U.S. patent application number 11/111996 was filed with the patent office on 2010-06-17 for controlled-release compositions.
Invention is credited to Johnatan Bacon, Sonia Gervais, Vincent Lenaerts, Laure Patricia Ouadji-Njiki, Rachid Ouzerourou, Miloud Rahmouni, Damon Smith.
Application Number | 20100151022 11/111996 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37187246 |
Filed Date | 2010-06-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100151022 |
Kind Code |
A9 |
Lenaerts; Vincent ; et
al. |
June 17, 2010 |
Controlled-release compositions
Abstract
A solid dosage formulation having a core with a pharmacological
agent dispersed in a first controlled-release matrix from which
release of the agent is relatively slow; and a coat formed over the
core and having the agent dispersed in a second controlled-release
matrix from which release of the agent is relatively fast. The
first matrix can be a cross-linked high amylose starch and the
second matrix can be a mixture of polyvinyl acetate and
polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Inventors: |
Lenaerts; Vincent;
(Beaconsfield, CA) ; Ouadji-Njiki; Laure Patricia;
(Laval, CA) ; Bacon; Johnatan; (Vernpn, FR)
; Ouzerourou; Rachid; (Montreal, CA) ; Gervais;
Sonia; (Laval, CA) ; Rahmouni; Miloud;
(Dollars-Des-Ormeaux, CA) ; Smith; Damon;
(St-Laurent, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Labopharm Inc.
480 Armand-Frappler Blvd.
Laval, Quebec
H7V 4B4
CA
|
Prior
Publication: |
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Document Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20060240107 A1 |
October 26, 2006 |
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Family ID: |
37187246 |
Appl. No.: |
11/111996 |
Filed: |
April 22, 2005 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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PCT/CA2003/001637 |
Oct 27, 2003 |
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11111996 |
Apr 22, 2005 |
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60509062 |
Oct 25, 2002 |
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60510000 |
Oct 10, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/472 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 9/209 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/472 |
International
Class: |
A61K 9/24 20060101
A61K009/24 |
Claims
1. A solid dosage formulation comprising: a core comprising a
pharmacological agent dispersed in a first controlled-release
matrix comprising cross-linked high amylose starch, from which
matrix release of the agent is relatively slow; and a coat formed
over the core and comprising said agent dispersed in a second
controlled-release matrix from which release of the agent is
relatively fast.
2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the coat and core comprise
relative amounts of the agent such that release of the agent from
the formulation is biphasic.
3. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the agent is soluble in
water, and the first matrix is relatively hydrophilic relative to
the second matrix.
4. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the agent is present in the
formulation as an ionic salt.
5. The formulation of claim 4, wherein the agent contains an amino
group.
6. The formulation of claim 5, wherein the agent is present in the
formulation as a hydrochloride salt.
7. The formulation of claim 2, wherein the rate of release of the
agent from the coat is at least twice the rate of release of the
agent from the core, or wherein the rate of release of the agent
from the coat is at least three times the rate of release of the
agent from the core, and preferably, wherein the rate of release of
the agent from the coat is up to fifteen times the rate of release
of the agent from the core, or wherein the rate of release of the
agent from the coat is up to twelve times the rate of release of
the agent from the core, or wherein the rate of release of the
agent from the coat is up to ten times the rate of release of the
agent from the core, or wherein the rate of release of the agent
from the coat is up to eight times the rate of release of the agent
from the core, or wherein the rate of release of the agent from the
coat is up to six times the rate of release of the agent from the
core, or wherein the rate of release of the agent from the coat is
about four times the rate of release of the agent from the
core.
8. The formulation of any claim 1, wherein between 10% and 30% per
hour of the agent present at 0 hours is released between 0 and 2
hours when tested in vitro using a USP Type I apparatus in 50 mM
phosphate, pH 6.8, and stirring between 50 and 150 rpm.
9. The formulation of claim 1, wherein between 10% and 40% of the
agent is released from the formulation between 0 and about 2 hours
of measurement, between about 30% and 60% of the agent is released
from the formulation between 2 and about 7 hours of the
measurement, between about 50% and 80% of the agent is released
from the formulation between 7 and about 12 hours of measurement,
and between about 80% and 100% of the agent is released from the
formulation after about 20 hours of measurement.
10. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the active agent is an
analgesic
11. The formulation of claim 10, wherein the active agent is
tramadol.
12. The formulation of claim 1, wherein each of the agent is
soluble in water at least to the extent of 1 g/L, or more than 10
g/L, or more than 100 g/L, or more than 500 g/L, or more than 1000
g/L, or more than 2000 g/L.
13. The formulation of any claim 1, wherein the ratio of the core
to the coat (w/w) is between about 1 and about 0.1, or between
about 0.9 and about 0.2, or between about 0.8 and about 0.2, or
between about 0.7 and about 0.2, or between about 0.5 and about
0.2, or between about 0.4 and about 0.2, or about 0.35.
14. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the agent in
core to the agent in the coat (w/w) is between about 0.1 and about
10, or between about 0.1 and about 8, or between about 0.2 and
about 7, or between about 0.3 and about 6, or between about 0.4 and
about 5, or between about 0.5 and about 4, or between about 0.6 and
about 3, or between about 0.6 and about 2, or between about 0.6 and
about 1.5, or between about 0.6 and about 1.3, or between about 0.7
and about 1, or between about 0.7 and about 0.9 or about 0.8.
15. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the core is between about
10% and about 90% by weight agent, or between about 20% and about
80% by weight agent, or between about 30% and about 70% by weight
agent, or between about 40% and about 60% by weight agent, or about
50% by weight agent.
16. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the coat is between about
5% and about 90% by weight agent, or between about 5% and about 80%
by weight agent, or between about 10% and about 70% by weight
agent, or between about 10% and about 60% by weight agent, or
between about 15% and about 50% by weight agent, or between about
15% and about 45% by weight agent, or between about 15% and about
40% by weight agent, or between about 20% and about 35% by weight
agent, or between about 20% and about 30% by weight agent.
17. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the matrix of
the coat to the agent of the coat (w/w) is between about 0.1 and
about 10, or between about 0.2 and about 9, or between about 0.2
and about 8, or between about 0.3 and about 7, or between about 0.4
and about 6, or between about 0.5 and about 5, or between about 0.6
and about 4, or between about 0.7 and about 4 or between about 1
and about 4, or between about 1 and about 3 and about 1.5 and about
2.5.
18. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the matrix of
the core to the agent of the core (w/w) is between about 0.1 and
about 10, or between about 0.2 and about 9, or between about 0.3
and about 7, or between about 0.4 and about 6, or between about 0.5
and about 5, or between about 0.5 and about 4, or between about 0.5
and about 3, or between about 0.6 and about 3, or between about 0.7
and about 2 or between about 0.8 and about 1.5, or between about
0.9 and about 1.5, or between about 0.9 and about 1.3, or about 1,
or is about 0.55.
19. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the agent is soluble in
water at room temperature (about 21.degree. C.) to the extent of at
least 0.5 gm per mL.
20. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the agent contains an acid
group, a base group or both an acid group and a base group, and the
agent is present in the form of a salt thereof.
21. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the agent contains a base
group.
22. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the agent contains an
ionizable group and said group is at least 90% ionized in gastric
juices (0.1M HCl).
23. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the agent is selected from
the group consisting of isonicotinic acid hydrazide, sodium
salicylate, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, pseudoephedrine sulfate,
acetaminophen or diclofenac sodium, verapamil, glipizide,
nifedipine, felodipine, betahistine, albuterol, acrivastine,
omeprazole, misoprostol, tramadol, oxybutynin, trimebutine,
ciprofloxacin, and salts thereof. In addition, the pharmaceutical
agent can be an antifungal agent, such as ketoconazole, or an
analgesic agent such as acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen,
paracetamol, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, indomethacin, diflunisal,
naproxen, ketorolac, diclofenac, tolmetin, sulindac, phenacetin,
piroxicam, mefamanic acid, dextromethorphan, other non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs including salicylates, pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof or mixtures thereof.
24. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the core is prepared by
compression.
25. The formulation of any claim 1, wherein the coat is prepared by
compression.
26. The formulation of claim 25, wherein coat is compressed over a
separately prepared said core.
27. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the coat comprises an
admixture of polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone.
28. The formulation of claim 27, wherein the ratio of polyvinyl
acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone in the coat (w/w) is between about
6:4 and 9:1, or 7:3 and 9:2, or about 8:2.
29. The formulation of claim 27, wherein the coat further comprises
a binding agent.
30. The formulation of claim 29, wherein the binding agent is
xanthan gum.
31. The formulation of claim 30, wherein the formulation is a
tablet, and wherein said cross-linked high amylose starch comprises
a chemically-modified, cross-linked high amylose starch prepared by
a method comprising: (a) cross-linking high amylose starch,
followed by (b) chemically modifying the cross-linked high amylose
starch, followed by (c) gelatinization, and (d) drying to obtain a
powder of said controlled release excipient; wherein said
cross-linked high amylose starch is characterized in that upon
solubilization in 90% DMSO at 80.degree. C. for about three days
and gel permeation chromatography, the height of the peak
corresponding to amylose in said cross-linked high amylose starch
is at least 90% of that of the peak corresponding to amylose in
said high amylose starch prior to (a).
32. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the core further comprises
a lubricant; and wherein the lubricant is optionally hydrogenated
vegetable oil.
33. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the coat further comprises
a lubricant, and wherein the lubricant is optionally hydrogenated
vegetable oil.
34. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation is a tablet
formulated for oral administration.
35. A solid dosage formulation comprising: a core comprising a
pharmacological agent dispersed in a first controlled-release
matrix from which release of the agent is relatively slow; and a
coat formed over the core and comprising said agent dispersed in a
second controlled-release matrix, the second controlled-release
matrix comprising a physical mixture of polyvinyl acetate and
polyvinylpyrrolidone and from which release of the agent is
relatively fast.
36. A solid dosage formulation comprising: a core comprising a
pharmacological agent dispersed in a first controlled-release
matrix comprising cross-linked high amylose starch, from which
matrix release of the agent is relatively slow; and a coat formed
over the core and comprising a pharmacological agent in a second
controlled-release matrix, the second controlled-release matrix
comprising a physical mixture of polyvinyl acetate and
polyvinylpyrrolidone, and wherein: release of the agent from the
matrix of the core is relatively slow with respect to release of
the agent from the matrix of the coat.
37. A solid dosage formulation comprising: a core comprising a
pharmacological agent in a first controlled-release matrix; and a
coat as defined in claim 36, and wherein: release of the agent from
the matrix of the core is relatively slow with respect to release
of the agent from the matrix of the coat.
38. A solid dosage formulation comprising a pharmacological agent
for release thereof over an extended period of time, the
formulation comprising: a core comprising agent in a first
controlled-release release matrix, the controlled-release matrix
comprising cross-linked high amylose starch; and a coat formed over
the core and comprising the agent in a second controlled-release
matrix, the second controlled-release matrix comprising a physical
mixture as defined in claim 36, and wherein: the agent is present
in the core sufficient to obtain release into an aqueous
environment, e.g. gastric juices, of no more than 50% of the agent
from the formulation within one quarter of the period.
39. The formulation of claim 38, wherein the period is between
about 12 and about 24 hours, and between about 30% and about 70% of
the agent is in the core.
40. The formulation of claim 36, wherein each of the agent in the
first matrix and the agent in the second matrix is soluble in water
at least to the extent of 1 g/L, or more than 10 g/L, or more than
100 g/L, or more than 500 g/L, or more than 1000 g/L, or more than
2000 g/L.
41. The formulation of claim 36, wherein the agent is an
analgesic.
42. A controlled released tablet comprising: a compressed core
comprising cross-linked high amylose starch having tramadol, or a
salt thereof, embedded therein; and a coat formed over the core by
compression, and comprising a physical mixture of polyvinyl
acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a binder, tramadol; and wherein: the
ratio of the core/coat (w/w) is between about 0.2 and 0.6; the
ratio of the tramadol in the core to the tramadol in the coat is
between about 0.7 and about 1; the ratio of polyvinyl
acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidne (w/w) is between about 6:4 and 9:1; and
the rate of release of tramadol from the coat matrix is at least
twice the rate of release of tramadol from the core when measured
by a USP Type I apparatus in 50 mM phosphate, pH 6.8, and between
50 and 150 rpm.
43. A method of manufacturing a controlled-release medication, the
method comprising: (i) blending a pharmacological agent and a first
matrix material comprising a cross-linked high amylose starch; (ii)
forming the resultant blend of step (i) into a core; (iii) blending
a pharmacological agent and a second matrix material comprising a
relatively fast release material with respect to the first matrix
material; (iv) forming the resultant blend of step (iii) as a coat
onto the exterior of the core.
44. A method of manufacturing a controlled-release medication, the
method comprising: (i) blending a pharmacological agent and a first
matrix material; (ii) forming the resultant blend of step (i) into
a core; (iii) blending a pharmacological agent and a second matrix
material claim 36, said second matrix material being a relatively
fast release material with respect to the first matrix material;
(iv) forming the resultant blend of step (iii) as a coat onto the
exterior of the core.
45. The method of claim 43, wherein step (ii) comprises compressing
the resultant blend of step (i).
46. The method of claim 43, wherein step (iii) comprises
compressing the resultant blend of step (iii) onto the exterior of
the core.
47. The method of claim 43, wherein the agent in the core and the
coat is tramadol, the total amount of tramadol in the medication is
effective as a daily dosage.
48. An oral tramadol pharmaceutical composition suitable for once
daily administration comprising an effective amount of tramadol or
a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof providing after a single
administration in vivo, a median time to tramadol peak plasma
concentration (T.sub.max) between 2 and 8 hours and a mean peak
tramadol plasma concentrations (C.sub.max) which are less than
three times the mean plasma concentration obtained 24 hours after
administration (C.sub.24h) of a single dose of such
composition.
49. The composition of claim 48, wherein said mean peak tramadol
plasma concentrations (C.sub.max) are less than two times the mean
plasma concentration obtained 24 hours after administration
(C.sub.24h) of a single dose of such composition.
50. An oral tramadol pharmaceutical composition suitable for
successive administration, once daily, comprising an effective
amount of tramadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
providing in vivo a steady state in which, during a given 24 hour
period, a tramadol maximum mean plasma concentration (C.sub.max) of
between 2 and 3 times a tramadol minimum mean plasma concentration
(C.sub.min) is obtained.
51. The composition of claim 50, wherein said mean C.sub.max is no
greater than 350 ng/ml.
52. The composition of claim 51, wherein the mean plasma
concentration of tramadol is less than 90 percent of C.sub.max for
at least 18 hours of a said 24 hour period.
53. The composition of claim 48, comprising a formulation, as
appropriate, comprising a core comprising a pharmacological agent
dispersed in a first controlled-release marix comprising
cross-linked high amylose starch, from which matrix release of the
agent is relatively slow: and a coat formed over the core and
comprising said agent dispersed in a second conrolled-release
matrix from which release of the agent is relatively fast.
54. A solid dosage formulation comprising: a core comprising a
pharmacological agent dispersed in a first controlled-release
matrix comprising cross-linked high amylose starch; and a coat
formed over the core and comprising said agent dispersed in a
second controlled-release matrix, different from the first such
that release of the agent from the formulation is biphasic.
55. A solid dosage formulation comprising: a core comprising a
pharmacological agent dispersed in a first controlled-release
matrix; and a coat formed over the core and comprising said agent
dispersed in a second controlled-release matrix as defined in claim
36 such that release of the agent from the formulation is
biphasic.
56. A solid dosage formulation comprising: a core comprising a
pharmacological agent dispersed in a controlled-release matrix
comprising a cross-linked high amylose starch; and a coat formed
over the core and comprising a pharmacological agent in a second
controlled-release matrix as defined in claim 36.
57. A solid dosage formulation comprising: a core comprising about
50 mg, or about 75 mg or about 100 mg or about 125 mg or about 150
mg or about 175 mg or about 200 mg or about 225 mg or about 250 mg
or about 275 mg or about 300 mg or about 325 mg or about 350 mg or
about 375 mg or about 400 mg tramadol dispersed in a
controlled-release matrix comprising a cross-linked high amylose
starch; and a coat formed over the core and comprising a
pharmacological agent in a second controlled-release matrix as
defined in claim 36.
58. A method of medical treatment which comprises administering to
a patient a solid dosage formulation as defined in claim 1.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to a solid dosage formulation in
which an active ingredient is released over a sustained period.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] An important factor influencing the rate of absorption of an
active agent administered as a tablet or other solid dosage
formulation, and thus the efficacy and safety of the formulation,
is the rate of dissolution of the dosage form in the body fluids of
a human or animal
[0003] The ability of components of the formulation to influence
the rate of release of the active agent(s) thus constitutes the
basis for the so-called controlled-release, extended-release,
sustained-release or prolonged-action pharmaceutical preparations
that are designed to produce slow, uniform release and absorption
of the active agent over a period of hours, days, weeks, or months.
Advantages of controlled-release formulations include a reduction
in the required frequency of administration of the drug as compared
to immediate-release dosage forms, often resulting in improved
patient compliance; maintenance of a relatively stable
concentration of the drug in the body leading to a sustained
therapeutic effect over a set period of time; and decreased
incidence and intensity of undesired side effects of the active
agent resulting from a reduction of the high plasma concentrations
that often occur after administration of immediate-release dosage
forms
[0004] Many materials have been proposed and developed as matrices
for controlled release of active agents, i.e. drugs, pro-drugs,
etc. These include polymeric materials such as polyvinyl chloride,
polyethylene amides, ethyl cellulose, silicone and poly
(hydroxymethyl methacrylate). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.
3,087,860 to Endicott et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 2,987,445 to Levesque
et al.; Salomon et al., Pharm. Acta Helv., 55, 174-182 (1980);
Korsmeyer, Diffusion Controlled Systems: Hydrogels, Chap. 2, pp
15-37 in Polymers for Controlled Drug Delivery, Ed Tarcha, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Fla. USA (1991); and Buri et al., Pharm. Acta
Helv. 55, 189-197(1980).
[0005] High amylose starch has also been used for
controlled-release purposes, and, in particular, recent advances
have been made using cross-linked high amylose starch. For example,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,456,921 (Mateescu et al.), which issued Oct. 10,
1995, U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,343 (Cartilier et al.), which issued Apr.
1, 1997, U.S. Pat. No. 6,284,273 (Lenaerts et al.), which issued
Sep. 4, 2001, U.S. Pat. No. 6,419,957 (Lenaerts et al.), which
issued Jul. 16, 2002, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,748 (Lenaerts et
al.), which issued Aug. 19, 2003, describe solid controlled release
oral pharmaceutical dosage units in the form of tablets comprising
a dry powder of a pharmaceutical product and a dry powder of
cross-linked high amylose starch in which the cross-linked high
amylose starch includes a mixture of about 10-60% by weight of
amylopectin and about 40-90% amylose.
[0006] Further examples of controlled-release materials include
Kollidon.TM. SR marketed by BASF (Germany), this material being a
physical mixture of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and
polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone), reportedly made up of about 80%
PVA and 19% povidone, and approximately 0.8% sodium dodecylsulfate
and about 0.2% silica as stabilizer. BASF Technical Information
(July 2001) discloses that Kollidon.TM. SR can be used in the
preparation of sustained release matrix dosage forms including
tablets, pellets and granules, and that different technologies such
as direct compression, roller compaction, wet granulation and
extrusion may be employed in the manufacture of pharmaceutical
formulations. A number of patent publications provide further
information on PVA-povidone mixtures: U.S. Patent Publication No.
2001/0038852 (Kolter et al.) published Nov. 8, 2001; U.S. Patent
Publication No. 2002/0012701 (Kolter et al.) published Jan. 31,
2002, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0021846 (Kolter et al.)
published Jan. 30, 2003.
[0007] Extended and controlled release formulations relating to
tramadol have been suggested, examples being described in: U.S.
Patent Publication No. 2003/0143270, (Deboeck et al.) published
Jul. 31, 2003; U.S. Pat. No. 6,254,887 (Miller et al.) issued Jul.
3, 2001; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2001/0036477 (Miller et al.)
published Nov. 1, 2001; U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,027 (Miller et al.)
issued Dec. 4, 2001, WO 03/080031 (CILAG AG et al.) published Oct.
2, 2003. Articles have been published in which comparative data
between "once-daily" tramadol formulations and immediate release
tramadol formulations are presented: Adler et al., "A Comparison of
Once-Daily Tramadol with Normal Release Tramadol in the Treatment
of Pain in Osteoarthritis," The Journal of Rheumatology (2002)
29(10): 2195-2199; and Bodalia et al., "A Comparison of the
Pharmacokinetics, Clinical Efficacy, and Tolerability of Once-Daily
Tramadol Tablets with Normal Release Tramadol Capsules," Journal of
Pain and Symptom Management (2003) 25(2): 142-149.
[0008] Citation or identification of any reference in this
specification is not intended to be construed as an admission that
such reference is available as prior art to the present
invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The present invention relates to a solid dosage formulation
that provides for controlled-release of a pharmacological agent. In
one embodiment, the formulation includes a core having a
pharmacological agent dispersed in a first controlled-release
matrix comprising cross-linked high amylose starch, from which
matrix release of the agent is relatively slow. There is a coat
formed over the core and the coat includes the agent dispersed in a
second controlled-release matrix from which release of the agent is
relatively fast.
[0010] In the context of this invention, "relatively fast" means at
least twice as fast when the initial rate of release of an agent is
measured under the same conditions separately for each matrix
material. To make such a measurement, one makes a formulation
having the agent of the core and the agent of the coat
differentially labeled from each other. In the case of tramadol,
for example, the tramadol of the core could be labeled with
.sup.15N and the tramadol of the coat could be labeled with
.sup.13C. There are many ways known to a skilled person for
differentially labeling such a compound so that its diffusion from
the formulation can be traced without significantly affecting its
rate of diffusion. A skilled person could estimate such relative
rates to a reasonable approximation, provided the rates are
sufficiently different from each other, from the z behavior
observed for release of the agent from a single formulation, e.g.,
from the rates at t=0, and t=12 hr of FIG. 2. Typically, the
measurement would be made under the conditions set forth in
connection with FIG. 2.
[0011] In another broad embodiment, the invention is a solid dosage
formulation having a core with a pharmacological agent in a first
controlled-release matrix. There is a coat formed over the core
having the pharmacological agent in a second controlled-release
matrix. The second controlled-release matrix is a physical mixture
of polyvinyl acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone, and release of the
agent from the matrix of the core is relatively slow with respect
to release of the agent from the matrix of the coat. Relatively
slow means no more than half as fast when the initial rate of
release of an agent is measured under the same conditions
separately for each matrix material, the measurement being
determined as described above in connection with the determination
of relatively fast.
[0012] The agent in the core and coat may, in either embodiment, be
the same or different. In a preferred embodiment, the formulation
includes a single agent that is tramadol.
[0013] In a preferred aspect of the invention, the coat and core
comprise relative amounts of the agent such that release of the
agent from the formulation is biphasic.
[0014] Preferably, the agent is soluble in water, and the first
matrix is relatively hydrophilic relative to the second matrix.
[0015] Many agents are capable of forming ionic salts, and this is
often the preferred form of the agent for incorporation into a
formulation of the invention. Preferred agents contain at least one
amino group, and these are conveniently incorporated in the form
of, for example a hydrochloride salt.
[0016] Preferably, the rate of release of the agent from the coat
is at least twice the rate of release of the agent from the core.
Other relative rates are possible: the rate of release of the agent
from the coat can be at least three times the rate of release of
the agent from the core; the rate of release of the agent from the
coat can be up to fifteen times the rate of release of the agent
from the core; the rate of release of the agent from the coat can
be up to twelve times the rate of release of the agent from the
core; the rate of release of the agent from the coat can be up to
ten times the rate of release of the agent from the core; the rate
of release of the agent from the coat can be up to eight times the
rate of release of the agent from the core; the rate of release of
the agent from the coat can be up to six times the rate of release
of the agent from the core; or the rate of release of the agent
from the coat can be about four times the rate of release of the
agent from the core. In other embodiments, biphasic release
behavior is observed, and the rate of release of the agent from the
coat is between three and nine times the rate of release of the
agent from the core, more preferably the rate of release of the
agent from the coat is between four and eight times the rate of
release of the agent from the core, more preferably the rate of
release of the agent from the coat is between five and seven times
the rate of release of the agent from the core.
[0017] In certain embodiments, between 10% and 30% per hour of the
agent is released between 0 and 2 hours when tested in vitro using
a USP Type I apparatus in 50 mM phosphate, pH 6.8, and stirring
between 50 and 150 rpm
[0018] In certain embodiments, between 10% and 40% of the agent is
released from the formulation between 0 and about 2 hours of
measurement, between about 30% and 60% of the agent is released
from the formulation between 2 and about 7 hours of the
measurement, between about 50% and 80% of the agent is released
from the formulation between 7 and about 12 hours of measurement,
and between about 80% and 100% of the agent is released from the
formulation after about 20 hours of measurement.
[0019] A preferred active agent of both the core and the coat is an
analgesic, specifically, the active can be tramadol.
[0020] An agent of the formulation of the invention is preferred to
be soluble in water at least to the extent of 1 g/L, or more than
10 g/L, or more than 100 g/L, or more than 500 g/L, or more than
1000 g/L, or more than 2000 g/L.
[0021] In certain embodiments, the formulation of the invention is
generated to have the ratio of the core to the coat (w/w) between
about 1 and about 0.1, or between about 0.9 and about 0.2, or
between about 0.8 and about 0.2, or between about 0.7 and about
0.2, or between about 0.5 and about 0.2, or between about 0.4 and
about 0.2, or about 0.35. In this context, it is the total weight
of the core and the total weight of the coat that would be
considered when determining the weight ratio.
[0022] In certain embodiments, the ratio of the agent in core to
the agent in the coat (w/w) is between about 0.1 and about 10, or
between about 0.1 and about 8, or between about 0.2 and about 7, or
between about 0.3 and about 6, or between about 0.4 and about 5, or
between about 0.5 and about 4, or between about 0.6 and about 3, or
between about 0.6 and about 2, or between about 0.6 and about 1.5,
or between about 0.6 and about 1.3, or between about 0.7 and about
1, or between about 0.7 and about 0.9 or about 0.8.
[0023] In particular embodiments of the invention, a formulation is
one in which the core is between about 10% and about 90% by weight
agent, or between about 20% and about 80% by weight agent, or
between about 30% and about 70% by weight agent, or between about
40% and about 60% by weight agent, or about 50% by weight
agent.
[0024] In particular embodiments, a formulation of the invention is
one in which the coat is between about 5% and about 90% by weight
agent, or between about 5% and about 80% by weight agent, or
between about 10% and about 70% by weight agent, or between about
10% and about 60% by weight agent, or between about 15% and about
50% by weight agent, or between about 15% and about 45% by weight
agent, or between about 15% and about 40% by weight agent, or
between about 20% and about 35% by weight agent, or between about
20% and about 30% by weight agent.
[0025] According to certain aspects of the invention, the
formulation is such that the ratio of the matrix of the coat to the
agent of the. coat (w/w) is between about 0.1 and about 10, or
between about 0.2 and about 9, or between about 0.2 and about 8, or
between about 0.3 and about 7, or between about 0.4 and about 6, or
between about 0.5 and about 5, or between about 0.6 and about 4, or
between about 0.7 and about 4 or between about 1 and about 4, or
between about 1 and about 3 and about 1.5 and about 2.5.
[0026] According to certain aspects, the formulation is such that
the ratio of the matrix of the core to the agent of the core (w/w)
is between about 0.1 and about 10, or between about 0.2 and about
9, or between about 0.3 and about 7, or between about 0.4 and about
6, or between about 0.5 and about 5, or between about 0.5 and about
4, or between about 0.5 and about 3, or between about 0.6 and about
3, or between about 0.7 and about 2 or between about 0.8 and about
1.5, or between about 0.9 and about 1.5, or between about 0.9 and
about 1.3, or about 1, or is about 0.55.
[0027] Preferably, the agent is a single agent soluble in water at
room temperature (about 21.degree. C.) to the extent of at least
0.5 gm per mL.
[0028] In certain aspects, each agent of the formulation contains
an acid group, a base group or both an add group and a base group,
and each agent is present in the form of a salt of such group.
Preferably, the agent contains an ionizable group and said group is
at least 90% ionized in gastric juices (0.1M HCl).
[0029] Agents of a formulation of the invention can be any one or
more of the following: isonicotnic acid hydrazide, sodium
salicylate, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, pseudoephedrine sulfate,
acetaminophen or diclofenac sodium, verapamil, glipizide,
nifedipine, felodipine, betahistine, albuterol, acrivastine,
omeprazole, misoprostol, tramadol, oxybutynin, trimebutine,
ciprofloxacin, and salts thereof. In addition, the pharmaceutical
agent can be an antifungal agent, such as ketoconazole, or an
analgesic agent such as acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen,
paracetamol, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, indomethacin, diflunisal,
naproxen, ketorolac, diclofenac, tolmetin, sulindac, phenacetin,
piroxicam, mefamanic acid, dextromethorphan, other non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs including salicylates, pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof or mixtures thereof.
[0030] Preferably, a formulation of the invention is prepared by
compression. Typically, the core is formed, by compression, and
then the coat is prepared by being compressed onto the pre-formed
core.
[0031] In a preferred aspect, the coat is made up of an admixture
of polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone. The ratio of polyvinyl
acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone in the coat (w/w) is usually
between about 6:4 and 9:1, or 7:3 and 9:2, or it is about 8:2.
[0032] The coat often includes a binding agent, a preferred binding
agent being xanthan gum.
[0033] The formulation can be a tablet, and a preferred
cross-linked high amylose starch is a chemically-modified,
cross-linked high amylose starch prepared by a method comprising:
[0034] (a) cross-linking high amylose starch, followed by [0035]
(b) chemically modifying the cross-linked high amylose starch,
followed by [0036] (c) gelatinization, and [0037] (d) drying to
obtain a powder of said controlled release excipient; wherein said
cross-linked high amylose starch is characterized in that upon
solubilization in 90% DMSO at 80.degree. C. for about three days
and gel permeation chromatography, the height of the peak
corresponding to amylose in said cross-linked high amylose starch
is at least 90% of that of the peak corresponding to amylose in
said high amylose starch prior to (a).
[0038] Another process for obtaining a cross-linked high amylose
starch for formulations of this invention includes: [0039] (a)
cross-linking high amylose starch thereby forming a reaction medium
containing a reaction product consisting of a cross-linked high
amylose starch slurry; [0040] (b) subjecting said cross-linked high
amylose starch slurry from step (a) to chemical modification at a
temperature of about 10 to about 90.degree. C. for about 1 to about
72 hours; [0041] (c) neutralizing said reaction medium obtained in
step (b) with an acid, washing the slurry formed and optionally
dewatering or to form a starch cake or a dry powder; [0042] (d)
diluting said slurry or re-slurrifying said starch cake or said dry
powder from step [0043] (c) with water to form a slurry at a
concentration of about 2% to about 40% w/w, adjusting pH to a
desired value between about 3 and about 12, and gelatinizing said
slurry at a temperature of about 80 to 180.degree. C. for about 1
second to about 120 minutes; and [0044] (e) drying the thermally
treated product obtained in step (d) to obtain said controlled
release excipient consisting mainly of chemically modified and
cross-linked high amylose starch in form of a powder.
[0045] Another process for manufacturing, in an aqueous medium, a
controlled release excipient consisting primarily of cross-linked
high amylose starch is one including [0046] (a) subjecting high
amylose starch to chemical modification at a temperature of about
10 to about 90.degree. C. for about 1 to about 72 hours thereby
forming a reaction medium containing a chemically modified high
amylose slurry; [0047] (b) cross-linking said chemically modified
high amylose starch in said slurry obtained in step (a); [0048] (c)
neutralizing said slurry obtained in step (b) with an acid, washing
the slurry formed and optionally dewatering to form a starch cake
or drying to form dry powder; [0049] (d) diluting said slurry, or
re-slurrifying said starch cake or said dry powder from step (c)
with water to form a slurry at a concentration of about 2% to about
40% w/w, adjusting pH to a desired value between about 3 and about
12, and gelatinizing said slurry at a temperature of about 80 to
180.degree. C. for about 1 second to about 120 minutes; and [0050]
(e) drying the thermally treated product obtained in step (d) to
obtain said controlled release excipient consisting mainly of
chemically modified and cross-linked high amylose starch in form of
a powder.
[0051] Another process for obtaining a cross-linked high amylose
starch for this invention includes: [0052] (a) cross-linking high
amylose starch, followed by [0053] (b) chemically modifying the
cross-linked high amylose starch, followed by [0054] (c)
gelatinization, and [0055] (d) drying to obtain a powder of said
controlled release excipient; wherein said cross-linked high
amylose starch is characterized in that upon solubilization in 90%
DMSO at 80.degree. C. for about three days and gel permeation
chromatography, the height of the peak corresponding to amylose in
said cross-linked high amylose starch is at least 90% of that of
the peak corresponding to amylose in said high amylose starch prior
to (a).
[0056] Another process for obtaining a cross-linked high amylose
starch for this invention includes: [0057] (a) cross-linking high
amylose starch, followed by [0058] (b) chemically modifying the
cross-linked high amylose starch, followed by [0059] (c)
gelatinization, and [0060] (d) drying to obtain a powder of said
controlled release excipient; wherein said cross-linked high
amylose starch is characterized in that less than about 20% of the
amylose present in said high amylose starch prior to (a) is
chemically cross-linked to amylopectin.
[0061] Another process for obtaining a cross-linked high amylose
starch for this invention includes: [0062] (a) cross-linking high
amylose starch, followed by [0063] (b) chemically modifying the
cross-linked high amylose starch, followed by [0064] (c)
gelatinization, and [0065] (d) drying to obtain a powder of said
controlled release excipient; wherein said cross-linked high
amylose starch is characterized in that upon solubilization in 90%
DMSO at 80.degree. C. for about three days and gel permeation
chromatography, less than about 20% of the amylose present prior to
(a) is chemically cross-linked to and eluted with amylopectin.
[0066] Another process for obtaining a cross-linked high amylose
starch for this invention includes: [0067] (a) cross-linking high
amylose starch, followed by [0068] (b) chemically modifying the
cross-linked high amylose starch, followed by [0069] (c)
gelatinization, and [0070] (d) drying to obtain a powder of said
controlled release excipient; wherein said cross-linked high
amylose starch is characterized in that upon solubilization in 90%
DMSO at 80.degree. C. for about three days and gel permeation
chromatography, the height of the peak corresponding to amylose is
higher than that of the peak corresponding to
amylopectin-containing entities.
[0071] Another process for obtaining a cross-linked high amylose
starch for this invention includes: [0072] (a) cross-linking high
amylose starch, followed by [0073] (b) chemically modifying the
cross-linked high amylose starch, followed by [0074] (c)
gelatinization, and [0075] (d) drying to obtain a powder of said
controlled release excipient; wherein said cross-linked high
amylose starch is characterized in that less than about 20% of the
amylose present in said high amylose starch prior to (a) is
chemically cross-linked to amylopectin.
[0076] Another process for obtaining a cross-linked high amylose
starch for this invention includes: [0077] (a) cross-linking high
amylose starch, followed by [0078] (b) chemically modifying the
cross-linked high amylose starch, followed by [0079] (c)
gelatinization, and [0080] (d) drying to obtain a powder of said
controlled release excipient; wherein said cross-linked high
amylose starch is characterized in that upon solubilization in 90%
DMSO at 80.degree. C. for about three days and gel permeation
chromatography, less than about 20% of the amylose present prior to
(a) is chemically cross-linked to and eluted with amylopectin.
[0081] Another process for obtaining a cross-linked high amylose
starch for this invention includes: [0082] (a) cross-linking high
amylose starch, followed by [0083] (b) chemically modifying the
cross-linked high amylose starch, followed by [0084] (c)
gelatinization, and [0085] (d) drying to obtain a powder of said
controlled release excipient; wherein said cross-linked high
amylose starch is characterized in that upon solubilization in 90%
DMSO at 80.degree. C. for about three days and gel permeation
chromatography, the height of the peak corresponding to amylose is
higher than that of the peak corresponding to
amylopectin-containing entities.
[0086] Of course, a product having the structure of a cross-linked
high amylose starch obtained by one of these processes, even though
the manufacturing process is not identical one of these is also
within the scope of this invention
[0087] The core of a formulation of this invention often includes a
lubricant which is optionally hydrogenated vegetable oil.
[0088] In a preferred aspect, a formulation of the invention is a
tablet formulated for oral administration.
[0089] In one particular embodiment, the invention is a solid
dosage formulation that includes: [0090] a core having a
pharmacological agent dispersed in a first controlled-release
matrix from which release of the agent is relatively slow; and
[0091] a coat formed over the core and comprising said agent
dispersed in a second controlled-release matrix, the second
controlled-release matrix comprising a physical mixture of
polyvinyl acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone and from which release
of the agent is relatively fast.
[0092] In another embodiment, the invention provides a solid dosage
formulation that includes: [0093] a core comprising a
pharmacological agent dispersed in a first controlled-release
matrix comprising cross-linked high amylose starch, from which
matrix release of the agent is relatively slow; and [0094] a coat
formed over the core and comprising a pharmacological agent in a
second controlled-release matrix, the second controlled-release
matrix comprising a physical mixture of polyvinyl acetate and
polyvinylpyrrolidone, and wherein: [0095] release of the agent from
the matrix of the core is relatively slow with respect to release
of the agent from the matrix of the coat
[0096] Another aspect of the invention is a solid dosage
formulation that includes: [0097] a core comprising a
pharmacological agent in a first controlled-release matrix; and
[0098] a coat formed over the core and comprising a pharmacological
agent in a second controlled-release matrix, the second
controlled-release matrix comprising a physical mixture of
polyvinyl acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone, and wherein: [0099]
release of the agent from the matrix of the core is relatively slow
with respect to release of the agent from the matrix of the
coat.
[0100] In another aspect, the invention includes a solid dosage
formulation comprising a pharmacological agent for release thereof
over an extended period of time, the formulation comprising: [0101]
a core comprising agent in a first controlled-release release
matrix, the controlled-release matrix comprising cross-linked high
amylose starch; and [0102] a coat formed over the core and
comprising the agent in a second controlled-release matrix, the
second controlled-release matrix comprising a physical mixture of
polyvinyl acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone, and wherein: [0103] the
agent is present in the core sufficient to obtain release into an
aqueous environment, e.g. gastric juices, of no more than 50% of
the agent from the formulation within one quarter of the
period.
[0104] In such a formulation, the period can be between about 12
and about 24 hours, and between about 30% and about 70% of the
agent is in the core. The agent in the first matrix and the agent
in the second matrix is preferably soluble in water at least to the
extent of 1 g/L, or more than 10 g/L, or more than 100 g/L, or more
than 500 g/L, or more than 1000 g/L, or more than 2000 g/L. The
agent can be an analgesic.
[0105] A particular embodiment of the invention includes a solid
dosage formulation for use for a period of every four hours, or
every six hours, every eight hours, every twelve hours, or every
twenty-four hours, the formulation comprising: [0106] a compressed
core comprising a pharmacological agent including an amino group,
the agent being present as a pharmacologically acceptable salt and
being dispersed in a first controlled-release matrix comprising
cross-linked high amylose starch; and [0107] a coat formed by
compression over the core and comprising the agent in a second
controlled-release matrix, the second controlled-release matrix
comprising a physical mixture of polyvinyl acetate and
polyvinylpyrrolidone, and wherein [0108] release of the agent from
the formulation over the period includes a first phase with the
average rate of release over the first 5% of the period being
between three and eight times the rate of release of the agent half
way through the period.
[0109] In a particular aspect of this particular embodiment, the
ratio of the agent in core to the agent in the coat (w/w) is
between 0.2 and about 7, the core is between 20% and 80% by weight
agent, the coat is between 15% and 50% by weight agent, and the
ratio of the matrix of the coat to the agent of the coat (w/w) is
between 0.3 and 7. Further, the preferred agent is tramadol, and
preferably the coat includes a binding agent.
[0110] In another aspect, the invention is a controlled released
tablet comprising: [0111] a compressed core comprising cross-linked
high amylose starch having tramadol, or a salt thereof, embedded
therein; and [0112] a coat formed over the core by compression, and
comprising a physical mixture of polyvinyl acetate,
polyvinylpyrrolidone, a binder, tramadol; and wherein: [0113] the
ratio of the core/coat (w/w) is between about 0.2 and 0.6; [0114]
the ratio of the tramadol in the core to the tramadol in the coat
is between about 0.7 and about 1; [0115] the ratio of polyvinyl
acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidne (w/w) is between about 6:4 and 9:1; and
[0116] the rate of release of tramadol from the coat matrix is at
least twice the rate of release of tramadol from the core when
measured by a USP Type I apparatus in 50 mM phosphate, pH 6.8, and
between 50 and 150 rpm.
[0117] The invention includes a method of manufacturing a
controlled-release medication, the method comprising: [0118] (i)
blending a pharmacological agent and a first matrix material
comprising a cross-linked high amylose starch; [0119] (ii) forming
the resultant blend of step (i) into a core; [0120] (iii) blending
a pharmacological agent and a second matrix material comprising a
relatively fast release material with respect to the first matrix
material; (iv) forming the resultant blend of step (iii) as a coat
onto the exterior of the core.
[0121] A method of manufacturing a controlled-release medication of
invention can include: [0122] (i) blending a pharmacological agent
and a first matrix material; [0123] (ii) forming the resultant
blend of step (i) into a core; [0124] (iii) blending a
pharmacological agent and a second matrix material, the second
matrix material comprising a physical mixture of polyvinyl acetate
and polyvinylpyrrolidone and being a relatively fast release
material with respect to the first matrix material;
[0125] (iv) forming the resultant blend of step (iii) as a coat
onto the exterior of the core.
[0126] Step (ii) preferably comprises compressing the resultant
blend of step (i). Step (iii) can comprise compressing the
resultant blend of step (iii) onto the exterior of the core. The
agent in the core and the coat is preferably tramadol, the total
amount of tramadol in the medication is effective as a daily
dosage, and the medication comprises a formulation, as appropriate
as defined within this specification.
[0127] The invention includes an oral tramadol pharmaceutical
composition suitable for once daily administration comprising an
effective amount of tramadol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof providing after a single administration in vivo, a median
time to tramadol peak plasma concentration (T.sub.max) between 2
and 8 hours and a mean peak tramadol plasma concentrations
(C.sub.max) which are less than three times the mean plasma
concentration obtained 24 hours after administration (C.sub.24h) of
a single dose of such composition.
[0128] Such a composition can be such that said mean peak tramadol
plasma concentrations (C.sub.max) are less than two times the mean
plasma concentration obtained 24 hours after administration
(C.sub.24h) of a single dose of such composition.
[0129] In another embodiment, the invention is an oral tramadol
pharmaceutical composition suitable for successive administration,
once daily, comprising an effective amount of tramadol or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof providing in vivo a steady
state in which, during a given 24 hour period, a tramadol maximum
mean plasma concentration (C.sub.max) of between 2 and 3 times a
tramadol minimum mean plasma concentration (C.sub.min) is obtained.
According to a particular aspect, the mean C.sub.max is no greater
than 350 ng/ml. Tthe mean plasma concentration of tramadol is
preferably less than 90 percent of C.sub.max for at least 18 hours
of a said 24 hour period.
[0130] The invention includes a solid dosage formulation
comprising: [0131] a core comprising a pharmacological agent
dispersed in a first controlled-release matrix comprising
cross-linked high amylose starch; and [0132] a coat formed over the
core and comprising said agent dispersed in a second
controlled-release matrix, different from the first such that
release of the agent from the formulation is biphasic.
[0133] According to another aspect, the invention is a solid dosage
formulation comprising: [0134] a core comprising a pharmacological
agent dispersed in a first controlled-release matrix; and [0135] a
coat formed over the core and comprising said agent dispersed in a
second controlled-release matrix comprising a physical mixture of
polyvinyl acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone such that release of the
agent from the formulation is biphasic.
[0136] According to yet another aspect, the invention is a solid
dosage formulation comprising: [0137] a core comprising a
pharmacological agent dispersed in a controlled-release matrix
comprising a cross-linked high amylose starch; and [0138] a coat
formed over the core and comprising a pharmacological agent in a
second controlled-release matrix comprising a physical mixture of
polyvinyl acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
[0139] In another embodiment, the invention is a solid dosage
formulation comprising: [0140] a core comprising about 50 mg, or
about 75 mg or about 100 mg or about 125 mg or about 150 mg or
about 175 mg or about 200 mg or about 225 mg or about 250 mg or
about 275 mg or about 300 mg or about 325 mg or about 350 mg or
about 375 mg or about 400 mg tramadol dispersed in a
controlled-release matrix comprising a cross-linked high amylose
starch; and [0141] a coat formed over the core and comprising a
pharmacological agent in a second controlled-release matrix
comprising a physical mixture of polyvinyl acetate and
polyvinylpyrrolidone.
[0142] The term "comprising" as used herein is used in its
open-ended sense, unless the context would dictate otherwise. That
is, a formulation comprising first and second matrices and an
agent, for example, could thus also include other ingredients, such
as a lubricant.
[0143] Formulations of the above-described formulations provide
advantageous characteristics in vivo, as set out further below.
Another aspect of the invention is thus a once daily oral
pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of tramadol or a
salt thereof, in which the composition, upon initial administration
of one dose, provides an onset of analgesic effect within 2 hours,
which analgesic effect continues for at least 24 hours after
administration.
[0144] Another aspect of the invention is a once daily oral
pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of tramadol or a
salt thereof, wherein the composition, upon initial administration
of one dose, provides a mean plasma concentration of at least 100
ng/mL within 2 hours of administration and continues to provide a
mean plasma concentration of at least 100 ng/mL for at least 22
hours after administration.
[0145] Another aspect of the invention is a once daily oral
pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of tramadol or a
salt thereof, wherein the composition, upon initial administration
of one dose, provides a mean plasma concentration of at least 100
ng/mL within 2 hours of administration and continues to provide a
mean plasma concentration of at least 100 ng/mL for at least 23
hours after administration.
[0146] In another aspect, the invention is a once daily oral
pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of tramadol or a
salt thereof, wherein the composition, upon initial administration
of one dose, provides a mean plasma concentration of at least 100
ng/mL within 2 hours of administration and continues to provide a
mean plasma concentration of at least 100 ng/mL for at least 24
hours after administration.
[0147] A once daily oral pharmaceutical composition of the
invention, in a preferred aspect, includes about 200 mg of tramadol
or a salt thereof.
[0148] In yet another aspect, the invention is a once daily oral
pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of tramadol or a
salt thereof comprising 100 mg of tramadol or a salt thereof,
wherein the composition, upon initial administration of one dose,
provides a mean plasma concentration of at least 50 ng/mL within 2
hours of administration and continues to provide a mean plasma
concentration of at least 50 ng/mL for at least 22 hours after
administration.
[0149] According to another aspect, the invention provides a once
daily oral pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of
tramadol or a salt thereof comprising 100 mg of tramadol or a salt
thereof, wherein the composition, upon initial administration of
one dose, provides a mean plasma concentration of at least 50 ng/mL
within 2 hours of administration and continues to provide a mean
plasma concentration of at least 50 ng/mL for at least 23 hours
after administration.
[0150] Another aspect of the invention is a once daily oral
pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of tramadol or a
salt thereof comprising 300 mg of tramadol or a salt thereof,
wherein the composition, upon initial administration of one dose,
provides a mean plasma concentration of at least 150 ng/mL within 2
hours of administration and continues to provide a mean plasma
concentration of at least 150 ng/mL for at least 22 hours after
administration.
[0151] Another aspect of the invention is a once daily oral
pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of tramadol or a
salt thereof comprising 300 mg of tramadol or a salt thereof,
wherein the composition, upon initial administration of one dose,
provides a mean plasma concentration of at least 150 ng/mL within 2
hours of administration and continues to provide a mean plasma
concentration of at least 150 ng/mL for at least 23 hours after
administration.
[0152] Another aspect of the invention is a once daily oral
pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of tramadol or a
salt thereof comprising 300 mg of tramadol or a salt thereof,
wherein the composition, upon initial administration of one dose,
provides a mean plasma concentration of at least 150 ng/mL within 2
hours of administration and continues to provide a mean plasma
concentration of at least 150 ng/mL for at least 24 hours after
administration.
[0153] In another aspect of the A once daily oral pharmaceutical
composition for controlled release of tramadol or a salt thereof
comprising 200 mg of tramadol or a salt thereof, wherein upon
initial administration of 400 mg, the composition provides a mean
plasma concentration of at least 200 ng/mL for at least 22 hours
after administration.
[0154] Another aspect of the invention is a once daily oral
pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of tramadol or a
salt thereof comprising 200 mg of tramadol or a salt thereof,
wherein upon initial administration of 400 mg, the composition
provides a mean plasma concentration of at least 190 ng/mL for at
least 23 hours after administration.
[0155] Another aspect of the invention is a once daily oral
pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of tramadol or a
salt thereof comprising 200 mg of tramadol or a salt thereof,
wherein upon initial administration of 400 mg, the composition
provides a mean plasma concentration of at least 180 ng/mL for at
least 24 hours after administration.
[0156] The invention also provides a once daily oral pharmaceutical
composition wherein the mean maximum plasma concentration
(C.sub.max) is less than 100 ng/mL.
[0157] Further, a once daily oral pharmaceutical composition of the
invention can provide a mean maximum plasma concentration
(C.sub.max) is less than 300 ng/mL, or a mean maximum plasma
concentration (C.sub.max) is less than 200 ng/mL.
[0158] A once daily oral pharmaceutical composition of the
invention can be such that the mean maximum plasma concentration
(C.sub.max) is less than 2.2 times the mean plasma concentration
obtained 24 hours after administration (C.sub.24h). The once daily
oral pharmaceutical composition can be such that the mean maximum
plasma concentration (C.sub.max) is less than 300 ng/mL.
[0159] The mean maximum plasma concentration (C.sub.max) can be
less than two times the mean plasma concentration obtained 24 hours
after administration (C.sub.24h).
[0160] The mean maximum plasma concentration (C.sub.max) can be
less than 2.3 times the mean plasma concentration obtained 24 hours
after administration (C.sub.24h).
[0161] The once daily oral pharmaceutical composition of the
invention can provide a median time to the mean maximum plasma
concentration (t.sub.max) of between 2 and 10 hours, or between 3
and 6 hours, or between 5 and 6 hours.
[0162] The invention also provides a once daily oral pharmaceutical
composition for controlled release of tramadol or a salt thereof
comprising 200 mg of tramadol or a salt thereof, wherein the
composition, upon initial administration of one dose, provides an
O-desmethyltramadol mean plasma concentration of at least 24 ng/mL
within 2 hours of administration and continues to provide an
O-desmethyltramadol mean plasma concentration of at least 25 ng/mL
for at least 24 hours after administration.
[0163] According to another embodiment, the invention provides a
once daily oral pharmaceutical composition for controlled release
of tramadol or a salt thereof comprising 100 mg of tramadol or a
salt thereof, wherein the composition, upon initial administration
of one dose, provides an O-desmethyltramadol mean plasma
concentration of at least 11 ng/mL within 2 hours of administration
and continues to provide an O-desmethyltramadol mean plasma
concentration of at least 12 ng/mL for at least 24 hours after
administration.
[0164] According to another embodiment, the invention provides a
once daily oral pharmaceutical composition for controlled release
of tramadol or a salt thereof comprising 300 mg of tramadol or a
salt thereof, wherein the composition, upon initial administration
of one dose, provides an O-desmethyltramadol mean plasma
concentration of at least 32 ng/mL within 2 hours of administration
and continues to provide an O-desmethyltramadol mean plasma
concentration of at least 32 ng/mL for at least 24 hours after
administration.
[0165] In another embodiment, the invention is a once daily oral
pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of tramadol or a
salt thereof comprising 200 mg of tramadol or a salt thereof,
wherein upon initial administration of 400 mg, the composition
provides an O-desmethyltramadol mean plasma concentration of at
least 50 ng/mL within 2 hours of administration and continues to
provide an O-desmethyltramadol mean plasma concentration of at
least 50 ng/mL for at least 24 hours after administration.
[0166] One object of the present invention is to provide flexible
dosing options for patients with different analgesic requirements
with a once daily formulation.
[0167] One embodiment of the present invention is to provide a once
daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose of 100 mg
would provide the desired early onset of action but achieve mean
tramadol plasma concentrations of at least 45 ng/mL between 2 and
24 hours.
[0168] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose of
200 mg would provide the desired early onset of action but achieve
mean tramadol plasma concentrations of at least 100 ng/mL between 2
and 24 hours.
[0169] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose of
300 mg would provide the desired early onset of action but achieve
mean tramadol plasma concentrations of at least 150 ng/mL between 2
and 24 hours.
[0170] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose of
400 mg would provide the desired early onset of action but achieve
mean tramadol plasma concentrations of at least 180 ng/mL between 2
and 24 hours.
[0171] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a C'.sub.max to dose ratio of from about 0.90 to
about 1.0.
[0172] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a tramadol plasma concentration which rises steadily
until peak tramadol concentrations are attained at a T.sub.max of
about 4 hours to about 6 hours. Preferably, the T.sub.max occurs at
about 5 hours to about 5.5 hours.
[0173] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a tramadol plasma concentration which, after
T.sub.max, declines in a slow but steady manner, reflecting
continuing absorption in addition to elimination processes.
Preferably, the decline in the tramadol plasma concentration after
T.sub.max occurs in a log-linear fashion with a mean apparent
terminal elimination half-life of between about 5.5 hours and about
6.5 hours.
[0174] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a tramadol plasma concentration which, after
T.sub.max, declines in a slow but steady manner, reflecting
continuing absorption in addition to elimination processes, and
which absorption continues for at least 20 hours after
T.sub.max
[0175] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
provides a tramadol plasma concentration which, after T.sub.max,
declines in a log-linear fashion with an apparent terminal
elimination rate constant (.lamda..sub.z) of about 0.12 h.sup.-1
for the tramadol plasma concentration.
[0176] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a mean residence time (MRT) of tramadol ranging from
about 15 hours and about 18 hours.
[0177] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a half value duration (HVD) of tramadol which ranges
from about 22.5 hours to about 25.4 hours.
[0178] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a C'.sub.max to AUC.sub.0-.infin. ratio of from about
0.04 h.sup.-1 to about 0.06 h.sup.-1. Preferably, the C'.sub.max to
AUC.sub.0-.infin. ratio is from about 0.04 h.sup.-1 to about 0.05
h.sup.-1. The ratio C'.sub.max/AUC.sub.0-.infin. is used for
evaluating the rate of drug absorption.
[0179] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a mean AUC.sub.0-24 with respect to the tramadol
plasma concentration which increases proportionally with dose over
the range of dosage strengths of 100 mg to 300 mg of the controlled
release composition.
[0180] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose of
100 mg would provide a mean AUC.sub.0-Tmax of from about 610 ngh/mL
to about 630 ngh/mL.
[0181] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose of
200 mg would provide a mean AUC.sub.0-Tmax of from about 910 ngh/mL
to about 920 ngh/mL.
[0182] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose of
300 mg would provide a mean AUC.sub.0-Tmax of from about 1570
ngh/mL to about 1590 ngh/mL.
[0183] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
provides a mean ratio of AUC.sub.0-24/AUC.sub.0-.infin. of tramadol
plasma concentration which ranges between about 70% and about 85%.
Preferably, the mean ratio of AUC.sub.0-24/AUC.sub.0-.infin. of
tramadol plasma concentration ranges between about 74% and about
80%. As a result, about 15% to about 30% of the administered dose
is still circulating in the plasma 24 hours post-dose, depending on
the dose administered.
[0184] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a ratio of the C'.sub.max to the dose released to the
blood plasma in the first 24 hours (that is,
AUC.sub.0-24/AUC.sub.0-.infin. multiplied by the dose) of from
about 1.10 to about 1.35. Preferably the ratio is from about 1.15
to about 1.31.
[0185] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose,
would provide a ratio of the C'.sub.max/T.sub.max to the dose
administered of from about 0.10 to about 0.20. Preferably the ratio
is from about 0.12 to about 0.19.
[0186] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a slope in ng/ml-hr following the peak blood plasma
concentration level, which does not exceed a factor of about 0.035
of the total dose administered in mg. Preferably, the factor is
about 0.03.
[0187] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a ratio of the C'.sub.max calculated with respect to
the blood plasma concentration of O-desmethyltramadol, to the dose
of tramadol from about 0.19 to about 0.22. Preferably the ratio is
from about 0.20 to 0.21.
[0188] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide an O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration which
rises steadily until peak tramadol concentrations are attained at a
T.sub.max of about 8 hours to about 16 hours.
[0189] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide an O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration which,
after T.sub.max, declines in a slow but steady manner, reflecting
continuing tramadol absorption and subsequent metabolite formation
in addition to elimination processes. Preferably, the decline in
the O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration occurs in a log-linear
fashion with a mean apparent terminal elimination half-life of
between about 6.7 hours and about 8.1 hours.
[0190] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide, after T.sub.max, the formation of metabolite for at
least 18 hours.
[0191] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would, after T.sub.max, provide a decline in the
O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration in a log-linear fashion
with an apparent terminal elimination rate constant (.lamda..sub.z)
for O-desmethyltramadol concentration of about 0.1 h.sup.-1.
[0192] A further object of the invention is to provide a once daily
formulation which upon initial ingestion of 100 mg, 200 mg and 300
mg strengths provides a half value duration (HVD) of
O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration which ranges from 25.6 to
28.1 hours.
[0193] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a half value duration (HVD) of O-desmethyltramadol
which ranges from about 25.6 hours to about 28.1 hours.
[0194] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a C'.sub.max to AUC.sub.0-.infin. ratio calculated
with respect to the O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration, of
about 0.04 h.sup.-1. The ratio C'.sub.max/AUC.sub.0-.infin. is used
for evaluating the rate of metabolite formation.
[0195] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a mean AUC.sub.0-24 calculated with respect to the
O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration, which increases
proportionally with dose over the range of dosage strengths of 100
mg to 300 Mg of the controlled release composition.
[0196] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose of
100 mg would provide a mean AUC.sub.0-Tmax with respect to the
O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration of from about 175 ngh/mL
to about 180 ngh/mL.
[0197] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose of
200 mg would provide a mean AUC.sub.0-Tmax with respect to the
O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration of from about 530 ngh/mL
to about 550 ngh/mL.
[0198] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose of
300 mg would provide a mean AUC.sub.0-Tmax with respect to the
O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration of from about 580 ngh/mL
to about 590 ngh/mL.
[0199] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
provides a mean ratio of AUC.sub.0-24/AUC.sub.0-.infin. of
O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration which ranges between about
65% and about 80%. Preferably, the mean ratio of
AUC.sub.0-24/AUC.sub.0-.infin. of O-desmethyltramadol plasma
concentration ranges between about 68% and about 75%. As a result,
about 25% to about 32% of the active metabolite is still
circulating in the plasma 24 hours post-dose.
[0200] A further embodiment of the present invention is to provide
a once daily formulation which upon initial ingestion of a dose
would provide a ratio of the C'.sub.max calculated with respect to
the O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentration, to the
O-desmethyltramadol blood plasma concentration in the first 24
hours (AUC.sub.0-24/AUC.sub.0-.infin. multiplied by the dose of
tramadol) of from about 0.0025 to about 0.0035. Preferably the
ratio is from about 0.0027 to about 0.0031.
[0201] The present invention may be understood more fully by
reference to the following detailed description and illustrative
examples which are intended to exemplify non-limiting embodiments
of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0202] Various features and advantages of the present invention
will become clear from the more detailed description given below
with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0203] FIG. 1: Flow diagram showing manufacturing process for
tablets,
[0204] FIG. 2: Dissolution profiles (% released) of formulations A,
B and C over 24 hours: In vitro performance of formulations A, B
and C: under USP Type 1 Conditions; sodium phosphate buffer, 50 mM,
pH 6.8, 100 rpm. 6 tablets were tested per time point.
[0205] FIG. 3(a): Mean tramadol plasma concentrations (ng/ml) for
48 hours following administration of 2.times.200 mg doses of
composition (formulation B) (.tangle-solidup.), and 1.times.200 mg
Topalgic.RTM. LP BID q12 h (.DELTA.). Plasma concentrations were
determined using an HPLC/UV assay.
[0206] FIG. 3(b): Mean O-desmethyltramadol plasma concentrations
(ng/ml) for 48 hours following a single administration of
1.times.200 mg dose of the composition (formulation B)
(.circle-solid.), 2.times.200 mg dose of the composition
(.tangle-solidup.), 1.times.100 mg Topalgic.RTM. LP BID q12 h
(.largecircle.), and 1.times.200 mg Topalgic.RTM. LP BID q12 h
(.DELTA.).
[0207] FIG. 4(a): Plasma tramadol concentrations (ng/ml) of 27
subjects for 48 hours following a single administration of either
100 mg (.diamond-solid.), 200 mg (.largecircle.), or 300 mg
(.DELTA.) strength tramadol formulations (A, B, and C,
respectively).
[0208] FIG. 4(b): Plasma O-desmethyl tramadol concentrations
(ng/ml) of 27 subjects for 48 hours following a single
administration of either 100 mg (.diamond-solid.), 200 mg
(.largecircle.), and 300 mg (.DELTA.) strength tramadol
formulations (A, B, and C, respectively).
[0209] FIG. 5: Mean steady-state plasma tramadol (.box-solid.) and
O-desmethyl tramadol (.largecircle.) concentrations (ng/ml) of 26
subjects dosed with the 200 mg tramadol, formulation B, and
steady-state plasma tramadol (.tangle-solidup.) and O-desmethyl
tramadol (.DELTA.) concentrations of 26 subjects dosed with
Topalgic LP 100 mg BID.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Core
[0210] The core of a tablet of the invention includes at least one
active ingredient and a matrix, these components associated in such
a way that release of the pharmaceutical ingredient from the matrix
is controlled. In a specific embodiment, the matrix of the core is
a cross-linked high amylose starch known under the name
Contramid.RTM., and described most recently in U.S. Pat. No.
6,607,748 (Lenaerts et al.), which issued Aug. 19, 2003. A
preferred formulation in the context of this invention is provided
in the specification of U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,748.
[0211] Preferably, the core is formed by admixing the ingredients
(in granular or powder form) and then compressing the mixture to
form the core over which the coat is subsequently formed. The
weight of the core can be any percentage of the weight of the total
composition between 10% and 80%. The preferred percentage depends,
upon other things, the total dosage of the pharmaceutical agent. In
a particular embodiment described further below, a tablet contains
100 mg tramadol hydrochloride and the core is about 26% of the
total weight of the tablet. In another embodiment, a tablet
contains 200 mg tramadol hydrochloride and the core makes up about
33% of the total weight of the tablet. In yet another embodiment, a
tablet contains 300 mg tramadol hydrochloride, and the core
contributes 33% to the total weight of the tablet.
Active Agent in the Core
[0212] An active pharmaceutical ingredient is present in the core
of the composition of the present invention. A suitable
pharmaceutical ingredient of the present invention is any such
ingredient that is desired to be delivered in a sustained-release
dosage form. A comprehensive list of suitable pharmaceutical agents
can be found in The Merck Index, 12.sup.th Ed. Preferably, the
pharmaceutical ingredient is, but not limited to, isonicotinic acid
hydrazide, sodium salicylate, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride,
pseudoephedrine sulfate, acetaminophen or diclofenac sodium,
verapamil, glipizide, nifedipine, felodipine, betahistine,
albuterol, acrivastine, omeprazole, misoprostol, tramadol.RTM.,
oxybutynin, trimebutine, ciprofloxacin, and salts thereof. In
addition, the pharmaceutical agent can be an antifungal agent, such
as ketoconazole, or an analgesic agent such as acetylsalicylic
acid, acetaminophen, paracetamol, ibuprofen, ketoprofen,
indomethacin, diflunisal, naproxen, ketorolac, diclofenac,
tolmetin, sulindac, phenacetin, piroxicam, mefamanic acid,
dextromethorphan, other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
including salicylates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof or
mixtures thereof. Pro-drugs are part of the invention.
[0213] The solubility of the pharmaceutical agent in aqueous
solution can be a wide variety of values. The aqueous solubility of
the pharmaceutical agent can be less than 10.sup.-3 g/L, more than
10.sup.-3 g/L, more than 10.sup.-2 g/L, more than 10.sup.-1 g/L,
more than 1 g/L, more than 10 g/L, more than 100 g/L, more than 500
g/L, more than 1000 g/L, or more than 2000 g/L. Preferably, the
solubility is more than 100 g/L. More preferably, the solubility is
more than 500 g/L. Most preferably, the solubility is more than
1000 g/L.
[0214] The pharmaceutical agent can meet a variety of dosage
requirement For example, the dosage requirement of the
pharmaceutical agent can be less than 1 mg/dosage unit, more than 1
mg/dosage unit, more than 10 mg/dosage unit, more than 100
mg/dosage unit, more than 200 mg/dosage unit, more than 300
mg/dosage unit, more than 400 mg/dosage unit, more than 500
mg/dosage unit, or more than 1000 mg/dosage unit. Preferably, the
pharmaceutical agent is more than 50 mg/dosage unit. More
preferably, the pharmaceutical agent is 100 mg/dosage unit, or
more, e.g. 150 mg/dosage unit, or 200 mg/dosage unit, or 250
mg/dosage unit, or 300 mg/dosage unit, or more.
[0215] Particular embodiments include a core containing tramadol
hydrochloride in which the core contains between about 10% and 90%
of the total tramadol present in the tablet, e.g. about 45 mg of a
100 mg strength tablet (45% of the tablet total), or about 90 of a
200 mg strength tablet (45% of the tablet total), or about 151 mg
of a 300 mg strength tablet (50% of the tablet total).
Matrix of the Core
[0216] The release from the formulation of an active pharmaceutical
ingredient located in the core is slower than the release of an
active pharmaceutical ingredient located in the matrix of the coat.
A preferred matrix of the core is cross-linked high amylose starch,
known under the name Contramid.RTM. and described in U.S. Pat. No.
6,607,748. In particular embodiments, the matrix makes up between
about 10% and about 90% by weight of the core i.e., the ratio of
the matrix of the core to the active ingredient of the core (w/w)
is between about 0.1 and about 10, or between about 0.2 and about
9, or between about 0.2 and about 8, or between about 0.3 and about
7, or between about 0.4 and about 6, or between about 0.5 and about
5, or between about 0.6 and about 4, or between about 0.7 and about
4 or between about 1 and about 4, or between about 1 and about 3
and about 1.5 and about 2.5. In one particular embodiment, the core
totals about 90 mg, of which about 44 mg is Contramid.RTM., and 45
mg is tramadol hydrochloride. In this case, Contramid.RTM. thus
makes up about 49 weight percent of the core.]
Optional Components
[0217] The core composition of the present invention may optionally
include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle. Such
carriers or vehicles are known to those skilled in the art and are
found, for example, in Remingtons's Pharmaceutical Sciences,
14.sup.th Ed. (1970). Examples of such carriers or vehicles include
lactose, starch, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, kaolin,
mannitol and powdered sugar. Additionally, when required, suitable
binders, lubricants, and disintegrating agents can be included. If
desired, dyes, as well as sweetening or flavoring agents can be
included.
[0218] The core composition of the present invention may optionally
include accessory ingredients including, but not limited to
dispersing agents such as microcrystalline cellulose, starch,
cross-linked starch, cross-linked poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), and
sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; flavoring agents; coloring agents;
binders; preservatives; surfactants and the like.
[0219] The core can, optionally, also include one or more suitable
binders known to one of ordinary skilled in the art
[0220] Suitable forms of microcrystalline cellulose, for example,
MCCPH101, MCC-102, MCC-105, etc.
[0221] Suitable lubricants, such as those known to the skilled
person, may also be included. For example, magnesium stearate,
vegetable oil, talc, sodium-stearyl fumarate, calcium stearate,
stearic acid, etc.
[0222] Suitable glidants, known in the art, may also be included.
Examples of such glidants include, but are not limited to talc,
colloidal silicon dioxide, etc.
Proportion
[0223] The active agent is present at levels ranging from about 1
to about 90 wt. % of the total weight of the core, preferably from
about 10 to about 70 wt. % of the total composition of the core,
more preferably from about 20 to about 60 wt. % of the total
composition of the core, and probably most often between about 30
to about 50 wt. % of the total composition of the core.
[0224] Of course, the total amount of all components is 100 wt. %,
and those of ordinary skill in the art can vary the amounts within
the stated ranges to achieve useful compositions.
Coat
[0225] The coat of the dosage form includes a physical mixture of
polyvinyl acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone and the active
pharmaceutical ingredient(s) of the coat. The coat can also include
a cross-linked high amylose starch, e.g. Contramid.RTM., and other
optional components. In a preferred embodiment, the coat is formed
by dry compression. The weight of the coat can be any percentage of
the weight of the total composition between about 10% and about
90%, but is preferably in the higher part of this range. The coat
thus usually makes up between about 20% to about 90%, (w/w) of a
tablet of the invention, or about 25% to about 90%, or about 30% to
about 85%, or about 35% to about 85%, or about 40% to about 85%, or
about 45% to about 85%, or about 45% to about 90%, or about 50% to
about 90% or about 50% to about 85%, or about 55% to about 90%, or
about 55% to about 85%, or about 55% to about 80%, or about 60% to
about 90%, or about 60% to about 85%, or about 60% to about 80%, or
about 60% to about 75%, or about 65% to about 90%, or about 65% to
about 85%, or about 65% to about 80%, or about 65% to about 75%, or
about 65% or about 70% or about 75%. The coat often includes an
optional binding agent.
Polyvinyl Acetate and Polyvinylpyrrolidone of the Coat
[0226] The weight percentage of the polyvinyl
acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidone mixture in the coat can be anywhere
within a wide range of values. Depending on the solubility in water
of the active ingredient in the coat, the amount of the polyvinyl
acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidone mixture in the coat can be adjusted.
United States Patent Publication No. 2001/0038852 describes ways in
which such adjustments can be made. For example, for active
ingredients that are soluble to extremely soluble in water,
polyvinyl acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidone mixture can be about 20 to
about 80 wt. % of the coat, preferably about 30 to about 65 wt. %,
or about 40 to about 55 wt. %. In a particular embodiment described
below, Kollidon.TM. SR makes up about 45% by weight of a coat that
is about 31% by weight tramadol hydrochloride and about 23% xanthan
gum. For active ingredients that are sparingly soluble to slightly
soluble in water, the amount of polyvinyl
acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidone mixture is often lower, as described
in United States Patent Publication No. 2001/0038852.
[0227] The weight ratio of polyvinyl acetate to
polyvinylpyrrolidone in the polyvinyl acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidone
mixture can be a wide range of values. Preferably, such ratio is
between about 6:4 and 9:1; more likely between about 7:3 and 6:1,
even more preferably about 8:2.
[0228] The molecular weight of the polyvinyl acetate component in
the polyvinyl acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidone mixture can be a wide
range of values Preferably, the average molecular weight of the
polyvinyl acetate is about 100 to about 10,000,000; or about 1,000
to about 1,000,000; or about 10,000 to about 1,000,000; or about
100,000 to about 1,000,000; or about 450,000.
[0229] The molecular weight of the polyvinylpyrrolidone component
in the polyvinyl acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidone mixture can be a wide
range of values The average molecular weight of the
polyvinylpyrrolidone can be from about 100 to about 10,000,000; or
about 1,000 to about 1,000,000; or about 5,000 to about 500,000; or
about 10,000 to about 100,000; or about 50,000.
[0230] The polyvinyl acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone mixture can
be prepared by a variety of processes including simply mixing
powders of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyvinyl acetate. In a
preferred embodiment, such mixture is spray dried powder of a
colloidal dispersion of polyvinyl acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone
solution. Optionally, sodium lauryl sulfate is used as a stabilizer
in order to prevent agglomeration during spray drying process
and/or colloidal silica is used to improve the flow properties of
the polyvinyl acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidone mixture. Optionally,
polyvinyl acetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone can be formed in a
random or a block copolymer.
Optional Components
[0231] Suitable binding agents for the present invention include,
but are not limited to, plant extracts, gums, synthetic or natural
polysaccharides, polypeptides, alginates, synthetic polymers, or a
mixture thereof.
[0232] Suitable plant extracts to be used as gelling agents
include, but are not limited to, agar, ispaghula, psyllium,
cydonia, ceratonia or a mixture thereof.
[0233] Suitable gums to be used as gelling agents include, but are
not limited to, xanthan gum, guar gum, acacia gum, ghatti gum,
karaya gum, tragacanth gum or a mixture thereof.
[0234] Suitable synthetics or natural hydrophilic polysaccharides
to be used as gelling agents include, but are not limited to,
hydroxyalkylcelluloses, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters,
nitrocelluloses, dextrin, agar, carrageenan, pectin, furcellaran,
starch or starch derivatives, cross-linked high amylose starch, or
a mixture thereof.
[0235] Suitable polypeptides to be used as gelling agents include,
but are not limited to, gelatin, collagen, polygeline or a mixture
thereof.
[0236] Suitable alginates to be used as gelling agents include, but
are not limited to, alginic acid, propylene glycol alginate, sodium
alginate or a mixture thereof.
[0237] Suitable synthetic polymers to be used as gelling agents
include, but are not limited to, carboxyvinyl polymer, polyvinyl
alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethelene oxide, polyethylene
glycols, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and their
copolymers or a mixture thereof.
[0238] In a preferred embodiment, the gelling agent is a gum such
as xanthan gum, guar gum, acacia gum, ghatti gum, karaya gum,
tragacanth gum or a mixture thereof, PEO 7,000,000 and HPMC K100
M.
[0239] In a most preferred embodiment, the gelling agent is xanthan
gum.
Active Agent of the Coat
[0240] A suitable active pharmaceutical ingredient of the present
invention is any active agent that it is desired to be delivered in
a sustained-release dosage form. A comprehensive list of suitable
pharmaceutical agents can be found in The Merck Index, 12.sup.th
Ed. Preferably, the pharmaceutical agent is, but not limited to,
isonicotinic acid hydrazide, sodium salicylate, pseudoephedrine
hydrochloride, pseudoephedrine sulfate, acetaminophen or diclofenac
sodium, verapamil, glipizide, nifedipine, felodipine, betahistine,
albuterol, acrivastine, omeprazole, misoprostol, tramadol.RTM.,
oxybutynin, trimebutine, ciprofloxacin, and salts thereof. In
addition, the pharmaceutical agent can be an antifungal agent, such
as ketoconazole, or an analgesic agent such as acetylsalicylic
acid, acetaminophen, paracetamol, ibuprofen, ketoprofen,
indomethacin, diflunisal, naproxen, ketorolac, diclofenac,
tolmetin, sulindac, phenacetin, piroxicam, mefamanic acid,
dextromethorphan, other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
including salicylates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof or
mixtures thereof.
[0241] The solubility of the pharmaceutical agent in aqueous
solution can be a wide variety of values. The aqueous solubility of
the pharmaceutical agent can be less than 10.sup.-3 g/L, more than
10.sup.-3 g/L, more than 10.sup.-2 g/L, more than 10.sup.-1 g/L,
more than 1 g/L, more than 10 g/L, more than 100 g/L, more than 500
g/L, more than 1000 g/L, or more than 2000 g/L. Preferably, the
solubility is more than 100 g/L. More preferably, the solubility is
more than 500 g/L. or even 1000 g/L.
[0242] The pharmaceutical agent can meet a variety of dosage
requirements. For example, the dosage requirement of the
pharmaceutical agent can be less than 1 mg/dosage unit, more than 1
mg/dosage unit, more than 10 mg/dosage unit, more than 100
mg/dosage unit, more than 200 mg/dosage unit, more than 300
mg/dosage unit, more than 400 mg/dosage unit, more than 500
mg/dosage unit, or more than 1000 mg/dosage unit. Preferably, the
pharmaceutical agent is more than 50 mg/dosage unit. More
preferably, the pharmaceutical agent is more than 100 mg/dosage
unit. Most preferably, the pharmaceutical agent is more than 200
mg/dosage unit.
[0243] The coat can be between about 5% and about 90% by weight
active pharmaceutical ingredient, or between about 5% and about 80%
by weight api, or between about 10% and about 70% by weight api, or
between about 10% and about 60% by weight api, or between about 15%
and about 50% by weight api, or between about 15% and about 45% by
weight api, or between about 15% and about 40% by weight api, or
between about 20% and about 35% by weight api, or between about 20%
and about 30% by weight api.
[0244] In particular embodiments, described further below, the
weight of tramadol from a 100 mg tramadol tablet is about 21% by
weight of the coat. The weight of tramadol from a 200 mg tablet is
about 31% by weight of the coat. The weight of tramadol from a 300
mg tablet is about 30% by weight of the coat.
Routes of Administration
[0245] The tablet composition of the present invention can be
administered through, but not limited to, a number of routes such
as oral, sublingual, and rectal. The preferred route of
administration of the compositions of the present invention is
oral.
[0246] Compositions of the present invention that are suitable for
oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as
tablets or granules. Preferably, the compositions of the present
invention are presented in a tablet form Such tablets may be
conventionally formed by compression or molding. Compressed tablets
may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the mixture of
one or more components described above. Molded tablets may be made
by molding in a suitable machine the above components, which can be
optionally moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may
optionally be coated and/or have other identifying indicia visible
to the consumer. A tablet can also be in a variety of forms, e.g,
uncoated, dry coated, or film coated, etc. A tablet can also be in
a variety of shapes (e.g, oval, sphere, etc.) and sizes. A
comprehensive discussion of tablets can be found in references such
as The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy by Lachman et
al., 3.sup.rd Ed. (Lea & Febiger, 1986).
Dissolution Profile of Sustained-Release Composition
[0247] The active agent of the composition exhibits the following
in vitro dissolution profile when measured with a USP Type I
apparatus in 50 mM phosphate, pH 6.8, and stirring between 50 and
150 rpm:
[0248] an average rate of between 10% and 30% per hour of the agent
is released between 0 and 2 hours when tested in vitro using a USP
Type I apparatus in 50 mM phosphate, pH 6.8, and stirring between
50 and 150 rpm; or
[0249] between 10% and 40% of the agent is released from the
formulation between 0 and about 2 hours of measurement, between
about 30% and 60% of the agent is released from the formulation
between 2 and about 7 hours of the measurement, between about 50%
and 80% of the agent is released from the formulation between 7 and
about 12 hours of measurement, and between about 80% and 100% of
the agent is released from the formulation after about 20 hours of
measurement; or more preferably
[0250] between 15% and 35% of the agent is released from the
formulation between at 2 hours of measurement, between about 40%
and 60% of the agent is released from the formulation between at 7
hours of the measurement, between about 60% and 80% of the agent is
released from the formulation at 12 hours of measurement, and
between about 85% and 100% of the agent is released from the
formulation after about 20 hours of measurement, or
[0251] between 20% and 40% of the agent is released from the
formulation between at 2 hours of measurement, between about 40%
and 60% of the agent is released from the formulation between at 7
hours of the measurement, between about 60% and 80% of the agent is
released from the formulation at 12 hours of measurement, and
between about 85% and 100% of the agent is released from the
formulation after about 20 hours of measurement.
[0252] The present invention will be more readily understood by
referring to the following examples which are given to illustrate
the invention rather than to limit its scope.
EXAMPLES
[0253] The cross-linked high amylose starch used in the these
examples is made by a process comprising the steps of crosslinking
and chemically modifying, followed by gelatinization and drying.
Such process is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,748
(Lenaerts et al.), which issued Aug. 19, 2003, and known in the
marketplace under the name Contramid.RTM.. and described in
Examples I and II.
Example I
A. Cross-Linking
[0254] High amylose starch (30.0 kg) containing about 70% w/w of
amylose (Cl AmyloGel 03003) is placed in a reactor. To this reactor
is added water (55.0 1) containing sodium hydroxide (30.0 g) and
sodium sulfate (2.40 kg). The resulting slurry is heated to a
temperature of 30.degree. C. Phosphorus oxychloride (22.5 g) is
added to the reaction mixture which is reacted for one hour.
B. Chemical Modification, Hydroxyproylation
[0255] The crude reaction mixture from Part A is transferred into a
hydroxypropylation reactor. The reaction mixture is heated to
40.degree. C. over 30 minutes and the reaction is purged with
nitrogen. After a full purge, propylene oxide (1.80 kg) is added.
The reaction mixture is kept at 40.degree. C. for 20 hours. The
reaction mixture is neutralized with 0.1N H.sub.2SO.sub.4 (1:2 v/v)
to a pH of 5.5. The starch slurry is washed with a
basket-centrifuge at a speed of 1200 rpm. The obtained starch cake
is re-slurrfied in 35 l of water and centrifuged a second time. The
resulting starch cake is dried in a flash dryer at an inlet
temperature of 160.degree. C. and an outlet temperature of
60.degree. C.
C. Gelatinization
[0256] The modified granular starch cake is diluted in
demineralized water in order to form a slurry at a concentration of
about 8% calculated on dry substance. The resulting slurry has a
relative density of 1.032 kg/l compared to water. The pH of the
modified starch slurry is adjusted to 6.0. The slurry is then
heated to 160.degree. C. by direct steam injection (Schlick Model
825). The temperature variation is not higher than .+-.1.degree. C.
The slurry is held in a holding column for a period of 4 minutes at
a temperature of 160.degree. C. and a pressure of about 5.5 bar.
The pressure is then reduced to atmospheric by passing through a
flash. The slurry is then contained at 95.degree. C. in a hold
tank
D. Spray-Drying
[0257] The drying of the slurry from Part C is carried out using a
Niro FSD 4 spray-drying tower equipped with a 0.8 mm nozzle and fed
at 10 l/hour. The inlet temperature is fixed at 300.degree. C. and
the outlet temperature of 120.degree. C. The obtained powder is a
controlled release excipient with the following properties:
TABLE-US-00001 Properties Moisture Content 4.5% Bulk Density 150
g/l Packed Density 210 g/l pH 5.4 Particle Size Peak Value 50 .mu.m
(Laser Particle Sizer-Sympatec)
Example II
A. Cross-Linking
[0258] High amylose starch (30.0 kg) containing about 70% w/w of
amylose (Cl AmyloGel 03003) is placed in a reactor. To this reactor
is added water (55.01) containing sodium hydroxide (30.0 g) and
sodium sulfate (2.40 kg). The resulting slurry is heated to a
temperature of 30.degree. C. Sodium trimetaphosphate (45 g) is
added to the reaction mixture which is reacted for one hour.
B. Chemical Modification, Hydroxyproylation
[0259] The crude reaction mixture from Part A is transferred into a
hydroxypropylation reactor. The reaction mixture is heated to
40.degree. C. over 30 minutes and the reaction is purged with
nitrogen. After a full purge, propylene oxide (1.80 kg) is added.
The reaction mixture is kept at 40.degree. C. for 20 hours. The
reaction mixture is neutralized with 0.1N H.sub.2SO.sub.4 (1:2 v/v)
to a pH of 5.5. The starch slurry is washed with a
basket-centrifuge at a speed of 1200 rpm. The obtained starch cake
is re-slurrified in 35 l of water and centrifuged a second time.
The resulting starch cake is dried in a flash dryer at an inlet
temperature of 160.degree. C. and an outlet temperature of
60.degree. C.
C. Gelatinization
[0260] The modified granular starch cake is diluted in
demineralized water in order to form a slurry at a concentration of
about 8% calculated on dry substance. The resulting slurry has a
relative density of 1.032 kg/l compared to water. The pH of the
modified starch slurry is adjusted to 6.0. The slurry is the heated
to 160.degree. C. by direct steam injection (Schlick Model 825).
The temperature variation is not higher than .+-.1.degree. C. The
slurry is held in a holding column for a period of 4 minutes at a
temperature of 160.degree. C. and a pressure of about 5.5 bar. The
pressure is then reduced to atmospheric by passing through a flash.
The slurry is then contained at 95.degree. C. in a hold tank.
[0261] D. Spray-Drying The slurry from Part C is carried out using
a Niro FSD 4 spray-drying tower equipped with a 0.8 mm nozzle and
fed at 10 l/hour. The inlet temperature is fixed at 300.degree. C.
and the outlet temperature of 120.degree. C. The obtained powder is
a controlled release excipient with the following properties:
TABLE-US-00002 Properties Moisture Content 5.2% Bulk Density 103
g/l Packed Density 155 g/l pH 5.3 Particle Size Peak Value 70 .mu.m
(Laser Particle Sizer-Sympatec)
Lubritab.RTM. is a product sold by Penwest Pharmaceuticals Co.
(Cedar Rapids, IA, USA). Kollidon.TM. SR is a product produced by
BASF (Germany). Encompress.TM. is a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate
which can be purchased from Mendell (Patterson, N.Y.). Tramadol
hydrochloride can be obtained from Chemagis Ltd., 3 Hashlosha
Street, P.O. Box 9091, 61090, Tel Aviv, Israel. Methods of
synthesis and purification of tramadol are described in, for
example, U.S. Pat. Nos., 3,652,589, 5,414,129, 5,672,755,
5,874,620, 5,877,351, and 6,169,205. Manufacturing Procedure
[0262] Tablets of the invention can be manufactured according to
the process set out generally in the flow chart of FIG. 1, and
described in more detail below.
[0263] Weighing:
[0264] Raw materials are dispensed into clearly labeled
containers.
[0265] Core Pre-Blend:
[0266] Blend a portion of the Contramid.RTM. and Colloidal Silicon
Dioxide and pass through #30 mesh screen into a suitable
container.
[0267] Core Blend:
[0268] Place a portion of the Contramid.RTM. into a blender. Pass
Tramadol Hydrochloride through a #30 mesh screen and add to
blender. Rinse container with a portion of Contramid.RTM. and add
to blender. Sieve Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil Type I through a #30
mesh screen and add to the blender. Add the Core Pre-Blend into the
blender. Add the remaining Contramid.RTM. into the blender, and
blend all ingredients. Sieve the Magnesium Stearate through a #
mesh screen and add blend with other ingredients. Dispense blend in
suitable container and identify as Core Blend.
[0269] Dry Coated Pre-Blend:
[0270] Blend a portion of the Xanthan Gum and all of the Colloidal
Silicon Dioxide and pass through #30 mesh screen.
[0271] Dry Coated Blend:
[0272] Place a portion of the Kollidon.RTM. SR into a blender. Pass
Tramadol Hydrochloride through Kason Separator with a #30 mesh
screen into suitable container and add to blender. Rinse container
with remaining xanthan gum and add to blender. Sieve Hydrogenated
Vegetable Oil Type 1 through a #30 mesh screen and add to the
blender Place Dry Coated Pre-Blend and the remainder of the
Kollidon.RTM. SR into the blender, and blend with all ingredients.
Sieve the magnesium stearate through a #30 mesh screen and blend
with other ingredients. Dispense granulation in suitable container
and identify as Dry Coated Blend.
[0273] Compression:
[0274] Use a Manesty Dry-Cota press to produce compression-coated
tablets.
Example 1
[0275] Formulations A, B, and C, as shown in Table 3, were
manufactured according to the process set out above. TABLE-US-00003
TABLE 3 Recipes for Controlled Released Tramadol Formulations A, B
and C Formulation A Formulation B Formulation C % mg/tablet %
mg/tablet % mg/tablet 1) INGREDIENT Core Tramadol Hydrochloride 50
45 50 90 63.25 151.8 Contramid .RTM. 48.3 43.47 48.3 86.94 35.05
84.1 Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil 0.75 0.675 0.75 1.35 0.75 1.8
Silica 0.2 0.18 0.2 0.36 0.20 0.5 Magnesium Stearate 0.75 0.675
0.75 1.35 0.75 1.8 Core Total Weight 100 90 100 180 100 240 2) COAT
Tramadol Hydrochloride 21.15 55 30.56 110 30.56 148.5 Silica 0.20
0.52 0.20 0.72 0.20 1.0 Kollidon SR .RTM. 51.42 133.7 45.16 162.58
45.16 219 Xanthan Gum 25.72 66.86 22.58 81.3 22.58 109.5
Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil 1.00 2.6 1.00 3.6 1.00 4.9 Magnesium
Stearate 0.50 1.3 0.50 1.8 0.50 2.4 Coat Total Weight 100 260
100.00 360 100 485 3) COATED TABLET Tramadol Hydrochloride 28.57
100 37.04 200 41.38 300 Contramid .RTM. 12.42 43.47 16.10 86.94
11.60 84.1 Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil 0.94 3.275 0.92 4.95 0.92 6.7
Silica 0.20 0.7 0.20 1.08 0.20 1.5 Magnesium Stearate 0.56 1.975
0.58 3.15 0.58 4.2 Kollidon SR .RTM. 38.20 133.7 30.11 162.58 30.21
219 Xanthan Gum 19.11 66.86 15.06 81.3 15.10 109.5 Coated Tablet
Total Weight: 100 350 100 540 100 725
[0276] Dissolution profiles of formulations A, B and C are shown in
FIG. 2.
Bioavailability
Single Administration
Example 2
[0277] The plasma pharmacokinetic profile of tramadol and its
principal metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, after a single oral
administration of 200 mg, (formulation B) was determined in
comparison to a currently available 100 mg formulation,
Topalgic.degree. administered two times a day, and after a double
dose administration of 200 mg, (formulation B) was determined in
comparison to a currently available 200 mg formulation,
Topalgic.RTM. administered two times a day. The study was an open,
single dose, randomized, three-way cross-over design with at least
a 7 day wash-out period between each administration. Results are
shown in FIGS. 3(a) and 3 (b).
Example 3
[0278] The plasma pharmacokinetic profile of tramadol and its
principal metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, after a single oral
administration of 100, 200 and 300 mg, formulations A, B and C,
respectively, was determined. The study was an open, single dose,
randomized, three-way cross-over design with at least a 7 day
wash-out period between each administration. Results are shown in
FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b).
[0279] A median time to tramadol peak plasma concentration
(T.sub.max) of between 2 and 8 hours and a mean peak tramadol
plasma concentration (C.sub.max) which is less than three times the
mean plasma concentration obtained 24 hours after administration
(C.sub.24h) of a single dose of the composition was obtained. In a
narrower sense, the peak tramadol plasma concentration (C.sub.max)
obtained in each case is less than two times the plasma
concentration obtained 24 hours after administration (C.sub.24h) of
a single dose of a composition of the invention.
Example 4
Steady-State
[0280] The steady state plasma pharmacokinetic profile of tramadol
and its principal metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, following daily
administration of 200 mg, formulation B, was determined. The
profile was obtained in an open-label, two-period crossover
randomized study. Results obtained are shown in FIG. 5.
[0281] The invention provides an oral tramadol pharmaceutical
composition suitable for successive administration, once daily,
comprising an effective amount of tramadol in vivo in a steady
state in which, during a given 24 hour period, a tramadol maximum
plasma concentration (C.sub.max) of between 2 and 3 times a
tramadol minimum plasma concentration (C.sub.min) is obtained. More
particularly, an average C.sub.max of no greater than 350 ng/ml is
achievable. Further, a plasma concentration of tramadol of less
than 90 percent of C.sub.max for at least 18 hours of the 24 hour
period can be achieved, on average.
[0282] The term ".lamda..sub.z" is the apparent terminal
elimination rate constant, determined by the slope of the
regression during the log-linear phase.
[0283] The term "AUC.sub.0-Tmax" is the mean area under the plasma
concentration-time curve from time 0 to Tmax and is used as an
indicator of the rate of drug absorption, or metabolite formation.
It is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the area under the
plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to T.sub.max calculated
for each individual participating in the bioavailability study.
[0284] The term "AUC.sub.0-.infin." is the mean area under the
plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity. It is
calculated as the arithmetic mean of the area under the plasma
concentration-time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity, for
each individual participating in the bioavailability study.
[0285] The term "C'.sub.max" is the maximum observed plasma
concentration, calculated as the mean of the individual maximum
blood plasma concentrations.
[0286] The term "half-life" is the apparent terminal elimination
half-life.
[0287] The term "HVD" is the half value duration, that is, the time
during which tramadol concentrations are above one half the
C'.sub.max. This parameter is an indicator of the shape of the
plasma concentration time curve, that is, the larger the value of
HVD, the better the controlled release.
[0288] The term "MRT" is the mean residence time, which is an
estimate of the average time that a tramadol molecule resides in
the body following oral administration
[0289] The term "t.sub.max" is the time at which C.sub.max is
achieved.
[0290] The term "T.sub.max" is the time at which the maximum blood
plasma concentration is observed for each individual participating
in the bioavailability study.
[0291] The term "Rstart" is the time at which plasma concentrations
begin to decline in a log-linear fashion, that is, the time at
which either drug absorption or metabolite formation is
complete
[0292] Tramadol pharmacokinetic parameters of the controlled
release composition are presented in Table 4, and
O-desmethyltramadol pharmacokinetic parameters of the controlled
release composition are presented in Table 5 TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4
Summary of Tramadol Pharmacokinetic Parameters Formulation
C.sub.max/ half- AUC.sub.0-24/ Strength Dose Descriptive C.sub.max
AUC.sub.0-.infin. AUC.sub.0-Tmax AUC.sub.0-.infin. .lamda..sub.z
Rstart life MRT HVD AUC.sub.0-24 AUC.sub.0-.infin. (mg) (mg)
Statistic (ng/mL) (ng h/mL) (ng h/mL) (h.sup.-1) (h.sup.-1) (h) (h)
(h) (h) (ng h/mL) (%) 100 100 Arith. mean 91.03 2108 625 0.0442
0.118 21.2 6.11 16.03 22.5 1635 78.9 SD 26.83 731 471 0.0052 0.024
4.3 1.31 2.13 3.4 465 6.60 200 200 Arith. mean 196.55 4416 915
0.0455 0.118 22.9 6.11 16.46 23.5 3374 77.2 SD 58.33 1192 567
0.0108 0.025 5.0 1.26 2.28 4.5 860 8.1 300 300 Arith. mean 290.08
6741 1578 0.0432 0.115 24.8 6.30 17.60 25.4 4900 73.9 SD 147.16
2156 1338 0.0126 0.023 4.4 1.52 3.03 6.6 1544 10.1 200 400 Arith.
mean 487.35 9332 NC 0.0544 0.120 21.1 6.11 15.33 NC 7471 80.0 SD
210.43 3767 NC 0.0198 0.027 6.5 1.53 2.83 NC 2887 10.1 NC--Not
calculated
[0293] TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Summary of O-desmethyltramadol
Pharmacokinetic Parameters half- AUC.sub.0-24/ Formulation Dose
Descriptive C.sub.max AUC.sub.0-.infin. AUC.sub.0-Tmax
C.sub.max/AUC.sub.0-.infin. .lamda..sub.z Rstart life HVD
AUC.sub.0-24 AUC.sub.0-.infin. Strength (mg) (mg) Statistic (ng/mL)
(ng h/mL) (ng h/mL) (h.sup.-1) (h.sup.-1) (h) (h) (h) (ng h/mL) (%)
100 100 Arith. mean 20.38 520 179 0.0394 0.106 23.1 6.96 25.6 380
72.5 SD 6.67 170 92 0.0054 0.256 4.2 1.91 2.9 123 7.69 200 200
Arith. mean 43.13 1080 540 0.0395 0.111 25.1 6.69 26.3 782 71.3 SD
16.53 328 164 0.0079 0.029 4.0 1.84 5.0 259 8.8 300 300 Arith. mean
59.88 1641 587 0.0374 0.102 25.8 7.36 28.1 1107 67.9 SD 19.19 538
312 0.0092 0.029 3.6 2.21 6.6 346 11.0 200 400 Arith. mean 114.34
2866 NC 0.0457 0.094 18.7 8.14 NC 1909 74.6 SD 46.39 773 NC 0.0147
0.028 5.5 2.98 NC 651 10.9 NC--Not calculated
[0294] The present invention is not limited in scope by the
specific embodiments disclosed in these examples which are intended
to illustrate the most preferred embodiments of the invention.
Indeed, various modifications of the invention or other embodiments
which are functionally equivalent to those shown and described
herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art and are
intended to be covered by the appended claims. Further, although
various examples of combined elements of the invention have been
described, it will also be understood that these are not intended
to be exhaustive and features of one embodiment may be combined
with those of another, and such other combinations are contemplated
to be within the scope of the invention disclosed herein.
[0295] A number of references have been cited, the entire
disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
* * * * *