U.S. patent application number 12/704115 was filed with the patent office on 2010-06-17 for gas turbine compressor water wash control of drain water purge and sensing of rinse and wash completion.
This patent application is currently assigned to Gas Turbine Efficiency Sweden AB. Invention is credited to Rodney W. Kohler, Thomas Wagner.
Application Number | 20100147330 12/704115 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 39302059 |
Filed Date | 2010-06-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100147330 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kohler; Rodney W. ; et
al. |
June 17, 2010 |
GAS TURBINE COMPRESSOR WATER WASH CONTROL OF DRAIN WATER PURGE AND
SENSING OF RINSE AND WASH COMPLETION
Abstract
A purge drain valve including a spool spliced in a fluid line
includes a control valve and an actuator coupled to the control
valve for regulating fluid flow. During a washing operation, fluid
flows between a supply end and a delivery end of the spool, and
during a purging operation, the control valve diverts fluid
entering the supply end from the delivery end towards a drain leg.
A washing system includes a fluid supply coupled to an input of a
wash delivery system and a delivery line coupled to an output of
the wash delivery system. The purge drain may be spliced into the
delivery line to permit fluid to reach a wash apparatus during a
washing operation and to prevent fluid from reaching the wash
apparatus during a purging operation. A rinse cycle sensor
apparatus may be employed to indicate to an operator if a washing
operation is complete based upon a conductivity of fluid exiting
from a device being washed.
Inventors: |
Kohler; Rodney W.; (Apollo
Beach, FL) ; Wagner; Thomas; (Troy, NY) |
Correspondence
Address: |
IP GROUP OF DLA PIPER LLP (US)
ONE LIBERTY PLACE, 1650 MARKET ST, SUITE 4900
PHILADELPHIA
PA
19103
US
|
Assignee: |
Gas Turbine Efficiency Sweden
AB
Jarfalla
SE
|
Family ID: |
39302059 |
Appl. No.: |
12/704115 |
Filed: |
February 11, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11869404 |
Oct 9, 2007 |
|
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12704115 |
|
|
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|
60852041 |
Oct 16, 2006 |
|
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60861401 |
Nov 28, 2006 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
134/18 ;
134/115R; 134/56R |
Current CPC
Class: |
F01D 25/002 20130101;
Y10T 137/86863 20150401; F05D 2260/602 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
134/18 ;
134/115.R; 134/56.R |
International
Class: |
B08B 3/00 20060101
B08B003/00 |
Claims
1. A washing system comprising: a wash delivery system; a fluid
supply coupled to an input of the wash delivery system; a fluid
delivery line coupled at one end to an output of the wash delivery
system; a wash apparatus coupled at an opposite end of the fluid
delivery line for receiving wash fluid via the fluid delivery line
and injecting the wash fluid into a object desired to be washed;
and a purge drain valve spliced into the fluid delivery line
between the wash delivery system and the wash apparatus, the purge
drain valve having a drain end; wherein, during a washing
operation, the purge drain valve is operable to permit wash fluid
to flow free between the wash delivery system and the wash
apparatus; and wherein during a purging operation, the drain valve
is operable to prevent wash fluid from entering the wash apparatus
and diverts the wash fluid to the drain end.
2. The washing system of claim 1, further comprising a control
input coupled to an input of the wash delivery system for
transmitting input control signals to the wash delivery system.
3. The washing system of claim 2, further comprising a control
output coupled between an output of the wash delivery system and an
input of the purge drain valve for transmitting output control
signals to the drain valve, the output control signals operable to
actuate the purge drain valve.
4. The washing system of claim 3, wherein the wash delivery system
generates the output control signals operable to actuate the purge
drain valve.
5. The washing system of claim 1, further comprising a power supply
coupled to an input of the wash delivery system to provide power to
the wash delivery system.
6. The washing system of claim 1, wherein the wash delivery system
includes one or more containers for storing fluids for use in the
washing operation.
7. The washing system of claim 6, wherein the wash delivery system
processes the fluids being stored therein for the washing
operation.
8. The washing system of claim 1, further comprising a drain
collector to collect purged fluids diverted to the drain end.
9. The washing system of claim 1, further comprising a supply valve
coupled to the fluid supply, wherein the supply valve is operably
opened and closed by the wash delivery system.
10. The washing system of claim 1, wherein during the purging
operation, pressurized air flows between the wash delivery system
to the purge drain valve.
11. The washing system of claim 1, wherein the wash apparatus
comprises a water wash manifold and/or a nozzle assembly.
12. A rinse cycle sensor apparatus to indicate to an operator
completion of a washing operation, the apparatus comprising: a
conductivity sensor that measures the conductivity of fluid as the
fluid exits a device being washed; and a transmitter coupled to the
conductivity sensor to receive conductivity measurements from the
conductivity sensor and to transmit the conductivity measurements
to a computer system for processing, wherein the conductivity
sensor and the transmitter are disposed within a wash system to
obtain conductivity measurements of wash fluid as the wash fluid
exits the device being washed.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the conductivity sensor
comprises a pre-calibrated conductivity sensor.
14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the conductivity sensor and
the transmitter are mounted within a drain line of the compressor
discharge case drain by one of (i) a screw insertion; (ii) a
retractable insertion with a ball valve; and (iii) a flow-through
design.
15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the wash fluid comprises
used wash fluid containing detergents, contaminants, and
fouling.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the conductivity
measurements indicate a level of contamination in the wash
fluid.
17. A method for completing a rinse cycle of a device, the method
comprising: providing a rinse cycle sensor apparatus, comprising: a
conductivity sensor that measures the conductivity of fluid as the
fluid exits the device being washed; and a transmitter coupled to
the conductivity sensor to receive conductivity measurements from
the conductivity sensor and to transmit the conductivity
measurements to a computer system for processing; attaching the
rinse cycle sensor apparatus within a drain line of the device
being washed to obtain the conductivity measurements of fluid as
the fluid exits the device being washed; receiving the conductivity
measurements of the exited fluid; and analyzing the conductivity
measurements of the exited fluid against preset conditions.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein analyzing the conductivity
measurements of the exited fluid against preset conditions
comprises comparing the conductivity measurements against preset
conditions stored in a knowledge base.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the preset conditions indicate
at least one of (i) excess detergent in the fluid; (ii) excess
contaminates in the fluid; (iii) minimal detergent in the fluid;
and (iv) minimal contaminates in the fluid.
20. The method of claim 17, wherein the preset conditions are
electronically accessible.
21. The method of claim 18, further comprising completing the rinse
cycle if the analysis of the conductivity measurements satisfies
the preset conditions.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser.
No. 11/869,404, filed Oct. 9, 2007, which claims benefit of U.S.
Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/852,041, filed Oct. 16,
2006, and 60/861,401, filed Nov. 28, 2006, the entire contents of
which are hereby incorporated by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to on-line and off-line wash
processes of a gas turbine compressor. More specifically, an
apparatus prevents water from reaching compressor blades during a
wash manifold purge operation following the on-line wash process,
and a second apparatus indicates a rinse completion during an
off-line wash process.
BACKGROUND
[0003] An on-line wash process for a gas turbine compressor is
performed to clean the compressor of contaminates that may become
attached to compressor blades during operation and that may
drastically reduce efficiency of the compressor. After the on-line
wash process of the gas turbine compressor, a purge may be
performed on nozzle supply lines that may be utilized to supply
wash to the compressor. The purge may reduce or eliminate
de-mineralized or de-ionized water that may be collected in the
nozzle supply lines during the on-line wash process. During the
purge, low pressure water may exit the nozzles of the cleaning
apparatus and flow into the compressor, impinging compressor
blades. As the stream of water continues to impact the rotating
compressor blades over a multitude of washes, it may form a stress
riser from erosion on the surface of the blade. This erosion of the
blade may typically lead to increased maintenance costs and/or a
potentially catastrophic failure in the compressor. Thus, an
apparatus is needed to prevent low pressure water from reaching the
nozzles.
[0004] An off-line wash process for a gas turbine compressor is
performed to more effectively clean the compressor of the attached
contaminates. During the off-line wash process, detergent is added
to water for removal of the contaminates that water alone cannot
achieve. Additionally, an extensive amount of de-mineralized or
de-ionized water is used to ensure the effectiveness of the wash
and the optimization of performance recovery. De-mineralized and
de-ionized water is expensive to process and often in limited
supply at many sites. Operators are consequently forced to
compromise between using more water than necessary to thoroughly
complete a rinse or using too little water and leaving behind
detergent residue, which may absorb into the blades and reduce
performance of the compressor. In both cases, expense and waste is
incurred. Thus, an apparatus is needed to analyze a termination
time for the off-line wash process, indicating that the detergent
has been fully rinsed from the compressor and that the rinsing of
the off-line wash process is complete.
SUMMARY
[0005] A washing and rinsing system for use in an on-line wash
process of a gas turbine compressor operates to eliminate a stream
of low pressure water into the compressor. A wash delivery system
delivers fluid through a delivery line to a wash apparatus during
the on-line wash process. When a purge operation is being performed
to eliminate de-mineralized and/or de-ionized water collected in
the delivery lines of the system, a purge drain valve is actuated.
The drain valve may be mounted at a junction of the delivery line
and the wash apparatus. The drain valve includes an actuator for
simultaneous draining of the collected water from the delivery line
and the wash apparatus.
[0006] A second apparatus is used during an off-line wash process
to sense completion of a rinse cycle of a gas turbine compressor.
The apparatus may be placed in the discharge drain line of the gas
turbine compressor. A sensor takes readings of a wash rinse being
discharged, and the readings are provided to a computing system by
a transmitter attached to the sensor. Preset conditions specify
conditions when the rinse cycle may be terminated and may indicate
an amount of detergent and/or contaminates in the wash rinse.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] FIG. 1a is a diagram illustrating details of an exemplary
purge drain apparatus.
[0008] FIG. 1b is a diagram illustrating details of another
exemplary purge drain apparatus.
[0009] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary washing and
rinsing system.
[0010] FIG. 3 is an exemplary illustration of a rinse cycle sensor
apparatus.
[0011] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary gas turbine
inlet.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0012] The present disclosure relates to a system, method, and
apparatus for sensing completion of a fluid washing and/or rinsing
operation and for controlling fluid flow during a fluid purging
operation. To that end, the present disclosure describes a novel
"feedback loop" for use in a washing and/or rinsing system. This
feedback loop is configured to indicate when washing and/or rinsing
operations of such a system have been completed. With such an
indication, an operator of the washing/rinsing system is able
minimize the amounts of fluids used during such operations,
resulting in cost savings and in reduced wash/rinse times. In
another aspect, the present disclosure describes a novel purge
drain valve for controlling the flow of fluids during a purging
operation. As further discussed below, the feedback loop and purge
drain valve combine to provide a novel system for controlling and
optimizing the flow of fluids during both a washing/rinsing
operation and during a fluid purging operation.
[0013] Referring now to FIG. 1a, an exemplary purge drain valve 100
in accordance with the present disclosure is illustrated. This
purge drain valve 100 comprises a spool 105 having a supply end
106, a delivery end 107, and a drain leg 108. Coupled to the supply
and delivery ends 106 and 107 are flanges 110 for use in splicing
the purge drain valve 100 into a fluid line, thereby defining a
supply side and a delivery side of the fluid line (not shown),
respectively. Although raised face (RF) flanges are shown in this
illustration, it should be understood that any adequate flange
known in the art may be utilized in accordance with the present
disclosure.
[0014] Also included as part of the exemplary purge drain valve 100
is a control valve 115 for regulating and directing fluid flow as
desired. Any suitable control valve 115 known in the art may be
utilized, although a full port ball-type valve is preferred as it
may be effective in reducing any pressure drops experienced within
the control valve 115 itself during operation. Since the exemplary
purge drain valve 100 is a two-way device, the control valve 115 is
shown coupled to the drain leg 108 of the purge drain valve 100.
Alternatively, if the purge drain valve 100 were configured as a
three-way valve 100', as illustrated in FIG. 1b, the control valve
115' could be disposed within the spool 105' between the supply and
delivery ends 106' and 107' for regulating/diverting the flow of
fluid.
[0015] Coupled to the control valve 115 of the purge drain valve
100 is a valve actuator 120 for opening and closing the control
valve 115 as desired. The valve actuator 120 may be operated by any
means known in the art such as, for example, electrically,
pneumatically, or manually operated.
[0016] The end of the drain leg 108 may configured for coupling to
a drain fluid capturing system for capturing any fluid diverted due
to actuation of the control valve 115.
[0017] In operation, the exemplary purge drain valves 100
illustrated in FIG. 1a may be utilized in a washing and rinsing
system, which system is used for cleaning large industrial
equipment, such as large gas turbine compressors, for example. In
such a system, the purge drain valve 100 may be spliced into a
system fluid line that delivers fluid from a fluid source to a
fluid delivery mechanism. During the system's washing/rinsing
operation, the control valve 115 is completely opened so as to
allow fluid to freely flow from the fluid source to the fluid
delivery system. Once the washing/rinsing operation is complete,
however, fluid may remain in the fluid line, thereby requiring a
purging operation to rid the fluid line of any such fluid.
[0018] Simply purging the fluid line by forcing air through it,
however, may actually cause damage to the equipment being washed.
To illustrate, if the washing/rinsing system described above were
used to wash and rinse a gas turbine compressor, de-mineralized or
de-ionized water would remain in the system's fluid lines once the
washing/rinsing operations were completed. If pressurized air were
used to purge the fluid line, the contents of the fluid line would
simply be forced to impinge onto the turbine compressor's blades,
which could result in blade erosion. The novel purge drain valve
100 of the present disclosure avoids such a problem by safely
preventing purged fluid from reaching any equipment being washed by
the washing/rinsing system.
[0019] Once the system's washing/rinsing operations are completed,
and prior to initiating the system's purging mechanism, the valve
actuator 120 actuates the control valve 115, thereby shutting off
or diverting the path of the fluid to the compressor. Once the
control valve 115 is actuated, air may be safely injected into the
fluid line. The air forces any remaining fluid in the line to flow
through the spool 105 and out of the drain leg 108, thereby
preventing the purged fluid from reaching the compressor.
[0020] Referring now to FIG. 2, an exemplary washing and rinsing
system 200 (hereinafter, the "wash system 200") is shown comprising
the exemplary purge drain valve 100 described above. As indicated
above, the wash system 200 may be utilized for cleaning large,
industrial equipment including, without limit, gas turbine
compressors.
[0021] Included in the exemplary wash system 200 is a wash delivery
system 205 for delivering fluids such as water, wash solvents,
purge air, and/or other substances from a fluid supply line 225 to
a fluid delivery line 210. The wash delivery system 205 may include
one or more containers for storing fluids for use in
washing/rinsing operations. Depending on the particular
application, the wash delivery system 205 may be configured to
condition or process any fluids being stored therein in
anticipation of a washing/rinsing operation.
[0022] A control input communication link 220 is coupled to the
wash delivery system 205 for delivering control communications
signals to the wash delivery system 205 related to the delivery of
fluids. These control signals may be generated from a remote
controller (not shown), such as, for example, an operator, a
computing device, and/or a plant controller.
[0023] Also coupled to an input of the wash delivery system 205 is
a fluid supply line 225 for delivering washing/rinsing fluid from a
fluid supply source (not shown) to the wash delivery system 205.
The fluid supply line includes a supply valve (not shown) for
regulating the flow of fluid into the wash delivery system 205.
[0024] Powering the wash delivery system 205 is a power supply
230.
[0025] Coupled to an output of the wash delivery system 205 is a
fluid delivery line 210 for delivering fluids from the wash
delivery system 205 to a wash apparatus 215. The wash apparatus 215
may be any suitable apparatus known in the art for use in washing
large, industrial equipment such as a water wash manifold, a nozzle
assembly, a supply pump, reservoir tanks, and/or a combination
thereof.
[0026] Spliced into the fluid delivery line 210, between the wash
delivery system 205 and the wash apparatus 215, is a novel purge
drain valve 100. The purge drain valve 100, as described above, is
used to regulate the flow of fluids through the fluid delivery line
210 during washing and rinsing operations and during purging
operations. The purge drain valve 100 comprises a control valve 115
which is actuated via a valve actuator 120. Depending on whether
the purge drain valve 100 is a two-way or three way valve, the
control valve may be coupled to a drain leg portion of the purge
drain valve 100 or the control valve 115 may be within the spool
portion of the purge drain valve 100.
[0027] A drain communication link 240 is coupled between the wash
delivery system 205 and the purge drain valve 100 for transmitting
control signals to control the actuation of the purge drain valve
100. These control signals are automatically generated via the wash
delivery system 205 once a purging operation is initiated.
Alternatively, the control signals may be generated external to the
system 200 and transmitted from the control input communication
link 220, through the wash delivery system 205, and through the
drain communication link 240 to the drain valve 100.
[0028] Optionally, a drain collector 245 may be positioned beneath
the purge drain valve 100 and/or coupled to the drain leg of the
purge drain valve 100 for transfer to a controlled drain or for
collecting purged fluids exiting the system 200.
[0029] In operation, the control input communication link 220
transmits control signals to the wash delivery system 205 to
initiate a washing and/or rinsing process. These control signals
may be generated from a remote controller (not shown), such as, for
example, an operator, a computing device, and/or a plant
controller. In response to the control signals, the wash delivery
system 205 opens the supply valve (not shown) coupled to the fluid
supply line 225, thereby enabling washing/rinsing fluid to enter
the wash delivery system 205. The wash delivery system 205 then
dispenses the fluid through the fluid delivery line 210
accordingly. Optionally, before dispensing of the fluid, the wash
delivery system 205 may condition or otherwise process the fluid
according to the particular application.
[0030] Since the system 200 is in a "washing" or "rinsing" mode,
control signals transmitted via the drain communication link 240
instruct the purge drain valve 100 to remain open, thereby allowing
the fluid to freely flow between the wash delivery system 205 and
the wash apparatus 215. The control signals for regulating the
purge drain valve 100 may originate from the wash delivery system
205 as provided from a remote controller.
[0031] Once the washing and/or rinsing operation is completed, the
control input communication link 220 transmits a control signal to
the wash delivery system 205 to cease dispensing wash fluid to the
wash apparatus 215. The control signal may originate automatically
or from a remote controller. In response, the water wash delivery
system 205 closes the supply valve coupled to the fluid supply line
225, thereby preventing any further fluid from entering the wash
delivery system 205. The drain communication link 240 then
transmits control signals to the purge drain valve 100 for
initiating a purge operation. In response, the purge drain valve's
actuator 120 actuates the control valve 115 to divert the flow of
fluids away from the wash apparatus 215 and down through the drain
valve's drain leg 108. Alternatively, the purge drain valve 100 may
be actuated pneumatically or manually, depending on the particular
implementation. Once the purge drain valve 100 is actuated, the
wash delivery system 205 purges the delivery line 210 of any
remaining fluids by delivering pressurized air through the fluid
delivery line 210.
[0032] Any fluids that remain in the fluid delivery line 210
between the wash delivery system 205 and the purge drain valve 100
will be forced through the drain valve 100 and out through the
valve's drain leg 108 to a drain collector 245. Fluids remaining in
the wash apparatus 215 and in the fluid delivery line 210 between
the purge drain valve 100 and the wash apparatus 215 are initially
driven through a nozzle tip, for approximately 15 to 20 seconds,
for example, but will rapidly allow air passage to the nozzle and
will be allowed to drain, free following the stop command for the
purge air flow. At the purge drain valve 100, the fluids draining
from the wash apparatus are diverted to and collected by the drain
collector 245.
[0033] In an exemplary implementation wherein the system 200 of
FIG. 2 is utilized to wash a gas turbine compressor, the wash
apparatus 215 may be inserted within an inlet of the compressor to
allow fluids to reach and clean the inlet. Once the washing
procedure is complete, the purge drain valve 100 may be actuated
and a purging operation may be initiated. As the purge drain valve
100 during the purging operation prevents fluids from entering the
inlet of the compressor, turbine blade erosion and other blade
damage may be significantly reduced.
[0034] With reference to FIG. 3, components 310, 320 of an
exemplary rinse cycle sensor apparatus 300 is illustrated. The
exemplary rinse cycle apparatus 300 may be utilized during a
washing and/or rinsing operations as a "feedback loop" for
indicating to an operator when the washing and/or rinsing
operations have been completed. With such an indication, an
operator of the washing/rinsing system is able to minimize the
amounts of fluids used during such operations, resulting in cost
savings and in reduced wash/rinse times
[0035] In an exemplary embodiment, the components 310, 320 of the
sensor apparatus 300 may be implemented in the exemplary system 200
of FIG. 2, although the cycle sensor apparatus 300 is not limited
to such systems. Indeed, as further explained below with reference
to FIG. 4, the sensor apparatus 300 may be utilized during an
off-line wash/rinse operation.
[0036] The exemplary rinse cycle sensor apparatus 300 comprises a
conductivity sensor 310 and a transmitter 320. The conductivity
sensor 310, which may be pre-calibrated, is used to measure the
conductivity of fluid as the fluids exit, for example, a turbine
compressor being washed. High levels of contaminants in the fluid
decrease the fluid's conductivity. Similarly, low levels of
contaminants provide for higher fluid conductivity levels.
[0037] Coupled to the conductivity sensor 310 is the transmitter
320. The transmitter 320 receives conductivity measurements from
the conductivity sensor 310 and transmits them to a computer system
(not shown) for processing.
[0038] In operation, the conductivity sensor 310 and the
transmitter 320 may be strategically disposed within a wash system
so as to interact with used wash fluid as the fluid exits the
machinery being washed. In an exemplary embodiment, the sensor 310
and transmitter may be mounted within a discharge drain line of the
gas turbine compressor. In such an implementation, the conductivity
sensor 310 and the transmitter 320 may be mounted via a screw
insertion, a retractable insertion with a ball valve, a
flow-through design, or by other appropriate means.
[0039] During a washing operation, used wash fluid containing
detergents, contaminants, fouling, etc. exits the turbine
compressor through the drain line and encounters the conductivity
sensor 310. The sensor 310 measures the electric conductivity of
the used fluid and provides its measurements to the transmitter
320. The transmitter 320, which may be in communication with a
computing system, provides the sensor's 310 measurements to the
computing system. The computing system in turn compares the
measurements to either pre-loaded conductivity data or to pre-set
conditions to determine the status of the washing/rinsing
operation. The closer the conductivity measurements are to the
pre-loaded data or pre-set conditions, the closer the
washing/rinsing operation will be to being completed. Exemplary
pre-set conditions may include comparing measured conductivity
levels to values indicative of fluid contaminant levels, detergent
levels, etc.
[0040] Once the measured conductivity levels are within an
acceptable range, an operator may terminate the operation, thereby
saving time, fluid, and money. Optionally, the computing system may
be configured to store previously "accepted" measurements for use
during future washing/rinsing operations.
[0041] FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a typical gas
turbine inlet 400 with rotor shaft 410, combustion zone 413,
turbine blades 414, water wash nozzles 415, compressor 411,412, and
compressor discharge drain 416. The basic gas turbine operation
draws ambient air from region A through an inlet filter system 402,
403, and 404. The overall inlet is a continuous air tight structure
401. Filtered air moves through the inlet regions B, C, D and is
compressed by the increased velocity and flow caused by the draw
from the compressor 411, 412. The air then enters the compressor
411, 412 and is further compressed. At the end of the compressor
411, 412 is a compressor discharge casing region and drain 416,
which may be equipped with the rinse cycle sensor apparatus 300
described with reference to FIG. 3. Measurements taken from this
apparatus 300 during the wash process are transmitted to a computer
system (not shown) to determine the extent of contaminants being
removed from the compressor 411, 412. Once the conductivity
measurements reach predetermined levels, the system operator (not
shown) can be assured that the final wash rinse is free of solids,
indicating removal of detergent and contaminates from the
compressor 411, 412. This information may be utilized by the
operator to terminate the wash/rinse operation. In addition, the
data collected during such a wash/rinse operation may be logged and
stored to allow correlation with other tracked wash parameters.
[0042] Although specific embodiments have been shown and described
herein for purposes of illustration and exemplification, it is
understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the specific
embodiments shown and described may be substituted for a wide
variety of alternative and/or equivalent implementations without
departing from the scope of the present invention. This disclosure
is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the
embodiments discussed herein.
* * * * *