
invention can be used to treat skin diseases including, but not
limited to, the malignant diseases angiosarcoma,
hemangioendothelioma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell
carcinoma, malignant melanoma and Kaposi's sarcoma, and the
non-malignant diseases or conditions such as psoriasis,
lymphangiogenesis, hemangioma of childhood, Sturge-Weber syndrome,
verruca vulgaris, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, pyogenic
granulomas, recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, venous
ulcers, acne, rosacea, eczema, molluscum contagious, seborrheic
keratosis, and actinic keratosis.
[0182] Compositions including the compounds of the invention can be
used to treat these cancers and other cancers at any stage from the
discovery of the cancer to advanced stages. In addition,
compositions including compounds of the invention can be used in
the treatment of the primary cancer and metastases thereof.
[0183] In other embodiments of the invention, the compounds
described herein can be used for the treatment of cancer,
including, but not limited to the cancers listed in Table 1
below.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Types of Cancer Acute Lymphoblastic
Leukemia, Adult Hairy Cell Leukemia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia,
Head and Neck Cancer Childhood Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Adult
(Primary) Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adult Hepatocellular (Liver)
Cancer, Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Childhood (Primary)
Adrenocortical Carcinoma Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Adult Adrenocortical
Carcinoma, Childhood Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Childhood AIDS-Related
Cancers Hodgkin's Lymphoma During Pregnancy AIDS-Related Lymphoma
Hypopharyngeal Cancer Anal Cancer Hypothalamic and Visual Pathway
Glioma, Astrocytoma, Childhood Cerebellar Childhood Astrocytoma,
Childhood Cerebral Intraocular Melanoma Basal Cell Carcinoma Islet
Cell Carcinoma (Endocrine Pancreas) Bile Duct Cancer, Extrahepatic
Kaposi's Sarcoma Bladder Cancer Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer Bladder
Cancer, Childhood Kidney Cancer, Childhood Bone Cancer,
Osteosarcoma/Malignant Laryngeal Cancer Fibrous Histiocytoma
Laryngeal Cancer, Childhood Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood Leukemia,
Acute Lymphoblastic, Adult Brain Tumor, Adult Leukemia, Acute
Lymphoblastic, Childhood Brain Tumor, Brain Stem Glioma, Leukemia,
Acute Myeloid, Adult Childhood Leukemia, Acute Myeloid, Childhood
Brain Tumor, Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Leukemia, Chronic Lymphocytic
Childhood Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous Brain Tumor, Cerebral
Leukemia, B Cell Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, Lip and Oral Cavity
Cancer Childhood Liver Cancer, Adult (Primary) Brain Tumor,
Ependymoma, Childhood Liver Cancer, Childhood (Primary) Brain
Tumor, Medulloblastoma, Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell Childhood Lung
Cancer, Small Cell Brain Tumor, Supratentorial Primitive Lymphoma,
AIDS-Related Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood Lymphoma, Burkitt's
Brain Tumor, Visual Pathway and Lymphoma, Cutaneous T-Cell, see
Mycosis Hypothalamic Glioma, Childhood Fungoides and Sezary
Syndrome Brain Tumor, Childhood Lymphoma, Hodgkin's, Adult Breast
Cancer Lymphoma, Hodgkin's, Childhood Breast Cancer, Childhood
Lymphoma, Hodgkin's During Pregnancy Breast Cancer, Male Lymphoma,
Non-Hodgkin's, Adult Bronchial Adenomas/Carcinoids, Lymphoma,
Non-Hodgkin's, Childhood Childhood Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's During
Pregnancy Burkitt's Lymphoma Lymphoma, Primary Central Nervous
System Carcinoid Tumor, Childhood Macroglobulinemia, Waldenstrom's
Carcinoid Tumor, Gastrointestinal Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of
Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Bone/Osteosarcoma Central Nervous
System Lymphoma, Medulloblastoma, Childhood Primary Melanoma
Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood Melanoma, Intraocular (Eye)
Cerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Childhood Mesothelioma, Adult Malignant Cervical Cancer
Mesothelioma, Childhood Childhood Cancers Metastatic Squamous Neck
Cancer with Occult Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Primary Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome, Chronic
Myeloproliferative Disorders Childhood Colon Cancer Multiple
Myeloma/Plasma Cell Neoplasm Colorectal Cancer, Childhood Mycosis
Fungoides Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, see Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative
Diseases Syndrome Myelogenous Leukemia, Chronic Endometrial Cancer
Myeloid Leukemia, Adult Acute Ependymoma, Childhood Myeloid
Leukemia, Childhood Acute Esophageal Cancer Myeloma, Multiple
Esophageal Cancer, Childhood Myeloproliferative Disorders, Chronic
Ewing's Family of Tumors Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer
Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor, Nasopharyngeal Cancer Childhood
Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Childhood Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor
Neuroblastoma Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma,
Adult Eye Cancer, Intraocular Melanoma Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma,
Childhood Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma During
Pregnancy Gallbladder Cancer Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Gastric
(Stomach) Cancer Oral Cancer, Childhood Gastric (Stomach) Cancer,
Childhood Oral Cavity Cancer, Lip and Gastrointestinal Carcinoid
Tumor Oropharyngeal Cancer Germ Cell Tumor, Extracranial,
Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Childhood of Bone Germ
Cell Tumor, Extragonadal Ovarian Cancer, Childhood Germ Cell Tumor,
Ovarian Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor
Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor Glioma, Adult Ovarian Low Malignant
Potential Tumor Glioma, Childhood Brain Stem Pancreatic Cancer
Glioma, Childhood Cerebral Pancreatic Cancer, Childhood Astrocytoma
Pancreatic Cancer, Islet Cell Glioma, Childhood Visual Pathway and
Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Hypothalamic Parathyroid
Cancer Skin Cancer (Melanoma) Penile Cancer Skin Carcinoma, Merkel
Cell Pheochromocytoma Small Cell Lung Cancer Pineoblastoma and
Supratentorial Primitive Small Intestine Cancer Neuroectodermal
Tumors, Childhood Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Adult Pituitary Tumor Soft
Tissue Sarcoma, Childhood Plasma Cell Neoplasm/Multiple Myeloma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma, see Skin Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Cancer
(non-Melanoma) Pregnancy and Breast Cancer Squamous Neck Cancer
with Occult Pregnancy and Hodgkin's Lymphoma Primary, Metastatic
Pregnancy and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Stomach (Gastric) Cancer
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Stomach (Gastric) Cancer,
Childhood Prostate Cancer Supratentorial Primitive Rectal Cancer
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood Renal Cell (Kidney) Cancer T-Cell
Lymphoma, Cutaneous, see Renal Cell (Kidney) Cancer, Childhood
Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Transitional
Cell Syndrome Cancer Testicular Cancer Retinoblastoma Thymoma,
Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma, Childhood Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma
Salivary Gland Cancer Thyroid Cancer Salivary Gland Cancer,
Childhood Thyroid Cancer, Childhood Sarcoma, Ewing's Family of
Tumors Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Sarcoma, Kaposi's
Pelvis and Ureter Sarcoma, Soft Tissue, Adult Trophoblastic Tumor,
Gestational Sarcoma, Soft Tissue, Childhood Unknown Primary Site,
Carcinoma of, Sarcoma, Uterine Adult Sezary Syndrome Unknown
Primary Site, Cancer of, Skin Cancer (non-Melanoma) Childhood Skin
Cancer, Childhood Unusual Cancers of Childhood Ureter and Renal
Pelvis, Transitional Cell Cancer Urethral Cancer Uterine Cancer,
Endometrial Uterine Sarcoma Vaginal Cancer Visual Pathway and
Hypothalamic Glioma, Childhood Vulvar Cancer Waldenstrom's
Macroglobulinemia Wilms' Tumor
[0184] In further embodiments of the present invention, the
compounds disclosed herein can be used in the treatment of
angiogenesis-related diseases.
[0185] Antiangiogenic small molecules include thalidomide, which
acts in part by inhibiting NFkB, 2-methoxyestradiol, which
influences microtubule activation and hypoxia inducing factor
(HIF1a) activation, cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2) inhibitors, and low
doses of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, including
cyclophosphamide, and vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine)
(D'Amato et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A 91: 3964-3968;
D'Amato et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A 91: 4082-4085).
In addition, certain tyrosine kinase inhibitors indirectly decrease
angiogenesis by decreasing production of VEGF and other
proangiogenic factors by tumor and stromal cells. These drugs
include Herceptin, imatinib (Glivec), and Iressa (Bergers et al.,
2003, J Clin Invest 111: 1287-1295; Ciardiello et al., 2001, Clin
Cancer Res 7: 1459-1465; Plum et al., 2003, Clin Cancer Res 9:
4619-4626).
[0186] Recently, angiogenesis inhibitors have moved from animal
models to human patients. Angiogenesis inhibitors represent a
promising treatment for a variety of cancers. Recently, Avastin a
high affinity antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF), has been shown to prolong life as a single agent in
advanced renal cell carcinoma and prolong life in combination with
chemotherapy in advanced colon cancer (Yang et al., 2003, New Eng J
Med 349: 427-434; Kabbinavar et al., 2003, J Clin Oncol 21:
60-65).
[0187] Angiogenesis-related diseases include, but are not limited
to, inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectous diseases;
angiogenesis-dependent cancer, including, for example, solid
tumors, blood born tumors such as leukemias, and tumor metastases;
benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas,
neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; rheumatoid
arthritis; psoriasis; eczema; ocular angiogenic diseases, for
example, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular
degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma,
retrolental fibroplasia, rubeosis; Osler-Webber Syndrome;
myocardial angiogenesis; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia;
hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; and wound granulation. In
addition, compositions of this invention can be used to treat
diseases such as, but not limited to, intestinal adhesions,
atherosclerosis, scleroderma, warts, and hypertrophic scars (i.e.,
keloids). Compositions of this invention can also be used in the
treatment of diseases that have angiogenesis as a pathologic
consequence such as cat scratch disease (Rochele minalia quintosa),
ulcers (Helobacter pylori), tuberculosis, and leprosy.
6.1. Treatment of Drug Resistant Tumors or Cancers
[0188] The invention provides compounds that can be used to treat
drug resistant cancer, including the embodiments of cancers and the
triciribine compound and/or the one or more platinum compounds
disclosed herein.
[0189] Multidrug resistance (MDR) occurs in human cancers and can
be a significant obstacle to the success of chemotherapy. Multidrug
resistance is a phenomenon whereby tumor cells in vitro that have
been exposed to one cytotoxic agent develop cross-resistance to a
range of structurally and functionally unrelated compounds. In
addition, MDR can occur intrinsically in some cancers without
previous exposure to chemotherapy agents. Thus, in one embodiment,
the present invention provides methods for the treatment of a
patient with a drug resistant cancer, for example, multidrug
resistant cancer, by administration of TCN, TCN-P or a related
compound and one or more one or more platinum compounds as
disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, TCN, TCN-P and related
compounds and one or more one or more platinum compounds can be
used to treat cancers that are resistant to taxol alone, rapamycin,
tamoxifen, cisplatin, and/or gefitinib (iressa).
[0190] In one embodiment, TCN, TCN-P or a related compound and one
or more one or more platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be
used for the treatment of drug resistent cancers of the colon,
bone, kidney, adrenal, pancreas, liver and/or any other cancer
known in the art or described herein.
6.2. Combination Therapy
[0191] In one embodiment, the triciribine compounds and one or more
platinum compounds of the invention can be administered together
with other cytotoxic agents. In another embodiment, the triciribine
compounds and one or more platinum compounds and compositions
thereof, when used in the treatment of solid tumors, can be
administered the use of radiation.
[0192] In another embodiment of the present invention, the
triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds and
compositions disclosed herein can be combined with at least one
additional chemotherapeutic agent. The additional agents can be
administered in combination or alternation with the compounds
disclosed herein. The drugs can form part of the same composition,
or be provided as a separate composition for administration at the
same time or a different time.
[0193] In one embodiment, the triciribine compounds and one or more
platinum compounds disclosed herein can be combined with
antiangiogenic agents to enhance their effectiveness, or combined
with other antiangiogenic agents and administered together with
other cytotoxic agents. In another embodiment, the triciribine
compounds and one or more platinum compounds and compositions, when
used in the treatment of solid tumors, can be administered with the
agents selected from, but not limited to IL-12, retinoids,
interferons, angiostatin, endostatin, thalidomide,
thrombospondin-1, thrombospondin-2, captopryl, anti-neoplastic
agents such as alpha interferon, COMP (cyclophosphamide,
vincristine, methotrexate and prednisone), etoposide, mBACOD
(methortrexate, bleomycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide,
vincristine and dexamethasone), PRO-MACE/MOPP (prednisone,
methotrexate (w/leucovin rescue), doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide,
etoposide/mechlorethamine, vincristine, prednisone and
procarbazine), vincristine, vinblastine, angioinhibins, TNP-470,
pentosan polysulfate, platelet factor 4, angiostatin, LM-609,
SU-101, CM-101, Techgalan, thalidomide, SP-PG and radiation. In
further embodiments, the compounds and compositions disclosed
herein can be administered in combination or alternation with, for
example, drugs with antimitotic effects, such as those which target
cytoskeletal elements, including podophylotoxins or vinca alkaloids
(vincristine, vinblastine); antimetabolite drugs (such as
5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, gemcitabine, purine analogues such as
pentostatin, methotrexate); alkylating agents or nitrogen mustards
(such as nitrosoureas, cyclophosphamide or ifosphamide); drugs
which target DNA such as the antracycline drugs adriamycin,
doxorubicin, pharmorubicin or epirubicin; drugs which target
topoisomerases such as etoposide; hormones and hormone agonists or
antagonists such as estrogens, antiestrogens (tamoxifen and related
compounds) and androgens, flutamide, leuprorelin, goserelin,
cyprotrone or octreotide; drugs which target signal transduction in
tumour cells including antibody derivatives such as herceptin;
alkylating drugs such as platinum drugs (cis-platin, carbonplatin,
oxaliplatin, paraplatin) or nitrosoureas; drugs potentially
affecting metastasis of tumours such as matrix metalloproteinase
inhibitors; gene therapy and antisense agents; antibody
therapeutics; other bioactive compounds of marine origin, notably
the didemnins such as aplidine; steroid analogues, in particular
dexamethasone; anti-inflammatory drugs, including nonsteroidal
agents (such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen) or ststeroids and their
derivatives in particular dexamethasone; anti-emetic drugs,
including 5HT-3 inhibitors (such as granisetron or ondasetron), and
steroids and their derivatives in particular dexamethasone. In
still further embodiments, the compounds and compositions can be
used in combination or alternation with the chemotherapeutic agents
disclosed below in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Chemotherapeutic Agents 13-cis-Retinoic Acid
Neosar 2-Amino-6-Mercaptopurine Neulasta 2-CdA Neumega
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine Neupogen 5-fluorouracil Nilandron 5-FU
Nilutamide 6-TG Nitrogen Mustard 6-Thioguanine Novaldex
6-Mercaptopurine Novantrone 6-MP Octreotide Accutane Octreotide
acetate Actinomycin-D Oncospar Adriamycin Oncovin Adrucil Ontak
Agrylin Onxal Ala-Cort Oprevelkin Aldesleukin Orapred Alemtuzumab
Orasone Alitretinoin Oxaliplatin Alkaban-AQ Paclitaxel Alkeran
Pamidronate All-transretinoic acid Panretin Alpha interferon
Paraplatin Altretamine Pediapred Amethopterin PEG Interferon
Amifostine Pegaspargase Aminoglutethimide Pegfilgrastim Anagrelide
PEG-INTRON Anandron PEG-L-asparaginase Anastrozole Phenylalanine
Mustard Arabinosylcytosine Platinol Ara-C Platinol-AQ Aranesp
Prednisolone Aredia Prednisone Arimidex Prelone Aromasin
Procarbazine Arsenic trioxide PROCRIT Asparaginase Proleukin ATRA
Prolifeprospan 20 with Carmustine implant Avastin Purinethol BCG
Raloxifene BCNU Rheumatrex Bevacizumab Rituxan Bexarotene Rituximab
Bicalutamide Roveron-A (interferon alfa-2a) BiCNU Rubex Blenoxane
Rubidomycin hydrochloride Bleomycin Sandostatin Bortezomib
Sandostatin LAR Busulfan Sargramostim Busulfex Solu-Cortef C225
Solu-Medrol Calcium Leucovorin STI-571 Campath Streptozocin
Camptosar Tamoxifen Camptothecin-11 Targretin Capecitabine Taxol
Carac Taxotere Carboplatin Temodar Carmustine Temozolomide
Carmustine wafer Teniposide Casodex TESPA CCNU Thalidomide CDDP
Thalomid CeeNU TheraCys Cerubidine Thioguanine cetuximab
Thioguanine Tabloid Chlorambucil Thiophosphoamide Cisplatin
Thioplex Citrovorum Factor Thiotepa Cladribine TICE Cortisone
Toposar Cosmegen Topotecan CPT-11 Toremifene Cyclophosphamide A
platinum compound Cytadren Tretinoin Cytarabine Trexall Cytarabine
liposomal Trisenox Cytosar-U TSPA Cytoxan VCR Dacarbazine Velban
Dactinomycin Velcade Darbepoetin alfa VePesid Daunomycin Vesanoid
Daunorubicin Viadur Daunorubicin hydrochloride Vinblastine
Daunorubicin liposomal Vinblastine Sulfate DaunoXome Vincasar Pfs
Decadron Vincristine Delta-Cortef Vinorelbine Deltasone Vinorelbine
tartrate Denileukin diftitox VLB DepoCyt VP-16 Dexamethasone Vumon
Dexamethasone acetate Xeloda dexamethasone sodium Zanosar phosphate
Zevalin Dexasone Zinecard Dexrazoxane Zoladex DHAD Zoledronic acid
DIC Zometa Diodex Gliadel wafer Docetaxel Glivec Doxil GM-CSF
Doxorubicin Goserelin Doxorubicin liposomal granulocyte - colony
stimulating factor Droxia Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating
factor DTIC Halotestin DTIC-Dome Herceptin Duralone Hexadrol Efudex
Hexalen Eligard Hexamethylmelamine Ellence HMM Eloxatin Hycamtin
Elspar Hydrea Emcyt Hydrocort Acetate Epirubicin Hydrocortisone
Epoetin alfa Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate Erbitux Hydrocortisone
sodium succinate Erwinia L-asparaginase Hydrocortone phosphate
Estramustine Hydroxyurea Ethyol Ibritumomab Etopophos Ibritumomab
Tiuxetan Etoposide Idamycin Etoposide phosphate Idarubicin Eulexin
Ifex Evista IFN-alpha Exemestane Ifosfamide Fareston IL-2 Faslodex
IL-11 Femara Imatinib mesylate Filgrastim Imidazole Carboxamide
Floxuridine Interferon alfa Fludara Interferon Alfa-2b (PEG
conjugate) Fludarabine Interleukin-2 Fluoroplex Interleukin-11
Fluorouracil Intron A (interferon alfa-2b) Fluorouracil (cream)
Leucovorin Fluoxymesterone Leukeran Flutamide Leukine Folinic Acid
Leuprolide FUDR Leurocristine Fulvestrant Leustatin G-CSF Liposomal
Ara-C Gefitinib Liquid Pred Gemcitabine Lomustine Gemtuzumab
ozogamicin L-PAM Gemzar L-Sarcolysin Gleevec Meticorten Lupron
Mitomycin Lupron Depot Mitomycin-C Matulane Mitoxantrone Maxidex
M-Prednisol Mechlorethamine MTC Mechlorethamine MTX Hydrochlorine
Mustargen Medralone Mustine Medrol Mutamycin Megace Myleran
Megestrol Iressa Megestrol Acetate Irinotecan Melphalan
Isotretinoin Mercaptopurine Kidrolase Mesna Lanacort Mesnex
L-asparaginase Methotrexate LCR Methotrexate Sodium
Methylprednisolone Mylocel Letrozole
[0194] In certain embodiments, interferons (IFNs) can be used in
combinations with the compounds of the present invention. Suitable
intereferons include: interferon alpha-2a, interferon alpha-2b,
pegylated interferon alpha, including interferon alpha-2a and
interferon alpha 2b, interferon beta, interferon gamma, interferon
tau, interferon omega, INFERGEN (interferon alphacon-1) by
InterMune, OMNIFERON (natural interferon) by Viragen, ALBUFERON by
Human Genome Sciences, REBIF (interferon beta-1a) by Ares-Serono,
Omega Interferon by BioMedicine, Oral Interferon Alpha by Amarillo
Biosciences, and interferon gamma, interferon tau, and/or
interferon gamma-1.beta. by InterMune.
[0195] In one embodiment TCN, TCN-P or a related compound and one
or more platinum compounds as disclosed herein can be used in
combination or alternation with additional chemotherapeutic agents,
such as those described herein or in Table 3, for the treatment of
drug resistant cancer, for example multiple drug resistant cancer.
Drug resistant cancers can include cancers of the colon, bone,
kidney, adrenal, pancreas, liver and/or any other cancer known in
the art or described herein. In one embodiment, the additional
chemotherapeutic agent can be a P-glycoprotein inhibitor. In
certain non-limiting embodiments, the P-glycoprotein inhibitor can
be selected from the following drugs: verapamil, cyclosporin (such
as cyclosporin A), tamoxifen, calmodulin antagonists, dexverapamil,
dexniguldipine, valspodar (PSC 833), biricodar (VX-710), tariquidar
(XR9576), zosuquidar (LY335979), laniquidar (R101933), and/or
ONT-093.
7. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS
[0196] The compositions including triciribine compounds and one or
more platinum compounds can optionally be administered with a
pharmaceutical carrier or excipient. Pharmaceutical carriers
suitable for administration of the compounds provided herein
include any such carriers known to those skilled in the art to be
suitable for the particular mode of administration. The triciribine
compounds and in combination with one or more platinum compounds
may be formulated as the sole pharmaceutically active ingredient in
the composition or may be combined with one or more platinum
compounds.
[0197] Compositions including the triciribine compounds and one or
more platinum compounds may be suitable for oral, rectal, nasal,
topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal, or parenteral
(including subcutaneous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous,
intradermal, intraocular, intratracheal, intracisternal,
intraperitoneal, and epidural) ministration. Preferably the
compositions are administered intravenously.
[0198] The compositions may conveniently be presented in unit
dosage form and may be prepared by conventional pharmaceutical
techniques. Such techniques include the step of bringing into
association one or more compositions of the present invention and
one or more pharmaceutical carriers or excipients.
[0199] The triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds
and compositions thereof can be formulated into suitable
pharmaceutical preparations such as solutions, suspensions,
tablets, dispersible tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained
release formulations or elixirs, for oral administration or in
sterile solutions or suspensions for parenteral administration, as
well as transdermal patch preparation and dry powder inhalers. In
one embodiment, the triciribine compounds described above are
formulated into pharmaceutical compositions using techniques and
procedures well known in the art (see, e.g., Ansel Introduction to
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Fourth Ed., 1985, p. 126).
[0200] In the compositions, effective concentrations of one or more
compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof may be
mixed with one or more suitable pharmaceutical carriers. The
compounds of the invention may be derivatized as the corresponding
salts, esters, enol ethers or esters, acetals, ketals, orthoesters,
hemiacetals, hemiketals, acids, bases, solvates, hydrates or
prodrugs prior to formulation. The concentrations of the compounds
in the compositions are effective for delivery of an amount, upon
administration, that treats, prevents, or ameliorates one or more
of the symptoms of the target disease or disorder. In one
embodiment, the compositions are formulated for single dosage
administration. To formulate a composition, the weight fraction of
compound is dissolved, suspended, dispersed or otherwise mixed in a
selected carrier at an effective concentration such that the
treated condition is relieved, prevented, or one or more symptoms
are ameliorated.
[0201] Compositions suitable for oral administration may be
presented as discrete units such as, but not limited to, tablets,
caplets, pills or dragees capsules, or cachets, each containing a
predetermined amount of one or more of the compositions; as a
powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous
liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid
emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion or as a bolus, etc.
[0202] Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for
example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, or otherwise mixing
a triciribine compound and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a
carrier, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose,
glycerol, glycols, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a
solution or suspension. If desired, the pharmaceutical composition
to be administered may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic
auxiliary substances such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents,
solubilizing agents, pH buffering agents, preservatives, flavoring
agents, and the like, for example, acetate, sodium citrate,
cyclodextrine derivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine
sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, and other such agents.
Methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be
apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company,
Easton, Pa.
[0203] Compositions of the present invention suitable for topical
administration in the mouth include for example, lozenges, having
the ingredients in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or
tragacanth; pastilles, having one or more triciribine compounds and
one or more platinum compounds of the present invention in an inert
basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and
mouthwashes, having one or more of the compositions of the present
invention administered in a suitable liquid carrier.
[0204] The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can
contain one or more of the following ingredients, or compounds of a
similar nature: a binder; a lubricant; a diluent; a glidant; a
disintegrating agent; a coloring agent; a sweetening agent; a
flavoring agent; a wetting agent; an emetic coating; and a film
coating. Examples of binders include microcrystalline cellulose,
gum tragacanth, glucose solution, acacia mucilage, gelatin
solution, molasses, polyinylpyrrolidine, povidone, crospovidones,
sucrose and starch paste. Lubricants include talc, starch,
magnesium or calcium stearate, lycopodium and stearic acid.
Diluents include, for example, lactose, sucrose, starch, kaolin,
salt, mannitol and dicalcium phosphate. Glidants include, but are
not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide. Disintegrating agents
include crosscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, alginic
acid, corn starch, potato starch, bentonite, methylcellulose, agar
and carboxymethylcellulose. Coloring agents include, for example,
any of the approved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, mixtures
thereof; and water insoluble FD and C dyes suspended on alumina
hydrate. Sweetening agents include sucrose, lactose, mannitol and
artificial sweetening agents such as saccharin, and any number of
spray dried flavors. Flavoring agents include natural flavors
extracted from plants such as fruits and synthetic blends of
compounds which produce a pleasant sensation, such as, but not
limited to peppermint and methyl salicylate. Wetting agents include
propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene
glycol monolaurate and polyoxyethylene laural ether.
Emetic-coatings include fatty acids, fats, waxes, shellac,
ammoniated shellac and cellulose acetate phthalates. Film coatings
include hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,
polyethylene glycol 4000 and cellulose acetate phthalate.
[0205] Compositions suitable for topical administration to the skin
may be presented as ointments, creams, gels, and pastes, having one
or more of the compositions administered in a pharmaceutical
acceptable carrier.
[0206] Compositions for rectal administration may be presented as a
suppository with a suitable base including, for example, cocoa
butter or a salicylate.
[0207] Compositions suitable for nasal administration, when the
carrier is a solid, include a coarse powder having a particle size,
for example, in the range of 20 to 500 microns which is
administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, (i.e., by rapid
inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder
held close up to the nose). When the carrier is a liquid (for
example, a nasal spray or as nasal drops), one or more of the
compositions can be admixed in an aqueous or oily solution, and
inhaled or sprayed into the nasal passage.
[0208] Compositions suitable for vaginal administration may be
presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or
spray formulations containing one or more of the compositions and
appropriate carriers.
[0209] Compositions suitable for parenteral administration include
aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may
contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes which
render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended
recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which
may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The
compositions may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose
containers, for example, sealed ampules and vials, and may be
stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the
addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water for
injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection
solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders,
granules, and tablets of the kind previously described above.
[0210] Pharmaceutical organic or inorganic solid or liquid carrier
media suitable for enteral or parenteral administration can be used
to fabricate the compositions. Gelatin, lactose, starch, magnesium
stearate, talc, vegetable and animal fats and oils, gum,
polyalkylene glycol, water, or other known carriers may all be
suitable as carrier media.
[0211] Compositions including triciribine compounds and one or more
platinum compounds may be used in combination with one or more
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier mediums and/or excipients. As
used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier medium" includes
any and all carriers, solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicles,
dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic
agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid
binders, lubricants, adjuvants, vehicles, delivery systems,
disintegrants, absorbents, preservatives, surfactants, colorants,
flavorants, or sweeteners and the like, as suited to the particular
dosage form desired.
[0212] Additionally, the compositions including triciribine
compounds and one or more platinum compounds may be combined with
pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and, optionally,
sustained-release matrices, such as biodegradable polymers, to form
therapeutic compositions. A "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient"
includes a non-toxic solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent,
encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
[0213] It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage
of the compositions will be decided by the attending physician
within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific
therapeutically effective dose level for any particular host will
depend upon a variety of factors, including for example, the
disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity
of the specific composition employed; the specific composition
employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the
patient; the time of administration; route of administration; rate
of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the
treatment; the triciribine compound and/or the one or more platinum
compounds used in combination or coincidential with the specific
composition employed; and like factors \veil known in the medical
arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start
doses of the composition at levels lower than those required to
achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase
the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
[0214] Compositions including triciribine compounds and one or more
platinum compounds are preferably formulated in dosage unit form
for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. "Dosage unit
form" as used herein refers to a physically discrete unit of the
composition appropriate for the host to be treated. Each dosage
should contain the quantity of composition calculated to produce
the desired therapeutic affect either as such, or in association
with the selected pharmaceutical carrier medium.
[0215] Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a
daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction
thereof, of the administered ingredient. For example, approximately
1-5 mg per day of a compound disclosed herein can reduce the volume
of a solid tumor in mice.
[0216] The dosage will depend on host factors such as weight, age,
surface area, metabolism, tissue distribution, absorption rate and
excretion rate. In one embodiment, approximately 0.5 to 7 grams per
day of a triciribine compound disclosed herein may be administered
to humans. Optionally, approximately 1 to 4 grams per day of the
compound can be administered to humans. In certain embodiments
0.001-5 mg/day is administered to a human. The therapeutically
effective dose level will depend on many factors as noted above. In
addition, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of
the composition at relatively low levels, and increase the dosage
until the desired effect is achieved.
[0217] Compositions including triciribine compounds and one or more
platinum compounds may be used with a sustained-release matrix,
which can be made of materials, usually polymers, which are
degradable by enzymatic or acid-based hydrolysis or by dissolution.
Once inserted into the body, the matrix is acted upon by enzymes
and body fluids. A sustained-release matrix for example is chosen
from biocompatible materials such as liposomes, polylactides
(polylactic acid), polyglycolide (polymer of glycolic acid),
polylactide co-glycolide (copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic
acid), polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, polypeptides, hyaluronic
acid, collagen, chondroitin sulfate, carboxylic acids, fatty acids,
phospholipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, polyamino acids,
amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine,
polynucleotides, polyvinyl propylene, polyvinylpyrrolidone and
silicone. A preferred biodegradable matrix is a matrix of one of
either polylactide, polyglycolide, or polylactide co-glycolide
(co-polymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid).
[0218] The triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds
may also be administered in the form of liposomes. As is known in
the art, liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or
other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or
multi-lamellar hydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in an
aqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologically-acceptable and
metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used. The
liposome can contain, in addition to one or more compositions of
the present invention, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients, and
the like. Examples of lipids are the phospholipids and the
phosphatidyl cholines (lecithins), both natural and synthetic.
Methods to form liposomes are known in the art.
[0219] The triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds
may be formulated as aerosols for application, such as by
inhalation. These formulations for administration to the
respiratory tract can be in the form of an aerosol or solution for
a nebulizer, or as a microfine powder for insufflation, alone or in
combination with an inert carrier such as lactose. In such a case,
the particles of the formulation will, in one embodiment, have
diameters of less than 50 microns, in one embodiment less than 10
microns.
[0220] Compositions including the triciribine compounds and one or
more platinum compounds may be used in combination with other
compositions and/or procedures for the treatment of the conditions
described above. For example, a tumor may be treated conventionally
with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy combined with one or more
compositions of the present invention and then one or more
compositions of the present invention may be subsequently
administered to the patient to extend the dormancy of
micrometastases and to stabilize, inhibit, or reduce the growth of
any residual primary tumor.
7.1. Additional Embodiments
[0221] The pharmaceutical compositions including triciribine
compounds and one or more platinum compounds can be formulated
according to known methods for preparing pharmaceutically useful
compositions. Formulations are described in a number of sources
which are well known and readily available to those skilled in the
art. For example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack
Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.) describes formulations which can
be used in connection with the subject invention. Formulations
suitable for administration include, for example, aqueous sterile
injection solutions, which may contain antioxidants, buffers,
bacteriostats, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic
with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and
nonaqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents
and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in
unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and
vials, and may be stored in a freeze dried (lyophilized) condition
requiring only the condition of the sterile liquid carrier, for
example, water for injections, prior to use. Extemporaneous
injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile
powder, granules, tablets, etc. It should be understood that in
addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above, the
formulations of the subject invention can include other agents
conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in
question.
[0222] The methods of the present invention, for example, for
inhibiting the growth of a cancerous cell, can be advantageously
combined with at least one additional therapeutic method, including
but not limited to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, therapy that
selectively inhibits Ras oncogenic signaling, or any other therapy
known to those of skill in the art of the treatment and management
of cancer, such as administration of an anti-cancer agent.
[0223] Administration of API-2 (triciribine) as a salt may be
carried out. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are
organic acid addition salts formed with acids which form a
physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate,
methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate,
benzoate, ascorbate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and
alpha-glycerophosphate. Suitable inorganic salts may also be
formed, including hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and
carbonate salts.
[0224] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be obtained using
standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting
a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid
affording a physiologically acceptable anion. Alkali metal (for
example, sodium, potassium or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for
example calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be made.
[0225] The triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds
can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions and administered
to a subject, such as a human or veterinary patient, in a variety
of forms adapted to the chosen route of administration, i.e.,
orally or parenterally, by intravenous, intramuscular, topical or
subcutaneous routes.
[0226] Thus, the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum
compounds of the present invention may be systemically
administered, e.g., orally, in combination with a pharmaceutically
acceptable vehicle (i.e., carrier) such as an inert diluent or an
assimilable edible carrier. They may be enclosed in hard or soft
shell gelatin capsules, may be compressed into tablets, or may be
incorporated directly with the food of the patient's diet. For oral
therapeutic administration, the compounds may be combined with one
or more excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets,
buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups,
wafers, and the like. Such compositions and preparations should
contain at least 0.1% of active agent. The percentage of the
compositions and preparations may, of course, be varied and may
conveniently be between about 2 to about 60% of the weight of a
given unit dosage form. The amount of the active compound in such
therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective
dosage level will be obtained.
[0227] The tablets, troches, pills, capsules, and the like may also
contain the following: binders such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn
starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a
disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic
acid and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a
sweetening agent such as sucrose, fructose, lactose or aspartame or
a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry
flavoring may be added. When the unit dosage form is a capsule, it
may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid
carrier, such as a vegetable oil or a polyethylene glycol. Various
other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify
the physical form of the solid unit dosage form. For instance,
tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with gelatin, wax,
shellac or sugar and the like. A syrup or elixir may contain the
compounds of the invention, sucrose or fructose as a sweetening
agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and
flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor. Of course, any material
used in preparing any unit dosage form should be pharmaceutically
acceptable and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed. In
addition, the compounds of the invention may be incorporated into
sustained-release preparations and devices.
[0228] The triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds
may also be administered intravenously or intraperitoneally by
infusion or injection. Solutions of the active agents or their
salts can be prepared in water, optionally mixed with a nontoxic
surfactant. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid
polyethylene glycols, triacetin, and mixtures thereof and in oils.
Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations
contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
[0229] The pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for injection or
infusion can include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions or
sterile powders including the active ingredient which are adapted
for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable or
infusible solutions or dispersions, optionally encapsulated in
liposomes. In all cases, the ultimate dosage form must be sterile,
fluid and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage.
The liquid carrier or vehicle can be a solvent or liquid dispersion
medium including, for example, water, ethanol, a polyol (for
example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycols,
and the like), vegetable oils, nontoxic glyceryl esters, and
suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained,
for example, by the formation of liposomes, by the maintenance of
the required particle size in the case of dispersions or by the use
of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can
be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents,
for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid,
thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to
include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, buffers or sodium
chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can
be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying
absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0230] Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating
compounds of the invention in the required amount in the
appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients
enumerated above, as required, followed by filter sterilization. In
the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile
injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are
vacuum drying and the freeze drying techniques, which yield a
powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired
ingredient present in the previously sterile-filtered
solutions.
[0231] For topical administration, the triciribine compounds and
one or more platinum compounds may be applied in pure-form, i.e.,
when they are liquids. However, it will generally be desirable to
administer them to the skin as compositions or formulations, in
combination with a dermatologically acceptable carrier, which may
be a solid or a liquid.
[0232] Useful solid carriers include finely divided solids such as
talc, clay, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, alumina and the
like. Useful liquid carriers include water, alcohols or glycols or
water-alcohol/glycol blends, in which the compounds of the
invention can be dissolved or dispersed at effective levels,
optionally with the aid of non-toxic surfactants. Adjuvants such as
fragrances and additional antimicrobial agents can be added to
optimize the properties for a given use. The resultant liquid
compositions can be applied from absorbent pads, used to impregnate
bandages and other dressings, or sprayed onto the affected area
using pump-type or aerosol sprayers.
[0233] Thickeners such as synthetic polymers, fatty acids, fatty
acid salts and esters, fatty alcohols, modified celluloses or
modified mineral materials can also be employed with liquid
carriers to form spreadable pastes, gels, ointments, soaps, and the
like, for application directly to the skin of the user. Examples of
useful dermatological compositions which can be used to deliver the
compounds of the invention to the skin are disclosed in Jacquet et
al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,392), Geria (U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,478),
Smith et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,157) and Woltzman (U.S. Pat. No.
4,820,508).
[0234] Useful dosages of the pharmaceutical compositions of the
present invention can be determined by comparing their in vitro
activity, and in vivo activity in animal models. Methods for the
extrapolation of effective dosages in mice, and other animals, to
humans are known to the art; for example, see U.S. Pat. No.
4,938,949.
[0235] In one non-limiting embodiment, the concentration of the
active agent in a liquid composition, such as a lotion, can be from
about 0.1-25 wt-%, or from about 0.5-10 wt.-%. In one embodiment,
the concentration in a semi-solid or solid composition such as a
gel or a powder can be about 0.1-5 wt.-%, preferably about 0.5-2.5
wt.-%. In one embodiment, single dosages for injection, infusion or
ingestion will generally vary between 5-1500 mg, and may be
administered, i.e., 1-3 times daily, to yield levels of about
0.1-50 mg/kg, for adults. A non-limiting dosage of the present
invention can be between 7.5 to 45 mg per clay, administered
orally, with appropriate adjustment for the body weight of an
individual.
[0236] Accordingly, the present invention includes a pharmaceutical
composition including triciribine compounds and one or more
platinum compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in
combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for oral, topical or parenteral
administration, including an amount of triciribine compounds and
one or more platinum compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof, constitute a preferred embodiment of the invention.
The dose administered to a subject, particularly a human, in the
context of the present invention should be sufficient to affect a
therapeutic response in the patient over a reasonable time frame.
One skilled in the art will recognize that dosage will depend upon
a variety of factors including the condition of the animal, the
body weight of the animal, as well as the severity and stage of the
cancer.
[0237] A suitable dose is that which will result in a concentration
of the triciribine compounds and one or more platinum compounds in
tumor tissue which is known to affect the desired response. The
preferred dosage is the amount which results in maximum inhibition
of cancer cell growth, without unmanageable side effects.
Administration of API-2 (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof) can be continuous or at distinct intervals, as can be
determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art.
[0238] Mammalian species which benefit from the disclosed methods
for the inhibition of cancer cell growth, include, but are not
limited to, primates, such as apes, chimpanzees, orangutans,
humans, monkeys; domesticated animals (e.g., pets) such as dogs,
cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs, rabbits,
and ferrets; domesticated farm animals such as cows, buffalo,
bison, horses, donkey, swine, sheep, and goats; exotic animals
typically found in zoos, such as bear, lions, tigers, panthers,
elephants, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, giraffes, antelopes, sloth,
gazelles, zebras, wildebeests, prairie dogs, koala bears, kangaroo,
opossums, raccoons, pandas, hyena, seals, sea lions, elephant
seals, otters, porpoises, dolphins, and whales. The terms "patient"
and "subject" are used herein interchangeably and are intended to
include such human and non-human mammalian species. Likewise, in
vitro methods of the present invention can be earned out on cells
of such mammalian species.
[0239] Patients in need of treatment using the methods of the
present invention can be identified using standard techniques known
to those in the medical profession.
[0240] The following examples are offered by way of illustration
and not by way of limitation.
8. EXAMPLES
8.1. Example 1
In Vitro Screening
[0241] Cell Lines and NCI Diversity Set. All cell lines can be
purchased from ATCC or described previously (Cheng et al., 1997,
Oncogene 14: 2793-2801; West et al., 2002, Drug Resist Updat 5:
234-248; Satyamoorthy et al., 2001, Cancer Res 61: 7318-7324). The
NCI Structural Diversity Set is a library of 1,992 compounds
selected from the approximately 140,000-compound NCI drug
depository. In-depth data on the selection, structures, and
activities of these diversity set compounds can be found on the NCI
Developmental Therapeutics Program web site.
[0242] Screening for Inhibition of Akt-transformed Cell Growth.
AKT2 transformed NIH3T3 cells or LXSN vector-transfected NIH3T3
control cells (Cheng et al., 1997, Oncogene 14: 2793-2801) are
plated into 96-well tissue culture plate. Following treatment with
5 .mu.M of NCI Diversity Set compound, cell growth can be detected
with CellTier 96 One Solution Cell Proliferation kit (Promega).
Compounds that inhibit growth in AKT2-transformed but not
LXSN-transfected NIH3T3 cells are considered as candidates of Akt
inhibitor and subjected to further analysis.
[0243] In vitro Protein Kinase, Cell Survival and Apoptosis Assays.
In vitro kinase is performed as previously described (see, for
example, Jiang et al., 2000, Mol Cell Biol 20: 139-148). Cell
survival is assayed with MTS (Promega). Apoptosis was detected with
annexin V, which is performed as previously described (Jiang et
al., 2000, Mol Cell Biol 20: 139-148). Recombinant Akt and PDK1 are
purchased from Upstate Biotechnology Inc.
Results
[0244] Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitor of Akt Signaling
Pathway, API-2. Frequent alterations of Akt has been detected in
human cancer and disruption of Akt pathway induces apoptosis and
inhibits tumor growth (Jetzt et al., 2003, Cancer Res63: 697-706).
Thus, Akt is considered as an attractive molecular target for
development of novel cancer therapeutics. To identify small
molecule inhibitor(s) of Akt, a chemical library of 1,992-compounds
from the NCI (the NCI Diversity Set) is evaluated for agents
capable of inhibition of growth in AKT2-transformed but not empty
vector LXSN-transfected NIH3T3 cells. Repeated experiments showed
that 32 compounds inhibited growth only in AKT2-transformed cells.
The most potent of these compounds, API-2 (NCI identifier: NSC
154020), can suppress cell growth at a concentration of 50 nM. FIG.
1A shows the chemical structure of API-2, which is also known as
triciribine (Schweinsberg et al., 1981, Biochem Pharmacol 30:
2521-2526). The fact that API-2 inhibits selectively AKT-2
transformed cells over untransformed parental cells prompted us to
determine whether API-2 is an inhibitor of AKT2 kinase. To this
end, AKT2 is immunoprecipitated with anti-AKT2 antibody from AKT-2
transformed NIH3T3 cells following treatment with API-2. AKT2
immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted with anti-phospho-Akt
antibodies. As shown in FIG. 1B, API-2 significantly inhibited AKT2
phosphorylation at both threonine-309 and serine-474, which are
required for full activation of AKT2 (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev
13: 2905-2927). As three isoforms of Akt share high homology and
similar structure, the effect of API-2 on their kinase activities
is evaluated. HEK293 cells are transfected with HA-Akt1, -AKT2 and
-AKT3, serum-starved overnight and treated with API-2 for 60 min
prior to EGF (50 ng/ml stimulation. Triple experiments showed that
API-2 suppressed EGF-induced kinase activity and phosphorylation of
Akt1, AKT2 and AKT3 (FIG. 1C). However, kinase activity of
recombinant constitutively active AKT2 (Myr-AKT2) is not inhibited
by API-2 in an in vitro kinase reaction (FIG. 1D), suggesting that
API-2 does not directly inhibit Akt in vitro and that API-2 neither
functions as ATP competitor nor as the substrate competitor that
binds to active site of Akt.
[0245] API-2 Does Not Inhibit Known Upstream Activators of Akt. It
has been well documented that Akt is activated by extracellular
stimuli and intracellular signal molecules, such as active Ras and
Src, through a PI3K-dependent manner. Therefore, API-2 inhibition
of Akt could result from targeting upstream molecule(s) of Akt. As
PI3K and PDK1 are direct upstream regulators of Akt (Datta et al.,
1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927), whether API-2 inhibits PI3K and/or
PDK1 is examined. HEK293 cells are serum-starved and then can be
treated with API-2 or PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin, for 30 min prior
to EGF stimulation. PI3K is immunoprecipitated with
anti-p110.alpha. antibody. The immunoprecipitates are subjected to
in vitro PI3K kinase assay using PI-4-P as a substrate. As shown in
FIG. 2A, the EGF-induced PI3K activity is inhibited by wortmannin
but not by API-2. To evaluate the effect of API-2 on PDK1, an assay
in which recombinant PDK1 promotes the threonine-309
phosphorylation of AKT2 peptides is used in the presence of lipid
vesicles containing phosphotidylinositol. As shown in FIG. 2B, the
assay is potently inhibited by the control PDK1 inhibitor
staurosporine (1050=5 nM). In contrast, API-2 displayed only 21%
inhibition of the assay at the highest concentration tested (5.1
.mu.M). To further evaluate the effect of API-2 on PDK1 activation,
the autophosphorylation level of PDK1 at serine-241, a residue that
is phosphorylated by itself and is critical for its activity is
examined (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dev 13: 2905-2927), following
API-2 treatment of HEK293 cells. Triplicate experiments show that
phosphorylation levels of PDK1 are not inhibited by API-2 (FIG.
2B). However, PI3K inhibitor wortmannin can inhibit EGF-stimulated
PDK1 (FIG. 2B).
[0246] API-2 Is Highly Selective for the Akt over PKC, PKA, SGK,
STAT, JNK, p38, and ERK Signaling Pathways. Akt belongs to AGC
(PKA/PKG/PKC) kinase family, which also include PKA, PKC, serum-
and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK), p90 ribosomal S6 kinase,
p70.sup.S6K, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase and
PKC-related kinase. Among AGC kinase family, protein structures of
PKA, PKC and SGK are more close to Akt kinase than other members.
Therefore, next examined are the effects of API-2 on the enzymatic
activities of these 3 kinases. HEK293 cells are transfected with
HA-tagged PKA, PKC or SGK. In vitro kinase assay and immunoblotting
analysis show that the kinase activities of PKA and PKCa are
inhibited by PKAI and Ro 31-8220, a PKC inhibitor, respectively,
whereas API-2 exhibits no effect on their activities (FIGS. 2C and
2E). Further, serum-induced SGK kinase activity is attenuated by
wortmannin but not by API-2 (FIG. 2D). In addition, it is
determined whether API-2 has effect on other oncogenic survival
pathways. Western blotting analyses with commercially available
anti-phospho-antibodies reveals that phosphorylation levels of
Stat3, INK, p38 and Erk1/2 were not affected by API-2 treatment
(FIG. 2F). These data indicate that API-2 specifically inhibits Akt
signaling pathway.
[0247] API-2 Suppresses Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis in
Akt-overexpressing/activating Human Cancer Cell Lines. The ability
of API-2 to selectively inhibit the Akt pathway suggests that it
should inhibit proliferation and/or induces apoptosis
preferentially in those tumor cells with aberrant
expression/activation of Akt. As activation of Akt in human
malignancies commonly results from overexpression of Akt or PTEN
mutations, API-2 is used to treat the cells that express
constitutively active Akt, caused by overexpression of AKT2
(OVCAR3, OVCAR8, PANC1 and AKT2-transformed NIH3T3) or mutations of
the PTEN gene (PC-3, LNCaP, MDA-MB-468), and cells that do not
(OVCAR5, DU-145, T47D, COLO357 and LXSN-NIH3T3) as well as melanoma
cells that are activated by IGF-1 to activate Akt or do not respond
to growth stimulation by IGF-1 (Satyamoorthy et al., 2001, Cancer
Res 61: 7318-7324). Immunoblotting analysis showed that
phosphorylation levels of Akt are inhibited by API-2 only in the
cells expressing elevated Akt or responding to IGF-1 simulation
(FIG. 3A). Accordingly, API-2 inhibited cell growth to a much
higher degree in Akt-overexpressing/activating cells as compared to
those with low levels of Akt. As shown in FIG. 3B, API-2 treatment
inhibited cell proliferation by approximate 50-60% in
Akt-overexpressing/activating cell lines, LNCaP, PC-3, OVCAR3,
OVCA8, PANC1, MDA-MB-468, and WM35, whereas only by about 10-20% in
DU145, OVCAR5, COLO357, T47D and WM852 cells, which exhibit low
levels of Akt or do not respond to growth stimulation by IGF-1.
Moreover, API-2 induces apoptosis by 8-fold (OVCAR3), 6-fold
(OVCAR8), 6-fold (PANC1), and 3-fold (AKT2-NIH3T3). No significant
difference of apoptosis is observed between API-2 and vehicle
(DMSO) treatment in OVCAR5, COLO357 and LXSN-NIH3T3 cells. Thus,
API-2 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis preferentially in
cells that express aberrant Akt.
[0248] API-2 Inhibits Downstream Targets of Akt. It has been shown
that Akt exerts its cellular effects through phosphorylation of a
number of proteins (Datta et al., 1999, Genes Dcv 13: 2905-2927).
More than 20 proteins have been identified as Akt substrates,
including the members of Forkhead protein family (FKHR, AFX and
FKHRL1), tuberlin/TSC2, p70.sup.S6K, GSK-3.beta.,
p21.sup.WAFI/Cip1, p27.sup.kip1, MDM2, Bad, ASK1 and IKKetc. it is
next examined whether API-2 inhibits downstream targets of Akt. As
anti-phospho-tuberlin, -Bad, -AFX, and -GSK-3.beta. antibodies are
commercially available, therefore, the effect of API-2 on their
phosphorylation induced by Akt was determined. Following API-2 (1
.mu.M) treatment, OVCAR3 cells were lysed and immunoblotted with
the individual anti-phospho-antibody. FIG. 4A shows that API-2
considerably inhibited the phosphorylation levels of tuberlin
leading to stabilization and upregulation of tuberin (Dan et al.,
2002, J Biol Chem 277: 35364-35370). The phosphorylation levels of
Bad, GSK-3.beta., and AFX are partially attenuated by API-2. These
data suggest that API-2 induces cell death and cell growth arrest
by inhibiting phosphorylation of its downstream targets. API-2
inhibition of Akt downstream targets at different degrees could be
due to the fact that phosphorylation sites of these targets are
also regulated by other kinase(s), for instance, Bad serine-136 is
phosphorylated by PAK1 in addition to Akt (Schurmann et al., 2000,
Mol Cell Biol 20: 453-461).
8.2 Example 2
Antitumor Activity in the Nude Mouse Tumor Xenograft Model
[0249] Tumor cells can be harvested, suspended in PBS, and can be
injected s.c. into the right and left flanks (2.times.10.sup.6
cells/flank) of 8-week-old female nude mice as reported previously
(Sun et al., 1999, Cancer Res 59: 4919-4926). When tumors reach
about 100-150 mm.sup.3, animals are randomized and dosed i.p. with
0.2 ml vehicle of the triciribine compound and/or one or more
platinum compounds daily. Control animals receive DMSO (20%)
vehicle, whereas treated animals can be injected with API-2 (1
mg/kg/day) in 20% DMSO.
[0250] API-2 Inhibits the Growth of Tumors in Nude Mice that
Overexpress Akt. Frequent overexpression/activation and/or
amplification of AKT1 and AKT2 in human ovarian and pancreatic
cancer was shown (Cheng et al., AKT signal transduction pathway in
oncogenesis, in Schwab D(ed.) Encyclopedic Reference of cancer,
Springer, pp 35-7). Inhibition of Akt pathway by inhibitors of
PI3K, HSP70, Src and farnesyltransferase resulted in cell growth
arrest and induction of apoptosis (Split et al., 2003, Cancer Res
63: 2139-2144; Xu et al., 2003, Cancer Res 63: 7777-7784). A recent
study showed that the tumor growth of xenografts with elevated Akt
was also significantly inhibited by intratumoral injection of
adenovirus of dominant negative Akt (Jetzt et al., 2003, Cancer Res
63: 697-706). Because API-2 inhibits Akt signaling and induces
apoptosis and cell growth arrest only in cancer cells with elevated
levels of Akt (FIG. 3), the growth of tumors with elevated levels
of Akt should be more sensitive to API-2 than that of tumors with
low levels of Akt in nude mice. To this end, s.c.
Akt-overexpressing cells (OVCAR3, OVCAR8 and PANC-1) are s.c.
implanted into the right flank, and those cell lines that express
low levels of Akt (OVCAR5 and COLO357) into the left flank of mice.
When the tumors reach an average size of about 100-150 mm.sup.3,
the animals are randomized and treated i.p. with either vehicle or
API-2 (1 mg/kg/day). As illustrated in FIG. 4B, OVCAR-5 and COLO357
tumors treated with vehicle grew to about 800-1,000 mm.sup.3 49
days after tumor implantation. OVCAR3, OVCAR8 and PANC1 tumors
treated with vehicle control grew to about 700-900 mm.sup.3 49 days
after tumor implantation. API-2 inhibited OVCAR3, OVCAR8 and PANC1
tumor growth by 90%, 88% and 80%, respectively. In contrast, API-2
has little effect on the growth of OVCAR5 and COLO357 cells in nude
mice (FIGS. 4B-4D and data not shown). At dose 1 mg/kg/day, API-2
had no effects on blood glucose level, body weight, activity and
food intake of mice. In treated tumor samples, Akt activity was
inhibited by API-2 without change of total Akt content (FIG. 4E).
Taken together, these results indicate that API-2 selectively
inhibits the growth of tumors with elevated levels of Akt.
8.3 Example 3
TCN Directly Inhibits Wild Type Akt Kinase Activity
[0251] API-2 (TCN) can directly inhibit wild type Akt kinase
activity induced by PDK1 in vitro (FIG. 1). This result supports
that API-2 is a direct Akt inhibitor and that the underlying
mechanism may be API-2 binding to PH domain and/or threonine-308 of
Akt. An in vitro kinase assay is performed with recombinant of PDK1
and Akt in a kinase buffer containing phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-P3
(PIP3), API-2 and histone H2B as substrate. After incubation of 30
min, the reactions were separated by SDS-PAGE and exposed in a
film.
8.4 Example 4
TCN is Effective in Cancer Resistant Cells
[0252] The effects of TCN (API-2) are tested in cisplatin,
paclitaxel, and tamoxifen resistant A270CP, C-13, OVCAR433 and
MCF7/TAM cells. API-2 overcame cisplatin, paclitaxel, and tamoxifen
resistance in these cells
8.5 Example 5
TCN Overcomes Cisplatin Resistance in Cisplatin Resistant Ovarian
Cancer Cells
[0253] Ovarian cancer cell lines sensitive to cisplatin, A2780S and
OV2008, and their cisplatin resistant derivatives, A2780CP and C13,
respectively, were treated with 0, 10, 20 and 30 .mu.M cisplatin,
followed by an assessment of the percentage of cells surviving the
cisplatin. The resistance to cisplatin toxicity was confirmed in
the A2780S and C13 cell lines (FIG. 9A). Lysates from all four cell
types were resolved by SDS-PAGE and probed with antibodies to
phosphorylated Akt and total Akt. The cisplatin resistant cell
lines endogenously express significantly higher levels
phosphorylated Akt (FIG. 9B).
[0254] It was next assessed what effects TCN would have on
cisplatin resistance. A2780CP and C13 ovarian cancer cells were
treated with 0, 5, 10 and 20 .mu.M, with or without 10 .mu.M TCN,
followed by measurement of cell survival. The addition of TCN
significantly lowered the resistance to cisplatin in both cell
lines (FIG. 10). C13 cells were then treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and
20 .mu.M TCN with or without 10 .mu.M cisplatin, followed by
measurement of cell survival. The combination of TCN and cisplatin
synergistically reduced cell survival (FIG. 11).
[0255] C13 cells were injected subcutaneously in nude mice,
followed by treatment with vehicle (DMSO), cisplatin alone (2
mg/kg/day), TCN alone (2 mg/kg/day) or TCN and cisplatin. Tumor
mass was assessed at weekly intervals for four weeks. The
combination of cisplatin and TCN enhanced the ability to suppress
the growth and progression of the tumor (FIG. 12).
8.6 Example 6
TCN Enhances the Effects of mTOR Inhibition
[0256] OV3 and MCF7 cells were treated with the mTOR inhibitors
rapamycin and RAD001, respectively, over a 24 hour time course.
Lysyates were resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a membrane
for western blotting. Membranes were probed with antibodies to
phospho-Akt, total Akt, phospho-p70S6K, and total p70S6K. Membranes
with lysates derived from OV3 cells were additionally probed with
antibodies to phospho-FKHRL 1 and total FKHRL 1. The use of mTOR
inhibitors lead to rapid activation of Akt pathway in both cell
lines (FIG. 13).
[0257] OV3 cells were then treated with either control, rapamycin,
or rapamycin and TCN and MCF7 cells were treated with control,
RAD001, or RAD001 and TCN. TCN markedly decreased the mTOR
inhibitors' increase in Akt phosphorylation without a subsequent
increase in p70S6K activity (FIG. 14). DU-145, MCF7 and OV3 cell
growth rates were then assessed over 6 days in the presence of
control, mTOR inhibitor, TCN, or TCN and mTOR inhibitor. The
inhibition on cell growth by mTOR inhibition was enhanced by TCN
(FIG. 15).
8.7 Example 7
TCN Overcomes Aurora-A Induced Cisplatin Resistance
[0258] Auruoa-A is a serine/threonine kinase involved in
progression of the cell cycle. The effect of Aurora-A on
sensitivity to cisplatin was examined. A2780S and A2780CP cells, as
well as OV2008 cells, were transfected with empty vector or with a
construct encoding an HA-tagged Aurora-A protein. Expression of
Aurora-A was confirmed by western blotting lysates resolved by
SDS-PAGE and transferred to a membrane (FIG. 16, top panels). The
viability of cells was assessed in the presence of paclitaxel and
cisplatin. A2780S and OV2008 cells transfected with Aurora-A showed
improved viability over A2780S and OV2008 cells transfected with
empty vector only (FIG. 16).
[0259] It was next assessed what effect Aurora-A exhibited on the
induction of apoptosis induced by cisplatin. A27805 cells were
transfected with empty vector or with a construct encoding the
Aurora-A protein. Cells were then treated with cisplatin.
Immunofluorescent staining (FIG. 17A) shows that expression of
Aurora-A inhibits cytochrome c release. Western blot analysis
revealed that introduction of Aurora-A increases phosphohrylation
of Akt, as well as Akt kinase activity (FIGS. 17B and C).
[0260] Next, A27805 and OV2008 cells, transfected with either empty
vector or Aurora-A, were treated with either cisplatin, TCN, or
cisplatin and TCN. Both A2780S and OV2008 cells expressing Aurora-A
showed markedly decreased resistance to cisplatin in the presence
of TCN (FIG. 18).
[0261] This invention has been described with reference to its
preferred embodiments. Variations and modifications of the
invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art from the
foregoing detailed description of the invention. It is intended
that all of these variations and modifications be included within
the scope of this invention.
Sequence CWU 1
1
611443DNAHomo sapiensCDS(1)..(1443) 1atg aac gac gta gcc att gtg
aag gag ggc tgg ctg cac aaa cga ggg 48Met Asn Asp Val Ala Ile Val
Lys Glu Gly Trp Leu His Lys Arg Gly1 5 10 15gaa tat att aaa acc tgg
cgg cca cgc tac ttc ctc ctc aag aac gat 96Glu Tyr Ile Lys Thr Trp
Arg Pro Arg Tyr Phe Leu Leu Lys Asn Asp 20 25 30ggc acc ttt att ggc
tac aag gaa cgg cct cag gat gtg gat cag cga 144Gly Thr Phe Ile Gly
Tyr Lys Glu Arg Pro Gln Asp Val Asp Gln Arg 35 40 45gag tcc cca ctc
aac aac ttc tca gtg gca caa tgc cag ctg atg aag 192Glu Ser Pro Leu
Asn Asn Phe Ser Val Ala Gln Cys Gln Leu Met Lys 50 55 60aca gag cgg
cca agg ccc aac acc ttt atc atc cgc tgc ctg cag tgg 240Thr Glu Arg
Pro Arg Pro Asn Thr Phe Ile Ile Arg Cys Leu Gln Trp65 70 75 80acc
aca gtc att gag cgc acc ttc cat gta gaa acg cct gag gag cgg 288Thr
Thr Val Ile Glu Arg Thr Phe His Val Glu Thr Pro Glu Glu Arg 85 90
95gaa gaa tgg gcc acc gcc att cag act gtg gcc gat gga ctc aag agg
336Glu Glu Trp Ala Thr Ala Ile Gln Thr Val Ala Asp Gly Leu Lys Arg
100 105 110cag gaa gaa gag acg atg gac ttc cga tca ggc tca ccc agt
gac aac 384Gln Glu Glu Glu Thr Met Asp Phe Arg Ser Gly Ser Pro Ser
Asp Asn 115 120 125tca ggg gct gaa gag atg gag gtg tcc ctg gcc aag
ccc aag cac cgt 432Ser Gly Ala Glu Glu Met Glu Val Ser Leu Ala Lys
Pro Lys His Arg 130 135 140gtg acc atg aac gag ttt gag tac ctg aaa
cta ctg ggc aag ggc acc 480Val Thr Met Asn Glu Phe Glu Tyr Leu Lys
Leu Leu Gly Lys Gly Thr145 150 155 160ttt ggg aaa gtg att ctg gta
aaa gag aag gcc aca ggc cgc tac tat 528Phe Gly Lys Val Ile Leu Val
Lys Glu Lys Ala Thr Gly Arg Tyr Tyr 165 170 175gcc atg aag atc ctc
aag aag gag gtc atc gtc gcc aag gat gag gtt 576Ala Met Lys Ile Leu
Lys Lys Glu Val Ile Val Ala Lys Asp Glu Val 180 185 190gcc cac acg
ctt act gaa aac cgt gtc ctg cag aac tct agg cat ccc 624Ala His Thr
Leu Thr Glu Asn Arg Val Leu Gln Asn Ser Arg His Pro 195 200 205ttc
ctt acg gcc ctc aag tac tca ttc cag acc cac gac cgc ctc tgc 672Phe
Leu Thr Ala Leu Lys Tyr Ser Phe Gln Thr His Asp Arg Leu Cys 210 215
220ttt gtc atg gag tat gcc aac ggg ggc gag ctc ttc ttc cac ctg tct
720Phe Val Met Glu Tyr Ala Asn Gly Gly Glu Leu Phe Phe His Leu
Ser225 230 235 240cga gag cgc gtg ttc tcc gag gac cgg gcc cgc ttc
tat ggt gcg gag 768Arg Glu Arg Val Phe Ser Glu Asp Arg Ala Arg Phe
Tyr Gly Ala Glu 245 250 255att gtg tct gcc ctg gac tac ttg cac tcg
gag aag aac gtg gtg tac 816Ile Val Ser Ala Leu Asp Tyr Leu His Ser
Glu Lys Asn Val Val Tyr 260 265 270cgg gac ctg aag cta gag aac ctc
atg ctg gac aag gac ggg cac atc 864Arg Asp Leu Lys Leu Glu Asn Leu
Met Leu Asp Lys Asp Gly His Ile 275 280 285aag ata acg gac ttc ggg
ctg tgc aag gag ggg atc aag gat ggt gcc 912Lys Ile Thr Asp Phe Gly
Leu Cys Lys Glu Gly Ile Lys Asp Gly Ala 290 295 300act atg aag aca
ttc tgc gga acg ccg gag tac ctg gcc cct gag gtg 960Thr Met Lys Thr
Phe Cys Gly Thr Pro Glu Tyr Leu Ala Pro Glu Val305 310 315 320ctg
gaa gac aac gac tac ggc cgt gca gtg gac tgg tgg ggg ctg ggc 1008Leu
Glu Asp Asn Asp Tyr Gly Arg Ala Val Asp Trp Trp Gly Leu Gly 325 330
335gtg gtc atg tat gag atg atg tgt ggc cgc ctg ccc ttc tac aac cag
1056Val Val Met Tyr Glu Met Met Cys Gly Arg Leu Pro Phe Tyr Asn Gln
340 345 350gac cac gag aag ctg ttc gag ctg atc ctc atg gag gag atc
cgc ttc 1104Asp His Glu Lys Leu Phe Glu Leu Ile Leu Met Glu Glu Ile
Arg Phe 355 360 365ccg cgc aca ctc ggc cct gag gcc aag tcc ctg ctc
tcc ggg ctg ctc 1152Pro Arg Thr Leu Gly Pro Glu Ala Lys Ser Leu Leu
Ser Gly Leu Leu 370 375 380aag aag gac cct aca cag agg ctc ggt ggg
ggc tct gag gat gcc aag 1200Lys Lys Asp Pro Thr Gln Arg Leu Gly Gly
Gly Ser Glu Asp Ala Lys385 390 395 400gag atc atg cag cac cgg ttc
ttt gcc aac atc gtg tgg cag gat gtg 1248Glu Ile Met Gln His Arg Phe
Phe Ala Asn Ile Val Trp Gln Asp Val 405 410 415tat gag aag aag ctg
agc cca cct ttc aag ccc cag gtc acc tct gag 1296Tyr Glu Lys Lys Leu
Ser Pro Pro Phe Lys Pro Gln Val Thr Ser Glu 420 425 430act gac acc
agg tat ttc gat gag gag ttc aca gct cag atg atc acc 1344Thr Asp Thr
Arg Tyr Phe Asp Glu Glu Phe Thr Ala Gln Met Ile Thr 435 440 445atc
acg ccg cct gat caa gat gac agc atg gag tgt gtg gac agt gag 1392Ile
Thr Pro Pro Asp Gln Asp Asp Ser Met Glu Cys Val Asp Ser Glu 450 455
460cgg agg ccg cac ttc ccc cag ttc tcc tac tca gcc agt ggc aca gcc
1440Arg Arg Pro His Phe Pro Gln Phe Ser Tyr Ser Ala Ser Gly Thr
Ala465 470 475 480tga 14432480PRTHomo sapiens 2Met Asn Asp Val Ala
Ile Val Lys Glu Gly Trp Leu His Lys Arg Gly1 5 10 15Glu Tyr Ile Lys
Thr Trp Arg Pro Arg Tyr Phe Leu Leu Lys Asn Asp 20 25 30Gly Thr Phe
Ile Gly Tyr Lys Glu Arg Pro Gln Asp Val Asp Gln Arg 35 40 45Glu Ser
Pro Leu Asn Asn Phe Ser Val Ala Gln Cys Gln Leu Met Lys 50 55 60Thr
Glu Arg Pro Arg Pro Asn Thr Phe Ile Ile Arg Cys Leu Gln Trp65 70 75
80Thr Thr Val Ile Glu Arg Thr Phe His Val Glu Thr Pro Glu Glu Arg
85 90 95Glu Glu Trp Ala Thr Ala Ile Gln Thr Val Ala Asp Gly Leu Lys
Arg 100 105 110Gln Glu Glu Glu Thr Met Asp Phe Arg Ser Gly Ser Pro
Ser Asp Asn 115 120 125Ser Gly Ala Glu Glu Met Glu Val Ser Leu Ala
Lys Pro Lys His Arg 130 135 140Val Thr Met Asn Glu Phe Glu Tyr Leu
Lys Leu Leu Gly Lys Gly Thr145 150 155 160Phe Gly Lys Val Ile Leu
Val Lys Glu Lys Ala Thr Gly Arg Tyr Tyr 165 170 175Ala Met Lys Ile
Leu Lys Lys Glu Val Ile Val Ala Lys Asp Glu Val 180 185 190Ala His
Thr Leu Thr Glu Asn Arg Val Leu Gln Asn Ser Arg His Pro 195 200
205Phe Leu Thr Ala Leu Lys Tyr Ser Phe Gln Thr His Asp Arg Leu Cys
210 215 220Phe Val Met Glu Tyr Ala Asn Gly Gly Glu Leu Phe Phe His
Leu Ser225 230 235 240Arg Glu Arg Val Phe Ser Glu Asp Arg Ala Arg
Phe Tyr Gly Ala Glu 245 250 255Ile Val Ser Ala Leu Asp Tyr Leu His
Ser Glu Lys Asn Val Val Tyr 260 265 270Arg Asp Leu Lys Leu Glu Asn
Leu Met Leu Asp Lys Asp Gly His Ile 275 280 285Lys Ile Thr Asp Phe
Gly Leu Cys Lys Glu Gly Ile Lys Asp Gly Ala 290 295 300Thr Met Lys
Thr Phe Cys Gly Thr Pro Glu Tyr Leu Ala Pro Glu Val305 310 315
320Leu Glu Asp Asn Asp Tyr Gly Arg Ala Val Asp Trp Trp Gly Leu Gly
325 330 335Val Val Met Tyr Glu Met Met Cys Gly Arg Leu Pro Phe Tyr
Asn Gln 340 345 350Asp His Glu Lys Leu Phe Glu Leu Ile Leu Met Glu
Glu Ile Arg Phe 355 360 365Pro Arg Thr Leu Gly Pro Glu Ala Lys Ser
Leu Leu Ser Gly Leu Leu 370 375 380Lys Lys Asp Pro Thr Gln Arg Leu
Gly Gly Gly Ser Glu Asp Ala Lys385 390 395 400Glu Ile Met Gln His
Arg Phe Phe Ala Asn Ile Val Trp Gln Asp Val 405 410 415Tyr Glu Lys
Lys Leu Ser Pro Pro Phe Lys Pro Gln Val Thr Ser Glu 420 425 430Thr
Asp Thr Arg Tyr Phe Asp Glu Glu Phe Thr Ala Gln Met Ile Thr 435 440
445Ile Thr Pro Pro Asp Gln Asp Asp Ser Met Glu Cys Val Asp Ser Glu
450 455 460Arg Arg Pro His Phe Pro Gln Phe Ser Tyr Ser Ala Ser Gly
Thr Ala465 470 475 48031515DNAHomo sapiensCDS(1)..(1446) 3atg aat
gag gtg tct gtc atc aaa gaa ggc tgg ctc cac aag cgt ggt 48Met Asn
Glu Val Ser Val Ile Lys Glu Gly Trp Leu His Lys Arg Gly1 5 10 15gaa
tac atc aag acc tgg agg cca cgg tac ttc ctg ctg aag agc gac 96Glu
Tyr Ile Lys Thr Trp Arg Pro Arg Tyr Phe Leu Leu Lys Ser Asp 20 25
30ggc tcc ttc att ggg tac aag gag agg ccc gag gcc cct gat cag act
144Gly Ser Phe Ile Gly Tyr Lys Glu Arg Pro Glu Ala Pro Asp Gln Thr
35 40 45cta ccc ccc tta aac aac ttc tcc gta gca gaa tgc cag ctg atg
aag 192Leu Pro Pro Leu Asn Asn Phe Ser Val Ala Glu Cys Gln Leu Met
Lys 50 55 60acc gag agg ccg cga ccc aac acc ttt gtc ata cgc tgc ctg
cag tgg 240Thr Glu Arg Pro Arg Pro Asn Thr Phe Val Ile Arg Cys Leu
Gln Trp65 70 75 80acc aca gtc atc gag agg acc ttc cac gtg gat tct
cca gac gag agg 288Thr Thr Val Ile Glu Arg Thr Phe His Val Asp Ser
Pro Asp Glu Arg 85 90 95gag gag tgg atg cgg gcc atc cag atg gtc gcc
aac agc ctc aag cag 336Glu Glu Trp Met Arg Ala Ile Gln Met Val Ala
Asn Ser Leu Lys Gln 100 105 110cgg gcc cca ggc gag gac ccc atg gac
tac aag tgt ggc tcc ccc agt 384Arg Ala Pro Gly Glu Asp Pro Met Asp
Tyr Lys Cys Gly Ser Pro Ser 115 120 125gac tcc tcc acg act gag gag
atg gaa gtg gcg gtc agc aag gca cgg 432Asp Ser Ser Thr Thr Glu Glu
Met Glu Val Ala Val Ser Lys Ala Arg 130 135 140gct aaa gtg acc atg
aat gac ttc gac tat ctc aaa ctc ctt ggc aag 480Ala Lys Val Thr Met
Asn Asp Phe Asp Tyr Leu Lys Leu Leu Gly Lys145 150 155 160gga acc
ttt ggc aaa gtc atc ctg gtg cgg gag aag gcc act ggc cgc 528Gly Thr
Phe Gly Lys Val Ile Leu Val Arg Glu Lys Ala Thr Gly Arg 165 170
175tac tac gcc atg aag atc ctg cga aag gaa gtc atc att gcc aag gat
576Tyr Tyr Ala Met Lys Ile Leu Arg Lys Glu Val Ile Ile Ala Lys Asp
180 185 190gaa gtc gct cac aca gtc acc gag agc cgg gtc ctc cag aac
acc agg 624Glu Val Ala His Thr Val Thr Glu Ser Arg Val Leu Gln Asn
Thr Arg 195 200 205cac ccg ttc ctc act gcg ctg aag tat gcc ttc cag
acc cac gac cgc 672His Pro Phe Leu Thr Ala Leu Lys Tyr Ala Phe Gln
Thr His Asp Arg 210 215 220ctg tgc ttt gtg atg gag tat gcc aac ggg
ggt gag ctg ttc ttc cac 720Leu Cys Phe Val Met Glu Tyr Ala Asn Gly
Gly Glu Leu Phe Phe His225 230 235 240ctg tcc cgg gag cgt gtc ttc
aca gag gag cgg gcc cgg ttt tat ggt 768Leu Ser Arg Glu Arg Val Phe
Thr Glu Glu Arg Ala Arg Phe Tyr Gly 245 250 255gca gag att gtc tcg
gct ctt gag tac ttg cac tcg cgg gac gtg gta 816Ala Glu Ile Val Ser
Ala Leu Glu Tyr Leu His Ser Arg Asp Val Val 260 265 270tac cgc gac
atc aag ctg gaa aac ctc atg ctg gac aaa gat ggc cac 864Tyr Arg Asp
Ile Lys Leu Glu Asn Leu Met Leu Asp Lys Asp Gly His 275 280 285atc
aag atc act gac ttt ggc ctc tgc aaa gag ggc atc agt gac ggg 912Ile
Lys Ile Thr Asp Phe Gly Leu Cys Lys Glu Gly Ile Ser Asp Gly 290 295
300gcc acc atg aaa acc ttc tgt ggg acc ccg gag tac ctg gcg cct gag
960Ala Thr Met Lys Thr Phe Cys Gly Thr Pro Glu Tyr Leu Ala Pro
Glu305 310 315 320gtg ctg gag gac aat gac tat ggc cgg gcc gtg gac
tgg tgg ggg ctg 1008Val Leu Glu Asp Asn Asp Tyr Gly Arg Ala Val Asp
Trp Trp Gly Leu 325 330 335ggt gtg gtc atg tac gag atg atg tgc ggc
cgc ctg ccc ttc tac aac 1056Gly Val Val Met Tyr Glu Met Met Cys Gly
Arg Leu Pro Phe Tyr Asn 340 345 350cag gac cac gag cgc ctc ttc gag
ctc atc ctc atg gaa gag atc cgc 1104Gln Asp His Glu Arg Leu Phe Glu
Leu Ile Leu Met Glu Glu Ile Arg 355 360 365ttc ccg cgc acg ctc agc
ccc gag gcc aag tcc ctg ctt gct ggg ctg 1152Phe Pro Arg Thr Leu Ser
Pro Glu Ala Lys Ser Leu Leu Ala Gly Leu 370 375 380ctt aag aag gac
ccc aag cag agg ctt ggt ggg ggg ccc agc gat gcc 1200Leu Lys Lys Asp
Pro Lys Gln Arg Leu Gly Gly Gly Pro Ser Asp Ala385 390 395 400aag
gag gtc atg gag cac agg ttc ttc ctc agc atc aac tgg cag gac 1248Lys
Glu Val Met Glu His Arg Phe Phe Leu Ser Ile Asn Trp Gln Asp 405 410
415gtg gtc cag aag aag ctc ctg cca ccc ttc aaa cct cag gtc acg tcc
1296Val Val Gln Lys Lys Leu Leu Pro Pro Phe Lys Pro Gln Val Thr Ser
420 425 430gag gtc gac aca agg tac ttc gat gat gaa ttt acc gcc cag
tcc atc 1344Glu Val Asp Thr Arg Tyr Phe Asp Asp Glu Phe Thr Ala Gln
Ser Ile 435 440 445aca atc aca ccc cct gac cgc tat gac agc ctg ggc
tta ctg gag ctg 1392Thr Ile Thr Pro Pro Asp Arg Tyr Asp Ser Leu Gly
Leu Leu Glu Leu 450 455 460gac cag cgg acc cac ttc ccc cag ttc tcc
tac tcg gcc agc atc cgc 1440Asp Gln Arg Thr His Phe Pro Gln Phe Ser
Tyr Ser Ala Ser Ile Arg465 470 475 480gag tga gcagtctgcc cacgcagagg
acgcacgctc gctgccatca ccgctgggtg 1496Glugttttttacc cctgcccgg
15154481PRTHomo sapiens 4Met Asn Glu Val Ser Val Ile Lys Glu Gly
Trp Leu His Lys Arg Gly1 5 10 15Glu Tyr Ile Lys Thr Trp Arg Pro Arg
Tyr Phe Leu Leu Lys Ser Asp 20 25 30Gly Ser Phe Ile Gly Tyr Lys Glu
Arg Pro Glu Ala Pro Asp Gln Thr 35 40 45Leu Pro Pro Leu Asn Asn Phe
Ser Val Ala Glu Cys Gln Leu Met Lys 50 55 60Thr Glu Arg Pro Arg Pro
Asn Thr Phe Val Ile Arg Cys Leu Gln Trp65 70 75 80Thr Thr Val Ile
Glu Arg Thr Phe His Val Asp Ser Pro Asp Glu Arg 85 90 95Glu Glu Trp
Met Arg Ala Ile Gln Met Val Ala Asn Ser Leu Lys Gln 100 105 110Arg
Ala Pro Gly Glu Asp Pro Met Asp Tyr Lys Cys Gly Ser Pro Ser 115 120
125Asp Ser Ser Thr Thr Glu Glu Met Glu Val Ala Val Ser Lys Ala Arg
130 135 140Ala Lys Val Thr Met Asn Asp Phe Asp Tyr Leu Lys Leu Leu
Gly Lys145 150 155 160Gly Thr Phe Gly Lys Val Ile Leu Val Arg Glu
Lys Ala Thr Gly Arg 165 170 175Tyr Tyr Ala Met Lys Ile Leu Arg Lys
Glu Val Ile Ile Ala Lys Asp 180 185 190Glu Val Ala His Thr Val Thr
Glu Ser Arg Val Leu Gln Asn Thr Arg 195 200 205His Pro Phe Leu Thr
Ala Leu Lys Tyr Ala Phe Gln Thr His Asp Arg 210 215 220Leu Cys Phe
Val Met Glu Tyr Ala Asn Gly Gly Glu Leu Phe Phe His225 230 235
240Leu Ser Arg Glu Arg Val Phe Thr Glu Glu Arg Ala Arg Phe Tyr Gly
245 250 255Ala Glu Ile Val Ser Ala Leu Glu Tyr Leu His Ser Arg Asp
Val Val 260 265 270Tyr Arg Asp Ile Lys Leu Glu Asn Leu Met Leu Asp
Lys Asp Gly His 275 280 285Ile Lys Ile Thr Asp Phe Gly Leu Cys Lys
Glu Gly Ile Ser Asp Gly 290 295 300Ala Thr Met Lys Thr Phe Cys Gly
Thr Pro Glu Tyr Leu Ala Pro Glu305 310 315 320Val Leu Glu Asp Asn
Asp Tyr Gly Arg Ala Val Asp Trp Trp Gly Leu 325 330 335Gly Val Val
Met Tyr Glu Met Met Cys Gly Arg Leu Pro Phe Tyr Asn 340 345 350Gln
Asp His Glu Arg Leu Phe Glu Leu Ile Leu Met Glu Glu Ile Arg 355 360
365Phe Pro Arg Thr Leu Ser Pro Glu Ala Lys Ser Leu Leu Ala Gly Leu
370 375 380Leu Lys Lys Asp Pro Lys Gln Arg Leu Gly Gly Gly Pro Ser
Asp Ala385 390 395 400Lys Glu
Val Met Glu His Arg Phe Phe Leu Ser Ile Asn Trp Gln Asp 405 410
415Val Val Gln Lys Lys Leu Leu Pro Pro Phe Lys Pro Gln Val Thr Ser
420 425 430Glu Val Asp Thr Arg Tyr Phe Asp Asp Glu Phe Thr Ala Gln
Ser Ile 435 440 445Thr Ile Thr Pro Pro Asp Arg Tyr Asp Ser Leu Gly
Leu Leu Glu Leu 450 455 460Asp Gln Arg Thr His Phe Pro Gln Phe Ser
Tyr Ser Ala Ser Ile Arg465 470 475 480Glu51510DNAHomo
sapiensCDS(3)..(1460) 5gg gct cag agg gga gtc atc atg agc gat gtt
acc att gtg aaa gaa 47 Ala Gln Arg Gly Val Ile Met Ser Asp Val Thr
Ile Val Lys Glu 1 5 10 15ggt tgg gtt cag aag agg gga gaa tat ata
aaa aac tgg agg cca aga 95Gly Trp Val Gln Lys Arg Gly Glu Tyr Ile
Lys Asn Trp Arg Pro Arg 20 25 30tac ttc ctt ttg aag aca gat ggc tca
ttc ata gga tat aaa gag aaa 143Tyr Phe Leu Leu Lys Thr Asp Gly Ser
Phe Ile Gly Tyr Lys Glu Lys 35 40 45cct caa gat gtg gat tta cct tat
ccc ctc aac aac ttt tca gtg gca 191Pro Gln Asp Val Asp Leu Pro Tyr
Pro Leu Asn Asn Phe Ser Val Ala 50 55 60aaa tgc cag tta atg aaa aca
gaa cga cca aag cca aac aca ttt ata 239Lys Cys Gln Leu Met Lys Thr
Glu Arg Pro Lys Pro Asn Thr Phe Ile 65 70 75atc aga tgt ctc cag tgg
act act gtt ata gag aga aca ttt cat gta 287Ile Arg Cys Leu Gln Trp
Thr Thr Val Ile Glu Arg Thr Phe His Val80 85 90 95gat act cca gag
gaa agg gaa gaa tgg aca gaa gct atc cag gct gta 335Asp Thr Pro Glu
Glu Arg Glu Glu Trp Thr Glu Ala Ile Gln Ala Val 100 105 110gca gac
aga ctg cag agg caa gaa gag gag aga atg aat tgt agt cca 383Ala Asp
Arg Leu Gln Arg Gln Glu Glu Glu Arg Met Asn Cys Ser Pro 115 120
125act tca caa att gat aat ata gga gag gaa gag atg gat gcc tct aca
431Thr Ser Gln Ile Asp Asn Ile Gly Glu Glu Glu Met Asp Ala Ser Thr
130 135 140acc cat cat aaa aga aag aca atg aat gat ttt gac tat ttg
aaa cta 479Thr His His Lys Arg Lys Thr Met Asn Asp Phe Asp Tyr Leu
Lys Leu 145 150 155cta ggt aaa ggc act ttt ggg aaa gtt att ttg gtt
cga gag aag gca 527Leu Gly Lys Gly Thr Phe Gly Lys Val Ile Leu Val
Arg Glu Lys Ala160 165 170 175agt gga aaa tac tat gct atg aag att
ctg aag aaa gaa gtc att att 575Ser Gly Lys Tyr Tyr Ala Met Lys Ile
Leu Lys Lys Glu Val Ile Ile 180 185 190gca aag gat gaa gtg gca cac
act cta act gaa agc aga gta tta aag 623Ala Lys Asp Glu Val Ala His
Thr Leu Thr Glu Ser Arg Val Leu Lys 195 200 205aac act aga cat ccc
ttt tta aca tcc ttg aaa tat tcc ttc cag aca 671Asn Thr Arg His Pro
Phe Leu Thr Ser Leu Lys Tyr Ser Phe Gln Thr 210 215 220aaa gac cgt
ttg tgt ttt gtg atg gaa tat gtt aat ggg ggc gag ctg 719Lys Asp Arg
Leu Cys Phe Val Met Glu Tyr Val Asn Gly Gly Glu Leu 225 230 235ttt
ttc cat ttg tcg aga gag cgg gtg ttc tct gag gac cgc aca cgt 767Phe
Phe His Leu Ser Arg Glu Arg Val Phe Ser Glu Asp Arg Thr Arg240 245
250 255ttc tat ggt gca gaa att gtc tct gcc ttg gac tat cta cat tcc
gga 815Phe Tyr Gly Ala Glu Ile Val Ser Ala Leu Asp Tyr Leu His Ser
Gly 260 265 270aag att gtg tac cgt gat ctc aag ttg gag aat cta atg
ctg gac aaa 863Lys Ile Val Tyr Arg Asp Leu Lys Leu Glu Asn Leu Met
Leu Asp Lys 275 280 285gat ggc cac ata aaa att aca gat ttt gga ctt
tgc aaa gaa ggg atc 911Asp Gly His Ile Lys Ile Thr Asp Phe Gly Leu
Cys Lys Glu Gly Ile 290 295 300aca gat gca gcc acc atg aag aca ttc
tgt ggc act cca gaa tat ctg 959Thr Asp Ala Ala Thr Met Lys Thr Phe
Cys Gly Thr Pro Glu Tyr Leu 305 310 315gca cca gag gtg tta gaa gat
aat gac tat ggc cga gca gta gac tgg 1007Ala Pro Glu Val Leu Glu Asp
Asn Asp Tyr Gly Arg Ala Val Asp Trp320 325 330 335tgg ggc cta ggg
gtt gtc atg tat gaa atg atg tgt ggg agg tta cct 1055Trp Gly Leu Gly
Val Val Met Tyr Glu Met Met Cys Gly Arg Leu Pro 340 345 350ttc tac
aac cag gac cat gag aaa ctt ttt gaa tta ata tta atg gaa 1103Phe Tyr
Asn Gln Asp His Glu Lys Leu Phe Glu Leu Ile Leu Met Glu 355 360
365gac att aaa ttt cct cga aca ctc tct tca gat gca aaa tca ttg ctt
1151Asp Ile Lys Phe Pro Arg Thr Leu Ser Ser Asp Ala Lys Ser Leu Leu
370 375 380tca ggg ctc ttg ata aag gat cca aat aaa cgc ctt ggt gga
gga cca 1199Ser Gly Leu Leu Ile Lys Asp Pro Asn Lys Arg Leu Gly Gly
Gly Pro 385 390 395gat gat gca aaa gaa att atg aga cac agt ttc ttc
tct gga gta aac 1247Asp Asp Ala Lys Glu Ile Met Arg His Ser Phe Phe
Ser Gly Val Asn400 405 410 415tgg caa gat gta tat gat aaa aag ctt
gta cct cct ttt aaa cct caa 1295Trp Gln Asp Val Tyr Asp Lys Lys Leu
Val Pro Pro Phe Lys Pro Gln 420 425 430gta aca tct gag aca gat act
aga tat ttt gat gaa gaa ttt aca gct 1343Val Thr Ser Glu Thr Asp Thr
Arg Tyr Phe Asp Glu Glu Phe Thr Ala 435 440 445cag act att aca ata
aca cca cct gaa aaa tat gat gag gat ggt atg 1391Gln Thr Ile Thr Ile
Thr Pro Pro Glu Lys Tyr Asp Glu Asp Gly Met 450 455 460gac tgc atg
gac aat gag agg cgg ccg cat ttc cct caa ttt tcc tac 1439Asp Cys Met
Asp Asn Glu Arg Arg Pro His Phe Pro Gln Phe Ser Tyr 465 470 475tct
gca agt gga cga gaa taa gtctctttca ttctgctact tcactgtcat 1490Ser
Ala Ser Gly Arg Glu480 485cttcaattta ttactgaaaa 15106485PRTHomo
sapiens 6Ala Gln Arg Gly Val Ile Met Ser Asp Val Thr Ile Val Lys
Glu Gly1 5 10 15Trp Val Gln Lys Arg Gly Glu Tyr Ile Lys Asn Trp Arg
Pro Arg Tyr 20 25 30Phe Leu Leu Lys Thr Asp Gly Ser Phe Ile Gly Tyr
Lys Glu Lys Pro 35 40 45Gln Asp Val Asp Leu Pro Tyr Pro Leu Asn Asn
Phe Ser Val Ala Lys 50 55 60Cys Gln Leu Met Lys Thr Glu Arg Pro Lys
Pro Asn Thr Phe Ile Ile65 70 75 80Arg Cys Leu Gln Trp Thr Thr Val
Ile Glu Arg Thr Phe His Val Asp 85 90 95Thr Pro Glu Glu Arg Glu Glu
Trp Thr Glu Ala Ile Gln Ala Val Ala 100 105 110Asp Arg Leu Gln Arg
Gln Glu Glu Glu Arg Met Asn Cys Ser Pro Thr 115 120 125Ser Gln Ile
Asp Asn Ile Gly Glu Glu Glu Met Asp Ala Ser Thr Thr 130 135 140His
His Lys Arg Lys Thr Met Asn Asp Phe Asp Tyr Leu Lys Leu Leu145 150
155 160Gly Lys Gly Thr Phe Gly Lys Val Ile Leu Val Arg Glu Lys Ala
Ser 165 170 175Gly Lys Tyr Tyr Ala Met Lys Ile Leu Lys Lys Glu Val
Ile Ile Ala 180 185 190Lys Asp Glu Val Ala His Thr Leu Thr Glu Ser
Arg Val Leu Lys Asn 195 200 205Thr Arg His Pro Phe Leu Thr Ser Leu
Lys Tyr Ser Phe Gln Thr Lys 210 215 220Asp Arg Leu Cys Phe Val Met
Glu Tyr Val Asn Gly Gly Glu Leu Phe225 230 235 240Phe His Leu Ser
Arg Glu Arg Val Phe Ser Glu Asp Arg Thr Arg Phe 245 250 255Tyr Gly
Ala Glu Ile Val Ser Ala Leu Asp Tyr Leu His Ser Gly Lys 260 265
270Ile Val Tyr Arg Asp Leu Lys Leu Glu Asn Leu Met Leu Asp Lys Asp
275 280 285Gly His Ile Lys Ile Thr Asp Phe Gly Leu Cys Lys Glu Gly
Ile Thr 290 295 300Asp Ala Ala Thr Met Lys Thr Phe Cys Gly Thr Pro
Glu Tyr Leu Ala305 310 315 320Pro Glu Val Leu Glu Asp Asn Asp Tyr
Gly Arg Ala Val Asp Trp Trp 325 330 335Gly Leu Gly Val Val Met Tyr
Glu Met Met Cys Gly Arg Leu Pro Phe 340 345 350Tyr Asn Gln Asp His
Glu Lys Leu Phe Glu Leu Ile Leu Met Glu Asp 355 360 365Ile Lys Phe
Pro Arg Thr Leu Ser Ser Asp Ala Lys Ser Leu Leu Ser 370 375 380Gly
Leu Leu Ile Lys Asp Pro Asn Lys Arg Leu Gly Gly Gly Pro Asp385 390
395 400Asp Ala Lys Glu Ile Met Arg His Ser Phe Phe Ser Gly Val Asn
Trp 405 410 415Gln Asp Val Tyr Asp Lys Lys Leu Val Pro Pro Phe Lys
Pro Gln Val 420 425 430Thr Ser Glu Thr Asp Thr Arg Tyr Phe Asp Glu
Glu Phe Thr Ala Gln 435 440 445Thr Ile Thr Ile Thr Pro Pro Glu Lys
Tyr Asp Glu Asp Gly Met Asp 450 455 460Cys Met Asp Asn Glu Arg Arg
Pro His Phe Pro Gln Phe Ser Tyr Ser465 470 475 480Ala Ser Gly Arg
Glu 485
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