U.S. patent application number 12/643021 was filed with the patent office on 2010-06-24 for integrated carry-on baggage cart and passenger screening station.
Invention is credited to Stephen J. Gray.
Application Number | 20100158191 12/643021 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36648239 |
Filed Date | 2010-06-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100158191 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Gray; Stephen J. |
June 24, 2010 |
Integrated Carry-On Baggage Cart and Passenger Screening
Station
Abstract
The present invention is directed towards apparatuses and
methods for securing a location. Particularly, the present
invention is directed towards methods, apparatuses, and integrated
systems for the screening of individual passengers and their
corresponding carry-on baggage carts with improved throughput,
efficiency, and quality. In addition, the current invention is
directed towards a carry-on baggage cart specifically designed for
the disclosed integrated carry-on baggage cart and passenger
screening system of the present invention.
Inventors: |
Gray; Stephen J.; (Redondo
Beach, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
PATENTMETRIX
14252 CULVER DR. BOX 914
IRVINE
CA
92604
US
|
Family ID: |
36648239 |
Appl. No.: |
12/643021 |
Filed: |
December 21, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12171343 |
Jul 11, 2008 |
7660388 |
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12643021 |
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11364926 |
Mar 1, 2006 |
7418077 |
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12171343 |
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11032314 |
Jan 10, 2005 |
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11364926 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
378/57 ;
378/5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01V 5/0008 20130101;
G01N 23/04 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
378/57 ;
378/5 |
International
Class: |
H05G 1/60 20060101
H05G001/60 |
Claims
1. A system for conducting security comprising; a CT scanning
system further comprising an entrance designed to physically
complement a screening cart frame assembly; a guide mechanism to
direct a screening cart passing through the CT scanning system; and
a mechanism for delivering the screening cart to the passenger
after both passenger and cart have been screened.
2. The security system of claim 2 wherein said X-ray scanning
system comprises a radiation source and a detector array.
3. The security system of claim 2 wherein said radiation source is
a dual energy source.
4. The security system of claim 2 wherein a passenger screening
device is provided.
5. The security system of claim 2 wherein the passenger screening
device is a metal detector.
6. The security system of claim 2 wherein the cart is comprised of
an X-ray transmissive material.
7. A system for conducting security comprising: a CT scanning
system further comprising an entrance designed to physically
complement a screening cart frame assembly; a guide mechanism to
direct a screening cart passing through the CT scanning system; a
passenger screening device; a mechanism for delivering the
screening cart to the passenger after both passenger and cart have
been screened; and an integrated screening station for integrating
data collected from both CT scanning system and passenger screening
device to generate overall threat assessment.
8. The system of claim 7 wherein said integrated screening station
comprises a central server, further comprising a processor and a
memory in data communication with the CT scanning system and the
passenger screening device.
9. The system of claim 7 wherein the passenger screening device is
a metal detector.
10. A method for conducting security comprising the steps of:
providing a person to be screened with a screening cart wherein the
screening cart is a frame assembly designed to physically
complement a computed tomography (CT) scanning system; associating
a person to be screened with the provided screening cart; providing
a conveyer mechanism that directs the screening cart through a
computed tomography (CT) scanning system; inspecting the contents
of the screening cart by means of CT scanning; and delivering the
screening cart to the passenger.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein said step of associating a
person to be screened with the provided screening cart further
comprises identifying a passenger.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein said step of identifying a
passenger is achieved via a boarding pass.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein said step of identifying a
passenger is achieved via a personal identification means.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein a bar code reader is employed to
scan in passenger information via a boarding pass.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present invention is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 11/364,926, filed on Mar. 1, 2006, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
11/032,314, filed on Jan. 10, 2005.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to an apparatus for, and a
method of, securing a location. More specifically, the present
invention is a method, apparatus, and integrated system for
screening of individual passengers and their corresponding carry-on
baggage carts with improved throughput, efficiency, and quality.
The present invention also relates to a carry-on baggage cart
specifically designed for the disclosed integrated carry-on baggage
cart and passenger screening system.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Locations must often be secured to ensure public safety and
welfare. For example, places where there are large concentrations
of people, such as airports or entertainment events, places that
are of particular governmental importance, such as courthouses and
government buildings, and other places where the threat of violence
is high, such as prisons, require security measures to thwart
dangerous or illegal activities. The primary security objective is
to prevent the unauthorized entry of weapons, dangerous materials,
illegal items, or other contraband into the location, thereby
securing it. This is often achieved by requiring all people and
items to enter into the location through defined checkpoints and,
in those checkpoints, subjecting those people and items to thorough
searches.
[0004] Currently, various devices are used to perform such
searches. Regardless of the place of use, these detection systems
are employed to detect the presence of contraband on the body or
luggage of individuals entering the secure area. Contraband is not
limited to weapons and arms, but rather it includes explosives
(fireworks, ammunition, sparklers, matches, gunpowder, signal
flares); weapons (guns, swords, pepper sprays, martial arts
weapons, knives); pressurized containers (hair sprays, insect
repellant, oxygen/propane tanks); poisons (insecticides,
pesticides, arsenic, cyanide); household items (flammable liquids,
solvents, bleach); and corrosives (acids, lye, mercury).
[0005] Such conventional security systems rely on data individually
recorded by each security device to evaluate the performance of the
specific device. For example, a metal detector with an embedded
counter records and stores the number of people that passed through
the metal detector in a given period of time. Similarly, a baggage
screening X-ray machine records the number of bags passed through
the system and the number of bags that possibly contained
contraband.
[0006] In addition, screening checkpoints used in current security
systems predominately operate using a single input and single
output line approach. Each item must be thoroughly and individually
scanned in the conventional systems. The complex security protocols
being instituted require individuals to have each of their
belongings, including laptops, shoes, coats, mobile phones, keys
and other items, scanned by an X-ray scanner. It takes a
considerable amount of time for individuals to divest themselves of
their belongings and to remove laptops from their cases. This
divestiture process tends to happen serially with individuals
waiting in line until they have access to the machine. Contributing
to the lag associated with the divestiture process, current systems
employ a single conveyor belt, upon which each of the individual
passenger items must be placed in order for the items to pass
through the x-ray machine. Once the items are scanned, they
accumulate on the opposite side of the scanning machine, thus
creating "traffic" on the belt until retrieved by the
passenger/owner. The belt must often be stopped by the operator to
prevent the backlog of unclaimed baggage from reversing into the
x-ray machine.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,984, assigned to Georal International
Ltd., discloses a method of restricting access to an area
comprising the steps consisting of: a) providing a chamber having
one or more first doors and one or more second doors; b) opening
said first doors to allow a person entry to the chamber from an
infeed area; c) sensing for contraband as the person enters the
chamber; d) if no contraband was sensed during entry to the
chamber, closing the first door and opening said second door to
allow the person access to the protected area, but if contraband
was sensed maintaining said second door closed and allowing the
first doors to open to provide access from the chamber to the
infeed area; and e) detecting the presence of objects remaining in
said chamber after the person has vacated the chamber, and
inhibiting opening of at least one of said doors if an object is
detected in said chamber.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 6,484,650, assigned to Gerald Stomski,
describes a security system for monitoring and protecting personnel
in an area including at least one queue of successively arriving
individuals, comprising: a plurality of at least three contiguous
chambers, including an entry chamber, an exit chamber and at least
one intermediate chamber, wherein said chambers are arranged in a
matrix of at least two parallel lines of chambers so as to receive
at least two parallel queues of successively arriving individuals,
said chambers each having bullet-proof transparent walls and
bullet-proof doors, said doors including: an entry door to the
entry chamber, an exit door from the exit chamber, a common door
between each intermediate chamber and a said contiguous chamber,
said doors having remotely controlled locks, means for monitoring a
selected individual in a selected chamber, and an automated door
interlock system arranged and adapted to remotely unlock selected
locks to pass individuals successively through said chambers, and
to lock selected locks to detain selected individuals during
monitoring.
[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 6,308,644, assigned to William Diaz, discloses
an access control vestibule, comprising; a vestibule frame
configured to form said access control vestibule mounted in said
vestibule frame; an entrance door and an exit door; an entrance
door frame and an exit door frame; a panel mounted in said
vestibule frame and forming a side wall section of said vestibule;
said entrance door and said exit door being formed by a panel
mounted in each of said door frames; locks associated with said
entrance door and said exit door; a metal detector located to
detect a metal object being disposed between said entrance and exit
doors; control means to prevent both doors from being unlocked at
the same time, and to prevent said exit door from being unlocked
when said metal detector detects a metal object; said entrance door
and said exit door both being manually operated; and said entrance
door and said exit door each being formed by a single swinging
door, and swingable towards the outside of said vestibule.
[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,535, assigned to Scan-Tech Security,
L.P., discloses an "apparatus for inspecting an article comprising
a longitudinally extending cabinet having top and bottom walls,
oppositely disposed side walls, and oppositely disposed end walls;
a longitudinally extending slot-like opening in said cabinet
adjacent a corresponding edge of said top wall and a side wall; an
entrance opening at one portion of said cabinet and an exit opening
at another portion of said cabinet, said entrance opening and said
exit opening connecting with said longitudinal opening so that a
hand-held suspended article can be passed in said cabinet by a
person holding said article outside said cabinet; means arranged
within said cabinet for generating sensing radiation in a direction
transversely to movement of said hand-held article; and means for
detecting said radiation after passage through said article and for
recording resulting information." More specifically, the '535
patent describes an inspection system for simultaneously inspecting
hand carried articles and providing metal detection of the person
carrying said articles. Metal detection of the person is
accomplished independently by walking through a metal detector
arch.
[0011] The conventional prior art security baggage and passenger
screening systems described above are inefficient in the manner in
which they are set up to receive and distribute both passengers and
their carry-on baggage. As mentioned above, the security protocols
of conventional prior art screening systems require individuals to
have each of their belongings, including laptops, shoes, coats,
mobile phones, keys and other items, scanned by an X-ray scanner.
It takes a considerable amount of time for individuals to divest
themselves of these belongings. This divestiture process tends to
happen serially with individuals waiting in line until they have
access to the machine. Thus, X-ray machine operators spend more
time waiting for passengers to divest themselves of their
belongings and load them onto the conveyor than scanning bags.
[0012] In addition to the lag associated with the divestiture
process, current systems employ a single conveyor belt, upon which
each of the individual passenger items must be placed in order for
the items to pass through the x-ray machine. Once the items are
scanned, they accumulate on the opposite side of the scanning
machine, thus creating "traffic" on the belt until retrieved by the
owner. The resultant scanned baggage belonging to passengers that
have been selected for additional hand searching wait at the X-ray
system's exit conveyor until those passengers are thoroughly
searched. Thus, the bags are left on the conveyor for approximately
at least 1.5-2.0 minutes, thereby causing a back-up that forces the
X-ray machine operator to have to wait until such back-up is
cleared. The belt must often be stopped by the operator to prevent
the backlog of unclaimed baggage from reversing into the x-ray
machine.
[0013] Thus, even when individual passengers have access to the
machine, the process is still time-consuming as each individual
item to be scanned must be placed on the single conveyor belt and
then collected by the owner. This is especially true for
Computerized Tomography (CT) scanning systems, which are much
slower in operation compared with conventional X-ray scanning
systems. CT scanning systems are being used more frequently in
airport baggage scanning scenarios. In addition to the time it
takes for the machine to operate, it may take some time for a
passenger to reclaim and collect his baggage and other personal
belongings, further creating a backlog in the scanning system. In
addition, such existing systems tend to have many other problems,
including for example, several security personnel having excessive
downtime and a necessity for a dedicated operator for each detector
to direct traffic.
[0014] Additionally, passengers lack sufficient information
regarding how to most efficiently pass through a baggage checkpoint
or screening station. For example, passengers may wait in a
screening station or checkpoint lane full of passengers while a
second lane remains completely empty, thereby causing unnecessary
delay. Thus, the much desired streamlined and efficient function of
the scanning operation is hampered. Current systems lack
appropriate means for indicating whether lanes, among a plurality
of check station lanes, are operational or closed.
[0015] Furthermore, passengers lack information regarding what
items should be subjected to CT scanning, x-ray scanning, metal
detection, or hand searching, such as large buckle belts or shoes.
The presence of portable computing devices, such as laptops,
further causes more delay. It takes a considerable amount of time
for individuals to remove laptops from their cases. Generally, as
described above, portable computing devices must be removed from
their carrying case and placed into bins or drawers so that they
can be scanned singularly. Passengers often fail to efficiently
remove such items from their carrying cases and, consequently, do
not proceed through the scanning checkpoint efficiently. Individual
passengers thus wait in line until they have access to the
machine.
[0016] Additionally, those areas contained within the scanning
checkpoint or check station areas specifically allocated for
passengers to divest themselves of their belongings are not set up
to facilitate rapid and efficient divestiture of passenger
belongings. In conventional systems, such areas consist of tables
located in front of or around the conveyor belt scanner, thus
causing those slower passengers to block the line from moving at a
reasonable and efficient pace. Along the same lines, the problem
also presents itself when passengers collect their belongings and
reload their items and replace portable computing devices in their
cases. Individual passengers also lack proper instruction on where
to stand so as not to obstruct the natural flow of the X-ray
scanning system line.
[0017] Conventional security screening systems lack appropriate
means for handling carry-on baggage in its entirety prior to and/or
during scanning. Traditional carry-on baggage carts are cumbersome
and bulky in dimension, including towable, portable, or mobile
carts. These carry-on baggage carts present problems when scanned
in conventional scanning systems. For example, the design of the
carts does not allow for conventional scanning systems to
sufficiently scan due to the inadequate positioning of the carry-on
baggage. This, in turn, leads to the capturing, storing, processing
and development of incomplete and imprecise X-ray images. In
addition, the carry-on luggage carts require a larger X-ray
apparatus to be scanned completely. Metal bars of existing cart
designs may also hinder the path of the X-ray, thus obscuring some
of the items placed on the cart from scanning. This also leads to
imprecise capturing, storing, processing and development of x-ray
images. In addition, in scanning conventionally designed carry-on
baggage carts, it is difficult to contain the x-ray radiation; to
scan an existing, conventional carry-on baggage cart, the x-ray
machine would need a large opening. Thus, in such systems, costly
safeguards would need to be implemented to protect the general
public and x-ray operators.
[0018] Despite these prior art efforts to improve methods,
apparatuses, and systems for scanning carry-on baggage, the
abovementioned problems have not been solved. The prior art methods
fail to disclose methods and systems that alleviate delay during
the divestiture process. In addition, the prior art does not
improve the overall efficiency and throughput of the system.
[0019] Thus, there is a need for an improved security check station
that reduces the waiting time for individuals and has improved
throughput and efficiency. Such a system would reduce over-staffing
of security personnel, facilitate automation of the metal detector,
curtail idle time of machine operators, and significantly increase
throughput of the machines due to decreased back-up of the conveyor
system. In a scanning system with improved throughput and
efficiency, it is possible to reduce the total number of scanning
stations required at any one location. In addition, with shorter
lines of people waiting for baggage and body scans, less floor
space is required.
[0020] Additionally, there is a need for methods or systems of
integrating data from multiple security devices dynamically and
communicating such data to a plurality of users, in order to enable
effective security. In particular, there is a need for integrating
scan data from individual passenger scans with carry-on cart
baggage data from such a screening system to correlate the
data.
[0021] There is also a need for an intelligently managed security
system, where the plurality of information is centrally processed
for yielding specific outputs to different users. Also, there is a
need to correlate the scanning data of different entities to
improve the security level.
[0022] In addition, there is a need for methods and systems which
employ a Computed Tomography (CT) scanner in an integrated carry-on
baggage cart and passenger screening station.
[0023] There is also a need for a carry-on baggage cart that is
capable of being collapsed, thus allowing the cart and its contents
to pass through the CT scanner.
[0024] There is also a need for a carry-on luggage cart that is
X-ray transmissive to allow for the CT scanner to rotate and scan
completely around the cart.
[0025] There is also a need for a method and system for increasing
the security associated with an integrated carry-on baggage cart
and passenger screening station, in which passengers are associated
with their corresponding carry-on baggage cart.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0026] The present invention is directed toward an integrated
security checkpoint that can screen both individual passengers and
carry-on carts containing their baggage. The methods, apparatuses,
and systems of the present invention enable the efficient scanning
of both individual passengers and their respective carry-on carts
in the same secure area by providing individual passengers with a
screening cart, permitting passengers to send the screening cart
through an X-ray imaging machine, and permitting passengers to walk
through an adjacent metal detector where, once cleared, the
individual passenger can retrieve his or her screening cart.
[0027] In one embodiment, the present invention is directed towards
a method for conducting security comprising the steps of providing
a person to be screened with a screening cart wherein the screening
cart is a frame assembly designed to physically complement an X-ray
scanning system; providing a conveyer mechanism that directs the
screening cart through an X-ray scanning system; inspecting the
contents of the screening cart and delivering the screening cart to
the passenger. The method further includes directing a passenger to
walk through a passenger screening device. In one embodiment, the
passenger screening device is a metal detector. In another
embodiment, the passenger indicates that the passenger is ready to
be screened.
[0028] In another embodiment of the method for conducting security,
the screening cart is a frame assembly designed with collapsible
legs. The screening cart is also designed to stack into other
screening carts for storage.
[0029] Preferably, the cart is comprised of an X-ray transmissive
material, such as carbon fiber or transparent synthetic resin.
[0030] In one embodiment of the method for conducting security, the
X-ray scanning system comprises a radiation source and a detector
array. The radiation source is a dual energy source. In one
embodiment, the X-ray scanning system comprises any one or a
combination of Computerized Tomography (CT) scanning systems,
quadrupole resonance systems, X-ray diffraction systems and X-ray
backscatter systems.
[0031] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed
towards a system for conducting security, comprising an X-ray
scanning system which further comprises an entrance designed to
physically complement a screening cart frame assembly; a guide
mechanism to direct a screening cart passing through the X-ray
scanning system; and a mechanism for delivering the screening cart
to the passenger after both passenger and cart have been screened.
Preferably, the X-ray scanning system comprises a radiation source
and a detector array. The radiation source is preferably a dual
energy source. In one embodiment, the X-ray scanning system
comprises a radiation source and a detector array. The radiation
source is a dual energy source. In one embodiment, the X-ray
scanning system comprises any one or a combination of Computerized
Tomography (CT) scanning systems, quadrupole resonance systems,
X-ray diffraction systems and X-ray backscatter systems.
[0032] In one embodiment, a passenger screening device, such as but
not limited to a metal detector, is provided.
[0033] In one embodiment, the screening cart comprises a frame
assembly designed with collapsible legs. The screening cart is also
designed to stack into other screening carts for storage.
Preferably, the cart is comprised of an X-ray transmissive
material.
[0034] In another embodiment the present invention is directed
towards a method for conducting security comprising the steps of
providing a person to be screened with a screening cart wherein the
screening cart is a frame assembly designed to physically
complement the entry gate and internal configuration of an X-ray
system; providing a conveyor mechanism that directs the screening
cart through an X-ray scanning system; delivering the screening
cart to the passenger; inspecting the contents of the screening
cart; indicating to a passenger to walk through a passenger
screening device; delivering the screening cart to the passenger,
after both passenger and cart have been screened; and integrating
data collected from both X-ray scanning system and passenger
screening device to generate overall threat assessment.
[0035] Preferably, the X-ray scanning system comprises a radiation
source and a detector array. The radiation source is preferably a
dual energy source. In one embodiment, the X-ray scanning system
comprises any one or a combination of Computerized Tomography (CT)
scanning systems, quadrupole resonance systems, X-ray diffraction
systems and X-ray backscatter systems.
[0036] In one embodiment, a passenger screening device, such as but
not limited to a metal detector, is provided.
[0037] In one embodiment, the screening cart comprises a frame
assembly designed with collapsible legs. The screening cart is also
designed to stack into other screening carts for storage.
Preferably, the cart is comprised of an X-ray transmissive
material.
[0038] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed
towards a system for conducting security, comprising an X-ray
scanning system further comprising an entrance designed to
physically complement a screening cart frame assembly; a guide
mechanism to direct a screening cart passing through the X-ray
scanning system; a passenger screening device; a mechanism for
delivering the screening cart to the passenger after both passenger
and cart have been screened; and an integrated screening station
for integrating data collected from both X-ray scanning system and
passenger screening device to generate overall threat
assessment.
[0039] Preferably, the integrated screening station comprises a
central server, further comprising a processor and a memory in data
communication with the X-ray scanning system and the passenger
screening device.
[0040] In an exemplary embodiment, the X-ray scanning system
comprises a radiation source and a detector array. The radiation
source is preferably a dual energy source. In one embodiment, the
X-ray scanning system comprises any one or a combination of
Computerized Tomography (CT) scanning systems, quadrupole resonance
systems, X-ray diffraction systems and X-ray backscatter
systems.
[0041] In one embodiment, a passenger screening device such as, but
not limited to, a metal detector is provided.
[0042] In one embodiment, the screening cart comprises a frame
assembly designed with collapsible legs. The screening cart is also
designed to stack into other screening carts for storage.
Preferably, the cart is comprised of an X-ray transmissive
material.
[0043] In one embodiment, the integrated carry-on cart and
passenger screening station of the present invention further
comprises enhanced security. In one embodiment, the security
enhancement comprises a bar code reader.
[0044] In one embodiment, the bar code reader is located at a cart
access station, where the passenger retrieves an empty cart. In one
embodiment, the bar code reader is used to register passenger
information into a database to associate a cart with a passenger.
In one embodiment, the passenger information is associated with a
cart by scanning the passenger's boarding pass underneath the bar
code reader.
[0045] In one embodiment, the carry-on cart, in any configuration,
may optionally include a small computer with a display for
displaying the information scanned from the passenger, such as, but
not limited to, passenger name, flight information, and the
like.
[0046] In one embodiment, the carry-on cart employed in the present
invention may further comprise a cover. In one embodiment, the
cover further comprises a roll-top or netting. In one embodiment,
the cover automatically locks when the passenger closes it after he
finishes the divestiture process. In one embodiment, after the
scanning process is complete, the passenger can "unlock" the cart
cover by simply waving the bar code on his boarding pass underneath
the bar code reader that is fixedly attached to the small computer
on the cart.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0047] These and other features and advantages of the present
invention will be appreciated, as they become better understood by
reference to the following Detailed Description when considered in
connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0048] FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of one embodiment and
functional layout of an integrated carry-on baggage cart and
passenger screening station, facilitating screening of both
carry-on luggage placed on the screening cart and individual
passengers;
[0049] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a carry-on baggage cart or
screening cart configuration as used in the present invention;
[0050] FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 3c illustrate various perspective views of
an X-ray imaging system as used in the carry-on baggage cart
screening portion of the integrated screening system of the present
invention;
[0051] FIG. 4 depicts the X-ray imaging system inspection area
entrance in one mode of operation of the integrated carry-on cart
and passenger screening station of the present invention;
[0052] FIG. 5 is a top perspective view of an automated passenger
X-ray metal detector in one embodiment of the integrated carry-on
cart and passenger screening station of the present invention;
[0053] FIG. 6 is a front perspective view of a conventional
Computed Tomography (CT) baggage scanning system as used in the
integrated carry-on cart and passenger screening station of the
present invention;
[0054] FIG. 7 is a front perspective view of a conventional
Computed Tomography (CT) baggage scanning system just prior to
receiving a collapsible carry-on cart, as used in the integrated
carry-on cart and passenger screening station of the present
invention;
[0055] FIG. 8 illustrates a general mode of operation of a
conventional CT baggage scanning system;
[0056] FIG. 9a is a perspective view of one embodiment of a
carry-on baggage cart as employed in the present invention, in an
extended configuration;
[0057] FIG. 9b is a perspective view of one embodiment of a
carry-on baggage cart as employed in the present invention, in a
collapsed or retracted configuration;
[0058] FIG. 10 is a top perspective view of one exemplary
embodiment and functional layout of an integrated carry-on baggage
cart and passenger screening station, facilitating screening of
both carry-on luggage placed on the screening cart and individual
passengers;
[0059] FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary passenger screening station of
the present invention, in which a turnstile is employed to
facilitate passenger entrance and exit; and
[0060] FIG. 12 is a flowchart depicting exemplary operational steps
in the security enhancement mechanism of the integrated carry-on
baggage cart and passenger screening station of the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0061] The present invention is directed towards a high throughput
screening system that improves the efficiency, technique, and
quality of passenger and carry-on baggage scanning at secure
locations. Although the system of the present invention has many
applications, an exemplary embodiment will be described with
particular reference to its application to an airport security
system. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate the
present invention may be applied to a plurality of other security
environments, including prisons, government buildings, other
buildings requiring secured access, and entertainment venues.
[0062] As used here, the term "baggage" refers to any type of
carry-on item as is conventionally allowed in various locations,
including, but not limited to smaller sized luggage, laptop cases,
purses, briefcases, umbrellas, handbags, large coats, and in some
cases, shoes. Generally, these items are required to be removed
from the individual prior to entrance into the metal detector area.
In addition, while the terms "individual" and "passenger" are used
interchangeably, it is to be understood by those of ordinary skill
in the art that any living entity may be screened for any reason in
the metal detector portion of the system of the present invention
and constitutes an individual or passenger.
[0063] The screening system of the present invention comprises a
plurality of screening devices, including, but not limited to,
metal detectors, X-ray imaging systems, baggage trace detectors,
trace portals, personnel scanners, X-ray diffraction systems, CT
systems, and personnel identification systems. In one embodiment,
the screening system of the present invention employs both a
passenger metal detector system and a carry-on cart baggage
scanning system. Thus, both the passenger and their baggage may be
screened efficiently. In addition, the present invention optionally
employs a method for integrating the information from the two
detection sources, thus enabling a more accurate threat level
determination.
[0064] More specifically, the present invention discloses novel
methods, apparatuses, and systems facilitating screening of both
individual passengers and their carry-on luggage carts thus
improving the efficiency and throughput of the screening system.
Preferably, the scan data from the carry-on baggage cart screening
system and the individual passenger screening system are
transmitted to a central server by any method known to one of
ordinary skill in the art.
[0065] Optionally, the present invention may associate assessment
data of two or more entities to evaluate the overall threat level
of a plurality of entities, wherein the entity can be an individual
or a bag. Simply evaluating the threat level associated with each
individual based upon the metal content possessed by that
individual may not be sufficient.
[0066] In current security systems, the X-ray screening system can
be a bottleneck relative to the entire screening system. It takes a
considerable amount of time for individuals to divest themselves of
their personal belongings including shoes, coats, keys, and phones
and to remove laptops from their cases for X-ray screening of these
items. This series of operations tends to happen serially with
everyone waiting in line until they have access to the machine and
it is their turn to divest. This is followed by the need to
reconcile the passenger items after screening that, again, creates
delays in the check station flow.
[0067] Operationally, it is preferred that passengers are
positively linked to their belongings, including luggage, bags, and
other personal items. Personal belongings not subject to a baggage
claim check or other tag may be linked to specific passengers by
tagging each personal belonging at the security checkpoint or check
station. It is preferred, however, to associate passengers with
their belongings using a form of physical association. In one
embodiment, a passenger divests themselves of personal belongings
by placing all appropriate items into the first stage screening
device, such as on the carry-on baggage cart, or screening cart,
capable of passing through the X-ray screening machine via a floor
conveying mechanism with guide rails. While the first stage
screening device is conducting a scan on the passenger's carry-on
baggage, that particular passenger is preferably directed to walk
through the metal detector via a gate mechanism, which is further
described in detail below. Succeeding passengers are prevented from
taking any action by a gate or light. After the first individual
and their belongings successfully pass through the first stage
screening process and, accordingly, a second gate, light, or area,
a subsequent individual is allowed to enter the first stage
screening process.
[0068] Reference will now be made in detail to specific embodiments
of the invention. While the invention will be described in
conjunction with specific embodiments, it is not intended to limit
the invention to one embodiment.
[0069] FIG. 1 illustrates a top perspective view of one embodiment
and functional layout of an integrated carry-on baggage cart and
individual passenger screening station 100, facilitating thorough
screening of both carry-on baggage placed on the cart and
passengers. Integrated screening station 100 comprises a central
server 101 (not shown), which has a processor 101a (not shown) and
a memory 101b (not shown) in data communication with at least two
screening devices. In one embodiment, the two screening devices
comprise an X-ray imaging system 102, such as a C-frame X-ray
imaging system, and passenger screening metal detector 103. X-ray
baggage screening system 102 is designed to accept carry-on baggage
carts, as will be described in further detail below. One of
ordinary skill in the art can appreciate that a plurality of
screening devices may be incorporated in the system without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
[0070] Processor 101a can execute a plurality of different
calculations, processes, and/or algorithms to evaluate the
assessment data received from the plurality of devices. In one
embodiment, the assessment data is evaluated according to a fuzzy
logic algorithm based upon rules established governing the meaning
of individual features. Alternately, a neural network may be
employed to evaluate the data. Alternatively, the data may be
evaluated by an automated classification system.
[0071] The abovementioned approaches of threat evaluation improve
the level of security because data from multiple screening devices
can be integrated to determine if a threat level exists. In
particular, the integration of data from multiple screening devices
aids in efficiently handling circumstances whereby an individual is
cleared by each screening device independently but, in combination,
represents a sufficient threat requiring subsequent analysis.
[0072] Passengers, once having entered integrated screening station
100, perform a few mandatory tasks, in part or wholly manual,
including, but not limited to, pulling carry-on cart or screening
cart 104, (described in greater detail with respect to FIG. 2) from
empty carry-on cart area 105 and subsequently loading carry-on cart
104 with personal belongings in loading area 106 for entrance into
inspection area 107. Carry-on cart or screening cart 104 is
screened through inspection area 107 via C-frame X-ray imaging
system 102, described in greater detail below with respect to FIG.
3. Individual passengers are directed to walk through metal
detector 103, which is also described in greater detail below with
respect to FIG. 5.
[0073] Each screening device has an associated memory and
processing power that is used to evaluate the threat level
associated with an entity, being scanned or detected, and to
determine the value of assessment data to be transferred preferably
to central server and/or other devices. Thus, central server 101
optionally aggregates data received from the plurality of screening
devices 102 and 103, and uses a set of pre-defined processes to
determine the overall threat level associated with the scanned
entity. Once determined, an alarm, status signal, or other threat
indicator information is communicated to an indicator system (not
shown). One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that
central server 101 could optionally be physically combined with one
of the screening devices and need not be independent or separate
from any or all of the devices.
[0074] Assessment data is received by the central server 101 from
the employed screening devices, via a transceiver, into memory
101b. Preferably, each device, including X-ray imaging system 102,
metal detector 103, and optional devices, such as but not limited
to, a trace detector, are capable of transmitting data in a
real-time manner to the central server 101 and/or every other
device present in the system. Memory 101b is in data communication
with a processor 101a capable of executing code to determine a
total threat level based upon the individual device assessment data
received. The memory 101b and processor 101a may be incorporated
into one of the screening devices or be embodied in central server
101 that is in data communication with the plurality of screening
devices.
[0075] Carry-on baggage cart 104 is designed to pass through the
suitably designed C-frame X-ray imaging system 102 via a conveyance
mechanism 108, such as, but not limited to a guide rail mechanism.
If no item of threat or concern is detected in any of the screening
devices, the carry-on baggage cart and/or passenger are cleared.
Upon detection of an item of threat or concern, the entire carry-on
baggage cart and/or passenger is tagged as suspect and taken to a
designated search area, whereby the individual or carry-on baggage
are subjected to further manual search. Subsequently, passengers
off-load carts 104 in a designated area 109, away from the
screening area, thereby preventing congestion. Eventually, carts
are put back into use via the cart mover portion 110 of the
conveyance mechanism.
[0076] In an exemplary embodiment the carry-on baggage cart or
screening cart is of a three-dimensional (3-D) configuration
allowing it to fit and thus pass through the preferably
custom-designed entry gate of the C-framed X-ray imaging system
implemented in accordance with the present invention and as
described in further detail with respect to FIG. 3. Preferably, the
screening cart is substantially a frame assembly and designed to
physically complement the entry gate and internal configuration of
the X-ray system. In one embodiment, the carry-on baggage cart
comprises a novel "C"-configuration and fits into a "C"-configured
entry gate of the X-ray imaging system thereby traversing the
inspection area of the X-ray imaging system. A "C" configuration of
the carry-on baggage cart also keeps the members or bars comprising
the frame assembly of the cart away from the X-ray path, thus
facilitating appropriate positioning of the carry-on items that are
placed upon it. This, in turn, assists in accurate scanning of the
contents of the carry-on baggage cart via X-ray, thus leading to
the capturing, storing, processing and development of complete
X-ray images.
[0077] Referring now to FIG. 2, a perspective view of an exemplary
carry-on baggage cart as used in the present invention is depicted.
Carry-on baggage cart 200 comprises a substantially connected frame
assembly with substantially rectangular base 205 and substantially
rectangular drawer (or bin or tray) 210, integrally connected by
connecting vertical arm 215, thus forming a "C"-shape frame
assembly. Preferably carry-on baggage cart 200 is of the following
material and constructional specifications: rigid and lightweight
metallic material such as, but not limited to, stainless steel or
aluminum. A person of ordinary skill would appreciate that the
materials used for the cart are not limited to the abovementioned
metallic materials and can be easily adjusted to suit varied
operational requirements and specifications.
[0078] Although cart 200 is preferably constructed in the form of a
three-dimensional "C"-shape, a variety of other design approaches
may be adopted for the construction of the carry-on baggage cart
and its corresponding X-ray screening system and are readily
apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art.
[0079] In one embodiment, carry-on baggage cart 200 comprises a
three-dimensional "C"-shaped frame assembly. Carry-on baggage cart
200 comprises base 205 and drawer 210 integrally connected by
vertical connecting arm 215. Cart base 205 preferably comprises
wheels 220a, 220b, 220c, and 220d. While it is preferred that
carry-on baggage cart 200 is propelled via wheels, one of ordinary
skill in the art would understand that any other conveyance
mechanism may be employed in the present invention. Cart base 205
further comprises four side bars or members 205a, 205b, 205c, and
205d which are laterally connected to one another. Side members
205a, 205b, 205c, and 205d may optionally be connected to a floor
base 205e (not shown). Side members 205a and 205d are preferably
parallel to each other. Side members 205b and 205c are preferably
parallel to each other. Side member 205a is preferably
perpendicular to side members 205b and 205c. Side member 205d is
also preferably perpendicular to side members 205b and 205c, thus
forming a rectangular base.
[0080] The bottom end 215a of integrally connecting vertical arm
215 is connected to proximal side member 205a of cart base 205,
just above wheel 220a. The top portion 215b of connecting vertical
arm 215 is fixably connected to drawer 210, at its proximal end
210a. Drawer 210 has four side walls 210a, 210b, 210c, and 210d
which are fixably and adjacently connected to one another. In
addition, four side walls 210a, 210b, 210c, and 210d are integrally
connected to drawer base 210e. Drawer 210 may further be
compartmentalized by an additional retaining wall, such as 210f.
Drawer 210 or parts thereof may optionally be removable for ease of
loading and unloading carry-on items. In addition, drawer 210 may
optionally comprise a lockable cover (not shown) for additional
security of personal items. Drawer 210 is preferably rectangular in
form, such as with cart base 205, wherein side walls 210a and 210d
may be shorter in length than walls 210b and 210c, although a
variety of shapes may be readily apparent to those of ordinary
skill in the art.
[0081] FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 3c illustrate various perspective views of
the C-frame X-ray imaging system as used in the carry-on baggage
screening portion of the integrated screening system of the present
invention. As described with respect to FIGS. 3a and 3b, X-ray
imaging system 300 comprises a radiation source 305 and an X-ray
detector array 310. Preferably, the X-ray imaging system 300
employed is of a backscatter detection type. Depending on the
design of the corresponding cart, radiation source 305 can be
located either above or below the drawer of the carry-on cart shown
in FIG. 2. The array of detectors is preferably above or below the
cart, also depending upon the placement of the radiation source
305.
[0082] In one embodiment, radiation source 305 is an X-ray
generator. The source of radiation includes radio-isotopic source,
an X-ray tube or any other source known in the art capable of
producing beam flux and energy sufficiently high to direct a beam
to traverse the space through the carry-on baggage cart and the
contents of the cart to detectors at the other side. The choice of
source type and its intensity and energy depends upon the
sensitivity of the detectors, the radiographic density of the cargo
in the space between the source and detectors, radiation safety
considerations, and operational requirements, such as the
inspection speed. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate
how to select a radiation source type, depending upon his or her
inspection requirements.
[0083] In an optional embodiment, the radiation source may be a
dual energy radiation source which employs respectively different
radiation energies or two detector systems, having varying
sensitivities to differing radiation energies. By comparing at
least two congruent radiation images that were obtained with
respectively different radiation energies, it is possible to
discriminate articles having low and high ordering number. Organic
materials, such as drugs and explosives, can thus be better
distinguished from other materials, for example metals
(weapons).
[0084] While not shown in FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 3c, X-ray imaging
system 300 also comprises a floor conveyance mechanism, further
comprising guide rails for accepting the wheel mechanism of the
carry-on baggage cart, both of which are described in further
detail below.
[0085] As shown in FIG. 3c, the X-ray imaging system 300 comprises
detector array 310. FIG. 3c is a two-dimensional side perspective
view of the X-ray imaging machine shown in FIG. 3a. Preferably,
detector array 310 is an "L"-shaped array, as shown. Detectors 310
may be formed by a stack of crystals that generate analog signals
when X-rays impinge upon them, with the signal strength
proportional to the amount of beam attenuation in the object under
inspection. In one embodiment, the X-ray beam detector arrangement
consists of a linear array of solid-state detectors of the
crystal-diode type. A typical arrangement uses cadmium tungstate
scintillating crystals to absorb the X-rays transmitted through the
OUI and to convert the absorbed X-rays into photons of visible
light. Crystals such as bismuth germinate, sodium iodide, or other
suitable crystals may be alternatively used as known to a person of
ordinary skill in the art. The crystals can be directly coupled to
a suitable detector, such as a photodiode or photo-multiplier. The
detector photodiodes could be linearly arranged, which through
unity-gain devices, provide advantages over photo-multipliers in
terms of operating range, linearity and detector-to-detector
matching. In another embodiment, an area detector is used as an
alternative to linear array detectors. Such an area detector could
be a scintillating strip, such as cesium iodide or other materials
known in the art, viewed by a suitable camera or optically coupled
to a charge-coupled device (CCD).
[0086] Referring to FIG. 4, the operational aspects of the
inspection area entrance in one embodiment of the integrated
carry-on cart and passenger screening station 400 (not shown in its
entirety) of the present invention is illustrated. An exemplary
carry-on baggage cart or screening cart 404 of the present
invention is shown just before it is guided via guide rail
conveyance mechanism 401 into the custom-designed entrance 403 of
the X-ray imaging system 402. Custom-designed entrance 403 is
preferably formed in the same shape as its corresponding screening
cart 404. In one embodiment, the entrance to the X-ray imaging
system 402 defines a "C"-shaped opening so that the preferred
"C"-shaped carry-on baggage cart design, described with respect to
FIG. 2 above, is easily guided through the system via guide rail
conveyance mechanism 401.
[0087] Guide rail conveyance mechanism 401 preferably includes
structural rail members placed laterally opposite from one another.
Structural rail members preferably comprise protrusions or fingers
for physically attaching to the carry-on baggage cart at its distal
end 405 to pull the cart through the inspection aperture of X-ray
imaging system 402. Thus, the wheels of the carry-on baggage cart
are guided through the conveyance mechanism via a guide-rail system
with propelling fingers when the scanning process begins. The
conveyor speed is controlled to ensure proper resolution of the
scanned item when being projected on the operator monitor.
[0088] After a passenger loads his or her items onto the carry-on
baggage cart, the individual provides loading indications to the
system. Such loading indications may be varied, depending upon the
operational requirements of the system. In one embodiment, the
loading indication is provided by the passenger or the operator
pressing a button provided within each loading area. Once
depressed, the button advances the carry-on baggage cart through
the guide rail system.
[0089] In another embodiment, the system employs an electronic mat
that automatically signals the start and end of loading the
carry-on baggage cart to the system using the weight and exerted
pressure by cart and/or individual using the system.
[0090] In one embodiment, the system requires the user to swipe a
magnetic boarding card to signal the start and finish of loading
through card reader machines [not shown] installed at each of the
loading areas. Using this technique, the system can track the owner
of the items that are deposited for scanning.
[0091] Upon receiving a loading indication, the guide rail
conveyance mechanism 401 snags, via its finger mechanisms, the
leading edge of the cart 404, and pulls it toward custom-designed
entrance 403 through X-ray imaging system 402 for screening. The
guide rails direct the wheels of the cart 404 through the interior
sidewalls of the X-ray imaging system 402. The length and speed of
the guide rail conveyance mechanism 401 is chosen so as to give
optimum time to the operators to make a decision.
[0092] As described with respect to FIG. 3 above, the X-rays are
filtered and collimated as they are emitted from the radiation
source (not shown in FIG. 4). Subsequently, these rays pass through
the contents of the carry-on baggage cart and are then detected by
the X-ray detectors (not shown in FIG. 4). The X-rays are then
captured by an image intensifier and displayed on a monitor.
Further, the captured image is stored in a memory for later
processing in order to develop a final image. In one embodiment,
the images may be viewed by security personnel. In another
embodiment, the images may be "pre-screened" by a computer using
mathematically based image processing algorithms. In the event the
computer does not detect a threat, the cart is "cleared"
immediately. If a potential threat is detected, then the image is
sent to a workstation where security personnel can view the image
and make a determination of whether the articles in the cart need
to be hand searched.
[0093] Once scanned, the guide rail conveyance mechanism 401
delivers the scanned carry-on baggage cart 404 to a designated
collection point. The collection point may be designated by an
operator or controlled automatically and is preferably away from
the screening area to avoid congestion. In addition, the collection
point may comprise a designated search area for those passengers
requiring additional searching, where security personnel perform a
manual search of the passenger and their carry-on items. To aid the
security personnel in manual searching of items, the X-ray or
optical images of the items are displayed on a plurality of search
screens, in front of the security personnel. In one embodiment, an
operator console is present within the designated search thereby
assisting the security personnel to optionally change the display
format or orientation of the images displayed on the search
screens.
[0094] In one embodiment, the operator is given a predetermined
time period to inspect the items, after which the system routes the
items to a predetermined default, which can be either towards
designated area for off-loading carts or towards designated search
area, depending on the system settings.
[0095] In one embodiment, operators, controlling the system via an
operator workstation, can inform users from which designated
collection area the individual can retrieve his or her cart
containing belongings. One of ordinary skill in the art can
appreciate that the selection of site regarding installation of the
operator workstations can be made depending upon the specific
operational requirements. For instance, and by no way of
limitation, operator workstations may preferably be installed
either near the X-ray imaging system 402 or remotely located and
controlled in a different room entirely. The location and placement
of operator workstations does not impose any restriction on the
invention itself.
[0096] In another embodiment, the system is controlled by a
software system that determines the collection point to which the
items will be delivered after scanning.
[0097] In one embodiment, all the entry points (or X-ray lanes) are
assigned a unique number, and each entry point will have a
corresponding collection point. Items transferred to the guide rail
conveyance mechanism 401 through a particular entry point will be
made available only on the collection point corresponding to that
entry point. The numbers of each entry point and collection point
will be displayed to the users.
[0098] In yet another embodiment, the system requires the user to
swipe the boarding card, through card reader machines installed at
the collection points, before collecting the scanned items. Thus,
the system further ensures authenticity of the users before
yielding the scanned items. In addition, the system thus prevents
the loss of articles due to theft or mistake.
[0099] In one embodiment, instead of collecting the scanned items
from the collection point corresponding to the entry point used for
depositing the items, the user can collect his items from any
collection point by swiping his boarding card through the machine
installed at that collection point. The term "scanned item", as
used here refers to the carry-on baggage cart with passenger
belongings on it, but it not limited to such interpretation.
[0100] As described with respect to FIG. 5 below, metal detectors
and/or trace detectors are employed in the integrated system of the
present invention and are used to scan individuals and passengers
after they have deposited their belongings for X-ray scanning via
the carry-on baggage cart screening system. FIG. 5 is a perspective
view of an automated passenger X-ray metal detector in an exemplary
embodiment of the present invention. Metal detector 500 is
automated to include a controlled entry gate 501 and a controlled
exit gate 502. The exit gate is controlled to open upon approach by
a passenger as long as the passenger does not trigger an alarm.
Upon detection of a threat or item of concern on the body of a
passenger as he walks through and under the defined opening 503 of
metal detector, the passenger is tagged as suspect and
simultaneously an alarm, status signal, or other threat indicator
information is communicated to an indicator system 504. Thereafter,
the passenger is directed towards a designated search area by a
dedicated operator, where the passenger is manually searched by
security personnel.
[0101] Metal detector 500 may preferably comprise an associated
processor 505 (not shown) and a memory 506 (not shown). Optionally,
metal detector 500 has an embedded counter incorporated into
processor 505 that records and stores the number of people that
pass through the metal detector 500 in a given period of time.
[0102] In another embodiment, a trace portal may screen passengers.
Detection of certain trace materials, including, for example,
explosives, contraband traces, or traces of materials that are not
contraband but may be associated with contraband or other
prohibited activities, such as gun oil, may be used to enhance the
security level of the other systems.
[0103] In another embodiment, the screening system of the present
invention comprises a plurality of screening devices, including,
but not limited to, metal detectors, carry-on baggage cart systems
as described below, X-ray imaging systems, baggage trace detectors,
trace portals, personnel scanners, quadrupole resonance systems,
X-ray diffraction systems, and personnel identification systems.
The screening devices are optionally in data communication with at
least one other screening device and/or a central server. The
present invention may include two or more different devices and is
not limited in the number or diversity of devices utilized. Data
from a plurality of the devices may optionally be integrated to
provide a complete picture of the threat level associated with an
individual or a baggage, as opposed to being solely evaluated at
each device.
[0104] In one embodiment, each screening device has an associated
memory and processing power that is used to evaluate the threat
level associated with an entity, being scanned or detected, and
determine the value of assessment data to be transferred preferably
to other devices. For example, a passenger screening metal detector
may compare obtained scan information with image data stored in
memory to determine the threat level associated with an entity and,
accordingly, determine the value of assessment data.
[0105] Screening devices while in communication exchange
information comprising assessment data including, but not limited
to, information that provides a quantitative or qualitative
assessment of how insecure a detected or screened entity, such as a
passenger or a bag, may be. The assessment data is preferably more
than a binary alarm indicator. In one embodiment, the assessment
data is a numerical value on a scale of ten that corresponds to a
specific threat level. The scales for evaluating the threat level
can be developed for each device based on prior experience. It must
be noted that the design, calibration, and use of such scales, such
as those mentioned in the evaluation of threat level of an entity,
are routine undertakings of engineering for those of ordinary skill
in the art having the benefit of this disclosure consequently they
will not be further detailed herein.
[0106] In one embodiment, the comparison of obtained scan
information with image data stored in memory followed by evaluation
of threat level and subsequent determination of assessment data may
preferably comprise of cases including, but not restricted to,
first, second, and third case etc. in that order, depending upon
distinct circumstances arising therein plus corresponding actions
taken for the same. Firstly if, for example, the X-ray screening
system associates scan data with images resembling objects
including, but not limited to, guns, cartridges, weapons, or other
dangerous items etc. It can assign a high threat value to the
scanned entity and, accordingly, generate assessment data that,
regardless of the other assessment data generated by other devices,
would trigger an alarm. Secondly if, for example, the X-ray
screening system associates scan data with images that resemble low
threat items, such as elongated structures or metallic boxes, it
can assign a lower threat value to the scanned entity and,
accordingly, generate assessment data that may, in combination with
assessment from other devices, trigger an alarm. Lastly if, for
example, the X-ray system associates scan data with images that
resemble negligible threat items, such as clothing, it can assign a
minimal threat value to the scanned entity and, accordingly,
generate assessment data that will not trigger an alarm.
[0107] In another embodiment of the integrated carry-on baggage
cart and passenger screening station, facilitating screening of
both carry-on luggage placed on the screening cart and individual
passengers, a computed tomography (CT) scanner is employed. Thus,
the corresponding carry-on baggage cart is designed to facilitate
screening via non-"C" shaped scanners, such as, but not limited to
CT scanners. In addition, the corresponding carry-on baggage cart
is X-ray transmissive to allow for the CT scanner system to scan
completely around the cart. While the second embodiment is
described with respect to an integrated carry-on baggage cart and
passenger screening station in which a CT scanner is employed, it
is to be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that this
invention is not limited to such uses, but that any scanning device
or mechanism may be used.
[0108] CT scanners are being increasingly deployed for securing
locations such as airports, as they more accurately recognize
chemical and physical properties of scanned objects compared with
conventional X-ray scanning systems. A CT scanner rotates
completely about the object under inspection.
[0109] FIG. 6 is a front perspective view of a conventional
Computed Tomography (CT) baggage scanning system as used in the
integrated carry-on cart and passenger screening station of the
present invention. A typical CT system 600 comprises conveyor
gantry 605 and a hollow tube CT scan chamber 610. The operational
characteristics of a CT scanning system are described in further
detail with respect to FIG. 8 below and will not be repeated
here.
[0110] FIG. 7 is a front perspective view of a conventional
Computed Tomography (CT) baggage scanning system just prior to
receiving a collapsible carry-on cart, as used in the integrated
carry-on cart and passenger screening station of the present
invention. More specifically, FIG. 7 depicts CT scanning system 700
with corresponding carry-on cart 715 positioned for placement onto
conveyor gantry 705. As described in further detail below,
specially designed carry-on cart 715 is collapsed prior to
placement onto conveyor gantry 705. Once collapsed, the
pre-positioned and collapsed carry-on cart 715 is placed for
entrance into hollow tube CT scan chamber 710.
[0111] As shown in FIG. 7, in general operation the carry-on cart
preferably loaded with carry-on baggage (not shown) is transported
into the hollow tube scan chamber 710 via conveyer 705. Once in the
chamber, the baggage is subjected to electromagnetic imaging for
generation of two and three-dimensional images. FIG. 8 illustrates
a general mode of operation of a conventional CT baggage scanning
system.
[0112] Referring now to FIG. 8, a conventional CT scanner typically
includes a radiation source 801 and a detector array 802. Both
radiation source 801 and detector array 802 rotate
circumferentially or 360.degree. around object 803 while in
scanning operation. Thus, images are obtained from all angles as
streams of light are transmitted throughout object 803. The scanner
then uses these images to create detailed cross-sectional slices,
or tomographs, of specific areas.
[0113] Inside the CT chamber, an object is virtually "divided" into
three-dimensional units called "voxels." The "voxels" are then used
to determine specific object densities and volumes. Based upon
density and volume values, the software uses a database with
already known values to automatically correlate the mass
characteristics of luggage contents to those of potential
explosives. If the system finds a match, it alerts the operator, by
highlighting suspect areas within the CT slice.
[0114] Since CT scanners are slower than conventional
baggage-scanning systems, they are not usually employed to scan
every piece of luggage; often CT scanning is performed only on
items flagged as suspicious during prior inspections. However,
precise detection of several dangerous materials, especially
explosives, is most effectively carried out with CT scanners. In
order to improve the efficiency and throughput of the CT scanning
process, the screening system of present invention allows for all
baggage placed on a carry-on cart associated with a passenger to be
screened simultaneously.
[0115] Referring back to FIG. 6, in operation, the carry-on baggage
cart 601 is loaded onto conveyor gantry 605, which transports the
cart into the CT scanning chamber. Thus, the carry-on cart is a
sturdy, transportable luggage cart. Preferably, the legs on the
cart are collapsible to allow for ease of entrance into the CT
scanning chamber. FIG. 9a is a perspective view of one embodiment
of a carry-on baggage cart as employed in the present invention, in
an extended configuration.
[0116] Referring now to FIG. 9a, carry-on baggage cart 900
comprises a top part 901, such as, but not limited to a board,
compartment, or drawer for holding the baggage and/or carry-on
items. Carry-on baggage cart further comprises cart legs 902a,
902b, 902c, and 902d. The distal ends of legs 902a-902d are fitted
with wheels 903a, 903b, 903c, 903d. The proximate ends of legs
902a-902d are movably attached to top frame 904a. In addition, top
frame 904a comprises handle 904b for easy maneuvering of the
carry-on baggage cart 900. Top part 901 is preferably designed such
that it can be connected to top frame 904a and handle 904b. In
addition, carry-on baggage cart 900 preferably comprises
supplementary cart legs 905a and 905b, which in one embodiment are
movably attached to cart legs 902c and 902d at their proximate
ends. Supplementary wheels 906a and 906b are fixedly attached to
the distal ends of supplementary cart legs 905a and 905b and are
preferably provided for maneuvering the cart in a collapsed
configuration, as described in greater detail below with respect to
FIG. 9b. Supplementary cart legs 905a and 905b equipped with
supplementary wheels 906a and 906b are fixedly attached to cart
legs 902a and 902b via horizontal cart leg support braces 907a and
907b. In one embodiment, horizontal cart leg support braces 907a
and 907b provide a structural support for the collapsed carry-on
baggage cart. In one embodiment, carry-on baggage cart further
comprises display screen 910, which is described in greater detail
below with respect to the security enhancement feature of this
innovation.
[0117] Referring now to FIG. 9b, a perspective view of one
embodiment of a carry-on baggage cart as employed in the present
invention is depicted. FIG. 9b illustrates a side view of the
carry-on baggage cart 900 in a collapsed configuration. In one
embodiment, to allow for easy loading of the cart onto the conveyor
of a CT scanner, cart legs 902a-d are movably attached to top frame
904a and handle 904b to allow for the carry-on cart to easily
collapse. Thus, the cart legs 902a-902d along with wheels 903a-903d
may be retracted, or collapsed, on the underside of the cart (not
shown) prior to loading onto the conveyor, for facile
transportation through the conveyor. In addition, when cart legs
902a, 902b, 902c, and 902d are collapsed, supplementary cart legs
905a and 905b extend and become operable along with supplementary
wheels 906a and 906b. Cart legs 902a and 902b assume an angled
position, yet remain in operation when cart 900 is in a collapsed
configuration. Cart legs 902c (shown in FIG. 9b) and 902d (not
shown) are in a stowed position and are not in operation when then
cart is collapsed.
[0118] Additionally, carry-on baggage cart 900 is provided with a
lock and release mechanism (not shown) for locking the cart legs
902a-902d and wheels 903a-903d in either a retracted or extended
position. The lock and release mechanism is preferably controlled
by a handle or a push button (not shown) provided on the cart,
which may be operated by the passenger whose luggage is to be
scanned or by an operator, after the individual indicates that
loading of baggage on the cart has finished.
[0119] FIG. 10 is a top perspective view of one exemplary
embodiment and functional layout of an integrated carry-on baggage
cart and passenger screening station 1000, facilitating screening
of both carry-on luggage placed on the screening cart and
individual passengers. Thus, in operation, an individual passenger
loads the carry-on baggage cart 1001 containing his or her luggage
and moves it toward the entrance 1002 of a CT scanning system 1005
for screening. Here, the individual or operator uses the control on
the cart (not shown), thus causing the cart legs to retract or
collapse. The cart can then be transported onto the conveyor 1003
provided at the entrance 1002 of the CT scanning system.
Preferably, the loading end of the conveyor belt is located
proximate to the floor level. The conveyor is then graded upwards
to transport the cart into the CT scanning chamber 1004, as shown
in FIG. 10. The conveyor mechanism allows for convenient loading of
the cart, with minimal physical effort on the part of the
individual or the operator.
[0120] In an alternate embodiment, the entrance of the CT scanning
system may be designed such that the inlet to the scanning chamber
is at floor level. In this embodiment, a guide-rail mechanism may
be used to pull the cart into the scanner entrance, as previously
described with respect to the first embodiment of the present
invention.
[0121] Preferably, the carry-on baggage cart is designed to allow
for the carts to be stacked or inserted into one another when not
in use. This provides for easy and space-saving storage of
carts.
[0122] As previously mentioned, the process of CT scanning involves
a complete circumferential)(360.degree. rotation by the
illuminating source and detectors about the object under
inspection. In order to allow irradiation and imaging from all
angles, the carry-on baggage cart is designed to be completely
X-ray transmissive. Preferably, the entire cart, including legs,
wheels, and handle is manufactured using a suitable X-ray
transmissive material or combination thereof. Such X-ray
transmissive materials include, but are not limited to, carbon
fiber or transparent synthetic resin, or any other sturdy
plastic.
[0123] As described with respect to FIG. 5 above, metal detectors
and/or trace detectors are employed in the integrated system of the
present invention and are used to scan individuals and passengers
after they have deposited their belongings for X-ray scanning via
the carry-on baggage cart screening system. FIG. 11 depicts an
exemplary passenger screening station of the present invention, in
which an automated passenger X-ray metal detector further
comprising a turnstile is employed.
[0124] Now referring to FIG. 11, in one embodiment, metal detector
1100 is automated to include a controlled entry turnstile 1101 and
a controlled exit turnstile 1102. The exit turnstile 1002 is
controlled to open upon approach by a passenger as long as the
passenger does not trigger an alarm. Upon detection of a threat or
item of concern on the body of a passenger as he walks through and
under the defined opening of the metal detector, the passenger is
tagged as suspect and simultaneously an alarm, status signal, or
other threat indicator information is communicated to an indicator
system (not shown). Thereafter, the passenger is directed towards a
designated search area by a dedicated operator, where the passenger
is manually searched by security personnel.
[0125] Metal detector 1100 preferably comprises an associated
processor (not shown) and a memory (not shown). Optionally, metal
detector 1100 has an embedded counter incorporated into the
processor that records and stores the number of people that pass
through the metal detector 1100 in a given period of time.
[0126] In another embodiment, a trace portal may screen passengers.
Detection of certain trace materials, including, for example,
explosives, contraband traces, or traces of materials that are not
contraband but may be associated with contraband or other
prohibited activities, such as gun oil, may be used to enhance the
security level of the other systems.
[0127] In one embodiment, the integrated carry-on cart and
passenger screening station of the present invention further
comprises enhanced security. In one embodiment, the security
enhancement comprises a method for identifying a passenger and
associating the identified passenger with a corresponding carry-on
baggage cart. In an exemplary embodiment, the security enhancement
features of the present invention include identifying a passenger
via a bar code, such as, but not limited to, a bar code on a
boarding pass. The identified passenger is then associated with a
carry-on baggage cart wherein the passenger identification is read
by a bar code reader located at a cart access station. The
passenger, already equipped with a current boarding pass from an
authorized agent (such as airline personnel), passes the boarding
pass underneath the bar code reader. The bar code reader then
registers the information from the bar code on the boarding pass
into a database, associates a cart with a passenger. Once
associated with a passenger, the cart is subsequently released to
the passenger.
[0128] It should be noted however, that a passenger can be
identified via many identification methods, such as using personal
forms of identification, which include, but are not limited to, a
credit card, driver's license, state identification card, passport,
or any accepted form of identification as are well-known to those
of ordinary skill in the art. The personal identification means may
be read by a corresponding identification reading means, including,
but not limited to, a magnetic card reading device, a credit card
reader, or any accepted means for accepting identification as are
well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0129] The passenger identification can also be read by security
personnel. In this embodiment, security personnel manually inspect
the personal identification and if the identification is accepted,
push a button to release the associated carry-on baggage cart to
the passenger.
[0130] In one embodiment, both a boarding pass with a bar code and
a personal identification means may be used to associate a
passenger with a carry-on cart. In this embodiment, security
personnel can compare the identification displayed on the carry-on
baggage cart with the personal identification and subsequently
release the cart to the passenger.
[0131] Referring back to FIG. 9, in one embodiment, carry-on
baggage cart further comprises small computer and display screen
910, for displaying the association information scanned from the
passenger boarding pass onto the carry-on baggage cart. The
information includes, but is not limited to, passenger name and
flight information. This physically identifies a particular
passenger with a particular cart, and thus the passenger is
associated with his or her belongings. As noted above, if a
passenger is identified via any other identification method, such
as using personal forms of identification, such identification
information may also be displayed on the small computer and display
screen 910.
[0132] FIG. 12 is a flowchart depicting exemplary operational steps
in the security enhancement mechanism of the integrated carry-on
baggage cart and passenger screening station of the present
invention. As shown in FIG. 12, in step 1205, the carry-on cart
access area receives identification from a person to be screened.
Such identification methods are described in detail above and will
not be repeated herein. Once identification means are received, a
carry-on baggage cart is associated with a passenger via the
identification received, as shown in step 1210. In step 1215, the
passenger or person to be screened places his or her items on the
carry-on baggage cart.
[0133] In one embodiment, the carry-on cart employed in the present
invention may further comprise a cover. In one embodiment, the
cover further comprises a roll-top or netting. In an optional step
1220, the cover automatically locks when the passenger closes it
after he finishes the divestiture process. Thus, the items are kept
safe from theft, especially where items of value, such as jewelry
and laptops are concerned.
[0134] In step 1225, the carry-on cart is passed through the
screening mechanism. The various embodiments of the carry-on cart
screening mechanism have been described in detail with respect to
the embodiments above and will not be described in detail
herein.
[0135] In step 1230, after the scanning process is complete, the
carry-on cart may be released to the associated passenger if the
identification received by the cart matches that associated with
the cart. If the carry-on baggage cart is positively identified
with a particular passenger, then in an optional step 1235, the
carry-on cart is unlocked. The passenger can "unlock" the cart
cover by simply waving the bar code on his boarding pass underneath
the bar code reader that is fixedly attached to the small computer
on the cart.
[0136] If the wrong identification is presented to the carry-on
baggage cart, and the cart cannot be positively associated with the
passenger presenting the identification, in optional step 1240, an
alarm may sound. If an alarm is activated, security personnel
agents will intervene, as shown in step 1245. Security personnel
agents can also manually deactivate the alarm. The security
personnel agent will manually verify the identification or re-route
the cart to the correct passenger.
[0137] If the cart is flagged by the scanning system as containing
a potential threat, the boarding pass or other identification and
association means is rendered ineffective and security personnel
agents are in control of the cart. In one embodiment, security
personnel agents may manually unlock the cart cover for manual
inspection of its contents.
[0138] In one embodiment, the cart may transmit identification
information to security personnel wirelessly. Thus, the
identification information is transmitted to the security personnel
agent at the carry-on baggage cart screening station and also the
security personnel screener at the passenger screening station.
Thus, the security personnel agents can confirm, in real-time, that
the carry-on cart and a passenger walking through the passenger
screening device are associated. The security personnel agents can
then compare the passenger identification to the information
received at their respective screening stations.
[0139] The above examples are merely illustrative of the many
applications of the system of present invention. Although only a
few embodiments of the present invention have been described
herein, it should be understood that the present invention might be
embodied in many other forms without departing from the spirit or
scope of the invention. Therefore, the present examples and
embodiments should be considered as illustrative and not
restrictive, and the invention may be modified within the scope of
the appended claims.
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