U.S. patent application number 11/749507 was filed with the patent office on 2010-06-03 for composite nanoparticles, nanoparticles and methods for producing same.
This patent application is currently assigned to NORTHERN NANOTECHNOLOGIES. Invention is credited to Darren Anderson, Jose Arnado Dinglasan, Cynthia M. Goh, Jane B. Goh, Richard Loo.
Application Number | 20100137474 11/749507 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37942273 |
Filed Date | 2010-06-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100137474 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Goh; Cynthia M. ; et
al. |
June 3, 2010 |
Composite Nanoparticles, Nanoparticles and Methods for Producing
Same
Abstract
In various aspects provided are methods for producing a
nanoparticle within a cross-linked, collapsed polymeric material.
In various embodiments, the methods comprise (a) providing a
polymeric solution comprising a polymeric material; (b) collapsing
at least a portion of the polymeric material about one or more
precursor moieties; (c) cross-linking the polymeric material; (d)
modifying at least a portion of said precursor moieties to form one
or more nanoparticles and thereby forming a composite
nanoparticle.
Inventors: |
Goh; Cynthia M.; (Toronto,
CA) ; Dinglasan; Jose Arnado; (Toronto, CA) ;
Goh; Jane B.; (Toronto, CA) ; Loo; Richard;
(Toronto, CA) ; Anderson; Darren; (Toronto,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
CHOATE, HALL & STEWART LLP
TWO INTERNATIONAL PLACE
BOSTON
MA
02110
US
|
Assignee: |
NORTHERN NANOTECHNOLOGIES
Toronto
CA
|
Family ID: |
37942273 |
Appl. No.: |
11/749507 |
Filed: |
May 16, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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PCT/CA06/01686 |
Oct 13, 2006 |
|
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11749507 |
|
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60726184 |
Oct 14, 2005 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
523/205 ; 522/1;
525/50; 525/54.1; 525/54.2; 536/20 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09D 7/65 20180101; C08J
3/24 20130101; C09D 7/70 20180101; Y10T 428/2995 20150115; C09D
7/67 20180101; C08J 3/215 20130101; C09D 7/62 20180101; Y10T
428/2982 20150115; Y10T 428/2998 20150115; Y10T 428/2996 20150115;
Y10T 428/2991 20150115; C08J 3/14 20130101; C08J 3/128 20130101;
C08J 3/28 20130101; Y10T 428/25 20150115; Y10T 428/2993
20150115 |
Class at
Publication: |
523/205 ; 525/50;
522/1; 525/54.2; 536/20; 525/54.1 |
International
Class: |
C08K 7/00 20060101
C08K007/00; C08F 290/14 20060101 C08F290/14; C08G 63/91 20060101
C08G063/91; C08B 37/08 20060101 C08B037/08 |
Claims
1. A method for producing a composite nanoparticle, comprising the
steps of: a) providing a polymeric solution comprising a polymeric
material and a solvent; b) collapsing at least a portion of the
polymeric material about one or more precursor moieties to form a
composite precursor moiety having a mean diameter in the range
between about 1 nm and about 100 nm; c) cross-linking the polymeric
material of said composite precursor moiety; and d) modifying at
least a portion of said precursor moieties of said composite
precursor moiety to form one or more nanoparticles and thereby
forming a composite nanoparticle, wherein the nanoparticle of a
composite nanoparticle comprises less than about 100 atoms.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said composite nanoparticle has a
mean diameter in the range between about 1 nm and about 100 nm.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said composite nanoparticle has a
mean diameter in the range between about 1 nm and about 10 nm.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said collapsing step comprises
adding a collapsing agent to the polymeric solution.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said precursor moiety is a
collapsing agent.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the collapsing agent comprises at
least one ionic species.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said modifying step comprises
exposing said composite precursor moiety to electromagnetic
radiation to effect formation of the nanoparticle from said
precursor moiety.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said modifying step comprises
subjecting said composite precursor moiety to a chemical
treatment.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said chemical treatment comprises
exposing the precursor moiety to a gas phase reducer or
oxidizer.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein said chemical treatment results
in a reduction or oxidation of said precursor moiety.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein said chemical treatment
comprises addition of a counter ion to a precursor moiety of a
composite precursor moiety, or precursor of said counter ion, to
effect formation of the nanoparticle from said precursor
moiety.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein said solvent is an aqueous
solution.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein said one or more precursor
moieties are one or more of a metal cation, complexed metal cation
or complexed metal anion.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein at least a portion of said
precursor moieties comprise two or more different metals; and
wherein the nanoparticle formed by the modifying step comprises an
alloy of two or more of the two or more metals.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein said one or more nanoparticles
comprise two or more metals.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the two or more metals are
selected from group Mb and IVb of the periodic table.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the one or more nanoparticles
comprise In and Sn.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein said one or more nanoparticles
comprise a metal and a non-metal.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the non-metal is one or more of
a halide, C, N, P, O and S.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the one or more nanoparticles
comprise Zn and S.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein said polymeric material
comprises linear or branched segments comprising polyions, the
polyions comprising one or more anions, cations, or combinations
thereof.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein said polymeric material
comprises a biomolecule.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the biomolecule comprise
chitosan.
24. The method of claim 1, wherein said polymeric material
comprises one or more functional groups.
25. The method of claim 1, wherein said polymeric material is
covalently bound to molecules capable of binding to complementary
binding partners to form affinity-binding pairs.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the affinity-binding pair is
selected from the group consisting of protein-protein, protein-DNA,
enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody, DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA,
biotin-avidin, hapten-antihapten and combinations thereof.
27. The method of claim 25, wherein the molecules covalently bound
to said polymeric material are selected from the group consisting
of protein, DNA ligand, oligonucleotide, aptamer, their
nanoparticles and combinations thereof.
28. The method of claim 1, wherein the crosslinking step internally
cross links the polymeric material of said composite precursor
moiety.
29. The method of claim 1, wherein said precursor moiety is
isotopically enriched.
30. A method for producing a nanoparticle material, comprising the
steps of: a) providing a polymeric solution comprising a polymeric
material and a solvent; b) collapsing at least a portion of the
polymeric material about one or more precursor moieties to form a
composite precursor moiety; c) cross-linking the polymeric material
of said composite precursor moiety; and d) modifying at least a
portion of said precursor moieties of said composite precursor
moiety to form one or more nanoparticles having a mean diameter in
the range between about 1 nm and about 100 nm and thereby forming a
composite nanoparticle; and e) heating said composite nanoparticle
substantially in the absence of an oxidizing environment to form a
carbide nanoparticle material.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the precursor moiety comprises
VCl.sub.3.
32. The method of claim 30, wherein the carbide nanoparticle
material comprises vanadium carbide.
33. The method of claim 30, wherein the heating substantially
removes the polymeric material from the composite nanoparticle.
34. The method of claim 30, wherein heating said composite
nanoparticle substantially in the absence of an oxidizing
environment comprises heating in a vacuum of less than about
1.times.10.sup.-4 torr.
35. The method of claim 30, wherein heating said composite
nanoparticle substantially in the absence of an oxidizing
environment comprises heating in a vacuum of less than about
1.times.10.sup.-5 torr.
36. The method of claim 30, wherein heating said composite
nanoparticle substantially in the absence of an oxidizing
environment comprises heating in the presence of a reducing
gas.
37. The method of claim 30, wherein said precursor moiety is
isotopically enriched.
38. A method for producing a nanoparticle material, comprising the
steps of: a) providing a polymeric solution comprising a polymeric
material and a solvent; b) collapsing at least a portion of the
polymeric material about one or more precursor moieties to form a
composite precursor moiety; c) cross-linking the polymeric material
of said composite precursor moiety; and d) modifying at least a
portion of said precursor moieties of said composite precursor
moiety to form one or more nanoparticles having a mean diameter in
the range between about 1 nm and about 100 nm and thereby forming a
composite nanoparticle; and e) substantially removing the polymeric
material from about the composite nanoparticle to form a
nanoparticle material.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the step of removing the
polymeric material comprises contacting the composite nanoparticle
with a chemical agent.
40. The method of claim 39, wherein the chemical agent reacts with
the polymeric material to decompose the polymeric material.
41. The method of claim 38, wherein the step of removing the
polymeric material comprises exposing the polymeric material to one
or more of UV radiation, .gamma.-radiation, alpha radiation, beta
radiation, and neutron radiation.
42. The method of claim 38, wherein the step of removing the
polymeric material comprises heating the composite
nanoparticle.
43. The method of claim 38, wherein said precursor moiety is
isotopically enriched.
44. A method for producing a composite nanoparticle, comprising the
steps of: a) providing a polymeric solution comprising a polymeric
material and a solvent; b) collapsing at least a portion of the
polymeric material about one or more precursor moieties to form a
composite precursor moiety having a mean diameter in the range
between about 1 nm and about 100 nm; c) cross-linking the polymeric
material of said composite precursor moiety; and d) modifying at
least a portion of said precursor moieties of said composite
precursor moiety to form one or more nanoparticles and thereby
forming a composite nanoparticle by exposing said composite
precursor moiety to particulate radiation comprising one or more of
alpha radiation, beta radiation, or neutron radiation to effect
formation of the nanoparticle from said precursor moiety.
45. A method for producing a composite nanoparticle, comprising the
steps of: a) providing a biomolecule solution comprising a
biomolecule material and a solvent; b) collapsing at least a
portion of the biomolecule material about one or more precursor
moieties to form a composite precursor moiety having a mean
diameter in the range between about 1 nm and about 100 nm; c)
cross-linking the biomolecule material of said composite precursor
moiety; and d) modifying at least a portion of said precursor
moieties of said composite precursor moiety to form one or more
nanoparticles and thereby forming a composite nanoparticle.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein the biomolecule comprises
chitosan.
47. The method of claim 45, wherein said biomolecule material is
covalently bound to molecules capable of binding to complementary
binding partners to form affinity-binding pairs.
48. The method of claim 47, wherein the affinity-binding pair is
selected from the group consisting of protein-protein, protein-DNA,
enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody, DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA,
biotin-avidin, hapten-antihapten and combinations thereof.
49. The method of claim 48, wherein the molecules covalently bound
to said polymeric material are selected from the group consisting
of protein, DNA ligand, oligonucleotide, aptamer, their
nanoparticles and combinations thereof.
50. The method of claim 45, wherein said precursor moiety is
isotopically enriched.
51. The method of claim 45, wherein said biomolecule material is
isotopically enriched.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims the benefit of and priority
to International Patent Application No. PCT/CA2006/001686 filed
Oct. 13, 2006, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 60/726,184 filed Oct. 14, 2005,
the entire contents of both of which are herein incorporated by
reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Nanoparticles are nanometer-sized materials e.g., metals,
semiconductors, polymers, and the like, possessing unique
characteristics because of their small size. Nanoparticles in both
aqueous and non-aqueous solvents can be synthesized using a variety
of methods.
[0003] The conformation of a polymer in solution is dictated by
various conditions of the solution, including its interaction with
the solvent, its concentration, and the concentration of other
species that may be present. The polymer can undergo conformational
changes depending on the pH, ionic strength, cross-linking agents,
temperature and concentration. For polyelectrolytes, at high charge
density, e.g., when "monomer" units of the polymer are fully
charged, an extended conformation is adopted due to electrostatic
repulsion between similarly charged monomer units. Decreasing the
charge density of the polymer, either through addition of salts or
a change of pH, can result in a transition of extended polymer
chains to a more tightly-packed globular i.e. collapsed
conformation. The collapse transition is driven by attractive
interactions between the polymer segments that override the
electrostatic repulsion forces at sufficiently small charge
densities. A similar transition can be induced by changing the
solvent environment of the polymer. This collapsed polymer is
itself of nanoscale dimensions and is, itself, a nanoparticle. In
this specification and claims the term "collapsed polymer" refers
to an approximately globular form, generally as a spheroid, but
also as an elongate or multi-lobed conformation collapsed polymer
having nanometer dimensions. This collapsed conformation can be
rendered irreversible by the formation of intramolecular chemical
bonds between segments of the collapsed polymer, i.e. by
cross-linking.
[0004] Macromolecules, i.e. polymers with the appropriate
functional groups can undergo inter- or intra-molecular
cross-linking reactions to produce new materials or new molecules
with distinct properties, such as for example, shape, solubility,
thermal stability, and density. These reactions are important in
making new materials and various schemes for chemical reactions
leading to cross-linking are described in the literature. For
example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,626--Taylor et al, issued Jul. 21,
1998, describes a chemical method to cross-link allyl-functional
polymers in the form of latexes, containing enamine moieties and
pendant methacrylate groups via a free-radical cross-linking
reaction during film formation producing coatings with superior
solvent resistance and increased thermal stability. Polymer
cross-linking has also been used to stabilize semiconductor and
metal nanoparticles. U.S. Pat. No. 6,872,450--Liu et al, issued
Mar. 29, 2005, teaches a method for stabilizing surface-coated
semiconductor nanoparticles by self assembling diblock polymers on
the surface coating and cross-linking the functional groups on the
diblock polymer. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 6,649,138--Adams et al,
issued Nov. 18, 2003, describes how branched amphipathic
dispersants coated onto hydrophobic nanoparticles can also be
cross-linked to form a permanent cohesive over coating around the
nanoparticle.
[0005] Chemical means of cross-linking can be through radical
reactions of pendant groups containing unsaturated bonds as
described in aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,626. Another method is
through the use of molecules having multifunctional groups than can
react with the functional groups of the polymer as described in
aforesaid United States U.S. Pat. No. 6,649,138 and U.S. Pat. No.
6,872,450. Alternatively, cross-linking can be achieved though high
energy radiation, such as gamma radiation.
[0006] The most common method of preparing chalcogenide
semiconductor nanocrystals is the TOP/TOPO synthesis (C. B. Murray,
D. J. Norris, and M. G. Bawendi, "Synthesis and Characterization of
Nearly Monodisperse CdE (E=S, Se, Te) Semiconductor
Nanocrystallites," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115:8706-8715, 1993).
However, this method again involves multiple chemical steps and
large volumes of expensive and toxic organometallic metal
precursors and organic solvents. Furthermore, such nanoparticles
need to be chemically modified in order to render them soluble in
aqueous solution, which is important for a number of applications.
Chalcogenide nanoparticles have also been synthesized in aqueous
solution at low temperature using water-soluble thiols as
stabilizing agents ((a) Rajh, O. L. Mi i , and A. J. Nozik,
"Synthesis and Characterization of Surface-Modified Colloidal CdTe
Quantum Dots," J. Phys. Chem., 97: 11999-12003, 1993. (b) A. L.
Rogach, L. Ktsikas, A. Kornowski, D. Su. A. Eychmuller, and H.
Weller, "Synthesis and Characterization of Thiol-Stabilized CdTe
Nanocrystals," Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 100(11): 1772-1778,
1996. (c) A. Rogach, S. Kershaw, M. Burt, M. Harrison, A.
Kornowski, A. Eychmuller, and H. Weller, "Colloidally Prepared HgTe
Nanocrystals with Strong Room-Temperature Infrared Luminescence,"
Adv. Mater. 11:552-555, 1999. (d) Gaponik, N., D. V. Talapin, A. L.
Rogach, K. Hoppe, E. V. Shevchencko, A. Kornowski, A. Eychmuller,
H. Weller, "Thiol-capping of CdTe nanocrystals: an alternative to
organometallic synthetic routes," Journal of Physical Chemistry B,
2002, vol. 106, iss. 39, p. 7177-7185. (e) A. L. Rogach, A.
Kornowski, M. Gao, A. Eychmuller, and H. Weller, "Synthesis and
Characterization of a Size Series of Extremely Small
Thiol-Stabilized CdSe Nanocrystals," J. Phys. Chem. B.
103:3065-3069, 1999). However, this method generally requires the
use of an inert atmosphere with multiple processing steps and
production of precursor gases. Another water-based synthesis
involves the formation of undesirable by-products that must first
be removed before semiconductor particles can be obtained (H.
Zhnag, Z. Hou, B. Yang, and M. Gao, "The Influence of Carboxyl
Groups on the Photoluminescence of Mercaptocarboxylic
Acid-Stabilized Nanoparticles," J. Phys. Chem. B, 107:8-13,
2003).
[0007] CdTe nanocrystals are known to have tunable luminescence
from green to red and have shown tremendous potential in
light-emitting thin films (A. A. Mamedov, A. Belov, M. Giersig, N.
N. Mamedova, and N. A. Kotov, "Nanorainbows: Graded Semiconductor
Films from Quantum Dots," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123: 7738-7739, 2001),
photonic crystals (A. Rogach, A. Susha, F. Caruso, G. Sukhoukov, A.
Kornowski, S. Kershaw, H. Mohwald, A. Eychmuller, and H. Weller,
"Nano- and Microengineering: Three-Dimensional Colloidal Photonic
Crystals Prepared from Submicrometer-Sized Polystyrene Latex
Spheres Pre-Coated with Luminescent Polyelectrolyte/Nanocrystal
Shells," Adv. Mater. 12:333-337, 2000), and biological applications
(N. N. Memedova and N. A. Kotov, "Albumin-CdTe Nanoparticle
Bioconjugates Preparation, Structure, and Interunit Energy Transfer
with Antenna Effect," Nano Lett., 1(6):281-286, 2001). PbTe and
HgTe materials exhibit tunable emission in the infrared and look
promising in the telecommunications industry. HgTe nanoparticles
have been incorporated into more sophisticated assemblies,
particularly as components in thin-film electroluminescent devices
((a) A. L. Rogach, D. S. Koktysh, M. Harrison, and N. A. Kotov,
"Layer-by-Layer Assembled Films of HgTe Nanocrystals with Strong
Infrared Emission," Chem. Mater., 12:1526-1528, 2000. (b) E.
O'Conno, A. O'Riordan, H. Doyle, S. Moynihan, a. Cuddihy, and G.
Redmond, "Near-Infrared Electroluminescent Devices Based on
Colloidal HgTe Quantum Dot Arrays," Appl. Phys. Lett., 86:
201114-1-20114-3, 2005. (c) M. V. Kovalenko, E. Kaufmann, D.
Pachinger, J. Roither, M. Huber, J. Stang, G. Hesser, F. Schaffler,
and W. Heiss, "Colloidal HgTe Nanocrystals with Widely Tunable
Narrow Band Gap Energies: From Telecommunications to Molecular
Vibrations," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128:3516-3517, 2006) or solar cells
(S. Gunes, H. Neugebauer, N. S. Sariiciftci, J. Roither, M.
Kovalenko, G. Pillwein, and W. Heiss, "Hybrid Solar Cells Using
HgTe Nanocrystals and Nanoporous TiO.sub.2 Electrodes," Adv. Funct.
Mater. 16:1095-1099, 2006). PbTe, on the other hand, can be grown
in a variety of glasses at high temperatures to produce composite
materials for applications in optoelectronic devices ((a) A. F.
Craievich, O. L. Alves, and L. C. Barbosa, "Formation and Growth of
Semiconductor PbTe Nanocrystals in a Borosilicate Glass Matrix," J.
Appl. Cryst., 30:623-627, 1997. (b) V. C. S. Reynoso, A. M. de
Paula, R. F. Cuevas, J. A. Medeiros Neto, O. L. Alves, C. L. Cesar,
and L. C. Barbosa, "PbTe Quantum Dot Doped Glasses with Absorption
Edge in the 1.5 .mu.m Wavelength Region," Electron. Lett.,
31(12):1013-1015, 1995).
[0008] Doping of CdTe with Hg results in the formation of CdHgTe
composite nanocrystals. Red shifts in absorbance/photoluminescence
spectra and enhanced PL are observed with increasing Hg content (A.
L. Rogach, M. T. Harrison, S. V. Kershaw, A. Kornowski, M. G. Burt,
A. Eychmuller, and H. Weller, "Colloidally Prepared CdHgTe and HgTe
Quantum Dots with Strong Near-Infrared Luminescence," phys. stat.
sol., 224(1):153-158, 2001). Cd.sub.1-xHg.sub.xTe alloys are
popular components in devices used for near-IR detector technology.
A variety of methods have been developed to create these materials.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,026,228--Hails et al, issued Apr. 11, 2006,
describes an approach to fabricating devices and semiconductor
layers of HgCdTe in a metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE)
process with mercury vapor and volatile organotelluride and
organocadmium compounds. In a different approach, U.S. Pat. Nos.
7,060,243--Bawendi et al, issued Jun. 13, 2006, describes the
synthesis of tellurium-containing nanocrystals (CdTe, ZnTe, MgTe,
HgTe and their alloys) by the injection of organometallic precursor
materials into organic solvents (TOP/TOPO) at high temperatures.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,740--Schulz, issued Oct. 3, 2000, discloses
another non-aqueous method of preparing mixed-semiconductor
nanoparticles from the reaction between a metal salt and
chalcogenide salt in an organic solvent in the presence of a
volatile capping agent.
[0009] Mixtures of CdTe and PbTe have also been investigated for IR
detection in the spectral range of 3 to 5 .mu.m. However, because
these materials have such fundamentally different structures and
properties (S. Movchan, F. Sizov, V. Tetyorkin. "Photosensitive
Heterostructures CdTe--PbTe Prepared by Hot-Wall Technique,"
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics.
2:84-87, 1999. V), the preparation of the alloy is extremely
difficult. U.S. Pat. No. 5,448,098--Shinohara et al, issued Sep. 5,
1995, describes a superconductive device based on photo-conductive
ternary semiconductors such as PbCdTe or PbSnTe. Doping of
telluride quantum dots, e.g. CdTe, with transition metals, e.g. Mn
offers the possibility of combining optical and magnetic properties
in one single nanoparticle ((a) S. Mackowski, T. Gurung, H. E.
Jackson, L. M. Smith, G. Karczewski, and J. Kossut,
"Exciton-Controlled Magnetization in Single Magnetic Quantum Dots,"
Appl. Phys. Lett. 87: 072502-1-072502-3, 2005. (b) T. Kummel, G.
Bacher, M. K. Welsch, D. Eisert, A. Forchel, B. Konig, Ch. Becker,
W. Ossau, and G. Landwehr, "Semimagnetic (Cd,Mn)Te Single Quantum
Dots--Technological Access and Optical Spectroscopy," J. Cryst.
Growth, 214/215:150-153, 2000). Unfortunately, these materials are
mostly fabricated using thin-film technologies such as molecular
beam epitaxy or chemical vapour deposition and the necessity for a
very controlled environment during growth makes these materials
inaccessible. Some mixed-metal tellurides such as CdHgTe (S. V.
Kershaw, M. Burt, M. Harrison, A. Rogach, H. Weller, and A.
Eychmuller, "Colloidal CdTe/HgTe Quantum Dots with High
Photoluminescnece quantum Efficiency at Room Temperature," Appl.
Phys. Lett., 75: 1694-1696, 1999); and CdMnTe (N. Y. Morgan, S.
English, W. Chen, V. Chernornordik, A. Russ, P. D. Smith, A.
Gandjbakhche, "Real Time In Vivo Non-Invasive Optical Imaging Using
Near-Infrared Fluorescent Quantum Dots," Acad. Radiol, 12(3):
313-323, 2005) quantum dots have been prepared in aqueous solution
which is an adaptation of the synthetic technique outlined in supra
Rajh, O. L. et al. However, all of the aforementioned methods
involve many processing steps, sophisticated equipment or large
volumes of expensive and toxic organometallic metal precursors and
organic solvents.
[0010] A simple tellurite reduction method to prepare cadmium
telluride materials has been used using sodium tellurite
(Na.sub.2TEO.sub.3) as a tellurium precursor salt with a suitable
reducing agent, such as NaBH.sub.4 with M.sup.y+ cations (H. Bao,
E. Wang, and S. Dong, "One-Pot Synthesis of CdTe Nanocrytals and
Shape Control of Luminescent CdTe-Cystine Nanocomposites," small,
2(4):476-480, 2006).
[0011] Accordingly, there is a need in the art for an
environmentally friendly, "one-pot", cost-effective, and
generalizable method of directly producing metallic, metallic
alloyed, semiconductor, oxide, and other forms of nanocomposite
particles having effective functionality in a multitude of
scientific disciplines.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] In various aspects, the present invention provides methods
of producing a composite nanoparticle comprising a nanoparticle
confined within a cross-linked collapsed polymeric material, which
is itself a nanoparticle.
[0013] The term "composite nanoparticle" in this specification,
means a nanoparticle substantially confined within a cross-linked,
polymeric material.
[0014] In various aspects, the present invention provides said
composite nanoparticles when made by the methods of the present
inventions.
[0015] In various aspects, the present invention provides methods
for providing non-encapsulated nanoparticles from the aforesaid
composite nanoparticles.
[0016] In various aspects, the present invention provides methods
for producing wholly or partially carbon-coated nanoparticles from
said composite nanoparticles.
[0017] In various embodiments, the present inventions teach the
ability to make a wider variety of composite nanoparticles,
including oxide, semiconductor, and more complex composite
nanoparticles.
[0018] In various aspects, the present inventions provide methods
for producing a composite nanoparticle comprising the steps of:
[0019] a) providing a polymeric solution comprising a polymeric
material and a solvent;
[0020] b) collapsing at least a portion of the polymeric material
about one or more precursor moieties to form a composite precursor
moiety having a mean diameter in the range between about 1 nm and
about 100 nm;
[0021] c) cross-linking the polymeric material of said composite
precursor moiety; and
[0022] d) modifying at least a portion of said precursor moieties
of said composite precursor moiety to form one or more
nanoparticles and thereby forming a composite nanoparticle.
[0023] "Confined" in this specification means that the nanoparticle
is substantially within the limits of the collapsed polymer's
dimensions and includes, but is not limited to, the situation
wherein portions of the polymer may be strongly interacting with
the nanoparticle within the polymer dimensions.
[0024] As used herein, the term "precursor moiety" refers to a
compound or entity at least a portion of which is a component of
the eventual nanoparticle formed and includes nanoparticle
precursors.
[0025] A polymeric material of use in the practice of the present
inventions can be any molecule capable of collapse that contains
units of monomers, that can be synthetic or naturally occurring and
can be linear, branched, hyperbranched, or dendrimeric.
Non-limiting examples of suitable polymeric materials are discussed
in the various examples, which include, but are not limited to,
poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), and polyacrylic acid
(PAA), poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS),
[0026] It also can be any polymer containing ionized or ionizable
moieties along its length and is of sufficient length such that the
collapsed form has nanometer dimensions. The collapsed form can be
of different morphologies, such as, for example, spherical,
elongated, or multi-lobed. The dimensions in any direction are
anywhere from 0.1 to 100 nm, and preferably 1-50 nm.
[0027] A wide variety of solvents can be used to form a polymeric
solution of use in the present inventions. In various embodiments,
the polymeric solution is preferably an aqueous solution.
[0028] In preferred embodiments of the present inventions, a chosen
polymer is dissolved in a suitable solvent to form a solution of
the polymer. The solvent can be water, an organic solvent or a
mixture of two or more such solvents. The addition to the solution
of the collapsing agent induces a collapse of the polymer which
substantially surrounds, e.g., confines, a precursor moiety. The
collapsing agent can itself be the precursor moiety. The chosen
confined agent, for example a precursor moiety, can be, e.g., an
organic or inorganic charged ion or a combination thereof. For
example, the confined agent can be an ion from an organic salt, an
inorganic salt, or an inorganic salt that is water soluble where
the water soluble inorganic salt is of the form M.sub.xA.sub.y
where M is a metal cation belonging to Groups I to IV of the
Periodic Table possessing a charge +y and A is the counter ion to M
with a charge -x or a combination thereof. The confined agent could
further comprise a mixture of ions from at least two inorganic
salts.
[0029] Collapsing agents are usually water-soluble inorganic salts,
most preferably, those that contain metal cations and their
corresponding anions, both of which are known to induce a
collapse-transition for certain polymeric materials. Non-limiting
examples are Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2, Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2, Cu(SO.sub.4),
Pb(NO.sub.3).sub.2, Pb(CH.sub.3COO).sub.2, Ag(NO.sub.3),
Mn(SO.sub.4), Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2.
[0030] A variety of techniques can be used to collapse the
polymeric material around a precursor moiety. For example, in
various embodiments a collapsing agent such as a different solvent,
an ionic species (e.g., a salt); or combinations thereof can be
used. In various embodiments, it is preferred that the precursor
moiety itself serve as a collapsing agent. Multiple collapsing
agents can be used.
[0031] In various embodiments the at least one collapsing agent
preferably comprises at least one ionic species. Preferably, in
various embodiments, the at least one ionic species is a precursor
moiety.
[0032] In various embodiments, the precursor moiety comprises at
least one metal cation, complexed metal cation, or complexed metal
anion. In various embodiments where the precursor moiety comprises
a metal cation, complexed metal cation, or complexed metal anion,
the modifying step (production means) comprises treating the
cation, complexed cation, or complexed anion with .gamma.-radiation
or an agent selected from a reducing agent or an oxidizing agent to
effect production of the nanoparticle comprising elemental metal
confined within the cross-linked, collapsed polymeric material.
[0033] In various embodiments, the precursor moiety comprises two
or more different metals. In various embodiments where the
precursor moiety comprises two or more different metals, the
modifying step comprises forming an alloy of two or more of the two
or more metals.
[0034] In various embodiments, the precursor moiety comprises ions
selected from a cation, complexed cations, or complexed metal
anions of a plurality of metals and the modifying step comprises
treating the cations or complexed anions with radiation, for
example, .gamma.-radiation, alpha radiation, beta radiation,
neutron radiation, etc., or an agent selected from a reducing agent
or an oxidizing agent to effect production of the nanoparticle
comprising an alloy of said metals, confined within the
cross-linked collapsed polymeric material.
[0035] In various embodiments, the precursor moiety comprises a
metal species-containing compound.
[0036] By the term "metal species-containing compound" is meant a
compound containing a metal or metalloid in any valence state.
[0037] In various embodiments of the present inventions having an
elemental metal, alloy comprising a metal, or a metal
species-containing compound, the metal is preferably Cd, Zn, Cu,
Pb, Ag, Mn, Ni, Au, Mg, Fe, Hg, Pt or a combination thereof.
[0038] In various embodiments of the present inventions having a
metal species-containing compound, said compound containing said
metal species preferably comprises one or more of a sulphide,
selenide, telluride, chloride, bromide, iodide, oxide, hydroxide,
phosphate, carbonate, sulphate, chromate and a combination
thereof.
[0039] In various embodiments, a composite precursor moiety formed
by a method of the present inventions has a mean diameter in the
range between about 1 nanometer (nm) to about 100 nm. In various
embodiments, the composite precursor moiety has a mean diameter in
one or more of the ranges between: (a) about 1 nm to about 10 nm;
(b) about 10 nm to about 30 nm; (c) about 15 nm to about 50 nm; and
(d) about 50 nm to about 100 nm). It is to be understood that the
term "mean diameter" is not meant to imply any sort of specific
symmetry (e.g., spherical, ellipsoidal, etc.) of a composite
precursor moiety. Rather, the composite precursor moiety could be
highly irregular and asymmetric.
[0040] The formation of intra-molecular covalent bonds that effects
the cross-linking of the polymeric material can be induced either
by chemical means or by irradiation. Chemical means of
cross-linking can also be achieved through the use of multi-dentate
molecules as cross-linkers. These molecules contain multiple
functional groups that are complementary to, and, therefore, can
form covalent bonds with the functional groups on the
polyelectrolyte polymeric material. These molecules can be linear,
branched, or dendrimeric. For example, a molecule containing
multiple amine groups, such as 2,2'-ethylenedioxydiethylamine can
effect the intramolecular cross-linking of collapsed poly(acrylic
acid). The cross-linking reaction in this case is promoted by the
addition of an activating agent, typically used for amide bond
formation, such as a carbodiimide.
[0041] The chemical cross-linking can be carried out to derivatize
the polymer, such that a fraction of the ionizable groups are
converted to groups that can be cross-linked through free-radical
reactions. An example is to convert some of the carboxylic acid
groups of poly(acrylic acid) to allyl esters. The allyl groups can
then be reacted to form intramolecular bonds through radical
chemistry.
[0042] Cross-linking by irradiation can be effected by exposing a
solution of the collapsed polymer to an electromagnetic radiation
source. The radiation source can be, for example, an excimer laser,
a mercury arc lamp, a light emitting diode, UV germicidal lamp
radiation or gamma rays.
[0043] A variety of techniques can be used in the present
inventions to modify at least a portion of said precursor moieties
of said composite precursor moiety to form one or more
nanoparticles and thereby form a composite nanoparticle. These
techniques are also referred to as "production means" herein since
they are used in the production of the nanoparcticle.
[0044] Suitable techniques for modifying a precursor moiety to form
the desired nanoparticle include, but are not limited to, exposure
to electromagnetic radiation, chemical treatment, and combinations
thereof. Examples of suitable electromagnetic radiation exposure,
include, for example .gamma.-radiation, ultraviolet radiation,
infrared radiation, etc. In various embodiments, the
electromagnetic radiation is coherent radiation, such as provided,
e.g., by a laser, in others it is incoherent, such as provided,
e.g., by a lamp. Examples of chemical treatments include, but are
not limited to, contacting with an oxidizing agent, contacting with
a reducing agent, addition of at least one counter ion, a compound
containing the counter ion, or a precursor to the counter ion,
where the counter ion is a counter ion with respect to the
precursor moiety or a portion thereof. Generally, modification of
the precursor moiety results in the formation of a nanoparticle
that is no longer soluble within the solvent of the polymeric
solution.
[0045] Reaction either by reduction or oxidation of the ions, ionic
precursor moieties, within the cross-linked polymeric material to
form the composite nanoparticles can be effected through chemical,
electrochemical, or photochemical means.
[0046] The resultant nanoparticles can be, for example,
semiconductor crystals, including, but not limited, to CdS, CdSe,
CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, CuI, HgS, HgSe, and HgTe.
The nanoparticles can also be metal alloys.
[0047] In various embodiments, a composite nanoparticle formed by a
method of the present inventions has a mean diameter in the range
between about 1 nanometer (nm) to about 100 nm. In various
embodiments, the composite nanoparticle has a mean diameter in one
or more of the ranges between: (a) about 1 nm to about 10 nm; (b)
about 10 nm to about 30 nm; (c) about 15 nm to about 50 nm; and (d)
about 50 nm to about 100 nm). It is to be understood that the term
"mean diameter" is not meant to imply any sort of specific symmetry
(e.g., spherical, ellipsoidal, etc.) of a composite nanoparticle.
Rather, the composite nanoparticle could be highly irregular and
asymmetric.
[0048] In various embodiments, the nanoparticle, formed from a
precursor moiety, comprises an alloy of two or more different
metals. In various embodiments where the precursor moiety comprises
two or more different metals, the modifying step comprises forming
an alloy of two or more of the two or more metals.
[0049] In various embodiments, the nanoparticle, formed from a
precursor moiety, comprises a metal species-containing compound. By
the term "metal species-containing compound" is meant a compound
containing a metal or metalloid in any valence state.
[0050] In various embodiments of the present inventions having an
elemental metal, alloy comprising a metal, or a metal
species-containing compound, the metal is preferably Cd, Zn, Cu,
Pb, Ag, Mn, Ni, Au, Mg, Fe, Hg, Pt or a combination thereof.
[0051] In various embodiments of the present inventions having a
metal species-containing compound, said compound containing said
metal species preferably comprises one or more of a sulphide,
selenide, telluride, chloride, bromide, iodide, oxide, hydroxide,
phosphate, carbonate, sulphate, chromate and a combination
thereof.
[0052] In various aspects, the present inventions provide methods
for producing a nanoparticle material, comprising the steps of: (a)
providing a polymeric solution comprising a polymeric material and
a solvent; (b) collapsing at least a portion of the polymeric
material about one or more precursor moieties to form a composite
precursor moiety; (c) cross-linking the polymeric material of said
composite precursor moiety; and (d) modifying at least a portion of
said precursor moieties of said composite precursor moiety to form
one or more nanoparticles having a mean diameter in the range
between about 1 nm and about 100 nm and thereby forming a composite
nanoparticle; and (e) pyrolysing said composite nanoparticle to
form a nanoparticle material. In various embodiments, the pyrolysis
conditions are controlled such that the nanoparticle material
formed comprises at least a partially carbon-coated
nanoparticle
[0053] In various embodiments, the present inventions provide
methods for producing a metal nanoparticle, comprising pyrolysing
the composite nanoparticle prepared by a method of the present
inventions described herein, wherein the metal nanoparticle is an
elemental metal, an alloy comprising the metal with at least one
other metal, or a metal species-containing compound, at a
temperature to effective to substantially remove the polymeric
material.
[0054] In various embodiments, the present inventions provide
methods for producing a carbon-coated metal nanoparticle comprising
incompletely pyrolysing the composite nanoparticle prepared by a
method of the present inventions described herein, wherein the
metal nanoparticle is selected from an elemental metal, an alloy
comprising the metal with at least one other metal, and a metal
species-containing compound, at a temperature to effect production
of the carbon-coated metal nanoparticle.
[0055] In various aspects, the present inventions provide composite
nanoparticles when made by a method or process of one of the
inventions described herein.
[0056] In various aspects, the present inventions provide
non-confined and wholly or partially carbon-coated metal
nanoparticles when made by methods of the present inventions
described herein.
[0057] Various embodiments of the present inventions can be of
value in the production of semiconductor nanoparticles, including,
for example, quantum dots such as CdSe, CdS, CdTe, and others.
Various embodiments of the present inventions can be of value in
the production of complex salts, such as LiFePO.sub.4, and oxide
particles, such as Fe.sub.2O.sub.3.
[0058] Accordingly, in an various embodiments, the precursor moiety
comprises at least one metal cation, complexed metal cation, or
complexed metal anion, and the production means (modifying step)
comprises treating the metal cation, complexed cation, or complexed
anion with a suitable counterion or precursor thereof to effect
production of the composite nanoparticle comprising a metal
species-containing compound.
[0059] In various embodiments, the precursor moeity comprises an
anion, and the modifying step (production means) comprises treating
the anion with a suitable metal counterion or precursor thereof to
effect production of the composite nanoparticle comprising a metal
species-containing compound.
[0060] In various aspects, the modifying step comprises use of a
suitable counterion or precursor thereof to effect production of a
semiconductor nanoparticle or composite nanoparticle.
[0061] In a various aspects, the modifying step comprises use of a
suitable counterion or precursor thereof to effect production of a
composite nanoparticle comprising a complex salt.
[0062] In a various aspects, modifying step comprises use of a
suitable counterion or precursor thereof to effect production of a
nanoparticle comprising a hydroxide. In a preferred aspect, the
hydroxide may be subsequently heated to convert the hydroxide to an
oxide.
[0063] The aforesaid composite nanoparticles comprising a metal
species-containing compound, a complex salt, hydroxide, or oxide, a
semiconductor entity, can be, in various embodiments, effectively
pyrolysed to substantially remove the polymeric material, or to
only partially remove the polymeric material to produce, for
example, a wholly or partially carbon-coated nanoparticle.
[0064] Thus, various embodiments of the present inventions relate
to methods of making composite nanoparticles and nanoparticles that
may have a wide variety of applications in a variety of sectors,
including, but not limited to, biology, analytical and
combinatorial chemistry, catalysis, energy and diagnostics. By
utilizing starting materials that are readily soluble in water, the
present inventions, in various embodiments, can provide
nanoparticles and composite nanoparticles having unique
characteristics applicable in the aforesaid sectors, which
nanoparticles may be water soluble.
[0065] The synthesis routes of various embodiments of the present
inventions, include, but are not limited to, synthesis in a "one
pot" system in an aqueous medium. The particle size can be
controlled, for example, by varying the molecular weight of the
polymer, the degree of internal cross-linking, solution conditions
and the amount of collapsing agent added. The polymer coat can be
chosen to have desirable functional groups that can impart
desirable properties, for example, having the capability for
attachment to molecules, such as proteins or to enhance or decrease
the sticking to substrates.
[0066] In various embodiments, the present inventions provide
methods for making water-dispersable composite nanoparticles with
inherent chemical functional groups that can be reacted with
complementary functional groups on other molecules.
Water-dispersable, in this context, refers to the formation of
composite nanoparticles that can be prevented from aggregation in
aqueous solution through adjustment of solution conditions.
[0067] In various embodiments, the methods of the present
inventions provide a composite nanoparticle having at least one
confined agent substantially surrounded by a polymeric material
which polymer can be either a linear or branched polyanion or
polycation or a combination thereof.
[0068] In preferred embodiments of the present inventions, a chosen
polymer is dissolved in a suitable solvent to form a solution of
the polymer. The solvent can be water, an organic solvent or a
mixture of two or more such solvents. The addition to the solution
of the collapsing agent induces a collapse of the polymer which
substantially surrounds, e.g., confines the agent therein. The
chosen confined agent can be an organic or inorganic charged ion or
a combination thereof. For example, the confined agent can be an
ion from an organic salt, an inorganic salt, or an inorganic salt
that is water soluble where the water soluble inorganic salt is of
the form M.sub.xA.sub.y where M is a metal cation belonging to
Groups I to IV of the Periodic Table possessing a charge +y and A
is the counter ion to M with a charge -x or a combination thereof.
The confined agent could further comprise a mixture of ions from at
least two inorganic salts.
[0069] In various embodiments, to retain the conformation of the
collapsed polymer, cross-linking of the collapsed polymer is
achieved by exposing the polymer to .gamma.-radiation or alpha
radiation, beta radiation, neutron radiation or UV radiation.
Preferably, the UV radiation is UV laser radiation or UV arc lamp
radiation. In various embodiments, the intra-molecular cross-links
of the intra-molecular cross-linking process are chemically
produced, for example, with carbodiimide chemistry with a
multifunctional cross-linker.
[0070] One preferred embodiment of the present inventions involves
the formation of composite nanoparticles by the addition of ions
that induce precipitate formation of the confined agent within the
collapsed polymeric material, wherein the collapsed polymer is
intra-molecularly cross-linked. As used herein, "precipitation" of
a confined ion refers to modification of the ion to a compound that
is substantially insoluble in the solvent of the polymeric
solution.
[0071] Various preferred embodiments of the aspects of the present
inventions include, but are not limited to, using polymers
dissolved in a solvent, usually water, so as to make a dilute
solution. Polymers with ionizable groups, for example, NH.sub.2,
RNH, and COOH can be chosen because of their water-solubility under
appropriate solution conditions and their ability to undergo a
collapse transition when exposed to certain concentrations of ions
in solution, usually through addition of an inorganic salt. The
collapse of the polymer brings about the confinement of some of the
ions within a collapsed polymeric structure. In order to make the
collapsed conformation of the polymers permanent,
intra-macromolecular bond formation is facilitated either through
radiation exposure, through the use of chemical cross-linkers, or
both. In various embodiments, the collapsed intra-molecular,
cross-linked polymer have some of the ions from an inorganic salt
confined within the collapsed structure as the basis for the
formation of the composite nanoparticle. The confined ions, for
example, can be reduced, oxidized, and/or reacted (e.g. by
precipitation with an external agent), which results in the
formation of the composite nanoparticle of the inner nanoparticle
confined within the collapsed intra-molecular cross-linked
polymeric material. Un-reacted ionizable groups, for example, can
serve as future sites for further chemical modification, dictate
the particles solubility in different media, or both.
[0072] An ionizable moiety or group is any chemical functional
group that can be rendered charged by adjusting solution
conditions, while ionized moieties refers to chemical functional
groups that are charged regardless of solution conditions. The
ionized or ionizable moiety or group can be either cationic or
anionic, and can be continuous along an entire chain as in the case
of regular polymers, or can be interrupted by blocks containing
different functional groups, as in the case of block polymers.
[0073] In various embodiments, a preferred cationic group is the
amino group and preferred anionic groups are carboxylic acid,
sulfonic acid, phosphates, and the like. For cationic polymers,
examples are poly(allylamine), poly(ethyleneimine)
poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride, and poly(lysine). For
anionic polymers, examples are poly(acrylic acid), poly(styrene
sulfonic acid), poly(glutamic acid), etc. Block polymers are made
up of blocks of polymers having different functional groups. The
block polymers can be made up of blocks of any of the mentioned
anionic and cationic polymers and another polymer that imparts a
specific desirable property to the block polymer.
[0074] In various embodiments, functional groups of the polymeric
material can be used for conjugating the composite nanoparticles to
other molecules containing complementary functional groups. These
molecules can be any member of affinity-binding pairs such as
antigen-antibody, DNA-protein, DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, biotin-avidin,
hapten-antihapten, protein-protein, enzyme-substrate and
combinations thereof. These molecules can also be protein, ligand,
oligonucleotide, aptamer, carbohydrate, lipid, or other
nanoparticles. An example is the conjugation of poly(acrylic
acid)-encased nanoparticles to proteins through amide bond
formation between amine groups on proteins and the carboxylic acid
groups on poly acrylic acid (PAA).
[0075] A fraction of the functional groups of the polyelectrolyte
polymer can also be modified to convert them to other functional
groups that can be used for conjugation. For example, a hetero
bi-functional molecule containing an amine group and a latent thiol
group can be reacted with poly(acrylic acid)-encased nanoparticles
through amide bond formation thereby converting the carboxylic acid
to a thiol group. The thiol group can be used for conjugation to
other molecules containing thiol-reactive groups.
[0076] The wide variety of potential applications for the composite
nanoparticles and nanoparticles, produced by the methods of the
present invention include, but are not limited to, the absorption
of light energy selected from the group consisting of UV, visible,
and IR light, wherein the composite nanoparticle or nanoparticle
are used as pigments or are incorporated into an optical device. In
various embodiments, after absorbing light energy the composite
nanoparticle may be capable of emitting light.
[0077] In various embodiments of the present inventions, provided
are methods wherein the polymeric material is conjugated to
molecules containing functional groups for binding to complementary
binding partners to form an affinity-binding pair selected from the
group having an enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody, DNA-DNA,
DNA-RNA, biotin-avidin, hapten-antihapten and combinations thereof.
Preferably, the molecules are selected from the group consisting of
protein, ligand, oligonucleotide, aptamer, and other
nanoparticles.
[0078] In various embodiments, a composite nanoparticle of the
present inventions may be used, e.g., to enhance spectroscopic
techniques, including vibrational spectroscopy.
[0079] In various embodiments, provided are methods wherein the
composite nanoparticles are further assembled on a surface of a
substrate using layer-by-layer assembly or further aggregated into
three-dimensional systems of composite nanoparticles, whereby the
three-dimensional systems are created on a surface. In various
embodiments this substrate is a film.
[0080] Accordingly, in various aspects the present inventions
provide a coated substrate having a plurality of layers of
composite nanoparticles as herein described interspersed between
adjacent layers of oppositely charged compounds.
[0081] In various embodiments, a coated substrate as herein
described is preferably coated, with a composite nanoparticle of
CdS/PAA and the oppositely charged compound is poly(allylamine)
hydrochloride (PAH).
[0082] In various embodiments, the present inventions provide use
of a composite nanoparticle as herein described in the production
of a multi-layered coated substrate. This substrate could be of
value, for example, as one or more of: (a) a solid substrate
comprising catalytic or otherwise reactive nanoparticles; and (b)
an optical filter or as an element in an optical device where the
incorporated composite nanoparticles have useful properties.
[0083] In various embodiments, the compounds according to the
present inventions could be of value as semiconductor materials,
for example, as quantum dots.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0084] The foregoing and other aspects, embodiments, objects,
features and advantages of the present inventions can be more fully
understood from the following description in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference characters
generally refer to like features and structural elements throughout
the various Figures. The drawings are not necessarily to scale,
emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of
the present inventions, wherein.
[0085] FIG. 1 represents UV-Vis absorption spectra of CdS/PAA
composite nanoparticles prepared according to Example 13;
[0086] FIG. 2 represents emission spectra of different CdS/PAA
composite nanoparticles prepared according to Example 13;
[0087] FIG. 3 represents STEM image of CdS/PAA composite
nanoparticles prepared according to Example 13;
[0088] FIG. 4 represents uv-vis absorption and emission spectra of
CdSe/PAA composite nanoparticles prepared according to Example
14;
[0089] FIG. 5 represents uv-vis absorption and emission spectra of
(CdSe--CdS)/PAA composite nanoparticles prepared according to
Example 15;
[0090] FIG. 6 represents uv-vis absorption and emission spectra of
CdTe/PAA composite nanoparticles prepared according to Example
16;
[0091] FIG. 7 represents uv-vis absorption and emission spectra of
(CdTe--ZnS)/PAA composite nanoparticles produced according to
Example 17;
[0092] FIGS. 8(a)-8(c) represent STEM with EDX analysis of
LiFePO.sub.4/PAA composite nanoparticles produced according Example
18;
[0093] FIG. 9 represents a XRD pattern of LiFePO.sub.4/PAA
composite nanoparticles produced according Example 18;
[0094] FIGS. 10(a)-10(c) represents STEM with EDX analysis of
Fe.sub.2O.sub.3/PAA composite nanaparticles produced according
Example 19;
[0095] FIG. 11 represents an XRD x-ray diffraction pattern of
Fe.sub.2O.sub.3/PAA composite nanoparticles produced according to
Example 19;
[0096] FIG. 12 represents STEM image of ZnO/PAA composite
nanoparticles made according to Example 20;
[0097] FIG. 13 represents uv-vis absorbance and emission spectra of
ZnO/PAA composite nanoparticles made according to Example 20;
[0098] FIG. 14 represents emission spectra of both CdS/PAA
composite nanoparticles coated and non-coated polystyrene prepared
according to Example 21;
[0099] FIG. 15 represents uv-vis absorption spectra of Ag/PAA
composite nanoparticles produced according to Example 22;
[0100] FIG. 16 represents a STEM image of Ag/PAA composite
nanoparticles produced according to Example 22;
[0101] FIG. 17 represents uv-vis absorption spectra of Au/PAA
composite nanoparticles produced according to Example 23;
[0102] FIG. 18 represents STEM image of Au/PAA composite
nanoparticles produced according to Example 23;
[0103] FIG. 19 represents uv-vis spectra of (Au, Ag)/PAA composite
nanoparticles produced according to Example 24;
[0104] FIGS. 20(a)-20(c) represent STEM with EDX analysis image of
(Au, Ag)/PAA composite nanoparticles produced according to Example
24;
[0105] FIG. 21 represents uv-vis and emission spectra of CdS/PSS
composite nanoparticles produced according to Example 27;
[0106] FIG. 22 represents uv-vis and emission spectra of CdS/PDDA
composite nanoparticles produced according to Example 28; and
[0107] FIG. 23 represents absorbance and emission spectra of
CdPbTe/PAA composite nanoparticles produced according to Example 36
according to the present invention;
[0108] FIG. 24 represents absorbance and emission spectra of
CdZnTe/PAA composite nanoparticles produced according to Example 37
according to the invention; and
[0109] FIG. 25 represents absorbance and emission spectra of
CdMnTe/PAA composite nanoparticles produced according to Example 38
according to the present invention.
[0110] FIG. 26 represents UV-vis absorbance spectra of blue colored
Ag.sup.+/PAA-PSS produced according to Example 41 according to the
present invention.
[0111] FIG. 27 represents UV-vis absorbance spectra of Ag/PAA-PSS
produced according to Example 41 according to the present
invention.
[0112] FIG. 28 represents an absorption profile of
ZnS/PAA-PSS.sub.5% nanoparticles diluted 10.times. produced
according to Example 43 according to the present invention.
[0113] FIG. 29: represents measurements of fluorescence emission
when excited using a broadband UV source of (Zn--Cd)S/PAA with
different compositions prepared according to Example 44 according
to the present invention.
[0114] FIG. 30 represents measurements of viscosity as a function
of pH for chitosan according to Example 45 according to the present
invention, demonstrating collapse transition.
[0115] FIG. 31 represents measurements of the efflux time as a
function of NaCl concentration according to Example 45 according to
the present invention, demonstrating collapse transition.
[0116] FIG. 32 schematically represents a Heck coupling reaction
catalyzed by Pd nanoparticles prepared according to Example 51
according to the present invention.
[0117] FIGS. 33A and 33B represent NMR of Example 48.
[0118] FIG. 34 represents UV-Vis absorbance spectra of ZnO
nanoparticles prepared according to Example 53 according to the
present invention.
[0119] FIG. 35 represents UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the ZnO
nanoparticles after heating according to Example 53 according to
the present invention.
[0120] FIG. 36 represents a TEM image of the particles after
heating to 450.degree. C. according to Example 53 according to the
present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS
Examples
[0121] In the following examples, the term
[0122] (a) "M.sup.y+/polymer refers to the collapsed polymeric
material with the metal cation M.sup.y+, wherein M is the stated
metal in the example; and
[0123] (b) A.sup.x-/polymer refers to the collapsed polymeric
material collapsed with the anion A.sup.x+.
[0124] In the case of multiple cations or anions used to collapse a
single polymer, the different metal cations and anions will be
separated by a comma "," as in the case (M.sub.1.sup.y1+,
M.sub.2.sup.y2, etc. . . . )/Polymer and (A.sub.1.sup.x1-,
A.sub.2.sup.x2-, etc. . . . )/Polymer (eg. Cd.sup.2+/PAA,
Cl.sup.-/PDDA, etc.). Nanoparticles formed from the metal ions will
be designated as M.sub.1 x1A.sub.1 y1/Polymer (eg. CdS/PAA, (CdS,
PbS)/PAA, etc). Nanoparticles formed from the metal ions that have
been treated with another agent to form a different material will
be designated by a "-" as in (M.sub.1 x1A.sub.1 y1-M.sub.2 y2
A.sub.2 y2)/Polymer (eg. (CdSe--CdS)/PAA, (CdTe--ZnS)/PAA,
etc).
Example 1
Polycation Collapse with (-1) Anion
[0125] In a plastic 400.0 ml beaker, 3.0 ml of
poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) [Sigma, Average
M.sub.w 400-500K, 20 wt % in water] was diluted to 300 ml with
deionized water. The solution was stirred for 10 minutes. 5.0 ml
aliquots were obtained, and placed in 20 ml scintillation vials. To
each was added dropwise with vigorous stirring 5.0 ml of aqueous
NaCl solutions of different concentrations (2 mM-60 mM) yielding 10
mL of Cl.sup.-/PDDA solutions with different [Cl.sup.-] between 1
and 50 mM and a final PDDA concentration of 1 mg/ml. The relative
viscosity of each solution was measured with an Ostwald viscometer.
The viscosity as a function of NaCl concentration changed suddenly
at approximately 10 mM; this was taken as the PDDA collapse point
with Cl.sup.-, such that at lower concentrations, the PDDA is
primarily in an extended configuration.
Example 2
Polycation Collapse with (-2) Anion
[0126] In a plastic 400.0 ml beaker, 3.0 ml of
poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) [Sigma, Average
M.sub.w 400-500K, 20 wt % in water] was diluted to 300 ml with
deionized water. The solution was stirred for 10 minutes. 5.0 ml
aliquots were obtained, and placed in 20 ml scintillation vials. To
each was added dropwise with vigorous stirring 5.0 ml of aqueous
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 solutions of different concentrations (2 mM-20 mM)
yielding 10 mL of SO.sub.4.sup.2-/PDDA solutions with different
[SO.sub.4.sup.2-] between 1 and 10 mM and a final PDDA
concentration of 1 mg/ml. The relative viscosity of each solution
was measured with an Ostwald viscometer. The viscosity as a
function of Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 concentration changed suddenly at
approximately 3 mM; this was taken as the PDDA collapse point with
SO.sub.4.sup.2-, such that at lower concentrations, the PDDA is
primarily in an extended configuration.
Example 3
Polycation Collapse with (-3) Anion
[0127] In a plastic 400.0 ml beaker, 15 ml of
poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) [Sigma, Average
M.sub.w 400-500K, 20 wt % in water] was diluted to 300 ml with
deionized water. The solution was stirred for 10 minutes. 5.0 ml
aliquots were obtained, and placed in 20 ml scintillation vials. To
each was added dropwise with vigorous stirring 5.0 ml of aqueous
Na.sub.3PO.sub.4 solutions of different concentrations (2 mM-50 mM)
yielding 10 mL of PO.sub.4.sup.3-/PDDA solutions with different
[PO.sub.4.sup.3-] between 1 and 25 mM and a final PDDA
concentration of 5 mg/ml. The relative viscosity of each solution
was measured with an Ostwald viscometer. The viscosity as a
function of NaCl concentration changed suddenly at approximately 2
mM; this was taken as the PDDA collapse point with PO.sub.4.sup.3-,
such that at lower concentrations, the PDDA is primarily in an
extended configuration.
Example 4
Polyanion Collapse with (+1) Cation
[0128] In a 400 ml plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of (PAA) (Sigma,
Average M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 ml deionized
water. The plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath
(approximately 80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at
least 30 minutes or until all of the solid PAA has dissolved. Once
the solution has cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to
6.8 using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow range
pH paper. 5 ml aliquots of the pH adjusted PAA were obtained and to
each was added 5.0 ml aliquots were obtained, and placed in 20 ml
scintillation vials. To each was added dropwise with vigorous
stirring 5.0 ml of aqueous NaCl solutions of different
concentrations (0.2 mM-10.0 mM) yielding 10 mL of Na.sup.+/PDDA
solutions with different [Na.sup.+] between 0.1 mM and 5.0 mM and a
final PAA concentration of 1 mg/ml. The relative viscosity of each
solution was measured with an Ostwald viscometer. The viscosity as
a function of NaCl concentration changed suddenly at approximately
2 mM; this was taken as the PAA collapse point with Na.sup.+, such
that at lower concentrations, the PAA is primarily in an extended
configuration.
Example 5
Polyanion Collapse with (+2) Cation
[0129] In a 400 ml plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma, Average
M.sub.w 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 ml deionized water. The
plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath (approximately
80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at least 30
minutes or until all of the solid PAA has dissolved. Once the
solution has cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to 6.8
using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow range pH
paper. 5 ml aliquots of the pH adjusted PAA were obtained and to
each was added 5.0 ml aliquots were obtained, and placed in 20 ml
scintillation vials. To each was added dropwise with vigorous
stirring 5.0 ml of aqueous Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solutions of
different concentrations (0.1 mM-6.0 mM) yielding 10 mL of
Cd.sup.2+/PAA solutions with different [Cd.sup.2+] between 0.1 mM
and 3.0 mM and a final PAA concentration of 1 mg/ml. The relative
viscosity of each solution was measured with an Ostwald viscometer.
The viscosity as a function of Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 concentration
changed suddenly at between 1-2 mM; this was taken as the PAA
collapse point with Cd.sup.2+, such that at lower concentrations,
the PAA is primarily in an extended configuration. Addition of more
Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 such that the final concentration >2 mM
caused a white precipitate to form. Solutions with a final
concentration of 1.2 mM Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and approx 0.7 mg/ml PAA
were then prepared for use in subsequent examples below; this
solution is referred to as Cd.sup.2+/PAA in this work.
Example 6
Polyanion Collapse with (+3) Cation
[0130] In a 400 ml plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of poly(styrene
sulfonic acid) (PSS) (Alfa Aesar, Average M.sub.W 1 million) was
dissolved in 200 ml deionized water. 5 ml aliquots of the PSS
solution were obtained, and placed in 20 ml scintillation vials. To
each was added dropwise with vigorous stirring 5.0 ml of aqueous
solutions containing FeCl.sub.3 of different concentrations (0.2
mM-20.0 mM) yielding 10 mL of Fe.sup.3+/PDDA solutions with
different [Fe.sup.3+] between 0.1 mM and 10.0 mM and a final PSS
concentration of 1 mg/ml. The relative viscosity of each solution
was measured with an Ostwald viscometer. The viscosity as a
function of FeCl.sub.3 concentration changed suddenly at
approximately 2 mM; this was taken as the PSS collapse point with
Fe.sup.3+ such that at lower concentrations, the PSS is primarily
in an extended configuration.
Example 7
Polyanion Collapse with 2 Cations
[0131] In a 400 ml plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma, Average
M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 ml deionized water. The
plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath (approximately
80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at least 30
minutes or until all of the solid PAA has dissolved. Once the
solution had cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to 6.8
using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow range pH
paper. 5.0 ml aliquots were obtained, and placed in 20 ml
scintillation vials. To each was added dropwise with vigorous
stirring 5.0 ml of aqueous solutions containing FeCl.sub.2 and LiCl
at a mole ratio of (2:1) of different concentrations* (0.2 mM-8.0
mM) yielding 10 mL of (2Fe.sup.2+, Li.sup.+)/PAA solutions with
different [2Fe.sup.2+, Li.sup.2+] between 0.1 mM and 4.0 mM and a
final PAA concentration of 1 mg/ml. The relative viscosity of each
solution was measured with an Ostwald viscometer. The viscosity as
a function of FeCl.sub.2 and LiCl concentration changed suddenly at
approximately 0.3 mM; this was taken as the PAA collapse point with
2Fe.sup.2+, Li.sup.+ such that at lower concentrations, the PAA is
primarily in an extended configuration. *concentrations refer to
the total concentration of both metal ions combined
Example 8
Preparation of Cd.sup.2+/PAA Crosslinked Composite Nanoparticles
According to the Invention Using Mercury Arc Lamp
[0132] A solution of Cd.sup.2+/PAA was prepared by dropwise
addition of 10 ml of 0.005M Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution to 10 ml of
2 mg/ml aqueous solution of PAA (Sigma, Ave M.sub.w 1.2 million
PAA, pH adjusted to 6.8 with 0.1 M NaOH). The solution was exposed
to light from a 200 W mercury arc lamp for approximately 1 hour to
effect collapse, while undergoing vigorous stirring. The irradiated
solution was then dialyzed against deionized water for 3 hours. The
dialysis is expected to substantially reduce the concentration of
ions in solution, thus reversing the polymer collapse. However, it
was found that the solution viscosity remains unchanged (still
low), indicating that the collapsed configuration is retained, and
that the collapsed polymer has been crosslinked to remain in the
collapsed configuration. An aliquot of the solution was cast onto
mica and allowed to air dry. Atomic force microscopy imaging
indicated the presence of particles 10-25 nm in size.
Example 9
Preparation of Zn.sup.2+/PAA and Cd.sup.2+/PAA Crosslinked
Composite Nanoparticles According to the Invention Using Laser
Irradiation
[0133] A solution of Zn.sup.2+/PAA was prepared by dropwise
addition of 10 ml of 0.005M Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution to 10 ml of
2 mg/ml aqueous solution of PAA (Sigma, Ave M.sub.w 1.2 million
PAA, pH adjusted to 6.8 with 0.1 M NaOH) with vigorous stirring.
The solution was exposed to 5000 pulses from an excimer laser
source (10 mJ/cm.sup.3) while undergoing vigorous stirring. The
laser irradiated solution was then dialyzed against deionized water
for 3 hours, changing the deionized water reservoir every hour. The
solution viscosity remained unchanged by dialysis, indicating that
the collapsed configuration is retained.
[0134] A solution of Cd.sup.2+/PAA was prepared by dropwise
addition of 10 ml of 0.005M Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution to 10 ml of
2 mg/ml aqueous solution of PAA (Sigma, Ave M.sub.w 1.2 million
PAA, pH adjusted to 6.8 with 0.1 M NaOH) with vigorous stirring.
The solution was exposed to 5000 pulses from an excimer laser
source (10 mJ/cm.sup.3) while undergoing vigorous stirring. The
laser irradiated solution was then dialyzed against deionized water
for 3 hours, changing the deionized water reservoir every hour. The
solution viscosity remained unchanged by dialysis, indicating that
the collapsed configuration is retained.
Example 10
Preparation of Zn.sup.2+/PAA Crosslinked Composite Nanoparticles
According to the Invention Using Chemical Crosslinking Agent
[0135] Zn.sup.2+/PAA solution was prepared according to example 9.
2.0 ml of Zn.sup.2+/PAA was placed in a 5 ml glass vial and 160
.mu.l of a solution that was 26.4 mg/mL in
1-Ethyl-N'(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and 33.45 mM in
2,2'-(Ethylenedioxy)bis-(ethylamine) (EDE) was added under constant
stirring. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 hours and was
then dialyzed against deionized water for 3 hours, changing the
deionized water reservoir every hour. Zn.sup.2+/PAA that was not
treated with the EDC/EDE solution was also dialyzed against
deionized water for 3 hours, changing the deionized water reservoir
every hour. After dialysis, the viscosity of the EDC/EDE treated
Zn.sup.2+/PAA solution was much lower than that of an untreated
Zn.sup.2+/PAA solution. This indicates that the collapsed
configuration is retained after Zn.sup.2+/PAA was treated with the
EDC/EDE solution.
Example 11
Polyacrylic Acid Crosslinking with Gamma Radiation to Produce
Cd.sup.2+/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to the
Invention
[0136] 20 ml of Cd.sup.2+/PAA, prepared as described in Example 5,
was placed in a 20 ml scintillation vial. To this, 200 .mu.l of
isopropanol (ACS grade) was added. The vial was sealed with a
rubber septum and was vortexed for 10 seconds. The solution was
exposed to a total dose of .about.15 kGy of gamma radiation at a
dose rate of 3.3 kGy/hr. The irradiated solution was then dialyzed
against deionized water for 3 hours, changing the deionized water
reservoir every hour. Similarly, Cd.sup.2+/PAA that was not exposed
to gamma radiation was also dialyzed in a similar manner. After
dialysis, the viscosity of the collapsed irradiated, dialyzed
solution was much lower than that of a collapsed, un-irradiated
solution. Na.sup.+/PAA prepared according to example 4,
[Na.sup.+]=2 mM, was also exposed to the same gamma radiation dose,
and similarly the viscosity of the collapsed irradiated, dialyzed
Na.sup.+/PAA solution was much lower than that of a collapsed,
un-irradiated solution.
Example 12
Polyacrylic Acid Crosslinking with 4 G25T8 Germicidal Lamps to
Produce Cd.sup.2+/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to the
Invention
[0137] 20 ml of Cd.sup.2+/PAA was prepared according to Example 5
was placed in a 50.0 ml glass beaker. The solution was exposed to 4
G25T8 germicidal UV lamps (approximate power is 12 .mu.W/mm.sup.2)
for approximately 1.5-2 hours under vigorous stirring. The
irradiated solution was then dialyzed against deionized water for 3
hours, changing the deionized water reservoir every hour.
Cd.sup.2+/PAA that was not exposed to the UV lamp was also dialyzed
in a similar manner. The viscosity of the irradiated, dialyzed
Cd.sup.2+/PAA solution was much lower than that of a Cd.sup.2+/PAA
solution that was not exposed to the UV lamp. Collapsed PAA with
Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2, Pb(NO.sub.3).sub.2, Cd/Pb(NO.sub.3).sub.2,
Zn/Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2, FeCl.sub.2, LiCl, FeCl.sub.3, Co(SO.sub.4),
Cu(SO.sub.4), Mn(SO.sub.4), Ni(CH.sub.3COOH),
Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2/MgCl.sub.2 was also UV irradiated in a similar
manner and the viscosity of the collapsed irradiated, dialyzed
solutions were much lower than that of a collapsed, un-irradiated
solutions. These solutions were filterable using a 0.2 .mu.m nylon
syringe filter.
Example 13
CdS/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to the Invention
[0138] 20 ml of crosslinked Cd.sup.2+/PAA composite nanoparticles
was prepared according to example 12 and was placed in a 50 ml
glass beaker. Under vigorous stirring, 20.0 ml of 0.60 mM Na.sub.2S
solution was added dropwise at a rate of 2 ml/min using a syringe
pump. The resulting solution was yellow in color. Absorbance and
emission spectra of the resulting solution are shown in FIG. 1. The
maximum emission wavelength can be tuned to different frequencies
by varying the ratio of Na.sub.2S to the amount to Cd.sup.2+ ions
present in the Cd.sup.2+/PAA solution. This is shown in FIG. 2. A
red shift in the Emission.sub.max is observed as more Na.sub.2S is
added. Scanning Transmission Electron microscopy images of the
CdS/PAA prepared are shown in FIG. 3.
Example 14
CdSe/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to the Invention
[0139] 300 mL of Cd.sup.2+/PAA was prepared according to Example
12. The pH of the solution adjusted to .about.8.5-9.0 with 0.1 M
NaOH and was bubbled with N.sub.2(g) for 30 minutes in a 500 ml
round bottom flask. 18.2 mg of 1,1'-dimethylselenourea was
dissolved in 5 ml of degassed, deionized water and was sealed with
a septa in a 5 ml glass vial. Using a 5 ml syringe, 4.1 ml of this
dimethlyselenourea solution was added to the Cd.sup.2+/PAA under
N.sub.2 atmosphere. The resulting solution was stirred for 10
minutes and then heated on a heating mantle to a temperature of
approximately 80.degree. C. for 1 hour. After one hour, the
solution was allowed to cool. The resulting solution has an
absorption and emission spectra shown in FIG. 4.
Example 15
(CdSe--CdS)/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to the
Invention
[0140] 150 ml of CdSe/PAA nanoparticles produced according to
Example 14 was placed in a 250 ml round bottom flask. 125.0 ml of
0.30 M thioacetamide in water was added to the flask containing the
CdSe/PAA nanoparticles. The resulting mixture was stirred
vigorously for 5 minutes, and was then heated to 80.degree. C. on a
heating mantle with very light stirring for 24 hours. The
absorption and emission spectra of the resulting (CdSe--CdS)/PAA
composite nanoparticles are shown in FIG. 5.
Example 16
CdTe/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to the Invention
[0141] Under ambient conditions, 300 ml of Cd.sup.2+/PAA produced
according to Example 12 was placed in a 500 ml round bottom flask.
To this solution, 0.156 g of NaBH.sub.4 and 0.312 g of trisodium
citrate was added while the solution was being stirred. Immediately
after the addition of the borohydride and the citrate, 12.5 ml of
0.01M NaTeO.sub.3 was added. Upon addition of the NaTeO.sub.3
solution, the solution develops a yellow color. The solution was
then refluxed for approximately 20 hours to allow CdTe/PAA
nanoparticles to form. The absorption and emission spectra of the
resulting solution after 20 hours of reflux is shown in FIG. 6.
Example 17
(CdTe--ZnS)/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to the
Invention
[0142] In 50 a ml falcon tube, 1.7 ml of 3M NaCl was added to 15 ml
CdTe/PAA nanoparticles particles formed according to Example 16.
The resulting mixture was vortexed for 10 seconds after which 30 ml
of absolute ethanol was added and was centrifuged at 8500 rpm for
15 minutes. After centrifugation, the brown pellet formed at the
bottom of the falcon tube was rinsed with 20 ml 70% ethanol. The
resulting solution was centrifuged at 8500 rpm for 10 mins. The
brown pellet was isolated and resuspended in 15 ml deionized water.
To 10 ml of the resuspended CdTe/PAA nanoparticles, 278 .mu.L of 24
mM Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 was added. The solution was stirred for 10
minutes after which 167 .mu.L 39.5 mM Na.sub.2S was added. After 10
minutes of stirring, a second 278 .mu.L of 24 mM Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2
was added. The solution was stirred for 10 minutes after which 167
.mu.L 39.5 mM Na.sub.2S was added. After 10 more minutes of
stirring, a third 278 .mu.L of 24 mM Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 was added.
The solution was stirred for 10 minutes after which 167 .mu.L 39.5
mM Na.sub.2S was added. The solution was left in a 50 ml falcon
tube for at least 3 days before taking the emission spectra. The
resulting solution's absorption and emission spectra after 3 days
is shown in FIG. 7.
Example 18
Formation of LiFePO.sub.4/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to
the Invention
[0143] A 20 ml solution of (Fe.sup.2+, Li.sup.+)/PAA was prepared
according to Example 7 with some modifications. Briefly, in a 400
ml plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma, Average M.sub.V 1.2
million) was dissolved in 200 ml deionized water. The plastic
beaker was immersed in a hot water bath (approximately
80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at least 30
minutes or until all of the solid PAA has dissolved. Once the
solution has cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to 3.0
using 0.1 M HNO.sub.3. pH measurements were done using narrow range
pH paper. 10.0 ml of this PAA solution was taken and placed in a 50
ml glass beaker to which 10.0 ml of a solution that was 6.7 mM in
both FeCl.sub.2 and LiCl was added dropwise with vigorous stirring.
The solution was crosslinked for 1.5 hours under 4 G25T8 Germicidal
lamps. 5.0 ml of a 13 mM NH.sub.4H.sub.2PO.sub.4 was then added to
the UV exposed (Fe.sup.2+, Li.sup.+)/PAA. The solvent (water) of
the resulting solution was removed using a rotary evaporator. When
all of the solvent was removed, a light green colored residue
remained and was then dried under vacuum for 12 hours. This light
green residue was placed in tube furnace and was heated under
N.sub.2 atmosphere for 12 hours at 600.degree. C. After 12 hours of
heating in the furnace, the light green residue tuned black. The
STEM images with EDX analysis of the LiFePO.sub.4/PAA composite
nanoparticle are shown in FIG. 8. FIG. 8a is a STEM image of
LiFePO.sub.4/PAA prepared according to the present invention, and
wherein FIG. 8b shows the cross-sectional abundance of phosphorous
along the scanned line in FIG. 8a acquired using electron
dispersive x-rays; and FIG. 8c shows the cross-sectional abundance
of iron along the scanned line in FIG. 8a acquired using electron
dispersive x-rays. The XRD pattern for the LiFePO.sub.4/PAA
composite nanoparticle is shown in FIG. 9.
Example 19
Formation of Fe.sub.2O.sub.3/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According
to the Invention
[0144] Fe.sub.2O.sub.3/PAA is formed by following exactly Example
18 with only one modification. The pH of the PAA should be adjusted
to pH 6.8 instead of pH 3.0 using 0.1M NaOH before adding the
FeCl.sub.2 and LiCl solution. The rest of the procedure remains the
same. Surprisingly, this single modification leads to the formation
of Fe.sub.2O.sub.3/PAA instead of LiFePO.sub.4/PAA. The STEM images
with EDX analysis of the LiFePO.sub.4/PAA nanocomposite particles
are shown in FIG. 10. FIG. 10a is a STEM image Fe.sub.2O.sub.3/PAA
nanocomposite prepared according to the present invention, and
wherein FIG. 10b shows the cross-sectional abundance of iron along
the scanned line in FIG. 10a acquired using electron dispersive
x-rays; and FIG. 10c shows the cross-sectional abundance of
phosphorous along the scanned line in FIG. 10a acquired using
electron dispersive x-rays. The XRD pattern is shown in FIG. 11,
wherein H is hematite, alpha-Fe203 and M is defect spinal structure
of magnetite, gamma-Fe203, maghemite. Note that although the EDX
images show the presence of phosphate, the XRD pattern suggests
that Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 is present and not LiFePO.sub.4.
Example 20
Formation of ZnO/PAA Composites Nanoparticles According to the
Invention
[0145] A 20 ml solution of Zn.sup.2+/PAA was prepared by dropwise
addition of 10 ml of 0.005M Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution to 10 ml of
2 mg/ml aqueous solution of PAA (Sigma, Ave M.sub.w 1.2 million
PAA, pH adjusted to 6.8 with 0.1 M NaOH) with vigorous stirring.
The solution was exposed to UV radiation for 1.5 hours under 4
G25T8 Germicidal lamps as in Example 12. The pH UV exposed
Zn.sup.2+/PAA was adjusted to pH 11.0 with 0.1 M NaOH, and then
refluxed for 1 hour. After reflux, the solution turns slightly
cloudy. The absorbance, emission spectra and STEM image are shown
in FIG. 12 and the absorbance and emission spectra are shown in
FIG. 13.
Example 21
Incorporation of CdS/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to the
Invention into Layer-by-Layer Thin Films
[0146] Polystyrene substrates were sonicated in 0.01M sodium
dodecyl sulfate+0.1M HCl solution for 3 minutes, rinsed with
distilled water, and dried with nitrogen. Layer by Layer (LbL) thin
films were formed by immersing the substrate in 1 mg/ml PAH
(poly(allylamine) hydrochloride) in 0.1M NaCl for 5 minutes,
followed by a 5 minute rinse in 0.1M NaCl, then immersed in a
solution of CdS/PAA nanoparticle solution (prepared according
Example 13) for 5 minutes, then rinsed in 0.1M NaCl solution for 5
minutes. This process was repeated 100 times. Emission spectra of
the polystyrene substrate coated with the LbL thin films of
PAH:CdS/PAA composite nanoparticles is shown in FIG. 14.
Example 22
Ag/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to the Invention
[0147] 20 ml of Ag.sup.+/PAA was made according to Example 4.
Briefly, in a 400 ml plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma,
Average M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 ml deionized
water. The plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath
(approximately 80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at
least 30 minutes or until all of the solid PAA has dissolved. Once
the solution has cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to
6.8 using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow range
pH paper. 10.0 ml of this PAA solution was placed in a 20 ml
scintillation vial and to this, 10 ml of 4.0 mM AgNO.sub.3 solution
was added drop wise under constant stirring. 0.5 mL of 2-propanol
was added to the mixture. The final solution volume was 20 mL. The
vials were sealed with rubber septa and subjected to .sup.60Co
irradiation using a gamma cell type G.C. 220 with a dose rate of
3.3 kGy/hr, at a total dose of 15 kGy. The UV-vis spectra and STEM
images of the resulting Ag/PAA composite nanoparticles are shown in
FIGS. 15 and 16, respectively.
Example 23
Au/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to the Invention
[0148] 20 ml of Au.sup.3+/PAA was made according to Example 4.
Briefly, in a 400 ml plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma,
Average M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 ml deionized
water. The plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath
(approximately 80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at
least 30 minutes or until all of the solid PAA has dissolved. Once
the solution has cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to
6.8 using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow range
pH paper. 10.0 ml of this PAA solution was placed in a 20 ml
scintillation vial, and to this 10 ml of 4.0 mM HAuCl.sub.3
solution was added drop wise under constant stirring. 0.5 mL of
2-propanol was added to the mixture. The final solution volume was
20 mL. The vials were sealed with rubber septa and subjected to
.sup.60Co irradiation using a gamma cell type G.C. 220 with a dose
rate of 3.3 kGy/hr, at a total dose of 15 kGy. The UV-vis spectra
and STEM images of the resulting Au/PAA composite nanoparticles are
shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, respectively.
Example 24
(Au, Ag)/PAA Composite Nanoparticles According to the Invention
[0149] 20 ml of (Ag.sup.+, Au.sup.3+)/PAA was made according to
Example 4. Briefly, in a 400 ml plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA
(Sigma, Average M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 ml
deionized water. The plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water
bath (approximately 80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously
for at least 30 minutes or until all of the solid PAA has
dissolved. Once the solution has cooled to room temperature, the pH
was adjusted to 6.8 using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done
using narrow range pH paper. 10.0 ml of this PAA solution was
placed in a 20 ml scintillation vial, and to this 5 ml of 4.0 mM
HAuCl.sub.3 solution was added drop wise under constant stirring.
This was then followed by the drop wise addition of 5.0 ml 4 mM
Ag(NO.sub.3), and finally the addition of 0.5 ml of 2-propanol. The
final solution volume was 20 mL. The solution was exposed to 4
G25T8 germicidal UV lamps (approximate power is 12 .mu.W/mm.sup.2)
for approximately 1.5-2 hours under vigorous stirring. After
irradiation, the solution changed from colorless to light
purple.
[0150] The UV-vis spectra and STEM images of the resulting
(Au.Ag)/PAA composite nanoparticles are shown in FIGS. 19 and 20,
respectively. FIG. 20a is a STEM image (Au, Ag)/PAA nanocomposite
prepared according to the present invention; and wherein FIG. 20b
shows the cross-sectional abundance of silver along the scanned
line in FIG. 20a acquired using electron dispersive x-rays; and
FIG. 20c shows the cross-sectional abundance of gold along the
scanned line in FIG. 20a acquired using electron dispersive
x-rays.
Example 25
Formation of CdSePAA-Fluorescein Conjugate According to the
Invention
[0151] In a 1.5 mL microfuge tube, 400 .mu.L of CdSePAA (.about.0.2
mg/mL in ddH.sub.2O) was combined with 4.9 mg
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and 6 mg
N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in 500 .mu.L of ddH.sub.2O. 100 .mu.L of
250 mM 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid (MES) (pH .about.6.5) was
added. And finally, 20 .mu.L of 5 mg/mL fluorescein in
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was also added. The tube containing
this mixture was wrapped in aluminum foil and placed on a rotating
table for .about.20 h at room temperature. The resulting mix was
placed in a 10 kDa MWCO dialysis bag and dialyzed against
ddH.sub.2O. The dialysis solution (.about.200 fold dilution each
time) was changed five times over a period of .about.24 h. The
solution remaining in the dialysis bag was recovered and
centrifuged for 10 min at 15,000 RCF. A brown pellet is found after
the centrifugation. The fluorescent supernatant was transferred to
a new microfuge tube and further purified by precipitation with the
addition of .about. 1/10 volume of 3M sodium acetate (pH.about.5.5)
and 2.times. volume of absolute ethanol. The resulting fluorescent
precipitate was then isolated by centrifugation for 10 min at
15,000 RCF and resuspended in 200 .mu.L ddH.sub.2O.
[0152] The presence of fluorescein conjugated to CdSePAA was
confirmed by gel permeation chromatography using a fluorescence
detector (excitation at 480 nm and emission at 515 nm).
Example 26
Formation of CdSePAA-BSA Conjugate According to the Invention
[0153] In a 1.5 mL microfuge tube, 900 .mu.L of CdSe/PAA
(.about.0.2 mg/mL in ddH.sub.2O) was combined with 5.3 mg EDC and
10.8 mg NHS in 100 .mu.L of 250 mM MES (pH.about.6.5). And finally,
5.1 mg bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also added. The tube
containing this mixture was placed on a rotating table for
.about.19 h at room temperature. The resulting mix was centrifuged
for 10 min at 15,000 RCF. .about.500 .mu.L of the supernatant was
transferred to a 100 kDa MWCO centrifugal filter and centrifuged
for 12 min at 14,000 RCF. The resulting filtrate was discarded, and
the retenate was resuspended in 500 .mu.L of ddH.sub.2O in the same
filter and centrifuged again. This was repeated three more times.
The final retenate was recovered for characterization.
[0154] Removal of unconjugated BSA using the 100 kDa MWCO filter
was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography. And the presence of
BSA conjugated to CdSe/PAA remaining in the retenate was confirmed
by assay with BioRad protein reagent.
Example 27
CdS/PSS Composite Nanoparticles According to the Invention
[0155] 400 mg of Poly(styrene sulfonic acid) sodium salt (Alfa
Aesar, Ave M.sub.w 1 million) was dissolved in 200.0 ml deionized
water. 20.0 ml of this solution was placed in an 80 ml vial and to
this, 20.0 ml 4.8 mM Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution was added dropwise
with vigorous stirring. The solution was exposed to 4 G25T8
germicidal UV lamps (approximate UV power is 12 .mu.W/mm.sup.2) for
1 hour under vigorous stirring. CdS was formed by adding 0.5 ml 1.4
mM Na.sub.2S to 0.5 ml of the irradiated Cd.sup.2+/PSS solution.
UV-visible absorbance and emission spectra are shown in FIG.
21.
Example 28
CdS/PDDA Nanoparticles
[0156] 15.0 ml of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA)
[Sigma, Average M.sub.w 400-500K, 20 wt % in water] was diluted to
300 ml with deionized water. The solution was stirred for 10
minutes. 5.0 ml of this solution was diluted to 25.0 ml with
deionized water in a 80 ml glass beaker. To this solution, 25.0 ml
of 4 mM Na.sub.2S was added dropwise with vigorous stirring. The
solution was exposed to 4 G25T8 germicidal UV lamps (approximate UV
power is 12 .mu.W/mm.sup.2) for 1 hour under vigorous stirring.
CdS/PDDA was formed by adding 0.50 ml of 2.68 mM Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2
to 0.50 ml of irradiated S.sup.2-/PDDA. UV-visible absorbance and
emission spectra are shown in FIG. 22.
Example 29
Polyanion Collapse with Cd.sup.2+/Pb.sup.2+ Cations
[0157] In a 400 mL plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma, Average
M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 mL deionized water. The
plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath (approximately
80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at least 30
minutes or until all of the solid PAA had dissolved. Once the
solution had cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to 6.8
using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow-range pH
paper. 25 mL of a Cd.sub.xPb.sub.1-x(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution was
prepared by the addition of 5 mM Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and 5 mM
Pb(NO.sub.3).sub.2 salt solutions in various proportions, where
x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, . . . , 1. The total concentration
of metal ions in the final solution was 5 mM. 20 mL of the
pH-adjusted PAA and 25 mL of deionized water were obtained and
placed in a 100 mL beaker. 15 mL of the metal solution was then
added dropwise under vigorous stirring to yield 60 mL of a
Cd.sub.x.sup.2+Pb.sub.1-x.sup.2+/PAA solution with a final
[Cd.sub.x.sup.2+Pb.sub.1-x.sup.2+] of 1.25 mM and final PAA
concentration of 0.67 mg/mL.
Example 30
Polyanion Collapse with Cd.sup.2+--Mg.sup.2+(10%) Cations
[0158] In a 400 mL plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma, Average
M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 mL deionized water. The
plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath (approximately
80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at least 30
minutes or until all of the solid PAA had dissolved. Once the
solution had cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to 6.8
using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow-range pH
paper. 25 mL of a Cd.sub.0.9Mg.sub.0.1(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution was
prepared by mixing together of 22.5 mL and 2.5 ml, of 5 mM
Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and 5 mM Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solutions,
respectively. The total concentration of metal ions in solution was
5 mM. 20 mL of the pH-adjusted PAA and 25 mL of deionized water
were obtained and placed in a 100 mL beaker. 15 mL of the metal
solution was then added dropwise under vigorous stirring to yield
60 mL of a Cd.sub.0.9.sup.2+Mg.sub.0.1.sup.2+/PAA solution with a
final [Cd.sub.0.9.sup.2+Mg.sub.0.1.sup.2+] of 1.25 mM and final PAA
concentration of 0.67 mg/mL.
Example 31
Polyanion Collapse with Cd.sup.2+--Zn.sup.2+(90%) Cations
[0159] In a 400 mL plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma, Average
M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 mL deionized water. The
plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath (approximately
80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at least 30
minutes or until all of the solid PAA had dissolved. Once the
solution had cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to 6.8
using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow-range pH
paper. 10 mL of a Cd.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.9(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution was
prepared by mixing together of 1 mL and 9 mL of 5 mM
Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and 5 mM Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solutions,
respectively. The total concentration of metal ions in solution was
5 mM. 10 mL of pH-adjusted PAA was obtained and placed in a 50 mL
beaker followed by the dropwise addition of 10 mL of the metal salt
solution under vigorous stirring to yield 20 mL of a
Cd.sub.0.1.sup.2+Zn.sub.0.9.sup.2+/PAA solution with a final
[Cd.sub.0.1.sup.2+Zn.sub.0.9.sup.2+] of 2.5 mM and final PAA
concentration of 1 mg/mL.
Example 32
Polyanion Collapse with Cd.sup.2+--Zn.sup.2+(10%) Cations
[0160] In a 400 mL plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma, Average
M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 mL deionized water. The
plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath (approximately
80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at least 30
minutes or until all of the solid PAA had dissolved. Once the
solution had cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to 6.8
using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow-range pH
paper. 6 mL of a Cd.sub.0.9Zn.sub.0.1(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution was
prepared by mixing together of 5.4 mL and 0.6 mL of 5 mM
Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and 5 mM Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solutions,
respectively. The total concentration of metal ions in solution was
5 mM. 10 mL of pH-adjusted PAA and 4 mL of deionized water were
obtained and placed in a 50 mL beaker. 6 mL of the metal salt
solution was then added dropwise under vigorous stirring to yield
20 mL of a Cd.sub.0.9.sup.2+Zn.sub.0.1.sup.2+/PAA solution with a
final [Cd.sub.0.9.sup.2+Zn.sub.0.1.sup.2+] of 1.5 mM and final PAA
concentration of 1 mg/mL.
Example 33
Polyanion Collapse with Cd.sup.2/Mn.sup.2+(1%) Cations
[0161] In a 400 mL plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma, Average
M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 mL deionized water. The
plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath (approximately
80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at least 30
minutes or until all of the solid PAA had dissolved. Once the
solution had cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to 6.8
using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow-range pH
paper. 25 mL of a Cd.sub.0.99Mn.sub.0.01(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution
was prepared by mixing together of 24.75 mL and 0.25 mL of 5 mM
Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and 5 mM Mn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solutions,
respectively. The total concentration of metal ions in solution was
5 mM. 20 mL of the pH-adjusted PAA and 25 mL of deionized water
were obtained and placed in a 100 mL beaker. 15 mL of the metal
solution was then added dropwise under vigorous stirring to yield
60 mL of a Cd.sub.0.99.sup.2+Mn.sub.0.01.sup.2+/PAA solution with a
final [Cd.sub.0.99.sup.2+Mn.sub.0.01.sup.2+] of 1.25 mM and final
PAA concentration of 0.67 mg/mL.
Example 34
Polyanion collapse with Cd.sup.2+/Hg.sup.2+(50%) Cations
[0162] In a 400 mL plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma, Average
M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 mL deionized water. The
plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath (approximately
80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at least 30
minutes or until all of the solid PAA had dissolved. Once the
solution had cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to 6.8
using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow-range pH
paper. 25 mL of a Cd.sub.0.5Hg.sub.0.5(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution was
prepared by mixing together of 12.5 mL and 12.5 mL of 5 mM
Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and 5 mM Hg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solutions,
respectively. The total concentration of metal ions in solution was
5 mM. 20 mL of the pH-adjusted PAA and 25 mL of deionized water
were obtained and placed in a 100 mL beaker. 15 mL of the metal
solution was then added dropwise under vigorous stirring to yield
60 mL of a Cd.sub.0.5.sup.2+Hg.sub.0.5.sup.2+/PAA solution with a
final [Cd.sub.0.5.sup.2+Hg.sub.0.5.sup.2+] of 1.25 mM and final PAA
concentration of 0.67 mg/mL.
Example 35
Polyacrylic Acid Crosslinking with 4 G25T8 Germicidal Lamps
[0163] 60 mL of Cd.sub.x.sup.2+Pb.sub.1-x.sup.2+/PAA was prepared
according to Example 29 and was placed in a 150.0 mL glass beaker.
The solution was exposed to 4 G25T8 germicidal UV lamps
(approximate power is 12 .mu.W/mm.sup.2) for approximately 30
minutes under vigorous stirring. The irradiated solution was then
dialyzed against deionized water for 3 hours, changing the
deionized water reservoir every hour. Collapsed PAA with
Cd.sub.xZn.sub.1-x(NO.sub.3).sub.2,
Cd.sub.xMn.sub.1-x(NO.sub.3).sub.2,
Cd.sub.xMg.sub.1-x(NO.sub.3).sub.2 . . . was UV-irradiated in a
similar manner for approximately 1 hour. The viscosity of the
collapsed irradiated, dialyzed solutions was much lower than that
of collapsed, un-irradiated solutions. These solutions were
filterable using a 0.2 .mu.m nylon syringe filter.
Example 36
Cd.sub.0.5Pb.sub.0.5Te/PAA Nanoparticles
[0164] Under ambient conditions, 20 ml of
Cd.sub.x.sup.2+Pb.sub.1-x.sup.2+/PAA produced according to Example
35 was placed in a 100 mL round bottom flask. The pH was adjusted
to 11 using 1.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using
narrow-range pH paper. To this solution, 20.4 mg of NaBH.sub.4 and
28.3 mg of trisodium citrate were added while the solution was
being stirred. Immediately after the addition of the borohydride
and the citrate, 0.625 mL of 0.01 Na.sub.2TeO.sub.3 was added. The
solution develops a yellow colour upon addition of the
tellurium-containing salt. The solution was then refluxed for
approximately one hour under N.sub.2 atmosphere to allow CdPbTe/PAA
nanoparticles to form. The absorbance and emission spectra of the
resulting solution after one hour of reflux is shown in FIG. 23.
Unfortunately, the colloidal solutions were extremely unstable upon
exposure to air and this was marked by a quick disappearance of the
characteristic absorbance and emission spectra shown in FIG.
23.
Example 37
Cd.sub.0.9Zn.sub.0.1Te/PAA Nanoparticles
[0165] Under ambient conditions, 8 mL of
Cd.sub.0.9.sup.2+Zn.sub.0.1.sup.2+/PAA produced according to
Example 32 was placed in a 25 mL round bottom flask, and
cross-linked using the permitted lamp as hereinabove described. To
this solution, 15 mg of NaBH.sub.4 and 30 mg of trisodium citrate
were added while the solution was being stirred. Immediately after
the addition of the borohydride and the citrate, 0.3 mL of 0.01
Na.sub.2TeO.sub.3 was added. The solution develops a peach colour
upon addition of the tellurium-containing salt. The solution was
then refluxed for approximately two hours to allow CdZnTe/PAA
nanoparticles to form. The absorbance and emission spectra of the
resulting solution after two hours of reflux are shown in FIG.
24.
Example 38
Cd.sub.0.99Mn.sub.0.01Te/PAA Nanoparticles
[0166] Under ambient conditions, 10 mL of
Cd.sub.0.99.sup.2+Mn.sub.0.01.sup.2+/PAA produced according to
Example 33 was placed in a 25 mL round bottom flask, and
cross-linked using the permitted lamp as hereinabove described. To
this solution, 20 mg of NaBH.sub.4 and 37 mg of trisodium citrate
were added while the solution was being stirred. Immediately after
the addition of the borohydride and the citrate, 0.313 mL of 0.01
Na.sub.2TeO.sub.3 was added. The solution develops a peach colour
upon addition of the tellurium-containing salt. The solution was
then refluxed for approximately one hour to allow CdMnTe/PAA
nanoparticles to form. The absorbance and emission spectra of the
resulting solution after one hour of reflux are shown in FIG.
25.
Example 39
Cd.sub.0.5Hg.sub.0.5Te/PAA Nanoparticles
[0167] Under ambient conditions, 10 mL of
Cd.sub.0.5.sup.2+Hg.sub.0.5.sup.2+/PAA produced according to
Example 34 was placed in a 25 mL round bottom flask, and
cross-linked using the permitted lamp as hereinabove described. To
this solution, 16 mg of NaBH.sub.4 and 29 mg of trisodium citrate
were added while the solution was being stirred. Immediately after
the addition of the borohydride and the citrate, 0.313 mL of 0.01
Na.sub.2TeO.sub.3 was added. The solution remained colourless upon
addition of the tellurium-containing salt. The solution was then
refluxed for approximately one hour to allow CdHgTe/PAA
nanoparticles to form. However, the refluxed solution was not
fluorescent.
Example 40
Formation of Methylene Blue/PAA Nanoparticles
[0168] In a 400 ml plastic beaker, 400.0 mg of PAA (Sigma, Average
M.sub.V 1.2 million) was dissolved in 200 ml deionized water. The
plastic beaker was immersed in a hot water bath (approximately
80-90.degree. C.) and was stirred vigorously for at least 30
minutes or until all of the solid PAA has dissolved. Once the
solution has cooled to room temperature, the pH was adjusted to 6.8
using 0.1 M NaOH. pH measurements were done using narrow range pH
paper. 20.0 ml of this PAA solution was placed in a glass beaker
and to this, 20.0 ml of aqueous 5.0 mM Methylene Blue solution was
added dropwise under vigorous stirring. After all of the Methylene
Blue solution was added, the viscosity of the mixture was observed
to be much less than the original PAA solution. The resulting
solution was exposed to UV radiation using 4 G25T8 germicidal UV
lamps for 1.5 hours. The viscosity of the UV-irradiated Methylene
Blue/PAA solution was less than the viscosity of the solution not
exposed to UV radiation.
Example 41
Silver Nanoclusters
[0169] A PAA-PSS solution of was prepared as follows: 25.0 ml of 2
mg/ml PAA (1.2 million MW, pH adjusted to 6.8 with NaOH) was
prepared and placed in a glass beaker. To this, 2.5 mg of PSS (70K
MW) was added and the solution was stirred vigorously on a magnetic
stirplate for about 20 minutes. The resulting solution, 25.0 ml
PAA-PSS was clear and viscous and had a pH of about 6.8.
[0170] PAA-PSS was collapsed with Ag.sup.+ in the following manner.
Ag.sup.+ collapsing solution was prepared by diluting 2.0 ml of
0.10 M AgNO3 to 25 ml with deionized water. This was then added
dropwise to 25 ml of PAA-PSS under vigorous stirring. The rate of
addition of the Ag+ collapsing solution was approximately 4-5
ml/min.
[0171] Once all of the collapsing solution has been added, the
solution was then exposed to UV radiation under a UV-germicidal
lamp for approximately 4 hours to obtain Ag.sup.+/PAA-PSS. A
spectra of this resulting solution is shown in FIG. 26. This
solution can easily be filtered through a 0.2 micron syringe
filter.
[0172] The silver was reduced as follows to produce silver
nanoclusters: to the resulting solution after crosslinking, an
excess of NaBH4 was added (approximately 5.0 mg solid NaBH4 for
25.0 ml of Ag.sup.+/PAA-PSS) while the solution was being stirred.
The solution turned from blue to amber-brown after borohydride
addition. The spectra of the solution (now Ag/PAA-PSS) is shown
below in FIG. 27.
[0173] We believe, without being held to theory, that this process
produces silver nanoclusters, clusters of less than about 100
silver atoms, as demonstrated by the shift in the surface plasmon
UV-Vis peak.
Example 42
Doped Nanoclusters: Indium-Tin/PAA
[0174] Sn(II) and In(III) precursor solutions can be prepared as
follows. 32 mM SnCl.sub.2 can be made by dissolving 0.2443 g of
SnCl.sub.2 in 39 ml of deionized water and 1 ml of 1M HCl. 24 mM
In(NO.sub.3).sub.3 can be made by dissolving 0.2488 g of
In(NO.sub.3).sub.3 in 40.0 ml deionized water. A 4 mM (In--Sn)
precursor solution (1:1 mole ratio In(III):Sn(II)) can be made by
mixing 4.2 ml of 24 mM In(NO.sub.3).sub.3 and 3.1 ml of 32 mM
SnCl.sub.2 and diluting the mixture to 50 ml with deionized
water.
[0175] In(III)-Sn(II)/PAA can be made by adding 25 ml of a 4 mM
(In--Sn) precursor solution dropwise to 25 ml of pH 6.8 2 mg/mL PAA
under vigorous stirring. Once all of the precursor solution has
been added, the resulting mixture is exposed to a UV germicidal
lamp for approximately 2 hours or until the solution could be
filtered through a 0.2 micron syringe filter.
[0176] The mixed In--Sn oxide nanoparticle can be formed by adding
NaOH to 20 ml of the UV exposed solution until the pH was between
10-11 and heated under reflux for 2 hours. Confirmation of the
chemical structure can be obtained using XRD.
Example 43
Doped Nanoparticles and Nanoclusters:
Zinc-Sulfur/PAA-PSS.sub.5%
[0177] A ZnS nanocluster was prepared as follows. 200.0 ml of
Zn.sup.2+/PAA-PSS.sub.5% (prepared substantially according to
Example 9) was placed in a 250 ml round bottom flask. To this, 8.o
mL of 0.10 M aqueous Thioacetamide solution was added. The
resulting mixture was stirred and heated to 80-90.degree. C. for 17
hours under reflux. After heating, the solution was clear and had a
very light yellow color. The UV-visible absorption spectrum of the
sample diluted 10.times. is shown in FIG. 28.
Example 44
Doped Nanoparticles and Nanoclusters:Zn/Cd
[0178] A 40/60 mole ratio Zn/Cd-PAA solution (Solution 1) was made
as follows. 2.4 ml of 5 mM Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and 3.6 ml of 5 mM
Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 were mixed together and diluted to 10 ml with
deionized water. This solution was added dropwise, under vigorous
stirring to 10 ml of pH 6.8, 2 mg/ml PAA (1.2 million MW). The
final solution was exposed to a UV germicidal lamp for 2 hours. A
90/10 mole ratio Zn/Cd-PAA solution (Solution 2) was made as
follows. 9.0 ml of 5 mM Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and 1.0 ml of 5 mM
Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 were mixed together. This solution was added
dropwise, under vigorous stirring to 10 ml of pH 6.8, 2 mg/ml PAA
(1.2 million MW). The final solution was exposed to a UV germicidal
lamp for 2 hours. (Zn--Cd)S/PAA was made from Solutions 1 and 2 by
adding 0.5 ml of 4.5 mM Na.sub.2S to 0.5 ml of Solutions 1 and 2.
The resulting emission spectra of the formed (Zn--Cd)S/PAA
nanoparticles for a 40/60 mole ratio of Zn/Cd-PAA solution (2902)
and a 90/10 mole ratio of Zn/Cd-PAA solution (2904) are shown in
FIG. 29.
Example 45
Biopolymer Particles: Chitosan
[0179] In various embodiments, the polymer portion comprises a
biomolecule, e.g., a protein or other polymer. A nanoparticle using
a random copolymer, here the biomolecule chitosan, was formed as
follows. 0.9974 g Chitosan (High molecular weight, SIGMA) was
dissolved in 100 ml 1% acetic acid solution. The initial pH of the
solution right after dissolution is about 3.8-4.1 using pH paper.
For pH-viscosity measurements, the pH of the initial Chitosan
solution was adjusted between the pH range 1-6 to determine
different viscosities at different pH. Chitosan starts to
precipitate above pH 7; pH was adjusted using 0.5 M HCl or 0.5 M
NaOH. Viscosity was measured in terms of "Efflux times (s)"--the
time it took the solution level to move between 2 points in an
ostwald viscometer. pH vs "Efflux time" plots are shown in FIG.
30.
[0180] Collapse of chitosan with a salt (NaCl) was also performed.
To measure the amount of salt required to collapse chitosan,
different solutions with varying NaCl concentrations were prepared
and their corresponding solution viscosities were measured. For
viscosity measurements, 20 ml of 2.5 mg/ml Chitosan solutions with
different NaCl concentrations were made (0, 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 32 mM
NaCl). For example, to prepare 20.0 ml of 2.5 mg/ml chitosan with 4
mM NaCl, 10 ml of 5 mg/ml Chitosan was placed in small beaker. To
this, 10 ml of 8 mM NaCl was added dropwise under vigorous
stirring. The resulting mixture's viscosity was measured using an
ostwald viscometer. The point of collapse was taken as when there
was a change of slope in the efflux time vs NaCl concentration
plot, at about 5 mM NaCl in FIG. 31.
Example 46
Zn Nanoparticle Formed by Vapor-Based Reduction
[0181] A composite nanoparticle can be formed as follows. 300 mL of
Zn.sup.2+/PAA prepared substantially as described in Example 5
using Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 as the collapsing agent can be crosslinked
according to Example 12. The solvent is then removed using rotary
evaporation and the resulting powder placed in a crucible. The
crucible is placed in a reducing atmosphere containing H.sub.2
until Zn/PAA nanoparticles are formed. Existence of the Zn
nanoparticles can be confirmed using electron microscopy.
Example 47
Collapse by pH
[0182] The polymer portion can be collapsed by a variety of
approaches. In various embodiments, to a polyelectrolyte in its
extended conformation is added a counterion--in an amount an
insufficient to collapse the polymer. The counterion will associate
with the polyelectrolyte but not collapse it. A collapse transition
can be then driven, e.g., by one or more of: changing pH, solvent
change, evaporation of solvent, cavitation, etc., to form a
nanoparticle.
[0183] In various embodiments, collapse is facilitated and/or
inititiated by a change in pH as follows. To a 50 mL solution of
PAA (2 mg/mL) add 30 mL of ddH.sub.2O in one portion followed by 12
mL of Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution (5 mM) dropwise. After completion
of addition the solution, adjust pH to about 3.5 by adding a
solution of HNO.sub.3 (5 mM). The resulting solution can be
irradiated with UV light (254 nm) for 1 h. The resulting solution
having a much decreased viscosity relative to uncollapsed PAA.
Example 48
Catalytic Activity of Nanoparticles
[0184] The present example illustrates the catalytic activity of
various embodiments of nanoparticles of the present inventions in
performing a Heck reaction. A schematic for the reaction is shown
in FIG. 32.
[0185] The nanoparticles were prepared as follows. In a
round-bottom flask were put iodobenzene (22 uL, 0.20 mMol, 1
equiv.), tertbutyl acrylate (34.4 uL, 0.24 mMol, 1.2 equiv),
K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (69 mg), ddH2O, palladium nanoparticles prepared
according to the present invention, (100 uL, .about.1.67 mM in
palladium, 0.1%), and additive (Bu.sub.4NCl (56 mg) if indicated).
Initially 0.5 mL ddH2O was added, then 0.5 mL more was added after
two days to prevent the reaction from drying up. The mixture was
stirred at reflux at about 100.degree. C. for 7 days, allowed to
cool down to room temperature, and extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2.
The combined extracts was dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and
evaporated in vacuo. The NMR of the crude product was taken to
confirm the success of the coupling reaction. FIG. 33A shows the
NMR of the reaction run with the Bu.sub.4NCl additive, and FIG. 33B
without.
Example 49
Isotopic Substitutions
[0186] In various embodiments, isotopically substitutes
nanoparticles can be formed. For example, isotopically enriched
CdTe--ZnS/PAA composite nanoparticles can be produced according to
a slightly modified version of Example 17. Instead of 167 .mu.L of
39.5 mM Na.sub.2S in its standard isotopic state, 167 uL of 39.5 mM
Na.sub.2.sup.35S was used, where .sup.35S denotes the isotope of
sulphur having a mass of about 34.9690322 amu, which can be
obtained from commercial sources.
Example 50
Pyrolysis of Nanoparticles
[0187] ZnO nanoparticles were prepared as follows: 200 ml
Zn.sup.2+/PAA was placed in a 3 necked round bottom flask. A
condenser was placed on the center neck and the other 2 necks were
covered with rubber septa. NaOH solution. For 200 ml Zn.sup.2+/PAA
50 mL of 13.4 mM NaOH was needed. 100 ml of 13.4 mM NaOH was
prepared by adding 134 .mu.L of 10 N NaOH to 50 mL water in a 100
mL graduated cylinder. The solution was diluted to 100 ml with DI
water. Next, the round bottom flask with the Zn.sup.2+/PAA was
heated to about 80 degrees. 50 ml of the 13.4 mM NaOH was added
with a syringe pump (using a needle) at a rate of 5 ml/min under
vigorous stirring. Once all of the NaOH was added (50 ml), the
solution was stirred at 8 degrees for 30 mins. Next, it was allowed
to cool and was placed in a rotavap until the solution was reduced
to about 10 ml. It was then precipitated and allowed to dry; the
dried precipitate was flesh-cream in color. When re-suspended the
solution is clear. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the resulting
solution is shown in FIG. 34.
[0188] In various embodiments, the material can be sintered. For
example, 0.1762 g of the dried precipitate from above was placed in
a ceramic crucible was heated in a furnace under ambient
atmosphere. The temperature was ramped up from room temperature to
450.degree. C. at a rate of 10.degree./sec and was kept at
450.degree. C. for 2 hours. After furnace treatment, the ppt was
colored grey-white and the final weight was 0.0698 g. Some of the
grey-white powder was dispersed in water. The spectra of the
resulting suspension is shown in FIG. 35. TEM images of the
particles after heating to 450.degree. C. are also shown in FIG.
36. Samples were also heated to about 550.degree. C. and about
700.degree. C. for the same amount of time. The resulting powder
from 550.degree. C. heat treatment had a lighter grey color
compared to the powder obtained from 450.degree. C. heat treatment.
Heating the dried precipitate to 700.degree. C. produced powders
that were grey-white in color. Spectra of the different heat
treated powder suspensions in water had UV-visible spectra similar
to the one shown in FIG. 34. This pyrolysis/sintering process can
lead to changes in the nanoparticle size as shown, it is believed
without being held to theory, by the spectral shift of the UV-Vis
absorption peak and by the TEM images.
Example 51
Carbide Nanoparticles
[0189] In various embodiments, carbide nanoparticles can be formed
as follows. Collapsed, crosslinked V.sup.3+/PAA is formed
substantially according to example 12, using VCl.sub.3 as a
precursor. The resulting product is heated in a furnace to 1200 K
for 6-12 hours. This can be done, e.g., under (1) low pressure,
e.g., vacuum conditions, and/or (2) a reducing atmosphere. In
various embodiments, the heating is done under a vacuum of less
than about 1.times.10.sup.-4 torr. Confirmation of the production
of vanadium carbide nanoparticles can be obtained using x-ray
diffraction.
Example 52
Dispersability of Nanoparticles
[0190] In various embodiments, nanoparticle dispersability can be
increased as follows. For example for CdTe/PAA, CdTe/PAA
nanoparticles are produced as described in Example 12 or 16. After
synthesis, the approximate concentration of PAA in solution is
maintained at about 1 mg/ml. The nanoparticles are precipitated out
of solution and then dried. The dried nanoparticles can be
resuspended in less water than the original solution making up a
more concentrated solution of nanoparticles. In various
embodiments, up to about 32 times the original concentration. This
can bring the effective 1.2 million MW PAA concentration to about
32 mg/ml. This exceeds the normal solubility of PAA in water.
Example 53
Removal of Polymer from Composite Nanoparticle by Cleavage
[0191] The polymer portion can be removed by a variety of
approaches, such as, e.g., cleavage of encapsulating crosslinks
and/or destruction of the encapsulating crosslinks, and/or cleavage
of a coblock and/or chemical cleavage of backbone chains, etc.
[0192] For example, in various embodiments polymer can be removed
as follows. Under ambient conditions, place 500 mL of CdTe/PAA
produced according to Example 16 in a flat-bottom vessel. Place
this vessel under a 4 G25T8 germicidal UV lamps (approximate power
is 12 .mu.W/mm.sup.2) for approximately 12-18 hours (or until the
polymer is removed, as measured by agglomeration tendency and/or
changes in optical properties). Dialyze the irradiated solution
against deionized water for 3 hours, changing the deionized water
reservoir every hour. When imaged by electron microscopy, isolated
and aggregated nanoparticles can be observed but substantially no
encapsulating polymer film is observed.
Example 54
Nanoparticle Formed by Decomposition of a Complex
[0193] In a plastic 400.0 mL beaker, dilute 3.0 mL of
poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) [Sigma, Average
M.sub.w 400-500K, 20 wt % in water] to 300 mL with deionized water.
Stir the solution stirred for 10 minutes. Obtain 5.0 mL aliquots
and place in 20 mL scintillation vials. To each dropwise add with
vigorous stirring 5.0 mL of aqueous potassium ferrocyanide
solutions (2 mM-20 mM) to yield about 10 mL of
[Fe(CN).sub.6].sup.4-/PDDA solutions with different
[[Fe(CN).sub.6].sup.4-] between 1 and 10 mM and a final PDDA
concentration of about 1 mg/mL. The relative viscosity of each
solution can be measured with an Ostwald viscometer. The point at
which the viscosity as a function of [Fe(CN).sub.6].sup.4-
concentration changes suddenly can be taken as the PDDA collapse
point with [Fe(CN).sub.6].sup.4-, such that at lower concentrations
the PDDA is primarily in an extended conformation. The
[Fe(CN).sub.6].sup.4-/PDDA can be exposed to 4 G25T8 germicidal UV
lamps (approximate UV power is 12 .mu.W/mm.sup.2) for 1 hour under
vigorous stirring to provide crosslinking. The resulting product
isrefluxed and production of iron or iron oxide nanoparticles can
be confirmed by electron microscopy.
[0194] All literature and similar material cited in this
application, including, patents, patent applications, articles,
books, treatises, dissertations and web pages, regardless of the
format of such literature and similar materials, are expressly
incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that one
or more of the incorporated literature and similar materials
differs from or contradicts this application, including defined
terms, term usage, described techniques, or the like, this
application controls.
[0195] The section headings used herein are for organizational
purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject
matter described in any way.
[0196] While the present inventions have been described in
conjunction with various embodiments and examples, it is not
intended that the present inventions be limited to such embodiments
or examples. On the contrary, the present inventions encompass
various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as will be
appreciated by those of skill in the art. Accordingly, the
descriptions, methods and diagrams of should not be read as limited
to the described order of elements unless stated to that
effect.
[0197] Although this disclosure has described and illustrated
certain preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be
understood that the invention is not restricted to those particular
embodiments. Rather, the invention includes all embodiments which
are functional or mechanical equivalence of the specific
embodiments and features that have been described and
illustrated.
[0198] The claims should not be read as limited to the described
order or elements unless stated to that effect. It should be
understood that various changes in form and detail may be made
without departing from the scope of the appended claims Therefore,
all embodiments that come within the scope and spirit of the
following claims and equivalents thereto are claimed.
* * * * *