U.S. patent application number 12/487991 was filed with the patent office on 2010-05-13 for valve.
This patent application is currently assigned to Vysera Biomedical Limited. Invention is credited to Niall Behan, Anthony O'Halloran, Gabriel Sobrino-Serrano.
Application Number | 20100121461 12/487991 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40983407 |
Filed Date | 2010-05-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100121461 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Sobrino-Serrano; Gabriel ;
et al. |
May 13, 2010 |
VALVE
Abstract
A valve such as an esophageal valve has a normally closed
configuration in which the valve is closed and an open
configuration in which the valve is opened for flow through the
valve. A support for the valve is adapted for mounting to a
pre-deployed luminal prosthesis intermediate a proximal end and a
distal end of the predeployed luminal prosthesis.
Inventors: |
Sobrino-Serrano; Gabriel;
(Mountscribe, IE) ; Behan; Niall; (Cios Locha,
IE) ; O'Halloran; Anthony; (Kilskeagh, IE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
CHOATE, HALL & STEWART LLP
TWO INTERNATIONAL PLACE
BOSTON
MA
02110
US
|
Assignee: |
Vysera Biomedical Limited
Galway
IE
|
Family ID: |
40983407 |
Appl. No.: |
12/487991 |
Filed: |
June 19, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61074393 |
Jun 20, 2008 |
|
|
|
61074400 |
Jun 20, 2008 |
|
|
|
61145337 |
Jan 16, 2009 |
|
|
|
61145332 |
Jan 16, 2009 |
|
|
|
61151968 |
Feb 12, 2009 |
|
|
|
61151973 |
Feb 12, 2009 |
|
|
|
61174536 |
May 1, 2009 |
|
|
|
61181043 |
May 26, 2009 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
623/23.68 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61F 2/90 20130101; A61F
2/04 20130101; C08L 83/10 20130101; A61F 2002/044 20130101; A61F
2002/045 20130101; A61F 2/2418 20130101; A61F 2/2412 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
623/23.68 |
International
Class: |
A61F 2/04 20060101
A61F002/04 |
Claims
1. A valve having:-- a normally closed configuration in which the
valve is closed; an open configuration in which the valve is opened
for flow through the valve; and a support for the valve, the
support being adapted for mounting to a pre-deployed luminal
prosthesis intermediate a proximal end and a distal end of the
predeployed luminal prosthesis.
2. The valve as claimed in claim 1 wherein the luminal prosthesis
comprises a stent.
3. The valve as claimed in claim 1 wherein the luminal prosthesis
comprises an esophageal stent.
4. The valve as claimed in claim 1 wherein the valve support
comprises a support structure wherein (a) the support structure
tapers outwardly; (b) the support structure tapers inwardly; (c)
the support structure is of generally uniform diameter along the
length hereof; (d) the support structure comprises a scaffold; or
(e) the support structure comprises a stent-like structure.
5-9. (canceled)
10. The valve as claimed in claim 4 comprising mounting means for
mounting the valve support to a pre-deployed luminal prosthesis
wherein (a) the mounting means is provided by the support
structure; or (b) the mounting means comprises protrusions
extending from the support structure.
11-12. (canceled)
13. The valve as claimed in claim 10 wherein (a) the protrusions
extend from the support structure adjacent to a proximal end of the
support structure; (b) the protrusions extend from the support
structure adjacent to a distal end of the support structure; (c)
the protrusions extend from the support structure intermediate a
proximal end and a distal end of the support structure; (d) the
protrusions are adapted to engage with a pre-deployed host support;
(e) wherein the protrusion comprises a loop; (f) the apical-tip of
the protrusion is rounded; or (g) the protrusions are releasably
engagable with a pre-deployed host support.
14-19. (canceled)
20. The valve as claimed claim 10 comprising release means for
releasing the valve from engagement with a pre-deployed host
support wherein (a) the release means comprises means for reducing
the diameter of at least portion of the valve support structure,
(b) the release means comprises a drawstring extending around the
valve support structure, (c) the release means comprises a
drawstring extending around a proximal end of the support
structure, or (d) the release means comprises a first drawstring
extending around the valve support structure and a second
drawstring extends around a distal end of the support
structure.
21-24. (canceled)
25. The valve as claimed in claim 4 wherein the valve is mounted to
the support structure wherein (a) the valve is sutured to the
support structure; (b) the valve is bonded to the support
structure; or (c) the valve is adhesively bonded to the support
structure.
26-28. (canceled)
29. The valve as claimed in claim 1 wherein the valve is adapted to
open automatically in the antegrade and retrograde directions.
30. The valve as claimed in claim 29 wherein the valve is adapted
to be opened when different forces are applied in the antegrade and
retrograde directions.
31. The valve as claimed in claim 30 wherein the valve is adapted
to open in the antegrade direction in response to antegrade forces
and to open in the retrograde direction in response to retrograde
forces, the retrograde force required to open the valve being
substantially greater than the antegrade force required to open the
valve.
32. The valve as claimed in claim 1 wherein the valve is an
esophageal valve for mounting to an esophageal stent.
33. A method for providing a valve in a body passageway comprising
the steps of: providing a valve mounted to a support structure;
delivering the valve mounted to the support structure to a
pre-deployed luminal prosthesis in the body passageway; and
deploying the valve so that the valve is mounted to the luminal
prosthesis.
34. The method as claimed in claim 33 wherein the step of deploying
the valve comprises engaging the valve support with the
pre-deployed luminal prosthesis.
35. The method as claimed in claim 33 wherein the valve support is
mechanically engaged with the pre-deployed luminal, or the valve
support comprises a protrusion and the method comprises aligning
the protrusion with an aperture in the endoluminal prosthesis and
engaging the protrusion in the aperture.
36. (canceled)
37. The method as claimed in claim 33 wherein the valve support is
an expandable support and the method comprises loading the support
onto a delivery catheter in a retracted form and the valve support
is expandable on deployment.
38. The method as claimed in claim 37 wherein (a) the support is
self expandable; (b) the support is expanded by an expanding means;
or (c) wherein the expanding means comprises a balloon.
39-40. (canceled)
41. The method as claimed in claim 33 comprising the steps of
releasing the valve support from engagement with the luminal
prosthesis.
42. The method as claimed in claim 41 comprising (a) repositioning
the valve support within the prosthesis; or (b) removing the valve
from the prosthesis.
43. (canceled)
44. The method as claimed in claim 33 wherein the body passageway
is the esophagus and the valve is an esophageal valve for mounting
to a pre-deployed esophageal stent.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/074,393 filed Jun. 20, 2008;
61/074,400 filed Jun. 20, 2008; 61/145,337 filed Jan. 16, 2009;
61/145,332 filed Jan. 16, 2009; 61/151,968 filed Feb. 12, 2009;
61/151,973 filed Feb. 12, 2009; 61/174,536 filed May 1, 2009; and
61/181,043 filed May 26, 2009, the entire contents of all of which
are incorporated herein by reference.
INTRODUCTION
[0002] An esophageal stent is often placed across the lower
esophageal sphincter (LES) to treat benign strictures or malignant
obstructions. However, the consequent loss of a reflux barrier
often results in significant amounts of acid reflux, which can
reduce the quality of life of an already sick patient.
[0003] Such esophageal stents that are placed across the gastric
cardia are sometimes equipped with a flexible sleeve that hangs
below the stent into the stomach. These so called `windsock`
devices rely on the slightly increased pressure of the stomach to
flatten and close the sleeve.
[0004] However, there are a number of problems with existing
in-stent reflux technology. When a patient wishes to belch or vomit
many of these devices will seal completely preventing retrograde
flow and causing the patient significant discomfort. In some cases
the sleeves can invert to allow retrograde flow but may then remain
inverted and may cause blockage of the esophagus. In addition,
because such sleeves are generally at the distal end of the stent
where peristalsis is not effective, there is a risk of food
becoming stuck in this portion of the device. Another problem is
that the materials that these valves are made from often degrade in
the gastric environment thus reducing the efficacy of the devices
over time.
STATEMENTS OF INVENTION
[0005] According to the invention there is provided an esophageal
valve having:-- [0006] a normally closed configuration in which the
valve is closed; [0007] an antegrade open configuration in which
the valve leaflets are opened in response to an antegrade force to
allow flow through the valve; and [0008] a retrograde open
configuration in response to an retrograde force which is
substantially larger than the antegrade force.
[0009] In one embodiment the valve comprises a polymeric valve body
having an outer support rim, at least three valve leaflets, and a
main body region extending between the support rim and the valve
leaflets.
[0010] The invention also provided a luminal valve for placing in a
body lumen comprising at least four valve leaflets, the valve
having a normally closed configuration in which the leaflets are
engaged and an open configuration in which the leaflets are open.
There may be at least five valve leaflets. There may be six valve
leaflets.
[0011] In one case the valve is an esophageal valve. In one case
the valve has an antegrade open configuration in which the valve
leaflets are opened in response to an antegrade force to allow flow
through the valve and a retrograde open configuration in response
to a retrograde force which is substantially larger than the
antegrade force.
[0012] The valve may comprise a valve body of polymeric material.
The valve may comprise an outer support region. The valve may also
have a main body region extending between the support region and
the valve leaflets.
[0013] In one case the main body region is generally concave
between the outer support rim and a region of co-aption of the
valve leaflets.
[0014] In one embodiment the valve leaflets and at least portion of
the main body region inverts to allow flow in the retrograde
direction. Preferably, on reduction in retrograde forces the main
valve region and the valve leaflets evert to the normally closed
configuration.
[0015] In one case the valve leaflets have a region of co-aption
and the valve body is reinforced at the region of co-aption. The
valve body may be thickened at the region of co-aption.
[0016] The region of co-aption may extend for an axial length of at
least 1 mm. The region of co-aption may extend for a depth of from
1 mm to 5 mm.
[0017] In one embodiment the support rim of the valve body is
reinforced. The support rim of the valve may be thickened.
[0018] In one embodiment the valve comprises three valve
leaflets.
[0019] In another embodiment the valve comprises six valve
leaflets.
[0020] The invention also provides an esophageal valve comprising a
support structure for the valve.
[0021] The valve may be mounted to the support structure.
[0022] In one case the valve rim is sutured to the support
structure. Alternatively or additionally the valve rim is bonded to
the support structure.
[0023] In one embodiment the support structure comprises a luminal
prosthesis.
[0024] In one case the luminal prosthesis extends proximally of the
valve.
[0025] In another case the luminal prosthesis extends distally of
the valve.
[0026] In one embodiment the luminal prosthesis extends proximally
and distally of the valve.
[0027] The luminal prosthesis may have a coating and/or a sleeve
thereon. The coating or sleeve may be on the outside of the luminal
prosthesis. Alternatively the coating or sleeve is on the inside of
the luminal prosthesis.
[0028] In one embodiment a pressure of 0.7 mm Hg in the antegrade
direction is sufficient to allow a flowrate of 140 ml/min.
[0029] In one embodiment the retrograde force required to open the
valve is a pressure of greater than 15 mm Hg and less than 40 mm
Hg.
[0030] In one embodiment the polymeric material is stable to
gastric fluid for at least 3 months, for at least 4 months, for at
least 5 months, for at least 6 months, for at least 7 months, for
at least 8 months, for at least 9 months, for at least 10 months,
for at least 11 months, or for at least one year.
[0031] In one case the polymeric material takes up less than about
5%, less than about 10%, less than about 15%, less than about 20%,
less than about 25%, or less than about 30% by weight of water at
equilibrium.
[0032] In one case the polymeric material of the valve body has a %
elongation of from 50% to 3000% or 200% to 1200%.
[0033] In one case the polymeric material of the valve body has a
tensile strength of from 0.01 to 5 MPa or about 0.1 to 1.0 MPa, or
about 0.25 to 0.5 MPa.
[0034] In one embodiment the polymeric material has a Young's
Modulus of about 0.01 to 0.6 MPa, or about 0.1 to about 0.5
MPa.
[0035] In one embodiment the polymeric material of the valve body
has a density of from 0.1 g/cm.sup.3 to 1.5 g/cm.sup.3, or 0.3 to
1.2 g/cm.sup.3, or 0.8 to 0.9 g/cm.sup.3, or 0.5 to 0.6
g/cm.sup.3.
[0036] In one embodiment the distance between the proximal end of
the support region of the valve body and the distal end of the
valve leaflets is less than 50 mm, or less than 40 mm, or less than
30 mm, or less than 25 mm, or less than 20 mm, or less than 15
mm.
[0037] In one case the polymeric material of the valve body is of
an elastic material.
[0038] In another case the polymeric material of the valve body is
of a viscoelastic material.
[0039] In one embodiment the polymeric material of the valve body
comprises a foam. The polymeric material of the valve body may
comprise an open cell foam.
[0040] In one embodiment the polymeric material of the valve body
comprises a polyurethane foam.
[0041] In one embodiment the esophageal valve is adapted to be
mounted to a pre-deployed support structure, for example an
esophageal luminal prosthesis such as a stent.
[0042] The invention also provides a valve having:-- [0043] a
normally closed configuration in which the valve is closed; [0044]
an open configuration in which the valve is opened for flow through
the valve; and [0045] a support for the valve, the support being
adapted for mounting to a pre-deployed luminal prosthesis
intermediate a proximal end and a distal end of the predeployed
luminal prosthesis.
[0046] In one case the valve is an esophageal valve for mounting to
an esophageal stent.
[0047] In one embodiment the valve support region is sutured to the
support structure.
[0048] The valve support region may be bonded to the support
structure.
[0049] The luminal prosthesis may extend proximally of the valve.
The luminal prosthesis may extend distally of the valve. The
luminal prosthesis may extend proximally and distally of the
valve.
[0050] In one case the luminal prosthesis has a coating and/or
sleeve thereon. The coating or sleeve may be on the outside of the
luminal prosthesis. Alternatively or additionally the coating or
sleeve is on the inside of the luminal prosthesis.
[0051] In one embodiment the valve is adapted to be mounted to a
pre-deployed esophageal luminal prosthesis such as an esophageal
stent.
[0052] There may be a mounting means for mounting the valve to a
pre-deployed esophageal luminal prosthesis. The mounting means may
be provided on the valve.
[0053] In one case the mounting means comprises engagement means
for engagement with a pre-deployed stent.
[0054] The valve may comprise a support structure. The support
structure may taper outwardly or inwardly.
[0055] In one case the support structure is of generally uniform
diameter along the length hereof.
[0056] In one embodiment the support structure comprises a
scaffold. The support structure may comprise a stent-like
structure.
[0057] The mounting means may be provided by the support structure.
In one case the mounting means comprises protrusions extending from
the support structure. The protrusions may be adapted to engage
with a pre-deployed host esophageal luminal prosthesis.
[0058] In one embodiment the protrusion comprises a loop.
[0059] In one case the apicial tip of the protrusion is
rounded.
[0060] The protrusions may be releasably engagable with a
pre-deployed host esophageal luminal prosthesis.
[0061] There may be release means for releasing the valve from
engagement with a pre-deployed host esophageal luminal prosthesis.
The release means may comprise means for reducing the diameter of
at least portion of the valve support structure.
[0062] In one case the release means comprises a drawstring
extending around the valve support structure. A first drawstring
may extend around a proximal end of the support structure. A second
drawstring may extend around a distal end of the support
structure.
[0063] In one embodiment the valve is mounted to the support
structure. The valve may be sutured to the support structure. The
valve may be bonded to the support structure. The valve may be
adhesively bonded to the support structure.
[0064] In another case the mounting means comprises a surgical
adhesive.
[0065] The invention also provides a method for providing a valve
in a body passageway comprising the steps of:-- [0066] providing a
valve mounted to a support structure; [0067] delivering the valve
mounted to the support structure to a pre-deployed luminal
prosthesis in the body passageway; and [0068] deploying the valve
so that the valve is mounted to the luminal prosthesis.
[0069] In one embodiment the step of deploying the valve comprises
engaging the valve support with the pre-deployed luminal
prosthesis.
[0070] The valve support may be mechanically engaged with the
pre-deployed luminal prosthesis.
[0071] In one case the valve support comprises a protrusion and the
method comprises aligning the protrusion with an aperture in the
endoluminal prosthesis and engaging the protrusion in the
aperture.
[0072] In one embodiment the valve support is an expandable support
and the method comprises loading the support onto a delivery
catheter in a retracted form and the valve support is extendable on
deployment.
[0073] The support may be self expandable or the support is
expanded by an expanding means such as a balloon.
[0074] In one embodiment the method comprises the step of releasing
the valve support from engagement with the luminal prosthesis.
[0075] The method may involve repositioning the valve support
within the prosthesis. The method may comprise removing the valve
from the prosthesis.
[0076] In one embodiment the body passageway is the esophagus and
the valve is an esophageal valve for mounting to a pre-deployed
esophageal stent.
[0077] In one case there is a support structure for the valve. The
valve may be mounted to the support structure. The valve support
region may be sutured to the support structure. Alternatively or
additionally the valve support region is bonded to the support
structure. In one case the support structure is overmoulded to the
valve support region.
[0078] The support structure may comprise a luminal prosthesis.
[0079] In one embodiment the luminal prosthesis extends proximally
of the valve. The prosthesis may comprise a self expanding plastics
mesh. The prosthesis may apply a radial force of less than 1.9
kPa.
[0080] In one embodiment there are anchors for mounting the
prosthesis in situ. The anchors may be adapted to extend through
the mesh of the prosthesis.
[0081] In one case the prosthesis is adapted to be anchored to the
cardia.
[0082] In one embodiment the length of the valve from the proximal
end of the support region to the distal end of the valve leaflets
is less than 50 mm, less than 40 mm, less than 30 mm. The length of
the valve may be approximately the same as the outer diameter of
the support region of the valve. The length of the valve may be
approximately 23 mm.
[0083] In another aspect the invention comprises a method for
treating gastroesophageal reflux disease comprising providing a
valve of the invention and placing the valve at a desired location.
The desired location may be across the lower esophageal sphincter.
In one case the valve leaflets are located distal to the end of the
esophagus. In one embodiment the valve is provided with a support
structure and the method comprises mounting the support structure
at the desired location. The method may comprise anchoring the
support structure to the body wall at the desired location. In one
case the method comprises anchoring the support structure to the
cardia.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0084] The invention will be more clearly understood from the
following description thereof given by way of example only, in
which:--
[0085] FIG. 1 is an isometric view (from above) of an esophageal
valve according to the invention;
[0086] FIG. 2 is an isometric view (from below) of the esophageal
valve;
[0087] FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the valve;
[0088] FIG. 4 is an underneath plan view of the valve;
[0089] FIGS. 5 and 6 are elevational views of the valve;
[0090] FIGS. 7 and 8 are isometric, partially cut-away sectional,
views of the valve;
[0091] FIGS. 9 and 10 are cross sectional views of the valve;
[0092] FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view of the valve in a normally
closed configuration with an antegrade force applied;
[0093] FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view of the valve in an open
configuration in response to an antegrade force;
[0094] FIG. 13 is a cross sectional view of the valve returned to
the closed configuration after opening to antegrade flow;
[0095] FIG. 14 is a cross sectional view of the valve in a normally
closed configuration with a retrograde force applied;
[0096] FIG. 15 is a cross sectional view of the valve in an open
configuration in response to retrograde force;
[0097] FIG. 16 is a cross sectional view of the valve returned to
the closed configuration after opening to retrograde flow;
[0098] FIG. 17 is an isometric view (from above) of the valve in a
normally closed configuration;
[0099] FIG. 18 is an isometric view of the valve in a partially
open configuration in response to an antegrade force;
[0100] FIG. 19 is an isometric view of the valve in a fully open
configuration in response to antegrade force;
[0101] FIG. 20 is an isometric view (from below) of the valve in a
normally closed configuration;
[0102] FIG. 21 is an isometric view of the valve moving towards an
open configuration in response to a retrograde force;
[0103] FIG. 22 is an isometric view of the valve in a fully open
configuration permitting retrograde flow;
[0104] FIG. 23 is an isometric view of a esophageal prosthesis;
[0105] FIG. 24 is an elevational view of the valve of FIGS. 1 to 22
being mounted to and in position on the prosthesis of FIG. 23;
[0106] FIG. 25 is another view of the valve mounted in a
prosthesis;
[0107] FIGS. 26 and 27 are isometric views of a sleeved or coated
esophageal prosthesis;
[0108] FIG. 28 is an isometric view of the prosthesis of FIGS. 26
and 27 with a valve of FIGS. 1 to 22 in position;
[0109] FIG. 29 is an elevational view of part of the prosthesis of
FIG. 28 in position in the esophagus;
[0110] FIG. 30 is an isometric view of a valve according to another
embodiment of the invention;
[0111] FIG. 31 is an elevational view of the valve of FIG. 30;
[0112] FIG. 32 is an isometric view of another valve according to
the invention with a distally outward tapering support
structure;
[0113] FIG. 33 is an elevational view of the valve of FIG. 32.
[0114] FIG. 34 is an isometric view of another valve according to
the invention with a distally inward tapering support
structure;
[0115] FIG. 35 is an elevational view of a luminal prosthesis with
a valve and associated support structure in place;
[0116] FIG. 36 is an enlarged view of the luminal prosthesis and
valve support structure of FIG. 35;
[0117] FIGS. 37 and 38 are enlarged views of one mounting detail of
a valve support structure to a luminal prosthesis;
[0118] FIGS. 39 to 43 are views of a valve being deployed from a
delivery catheter;
[0119] FIGS. 44 to 46 are views of a luminal prosthesis in place in
the esophagus with a valve being deployed in the lumen of the
luminal prosthesis.
[0120] FIG. 47 is an elevational view of a valve according to
another embodiment of the invention;
[0121] FIG. 48 is an enlarged view of a detail of the support
structure of the valve of FIG. 47;
[0122] FIGS. 49 and 50 are isometric views of the valve of FIGS. 47
and 48 being deployed from a delivery catheter;
[0123] FIG. 51 is an elevational view of a prosthesis with the
valve of FIGS. 49 to 50 in situ;
[0124] FIG. 52 is an enlarged view of a detail of the engagement of
the valve support structure of FIGS. 47 to 51 engaged in the mesh
of the prosthesis;
[0125] FIG. 53 is an enlarged view of part of the luminal
prosthesis and valve support structure of FIG. 52.
[0126] FIG. 54 is an elevational view of an esophageal luminal
prosthesis;
[0127] FIG. 55 is an elevational of an esophageal valve of the
invention;
[0128] FIGS. 56 to 61 are elevational views of steps involved in
deploying the valve of FIG. 55 into a pre-deployed esophageal
luminal prosthesis of FIG. 54;
[0129] FIG. 62 is an elevational view of the valve of FIG. 55
deployed in the luminal prosthesis of FIG. 61;
[0130] FIG. 63 is an elevational view similar to FIG. 62 with the
valve being removed from the deployed prosthesis;
[0131] FIGS. 64 and 65 are isometric view of another valve
according to the invention;
[0132] FIG. 66 is a top plan view of the valve of FIGS. 64 and
65;
[0133] FIG. 67 is an underneath plan view of the valve of FIGS. 64
and 65;
[0134] FIG. 68 is an elevational view of the valve of FIGS. 64 and
65;
[0135] FIG. 69 is a cross sectional view of the valve of FIGS. 64
and 65;
[0136] FIG. 70 is a cut-away isometric view of the valve of FIGS.
64 and 65;
[0137] FIG. 71 is an isometric view of a valve and an associated
support;
[0138] FIG. 72 is an elevational view of the valve and support of
FIG. 71;
[0139] FIG. 73 is a plan view of the device of FIGS. 71 and 72 with
the valve in a closed configuration;
[0140] FIG. 74 is a plan view similar to FIG. 73 with the valve in
an open configuration;
[0141] FIGS. 75 and 76 are side views of the device of FIG. 73 with
the valve in a closed configuration;
[0142] FIGS. 77 and 78 are side views of the device of FIG. 73 with
the valve in the open configuration;
[0143] FIG. 79 is a cross sectional view of the device of FIG. 72
in use in a closed configuration;
[0144] FIG. 80 is a view similar to FIG. 79 with the device
anchored at the desired location;
[0145] FIG. 81 is a cross sectional view of the device in a closed
configuration;
[0146] FIG. 82 is a cross sectional view of the device with the
valve in the retrograde open configuration;
[0147] FIG. 83 is an elevational view of another device similar to
FIG. 71;
[0148] FIG. 84 is a plan view of the device of FIG. 83;
[0149] FIG. 85 is an illustration of prior art polymers with urea
and urethane linkages interspersed between homopolymer soft
segments;
[0150] FIG. 86 is an illustration of a polyurethane/urea foam
according to the invention with urea and urethane linkages
interspersed between triblock copolymer soft segments;
[0151] FIG. 87 is an illustration of a siloxane and polypropylene
oxide based triblock copolymer in different forms;
[0152] FIG. 88 is a graph of comparative mechanical properties of
homo (VF130309) and triblock copolymer (VF230209A) soft
segments;
[0153] FIG. 89 is a graph of comparative mechanical properties of
home (VF190309) and triblock copolymer (VF090309) soft
segments;
[0154] FIG. 90 is a graph illustrating the mechanical performance
of triblock copolymer soft segments versus homopolymer soft segment
during accelerated aging in simulated gastric fluid;
[0155] FIG. 91 depicts a gastric yield pressure test apparatus as
utilized in Example 10; and
[0156] FIG. 92A and FIG. 92B depict results of accelerated
stability of a valve prepared from a viscoelastic foam of the
present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0157] Referring to the drawings and initially to FIGS. 1 to 22
thereof there is illustrated an esophageal valve 1 which can open
automatically in the antegrade direction (food intake) and in the
retrograde direction (from the stomach to the mouth).
[0158] The valve 1 comprises a polymeric valve body having a
proximal outer support region with a rim 2, at least three valve
leaflets 3, 4, 5, and a main body region 6 extending between the
support rim 2 and the valve leaflets 3, 4, 5. The valve leaflets 3,
4, 5 extend inwardly and distally and terminate at distal end faces
7, 8, 9 respectively. The leaflets each 3, 4, 5 have legs a, b
which extend at an included angle of 120.degree. to each other. The
adjacent pairs of legs 3a; 4a; 4b; 5b; 5a; 3b; co-apt to close the
gap between the valve leaflets when the valve is in the normally
closed configuration.
[0159] The valve 1 has three configurations. The first
configuration is a normally closed configuration in which the valve
leaflets 3, 4, 5 co-apt to close the valve. The second
configuration is an antegrade open configuration in which the valve
leaflets 3, 4, 5 are opened such that the leaflet leg pairs 3a; 4a;
4b; 5b; 5a; 3b are opened and spaced-apart in response to an
antegrade force F1 to allow flow through the valve. The third
configuration is a retrograde open configuration in response to a
retrograde force which is substantially larger than the antegrade
force F2.
[0160] The various configurations of the valve 1 are illustrated in
FIGS. 11 to 22. In the first or normally closed configuration
(FIGS. 11, 17) the valve leaflets 3, 4, 5 co-apt. When an antegrade
force F1 is applied to the valve leaflets 3, 4, 5 the leaflet legs
pairs 3a; 4a; 4b; 5b; and 5a; 3b open to allow antegrade flow to
pass (FIGS. 12, 19). FIG. 18 illustrates a partially open
configuration in response to antegrade flow. When the antegrade
force F1 is removed the leaflets 3, 4, 5 return to the closed
position under the inherent biasing of the polymeric material of
the valve body (FIG. 13).
[0161] When a retrograde force F2 is applied to the valve body.
This force initially pushes the valve leaflets 3, 4, 5 against one
another and if the pressure is greater than a set value, the valve
body will invert. The start of inversion is illustrated in FIG. 21.
When the valve is fully opened in response to retrograde force the
valve main body (and the leaflets 3, 4, 5) extend proximally
(upwardly) as illustrated in FIGS. 15 and 22. This allows
retrograde flow to pass through the valve. When the retrograde
force F2 is removed the valve main body will return to the original
configuration by everting in response to the biasing of the
polymeric material to return to the normally closed configuration
with the valve leaflets extending distally as illustrated in FIGS.
16 and 20.
[0162] The valve leaflets 3, 4, 5 are reinforced in the region of
co-aption. In this case, this is achieved by a local thickening of
the polymeric material in this region. Similarly the support rim 2
is reinforced by a local thickening of the polymeric material.
[0163] The region of co-aption of the valve leaflets 3, 4, 5 has an
axial extent which is typically from 1 to 5 mm. This ensures
positive co-aption of the leaflets across a significant interfacial
area when the valve is in the normally closed configuration. The
thickness of the leaflets at the region of co-aption is typically
between 0.1 mm and 10 mm.
[0164] The valve body has a generally concave outer face and a
generally convex inner face.
[0165] The valve 1 is a two-way valve. Different forces are
required to open the valve from the proximal or distal directions.
The valve 1 requires very little force to open in the antegrade
direction, a pressure of 0.7 mm Hg in the antegrade direction is
sufficient to allow a flowrate of 140 ml/min. In the retrograde
direction the valve 1 can hold pressures of between 15 mmHg and 40
mmHg and higher. By varying the properties (such as density) of the
material of the valve the valve can be tailored to accommodate
varying yield pressures. The valve accomplishes this by
controllably inverting when placed under pressure in the retrograde
direction.
[0166] The valve 1 of the invention returns to its original working
position after being fully opened in the retrograde direction. This
is accomplished without damaging the working valve.
[0167] When the valve is opened by food passing in the antegrade
direction the leaflets open. The outer face of the valve has a
greater resistance to change in shape and thus the force required
to open main body in the retrograde direction is higher.
[0168] The important characteristics influencing the functioning of
the valve are the leaflet legs that impinge on one another. By
varying the geometry and length of the leaflets 3, 4, 5 the valve 1
can be made to open in the retrograde direction at different
pressures. Opening in the antegrade direction is somewhat less
dependant on the geometry of the leaflets and more dependant on the
elasticity and density of the material the device is made from.
Additionally, the overall diameter and the diameter to which the
leaflets open influence the opening force in both directions.
[0169] Because the stomach tends to have a slightly higher pressure
than the esophagus (the difference on average being approximately
12 mmHg), a closed valve will experience this pressure at its
distal surface. This distal pressure can ammeliorate the closing of
a distally extending or tapering surface. However, previous
examples of valves in the literature have relied on smooth surfaces
to take advantage of this gastric pressure differential. Thus the
only means of maximising the force generated by the gastric
pressure was to increase the length of the distally extending or
tapering surface. This in turn gave rise to problems associated
will elongate structures becoming blocked with antegrade food flow
and retrograde flow. The current invention teaches a method of
retaining the short length of the valve structure and maximising
the force generated by the gastric pressure through an increase in
the surface area to length ratio. This is achieved by increasing
the surface area of the distal surface of the valve by introducing
pleats or folds (leaflets).
[0170] The valve may be of any suitable biocompatible polymeric
material. It may be of a biocompatible polymeric material having
properties which allow the valve to function as described.
[0171] The materials used for the production of this valve have a %
elongation between 50% and 3000%. The material also has a tensile
strength of between 0.01 and 5 MPa. Additionally the material could
have an antimicrobial action to prevent colonisation when in-vivo.
Additionally the material can be elastic or viscoelastic and can
optionally be an open cell foam. The density of the material should
be between 0.1 g/cm.sup.3 to 1.5 g/cm.sup.3.
[0172] The valve of the invention may be mounted to any suitable
luminal prosthesis, especially an esophageal prosthesis or stent.
The rim 2 of the valve provides a mounting ring for mounting within
the stent 20, for example, the valve 1 may be mounted to the stent
by suturing the rim 2 to the stent mesh using sutures 21 as
illustrated in FIGS. 24 and 25.
[0173] The stent may be of any suitable type. An uncoated or
unsleeved stent 20 is illustrated in FIGS. 23 to 25. Alternatively,
if it is desired to prevent tissue ingrowth a stent 30 having a
sleeve 31 may be used (FIGS. 26 to 29). In this case the sleeve 31
is external of the stent. In other cases there may alternatively or
additionally be an internal sleeve. Further, the stent may have a
coating.
[0174] A valve such as described above may also be placed into a
pre-deployed luminal prosthesis. For example, the valve may be an
esophageal valve for placement into a pre-deployed stent in the
esophagus.
[0175] In one case a valve 100 may have a co-axial support
structure or scaffold 102 is shown in FIGS. 30 and 31. The scaffold
102 is designed to engage with any suitable esophageal stent 140 as
illustrated in FIG. 35. The mechanism of engagement can be by
protrusions which may for example be proximal and/or distal apices
103 of the scaffold 102 which engage into the mesh of the existing
pre-deployed stent 140. Alternatively or additionally, the scaffold
102 may have features 150 designed to hook onto the inside of the
struts of an esophageal stent as illustrated in FIGS. 37 and
38.
[0176] Referring to FIGS. 32 and 33 there is illustrated a valve
110 according to another embodiment of the invention in which the
support structure or scaffold 102 tapers distally outwardly so that
distal apices 111 of the scaffold engage with the mesh of the
existing pre-deployed host stent 140.
[0177] Referring to FIG. 34 there is illustrated another valve 120
according to the invention in which the support structure or
scaffold 102 tapers distally inward so that proximal apices 121 of
the scaffold 102 engage with the mesh of an existing pre-deployed
stent 140.
[0178] The radial force of the scaffold 102 may exert enough
friction to hold the valve in place without the necessity for
protrusion. In another embodiment a surgical adhesive may be used
to secure the retrofitted valve into place.
[0179] Referring to FIGS. 39 to 43 a valve 100 is loaded into a
delivery system 130 for deployment. The outer diameter of the
delivery system 130 is smaller than the inner diameter of a
pre-deployed esophageal stent 140. The delivery system 130 in this
case comprises a delivery catheter having a distal pod 131 in which
a valve is housed in a contracted configuration. The catheter has a
tapered distal tip 132 to avoid snagging on a pre-deployed stent
140. The pod 131 is axially movable relative to the tip 132 to
release the valve from the pod 131.
[0180] The delivery system 130 is used to deliver the valve to a
pre-deployed stent 140 as illustrated in FIG. 44. The stent 140 has
a mesh and the scaffold of the valve is adapted to engage with the
mesh of the pre-deployed stent 140 on release of the valve from the
delivery catheter as illustrated particularly in FIGS. 45 and
46.
[0181] Referring to FIGS. 35 to 38 there is illustrated an
idealised stent 140 with a valve support scaffold 102 in situ.
Details of a valve are omitted from these drawings for clarity. In
this case the scaffold 102 is located at the upper proximal end of
the stent. In this case the scaffold 102 has hook-like members 150
for engagement with the mesh of the stent 140 as illustrated in
FIGS. 37 and 38. The interengagement between the stent 140 and the
scaffold 102 ensures that the scaffold 102 and hence the valve
which is fixed to it is retained in position and provides an
anti-proximal migration mechanism.
[0182] In the cases illustrated the valve supporting scaffold 102
is of a self expanding material such as a shape memory material,
for example Nitinol. The valve and scaffold are loaded into the
delivery catheter pod 131 in a compressed/reduced diameter
configuration. When the constraint of the pod 131 is removed at the
deployment site, the scaffold and valve self expand to the normal
configuration in which the scaffold is engaged with the
pre-deployed host stent 140. In some arrangements the scaffold may
be of an expensile material which is expanded by an expander such
as a balloon or the like.
[0183] Referring to FIGS. 47 to 50 there is illustrated another
valve device 151 according to the invention which is similar to
that described above and like parts are assigned the same reference
numerals. In this case the valve 1 is housed within a support
structure or scaffold 102 and is placed into the lumen of a stent
140 as illustrated in FIGS. 51 to 53. The support structure may
comprise a relatively short length (typically 40 mm) of a mesh made
from a shape memory material such as Nitinol. The mesh may be
formed by laser cutting and/or may be of woven construction.
Deployment into the lumen of the host stent 140 is via self
expansion from a radially collapsed state within a delivery
catheter 130 as shown in FIGS. 49 and 50. The device 151 is held in
place within the stent 140 by means of specific interaction
mechanisms that increase the axial friction of the support
structure 102. FIGS. 51 to 53 illustrate the interaction with the
host stent 140. In this embodiment the support structure 102 has a
series of loops or protrusions 155 extending perpendicularly from
its surface. These protrusions 155 engage with the structure of any
host stent 140 by interlocking with the existing mesh as shown in
FIGS. 52 and 53. The apical tip of each protrusion 155 is in this
case rounded or designed so as to be non-traumatic to any tissue
that may come into contact with the protrusion 155. The intrinsic
radial force of the support structure 102 as well as the flexural
strength of the protrusions 155 interact to effect the retention
performance of the support structure 102. Thus the stiffness or
flexural strength of the protrusion 155 and the radial force of the
support structure 102 may be modified to change the interlocking
capability and retention performance of the device.
[0184] The valve device 151 is also readily radially collapsible by
distal and proximal drawstrings 170, 171. The distal drawstring 170
passes through eyelets 172 mounted to the support structure 102 at
the distal end of the valve device 151. The distal drawstring 170
has an accessible pull string 173 which, on pulling, pulls the
drawstring 171 inwardly and thus reduces the diameter of the distal
end of the support structure 102. Similarly the proximal drawstring
171 passes through eyelets 175 mounted the support structure 102 at
the proximal end of valve device 151. The proximal drawstring 171
has an accessible pull string 177 which, on pulling, pulls the
drawstring 171 inwardly and thus reduces the diameter of the
proximal end of the support structure 102. The pull strings 173,
177 can be readily gripped using a suitable instrument such as a
grasper to draw the proximal and distal ends of the support
structure 102 inwardly for ease of removal of the valve device
151.
[0185] Referring to FIGS. 54 to 63 there is illustrated another
valve device 200 according to the invention which is similar to
that described above and like parts are assigned the same reference
numerals. In this case the valve 1 is housed within a support
structure or scaffold 102 and is placed into the lumen of a stent
140 as illustrated in FIGS. 59 to 62. The support structure 102 may
comprise a relatively short length (typically 40 mm) of a mesh made
from a shape memory material such as Nitinol. The mesh may be
formed by laser cutting and/or may be of woven construction.
Deployment into the lumen of the host stent 140 is via self
expansion from a radially collapsed state within a delivery
catheter 130 as shown in FIGS. 56 to 61. The device 200 is held in
place within the stent 140 by means of specific interaction
mechanisms that increase the axial friction of the support
structure 102. FIG. 62 illustrates the interaction with the host
stent 140. In this embodiment the support structure 102 has a
series of loops or protrusions 155 extending perpendicularly from
its surface. These protrusions 155 engage with the structure of any
host stent 140 by interlocking with the existing mesh as shown in
FIG. 62. The apical tip of each protrusion 155 is in this case
rounded or designed so as to be non-traumatic to any tissue that
may come into contact with the protrusion 155. The intrinsic radial
force of the support structure 102 as well as the flexural strength
of the protrusions 155 interact to effect the retention performance
of the support structure 102. Thus the stiffness or flexural
strength of the protrusion 155 and the radial force of the support
structure 102 may be modified to change the interlocking capability
and retention performance of the device.
[0186] The valve device 200 is also readily radially collapsible by
distal and proximal drawstrings 170, 171. The distal drawstring 170
passes through eyelets 172 mounted to the support structure 102 at
the distal end of the valve device 200. The distal drawstring 170
has an accessible pull string 173 which, on pulling, pulls the
drawstring 171 inwardly and thus reduces the diameter of the distal
end of the support structure 102. Similarly the proximal drawstring
171 passes through eyelets 175 mounted the support structure 102 at
the proximal end of valve device 200. The proximal drawstring 171
has an accessible pull string 177 which, on pulling, pulls the
drawstring 171 inwardly and thus reduces the diameter of the
proximal end of the support structure 102. The pull strings 173,
177 can be readily gripped using a suitable instrument such as a
grasper to draw the proximal and distal ends of the support
structure 102 inwardly for ease of removal of the valve device
200.
[0187] It will be noted that in the case of this device 200 the
diameter of the support scaffold is relatively uniform and the
proximal and distal ends 201, 202 of the device 200 are not
tapered. We have found that the interengagement of the rounded
protrusions 155 in interstices defined in the mesh structure of the
stent 140 is sufficient to retain the device 200 in position in the
stent 140. Typically, the diameter of the expanded support
structure 102 will be slightly larger, for example 1 to 5% larger
than that of the host stent 140 at the desired deployment location
to assist in maintaining the scaffold 102 in situ.
[0188] In some cases, as illustrated in FIG. 63 the devices of the
invention such as the device 200 may be a radially collapsed state
if it is described to re-position the valve device 200 with the
stent 140 or to withdraw the device 200, for example for
replacement and/or for replacement of the host stent 140.
[0189] Thus, the collapsibility of the valves enables its optional
removal by disengagement of the protrusions 155 from the host stent
140, thus eliminating any axial friction associated with the host
stent 140.
[0190] The valve of FIGS. 1 to 63 is partially useful in patients
with a constriction in their esophagus, for example as a result of
esophageal cancer. The valve may be located proximal to the distal
end of the esophagus and proximal of the distal end of the
prosthesis in which it is mounted/deployed. The valve is relatively
short and is typically less than 30 mm, less than 25 mm, less than
20 mm, less than 15 mm and is typically about 10.6 mm long with an
outer rim diameter of 18 mm or about 11 mm long for an outer rim
diameter of 20 mm.
[0191] The valve may have any desired number of leaflets, for
example the valve 250 illustrated in FIGS. 64 to 70 has six valve
leaflets 251. These leaflets 251 are oriented perpendicular to
direction of food flow to additionally allow greater distensibility
of the valve aperture.
[0192] Referring to FIGS. 71 to 83 there is illustrated another
valve device according to the invention. The device 300 comprises
an esophageal valve 301 which can open automatically in the
antegrade direction (food intake) and in the retrograde direction
(from the stomach to the mouth).
[0193] The valve 301 is similar to the valve of FIGS. 64 to 70 and
comprises a polymeric valve body having a proximal outer support
region with a rim 302, six valve leaflets 303, and a main body
region 306 extending between the support rim 302 and the valve
leaflets 303. The valve leaflets 303 extend inwardly and distally
and terminate at distal end faces 303 respectively. The leaflets
each 303 have legs which extend at an included angle of 60.degree.
to each other. The adjacent pairs of legs co-apt to close the gap
between the valve leaflets 303 when the valve is in the normally
closed configuration.
[0194] The valve 301 has three configurations. The first
configuration is a normally closed configuration in which the valve
leaflets 303 co-apt to close the valve. The second configuration is
an antegrade open configuration in which the valve leaflets 303 are
opened such that the leaflet leg pairs are opened and spaced-apart
in response to an antegrade force F1 to allow flow through the
valve 301. The third configuration is a retrograde open
configuration in response to a retrograde force which is
substantially larger than the antegrade force F2.
[0195] The various configurations of the valve 1 are illustrated in
FIGS. 71 to 82. In the first or normally closed configuration
(FIGS. 71, 72) the valve leaflets 303 co-apt. When an antegrade
force F1 is applied to the valve leaflets 303 the leaflet legs
pairs open to allow antegrade flow to pass (FIGS. 74, 77, 78). When
the antegrade force F1 is removed the leaflets 303 return to the
closed position under the inherent biasing of the polymeric
material of the valve body (FIG. 71).
[0196] When a retrograde force F2 is applied to the valve body.
This force initially pushes the valve leaflets 303 against one
another (FIG. 80) and if the pressure is greater than a set value,
the valve body will invert as illustrated in FIG. 81. When the
valve is fully opened in response to retrograde force F.sub.2 the
valve main body (and the leaflets 303) extend proximally (upwardly)
as illustrated in FIG. 81. This allows retrograde flow to pass
through the valve. When the retrograde force F2 is removed the
valve main body will return to the original configuration by
everting in response to the biasing of the polymeric material to
return to the normally closed configuration with the valve leaflets
extending distally as illustrated in FIG. 71.
[0197] The valve leaflets 303 are reinforced in the region of
co-aption. In this case, this is achieved by a local thickening of
the polymeric material in this region. Similarly the support rim
302 is reinforced by a local thickening of the polymeric
material.
[0198] The region of co-aption of the valve leaflets 303 has an
axial extent which is typically from 1 to 5 mm. This ensures
positive co-aption of the leaflets across a significant interfacial
area when the valve is in the normally closed configuration. The
thickness of the leaflets at the region of co-aption is typically
between 0.1 mm and 10 mm.
[0199] The valve body 306 has a generally concave outer face and a
generally convex inner face.
[0200] The valve 300 is a two-way valve. Different forces are
required to open the valve from the proximal or distal directions.
The valve 300 requires very little force to open in the antegrade
direction, a pressure of 0.7 mm Hg in the antegrade direction is
sufficient to allow a flowrate of 140 ml/min. In the retrograde
direction the valve 1 can hold pressures of between 15 mmHg and 40
mmHg and higher. By varying the properties (such as density) of the
material of the valve the valve can be tailored to accommodate
varying yield pressures. The valve 300 accomplishes this by
controllably inverting when placed under pressure in the retrograde
direction.
[0201] The valve 300 of the invention returns to its original
working position after being fully opened in the retrograde
direction. This is accomplished without damaging the working
valve.
[0202] When the valve 300 is opened by food passing in the
antegrade direction the leaflets 303 open. The outer face of the
valve has a greater resistance to change in shape and thus the
force required to open main body in the retrograde direction is
higher.
[0203] The important characteristics influencing the functioning of
the valve 300 are the leaflet legs that impinge on one another. By
varying the geometry and length of the leaflets 303 the valve 300
can be made to open in the retrograde direction at different
pressures. Opening in the antegrade direction is somewhat less
dependant on the geometry of the leaflets and more dependant on the
elasticity and density of the material the device is made from.
Additionally, the overall diameter and the diameter to which the
leaflets open influence the opening force in both directions.
[0204] Because the stomach tends to have a slightly higher pressure
than the esophagus (on average. 12 mmHg), a closed valve will
experience this pressure at its distal surface. This distal
pressure can ammeliorate the closing of a distally extending or
tapering surface. However, previous examples of valves in the
literature have relied on smooth surfaces to take advantage of this
gastric pressure differential. Thus the only means of maximising
the force generated by the gastric pressure was to increase the
length of the distally extending or tapering surface. This in turn
gave rise to problems associated will elongate structures becoming
blocked with antegrade food flow and retrograde flow. The current
invention teaches a method of retaining the short length of the
valve structure and maximising the force generated by the gastric
pressure through an increase in the surface area to length ratio.
This is achieved by increasing the surface area of the distal
surface of the valve by introducing pleats or folds (leaflets).
[0205] The valve may be of any suitable biocompatible polymeric
material. It may be of a biocompatible polymeric material having
properties which allow the valve to function as described.
[0206] The materials used for the production of this valve have a %
elongation between 50% and 3000%. The material also has a tensile
strength of between 0.01 and 5 MPa. Additionally the material could
have an antimicrobial action to prevent colonisation when in-vivo.
Additionally the material can be elastic or viscoelastic and can
optionally be an open cell foam. The density of the material should
be between 0.1 g/cm.sup.3 to 1.5 g/cm.sup.3.
[0207] The valve 300 of the invention may be mounted to any
suitable luminal prosthesis, especially an esophageal prosthesis
350. The rim 302 of the valve provides a mounting ring for mounting
within the prosthesis, for example, the valve 300 may be mounted to
the stent by suturing the rim 2 to the stent mesh using sutures 351
as illustrated particularly in FIG. 71.
[0208] The prosthesis 350 may be of any suitable type. An uncoated
and unsleeved stent 350 is illustrated in FIGS. 71 to 81.
[0209] In this case the valve 300 is mounted to a distal end of the
prosthesis 350. The stomach produces a pressure of 7 mm Hg. The
distal end of the valve is exposed to this pressure which
compresses the material further to augment the closure force on the
already closed valve. The prosthesis 350 is located so that it can
be readily anchored in place for example, by tissue anchors 361 in
the gastric cardia--in the region of tissue between the entrance to
the stomach and lower esophageal sphincter. In general, the tissue
wall is thickened in this region which facilitates anchoring of the
prosthesis 350. The tissue anchors may be such as those used in the
commerically available G-Cath system from USGI.
[0210] The prosthesis 350 is designed to be in situ for a long
period of time. With a standard Nitinol metal stent a patient may
be aware of its presence because of the radial force applied by the
stent. The prosthesis 350 in contrast can be of a braided plastic
mesh which is sufficiently self expanding that it remains in situ
during fixing for example, using the tissue anchors 361. The mesh
of the stent should be open enough to accept the tissue anchor
without damaging the mesh but dense enough to prevent pull-through
of the tissue anchor. The prosthesis typically has a radial force
of less than 1.9 Kpa to retain it in situ without causing
discomfort to the patient.
[0211] The valve device according to this embodiment is especially
useful in the treatment of GERD, The valve is located distal to the
distal end of the esophagus.
[0212] It will be noted that the valve is relatively short and does
not extend significantly into the stomach. Prior art "windsock"
type devices are long which can result in clogging by the contents
of the stomach. Further material can rise up from the stomach by
capillary action in such windsock devices. In contrast the GERD
valve of the invention is typically less than 50 mm, less than 40
mm, less than 30 mm and is typically about 23 mm long for a
diameter of 23 mm.
[0213] Referring to FIGS. 83 and 84 there is illustrated another
device 400 according to the invention which is similar to the
device of FIGS. 71 to 82 and like parts are assigned the same
reference numerals. In this case the valve 301 is mounted to the
prosthesis 350 by overmoulding 401 of the rim 302 of the valve to
the distal end of the prosthesis 350. Overmoulding assists in
spreading the axial load as there is a large area of content
between the prosthesis 350 and the valve rim 302.
[0214] The esophageal valves of the invention can open
automatically in the antegrade direction (food intake) and in the
retrograde direction (from the stomach to the mouth).
[0215] The valves are two-way valves. Different forces are required
to open in the valve from the proximal or distal directions. The
valves require very little pressure to open in the antigrade
direction, water at a pressure as low as 0.7 mmHg will allow a
flowrate of at least 140 ml/min. In the retrograde direction the
valve can hold pressures of 30 mmHg and higher. By varying the
properties (such as density) of the material of the valve, the
valve can be tailored to accommodate varying yield pressures. The
valve accomplishes this by controllably inverting when placed under
pressure in the retrograde direction.
[0216] The valves of the invention returns to its original working
position after being fully opened in the retrograde direction. This
is accomplished without damaging the working valve.
[0217] It will be appreciated that whilst the invention has been
described with reference to an esophageal valve for mounting to a
pre-deployed esophageal stent it may also be applied to mounting of
valves in other body passageways including any artery or the
urethra, or other locations in the gastrointestinal system such as
a replacement for the ileocecal valve located between the small and
the large intestine.
[0218] The following section describes one group of biomaterials
that are suitable for manufacturing a valve of the invention.
[0219] Use of polyethers as soft segments in polyurethane foams is
know to result in soft elastic and viscoelastic materials due to
the dynamic reinforcing effect of hydrogen bonding. Conversely, use
of non-hydrogen bonding hydrophobic soft segments results in
harder, less elastic material. Blending of such hydrophobic and
hydrophilic homopolymer soft segments as shown in FIG. 85 via
urethane/urea linkages is known in the art to achieve mechanical
properties appropriate to specific applications.
[0220] Acid catalysed hydrolytic degradation occurs at urethane
linkages within polyurethane materials. These urethane/urea
linkages are therefore the `weak-links` of the polyurethane
material. It follows that the intrinsic hydrophilicity of the
polyurethane material will affect the rate of hydrolysis through
modulation of water uptake. Thus, such materials are incompatible
with use in a gastric environment (i.e., a highly acidic aqueous
environment).
[0221] Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a
multiblock copolymer that is biomimetic and hydrolytically stable
in a gastric environment. Such multiblock copolymers are of formula
I:
##STR00001##
wherein:
[0222] each represents a point of attachment to a urethane or urea
linkage;
[0223] each of X and Y is independently a polymer or co-polymer
chain formed from one or more of a polyether, a polyester, a
polycarbonate, or a fluoropolymer;
[0224] each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and
R.sup.6 is independently selected from one or more of R, OR,
--CO.sub.2R, a fluorinated hydrocarbon, a polyether, a polyester or
a fluoropolymer;
[0225] each R is independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted
C.sub.1-20 aliphatic group, or an optionally substituted group
selected from phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic aryl, a 4-8 membered
monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring
having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,
oxygen, or sulphur, or 5-6 membered monocyclic or 8-10 membered
bicyclic heteroaryl group having 1-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
[0226] each of m n and p is independently 2 to 100; and
[0227] each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is independently a bivalent
C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbon chain wherein 1-4 methylene units of the
hydrocarbon chain are optionally and independently replaced by
--O--, --S--, --N(R)--, --C(O)--, --C(O)N(R)--, --N(R)C(O)--,
--SO.sub.2--, --SO.sub.2N(R)--, --N(R)SO.sub.2--, --OC(O)--,
C(O)O--, or a bivalent cycloalkylene, arylene, heterocyclene, or
heteroarylene, provided that neither of L.sup.1 nor L.sup.2
comprises a urea or urethane moiety.
2. DEFINITIONS
[0228] Compounds of this invention include those described
generally above, and are further illustrated by the classes,
subclasses, and species disclosed herein. As used herein, the
following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For
purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in
accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version,
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75.sup.th Ed. Additionally,
general principles of organic chemistry are described in "Organic
Chemistry", Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito:
1999, and "March's Advanced Organic Chemistry", 5.sup.th Ed., Ed.:
Smith, M. B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001,
the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by
reference.
[0229] As described herein, compounds of the invention may
optionally be substituted with one or more substituents, such as
are illustrated generally above, or as exemplified by particular
classes, subclasses, and species of the invention. It will be
appreciated that the phrase "optionally substituted" is used
interchangeably with the phrase "substituted or unsubstituted." In
general, the term "substituted", whether preceded by the term
"optionally" or not, refers to the replacement of hydrogen radicals
in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent.
Unless otherwise indicated, an optionally substituted group may
have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and
when more than one position in any given structure may be
substituted with more than one substituent selected from a
specified group, the substituent may be either the same or
different at every position. Combinations of substituents
envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in
the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. The term
"stable", as used herein, refers to compounds that are not
substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for
their production, detection, and preferably their recovery,
purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed
herein. In some embodiments, a stable compound or chemically
feasible compound is one that is not substantially altered when
kept at a temperature of 40.degree. C. or less, in the absence of
moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a
week.
[0230] The term "aliphatic" or "aliphatic group", as used herein,
denotes a hydrocarbon moiety that may be straight-chain (i.e.,
unbranched), branched, or cyclic (including fused, bridging, and
spiro-fused polycyclic) and may be completely saturated or may
contain one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not
aromatic. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-20
carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-10
carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-8
carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain
1-6 carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments aliphatic groups
contain 1-4 carbon atoms. Suitable aliphatic groups include, but
are not limited to, linear or branched, alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl
groups, and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl,
(cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.
[0231] The term "lower alkyl" refers to a C.sub.1-4 straight or
branched alkyl group. Exemplary lower alkyl groups are methyl,
ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.
[0232] The term "lower haloalkyl" refers to a C.sub.1-4 straight or
branched alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogen
atoms.
[0233] The term "heteroatom" means one or more of oxygen, sulfur,
nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of
nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of
any basic nitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic
ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrroly1), NH (as in
pyrrolidinyl) or NR.sup.+ (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl)).
[0234] The term "unsaturated", as used herein, means that a moiety
has one or more units of unsaturation.
[0235] As used herein, the term "bivalent C.sub.1-8 [or C.sub.1-6]
saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain",
refers to bivalent alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene chains that
are straight or branched as defined herein.
[0236] The term "alkylene" refers to a bivalent alkyl group. An
"alkylene chain" is a polymethylene group, i.e.,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--, wherein n is a positive integer, preferably
from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, or from 2 to 3.
A substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylene group in which one
or more methylene hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent.
Suitable substituents include those described below for a
substituted aliphatic group.
[0237] The term "alkenylene" refers to a bivalent alkenyl group. A
substituted alkenylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at
least one double bond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are
replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those
described below for a substituted aliphatic group.
[0238] The term "halogen" means F, Cl, Br, or I.
[0239] The term "aryl" used alone or as part of a larger moiety as
in "aralkyl", "aralkoxy", or "aryloxyalkyl", refers to monocyclic
or bicyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring
members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and
wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members. The
term "aryl" may be used interchangeably with the term "aryl
ring".
[0240] As described herein, compounds of the invention may contain
"optionally substituted" moieties. In general, the term
"substituted", whether preceded by the term "optionally" or not,
means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are
replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated,
an "optionally substituted" group may have a suitable substituent
at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one
position in any given structure may be substituted with more than
one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent
may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations
of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those
that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible
compounds. The term "stable", as used herein, refers to compounds
that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to
allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments,
their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the
purposes disclosed herein.
[0241] Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon
atom of an "optionally substituted" group are independently
halogen; --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4OR.sup..smallcircle.;
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)OR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4CH(OR.sup..smallcircle.).sub.2;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4SR.sup..smallcircle.; --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4Ph,
which may be substituted with R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-1Ph which may be substituted
with R.sup..smallcircle.; --CH.dbd.CHPh, which may be substituted
with R.sup..smallcircle.; --NO.sub.2; --CN; --N.sub.3;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4N(R.sup..smallcircle.).sub.2;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4N(R.sup..smallcircle.)C(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.C(S)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4N(R.sup..smallcircle.C(O)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.C(S)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4N(R.sup..smallcircle.C(O)OR.sup..smallcircle.;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.)N(R.sup..smallcircle.)C(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.N(R.sup..smallcircle.C(O)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.-
2;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.N(R.sup..smallcircle.)C(O)OR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--C(S)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)OR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)SR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)OSiR.sup..smallcircle..sub.3;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4OC(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--OC(O)(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4SR--, SC(S)SR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4SC(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--C(S)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2; --C(S)SR.sup..smallcircle.;
--SC(S)SR.sup..smallcircle., --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4OC(O)NRO.sub.2;
--C(O)N(OR.sup..smallcircle.)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--C(O)C(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--C(O)CH.sub.2C(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--C(NOR.sup..smallcircle.)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4SSR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4S(O).sub.2R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4S(O).sub.2OR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4OS(O).sub.2R.sup..smallcircle.;
--S(O).sub.2NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4S(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.)S(O).sub.2NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.)S(O).sub.2R.sup..smallcircle.;
--N(OR.sup..smallcircle.)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--C(NH)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2; --P(O).sub.2R.sup..smallcircle.;
--P(O)R.sup..smallcircle..sub.2; --OP(O)R.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--OP(O)(OR.sup..smallcircle.).sub.2; SiR.sup..smallcircle..sub.3;
--(C.sub.1-4 straight or
branched)alkylene)O--N(R.sup..smallcircle.).sub.2; or --(C.sub.1-4
straight or branched alkylene)C(O)O--N(R.sup..smallcircle.).sub.2,
wherein each R.sup..smallcircle. may be substituted as defined
below and is independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 aliphatic,
--CH.sub.2Ph, --O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated,
partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or,
notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences
of R.sup..smallcircle., taken together with their intervening
atom(s), form a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or
aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted
as defined below.
[0242] Suitable monovalent substituents on R.sup..smallcircle. (or
the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of
R.sup..smallcircle. together with their intervening atoms), are
independently halogen, --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2R.sup. , -(haloR.sup. ),
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OR.sup. ,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2CH(OR.sup. ).sub.2; --O(haloR.sup. ), --CN,
--N.sub.3, --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2C(O)R.sup. ,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2C(O)OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2C(O)OR.sup. ,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2SR.sup. , --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2SH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2NH.sub.2, --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2NHR.sup. ,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2NR.sup. .sub.2, --NO.sub.2, --SiR.sup. .sub.3,
--OSiR.sup. .sub.3, --C(O)SR.sup. , --(C.sub.1-4 straight or
branched alkylene)C(O)OR.sup. , or --SSR.sup. wherein each R.sup.
is unsubstituted or where preceded by "halo" is substituted only
with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from
C.sub.1-4 aliphatic, --CH.sub.2Ph, --O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-1Ph, or a
5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having
0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or
sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom
of R.sup..smallcircle. include .dbd.O and .dbd.S.
[0243] Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of
an "optionally substituted" group include the following: .dbd.O,
.dbd.S, .dbd.NNR*.sub.2, .dbd.NNHC(O)R*, .dbd.NNHC(O)OR*,
.dbd.NNHS(O).sub.2R*, .dbd.NR*, .dbd.NOR*,
--O(C(R*.sub.2)).sub.2-3O--, or --S(C(R*.sub.2)).sub.2-3S--,
wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from
hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined
below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially
unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent
substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an
"optionally substituted" group include: --O(CR*.sub.2).sub.2-3O--,
wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from
hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined
below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially
unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
[0244] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include
halogen, --R.sup. , -(haloR.sup. ), --OH, --OR.sup. ,
--O(haloR.sup. ), --CN, --C(O)OH, --C(O)OR.sup. , --NH.sub.2,
--NHR.sup. , --NR.sup. .sub.2, or --NO.sub.2, wherein each R.sup.
is unsubstituted or where preceded by "halo" is substituted only
with one or more halogens, and is independently C.sub.1-4
aliphatic, --CH.sub.2Ph, --O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered
saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4
heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or
sulfur.
[0245] Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an
"optionally substituted" group include R.sup..dagger.,
--NR.sup..dagger..sub.2, --C(O)R.sup..dagger.,
--C(O)OR.sup..dagger., --C(O)C(O)R.sup..dagger.,
--C(O)CH.sub.2C(O)R.sup..dagger., --S(O).sub.2R.sup..dagger.,
--S(O).sub.2NR.sup..dagger..sub.2, --C(S)NR.sup..dagger..sub.2,
--C(NH)NR.sup..dagger..sub.2, or --N(Rt)S(O).sub.2R.sup..dagger.;
wherein each R.sup..dagger. is independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-6
aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted
--OPh, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially
unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the
definition above, two independent occurrences of R.sup..dagger.,
taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted
3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or
bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
[0246] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of
R.sup..dagger. are independently halogen, --R.sup. , -(haloR.sup.
), --OH, --OR.sup. , --O(haloR.sup. ), --CN, --C(O)OH,
--C(O)OR.sup. , --NH.sub.2, --NHR.sup. , --NR.sup. .sub.2, or
--NO.sub.2, wherein each R.sup. is unsubstituted or where preceded
by "halo" is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is
independently C.sub.1-4 aliphatic, --CH.sub.2Ph,
--O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially
unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
3. DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
A. Multiblock Copolymers
[0247] As described generally above, one embodiment of the present
invention provides a triblock copolymer of formula I:
##STR00002##
wherein the copolymers are chemically interspersed (bound) between
urethane and/or urea linkages (i.e., at the bond designated with )
and wherein each of X, Y, m, n, p, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, R.sup.1,
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 is as defined and
described herein.
[0248] As defined generally above, the each of X and Y groups of
formula I is independently a polymer or co-polymer chain formed
from one or more of a polyether, a polyester, a polycarbonate, and
a fluoropolymer.
[0249] Examples of polymer or co-polymer chains represented by X
and/or Y include: poly(ethylene oxide), poly(difluoromethyl
ethylene oxide), poly(trifluoromethyl ethylene oxide),
poly(propylene oxide), poly(difluoromethyl propylene oxide),
poly(propylene oxide), poly(trifluoromethyl propylene oxide),
poly(butylene oxide), poly(tetramethylene ether glycol),
poly(tetrahydrofuran), poly(oxymethylene), poly(ether ketone),
poly(etherether ketone) and copolymers thereof,
poly(dimethylsiloxane), poly(diethylsiloxane) and higher alkyl
siloxanes, poly(methyl phenyl siloxane), poly(diphenyl siloxane),
poly(methyl di-fluoroethyl siloxane), poly(methyl tri-fluoroethyl
siloxane), poly(phenyl di-fluoroethyl siloxane), poly(phenyl
tri-fluoroethyl siloxane) and copolymers thereof, poly(ethylene
terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene terephthalate ionomer) (PETI),
poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), poly(methylene naphthalate)
(PTN), poly(butylene teraphalate) (PBT), poly(butylene naphthalate)
(PBN), polycarbonate. In certain embodiments, the present invention
provides a pre-formed soft segment for a polyurethane/urea
foam.
[0250] In some embodiments X is a polyether and Y is a polyether.
More specifically in one case X and Y are both poly(propylene
oxide).
[0251] In certain embodiments, m and p are each independently
between 2 and 50 and n is between 2 and 20. In some embodiments, m
and p are each independently between 2 and 30 and n is between 2
and 20.
[0252] As defined generally above, each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is independently selected
from one or more of R, OR, --CO.sub.2R, a fluorinated hydrocarbon,
a polyether, a polyester or a fluoropolymer. In some embodiments,
one or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and
R.sup.6 is --CO.sub.2R. In some embodiments, one or more of
R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is
--CO.sub.2R wherein each R is independently an optionally
substituted C.sub.1-6 aliphatic group. In certain embodiments, one
or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6
is --CO.sub.2R wherein each R is independently an unsubstituted
C.sub.1-6 alkyl group. Exemplary such groups include methanoic or
ethanoic acid as well as methacrylic acid and other acrylic
acids.
[0253] In certain embodiments, one or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is independently R. In some
embodiments, one or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4,
R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is an optionally substituted C.sub.1-6
aliphatic group. In certain embodiments, one or more of R.sup.1,
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is an optionally
substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In other embodiments, one or more of
R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is an
optionally substituted group selected from phenyl, 8-10 membered
bicyclic aryl, a 4-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially
unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulphur, or 5-6 membered
monocyclic or 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl group having 1-4
heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or
sulphur. Exemplary such R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5
and R.sup.6 groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,
cyclopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, cyclobutyl, phenyl, pyridyl,
morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, and cyclohexyl.
[0254] In certain embodiments, one or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is independently --OR. In
some embodiments, one or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3,
R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is --OR wherein R is an optionally
substituted C.sub.1-6 aliphatic group. In certain embodiments, one
or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6
is --OR wherein R is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In other embodiments, one or
more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is
--OR wherein R is an optionally substituted group selected from
phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic aryl, a 4-8 membered monocyclic
saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2
heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or
sulphur, or 5-6 membered monocyclic or 8-10 membered bicyclic
heteroaryl group having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, or sulphur. Exemplary such R.sup.1, R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 groups include --Omethyl,
--Oethyl, --Opropyl, --Oisopropyl, --Ocyclopropyl, --Obutyl,
--Oisobutyl, --Ocyclobutyl, --Ophenyl, --Opyridyl, --Omorpholinyl,
--Opyrrolidinyl, --Oimidazolyl, and --Ocyclohexyl.
[0255] In certain embodiments, one or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is independently R wherein
each R is a C.sub.1-6 aliphatic group substituted with one or more
halogens. In some embodiments, each R is C.sub.1-6 aliphatic
substituted with one, two, or three halogens. In other embodiments,
each R is a perfluorinated C.sub.1-6 aliphatic group. Examples of
fluorinated hydrocarbons represented by R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3,
R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 include mono-, di-, tri, or
perfluorinated methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl. In some
embodiments, each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5
and R.sup.6 is trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, or
trifluoropropyl.
[0256] In certain embodiments, one or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5K and R.sup.6 is independently a
polyether. Examples of polyethers represented by R.sup.1, R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 include poly(ethylene oxide),
poly(difluoromethyl ethylene oxide), poly(trifluoromethyl ethylene
oxide), poly(propylene oxide), poly(difluoromethyl propylene
oxide), poly(propylene oxide), poly(trifluoromethyl propylene
oxide), poly(butylene oxide), poly(tetramethylene ether glycol),
poly(tetrahydrofuran), poly(oxymethylene), poly(ether ketone),
poly(etherether ketone) and copolymers thereof.
[0257] In certain embodiments, one or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is independently a polyester.
Examples of polyesters represented by R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3,
R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 include poly(ethylene terephthalate)
(PET), poly(ethylene terephthalate ionomer) (PETI), poly(ethylene
naphthalate) (PEN), poly(methylene naphthalate) (PTN),
poly(butylene teraphalate) (PBT), poly(butylene naphthalate) (PBN),
polycarbonate.
[0258] In certain embodiments, one or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is independently a
fluoropolymer. Examples of fluoropolymers represented by R.sup.1,
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 include
poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(methyl di-fluoroethyl siloxane),
poly(methyl tri-fluoroethyl siloxane), poly(phenyl di-fluoroethyl
siloxane).
[0259] In some embodiments, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4,
R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxylic
acids such as methanoic or ethanoic acid as well as methacrylic
acid and other acrylic acids. Alkyl or aryl hydrocarbons such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl and ethers thereof.
Fluorinated hydrocarbons such as mono-, di-, tri, or perfluorinated
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl. Polyether such as
Poly(ethylene oxide), poly(difluoromethyl ethylene oxide),
poly(trifluoromethyl ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide),
poly(difluoromethyl propylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide),
poly(trifluoromethyl propylene oxide), poly(butylene oxide),
poly(tetramethylene ether glycol), poly(tetrahydrofuran),
poly(oxymethylene), poly(ether ketone), poly(etherether ketone) and
copolymers thereof. Polyesters such as Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
(PET), poly(ethylene terephthalate ionomer) (PETI), poly(ethylene
naphthalate) (PEN), poly(methylene naphthalate) (PTN),
Poly(Butylene Teraphalate) (PBT), poly(butylene naphthalate) (PBN),
polycarbonate and fluoropolymer such as Poly(tetrafluoroethylene),
poly(methyl di-fluoroethyl siloxane), poly(methyl tri-fluoroethyl
siloxane), poly(phenyl di-fluoroethyl siloxane).
[0260] In some embodiments, m and p are between 2 and 50 and n is
between 2 and 20. In certain embodiments, m and o are between 2 and
30 and n is between 2 and 20.
[0261] As defined generally above, each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is
independently a bivalent C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbon chain wherein 1-4
methylene units of the hydrocarbon chain are optionally and
independently replaced by --O--, --S--, --N(R)--, --C(O)--,
--C(O)N(R)--, --N(R)C(O)--, --SO.sub.2--, --SO.sub.2N(R)--,
--N(R)SO.sub.2, --OC(O)--, --C(O)O--, or a bivalent cycloalkylene,
arylene, heterocyclene, or heteroarylene, provided that neither of
L.sup.1 nor L.sup.2 comprises a urea or urethane moiety. In some
embodiments, each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is independently a
bivalent C.sub.1-20 alkylene chain. In certain embodiments, each of
L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is independently a bivalent C.sub.1-10 alkylene
chain. In certain embodiments, each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is
independently a bivalent C.sub.1-6 alkylene chain. In certain
embodiments, each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is independently a
bivalent C.sub.1-4 alkylene chain. Exemplary such L.sup.1 and
L.sup.2 groups include methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene or
higher bivalent alkanes.
[0262] In some embodiments, each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is
independently a bivalent C.sub.1-20 alkylene chain wherein one
methylene unit of the chain is replaced by --O--. In some
embodiments, each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is independently a
bivalent C.sub.1-10 alkylene chain wherein one methylene unit of
the chain is replaced by --O--. In some embodiments, each of
L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is independently a bivalent C.sub.1-6 alkylene
chain wherein one methylene unit of the chain is replaced by --O--.
In some embodiments, each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is independently a
bivalent C.sub.i-4 alkylene chain wherein one methylene unit of the
chain is replaced by --O--. Exemplary such L.sup.1 and L.sup.2
groups include --OCH.sub.2--, --OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--,
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--, or higher bivalent alkylene
ethers.
[0263] In some embodiments, each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is
independently a bivalent C.sub.1-20 alkylene chain wherein at least
one methylene unit of the chain is replaced by --O-- and at least
one methylene unit of the chain is replaced by a bivalent arylene.
In some embodiments, each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is independently a
bivalent C.sub.1-10 alkylene chain wherein at least one methylene
unit of the chain is replaced by --O-- and at least one methylene
unit of the chain is replaced by a bivalent arylene. In some
embodiments, each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is independently a
bivalent C.sub.1-6 alkylene chain wherein at least one methylene
unit of the chain is replaced by --O-- and at least one methylene
unit of the chain is replaced by a bivalent arylene. In some
embodiments, each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is independently a
bivalent C.sub.1-4 alkylene chain wherein at least one methylene
unit of the chain is replaced by --O-- and at least one methylene
unit of the chain is replaced by a bivalent arylene. Exemplary such
L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 groups include --OCH.sub.2-phenylene-,
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2-phenylene-,
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2-phenylene-CH.sub.2--,
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2-phenylene-, and the like.
[0264] One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that a
polyurethane results from the reaction of a diisocyanate and a
hydroxyl group. Similarly, a polyurea results from the reaction of
a diisocyanate and an amine. Each of these reactions is depicted
below.
##STR00003##
[0265] Thus, it is readily apparent that provided compounds of
formula I can be functionalized with end groups suitable for
forming urethane and/or urea linkages. In certain embodiments, the
present invention provides a compound of formula II:
##STR00004##
wherein:
[0266] each of R.sup.x and R.sup.y is independently --OH,
--NH.sub.2, a protected hydroxyl or a protected amine;
[0267] each of X and Y is independently a polymer or co-polymer
chain formed from one or more of a polyether, a polyester, a
polycarbonate, and a fluoropolymer;
[0268] each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and
R.sup.6 is independently selected from one or more of R, OR,
--CO.sub.2R, a fluorinated hydrocarbon, a polyether, a polyester or
a fluoropolymer;
[0269] each R is independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted
C.sub.1-20 aliphatic group, or an optionally substituted group
selected from phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic aryl, a 4-8 membered
monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring
having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,
oxygen, or sulphur, or 5-6 membered monocyclic or 8-10 membered
bicyclic heteroaryl group having 1-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
[0270] each of m n and p is independently 2 to 100; and
[0271] each of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is independently a bivalent
C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbon chain wherein 1-4 methylene units of the
hydrocarbon chain are optionally and independently replaced by
--O--, --S--, --N(R)--, --C(O)--, --C(O)N(R)--, --N(R)C(O)--,
--SO.sub.2--, --SO.sub.2N(R)--, --N(R)SO.sub.2--, --OC(O)--,
--C(O)O--, or a bivalent cycloalkylene, arylene, heterocyclene, or
heteroarylene, provided that neither of L.sup.1 nor L.sup.2
comprises a urea or urethane moiety.
[0272] In some embodiments, each of X, Y, m, n, p, L.sup.1,
L.sup.2, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6
is as defined and described herein.
[0273] As defined generally above, each of R.sup.x and R.sup.y is
independently --OH, --NH.sub.2, a protected hydroxyl or a protected
amine. In some embodiments, both of R.sup.x and R.sup.y are --OH.
In other embodiments, both of R.sup.x and R.sup.y are --NH.sub.2.
In some embodiments one of R.sup.x and R.sup.y is --OH and the
other is --NH.sub.2.
[0274] In some embodiments, each of R.sup.x and R.sup.y is
independently a protected hydroxyl or a protected amine. Such
protected hydroxyl and protected amine groups are well known to one
of skill in the art and include those described in detail in
Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M.
Wuts, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, the entirety of
which is incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary protected
amines include methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamante,
9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl
carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoro enylmethyl carbamate,
2,7-di-t-butyl[9(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl
carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc),
2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl
carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ),
1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc),
1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl
carbamate (DBtBOC), 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloro ethyl carbamate
(TCBOC), 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc),
1-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (t-Bumeoc), 2-(2'-
and 4'-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pyoc),
2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl carbamate, t-butyl carbamate
(BOC), 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinyl carbamate (Voc), allyl
carbamate (Alloc), 1-isopropylallyl carbamate (Ipaoc), cinnamyl
carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc), 8-quinolyl
carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithio carbamate,
benzyl carbamate (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz),
p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzyl
carbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl
carbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl
carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl
carbamate, 2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate,
[2-(1,3-dithianyl)]methyl carbamate (Dmoc), 4-methylthiophenyl
carbamate (Mtpc), 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc),
2-phosphonioethyl carbamate (Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl
carbamate (Ppoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate,
m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl
carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate,
2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc),
m-nitrophenyl carbamate, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate,
o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate,
phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl carbamate, phenothiazinyl-(10)-carbonyl
derivative, N'-p-toluenesulfonylaminocarbonyl derivative,
N'-phenylaminothiocarbonyl derivative, t-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl
thiocarbamate, pcyanobenzyl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate,
cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclopropylmethyl
carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate, 2,2-dimethoxycarbonylvinyl
carbamate, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl carbamate,
1,1-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate,
1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate,
2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl
carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate,
p(p'-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl
carbamate, 1-methylcyclohexyl carbamate,
1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate,
1-methyl-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate,
1-methyl-1-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate,
1-methyl-1-phenylethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-pyridyl)ethyl
carbamate, phenyl carbamate, p-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate,
2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate, 4-(trimethylammonium)benzyl
carbamate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate, formamide, acetamide,
chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide,
phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide,
3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide,
p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide,
acetoacetamide, (N'-dithiobenzyloxycarbonylamino)acetamide,
3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide,
2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide,
2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide,
3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethionine
derivative, o-nitrobenzamide, o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide,
4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide
(Dts), N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole,
N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE),
5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one,
5-substituted 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one,
1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, N-methylamine, N-allylamine,
N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine (SEM),
N-3-acetoxypropylamine,
N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary
ammonium salts, Nbenzylamine, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine,
N-5-dibenzosuberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr),
N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr),
N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF),
N-2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino
(Fcm), N-2-picolylamino N'-oxide, N-1,1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine,
N-benzylideneamine, N-p-methoxybenzylideneamine,
N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N[(2-pyridyl)mesityl]methylene amine,
N-(N',N'-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, N,N'-isopropylidenediamine,
N-p-nitrobenzylideneamine, N-salicylidene amine,
N-5-chlorosalicylideneamine,
N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine,
N-cyclohexylideneamine, N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)amine,
N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinic acid derivative,
N[phenyl(pentacarbonylchromium- or tungsten)carbonyl]amine,
N-copper chelate, N-zinc chelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine,
amine N-oxide, diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp),
dimethylthiophosphinamide (Mpt), diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt),
dialkyl phosphoramidates, dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl
phosphoramidate, benzenesulfenamide, o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide
(Nps), 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide,
pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide,
triphenylmethylsulfenamide, 3-nitropyridinesulfenamide (Npys),
p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide,
2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr),
2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb),
2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme),
2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte),
4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs),
2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts),
2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds),
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc),
methanesulfonamide (Ms), .beta.-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide
(SES), 9-anthracenesulfonamide,
4-(4',8'-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS),
benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and
phenacylsulfonamide.
[0275] Exemplary hydroxyl protecting groups include methyl,
methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t-butylthiomethyl,
(phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM),
p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM),
guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM),
siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM),
2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl,
2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP),
3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl,
1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP),
4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl
S,S-dioxide, 1-[(2-chloro-4-methyl)phenyl]-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl
(CTMP), 1,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl,
2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-yl,
1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloro ethoxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl,
1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl,
2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl,
2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl,
p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl,
3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl,
2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, p-phenylbenzyl, 2-picolyl,
4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl N-oxido, diphenylmethyl,
p,p'-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl,
.alpha.-naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl,
di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl,
4-(4'-bromophenacyloxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl,
4,4',4''-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl,
4,4',4''-tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl,
4,4',4''-tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl,
3-(imidazol-1-yl)bis(4',4''-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl,
1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-pyrenylmethyl, 9-anthryl,
9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl,
1,3-benzodithiolan-2-yl, benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxido,
trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl
(TIPS), dimethylisopropylsilyl (IPDMS), diethylisopropylsilyl
(DEIPS), dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS),
t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl,
triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl (DPMS),
t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl (TBMPS), formate, benzoylformate,
acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate,
trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate,
phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, 3-phenylpropionate,
4-oxopentanoate (levulinate), 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate
(levulinoyldithioacetal), pivaloate, adamantoate, crotonate,
4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate,
2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate (mesitoate), alkyl methyl carbonate,
9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate (Fmoc), alkyl ethyl carbonate, alkyl
2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl
carbonate (TMSEC), 2-(phenylsulfonyl) ethyl carbonate (Psec),
2-(triphenylphosphonio) ethyl carbonate (Peoc), alkyl isobutyl
carbonate, alkyl vinyl carbonate alkyl allyl carbonate, alkyl
p-nitrophenyl carbonate, alkyl benzyl carbonate, alkyl
p-methoxybenzyl carbonate, alkyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl carbonate,
alkyl o-nitrobenzyl carbonate, alkyl p-nitrobenzyl carbonate, alkyl
S-benzyl thiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy 1-napththyl carbonate, methyl
dithiocarbonate, 2-iodobenzoate, 4-azidobutyrate,
4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o-(dibromomethyl)benzoate,
2-formylbenzenesulfonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl,
4-(methylthiomethoxy)butyrate, 2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate,
2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxyacetate,
2,6-dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate,
2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate,
isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate,
o-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoate, .alpha.-naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl
N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, alkyl N-phenylcarbamate,
borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate,
sulfate, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate
(Ts). For protecting 1,2- or 1,3-diols, the protecting groups
include methylene acetal, ethylidene acetal, 1-t-butylethylidene
ketal, 1-phenylethylidene ketal, (4-methoxyphenyl)ethylidene
acetal, 2,2,2-trichloroethylidene acetal, acetonide,
cyclopentylidene ketal, cyclohexylidene ketal, cycloheptylidene
ketal, benzylidene acetal, p-methoxybenzylidene acetal,
2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene ketal, 3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene acetal,
2-nitrobenzylidene acetal, methoxymethylene acetal, ethoxymethylene
acetal, dimethoxymethylene ortho ester, 1-methoxyethylidene ortho
ester, 1-ethoxyethylidine ortho ester, 1,2-dimethoxyethylidene
ortho ester, .alpha.-methoxybenzylidene ortho ester,
1-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylidene derivative, .alpha.-(N,N'
dimethylamino)benzylidene derivative, 2-oxacyclopentylidene ortho
ester, di-t-butylsilylene group (DTBS),
1,3-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxanylidene) derivative (TIPDS),
tetra-t-butoxydisiloxane-1,3-diylidene derivative (TBDS), cyclic
carbonates, cyclic boronates, ethyl boronate, and phenyl
boronate.
[0276] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the
choice of hydroxyl and amine protecting groups can be such that
these groups are removed at the same time (e.g., when both
protecting groups are acid labile or base labile). Alternatively,
such groups can be removed in a step-wise fashion (e.g., when one
protecting group is removed first by one set of removal conditions
and the other protecting group is removed second by a different set
of removal conditions). Such methods are readily understood by one
of ordinary skill in the art.
[0277] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a
compound of any of formulae II-a, II-b, II-c, and II-d:
##STR00005##
wherein each of X, Y, m, n, p, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, R', R.sup.2,
R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 is as defined and described
herein.
[0278] Exemplary triblock copolymers of the present invention are
set forth below:
##STR00006## ##STR00007##
wherein each of m, n, and p is as defined and described herein.
[0279] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a
polymer foam, comprising: [0280] (a) one or more triblock
copolymers of formula I:
[0280] ##STR00008## [0281] wherein each of X, Y, m, n, p, L.sup.1,
L.sup.2, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6
is as defined and described herein; and [0282] (b) wherein the
copolymers are chemically interspersed (bound) between urethane
and/or urea linkages (i.e., at the bond designated with ).
[0283] The invention further provides a pre-formed soft segment of
the formula I as defined above. In some embodiments, the present
invention provides a polyurethane/urea foam comprising a soft
segment triblock copolymer of formula I.
[0284] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a
viscoelastic biostable water blown foam, comprising: [0285] (a) one
or more triblock copolymers of formula I:
[0285] ##STR00009## [0286] wherein each of X, Y, m, n, p, L.sup.1,
L.sup.2, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6
is as defined and described herein; and [0287] (b) wherein the
copolymers are chemically interspersed (bound) between urethane
and/or urea linkages (i.e., at the bond designated with ).
[0288] It has been surprisingly found that polyurethanes and/or
polyureas comprising a triblock copolymer of the present invention
are stable to gastric fluid. Such polyurethanes and polyureas
prepared using triblock copolymers of the present invention are
viscoelastic and stable to gastric fluid. In some embodiments, a
provided viscoelastic material is a foam.
[0289] In certain embodiments, a provided biostable foam is stable
to gastric fluid. In some embodiments, a provided biostable foam is
stable to gastric fluid for at least one year. In some embodiments,
a provided biostable foam is stable to gastric fluid for at least 3
months, for at least 4 months, for at least 5 months, for at least
6 months, for at least 7 months, for at least 8 months, for at
least 9 months, for at least 10 months, for at least 11 months, or
for at least one year. Methods for determining stability of a
provided biostable foam are known in the art utilizing simulated
gastric fluid and include those described in detail in the
Exemplification, infra.
[0290] In some embodiments, a provided viscoelastic foam,
comprising a triblock copolymer of the present invention, is
characterized in that the foam takes up less than about 30% by
weight of water at equilibrium. In certain embodiments, a provided
viscoelastic foam takes up less than about 5%, less than about 10%,
less than about 15%, less than about 20%, less than about 25%, or
less than about 30% by weight of water at equilibrium. One of
ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that such chemical
stability (i.e., in gastric fluid and therefore at very low pH) and
hyrophobicity (i.e., water uptake of less than about 30% by weight)
are characterisitics that differ dramatically from known siloxane
polymers that are utilized in, e.g., the manufacture of contact
lenses. For example, siloxane polymer that are utilized in, e.g.,
the manufacture of contact lenses require a water uptake of
50-120%.
[0291] As described above, the present invention provides a
viscoelastic foam comprising a triblock copolymer of the present
invention. It was suprisingly found that a provided foam has a high
elongation capacity and the ability to recover very slowly
following elongation. Indeed, it was found that a provided
viscoelastic foam has an elongation capacity of about 200-1200%. In
some embodiments, a provided viscoelastic foam has an elongation
capacity of about 500%.
[0292] In some embodiments, a provided viscoelastic foam has a
tensile strength of about 0.1 to about 1.0 MPa. In certain
embodiments, a provided viscoelastic foam has a tensile strength of
about 0.25 to about 0.5 MPa.
[0293] In some embodiments, a provided viscoelastic foam has a
Young's Modulus of about 0.1 to about 0.6 MPa. In certain
embodiments, a provided viscoelastic foam has a Young's Modulus of
about 0.1 to about 0.5 MPa.
[0294] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that,
depending upon the physical characteristics required for a
particular use of a provided foam, a foam of varying densities can
be prepared. For example, a valve having a thinner wall would
require a foam having a higher density than a similar valve having
a thicker wall in order to result in each valve having a similar
physical characteristic (e.g., tensile strength, and the like).
Thus, in certain embodiments, a provided viscoelastic foam has a
density of 0.1 to 1.5 g/cm.sup.3. In certain embodiments, a
provided viscoelastic foam has a density of 0.3 to 1.2 g/cm.sup.3.
In certain embodiments, a provided viscoelastic foam has a density
of 0.8 to 0.9 g/cm.sup.3. In some embodiments, a provided
viscoelastic foam has a density of 0.5 to 0.6 g/cm.sup.3.
[0295] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides
polyether-siloxane and polyether-fluorosiloxane polyurethane
materials with a greatly reduced number of weak-links as
illustrated by FIG. 86 and FIG. 87. This was achieved by preforming
the soft segment prior to the polyurethane reaction. In the
examples below a triblock copolymer based on polydimethyl siloxane
and polypropylene oxide was used but it will be appreciated that
other triblock copolymers such as those formed from polysiloxanes
and poly(ethylene oxide), poly(difluoromethyl ethylene oxide),
poly(trifluoromethyl ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide),
poly(difluoromethyl propylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide),
poly(trifluoromethyl propylene oxide), poly(butylene oxide),
poly(tetramethylene ether glycol), poly(tetrahydrofuran),
poly(oxymethylene), poly(ether ketone), poly(etherether ketone) and
copolymers thereof, poly(dimethylsiloxane), poly(diethylsiloxane)
and higher alkyl siloxanes, poly(methyl phenyl siloxane),
poly(diphenyl siloxane), poly(methyl di-fluoroethyl siloxane),
poly(methyl tri-fluoroethyl siloxane), poly(phenyl di-fluoroethyl
siloxane), poly(phenyl tri-fluoroethyl siloxane) and copolymers
thereof, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene
terephthalate ionomer) (PETI), poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN),
poly(methylene naphthalate) (PTN), poly(butylene teraphalate)
(PBT), poly(butylene naphthalate) (PBN) and polycarbonate could be
used.
[0296] Referring to FIG. 86, copolymers of the form ABA, ABC and
BAB were produced from homopolymers of polysiloxane and
polypropylene oxide which were covalently linked using bonds less
labile than urethane/urea. The molecular weight and chemical
characteristics of such homopolymers were tailored to achieve a
pre-soft-segment with the appropriate balance of
hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. Without wishing to be bound by any
particular theory, it is believe that by using a non-urethane
linked tri-block copolymer instead of the constituent homopolymers
as soft segments that the mechanical characteristics and hydrolytic
stability of the resulting material is substantially improved.
[0297] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a foam
comprising a copolymer of the present invention. Such foams offer
specific advantages over solid elastomers, especially for
gastrointestinal device applications. These advantages include
enhanced biostability in the gastric environment, compressibility,
viscoelasticity and high `surface area to volume ratio`. The foam
formulations of the invention can mimic mechanical characteristics
of the native gastrointestinal tissue.
[0298] A biostable water blown foam was prepared from heterogenous
reagents.
[0299] The prior art describes polyurethane foams that are prepared
by the sequential reaction of polymer chains to one another
resulting in a high molecular weight solid material. In all cases
the polymeric precursors described in the art are linked together
by urethane/urea linkages as illustrated in FIG. 85. However, each
urethane/urea linkage is a possible site for degradation.
[0300] In the invention we have prepared a biostable
polyurethane/urea foam with much fewer `weak links` by using
co-polymer precursors as shown in FIG. 86.
[0301] Polyurethane reactions have historically been carried out in
a single phase due to ease of processing. However, we have made
novel materials by combining physically heterogenous reaction
pre-cursors together to form a stable two-phase dispersion
(water-in-oil') which was then reacted to form a foam.
EXEMPLIFICATION
[0302] In two specific examples X and Y are both polyethers namely
polypropylene oxide) (PPO). These were formulated into copolymers
with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and poly(trifluoropropyl
methylsiloxane) respectively in varying ratios as described by the
following formulae:
##STR00010##
[0303] The formulations contained a number of other components
including:
Branching agent--DEOA
##STR00011##
[0304] Diethanolamine (DEOA) is used as a branching agent although
it is sometimes known as a crosslinking agent. The molecular weight
of DEOA is 105.14 g/mol. The effect of the DEOA is to influence
softness and elasticity of the end polymer.
Gelling Catalyst--Bismuth Neodecanoate (BICAT)
##STR00012##
[0306] Bismuth neodecanoate is supplied as BiCat 8108M from
Shepherd. It has a molecular weight of 722.75 g/mol. This catalyst
is used to facilitate the complete reaction between isocyanate and
hydroyl or amine functional groups.
Blowing Catalyst--DABCO 33-lv
##STR00013##
[0308] DABCO is a common blowing catalyst for reaction between NCO
and H.sub.2O. It has a molecular weight of 112.17 g/mol. This
catalyst has the effect, in combination with H.sub.2O, of
manipulating the foam rise characteristics.
Example 1
Synthesis of Aliphatic Linked Fluorosiloxane Based Triblock
Copolymer Pre-Soft-Segment
[0309] This is a 2 step process. In the first step silanol
terminated poly(trifluoropropyl methyl siloxane) is converted into
its dihydride derivative. In the next step, this dihydride
derivative is reacted with the allyl terminated poly(propylene
glycol).
[0310] The synthetic procedure is as follows:
[0311] Step 1:
##STR00014##
[0312] To a 4 neck separable flask fitted with mechanical stirrer,
was added 40 g of Silanol terminated poly(trifluoropropyl
methylsiloxane) (FMS-9922 from Gelest Inc.) and this was mixed with
50 ml of toluene and fitted with a continuous flush of Nitrogen. To
the reaction mixture 7.57 g of dimethyl chlorosilane (DMCS, from
Sigma Aldrich) was added slowly over about 20 minutes keeping the
temperature of the mixture constant at 30.degree. C. With each
addition of dimethyl chlorosilane, the mixture became hazy but
cleared in a short period of time. Once the addition of dimethyl
chlorosilane was complete, the mixture was heated to 90.degree. C.
for 3 hours. The reaction was then washed with excess water several
times to reduce the acidity of the mixture. The resulting mixture
was dried over silica gel, filtered and vacuumed to remove solvent
and traces of water at 65.degree. C. overnight. A clear fluid was
then obtained with a very strong Si--H band in infra red
spectroscopy (IR) at 2130 cm.sup.-1, which confirms the reaction.
GPC analysis showed the molecular weight to be 1200 g/mol.
[0313] Step 2:
##STR00015##
[0314] To 90 ml of reagent grade toluene in a 4 neck separable
flask fitted with mechanical stirrer, 46.67 g of Allyl terminated
poly(propylene glycol) (MW=700 g/mol, Jiangsu GPRO Group Co.) was
added and then heated to reflux. Then 40 g of Hydride terminated
FMS-9922 was dissolved in 50 ml of reagent grade toluene and the
temperature raised to around 90.degree. C. To the reaction mixture
2 drops of hexachloroplatinic(IV) acid (0.01M H.sub.2PtCl.sub.6
from Sigma) solution in isopropanol (by Merck) was then added.
After this catalyst solution had been added, the mixture was
refluxed for 1 hour and the solvent distilled off in order to get
the final product. The reaction was followed by H-NMR and gel
permeation chromatography (GPC) confirmed the final molecular
weight to be 2700 g/mol.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Resulting polymer block ratios Stoiciometric
ratios for reaction product: Polymer block PO F--SiO PO m n p Ratio
11 9.7 11
Example 2
Synthesis of Aliphatic Linked Dimethylsiloxane Based Triblock
Copolymer Pre-Soft-Segment
[0315] To 130 ml of reagent grade toluene in a separable flask
fitted with a mechanical stirrer, was added 64 g of allyl
terminated poly(propylene glycol) (MW=700 g/mol, Jiangsu GPRO Co.)
and both were mixed and heated to reflux. Then 40 g of hydride
terminated poly(dimethyl siloxane) (Silmer H Di 10 by Siltech
Corp.) was dissolved in 50 ml reagent grade toluene and the
temperature raised to around 90.degree. C. To this reaction mixture
2 drops of hexachloroplatinic(IV) acid (0.01M H.sub.2PtCl.sub.6
from Sigma) solution in isopropanol was added. After this catalyst
solution was added, the mixture was refluxed for 1 hour and then
the solvent was distilled off in order to get the final product.
The reaction was followed with H-NMR and gel permeation
chromatography (GPC) confirmed the final molecular weight of the
product to be 2300 g/mol.
##STR00016##
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Polymer block ratios Stoiciometric ratios
for reaction product: Polymer block PO SiO PO m n p Ratio 11 11
11
Example 3
Synthesis of Aromatic Linked Siloxane Based Triblock Copolymer
Pre-Soft-Segment
##STR00017##
[0317] To a 100 ml separable flask fitted with a mechanical
stirrer, 15 g of hydroxy terminated polydimethyl siloxane (DMS-S14
from Gelest Inc.) was added along with 5.36 g of di-chloro p-xylene
(from Sigma) and 0.0089 g of Copper(II) acetylacetonate
(Cu(Acac).sub.2 from Sigma). The reaction mixture was refluxed at
110.degree. C. for 5 hrs. At this point, 19.77 g of hydroxy
terminated poly(propylene glycol) (from Sigma) was added dropwise
and the reaction mixture was then refluxed for another 15 hr. The
progress of reaction was followed by .sup.1H-NMR and the final
molecular weight, determined by gel permeation chromatography
(GPC), was 3000 g/mol.
[0318] H-NMR analysis: Solvent used for .sup.1H-NMR analysis is
CDCl.sub.3.
[0319] Aromatic H=7.25-7.45 ppm, --CH.sub.2=4.5-4.6 ppm, --CH.sub.3
(of PPO)=1-1.4 ppm, --CH.sub.2 (of PPO)=3.2-3.8 ppm, --OH (of
PPO)=3.8-4 ppm, --CH.sub.3(silanol)=0.5-0.8 ppm.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Resulting polymer block ratios Stoiciometric
ratios for reaction product: Polymer block PO SiO PO m n p Ratio 14
15.5 14
Example 4
Synthesis of Aromatic Linked Fluorosiloxane Based Triblock
Copolymer Pre-Soft-Segment
##STR00018##
[0321] To a 100 ml separable flask fitted with a mechanical
stirrer, 15 g of hydroxy terminated polytrifluoromethyl siloxane
(FMS-9922, Gelest inc.) was added along with 5.9 g of di-chloro
p-xylene and 0.0098 g of copper(II) acetylacetonate (Cu(Acac).sub.2
from Sigma). The reaction mixture was refluxed at 110.degree. C.
for 5 hrs. At this point, 21.75 g of hydroxy terminated
poly(propylene glycol) (from Sigma) was added dropwise to the
reaction mixture. The reaction was refluxed for another 15 hr. The
progress of reaction was followed by .sup.1H-NMR analysis and the
molecular weight, determined by gel permeation chromatography
(GPC), was 3100 g/mol.
[0322] .sup.1H-NMR analysis: Solvent used for H-NMR analysis is
CDCl.sub.3.
[0323] Aromatic .sup.1H=7.25-7.45 ppm, --CH.sub.2=4.5-4.6 ppm,
--CH.sub.3 (of PPO)=1-1.4 ppm, --CH.sub.2 (of PPO)=3.2-3.8 ppm,
--OH (of PPO)=3.8-4 ppm, --CH.sub.3(silanol)=0.5-0.8 ppm.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Polymer block ratios Stoiciometric ratios
for reaction product: Polymer block PO FSiO PO m n p Ratio 14 9.2
14
Example 5
Preparation of Water Blown Foam
[0324] The pre-soft segments prepared can be described as having
polymer block ratios which are numerically represented by the
letters m, n and o for the constituents PO/SiO/PO respectively. The
triblock copolymers prepared in Examples 1 and 2 with specific m,
n, o ratios were formulated into polyurethane/urea foams as
illustrated by Table 7.
[0325] The process for preparing the foam was a two-step procedure.
The following describes the method of manufacture of the first
product in Table 7. The same procedure was used to prepare other
foams as described by Table 8. [0326] Step 1) Firstly a mixture was
made with 0.041 g of DABCO LV-33 (Airproducts), 0.120 g of bismuth
neodecanoate (Bicat 8108M from Shepherd chemicals), 0.467 g of
diethanol amine (DEOA, from Sigma), 7.917 g of synthesized block
copolymer, 0.200 g water and 0.1 g of surfactant (Niax L-618 from
Airproducts) in a plastic flat bottomed container. This is then
thoroughly mixed manually for 30 sec until a homogenous mixture was
obtained. [0327] Step 2) To the above mixture, 15 g of a
diisocyanate prepolymer (PPT 95A Airproducts) was added. This was
then thoroughly mixed by a mechanical stirrer for about 5 seconds.
The material was then molded and cured at 70.degree. C. for 2.5
hours and post cured at 50.degree. C. for another 3 hours.
TABLE-US-00005 [0327] TABLE 5 Formulation details for foam Polymer
block Formulation (PO/SiO/PO) Identification Ratio m:n:p DABCO
BICAT DEOA H.sub.2O VF230209A 11:11:11 0.0325 0.015 0.40 1.0
VF090309B 11:9:11 0.0325 0.015 0.40 1.0
Example 6
Comparative Example of Formulation of Water Blown Foam from
Triblock Copolymer Pre-Soft Segment and Individual Homopolymers
[0328] Polyurethane/urea polymer foams from Example 5 were compared
to foams made from the stoiciometric equivalent homopolymer soft
segments. The foams with homopolymer based soft segments (VF130309
and VF190309) shown in FIG. 88 were produced as follows (VF130309):
[0329] Step 1) Firstly a mixture was made with 0.041 g of DABCO
LV-33 (Airproducts), 0.120 g of bismuth neodecanoate (Bicat 8108M
from Shepherd chemicals), 0.467 g of diethanol amine (DEOA, from
Sigma), 3.056 g of poly(dimethyl siloxane) diol (DMS-s14 Gelest
Inc.), 1.633 g of polypropylene oxide (Mw=700 g/mol), 0.200 g water
and 0.1 g of surfactant (Niax L-618 from Airproducts). These were
added to a plastic flat bottomed container and were thoroughly
mixed manually for 30 sec until a homogenous mixture was obtained.
[0330] Step 2) To the above mixture, 15 g of a diisocyanate
prepolymer (PPT 95A Airproducts) was added. This was then
thoroughly mixed by a mechanical stirrer for 5 seconds. The
material was then molded and cured at 70.degree. C. for 2.5 hours
and post cured at 50.degree. C. for another 3 hours.
[0331] The foams in this example were made into dumbell shapes for
tensile testing. FIGS. 88 and 89 illustrate the difference in
mechanical behaviour between the comparative materials indicating a
favourable lowering in modulus for the triblock copolymer
pre-soft-segments.
Example 7
Comparative Stability of Triblock Copolymer Soft Segment Versus
Homopolymer Soft Segment
[0332] Tensile test specimens were prepared in the same manner to
the materials used in Example 4 and were subjected to accelerated
aging in simulated gastric fluid (as per United States
Pharmacopeia, "USP"). The materials produced with the
pre-synthesised triblock copolymer soft segments resulted in
substantially improved mechanical stability in gastric fluid as
compared to the urethane/urea linked homopolymer equivalent as
illustrated in FIG. 90. This facilitates the use of such materials
for prolonged periods in digestive and more specifically gastric
environments.
Example 8
Preparation of Water Blown Foams
[0333] Several water blown polyurethane/urea foams were also
produced with varying PO/EO/SiO polymer block ratios. The process
for preparing the foam as described above was used.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Water blown formulations incorporating
siloxane containing copolymer pre-soft-segments. Polymer block
ratio (PO/EO/SiO) m:n:p DABCO BICAT DEOA H.sub.2O 41.5:8.3:0.5
0.114 0.022 0.22 2.72 40.2:7.8:0.5 0.114 0.022 0.22 2.72 37.5:7:0.5
0.114 0.022 0.22 2.72 33.5:5.7:0.5 0.114 0.022 0.22 2.72
29.6:4.4:0.5 0.114 0.022 0.22 2.72 21.6:1.8:0.5 0.114 0.022 0.22
2.72 19:1:0.5 0.114 0.022 0.22 2.72 29.6:4.5:1.1 0.114 0.022 0.22
2.72
[0334] The results from the formulations described in Table 6 are
shown in Table 7.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Results from mechanical testing of foams
from Table 5 Polymer block ratio (PO/EO/SiO) m:n:p % Elongation
Tensile Strength (N) 41.5:8.3:0.5 233 0.46 40.2:7.8:0.5 243 0.31
37.5:7:0.5 237 0.3 33.5:5.7:0.5 260 0.23 29.6:4.4:0.5 320 0.23
21.6:1.8:0.5 497 0.23 19:1:0.5 462 0.22 29.6:4.5:1.1 437 0.29
Example 9
Use Example
[0335] Devices for use in the gastrointestinal system have
historically not been made from specifically designed materials.
Off the shelf materials used for application in the corrosive
environment of the stomach have limited biostability and generally
lose their functionality after a short time.
[0336] The foam of the invention can be used for production of a
valve of the type described in our US2007-0198048A, the entire
contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The valve
has an open position and a closed position. The valve will have a
proximal end and a distal end. The valve material can open from the
proximal direction when the action of swallowing (liquid or solid)
stretches an oriface by between 100% and 3000% in circumference.
The open orifice optionally closes non-elastically over a prolonged
period of time, thus mimicking the body's natural response. The
duration taken to close may be between 2 and 15 sec. The material
can stretch to between 100%-300% from the distal direction when
gas, liquid or solids exceeds a pre-determined force of between 25
cmH.sub.2O and 60 cmH.sub.2O. In some embodiments, the material
absorbs less than 15% of its own mass of water at equilibrium. In
some embodiments, the material loses (leaches) less than 3% of it's
own mass at equilibrium in water or alcohol. In some embodiments,
the material loses less than 10% of its tensile strength when
immersed in a simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2 for 30 days. In
some embodiments, the valve material loses less than 25% of its %
elongation when immersed in a simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2 for
30 days.
Example 10
Valve Functional Testing
[0337] The healthy lower esophageal sphincter (LES) remains closed
until an individual induces relaxation of the muscle by swallowing
and thus allowing food to pass in the antegrade direction.
Additionally when an individual belches or vomits they generate
enough pressure in the stomach in the retrograde direction to
overcome the valve. An anti-reflux valve must enable this
functionality when placed in the body, thus a simple functional
test is carried out to asses performance.
[0338] It has been reported that post fundoplication patients have
yield pressures between 22-45 mmHg and that most of the patients
with gastric yield pressure above 40 mmHg experienced problems
belching. See Yield pressure, anatomy of the cardia and
gastro-oesophageal reflux. Ismail, J. Bancewicz, J. Barow British
Journal of Surgery. Vol: 82, 1995, pages: 943-947. Thus, in order
to facilitate belching but prevent reflux, an absolute upper GYP
value of 40 mmHg (550 mmH.sub.2O) is reasonable. It was also
reported that patients with visible esophagitis all have gastric
yield pressure values under 15 mmHg, therefore, there is good
reason to selectively target a minimum gastric yield pressure value
that exceeds 15 mmHg. See Id. An appropriate minimum gastric yield
pressure value would be 15 mmHg+25% margin of error thus resulting
in a minimum effective valve yield pressure value of 18.75 mmHg or
255 mmH.sub.2O.
[0339] The test apparatus consists of a 1 m high vertical tube as
shown in FIG. 91, to which is connected a peristaltic pump and a
fitting that is designed to house the valve to be tested.
[0340] The valve to be tested is placed in a water bath at
37.degree. C. for 30 minutes to allow its temperature to
equilibrate. Once the temperature of the valve has equilibrated it
is then installed into the housing such that the distal closed end
of the valve faces the inside of the test apparatus. The pump is
then switched on at a rate of 800 ml/min to begin filling the
vertical tube. The rising column of water exerts a pressure that
forces the valve shut initially. As the pressure in the column
rises the valve reaches a point where it everts and allows the
water to flow through. This point, known as the yield pressure, is
then recorded and the test repeated four times.
Example 11
Rationale for Accelerated Aging of Material
[0341] Clinical Condition being Simulated
[0342] The lower esophagus of a normal patient can be exposed to
the acidic contents of the stomach periodically without any adverse
side effects. However, patients with gastro esophageal reflux
disease experience damage to the mucosa of the lower esophagus due
to increased exposure to the gastric contents. Exposure of the
lower esophagus to acidic gastric contents is routinely measured in
the clinic using dedicated pH measurement equipment. A typical
procedure involves measuring pH over a 24-hour period. The levels
of acid exposure in pathological reflux disease patients is
summarised in Table 8 from six clinical references. See DeMeester T
R, Johnson L F, Joseph G J, et al. Patterns of Gastroesophageal
Reflux in Health and Disease Ann. Surg. October 1976 459-469;
Pandolfino J E, Richter J E, Ours T, et al. Ambulatory Esophageal
pH Monitoring Using a Wireless System Am. J. Gastro 2003; 98:4;
Mahmood Z, McMahon B P, Arfin Q, et al. Results of endoscopic
gastroplasty for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a one year
prospective follow-up Gut 2003; 52:34-9; Park P O, Kjellin T,
Appeyard M N, et al. Results of endoscopic gastroplasty suturing
for treatment of GERD: a multicentre trial Gastrointest endosc
2001; 53:AB115; Filipi C J, Lehman G A, Rothstein R I, et al.
Transoral flexible endoscopic suturing for treatment of GERD: a
multicenter trial Gastrointest endosc 2001; 53 416-22; and Arts J,
Slootmaekers S Sifrim D, et al. Endoluminal gastroplication
(Endocinch) in GERD patient's refractory to PPI therapy
Gastroenterology 2002; 122:A47.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Summary of acid exposure in patients with
reflux disease Investigator Number of patients Details % 24 h <
pH 4 DeMeester 54 Combined refluxers 13.5 Pandolfino 41 Gerd 6.5
Mahmood 21 Gerd 11.11 Park 142 Gerd 8.5 Filipi 64 Gerd 9.6 Arts 20
Gerd 17 Average 11.035
Key Clinical Parameters
[0343] Considering that the lower esophagus is exposed to the
acidic pH exposure time for an average of 11% of the measurement
period, an accelerated aging methodology can easily be conceived.
Constant exposure of a test material to the gastric contents (or
USP Simulated Gastric Fluid--Reference USP Pharmacopeia) would
represent an almost 10-fold increase in the rate of aging. Thus the
time required to simulate one year of exposure of the lower
esophagus to the gastric contents is described by equation 1.
( 11.035 100 ) .times. 365 days = 40.28 days Equation 1
##EQU00001##
Clinical Rationale
[0344] Immersion of test specimens in USP Simulated gastric fluid
for 40.27 days at 37.degree. C. will approximate one year's
exposure of the lower esophagus to acidic gastric contents in a
GERD patient's scenario.
TABLE-US-00009 Simulated Exposure Real Time 1 year 40.28 days 2
years 80.56 days 3 years 120.84 days
[0345] Results of accelerated stability of a valve prepared from a
viscoelastic foam of the present invention are depicted in FIGS.
92A and 92B.
[0346] While we have described a number of embodiments of this
invention, it is apparent that our basic examples may be altered to
provide other embodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of
this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of
this invention is to be defined by the appended claims rather than
by the specific embodiments that have been represented by way of
example.
[0347] The invention is not limited to the embodiments hereinbefore
described which may be varied in detail.
* * * * *