U.S. patent application number 12/606055 was filed with the patent office on 2010-05-13 for methods and compositions for prolonging elimination half-times of bioactive compounds.
This patent application is currently assigned to Genentech, Inc.. Invention is credited to Warren L. DeLano, Mark S. Dennis, Henry B. Lowman.
Application Number | 20100121039 12/606055 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 22630310 |
Filed Date | 2010-05-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100121039 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Dennis; Mark S. ; et
al. |
May 13, 2010 |
METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR PROLONGING ELIMINATION HALF-TIMES OF
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS
Abstract
Peptide ligands having affinity for IgG or for serum albumin are
disclosed. Also disclosed are hybrid molecules comprising a peptide
ligand domain and an active domain. The active domain may comprise
any molecule having utility as a therapeutic or diagnostic agent.
The hybrid molecules of the invention may be prepared using any of
a number techniques including production in and purification from
recombinant organisms transformed or transfected with an isolated
nucleic acid encoding the hybrid molecule, or by chemical synthesis
of the hybrid. The hybrid molecules have utility as agents to alter
the elimination half-times of active domain molecules. Elimination
half-time is altered by generating a hybrid molecule of the present
invention wherein the peptide ligand has binding affinity for a
plasma protein. In a preferred embodiment, a bioactive molecule
having a short elimination half-time is incorporated as or into an
active domain of the hybrid molecules of the invention, and the
binding affinity of the peptide ligand domain prolongs the
elimination half-time of the hybrid as compared to that of the
bioactive molecule.
Inventors: |
Dennis; Mark S.; (San
Carlos, CA) ; Lowman; Henry B.; (El Granada, CA)
; DeLano; Warren L.; (San Carlos, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Arnold & Porter LLP (24126);Attn: IP Docketing Dept.
555 Twelfth Street, N.W.
Washington
DC
20004-1206
US
|
Assignee: |
Genentech, Inc.
|
Family ID: |
22630310 |
Appl. No.: |
12/606055 |
Filed: |
October 26, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10149835 |
Jun 14, 2002 |
7608681 |
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PCT/US00/35325 |
Dec 22, 2000 |
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12606055 |
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60173048 |
Dec 24, 1999 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
530/402 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K 2317/55 20130101;
C07K 16/461 20130101; C07K 16/22 20130101; A61K 47/68 20170801;
A61K 47/65 20170801; A61K 47/643 20170801; C07K 14/001 20130101;
A61K 38/00 20130101; A61K 47/62 20170801; C07K 16/24 20130101; C07K
1/047 20130101; C07K 7/08 20130101; A61K 2039/505 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
530/402 |
International
Class: |
C07K 1/107 20060101
C07K001/107 |
Claims
1-60. (canceled)
61. A method of prolonging the elimination half-time of an antibody
or antibody fragment comprising conjugating the antibody or
antibody fragment to a serum albumin binding amino acid sequence,
wherein the elimination half time of the antibody or antibody
fragment exceeds that of an antibody or antibody fragment lacking a
serum albumin binding amino acid sequence.
62. The method of claim 61 wherein the antibody fragment comprises
a Fab.
63. The method of claim 61 wherein the antibody fragment comprises
a F(ab').sub.2.
64. The method of any one of claims 61-63 wherein the affinity of
the serum albumin binding amino acid sequence for albumin is
characterized by an equilibrium dissociation constant (K.sub.d)
that is less than about 1 .mu.M.
65. The method of any one of claims 61-63 wherein the affinity of
the serum albumin binding amino acid sequence for albumin is
characterized by a K.sub.d of less than about 500 nM.
66. The method of any one of claims 61-63 wherein the affinity of
the serum albumin binding amino acid sequence for albumin is
characterized by a K.sub.d of less than about 50 nM.
67. The method of any one of claims 61-63 wherein the affinity of
the serum albumin binding amino acid sequence for albumin is
characterized by a K.sub.d between about 1 .mu.M and 1 nM.
68. The method of claim 61, wherein the serum albumin binding amino
acid sequence comprises the amino acid sequence
(Xaa).sub.x-Xaa-Xaa.sub.1-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-(Xaa).sub.z-
, wherein Xaa-Xaa.sub.1-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa is
Asp-Xaa.sub.1-Cys-Leu-Pro-Xaa-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp (SEQ ID NO:116),
wherein Xaa or Xaa.sub.1 is any amino acid, and x and z are 0 to 5
amino acids.
69. The method of claim 68 wherein x is 4 and z is 3.
70. The method of claim 68 wherein x is 5 and z is 4.
71. The method of claim 68 wherein Xaa.sub.1 is Ile, Phe, Tyr or
Val.
72. The method of claim 68 wherein
Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa is
Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp (SEQ ID NO: 120).
73. The method of claim 68 wherein
Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa is
Met-Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp-Glu-Asp (SEQ ID
NO: 121).
74. The method of claim 68 wherein
Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa is
Gln-Arg-Leu-Met-Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp-Glu-Asp-A-
sp-Phe (SEQ ID NO: 122).
75. The hybrid molecule of claim 68 wherein
Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa is
Gln-Gly-Leu-Ile-Gly-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp-Gly-Asp-S-
er-Val (SEQ ID NO: 123).
76. The method of claim 68 wherein
Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa is
Gln-Gly-Leu-Ile-Gly-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp-Gly-Asp-S-
er-Val-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 124).
77. The method of claim 68 wherein
Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa is
Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp-Glu-Asp-Asp (SEQ ID
NO: 125).
78. The method of claim 68 wherein
Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa is
Arg-Leu-Met-Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp-Glu-Asp-Asp
(SEQ ID NO: 126).
79. The method of claim 68 wherein
Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa is
Met-Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp-Glu-Asp-Asp
(SEQ ID NO: 127).
80. The method of claim 61 wherein the amino acid sequence is
cyclized by the presence of disulfide-bonded Cys residues.
81. The method of claim 61 wherein the amino acid sequence is less
than about 50 amino acid residues.
82. The method of claim 61 wherein the amino acid sequence is less
than about 40 amino acid residues.
83. The method of claim 61 wherein the amino acid sequence is about
20 amino acid residues.
85. The method of claim 61 further comprising a bioactive compound.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to novel compounds termed peptide
ligands which bind a predetermined molecule such as a plasma
protein. In particular aspects, the invention relates to
compositions comprising a hybrid molecule comprising a peptide
ligand domain and an active domain such as a biologically active
molecule. The active domain may comprise a molecule useful for
diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. In preferred embodiments, the
hybrid compositions comprising the peptide ligand domain and active
domain have improved pharmacokinetic or pharmacological properties.
The invention further provides for the research, diagnostic and
therapeutic use of the peptide ligand and includes compositions
such as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the peptide ligand
molecules.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED DISCLOSURES
[0002] Phage-display provides a means for generating constrained
and unconstrained peptide libraries (Devlin et al., (1990) Science
249:404-406; Cwirla et al., (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
87:6378-6382; Lowman (1997) Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct.
26:401-424). These libraries can be used to identify and select
peptide ligands that can bind a predetermined target molecule
(Lowman (1997), supra); Clackson and Wells (1994) Trends
Biotechnol. 12:173-184; Devlin et al., (1990) supra). The technique
has been used to identify peptide motifs that home to a cellular
target (Arap et al., (1998) Science 279:377-380); bind the human
type Iinterleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor blocking the binding of
IL-.alpha. (Yanofsky et al., (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
93:7381-7386); bind to and activate the receptor for the cytokine
erythropoietin (EPO) (Wrighton et al., (1996) Science 273:458-463);
bind the human thrombopoietin receptor and compete with the binding
of the natural ligand thrombopoietin (TPO)(Cwirla et al., (1996)
Science 276:1696-1699), or to generate affinity improved or matured
peptide ligands from native protein binding ligands (Lowman et al.,
(1991) Biochemistry 30:10832-10838).
[0003] Using structurally constrained peptide libraries generated
by monovalent phage display, 14 amino acid peptides that
specifically bind to insulin-like growth factor 1 binding proteins
(IGFBPs) have been isolated (Lowman et al. (1998), Biochemistry
37:8870-8878). The peptides contain a helix structure and bind
IGFBPs in vitro liberating insulin like growth factor-a (IGF-1)
activity (Lowman et al., (1998) supra). Utilizing in vivo phage
selection peptides capable of mediating selective localization to
various organs such as brain and kidney (Pasqualini and Ruoslohti
(1996) Nature 380:364-366) as well as peptides that home to
particular tumor types bearing .alpha..sub.V.beta..sub.3 or
.alpha.V.beta..sub.5 integrins have been identified (Arap et al.
(1998), Science 279:377-380). U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,263 describes
peptides that are recognized by and selectively bind the
.alpha..sub.5.beta..sub.1 integrin. Examples of affinity or
specificity improved proteins include human growth hormone, zinc
fingers, protease inhibitors, atrial natriuretic factor, and
antibodies (Wells, J. and Lowman H. (1992), Curr. Opin. Strides.
Biol. 2:597-604; Clackson, T. and Wells, J. (1994), Trends
Biotechnol. 12:173-184; Lowman et al., (1991) Biochemistry
30(10):832-838; Lowman and Wells J. (1993), J. Mol. Biol.
234:564-578; Dennis M. and Lazarus R. (1994), J. Biol. Chem.
269(22):137-144).
[0004] It has been suggested that the pharmakodynamics of insulin
are altered if bound to serum albumin. Acylation of insulin with
saturated fatty acids containing 10-16 carbon atoms produces
insulin with affinity for albumin (Kurtzhals, P. et al. (1995)
Biochem. J. 312:725-731). Differences in albumin binding affinity
among acylated insulins were correlated with the timing of the
blood-glucose lowering effects of the various molecules after
subcutaneous injection into rabbits. Tighter binding to albumin was
correlated with a delay in blood glucose lowering, possibly due to
acylated insulin binding albumin in the subcutaneous tissue,
resulting in a lower absorption rate of the acylated insulins when
compared with non-acylated insulin.
[0005] A serum albumin-CD4 conjugate in which the V1 and V2 domains
of CD4 were fused with human serum albumin (HSA) has been described
(Yeh, P. et al. (1992), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1904-1908).
The conjugate's elimination half-time was 140-fold that of a
soluble CD4 (sCD4) in a rabbit experimental model.
[0006] Extended in vivo half-times of human soluble complement
receptor type 1 (sCR1) fused to the albumin binding domains from
Streptococcal protein G have been reported (Makrides, S. et al.
(1996) J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 277:532-541). The constructs
contained albumin binding domains of protein G having approximately
80 amino acids (fragment BA), and approximately 155 amino acids
(fragment BABA).
[0007] The pharmacokinetics of a labeled IgG binding domain derived
from the Z domain of protein A having approximately 60 amino acids
and of a serum albumin binding domain derived from Streptococcal
protein G (B-domain) having approximately 200 amino acids have been
described (EP 0 486,525).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention provides novel compounds that bind to
plasma proteins. The compounds of the present invention (referred
to as peptide ligands) are, for example, peptides or peptide
derivatives such as peptide mimetics and peptide analogs. According
to preferred aspects of the invention, the compounds are
non-naturally occurring amino acid sequences that bind plasma
proteins such as serum albumin or a portion of an immunoglobulin,
as for example, IgG-Fc. Preferably the peptide ligand is a
non-naturally occurring amino acid sequence of between about 10 and
20 amino acid residues.
[0009] Such compounds preferably bind a desired plasma protein with
an affinity characterized by a dissociation constant, K.sub.d, that
is less than about 100 .mu.M, preferably less than about 100 nM,
and preferably do not substantially bind other plasma proteins.
Specific examples of such compounds include linear or cyclic,
especially cyclic peptides, preferably between about 10 and 20
amino acid residues in length, and combinations thereof, optionally
modified at the N-terminus or C-terminus or both, as well as their
salts and derivatives, functional analogues thereof and extended
peptide chains carrying amino acids or polypeptides at the termini
of the sequences.
[0010] Preferred peptide ligands bind IgG-Fc and include linear and
cyclic peptides, preferably cyclic peptide compounds comprising the
following core formula:
[0011] Xaa.sub.i-Cys-Xaa.sub.j-Cys-Xaa.sub.k, wherein Xaa.sub.i is
absent or is a peptide of between 1 and 4 amino acids, preferably 4
amino acids; X.sub.j is preferably 9 amino acids having a preferred
sequence Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Val-Trp (SEQ ID NO: 9); or
Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp (SEQ ID NO: 10); or
Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-Xaa.sub.3-Xaa.sub.4-Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp (SEQ ID
NO: 10), wherein Xaa.sub.1 preferably is Ala, Ser, or Thr;
Xaa.sub.2 preferably is Trp or Tyr, Xaa.sub.3 preferably is His, or
Trp; Xaa.sub.4 preferably is Leu or Met, and Xaa.sub.k is absent or
between 1 and 5 amino acids, preferably 5 amino acids, so long as
the cyclic peptide or analog thereof retains the qualitative
biological activity of IgG-Fc binding.
[0012] Preferred among this group of compounds are compounds that
bind IgG-Fc comprising the sequence:
TABLE-US-00001 (SEQ ID NO: 11)
Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-
Val-Trp-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa; (SEQ ID NO: 12)
Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Gly-Glu-Leu-
Val-Trp-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa; (SEQ ID NO: 13)
Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-Xaa.sub.3-Xaa.sub.4-Cys-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6-Xaa.sub.7--
Xaa.sub.8-Gly-
Glu-Leu-Val-Trp-Cys-Xaa.sub.9-Xaa.sub.10-Xaa.sub.11-Xaa.sub.12-Xaa.sub.13,
wherein Xaa.sub.5 is Ala, Ser, or Thr; Xaa.sub.6 is Trp or Tyr;
Xaa.sub.7 is His or Trp; and Xaa.sub.8 is Leu or Met; and (SEQ ID
NO: 14)
Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-Xaa.sub.3-Xaa.sub.4-Cys-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6-Xaa.sub.7--
Xaa.sub.8-Gly-
Glu-Leu-Val-Trp-Cys-Xaa.sub.9-Xaa.sub.10-Xaa.sub.11-Xaa.sub.12-Xaa.sub.13
wherein Xaa.sub.4 is Ser, Arg, or Asp; Xaa.sub.5 is Ala, Ser, or
Thr; Xaa.sub.6 is Trp or Tyr; Xaa.sub.7 is His or Trp; Xaa.sub.8 is
Leu or Met; and Xaa.sub.9 is Glu, Ser, Thr or Val.
[0013] Preferred peptide ligands that bind serum albumin include
linear and cyclic peptides, preferably cyclic peptide compounds
comprising the following formulae:
and
TABLE-US-00002 (Xaa).sub.x-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-
Xaa-(Xaa).sub.z (SEQ ID NO: 113)
(Xaa).sub.x-Phe-Cys-Xaa-Asp-Trp-Pro-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Ser-
Cys-(Xaa).sub.z (SEQ ID NO: 114)
(Xaa).sub.x-Val-Cys-Tyr-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Ile-Cys-Phe-(Xaa).sub.z (SEQ ID
NO: 115) (Xaa).sub.x-Cys-Tyr-Xaa1-Pro-Gly-Xaa-Cys-(Xaa).sub.z (SEQ
ID NO: 116) (Xaa).sub.x-Asp-Xaa-Cys-Leu-Pro-Xaa-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-
Trp-(Xaa).sub.z
[0014] Preferred are peptide compounds of the general formulae
wherein Xaa is an amino acid and x and z are a whole number greater
or equal to 0 (zero), generally less than 100, preferably less than
10 and more preferably 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 and more preferably 4 or
5 and Xaa.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of Ile, Phe,
Tyr and Val.
[0015] In particular aspects the invention is directed to
combinations of a peptide ligand with a bioactive compound to form
a hybrid molecule that comprises a peptide ligand domain and an
active domain. The bioactive compounds of the invention include any
compound useful as a therapeutic or diagnostic agent. Non-limiting
examples of bioactive compounds include polypeptides such as
enzymes, hormones, cytokines, antibodies or antibody fragments, as
well as organic compounds such as analgesics, antipyretics,
antiinflammatory agents, antibiotics, antiviral agents, anti-fungal
drugs, cardiovascular drugs, drugs that affect renal function and
electrolyte metabolism, drugs that act on the central nervous
system and chemotherapeutic drugs, to name but whew.
[0016] In preferred embodiments, the hybrid molecules comprising a
peptide ligand domain and an active domain have improved
pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties as compared to the
same bioactive molecule comprising the active domain but lacking
the peptide ligand domain. The improved pharmacokinetic or
pharmacodynamic properties of the hybrids thereby provide for
low-dose pharmaceutical formulations and novel pharmaceutical
compositions. In certain aspects, the invention provides for
methods of using the novel compositions including the therapeutic
or diagnostic use of the hybrid molecules.
[0017] In particular aspects, the invention is directed to
combinations of peptide ligands with bioactive compounds that have
relatively short elimination half-times. The combinations are
prepared with various objectives in mind, including improving the
therapeutic or diagnostic efficacy of the bioactive compound in
aspects of the invention involving in vivo use of the bioactive
compound, by for example, increasing the elimination half-time of
the bioactive compound. Fusing or linking (i.e., "conjugating") the
peptide ligand directed against a plasma protein such as serum
albumin, an immunoglobulin, an apolipoprotein or transferrin to a
bioactive compound provides compositions with increased elimination
half-times. Such combinations or fusions are conveniently made in
recombinant host cells, or by the use of bifunctional crosslinking
agents.
[0018] Other aspects of the invention include methods and
compositions to purify antibodies using peptide ligands having
binding affinity for immunoglobulins, such as, for example, the
IgG-Fc peptide ligands disclosed herein.
[0019] The present invention further extends to therapeutic and
diagnostic applications for the compositions described herein.
Therefore, the invention includes pharmaceutical compositions
comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and the hybrid
molecules of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] FIG. 1. Phage competitive ELISA assay showing IgG binding of
peptide-ligand tagged anti-VEGF Fab-phagemid particles. Four
different constructs are shown: pY0192-569 (large filled circles),
pY0192-570 (large open circles), PY0317-569 (small filled circles),
and pY0317-570 ("x"'s).
[0021] FIG. 2. BIAcore.TM. analysis of IgG binding to
peptide-ligand tagged anti-VEGF Fab Y0317-570 (tagged; top panel)
Y0317 Fab (control; bottom panel). A cartoon illustration at top
shows a model for the binding events observed in the tagged Fab
experiment.
[0022] FIG. 3. Group average serum concentration vs. time data
(.+-.SD) are presented in the figure for Fab-Y0317-570 and
Fab-Y0317.
[0023] FIG. 4. The peptide sequences displayed by phage clones
selected for binding to rabbit, human or rat albumin are shown in
FIG. 4. Also indicated is the ability of individual phage clones to
bind the 3 species of immobilized albumin.
[0024] FIGS. 5A and 5B. Sequences identified following soft
randomization are shown in FIG. 5 along with their species
specificity as determined by phage ELISA.
[0025] FIG. 6. Clones originating from the RB soft randomization
library were found by ELISA to bind each of these species of
albumin and were specific for albumin based upon their lack of
binding to ovalbumin and casein.
[0026] FIG. 7. Clones that bind to multiple species of albumin
(multi-species binders) are listed in FIG. 7.
[0027] FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C. Sequences from libraries selected
against rat, rabbit and human albumin are shown in FIGS. 8A, 8B,
and 8C respectively.
[0028] FIG. 9. Peptides corresponding to identified phage sequences
were synthesized and their affinity for rat, rabbit or mouse
albumin measured using the SA08b binding assay.
[0029] FIG. 10 A peptides corresponding to the SA06 identified
phage sequence was synthesized and its affinity for rat, rabbit or
mouse albumin measured using the SA08b binding assay.
[0030] FIG. 11. The SA06 sequence was added to the carboxy terminus
of either light chain (D3H44-L) or heavy chain (D3H44-Ls) of the
Fab. In addition, identical constructs were made with the
intra-chain disulfide replaced by alanines (D3H44-Ls and D3H44-Hs,
respectively) as depicted in FIG. 11.
[0031] FIG. 12. Purified D3H44 fusions retained their ability to
bind TF as measured using a FX activation assay.
[0032] FIG. 13. Purified D3H44 fusions retained their ability to
bind TF as measured using a prothrombin time assay that measures
prolongation of tissue factor dependent clotting.
[0033] FIG. 14 Unlike D3H44 lacking the albumin binding sequence
(WT), both D3H44-L and D3H44-Ls are able to bind to albumin as
measured in the SA08b binding assay.
[0034] FIG. 15 Both D3H44 albumin-binding fusions are capable of
binding TF and albumin simultaneously as judged by a biotin-TF
binding assay.
[0035] FIG. 16 Fusion of the albumin binding peptide to D3H44
results in a protein having improved pharmacokinetic
parameters.
[0036] FIG. 17. Fusion of the albumin binding peptide to D3H44
results in a protein having improved pharmacokinetic
parameters.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
I. Definitions
[0037] The term "peptide ligand" within the context of the present
invention is meant to refer to non-naturally occurring amino acid
sequences that function to bind a particular target molecule.
Peptide ligands within the context of the present invention are
generally constrained (that is, having some element of structure
as, for example, the presence of amino acids which initiate a
.beta. turn or .beta. pleated sheet, or for example, cyclized by
the presence of disulfide-bonded Cys residues) or unconstrained
(linear) amino acid sequences of less than about 50 amino acid
residues, and preferably less than about 40 amino acids residues.
Of the peptide ligands less than about 40 amino acid residues,
preferred are the peptide ligands of between about 10 and about 30
amino acid residues and especially the peptide ligands of about 20
amino acid residues. However, upon reading the instant disclosure,
the skilled artisan will recognize that it is not the length of a
particular peptide ligand but its ability to bind a particular
target molecule that distinguishes the peptide ligand of the
present invention. Therefore peptide ligands of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 and
25 amino acid residues, for example, are equally likely to be
peptide ligands within the context of the present invention.
[0038] A peptide ligand of the present invention will bind a target
molecule with sufficient affinity and specificity if the peptide
ligand "homes" to, "binds" or "targets" a target molecule such as a
specific cell type bearing the target molecule in vitro and
preferably in vivo (see, for example, the use of the term "homes
to," "homing," and "targets" in Pasqualini and Ruoslahti (1996)
Nature, 380:364-366 and Arap et al., (1998) Science, 279:377-380).
In general, the peptide ligand will bind a target molecule with an
affinity characterized by a dissociation constant, K.sub.d, of less
than about 1 .mu.M, preferably less than about 100 nM and more
preferably less than about 10 nM. However, peptide ligands having
an affinity for a target molecule of less than about 1 nM and
preferably between about 1 pM and 1 nM are equally likely to be
peptide ligands within the context of the present invention. In
general a peptide ligand that binds a particular target molecule as
described above can be isolated and identified by any of a number
of art-standard techniques as described herein.
[0039] Peptides ligands are amino acid sequences as described above
which may contain naturally as well as non-naturally occurring
amino acid residues. Therefore, so-called "peptide mimetics" and
"peptide analogs" which may include non-amino acid chemical
structures that mimic the structure of a particular amino acid or
peptide may be peptide ligands within the context of the invention.
Such mimetics or analogs are characterized generally as exhibiting
similar physical characteristics such as size, charge or
hydrophobicity present in the appropriate spacial orientation as
found in their peptide counterparts. A specific example of a
peptide mimetic compound is a compound in which the amide bond
between one or more of the amino acids is replaced by, for example,
a carbon-carbon bond or other bond as is well known in the art
(see, for example Sawyer, in Peptide Based Drug Design pp. 378-422
(ACS, Washington D.C. 1995)).
[0040] Therefore, the term "amino acid" within the scope of the
present invention is used in its broadest sense and is meant to
include naturally occurring L .alpha.-amino acids or residues. The
commonly used one and three letter abbreviations for naturally
occurring amino acids are used herein (Lehninger, A. L.,
Biochemistry, 2d ed., pp. 71-92, (1975), Worth Publishers, New
York). The correspondence between the standard single letter codes
and the standard three letter codes is well known to the skilled
artisan; and is reproduced here: A=Ala; C=Cys; D=Asp; E=Glu; F Phe;
G=Gly; H=His; I=Ile; K=Lys; L=Leu; M=Met; N=Asn; P=Pro; Q=Gln;
R=Arg; S=Ser; T=Thr, V=Val; W=Trp; Y=Tyr. The term includes D-amino
acids as well as chemically modified amino acids such as amino acid
analogs, naturally occurring amino acids that are not usually
incorporated into proteins such as norleucine, and chemically
synthesized compounds having properties known in the art to be
characteristic of an amino acid. For example, analogs or mimetics
of phenylalanine or proline, which allow the same conformational
restriction of the peptide compounds as natural Phe or Pro are
included within the definition of amino acid. Such analogs and
mimetics are referred to herein as "functional equivalents" of an
amino acid. Other examples of amino acids are listed by Roberts and
Vellaccio The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology, Gross and
Meiehofer, eds., Vol. 5 p. 341, Academic Press, Inc., N.Y. 1983,
which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0041] Peptide ligands synthesized by, for example, standard solid
phase synthesis techniques, are not limited to amino acids encoded
by genes. Commonly encountered amino acids which are not encoded by
the genetic code, include, for example, those described in
International Publication No. WO 90/01940 such as, for example,
2-amino adipic acid (Aad) for Glu and Asp; 2-aminopimelic acid
(Apm) for Glu and Asp; 2-aminobutyric (Abu) acid for Met, Leu, and
other aliphatic amino acids; 2-aminoheptanoic acid (Ahe) for Met,
Leu and other aliphatic amino acids; 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib)
for Gly; cyclohexylalanine (Cha) for Val, and Leu and Ile;
homoarginine (Har) for Arg and Lys; 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dpr)
for Lys, Arg and His; N-ethylglycine (EtGly) for Gly, Pro, and Ala;
N-ethylglycine (EtGly) for Gly, Pro, and Ala; N-ethylasparigine
(EtAsn) for Asn, and Gln; Hydroxyllysine (Hyl) for Lys;
allohydroxyllysine (AHyl) for Lys; 3-(and 4)-hydroxyproline (3Hyp,
4Hyp) for Pro, Ser, and Thr; allo-isoleucine (AIle) for Ile, Leu,
and Val; .rho.-amidinophenylalanine for Ala; N-methylglycine
(MeGly, sarcosine) for Gly, Pro, and Ala; N-methylisoleucine
(MeIle) for Ile; Norvaline (Nva) for Met and other aliphatic amino
acids; Norleucine (Nle) for Met and other aliphatic amino acids;
Ornithine (Orn) for Lys, Arg and His; Citrulline (Cit) and
methionine sulfoxide (MSO) for Thr, Asn and Gln;
N-methylphenylalanine (MePhe), trimethylphenylalanine, halo (F, Cl,
Br, and I) phenylalanine, trifluorylphenylalanine, for Phe.
[0042] Peptide ligands within the context of the present invention
may be "engineered", i.e., they are non-native or non-naturally
occurring peptide ligands. By "non-native" or "non-naturally
occurring" is meant that the amino acid sequence of the particular
peptide ligand is not found in nature. That is to say, amino acid
sequences of non-native or non-naturally occurring peptide ligands
do not correspond to an amino acid sequence of a naturally
occurring protein or polypeptide. Peptide ligands of this variety
may be produced or selected using a variety of techniques well
known to the skilled artisan. For example, constrained or
unconstrained peptide libraries may be randomly generated and
displayed on phage utilizing art standard techniques, for example,
Lowman et al., (1998) Biochemistry 37: 8870-8878.
[0043] Peptide ligands, when used within the context of the present
invention, may be "conjugated" to a therapeutic or diagnostic
substance. The term "conjugated" is used in its broadest sense to
encompass all methods of attachment or joining that are known in
the art. For example, in a typical embodiment, the therapeutic or
diagnostic substance is a protein (referred to herein as a "protein
therapeutic"), and the peptide ligand will be an amino acid
extension of the C- or N-terminus of the protein therapeutic. In
addition, a short amino acid linker sequence may lie between the
protein therapeutic and the peptide ligand. In this scenario, the
peptide ligand, optional linker and protein therapeutic will be
coded for by a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding protein
therapeutic operably linked to (in the sense that the DNA sequences
are contiguous and in reading frame) an optional linker sequence
encoding a short polypeptide as described below, and a sequence
encoding the peptide ligand. In this typical scenario, the peptide
ligand is considered to be "conjugated" to the protein therapeutic
optionally via a linker sequence. In a related embodiment, the
peptide ligand amino acid sequence may interrupt or replace a
section of the protein therapeutic amino acid sequence, provided,
of course, that the insertion of the peptide ligand amino acid
sequence does not interfere with the function of the protein
therapeutic. In this embodiment, the "conjugate" may be coded for
by a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding protein
therapeutic interrupted by and operably linked to a sequence
encoding the peptide ligand. In a further typical embodiment, the
peptide will be linked, e.g., by chemical conjugation to the
protein therapeutic or other therapeutic optionally via a linker
sequence. Typically, according to this embodiment, the peptide
ligand will be linked to the protein therapeutic via a side chain
of an amino acid somewhere in the middle of the protein therapeutic
that doesn't interfere with the therapeutic's activity. Here again,
the peptide is considered to be "conjugated" to the
therapeutic.
[0044] As used within the context of the present invention the term
"target molecule" includes, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins,
glycopeptides, glycolipids, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides,
nucleic acids, and the like. Target molecules include, for example,
extracellular molecules such as various serum factors including but
not limited to plasma proteins such as serum albumin,
immunoglobulins, apolipoproteins or transferrin, or proteins found
on the surface of erythrocytes or lymphocytes, provided, of course,
that binding of the peptide ligand to the cell surface protein does
not substantially interfere with the normal function of the
cell.
[0045] "Antibodies" and "immunoglobulins" are usually
heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about 150,000 Daltons, composed
of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H)
chains.
[0046] Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical
antigen-binding fragments, called "Fab" fragments or regions, each
with a single antigen-binding site, and a residual "Fc" fragment or
region. Although the boundaries of the Fc region of an
immunoglobulin heavy chain might vary, the human IgG heavy chain Fc
region is usually defined to stretch from an amino acid residue at
position Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus
thereof.
[0047] Pepsin treatment yields an F(ab').sub.2 fragment that has
two antigen-combining sites and is still capable of cross-linking
antigen. The Fab' fragment contains the constant domain of the
light chain and the first constant domain (CH1) of the heavy
chain.
[0048] "Treatment" refers to both therapeutic treatment and
prophylactic or preventative measures. Those in need of treatment
include those already with the disorder as well as those in which
the disorder is to be prevented.
[0049] "Mammal" for purposes of treatment refers to any animal
classified as a mammal, including humans, domestic and farm
animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses,
cats, cows, etc. Preferably, the mammal is human.
[0050] A "disorder" is any condition that would benefit from
treatment with the compositions comprising the peptide ligands of
the invention. This includes chronic and acute disorders or
diseases including those pathological conditions which predispose
the mammal to the disorder in question.
[0051] "Elimination half-time" is used in its ordinary sense, as is
described in Goodman and Gillman's The Pharmaceutical Basis of
Therapeutics 21-25 (Alfred Goodman Gilman, Louis S. Goodman, and
Alfred Gilman, eds., 6th ed. 1980). Briefly, the term is meant to
encompass a quantitative measure of the time course of drug
elimination. The elimination of most drugs is exponential (i.e.,
follows first-order kinetics), since drug concentrations usually do
not approach those required for saturation of the elimination
process. The rate of an exponential process may be expressed by its
rate constant, k, which expresses the fractional change per unit of
time, or by its half-time, t 1/2, the time required for 50%
completion of the process. The units of these two constants are
time.sup.-1 and time, respectively. A first-order rate constant and
the half-time of the reaction are simply related (k.times.t
1/2=0.693) and may be interchanged accordingly. Since first-order
elimination kinetics dictates that a constant fraction of drug is
lost per unit time, a plot of the log of drug concentration versus
time is linear at all times following the initial distribution
phase (i.e. after drug absorption and distribution are complete).
The half-time for drug elimination can be accurately determined
from such a graph.
[0052] "Transfection" refers to the taking up of an expression
vector by a host cell whether or not any coding sequences are in
fact expressed. Numerous methods of transfection are known to the
ordinarily skilled artisan, for example, CaPO.sub.4 precipitation
and electroporation. Successful transfection is generally
recognized when any indication of the operation of this vector
occurs within the host cell.
[0053] "Transformation" means introducing DNA into an organism so
that the DNA is replicable, either as an extrachromosomal element
or by chromosomal integrant. Depending on the host cell used,
transformation is done using standard techniques appropriate to
such cells. The calcium treatment employing calcium chloride, as
described in section 1.82 of Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning
(2nd ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY (1989), is generally
used for prokaryotes or other cells that contain substantial
cell-wall barriers. Infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens is
used for transformation of certain plant cells, as described by
Shaw et al., (1983) Gene, 23:315 and WO 89/05859 published 29 Jun.
1989. For mammalian cells without such cell walls, the calcium
phosphate precipitation method described in sections 16.30-16.37 of
Sambrook et al., supra, is preferred. General aspects of mammalian
cell host system transformations have been described by Axel in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,216 issued 16 Aug. 1983. Transformations into
yeast are typically carried out according to the method of Van
Solingen et al., (1977) J. Bact., 130:946 and Hsiao et al., (1979)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 76:3829. However, other methods for
introducing DNA into cells such as by nuclear injection,
electroporation, or by protoplast fusion may also be used.
[0054] As used herein, the term "pulmonary administration" refers
to administration of a formulation of the invention through the
lungs by inhalation. As used herein, the term "inhalation" refers
to intake of air to the alveoli. In specific examples, intake can
occur by self-administration of a formulation of the invention
while inhaling, or by administration via a respirator, e.g., to an
patient on a respirator. The term "inhalation" used with respect to
a formulation of the invention is synonymous with "pulmonary
administration."
[0055] As used herein, the term "parenteral" refers to introduction
of a compound of the invention into the body by other than the
intestines, and in particular, intravenous (i.v.), intraarterial
(i.a.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), intramuscular (i.m.),
intraventricular, and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes.
[0056] As used herein, the term "aerosol" refers to suspension in
the air. In particular, aerosol refers to the particlization of a
formulation of the invention and its suspension in the air.
According to the present invention, an aerosol formulation is a
formulation comprising a compound of the present invention that is
suitable for aerosolization, i.e. particlization and suspension in
the air, for inhalation or pulmonary administration.
II. Modes for Carrying out the Invention
[0057] A. Peptide Ligands
[0058] Peptide ligands within the context of the present invention
bind a target, preferably a serum protein such as serum albumin or
an immunoglobulin, and can be identified in a direct binding assay,
or by their ability to compete for target binding with a known
ligand for the target. Preferred peptide ligands that bind serum
albumin include linear and cyclic peptides, preferably cyclic
peptide compounds comprising the following formulae or are peptides
that compete for binding serum albumin of a particular mammalian
species with peptides of the following formulae:
TABLE-US-00003 (Xaa).sub.x-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-
Xaa-(Xaa).sub.z (SEQ ID NO: 113)
(Xaa).sub.x-Phe-Cys-Xaa-Asp-Trp-Pro-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Ser-
Cys-(Xaa).sub.z (SEQ ID NO: 114)
(Xaa).sub.x-Val-Cys-Tyr-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Ile-Cys-Phe-(Xaa).sub.z (SEQ ID
NO: 115) (Xaa).sub.x-Cys-Tyr-Xaa1-Pro-Gly-Xaa-Cys-(Xaa).sub.z and
(SEQ ID NO: 116)
(Xaa).sub.x-Asp-Xaa-Cys-Leu-Pro-Xaa-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-
Trp-(Xaa).sub.z
Preferred are peptide compounds of the foregoing general formulae
wherein Xaa is an amino acid and x and z are a whole number greater
or equal to 0 (zero), generally less than 100, preferably less than
10 and more preferably 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 and more preferably 4 or
5 and wherein Xaa.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of
Ile, Phe, Tyr and Val.
[0059] Further preferred peptide ligands that bind a serum albumin
are identified as described herein in the context of the following
general formulae
(Xaa).sub.x-Trp-Cys-Asp-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Xaa-Ala-Xaa-Asp-Leu-Cys-(Xaa-
).sub.z (SEQ ID NO: 117) and
(Xaa).sub.x-Asp-Leu-Val-Xaa-Leu-Gly-Leu-Glu-Cys-Trp-(Xaa).sub.z
(SEQ ID NO: 118) wherein Xaa is an amino acid and x and z are a
whole number greater or equal to zero, generally less than 100,
preferably less than 10 and more preferably 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 and
more preferably 4 or 5.
[0060] According to this aspect of the invention reference is made
to the Figures and especially FIGS. 5A and 5B, 8A, 8B and 8C and
FIG. 9 for exemplary peptides and appropriate amino acids for
selecting peptides ligands that bind a mammalian serum albumin. In
a preferred aspect, reference is made to FIG. 9 for selecting
peptide ligands that bind across several species of serum
albumin.
[0061] Preferred compounds according to this aspect of the
invention include:
TABLE-US-00004 (SEQ ID NO: 119)
Asp-Leu-Cys-Leu-Arg-Asp-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp (SEQ ID NO: 120)
Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp (SEQ ID NO: 121)
Met-Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu- Trp-Glu-Asp (SEQ
ID NO: 122) Gln-Arg-Leu-Met-Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-
Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp-Glu-Asp-Asp-Phe (SEQ ID NO: 123)
Gln-Gly-Leu-Ile-Gly-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-
Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp-Gly-Asp-Ser-Val (SEQ ID NO: 124)
Gln-Gly-Leu-Ile-Gly-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-
Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp-Gly-Asp-Ser-Val-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 125)
Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-Trp- Glu-Asp-Asp (SEQ
ID NO: 126) Arg-Leu-Met-Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-
Cys-Leu-Trp-Glu-Asp-Asp (SEQ ID NO: 127)
Met-Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu- Trp-Glu-Asp-Asp
(SEQ ID NO: 121) Met-Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Pro-Arg-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-
Trp-Glu-Asp (SEQ ID NO: 128)
Arg-Leu-Met-Glu-Asp-Ile-Cys-Leu-Ala-Arg-Trp-Gly-
Cys-Leu-Trp-Glu-Asp-Asp (SEQ ID NO: 129)
Glu-Val-Arg-Ser-Phe-Cys-Thr-Asp-Trp-Pro-Ala-Glu-
Lys-Ser-Cys-Lys-Pro-Leu-Arg-Gly (SEQ ID NO: 130)
Arg-Ala-Pro-Glu-Ser-Phe-Val-Cys-Tyr-Trp-Glu-Thr-
Ile-Cys-Phe-Glu-Arg-Ser-Glu-Gln (SEQ ID NO: 131)
Glu-Met-Cys-Tyr-Phe-Pro-Gly-Ile-Cys-Trp-Met
[0062] In a preferred embodiment, peptide ligands of the present
invention bind IgG-Fc and can be identified by their ability to
compete for binding of IgG-Fc in an in vitro assay with a peptide
ligand having the general formula:
[0063] Xaa.sub.i-Cys-Xaa.sub.j-Cys-Xaa.sub.k, wherein Xaa.sub.i is
absent or is a peptide of between 1 and 4 amino acids, preferably 4
amino acids; X.sub.j is preferably 9 amino acids having a preferred
sequence Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Val-Trp (SEQ ID NO: 9); or
Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp (SEQ ID NO: 10); or
Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-Xaa.sub.3-Xaa.sub.4-Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp (SEQ ID
NO: 10), wherein Xaa.sub.1 is Ala, Ser, or Thr; Xaa.sub.2 is Trp or
Tyr; Xaa.sub.3 is His, or Trp; Xaa.sub.4 is Leu or Met, and
Xaa.sub.k is absent or between 1 and 5 amino acids, preferably 5
amino acids, so long as the cyclic peptide or analog thereof
retains the qualitative biological activity of binding IgG-Fc
described above.
[0064] Preferred among this group of compounds are compounds
comprising the sequence:
[0065]
Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Val-Trp-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-
-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 11);
[0066]
Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-
-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 12);
[0067]
Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-Xaa.sub.3-Xaa.sub.4-Cys-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6-Xaa-
.sub.7-Xaa.sub.8-Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp-Cys-Xaa.sub.9-Xaa.sub.10-Xaa.sub.11-X-
aa.sub.12-Xaa.sub.13 (SEQ ID NO: 13), wherein Xaa.sub.5 is Ala,
Ser, or Thr; Xaa.sub.6 is Trp or Tyr; Xaa.sub.7 is His, or Trp; and
Xaa.sub.8 is Lou or Met; and
[0068]
Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-Xaa.sub.3-Xaa.sub.4-Cys-Xaa.sub.5-Xaa.sub.6-Xaa-
.sub.7-Xaa.sub.8-Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp-Cys-Xaa.sub.9-Xaa.sub.10-Xaa.sub.11-X-
aa.sub.12-Xaa.sub.13 (SEQ ID NO: 14) wherein Xaa.sub.4 is Ser, Arg,
or Asp; Xaa.sub.5 is Ala, Ser, or Thr; Xaa.sub.6 is Trp, Tyr;
Xaa.sub.7 is His, or Trp; Xaa.sub.8 is Leu or Met; and Xaa.sub.9 is
Glu, Ser, Thr or Val. In particular embodiments, the IgG-Fc binding
peptide ligands of the present invention will compete with any of
the peptide ligands represented in SEQ ID NO: 2-SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ
ID NO: 8; and SEQ ID NO: 11-SEQ ID NO: 111 described herein and
preferably will compete with SEQ ID NO: 8 for binding IgG-Fc.
[0069] In another preferred embodiment, peptide ligands of the
present invention bind human serum albumin and can be identified by
their ability to compete for binding of human serum albumin in an
in vitro assay with peptide ligands having the general
formulae:
TABLE-US-00005 (SEQ ID NO: 116)
(Xaa).sub.x-Asp-Xaa-Cys-Leu-Pro-Xaa-Trp-Gly-Cys-Leu-
Trp-(Xaa).sub.z (SEQ ID NO: 113)
(Xaa).sub.x-Phe-Cys-Xaa-Asp-Trp-Pro-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Ser-
Cys-(Xaa).sub.z (SEQ ID NO: 114)
(Xaa).sub.x-Val-Cys-Tyr-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Ile-Cys-Phe-(Xaa).sub.z or (SEQ
ID NO: 115)
(Xaa).sub.x-Cys-Tyr-Xaa1-Pro-Gly-Xaa-Cys-(Xaa).sub.z
wherein Xaa is an amino acid, x and z are preferably 4 or 5 and
Xaa.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of Ile, Phe, Tyr
and Val.
[0070] In particular embodiments, the human serum albumin binding
peptide ligands of the present invention will compete with any of
the peptide ligands represented in SEQ ID NO: 120-131 described
herein above and preferably will compete with SEQ ID NO: 122 for
binding human serum albumin.
[0071] As will be appreciated from the foregoing, the term
"compete" and "ability to compete" are relative terms. Thus the
terms, when used to describe the peptide ligands of the present
invention, refer to peptide ligands that produce a 50% inhibition
of binding of, for example SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 122, when
present at 50 .mu.M, preferably when present at 1 .mu.M, more
preferably 100 nM, and preferably when present at 1 nM or less in a
standard competition assay as described herein. Such peptide
ligands generally will bind IgG-Fc with an affinity of less than 1
.mu.M, preferably less than about 100 nM and more preferably less
than about 10 nM as determined by a standard competition assay such
as the one described in the Example sections. However, peptide
ligands having an affinity for a serum protein such as serum
albumin or IgG-Fc of less than about 1 nM and preferably between
about 1 pM and 1 nM are equally likely to be peptide ligands within
the context of the present invention.
[0072] For in vitro assay systems to determine whether a peptide or
other compound has the "ability" to compete with a peptide ligand
for binding to an IgG-Fc (or other plasma protein such as, e.g.,
serum albumin) as noted herein, the skilled artisan can employ any
of a number of standard competition assays. Competitive binding
assays rely on the ability of a labeled standard to compete with
the test sample analyte for binding with a limited amount of
ligand. The amount of analyte in the test sample is inversely
proportional to the amount of standard that becomes bound to the
ligand.
[0073] Thus, the skilled artisan may determine whether a peptide or
other compound has the ability to compete with a peptide ligand for
binding to an IgG-Fc (or other target such as a plasma protein)
employing procedures which include but are not limited to
competitive assay systems using techniques such as
radioimmunoassays (RIA), enzyme immunoassays (EIA), preferably the
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), "sandwich" immunoassays,
immunoradiometric assays, fluorescent immunoassays, and
immunoelectrophoresis assays, to name but a few.
[0074] For these purposes the selected peptide ligand will be
labeled with a detectable moiety (the detectably labeled peptide
ligand hereafter called the "tracer") and used in a competition
assay with a candidate compound for binding IgG-Fc domain or other
target. Numerous detectable labels are available which can be
preferably grouped into the following categories:
[0075] (a) Radioisotopes, such as .sup.35S, .sup.14C, .sup.125I,
.sup.3H, and .sup.131I. The peptide compound can be labeled with
the radioisotope using the techniques described in Coligen et al.,
eds., Current Protocols in Immunology, Volumes 1 and 2 (1991),
Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., for example and radioactivity
can be measured using scintillation counting.
[0076] (b) Fluorescent labels such as rare earth chelates (europium
chelates) or fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its
derivatives, dansyl, lissamine, phycoerythrin and Texas Red are
available. The fluorescent labels can be conjugated to the peptide
compounds using the techniques disclosed in Current Protocols in
Immunology, supra, for, example. Fluorescence can be quantified
using a fluorimeter.
[0077] (c) Various enzyme-substrate labels are available and U.S.
Pat. No. 4,275,149 provides a review of some of these. The enzyme
preferably catalyzes a chemical alteration of the chromogenic
substrate which can be measured using various techniques. For
example, the enzyme may catalyze a color change in a substrate,
which can be measured spectrophotometrically. Alternatively, the
enzyme may alter the fluorescence or chemiluminescence of the
substrate. Techniques for quantifying a change in fluorescence are
described above. The chemiluminescent substrate becomes
electronically excited by a chemical reaction and may then emit
light which can be measured (using a chemiluminometer, for example)
or donates energy to a fluorescent acceptor. Examples of enzymatic
labels include luciferases (e.g., firefly luciferase and bacterial
luciferase; U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,456), luciferin,
2,3-dihydrophthalazinediones, malate dehydrogenase, urease,
peroxidase such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline
phosphatase, .theta.-galactosidase, glucoamylase, lysozyme,
saccharide oxidases (e.g., glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, and
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), heterocyclic oxidases (such as
uricase and xanthine oxidase), lactoperoxidase, microperoxidase,
and the like.
[0078] Examples of enzyme-substrate combinations include, for
example:
[0079] (i) Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with hydrogen peroxidase as
a substrate, wherein the hydrogen peroxidase oxidizes a dye
precursor (e.g. ABTS, orthophenylene diamine (OPD) or
3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl benzidine hydrochloride (TMB));
[0080] (ii) alkaline phosphatase (AP) with para-nitrophenyl
phosphate as chromogenic substrate; and
[0081] (iii) .beta.-D-galactosidase (.beta.-D-Gal) with a
chromogenic substrate (e.g. p-nitrophenyl-.beta.-D-galactosidase)
or fluorogenic substrate
4-methylumbelliferyl-.beta.-D-galactosidase.
[0082] According to a particular assay, the tracer is incubated
with immobilized target in the presence of varying concentrations
of unlabeled candidate compound. Increasing concentrations of
successful candidate compound effectively compete with binding of
the tracer to immobilized target. The concentration of unlabeled
candidate compound at which 50% of the maximally-bound tracer is
displaced is referred to as the "IC.sub.50" and reflects the IgG
binding affinity of the candidate compound. Therefore a candidate
compound with an IC.sub.50 of 1 mM displays a substantially weaker
interaction with the target than a candidate compound with an
IC.sub.50 of 1 .mu.M.
[0083] In some phage display ELISA assays, binding affinity of a
mutated ("mut") sequence was directly compared of a control ("con")
peptide using methods described in B. C. Cunningham, D. G. Lowe, B.
Li, B. D. Bennett, and J. A. Wells, EMBO J. 13:2508 (1994) and
characterized by the parameter EC.sub.50. Assays were performed
under conditions where EC.sub.50(con)/EC.sub.50(mut) will
approximate K.sub.d(con)/K.sub.d(mut).
[0084] Accordingly, the invention provides compounds "having the
ability to compete" for target molecules such as IgG or human serum
albumin binding in an in vitro assay as described. Preferably the
compound has an IC.sub.50 for the target such as IgG or human serum
albumin of less than 1 .mu.M. Preferred among these compound are
compounds having an IC.sub.50 of less than about 100 nM and
preferably less than about 10 nM or less than about 1 nM. In
further preferred embodiments according to this aspect of the
invention the compounds display an IC.sub.50 for the target
molecule such as IgG or human serum albumin of less than about 100
pM and more preferably less than about 10 pM.
[0085] A preferred in vitro assay for the determination of a
candidate compound's ability to compete with a peptide ligand
described herein is as follows and is described more fully in the
Examples. In preferred embodiments the candidate compound is a
peptide. The ability of a candidate compound to compete with a
labeled peptide ligand tracer for binding to IgG or human serum
albumin is monitored using an ELISA. Dilutions of a candidate
compound in buffer are added to microtiter plates coated with IgG
or human serum albumin (as described in the Example Sections) along
with tracer for 1 hr. The microtiter plate is washed with wash
buffer and the amount of tracer bound to IgG or human serum albumin
measured.
[0086] B. Peptide Ligand Combinations
[0087] According to the present invention, the peptide ligand is
optionally linked to a bioactive compound to form a hybrid molecule
that comprises a peptide ligand domain and an active domain The
bioactive compounds of the invention include any compound useful as
a therapeutic or diagnostic agent. Non-limiting examples of
bioactive compounds include polypeptides such as enzymes, hormones,
cytokines, antibodies or antibody fragments, as well as organic
compounds such as analgesics, antipyretics, antiinflammatory
agents, antibiotics, antiviral agents, anti-fungal drugs,
cardiovascular drugs, drugs that affect renal function and
electrolyte metabolism, drugs that act on the central nervous
system, chemotherapeutic drugs, etc. According to the present
invention the peptide ligand domain is joined to an active domain,
optionally via a flexible linker domain.
[0088] The hybrid molecules of the present invention are
constructed by combining a peptide ligand domain with a suitable
active domain. Depending on the type of linkage and its method of
production, the peptide ligand domain may be joined via its N- or
C-terminus to the N- or C-terminus of the active domain. For
example, when preparing the hybrid molecules of the present
invention via recombinant techniques, nucleic acid encoding a
peptide ligand will be operably linked to nucleic acid encoding the
active domain sequence, optionally via a linker domain Typically
the construct encodes a fusion protein wherein the C-terminus of
the peptide ligand is joined to the N-terminus of the active
domain. However, especially when synthetic techniques are employed,
fusions where, for example, the N-terminus of the peptide ligand is
joined to the N- or C-terminus of the active domain also are
possible. In some instances, the peptide ligand domain may be
inserted within the active domain molecule rather than being joined
to the active domain at its N- or C-terminus. This configuration
may be used to practice the invention so long as the functions of
the peptide ligand domain and the active domain are preserved. For
example, a peptide ligand may be inserted into a non-binding light
chain CDR of an immunoglobulin without interfering with the ability
of the immunoglobulin to bind to its target. Regions of active
domain molecules that can accommodate peptide ligand domain
insertions may be identified empirically by selecting an insertion
site, randomly, and assaying the resulting conjugate for the
function of the active domain), or by sequence comparisons amongst
a family of related active domain molecules (e.g., for active
domains that are proteins) to locate regions of low sequence
homology. Low sequence homology regions are more likely to tolerate
insertions of peptide ligands domains than are regions that are
well-conserved. For active domain molecules whose three-dimensional
structures are known (e.g. from X-ray crystallographic or NMR
studies), the three-dimensional structure may provide guidance as
to peptide ligand insertion sites. For example, loops or regions
with high mobility (i.e., large temperature or "B" factors) are
more likely to accommodate peptide ligand domain insertions than
are highly ordered regions of the structure, or regions involved in
ligand binding or catalysis.
[0089] C. Linker Domains
[0090] According to the present invention, the peptide ligand
domain is optionally linked to the active domain via a linker. The
linker component of the hybrid molecule of the invention does not
necessarily participate in but may contribute to the function of
the hybrid molecule. Therefore, according to the present invention,
the linker domain, is any group of molecules that provides a
spatial bridge between the active domain and the peptide ligand
domain.
[0091] The linker domain can be of variable length and makeup,
however, according to the present invention, it is the length of
the linker domain and not its structure that is important. The
linker domain preferably allows for the peptide ligand domain of
the hybrid molecule to bind, substantially free of steric and/or
conformational restrictions to the target molecule. Therefore, the
length of the linker domain is dependent upon the character of the
two "functional" domains of the hybrid molecule, i.e., the peptide
ligand domain and the active domain.
[0092] One skilled in the art will recognize that various
combinations of atoms provide for variable length molecules based
upon known distances between various bonds (Morrison, and Boyd,
Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., Boston, Mass.
(1977)). For example, the linker domain may be a polypeptide of
variable length. The amino acid composition of the polypeptide
determines the character and length of the linker. In a preferred
embodiment, the linker molecule comprises a flexible, hydrophilic
polypeptide chain. Exemplary, linker domains comprises one or more
Gly and or Ser residues, such as those described in the Example
sections herein.
[0093] D. Recombinant Synthesis
[0094] The present invention encompasses a composition of matter
comprising an isolated nucleic acid, preferably DNA, encoding a
peptide ligand or a hybrid molecule comprising a peptide ligand
domain and a polypeptide active domain as described herein. DNAs
encoding the peptides of the invention can be prepared by a variety
of methods known in the art. These methods include, but are not
limited to, chemical synthesis by any of the methods described in
Engels et al. (1989), Agnew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 28:716-734, the
entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference,
such as the triester, phosphite, phosphoramidite and H-phosphonate
methods. In one embodiment, codons preferred by the expression host
cell are used in the design of the encoding DNA. Alternatively, DNA
encoding the peptides of the invention can be altered to encode one
or more variants by using recombinant DNA techniques, such as site
specific mutagenesis (Kunkel et al. (1991), Methods Enzymol.,
204:125-139; Carter et al. (1986), Nucl. Acids Res. 13:4331; Zoller
et al. (1982), Nucl. Acids Res. 10:6487), cassette mutagenesis
(Wells et al. (1985), Gene 34:315), restriction selection
mutagenesis (Carter, Directed Mutagenesis: A Practical Approach (M.
J. McPherson, ed.) IRL Press, Oxford, 1991), and the like.
[0095] According to preferred aspects described above, the nucleic
acid encodes a peptide ligand capable of binding a target molecule.
Target molecules include, for example, extracellular molecules such
as various serum factors including but not limited to plasma
proteins such as serum albumin, immunoglobulins, apolipoproteins or
transferrin, or proteins found on the surface of erythrocytes or
lymphocytes, provided, of course, that binding of the peptide
ligand to the cell surface protein does not substantially interfere
with the normal function of the cell.
[0096] According to another preferred aspect of the invention, the
nucleic acid encodes a hybrid molecule comprising a peptide ligand
domain sequence and an active domain. In this aspect of the
invention, the active domain may comprise any polypeptide compound
useful as a therapeutic or diagnostic agent, e.g., enzymes,
hormones, cytokines, antibodies or antibody fragments. The nucleic
acid molecule according to this aspect of the present invention
encodes a hybrid Molecule and the nucleic acid encoding the peptide
ligand domain sequence is operably linked to (in the sense that the
DNA sequences are contiguous and in reading frame) the nucleic acid
encoding the biologically active agent. Optionally these DNA
sequences may be linked through a nucleic acid sequence encoding a
linker domain amino acid sequence.
[0097] According to this aspect, the invention further comprises an
expression control sequence operably linked to the DNA molecule
encoding a peptide of the invention, an expression vector, such as
a plasmid, comprising the DNA molecule, wherein the control
sequence is recognized by a host cell transformed with the vector,
and a host cell transformed with the vector. In general, plasmid
vectors contain replication and control sequences which are derived
from species compatible with the host cell. The vector ordinarily
carries a replication site, as well as sequences which encode
proteins that are capable of providing phenotypic selection in
transformed cells.
[0098] For expression in prokaryotic hosts, suitable vectors
include pBR322 (ATCC No. 37,017), phGH107 (ATCC No. 40,011),
pBO475, pS0132, pRIT5, any vector in the pRIT20 or pRIT30 series
(Nilsson and Abrahmsen (1990), Meth. Enzymol. 185:144-161), pRIT2T,
pKK233-2, pDR540 and pPL-lambda. Prokaryotic host cells containing
the expression vectors of the present invention include E. coli K12
strain 294 (ATCC NO. 31,446), E. coli strain JM101 (Messing et
al.(1981), Nucl. Acid Res. 9:309), E. coli strain B, E. coli strain
1776 (ATCC No. 31537), E. coli c600, E. coli W3110 (F-, gamma-,
prototrophic, ATCC No. 27,325), E. coli strain 27C7 (W3110, tonA,
phoA E15, (argF-lac)169, ptr3, degP41, ompT, kan.sup.r) (U.S. Pat.
No. 5,288,931, ATCC No. 55,244), Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella
typhinzuriumn, Serratia marcesans, and Pseudomonas species.
[0099] In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic organisms, such as
yeasts, or cells derived from multicellular organisms can be used
as host cells. For expression in yeast host cells, such as common
baker's yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, suitable vectors include
episomally-replicating vectors based on the 2-micron plasmid,
integration vectors, and yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) vectors.
For expression in insect host cells, such as Sf9 cells, suitable
vectors include baculoviral vectors. For expression in plant host
cells, particularly dicotyledonous plant hosts, such as tobacco,
suitable expression vectors include vectors derived from the Ti
plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
[0100] Examples of useful mammalian host cells include monkey
kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); human
embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in
suspension culture, Graham et al. (1977), J. Gen Virol. 36:59);
baby hamster kidney cells (BHK, ATCC CCL 10); Chinese hamster ovary
cells/-DHFR (CHO, Urlaub and Chasin (1980), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 77:4216); mouse sertoli cells (TM4, Mather (1980), Biol.
Reprod. 23:243-251); monkey kidney cells (CV1 ATCC CCL 70); African
green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76, ATCC CRL-1587); human cervical
carcinoma cells (HELA, ATCC CCL 2); canine kidney cells (MDCK, ATCC
CCL 34); buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A, ATCC CRL 1442); human
lung cells (W138, ATCC CCL 75); human liver cells (Hep G2, HB
8065); mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51); TRI cells
(Mather et al. (1982), Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 383:44-68); MRC 5
cells; FS4 cells; and a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2). For
expression in mammalian host cells, useful vectors include vectors
derived from SV40, vectors derived from cytomegalovirus such as the
pRK vectors, including pRK5 and pRK7 (Suva et al. (1987), Science
237:893-896; EP 307,247 (Mar. 15, 1989), EP 278,776 (Aug. 17,
1988)) vectors derived from vaccinia viruses or other pox viruses,
and retroviral vectors such as vectors derived from Moloney's
murine leukemia virus (MoMLV).
[0101] Optionally, the DNA encoding the peptide of interest is
operably linked to a secretory leader sequence resulting in
secretion of the expression product by the host cell into the
culture medium. Examples of secretory leader sequences include
STII, ecotin, lamB, herpes GD, 1 pp, alkaline phosphatase,
invertase, and alpha factor. Also suitable for use herein is the 36
amino acid leader sequence of protein A (Abrahmsen et al. (1985),
EMBO J. 4:3901).
[0102] Host cells are transfected and preferably transformed with
the above-described expression or cloning vectors of this invention
and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate
for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the
genes encoding the desired sequences.
[0103] Prokaryotic host cells used to produce the present peptides
can be cultured as described generally in Sambrook et al.,
supra.
[0104] The mammalian host cells used to produce peptides of the
invention can be cultured in a variety of media. Commercially
available media such as Ham's F10 (Sigma), Minimal Essential Medium
((MEM), Sigma), RPMI-1640 (Sigma), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's
Medium ((DMEM), Sigma) are suitable for culturing the host cells.
In addition, any of the media described in Ham and Wallace (1979),
Meth. in Enz. 58:44, Barnes and Sato (1980), Anal. Biochem.
102:255, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,767,704; 4,657,866; 4,927,762; or
4,560,655; WO 90/03430; WO 87/00195; U.S. Pat. Re. 30,985; or U.S.
Pat. No. 5,122,469, the disclosures of all of which are
incorporated herein by reference, may be used as culture media for
the host cells. Any of these media may be supplemented as necessary
with hormones and/or other growth factors (such as insulin,
transferrin, or epidermal growth factor), salts (such as sodium
chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate), buffers (such as
HEPES), nucleosides (such as adenosine and thymidine), antibiotics
(such as Gentamycin.TM. drug), trace elements (defined as inorganic
compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar
range), and glucose or an equivalent energy source. Any other
necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate
concentrations that would be known to those skilled in the art. The
culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the like, are
those previously used with the host cell selected for expression,
and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
[0105] The host cells referred to in this disclosure encompass
cells in in vitro culture as well as cells that are within a host
animal.
[0106] E. Chemical Synthesis
[0107] Another method of producing the compounds of the invention
involves chemical synthesis. This can be accomplished by using
methodologies well known in the art (see Kelley, R. F. &
Winkler, M. E. in Genetic Engineering Principles and Methods,
Setlow, J. K., ed., Plenum Press, N.Y., Vol. 12, pp 1-19 (1990);
Stewart, J. M. Young, J. D., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Pierce
Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill. (1984); see also U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,105,603; 3,972,859; 3,842,067; and 3,862,925).
[0108] Peptide ligands of the invention can be prepared
conveniently using solid-phase peptide synthesis. Merrifield
(1964), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2149; Houghten (1985), Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 82:5132. Solid-phase peptide synthesis also can be
used to prepare the hybrid molecule compositions of the invention
if the active domain is or comprises a polypeptide.
[0109] Solid-phase synthesis begins at the carboxy terminus of the
nascent peptide by coupling a protected amino acid to an inert
solid support. The inert solid support can be any macromolecule
capable of serving as an anchor for the C-terminus of the initial
amino acid. Typically, the macromolecular support is a cross-linked
polymeric resin (e.g., a polyamide or polystyrene resin) as shown
in FIGS. 1-1 and 1-2, on pages 2 and 4 of Stewart and Young, supra.
In one embodiment, the C-terminal amino acid is coupled to a
polystyrene resin to form a benzyl ester. A macromolecular support
is selected such that the peptide anchor link is stable under the
conditions used to deprotect the .alpha.-amino group of the blocked
amino acids in peptide synthesis. If a base-labile
.alpha.-protecting group is used, then it is desirable to use an
acid-labile link between the peptide and the solid support. For
example, an acid-labile ether resin is effective for base-labile
Fmoc-amino acid peptide synthesis as described on page 16 of
Stewart and Young, supra. Alternatively, a peptide anchor link and
.alpha.-protecting group that are differentially labile to
acidolysis can be used. For example, an aminomethyl resin such as
the phenylacetamidomethyl (Pam) resin works well in conjunction
with Boc-amino acid peptide synthesis as described on pages 11-12
of Stewart and Young, supra.
[0110] After the initial amino acid is coupled to an inert solid
support, the .alpha.-amino protecting group of the initial amino
acid is removed with, for example, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in
methylene chloride and neutralized in, for example, triethylamine
(TEA). Following deprotection of the initial amino acid's
.alpha.-amino group, the next .alpha.-amino and side chain
protected amino acid in the synthesis is added. The remaining
.alpha.-amino and, if necessary, side chain protected amino acids
are then coupled sequentially in the desired order by condensation
to obtain an intermediate compound connected to the solid support.
Alternatively, some amino acids may be coupled to one another to
form a fragment of the desired peptide followed by addition of the
peptide fragment to the growing solid phase peptide chain.
[0111] The condensation reaction between two amino acids, or an
amino acid and a peptide, or a peptide and a peptide can be carried
out according to the usual condensation methods such as the axide
method, mixed acid anhydride method, DCC
(N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) or DIC
(N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide) methods, active ester method,
p-nitrophenyl ester method, BOP (benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris
[dimethylamino] phosphonium hexafluorophosphate) method,
N-hydroxysuccinic acid imido ester method, etc., and Woodward
reagent K method.
[0112] It is common in the chemical synthesis of peptides to
protect any reactive side chain groups of the amino acids with
suitable protecting groups. Ultimately, these protecting groups are
removed after the desired polypeptide chain has been sequentially
assembled. Also common is the protection of the .alpha.-amino group
on an amino acid or peptide fragment while the C-terminal carboxy
group of the amino acid or peptide fragment reacts with the free
N-terminal amino group of the growing solid phase polypeptide
chain, followed by the selective removal of the .alpha.-amino group
to permit the addition of the next amino acid or peptide fragment
to the solid phase polypeptide chain. Accordingly, it is common in
polypeptide synthesis that an intermediate compound is produced
which contains each of the amino acid residues located in the
desired sequence in the peptide chain wherein individual residues
still carry side-chain protecting groups. These protecting groups
can be removed substantially at the same time to produce the
desired polypeptide product following removal from the solid
phase.
[0113] .alpha.- and .epsilon.-amino side chains can be protected
with benzyloxycarbonyl (abbreviated Z), isonicotinyloxycarbonyl
(iNOC), o-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl [Z(2Cl)],
p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl [Z(NO.sub.2)], p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl
[Z(OMe)], t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), t-amyloxycarbonyl (Aoc),
isobornyloxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl,
2-(4-biphenyl)-2-propyloxycarbonyl (Bpoc),
9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), methylsulfonyethoxycarbonyl
(Msc), trifluoroacetyl, phthalyl, formyl, 2-nitrophenylsulphenyl
(NPS), diphenylphosphinothioyl (Ppt), and dimethylphosphinothioyl
(Mpt) groups, and the like.
[0114] Protective groups for the carboxy functional group are
exemplified by benzyl ester (OBzl), cyclohexyl ester (Chx),
4-nitrobenzyl ester (ONb), t-butyl ester (Obut), 4-pyridylmethyl
ester (OPic), and the like. It is often desirable that specific
amino acids such as arginine, cysteine, and serine possessing a
functional group other than amino and carboxyl groups are protected
by a suitable protective group. For example, the guanidino group of
arginine may be protected with nitro, p-toluenesulfonyl,
benzyloxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl, p-methoxybenzesulfonyl,
4-methoxy-2,6-dimethylbenzenesulfonyl (Nds),
1,3,5-trimethylphenysulfonyl (Mts), and the like. The thiol group
of cysteine can be protected with p-methoxybenzyl, trityl, and the
like.
[0115] Many of the blocked amino acids described above can be
obtained from commercial sources such as Novabiochem (San Diego,
Calif.), Bachem Calif. (Torrence, Calif.) or Peninsula Labs
(Belmont, Calif.).
[0116] Stewart and Young, supra, provides detailed information
regarding procedures for preparing peptides. Protection of
.alpha.-amino groups is described on pages 14-18, and side chain
blockage is described on pages 18-28. A table of protecting groups
for amine, hydroxyl and sulfhydryl functions is provided on pages
149-151.
[0117] After the desired amino acid sequence has been completed,
the peptide can be cleaved away from the solid support, recovered
and purified. The peptide is removed from the solid support by a
reagent capable of disrupting the peptide-solid phase link, and
optionally deprotects blocked side chain functional groups on the
peptide. In one embodiment, the peptide is cleaved away from the
solid phase by acidolysis with liquid hydrofluoric acid (HF), which
also removes any remaining side chain protective groups.
Preferably, in order to avoid alkylation of residues in the peptide
(for example, alkylation of methionine, cysteine, and tyrosine
residues), the acidolysis reaction mixture contains thio-cresol and
cresol scavengers. Following HF cleavage, the resin is washed with
ether, and the free peptide is extracted from the solid phase with
sequential washes of acetic acid solutions. The combined washes are
lyophilized, and the peptide is purified.
[0118] F. Chemical Conjugation of Hybrids
[0119] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the hybrid
molecules may comprise active domains that are organic compounds
having diagnostic or therapeutic utility, or alternatively, fusions
between a peptide ligand domain and a polypeptide active domain in
configurations that cannot be encoded in a single nucleic acid.
Examples of the latter embodiment include fusions between the amino
terminus of a peptide ligand and the amino terminus of the active
domain, or fusions between the carboxy-terminus of a peptide ligand
and the carboxy-terminus of the active domain.
[0120] Chemical conjugation may be employed to prepare these
embodiments of the hybrid molecule, using a variety of bifunctional
protein coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol)
propionate (SPDP), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of
imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCl), active esters (such
as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutaraldehyde),
bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine),
bis-diazonium derivatives (such as
bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as
toluene, 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such
as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene).
[0121] G. Disulfide-Linked Peptides
[0122] As described above; some embodiments of the invention
include cyclized peptide ligands. Peptide ligands may be cyclized
by formation of a disulfide bond between cysteine residues. Such
peptides can be made by chemical synthesis as described above and
then cyclized by any convenient method used in the formation of
disulfide linkages. For example, peptides can be recovered from
solid phase synthesis with sulfhydryls in reduced form, dissolved
in a dilute solution wherein the intramolecular cysteine
concentration exceeds the intermolecular cysteine concentration in
order to optimize intramolecular disulfide bond formation, such as
a peptide concentration of 25 mM to 1 .mu.M, and preferably 500
.mu.M to 1 .mu.M, and more preferably 25 .mu.M to 1 .mu.M, and then
oxidized by exposing the free sulfhydryl groups to a mild oxidizing
agent that is sufficient to generate intramolecular disulfide
bonds, e.g., molecular oxygen with or without catalysts such as
metal cations, potassium ferricyanide, sodium tetrathionate, etc.
Alternatively, the peptides can be cyclized as described in Pelton
et al. (1986), J. Med. Chem. 29:2370-2375.
[0123] Cyclization can be achieved by the formation, for example,
of a disulfide bond or a lactam bond between a first Cys and a
second Cys. Residues capable of forming a disulfide bond include,
for example, Cys, Pen, Mpr, and Mpp and its 2-amino
group-containing equivalents. Residues capable of forming a lactam
bridge include, for example, Asp Glu, Lys, Orn,
.alpha..beta.-diaminobutyric acid, diaminoacetic acid, aminobenzoic
acid and mercaptobenzoic acid. The compounds herein can be cyclized
for example via a lactam bond which can utilize the side chain
group of a non-adjacent residue to form a covalent attachment to
the N-terminus amino group of Cys or other amino acid. Alternative
bridge structures also can be used to cyclize the compounds of the
invention, including for example, peptides and peptidomimetics,
which can cyclize via S--S, CH2-S, CH2-O--CH2, lactam ester or
other linkages.
[0124] H. Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0125] Pharmaceutical compositions which comprise the hybrid
molecules of the invention may be administered in any suitable
manner, including parental, topical, oral, or local (such as
aerosol or transdermal) or any combination thereof.
[0126] Other suitable compositions of the present invention
comprise any of the above-noted compositions with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, the nature of the carrier
differing with the mode of administration, for example, in oral
administration, usually using a solid carrier and ini.v.
administration, a liquid salt solution carrier.
[0127] The compositions of the present invention include
pharmaceutically acceptable components that are compatible with the
subject and the protein of the invention. These generally include
suspensions, solutions and elixirs, and most especially biological
buffers, such as phosphate buffered saline, saline, Dulbecco's
Media, and the like. Aerosols may also be used, or carriers such as
starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating
agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like
(in the case of oral solid preparations, such as powders, capsules,
and tablets).
[0128] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable"
generally means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a
state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other
generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more
particularly in humans.
[0129] The formulation of choice can be accomplished using a
variety of the aforementioned buffers, or even excipients
including, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose,
starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin cellulose, magnesium
carbonate, and the like. "PEGylation" of the compositions may be
achieved using techniques known to the art (see for example
International Patent Publication No. WO92/16555, U.S. Pat. No.
5,122,614 to Enzon, and international Patent Publication No.
WO92/00748).
[0130] A preferred route of administration of the present invention
is in the aerosol or inhaled form. The compounds of the present
invention, combined with a dispersing agent, or dispersant, can be
administered in an aerosol formulation as a dry powder or in a
solution or suspension with a diluent.
[0131] As used herein, the term "dispersant" refers to a agent that
assists aerosolization of the compound or absorption of the protein
in lung tissue, or both. Preferably the dispersant is
pharmaceutically acceptable. Suitable dispersing agents are well
known in the art, and include but are not limited to surfactants
and the like. For example, surfactants that are generally used in
the art to reduce surface induced aggregation of a compound,
especially a peptide compound, caused by atomization of the
solution forming the liquid aerosol, may be used. Nonlimiting
examples of such surfactants are surfactants such as
polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters and alcohols, and polyoxyethylene
sorbitan fatty acid esters. Amounts of surfactants used will vary,
being generally within the range of from about 0.001% to about 4%
by weight of the formulation. In a specific aspect, the surfactant
is polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate or sorbitan trioleate.
Suitable surfactants are well known in the art, and can be selected
on the basis of desired properties, depending on the specific
formulation, concentration of the compound, diluent (in a liquid
formulation) or form of powder (in a dry powder formulation),
etc.
[0132] Moreover, depending on the choice of the peptide ligand, the
desired therapeutic effect, the quality of the lung tissue (e.g.,
diseased or healthy lungs), and numerous other factors, the liquid
or dry formulations can comprise additional components, as
discussed further below.
[0133] The liquid aerosol formulations generally contain the
peptide ligand/active domain hybrid and a dispersing agent in a
physiologically acceptable diluent. The dry powder aerosol
formulations of the present invention consist of a finely divided
solid form of the peptide ligand/active domain hybrid and a
dispersing agent. With either the liquid or dry powder aerosol
formulation, the formulation must be aerosolized. That is, it must
be broken down into liquid or solid particles in order to ensure
that the aerosolized dose actually reaches the alveoli. In general
the mass median dynamic diameter will be 5 micrometers or less in
order to ensure that the drug particles reach the lung alveoli
(Wearley, L. L. (1991), Crit. Rev. in Ther. Drug Carrier Systems
8:333). The term "aerosol particle" is used herein to describe the
liquid or solid particle suitable for pulmonary administration,
i.e., that will reach the alveoli. Other considerations such as
construction of the delivery device, additional components in the
formulation and particle characteristics are important. These
aspects of pulmonary administration of a drug are well known in the
art, and manipulation of formulations, aerosolization means and
construction of a delivery device require at most routine
experimentation by one of ordinary skill in the art.
[0134] With regard to construction of the delivery device, any form
of aerosolization known in the art, including but not limited to
nebulization, atomization or pump aerosolization of a liquid
formulation, and aerosolization of a dry powder formulation, can be
used in the practice of the invention. A delivery device that is
uniquely designed for administration of solid formulations is
envisioned. Often, the aerosolization of a liquid or a dry powder
formulation will require a propellant. The propellant may be any
propellant generally used in the art. Specific nonlimiting examples
of such useful propellants are a chlorofluorocarbon, a
hydrofluorocarbon, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon, or a hydrocarbon,
including trifluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane,
dichlorotetrafluoroethanol, and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, or
combinations thereof.
[0135] In a preferred aspect of the invention, the device for
aerosolization is a metered dose inhaler. A metered dose inhaler
provides a specific dosage when administered, rather than a
variable dose depending on administration. Such a metered dose
inhaler can be used with either a liquid or a dry powder aerosol
formulation. Metered dose inhalers are well known in the art.
[0136] Once the peptide ligand/active domain hybrid reaches the
lung, a number of formulation-dependent factors affect the drug
absorption. It will be appreciated that in treating a disease or
disorder that requires circulatory levels of the compound, such
factors as aerosol particle size, aerosol particle shape, the
presence or absence of infection, lung disease or emboli may affect
the absorption of the compounds. For each of the formulations
described herein, certain lubricators, absorption enhancers,
protein stabilizers or suspending agents may be appropriate. The
choice of these additional agents will vary depending on the goal.
It will be appreciated that in instances where local delivery of
the compounds is desired or sought, such variables as absorption
enhancement will be less critical.
[0137] I. Liquid Aerosol Formulations
[0138] The liquid aerosol formulations of the present invention
will typically be used with a nebulizer. The nebulizer can be
either compressed air driven or ultrasonic. Any nebulizer known in
the art can be used in conjunction with the present invention such
as but not limited to: Ultravent, Mallinckrodt, Inc. (St. Louis,
Mo.); the Acorn II nebulizer (Marquest Medical Products, Englewood
Colo.). Other nebulizers useful in conjunction with the present
invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,624,251 issued Nov. 25,
1986; 3,703,173 issued Nov. 21, 1972; 3,561,444 issued Feb. 9, 1971
and 4,635,627 issued Jan. 13, 1971.
[0139] The formulation may include a carrier. The carrier is a
macromolecule which is soluble in the circulatory system and which
is physiologically acceptable where physiological acceptance means
that those of skill in the art would accept injection of said
carrier into a patient as part of a therapeutic regime. The carrier
preferably is relatively stable in the circulatory system with an
acceptable elimination half-time. Such macromolecules include but
are not limited to soya lecithin, oleic acid and sorbetan
trioleate, with sorbitan trioleate preferred.
[0140] The formulations of the present embodiment may also include
other agents useful for protein stabilization or for the regulation
of osmotic pressure. Examples of the agents include but are not
limited to salts, such as sodium chloride, or potassium chloride,
and carbohydrates, such as glucose, galactose or mannose, and the
like.
[0141] J. Aerosol Dry Powder Formulations
[0142] It is also contemplated that the present pharmaceutical
formulation will be used as a dry powder inhaler formulation
comprising a finely divided powder form of the peptide ligand and a
dispersant. The form of the compound will generally be a
lyophilized powder. Lyophilized forms of peptide ligand/active
domain hybrid compounds can be obtained through standard
techniques.
[0143] In another embodiment, the dry powder formulation will
comprise a finely divided dry powder containing one or more
compounds of the present invention, a dispersing agent and also a
bulking agent. Bulking agents useful in conjunction with the
present formulation include such agents as lactose, sorbitol,
sucrose, or mannitol, in amounts that facilitate the dispersal of
the powder from the device.
[0144] K. Research, Manufacturing, and Diagnostic Compositions
[0145] In a preferred embodiment, the peptide ligands or the hybrid
molecules of the invention are non-covalently adsorbed or
covalently bound to a macromolecule, such as a solid support. It
will be appreciated that the invention encompasses macromolecules
complexed with the peptide ligands or hybrid molecules. In a
preferred embodiment, the peptide ligands of the invention are
directed against an immunoglobulin, such as, e.g., the IgG-Fc
peptide ligands disclosed infra. Such peptide ligands may be used
as affinity purification agents. In this process, the peptide
ligands are immobilized on a solid phase support such as a Sephadex
resin or filter paper, using methods well known in the art. The
immobilized peptide ligand is contacted with a sample containing
the immunoglobulin protein (or fragment thereof) to be purified,
and thereafter the support is washed with a suitable solvent that
will remove substantially all the material in the sample except the
immunoglobulin protein, which is bound to the immobilized peptide
ligand. Finally, the support is washed with another suitable
solvent, such as glycine buffer, 5.0, that will release the
immunoglobulin protein from the peptide ligand.
[0146] In general, the solid support is an inert matrix, such as a
polymeric gel, comprising a three-dimensional structure, lattice or
network of a material. Almost any macromolecule, synthetic or
natural, can form a gel in a suitable liquid when suitably
cross-linked with a bifunctional reagent. Preferably, the
macromolecule selected is convenient for use in affinity
chromatography. Most chromatographic matrices used for affinity
chromatography are xerogels. Such gels shrink on drying to a
compact solid comprising only the gel matrix. When the dried
xerogel is resuspended in the liquid, the gel matrix imbibes
liquid, swells and returns to the gel state. Xerogels suitable for
use herein include polymeric gels, such as cellulose, cross-linked
dextrans (e.g. Sepharose), agarose, cross-linked agarose,
polyacrylamide gels, and polyacrylamide-agarose gels.
[0147] Alternatively, aerogels can be used for affinity
chromatography. These gels do not shrink on drying but merely allow
penetration of the surrounding air. When the dry gel is exposed to
liquid, the latter displaces the air in the gel. Aerogels suitable
for use herein include porous glass and ceramic gels.
[0148] Also encompassed herein are the peptide ligands or hybrid
molecules of the invention coupled to derivatized gels wherein the
derivative moieties facilitate the coupling of the hybrid molecules
to the gel matrix and avoid steric hindrance of the peptide
ligand-target molecule interaction in affinity chromatography.
Alternatively, spacer arms can be interposed between the gel matrix
and the hybrid molecules for similar benefits.
[0149] A variation on the above contemplates the use of gene
fusions and the use of the peptide ligands as purification
reagents. According to this aspect of the invention the gene
encoding a peptide ligand is associated, in a vector, with a gene
encoding another protein or a fragment of another protein. This
results in the peptide ligand being produced by the host cell as a
fusion with another protein or peptide. The "other" protein or
peptide is often a protein or peptide which can be secreted by the
cell, making it possible to isolate and purify the other protein
from the culture medium and eliminating the necessity of destroying
the host cells which arises when the other protein remains inside
the cell. Alternatively, the fusion protein can be expressed
intracellularly. It is useful to use fusion proteins that are
highly expressed.
[0150] The use of gene fusions is analogous to the use of Protein A
fusions which are often used because the binding of protein A, or
more specifically the Z domain of protein A binds to IgG and
provides an "affinity handle" for the purification of the fused
protein. According to a preferred aspect of the invention, peptide
ligands which bind serum albumin are use as "affinity handles" for
the purification of fused proteins on a solid serum albumin
support. For example, a DNA sequence encoding the desired peptide
ligand can be fused by site directed mutagenesis to the gene for
protein. After expression and secretion, the fusion protein can be
purified on a matix of serum albumin to which the peptide ligand
will bind. After purification the peptide ligand can be
enzymatically or chemically cleaved to yield free protein or left
intact to aid in increasing the elimination half life of the fused
protein. Fusion proteins can be cleaved using chemicals, such as
cyanogen bromide, which cleaves at a methionine, or hydroxylamine,
which cleaves between an Asn and Gly residue. Using standard
recombinant DNA methodology, the nucleotide base pairs encoding
these amino acids may be inserted just prior to the 5' end of the
gene encoding the desired peptide. Alternatively, one can employ
proteolytic cleavage of fusion protein. Carter, in Protein
Purification From Molecular Mechanisms to Large-Scale Processes,
Ladisch et al., eds. (American Chemical Society Symposium Series
No. 427, 1990), Ch 13, pages 181-193.
[0151] The following examples are offered by way of illustration
and not by way of limitation. The disclosures of all citations in
the specification are expressly incorporated herein by
reference.
Example 1
IgG-Fc Peptide Ligands
[0152] An in vitro selection designed to identify peptide ligands
which bind the IgG-Fc surface without the constraint that the
peptides function in vivo was performed. The selection was
accomplished using a combination of polyvalent and monovalent phage
display which has recently been applied to generate peptides that
bind a variety of cellular hormones and receptors. N. C. Wrighton,
et al, (1996), Science 273:458, O. Livnah, et al. (1996), Science
273:464. A single disulfide-constrained peptide library was
constructed that consisted of 4.times.10.sup.9 different peptides
of the form Xaa.sub.i-Cys-Xaa.sub.j-Cys-Xaa.sub.k wherein Xaa is a
random amino acid from an NNS codon, i+j+k=18, and j=4 through 10.
This library was expressed on the surface of M13 bacteriophage as
an N-terminal fusion to the gene VIII protein with a short linker
consisting of glycine and serine residues. H. B. Lowman et al.
(1998). Biochemistry 37: 8870-8878. More particularly, the library
construct contained an STII secretion signal peptide, the peptide
library of twenty amino acid length, i.e.,
Xaa.sub.i-Cys-Xaa.sub.j-Cys-Xaa.sub.k wherein Xaa is a random amino
acid from an NNS codon, i+j+k=18, and j=4 through 10, a
Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly linker (SEQ ID NO: 1), and the M13 gene
VIII starting at the first residue of the mature protein.
[0153] In principle, peptides could be selected that bind to
potentially any region of the IgG-Fc due to the unbiased nature of
this library. However, after several rounds of selection, the
library became dominated by a single peptide, Fc-I
(Glu-Thr-Gln-Arg-Cys-Thr-Trp-His-Met-Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp-Cys-Glu-Arg-Glu--
His-Asn) (SEQ ID NO: 2). Selections were performed as described in
H. B. Lowman, et al., supra, with the following modifications:
microtiter wells were coated using 5 .mu.g/ml IgG-Fc; Casein
Blocker Buffer (Pierce) was used in place of 0.1% BSA to better
prevent non-specific binding; elution of phage was effected with
either 75 mM DTT or 0.2 mM glycine pH 2.0 with equivalent results.
IgG-Fc was obtained by papain cleavage of CD4-IgG.sub.1
immunoadhesin protein, Capon et al. (1989), Nature, 337: 525.
Cleaved material was purified over Protein A Sepharose followed by
Superdex-75 (Pharmacia) and then quantified by absorbance at 280
nm.
[0154] Repetition of the selection experiment again gave Fc-I and
also a related peptide, Fc-II
(Lys-Glu-Ala-Ser-Cys-Ser-Tyr-Trp-Leu-G-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp-Cys-Val-Ala-Gly-Va-
l-Glu) (SEQ ID NO: 3). The Fc-II peptide shared the cysteine
spacing and the internal Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp (SEQ ID NO: 132)
sequence seen in Fc-I. Apparently, these two peptides bound IgG-Fc
with an affinity high enough to be selected over any of the other
IgG-Fc binding peptides present in the starting pool. Both peptides
were synthesized on solid phase using standard
9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl protocols and purified by reversed-phase
HPLC. Masses were confirmed by electrospray mass spectrometry, and
purified peptides were quantified by UV absorbance at 280 nm.
[0155] Competition ELISAs were performed in a manner similar to the
method described in H. B. Lowman, et al., supra. Briefly, Protein A
Z-domain was immobilized on microtiter wells at a concentration of
5 .mu.g/ml, blocked, and washed as described. A matrix of mixtures
of biotinylated-IgG-Fc at concentrations from 312 nM to 0.3 nM and
peptide at concentrations from 215 .mu.M to 0.8 nM was prepared.
These mixtures were incubated with immobilized Protein A Z-domain
for 1 hour. Plates were then washed and developed as described
using avidin/HRP conjugate. Inhibition curves were then computed
for each concentration of biotin-IgG-Fc, and then the curve of
half-maximal inhibition, "IC.sub.50", was extrapolated to zero
biotin-IgG-Fc concentration in order to obtain a K.sub.i. The Fc-I
and Fc-II peptides both were found to compete with Protein A
(Z-domain) (B. Nilsson et al. (1987), Protein Eng. 1:107) for
binding to IgG-Fc with inhibition constants (K.sub.i) of about 5
.mu.M. The results imply that these peptides bind to an overlapping
site on IgG-Fc that coincides with the Protein A binding site.
[0156] The DNA sequence of the Fc-II peptide was moved to a
monovalent phage display format by cassette mutagenesis to give a
construct with the STII signal sequence, the Fc-II peptide
Lys-Glu-Ala-Ser-Cys-Ser-Tyr-Trp-Leu-Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp-Cys-Val-Ala-Gly-V-
al-Glu (SEQ ID NO: 3), a Gly-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gly linker (SEQ ID
NO: 4), and the M13 gene III protein starting at residue 253. The
Fc-II sequence was affinity-matured by monovalent phage display.
Five residue blocks were randomly mutated in six separate libraries
to exhaustively cover the non-cysteine positions in the peptide
sequence and then screened against IgG-Fc.
[0157] A series of second generation monovalent phage display
libraries were constructed based on the Fc-II sequence
Lys-Glu-Ala-Ser-Cys-Ser-Tyr-Trp-Leu-Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp-Cys-Val-Ala-Gly-V-
al-Glu (SEQ ID NO: 3) in which five sequential residues were
randomized using NNS codons in each library starting at positions
1, 4, 7, 10, 12, and 16, excluding the two cysteines. Each library
had a diversity of approximately 1.times.10.sup.8. These libraries
were independently screened for binding to IgG-Fc for six rounds
and then sequenced. Preferred residues from this selection were
then recombined using three additional libraries that spanned the
entire peptide sequence. The three additional libraries were
constructed using the degeneracy of the genetic code to recombine
the preferred amino acids at each position into one peptide. The
DNA sequences for these libraries contained the following mixtures
of bases (IUPAC codes): DRG GWA GMA RRC TGC KCT TRS CAC MTG GGC GAG
CTG GTC TGG TGC RVC RVM BKC GAS KDW (SEQ ID NO: 5), DRS VWG SVG RRC
TGC KCC TRS YRS MTG GGC GAG CTG GTC TGG TGC RNC VVS NBS GWS KDM
(SEQ ID NO: 6), and DNS NNS NNS VNS TGC BVG TDS HRS MDS GGC GAG STC
KKG WRG TGC RNM NNS NNS NNS NNM (SEQ ID NO: 7). These libraries
also were sorted against IgG-Fc for six rounds and then
sequenced.
[0158] After screening against IgG-Fc, the consensus patterns from
these libraries suggested a highly conserved 13-residue core
sequence (Asp-Cys-Ala-Trp-His-Leu-Gly-Glu-Leu-Val-Trp-Cys-Thr) (SEQ
ID NO: 8). The corresponding peptide (Fc-III) was synthesized and
found to inhibit binding of Protein A (Z-domain) to Fc with an
IC.sub.50 of 100 nM. Thus, although Fc-III is seven residues
shorter than Fc-II, it binds 50-times more tightly. Despite its
smaller size, the binding affinity of Fc-III to Fc was only
ten-fold weaker than that of the domains from Protein A and Protein
G, which are each about four times larger and bind with K.sub.dS
around 10 nM. S. R. Fahnestock, et al. in Bacterial
Immunoglobulin-Binding Proteins (Academic Press, Inc. 1990) Vol. 1,
chap. 11. R. Karlsson, L. Jendeberg, B. Nilsson, J. Nilsson, P.
Nygren (1995), J. Immuno. Methods 183:43.
[0159] Table I lists the amino acid sequences and IgG-Fc binding
affinities of exemplary IgG-Fc peptide ligands that were identified
using the procedures described above.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE I IgG-Fc Peptide Ligand Sequences and
Affinities Binding Sequence Sequence ID NO Affinity Peptides *All
peptides have an N-terminal amine and a C-terminal amide
KEASCSYWLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID NO: 3 5000 nM (K.sub.i)
ETQRCTWHMGELVWCEREHN SEQ ID NO: 2 5000 nM (K.sub.i)
DLADCSWHMGELVWCSRVEG SEQ ID NO: 15 50 nM (K.sub.d)
WEADCAWHLGELVWCTPMEF SEQ ID NO: 16 30 nM (IC.sub.50) DCAWHLGELVWCT
SEQ ID NO: 8 100 nM (IC.sub.50) Phage Clones All phage af-
(M13/gIII Display) finities are EC.sub.50S N/A = Not individu- ally
assayed. Since they were selected for binding, EC.sub.50 likely to
be <1 uM or better. All of the peptides listed bind IgG-Fc.
Focused Libraries KEASCSYWLGELVWCDTLTE SEQ ID NO: 17 N/A
KEASCSYWLGELVWCSPGVE SEQ ID NO: 18 734 nM KEASCSYWLGELVWCSGVEG SEQ
ID NO: 19 N/A KEASCSYWLGELVWCSAGVE SEQ ID NO: 20 N/A
ESEDCSYWLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID NO: 21 N/A EKEDCSYWLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID
NO: 22 N/A EDPDCSYWLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID NO: 23 N/A
EEADCSYWLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID NO: 24 N/A NADDCSYWLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID
NO: 25 N/A SETTCSYWLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID NO: 26 N/A
AWKTCQWLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID NO: 27 N/A DLADCSYWLGELVWCSRVEG SEQ ID
NO: 28 776 nM KEADCAWHLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID NO: 29 138 nM
KEAECSYHLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID NO: 30 N/A KEARCWYWHGELVWCSDPEE SEQ ID
NO: 31 809 nM KEASCSYHLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID NO: 32 416 nM
KEASCSWHLGELVWCVAGVE SEQ ID NO: 33 225 nM KEASCSYWLGELVWCTEGVE SEQ
ID NO: 34 818 nM KEASCSYWLGELVWCDDGVE SEQ ID NO: 35 N/A
KEASCSYWLGELVWCSEGVE SEQ ID NO: 36 N/A KEASCSYWLGELVWCSPGVE SEQ ID
NO: 18 N/A KEASCSYWLGEVWKCKSGVE SEQ ID NO: 37 N/A
KEASCSYWLGELVWCDNGVE SEQ ID NO: 38 N/A KEASCSYWLGELVWCDTFDE SEQ ID
NO: 39 301 nM KEASCSYWLGELVWCDGLDE SEQ ID NO: 40 326 nM
KEASCSYWLGELVWCVGLDE SEQ ID NO: 41 278 nM KEASCSYWLGELVWCEDTLE SEQ
ID NO: 42 N/A KEASCSYWLGELVWCEDTME SEQ ID NO: 43 N/A
KEASCSYWLGELVWCEDMME SEQ ID NO: 44 N/A WVEDCSWHMGELVWCDGGEF SEQ ID
NO: 45 139 nM KEASCSYWLGELVWCDWMNG SEQ ID NO: 46 N/A
KEASCSYWLGELVWCDDTPV SEQ ID NO: 47 N/A KEASCSYWLGELVWCDDYGE SEQ ID
NO: 48 N/A KEASCSYWLGELVWCSDLWE SEQ ID NO: 49 N/A
WRGGCSWHMGELVWCEHDME SEQ ID NO: 50 N/A AVSKCSFHMGELVWCSDVMN SEQ ID
NO: 51 N/A NQVSCSYSRGELVWCSKQSQ SEQ ID NO: 52 N/A
GRMECAWHQGELVWCTPTLE SEQ ID NO: 53 N/A GTMECSWHQGELVWCTPTLA SEQ ID
NO: 54 N/A EMRDCSWHLGELVWCAHMEG SEQ ID NO: 55 N/A
GSWECAYHLGELVWCETGSG SEQ ID NO: 56 N/A VAEPCAYHLGELVWCEVLKG SEQ ID
NO: 57 N/A KEAMCSYWLGELVWCESDMP SEQ ID NO: 58 N/A Designed Clones
DLADCSWHLGELVWGSRVEG SEQ ID NO: 59 9 nM DLADCSWHLGELVWCVGLDE SEQ ID
NO: 60 28 nM WVEDCSWHLGELVWCVGLDF SEQ ID NO: 61 31 nM Secondary
Optimization KVADCAWHMGELVWCTEVEG SEQ ID NO: 62 23 nM
GEEDCSYHLGELVMCTELDD SEQ ID NO: 63 69 nM GVADCAWHLGELVWCTERED SEQ
ID NO: 64 N/A GEEDCAWHLGELVWCSGGDF SEQ ID NO: 65 100 nM
WEADCAWHLGELVWCTKVEE SEQ ID NO: 66 7 nM GEADCSYHLGELVWCNDFEE SEQ ID
NO: 67 156 nM WVDCAYHLGELVWCSTFEE SEQ ID NO: 68 9 nM
WVEDCAWHMGELVWCTKVDE SEQ ID NO: 69 70 nM READCAWHLGELVWCSERDL SEQ
ID NO: 70 47 nM EEASCAYHLGELVWCDAFDV SEQ ID NO: 71 77 nM
RVASCAWHLGELVWCDGLDG SEQ ID NO: 72 N/A GEADCAWHLGELVWCTKVEE SEQ ID
NO: 73 38 nM GEASCAYHLGELVWCDEGEG SEQ ID NO: 74 386 nM
RVEDCAYHLGELVWCTEGDE SEQ ID NO: 75 63 nM EEPDCSWHLGELVMCTPMEV SEQ
ID NO: 76 14 nM KEADCAWHMGELVWCSEMEG SEQ ID NO: 77 66 nM
EQADCAWHLGELVWCTPMVF SEQ ID NO: 78 8 nM EEPDCSWHLGELVWCTPIEV SEQ ID
NO: 79 15 nM GEPDCAWHLGELVWCTPMVF SEQ ID NO: 80 7 nM
GEQDCSYHMGELVWCTTVDG SEQ ID NO: 81 210 nM GVRNCAYHLGELVWCTPMEF SEQ
ID NO: 82 10 nM RVADCAWHMGELVWCSELEV SEQ ID NO: 83 44 nM
GEADCAWHLGELVWCTPMDL SEQ ID NO: 84 N/A GEQDCSWHLGELVWCTPMEV SEQ ID
NO: 85 N/A GMRDCSYHLGELVWCSDMEL SEQ ID NO: 86 N/A
EVADCSWHLGELVWCTEGEF SEQ ID NO: 87 54 nM GEEDCAWHLGELVWCTDVED SEQ
ID NO: 88 52 nM EVEDCAYHLGELVWCSDLEG SEQ ID NO: 89 82 nM
WEEDCAWHLGELVWCAEFDE SEQ ID NO: 90 44 nM KEASCAWHLGELVWCSEVEE SEQ
ID NO: 91 130 nM ALA Scan on Phage AEADCAWHLGELVWCTKVEE SEQ ID NO:
92 20 nM WAADCAWHLGELVWCTKVEE SEQ ID NO: 93 34 nM
WEPDCAWHLGELVWCTKVEE SEQ ID NO: 94 36 nM WEAACAWHLGELVWCTKVEE SEQ
ID NO: 95 55 nM WEAACSWHLGELVWCTKVEE SEQ ID NO: 96 10 nM
WEADCAAHLGELVWCTKVEE SEQ ID NO: 97 798 nM WEADCAWALGELVWCTKVEE SEQ
ID NO: 98 139 nM WEADCAWHAGELVWCTKVEE SEQ ID NO: 99 56 nM
WEADCAWHLAELVWCTKVEE SEQ ID NO: 100 12 nM WEADCAWHLGALVWCTKVEE SEQ
ID NO: 101 11 nM WEADCAWHLGEAVWCTKVEE SEQ ID NO: 102 1890 nM
WEADCAWHLGELAWCTKVEE SEQ ID NO: 103 4670 nM WEADCAWHLGELVACTKVEE
SEQ ID NO: 104 3380 nM WEADCAWHLGELVWCAKVEE SEQ ID NO: 105 101 nM
WEADCAWHLGELVWCTAVEE SEQ ID NO: 106 10 nM WEADCAWHLGELVWCTKAEE SEQ
ID NO: 107 8 nM WEADCAWHLGELVWCTKVAE SEQ ID NO: 108 4 nM
Example 2
Construction of Anti-VEGF Fabs Tagged with IgG-Fc Peptide
Ligands
[0160] IgG-Fc peptide ligands may be combined with a bioactive
compound to form a hybrid molecule that comprises a peptide ligand
domain and an active domain. In this Example, IgG-Fc peptide
ligands are combined with a Fab fragment that recognizes human
VEGF. A neutralizing antibody to human VEGF has been previously
identified from murine hybridoma, humanized, and optimized by phage
display. See Muller et al. (1998), Structure 6:1153-1167; Chen et
al. (1999), J. Mol. Biol. 293:865-881; and International Patent
Publication No. WO 98/45331. Two humanized Fab forms of this
antibody were chosen to test whether binding affinity to an
irrelevant IgG could be added to the Fabs without disrupting their
antigen-binding affinity. An IgG-Fc peptide ligand, DCAWHLGELVWCT
(SEQ ID NO: 8), identified and optimized by the peptide-phage
display method described in Example I was used, along with a short
peptide linker (Gly-Gly-Gly) to provide flexibility between the
peptide and the Fab. The light chain of the Fab was chosen for
fusions because in the case of this antibody, the light chain is
known to have little contribution to antigen binding (Muller et
al., 1998, supra). In principle the peptide ligand domain could
function to introduce IgG-binding whether introduced at the
N-terminus, C-terminus, or inserted within the original Fab
sequence. Described here are N-terminal fusions
DCAWHLGELVWCTGGG-(light chain) (SEQ ID NO: 109) as well as
C-terminal fusions (light chain)-GGGWEADCAWHLGELVWCT (SEQ ID NO:
110).
[0161] An oligodeoxynucleotide, HL-569, was designed and
synthesized for mutation of anti-VEGF plasmids to create fusions of
the IgG-Fc peptide ligand at the N-terminus of the antibody light
chain. The sequence of HL-569 (with added peptide sequence
underlined) is: 5'-ACA AAC GCG TAC GCT GAC TGC GCT TGG CAC CTG GGC
GAG CTG GTC TGG TGC ACC GGA GGA GGA GAT ATC CAG TTG ACC-3' (SEQ ID
NO: 111). The GAC codon follows the STII secretion-signal sequence
at the N-terminus of the light chain, and the GAT codon corresponds
to the first residue of the mature (wild-type) light chain.
[0162] Another oligodeoxynucleotide, HL-570, was designed and
synthesized for construction of peptide ligand fusions to the
C-terminus of the antibody light chain. The sequence of HL-570
(with added peptide sequence underlined) is: 5'-AAC AGG GGA GAG TGT
GGA GGA GGA TGG GAA GCA GAC TGC GCT TGG CAC CTG GGC GAG CTG GTC TGG
TGC ACC TAA GCT GAT CCT CTA C-3' (SEQ ID NO: 112). The TGT codon
preceding the underscored GGA codon corresponds to residue Cys-214
of the light chain, and the TAA "stop codon" marks the end of the
translated peptide sequence. Phagemids pY0192 and pY0317 (described
Muller et al., 1998, supra; Chen et al., 1999; and International
Patent Publication No. WO 98/45331, encoding low-affinity and
high-affinity forms of a humanized anti-VEGF antibody,
respectively, were mutated with each of the two IgG-peptide oligos
to yield constructs pY0192-569, pY0192-570, pY0317-569, and
pY0317-570.
Example 3
Phage-ELISA Analysis of Hybrid Molecules Comprising Peptide-Ligand
Tagged Anti-VEGF Fabs
[0163] A phage-ELISA competitive binding assay (Lowman (1998),
Methods Mol. Biol. 87:249-264) was used to compare the apparent
binding affinities of anti-VEGF antibody variants tagged with an
IgG-Fc peptide ligand at their N-terminus or C-terminus and
displayed monovalently on bacteriophage M13 particles as fusions to
the C-terminal domain of the gene III protein.
[0164] An irrelevant humanized IgG, 4D5-IgG, also known as
Herceptin.RTM., was coated onto Nunc Maxisorp immunosorbant plates
at 2 microg/mL in phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS).
Phagemid particles from overnight cultures of XL-1 Blue E. coli
(Stratagene) were diluted in PBS containing 0.5% bovine serum
albumin and 0.05% Tween-20. The phagemid particles were mixed with
serial dilutions of Herceptin.RTM. in solution, equilibrated for 20
min in a non-adsorbent plate (Nunc F96), then transferred to the
Herceptin.RTM.-coated Maxisorp plate for detection of unbound
phage. After 20 min, the plate was washed with PBS/Tween, and
developed with an anti-phage monoclonal antibody-HRP conjugate
(Pharmacia) and OPD substrate (Sigma). Displacement curves (FIG. 1)
showed IC.sub.50 values of about 100-300 nM for each of the
construct, pY0192-569, pY0192-570, pY0317-569, and pY0317-570.
Example 4
BIAcore.TM. Analysis of IgG Binding to Anti-VEGF Fab Tagged with an
IgG-Fc Peptide Ligand
[0165] A surface plasmon resonance instrument (BIAcore, Inc.,
Piscataway, N.J.) was used to measure binding of an irrelevant IgG,
4D5-IgG, also known as Herceptin.RTM., to Fab that previously had
been bound to an immobilized VEGF biosensor chip.
[0166] Fab variants encoded by pY0317 and pY0317-570 (control
anti-VEGF high affinity, humanized Fab, and anti-VEGF high
affinity, humanized Fab tagged with an IgG-Fc peptide ligand
domain, respectively; see Example 2, supra, and WO 98/45331) were
expressed in E. coli and purified by protein-G (Pharmacia) affinity
chromatography. Recombinant human VEGF was immobilized onto
BIAcore.TM. CM-5 biosensor chips (BIAcore, Inc.) as described
(Muller et al., 1998, supra). After VEGF immobilization, the chip
was blocked with ethanolamine, and the peptide-ligand tagged
Y0317-570 Fab, or Y0317 control, was injected in PBS buffer
containing 0.05% Tween-20 and 0.01% sodium azide. Following Fab
injection, Herceptin.RTM. was injected, and the dissociation
off-rate (k.sub.off) following injection was observed.
[0167] The results (FIG. 2) show that Herceptin.RTM. bound to the
tagged but not to the control Y0317 Fab. Using a 1:1 Langmuir
binding model (Karlsson et al. (1991), J. Immunol. Methods
145:229-240 (1991)), a k.sub.off of 2.8.times.10.sup.-3,
sec.sup.-1, and a corresponding dissociation half-life (t.sub.1/2)
of 8.5 min were calculated for Y0317-570. Limitations of material
prevented reliable on-rate determinations. However, the observed
k.sub.off suggests an equilibrium binding affinity, K.sub.d, of 30
nM to 300 nM (assuming k.sub.on of 10.sup.4-10.sup.5 M.sup.-1
sec.sup.-1), consistent with peptide binding and phage-ELISA
results (above). Importantly, the BIAcore.TM. results (FIG. 2) also
show that the tagged Fab can simultaneously binding both antigen
(immobilized VEGF) and an irrelevant IgG.
Example 5
IgG-Fc Peptide Ligand Tagged Anti-VEGF Fabs Have Prolonged
Elimination Half Times
[0168] The blood clearance rates and tissue distribution of the
IgG-Fc peptide ligand-tagged anti-VEGF Fab (Fab-Y0317-570) are
compared to those of the untagged control anti-VEGF Fab Y0317.
Determinations of the elimination half time and volume of
distribution are made in New Zealand White Rabbits of 2.8 to 3 kg
weight. The amount of test article present in the plasma samples is
determined using any method known in the art, such as, e.g., ELISA,
or RIA.
[0169] Pharmacokinetic analysis is performed using the test article
plasma concentrations. Group mean plasma data for each test article
conforms to a multi-exponential profile when plotted against the
time post-dosing. The data are fit by a standard two-compartment
model with bolus input and first-order rate constants for
distribution and elimination phases. The general equation for the
best fit of the data for i.v. administration is: c(t)
Ae.sup.-.alpha.t+Be.sup.-.beta.t, where c(t) is the plasma
concentration at time t, A and B are intercepts on the Y-axis, and
a and 13 are the apparent first-order rate constants for the
distribution and elimination phases, respectively. The
.alpha.-phase is the initial phase of the clearance and reflects
distribution of the protein into all extracellular fluid of the
animal, whereas the second or .beta.-phase portion of the decay
curve represents true plasma clearance. Methods for fitting such
equations are well known in the art. For example,
A=D/V(.alpha.-k21)/(.beta.-8), B=D/V (.beta.-k21)/(.alpha.-.beta.),
and .alpha. and .beta. (for .alpha.>.beta.) are roots of the
quadratic equation: r.sup.2+(k12+k21+k10)r+k21k10=0 using estimated
parameters of V=volume of distribution, k10=elimination rate,
k12=transfer rate from compartment 1 to compartment 2 and
k21=transfer rate from compartment 2 to compartment 1, and D=the
administered dose.
[0170] On the morning of the study six New Zealand White rabbits
(body weight 2.8-3.0 kg) were placed in restrainers. Catheters were
installed in an ear artery for blood sample collection and in a
contralateral ear vein for dosing.
[0171] Rabbits were divided into two groups (n=3/group). Group 1
animals received and IV bolus of control anti-VEGF Fab-Y0317.
Rabbits in Group 2 received Fab-Y0317-570. A summary of group
assignment and dosing information is presented in the table
below.
TABLE-US-00007 Nominal Dose Dose Weight Dose Conc. Vol. Group (kg)
Dose Group (mg/kg) (mg/mL) (mL) 1 2.9 Control-Fab-Y0317 1 3 0.97 1
3.0 Control-Fab-Y0317 1 3 1.00 1 2.9 Control-Fab-Y0317 1 3 0.97 2
2.8 Fab-Y0317-5701 3 0.93 2 3.0 Fab-Y0317-5701 3 1.00 2 2.9
Fab-Y0317-5701 3 0.97
[0172] Serial blood samples (0.5 mL) were collected just prior to
dosing and at 10, 20 40 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24 and 48 hr after
dose administration. Blood was collected in serum separator tubes,
allowed to clot (.about.30 min) at room temperature, and
centrifuged. Serum was harvested and immediately stored at -70C
until analyzed.
[0173] ELISA plates were coated with 0.5 microg/ml VEGF in 50 mM
carbonate buffer, pH 9.6, at 4.degree. C. overnight and blocked
with 0.5% bovine serum albumin, 10 ppm Proclin 300 (Supelco,
Bellefonte, Pa.) in PBS (8 mM Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4, 1.5 mM
KH.sub.2PO.sub.4, 2.7 mM KCl and 137 mM NaCl, pH 7.2) at room
temperature for 1 hour. Standards (0.41-100 ng/ml) and twofold
serial dilutions, of samples (minimum dilution 1:100) in PBS
containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin, 0.05% polysorbate 20, 0.25%
CHAPS, 0.2% bovine gamma globulins (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) and 5 mM
EDTA were incubated on the plates for 2 hours. Bound antibody was
detected using peroxidase labeled goat F(ab')2 anti-human IgG
F(ab')2 (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, Pa.), followed by
3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl benzidine (Kirkegaard & Perry
Laboratories) as the substrate. Plates were washed between steps.
Absorbance was read at 450 nm on a Titerek stacker reader (ICN,
Costa Mesa, Calif.). The standard curve was fitted using a
four-parameter regression curve-fitting program (Kaleidagraph,
Synergy Software, Reading, Pa.). Data points which fell in the
range of the standard curve were used for calculating the Fab
concentrations in samples.
[0174] Data analysis: Graphs of concentration versus time profiles
were made using KaleidaGraph (KaleidaGraph.TM. V. 3.09 Copyright
1986-1997. Synergy Software. Reading, Pa.). Values reported as less
than reportable (LTR) were not included in the PK analysis and are
not represented graphically. Pharmacokinetic parameters were
determined by compartmental analysis using WinNonlin software
(WinNonlin.RTM. Professional V. 3.1 WinNonlin.TM. Copyright
1998-1999. Pharsight Corporation. Mountain View, Calif.).
Pharmacokinetic parameters were computed as described elsewhere
(Ritschel W A and Kearns G L. Handbook of basic pharmacokinetics
including clinical applications, 5th edition. American
Pharmaceutical Assoc., Washington, D.C. Copyright 1999).
[0175] The results are reported in FIG. 3. A two-compartment model
with bolus input and first-order output (WinNonlin) was used to fit
observed serum concentration vs. time data. Calculated
pharmacokinetic parameters ware presented in the table below.
TABLE-US-00008 Pharmacokinetic Parameter Summary (IV bolus; 1
mg/kg) Group 1 Group 2 Parameter Control Fab-Y0317 Fab-Y0317-570
AUC (h * .mu.g/mL) 13.6 .+-. 1.2 215 .+-. 56 Cmax (.mu.g/mL) 15.6
.+-. 0.6 13 .+-. 0.7 CL (mL/h/kg) 74.2 .+-. 6.7 4.8 .+-. 1.1 K10
half-life (hr) 0.6 .+-. 0.02 11.3 .+-. 3.6 alpha half-life (hr)
0.39 .+-. 0.03 1.15 .+-. 0.31 beta half-life (hr) 1.93 .+-. 0.27
37.6 .+-. 19 V1 (mL/kg) 64.1 .+-. 2.37 75.2 .+-. 4.23 Vss (mL/kg)
112 .+-. 7.7 225 .+-. 54
[0176] The initial volume of distribution (V1) for both agents was
approximately equal to serum volume. The estimated steady state
volume of distribution (Vss) for Fab-Y0317-570 (225 mL/kg) was
approximately 2 fold higher than estimated for the control Fab (112
mL/kg) suggesting a significant amount of binding to endogenous
IgG. Control Fab-Y0317 was eliminated approximately 15-fold faster
from the serum (clearance=74 mL/h/kg) compared to Fab-Y0317-570
(4.8 mL/b/d). The overall exposure (AUC) of Fab-Y0317-570 was
.about.16 times higher than for Fab-Y0317. Fab-Y0317 was
undetectable in the serum 24 h after dosing but serum
concentrations of Fab-Y0317-570 were still above 1 .mu.g/mL 48 h
after dosing. Both the distribution (alpha) half-life (1.15 h) and
the elimination (beta) half-life (37.6 h) were significantly longer
than the control Fab.
[0177] These results suggest that addition of a 13 amino acid that
binds to endogenous IgG to Fab-Y0317 can significantly slow Fab
clearance, increase half-life and enhance overall exposure.
Example 6
Serum Albumin Peptide Ligands
[0178] Phage Libraries and Selection Conditions--Phage-displayed
peptide libraries were selected against rabbit, rat and human
albumin. Phage libraries expressing random peptide sequences fused
to gene 8 (Lowman et al., Biochem. 37, 8870 (1998)) were pooled
into 5 groups: Pool A contained CX.sub.2GPX.sub.4C (SEQ ID NO:
133), X.sub.4CX.sub.2GPX.sub.4CX.sub.4 (SEQ ID NO: 134) and
X.sub.iCX.sub.jCX.sub.k where j=8-10; Pool B contained X.sub.20 and
X.sub.iCX.sub.JCX.sub.k where j=4-7; Pool C contained X.sub.8 and
X.sub.2CX.sub.JCX.sub.2 where j=4-6; Pool D contained
X.sub.2CX.sub.jCX.sub.2 where j=7-10; Pool E contained
CX.sub.6CX.sub.6CCX.sub.3CX.sub.6C (SEQ ID NO: 135),
CCX.sub.3CX.sub.6C (SEQ ID NO: 136), CCX.sub.5CX.sub.4CX.sub.4CC
(SEQ ID NO: 137), CXCX.sub.7CX.sub.3CX.sub.6 (SEQ ID NO: 138) where
X represents any of the 20 naturally occurring L-amino acids. In
each case i+j+k=18 and |i-k|<2. Each of the 10 libraries has in
excess of 108 clones.
[0179] The phage library pools were suspended in binding buffer
(PBS, 1% ovalbumin, 0.005% Tween 20) and sorted against rabbit, rat
or human albumin immobilized directly on maxisorp plates (10
.mu.g/ml in PBS, overnight at 4.degree. C.; plates were blocked
with Blocker Casein (Pierce Chemical, Rockford, Ill.)). After 2
hours, unbound phage were removed by repetitive washing (PBS, 0.05%
Tween 20) and bound phage were eluted with 500 mM KCl, 10 mM HCl,
pH 2. Eluted phage were propagated in XL1-Blue cells with VCSM13
helper phage (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). Enrichment was
monitored by titering the number of phage that bound to an albumin
coated well compared to a well coated with ovalbumin or casein.
[0180] Phage ELISA--Phage clones (.about.10.sup.11 phage) were
added to plates coated with rat, rabbit or human albumin. The
microtiter plate was washed with wash buffer and bound phage were
detected with HRP/Anti-M13 Conjugate. The amount of HRP bound was
measured using ABTS/H.sub.2O.sub.2 substrate and monitoring the
change at 405 nm.
[0181] The peptide sequences displayed by phage clones selected for
binding to rabbit, human or rat albumin are shown in FIG. 4. Also
indicated is the ability of individual phage clones to bind the 3
species of immobilized albumin. This was tested using a phage
ELISA. Note that clone RB, selected for binding to rat albumin is
also capable of binding human and rabbit albumin.
[0182] Sequence Maturation on Monovalent Phage--Partially
randomized libraries were designed using oligonucleotides coding
for each of the selected clones in FIG. 4, but synthesized with a
70-10-10-10 mixture of bases as described (Dennis et al., Nature
404, 465 (2000)). Although the potential diversity of these
libraries is the same as the initial naive libraries, each `soft
randomized` library maintains a bias towards the selected sequence
in FIG. 4. Each library was again selected for binding to rat,
rabbit or human albumin regardless of its origin. For example, the
library resulting from soft randomization of clone RB was selected
against rat, rabbit or human albumin even though it was originally
identified for binding to rat albumin. Sequences identified
following soft randomization are shown in FIG. 5 along with their
species specificity as determined by phage ELISA. Most clones
appear to be specific for the species of albumin for which they
were selected, however, clones from the RB soft randomization
library bind to all three species.
[0183] Phage clones were also tested for binding to rhesus, mouse
and bovine albumin. Clones originating from the RB soft
randomization library were found to bind each of these species of
albumin as well and were specific for albumin based upon their lack
of binding to ovalbumin and casein (FIG. 6). Clones that bind to
multiple species of albumin (multi-species binders are listed in
FIG. 7.
[0184] Hard randomization--Sequences from soft randomization of the
RB sequence were further matured using a hard randomization
strategy. A new library was designed that kept highly selected
residues (underlined) constant X.sub.5DXCLPXWGCLWX.sub.4 (SEQ ID
NO: 116), while fully randomizing the remaining positions. A second
library, one residue shorter at both the N and C terminus was also
constructed. Sequences from these libraries selected against rat,
rabbit and human albumin are shown in FIGS. 8A, 88, and 8C
respectively.
[0185] Peptide Synthesis--Peptides were synthesized by either
manual or automated (Milligen 9050) Fmoc-based solid (phase
synthesis on a 0.25 mmol scale using a PEG-polystyrene resin
(Bodanszky M., (1984) Principles of Peptide Synthesis, Springer,
Berlin). Side chain protecting groups were removed and the peptides
were cleaved from the resin with 95% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and
5% triisopropylsilane. A saturated iodine solution in acetic acid
was added for oxidation of disulfide bonds. Peptides were purified
by reversed phase HPLC using a water/acetonitrile gradient
containing 0.1% TFA. Peptides were >95% pure by analytical HPLC
and its identity verified by mass spectrometry.
[0186] The carboxy terminal lysine of peptide SA08 was derivatized
with NHS-LC-biotin (Pierce Chemical, Rockford, Ill.) and purified
by HPLC as above yielding SA08b (Ac-QGLIGDICLPRWGCLWGDSVK.sub.b
(SEQ ID NO: 124)-n where K.sub.b refers to lysine-biotin).
[0187] SA08b Binding Assay--Rabbit, rat or mouse albumin was
immobilized directly on maxisorp plates at 10 .mu.g/ml in PBS,
overnight at 4.degree. C. Plates were blocked using Blocker Casein
(Pierce Chemical, Rockford, Ill.) for 1 hr, at 25.degree. C.
Serially diluted samples were suspended in binding buffer (above)
and added to the plate followed by the addition of 10 nM SA08b for
1 hr, at 25.degree. C. The microtiter plate was washed with PBS,
0.05% Tween 20 and the SA08b bound to albumin was detected with
Streptavidin/HRP. The amount of HRP bound was measured using
ABTS/H.sub.2O.sub.2 substrate and monitoring the change at 405
nm.
[0188] Peptides corresponding to identified phage sequences were
synthesized and their affinity for rat, rabbit or mouse albumin
measured using the SA08b binding assay (FIGS. 9 and 10).
[0189] Construction, Expression and Purification of Albumin Binding
Fab Fusions--In order to test whether association with albumin
could increase the half-life of proteins and peptides in vivo, the
sequence of SA06 was fused to a Fab fragment (D3H44) directed for
binding tissue factor (TF). The SA06 sequence was added to the
carboxy terminus of either the light chain (D3H44-L) or heavy chain
(D3H44-Ls) of the Fab. In addition, as a precaution against folding
problems, identical constructions were made but with the
intra-chain disulfide replaced by alanines (D3H44 Ls and D3H44-Hs,
respectively) as depicted in FIG. 11.
[0190] The fusions were expressed under control of the alkaline
phosphatase promoter and secreted from E. coli using the stII
secretion signal. Fab fusions were recovered from the periplasm by
suspending cells in 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH8, for 1 hr at
4.degree. C. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation and the
anti-TF Fab was selectively purified using a Hi-Trap (Amersham
Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) TF affinity column. Properly
folded D3H44 L or D3H44-Ls was further purified using a rabbit
albumin affinity column (rabbit albumin coupled to CNBr-activated
Sepharose 4B, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.). Both
columns were washed with PBS and eluted with 50 mM HCl. Eluted
fractions were neutralized with 1 M Tris pH 8. Endotoxin was
further removed following extraction with triton X114 (Aida and
Pabst, J. Immunol. Methods 132, 191 (1990)).
[0191] Purified D3H44 fusions retained their ability to bind TF as
measured using a FX activation assay (FIG. 12), and a prothrombin
time assay that measures prolongation of tissue factor dependent
clotting (FIG. 13) (for methods see Dennis et al., Nature 404, 465
(2000)). Unlike D3H44 lacking the albumin binding sequence (WT),
both D3H44 L and D3H44-Ls are able to bind to albumin as measured
in the SA08b binding assay (FIG. 14). Further, both D3H44
albumin-binding fusions are capable of binding TF and albumin
simultaneously as judged by a biotin-TF binding assay (FIG. 15). In
this assay, the binding of the D3H44 fusions to immobilized albumin
is detected with biotinylated IV. Wild-type D3H44 (WT) is unable to
bind albumin and thus does not generate a signal upon addition of
biotinylated TF.
[0192] Pharmacokinetics of D3H44 albumin-binding fusions D3H44
variants were given as a 0.5 mg/kg bolus in rabbit. Each group
consisted of 3 rabbits (5 in the F(ab')2 group). Serum samples
taken at the indicated time points were serially diluted and the
concentration of D3H44 determined using a TF binding ELISA.
[0193] Pharmacokinetic analysis is performed using the test article
plasma concentrations. Group mean plasma data for each test article
conforms to a multi-exponential profile when plotted against the
time post-dosing. The data are fit by a standard two-compartment
model with bolus input and first-order rate constants for
distribution and elimination phases. The general equation for the
best fit of the data for i.v. administration is:
c(t)=Ae.sup.-.alpha.t+Be.sup.-.beta.t, where c(t) is the plasma
concentration at time t, A and B are intercepts on the Y-axis, and
.alpha. and .beta. are the apparent first-order rate constants for
the distribution and elimination phases, respectively. The
.alpha.-phase is the initial phase of the clearance and reflects
distribution of the protein into all extracellular fluid of the
animal, whereas the second or .beta.-phase portion of the decay
curve represents true plasma clearance. Methods for fitting such
equations are well known in the art. For example,
A=D/V(.alpha.-k21)/(.alpha.-.beta.), B=D/V
(.beta.-k21)/(.alpha.-.beta.), and .alpha. and .beta. (for
.alpha.>.beta.) are roots of the quadratic equation:
r.sup.2+(k12+k21+k 10)r+k21k10=0 using estimated parameters of
V=volume of distribution, k10=elimination rate, k12=transfer rate
from compartment 1 to compartment 2 and k21=transfer rate from
compartment 2 to compartment 1, and D=the administered dose.
[0194] Data analysis: Graphs of concentration versus time profiles
were made using KaleidaGraph (KaleidaGraph.TM. V. 3.09 Copyright
1986-1997. Synergy Software. Reading, Pa.). Values reported as less
than reportable (LTR) were not included in the PK analysis and are
not represented graphically. Pharmacokinetic parameters were
determined by compartmental analysis using WinNonlin software
(WinNonlin.RTM. Professional V. 3.1 WinNonlin.TM. Copyright
1998-1999. Pharsight Corporation. Mountain View, Calif.).
Pharmacokinetic parameters were computed as described elsewhere
(Ritschel W A and Kearns G L. Handbook of basic pharmacokinetics
including clinical applications, 5th edition. American
Pharmaceutical Assoc., Washington, D.C. Copyright 1999).
[0195] Fusion of the albumin binding peptide to D3H44 results in a
protein having improved pharmacokinetic parameters (FIGS. 16 and
17). D3H44-L has a 70-fold increase in half-life (K10-HL) relative
to wild-type Fab and a comparable half-life to D3H44 Fabs
derivatized with 20K or 40K polyethylene glycol (PEG).
[0196] All publications cited herein are expressly incorporated by
reference in their entirety.
Sequence CWU 1
1
49217PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 1Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly
Gly1 5220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 2Glu Thr Gln Arg Cys Thr
Trp His Met Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Glu1 5 10 15Arg Glu His
Asn20320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 3Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys Ser
Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu2047PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 4Gly Gly Gly Pro Gly Gly
Gly1 5560DNAArtificial SequenceSynthesized 5drggwagmar rctgckcttr
scacmtgggc gagctggtct ggtgcrvcrv mbkcgaskdw 60660DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 6drsvwgsvgr rctgckcctr syrsmtgggc gagctggtct
ggtgcrncvv snbsgwskdm 60760DNAArtificial SequenceSynthesized
7dnsnnsnnsv nstgcbvgtd shrsmdsggc gagstckkgw rgtgcrnmnn snnsnnsnnm
60813PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 8Asp Cys Ala Trp His Leu Gly
Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 1099PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
9Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Leu Val Trp1 5109PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 10Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Glu Leu Val Trp1
51120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 11Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Leu Val Trp Cys Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa201220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 12Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa201320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 13Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa201420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 14Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa201520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 15Asp Leu Ala Asp Cys
Ser Trp His Met Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Arg Val Glu
Gly201620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 16Trp Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Pro Met Glu
Phe201720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 17Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Thr Leu Thr
Glu201820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 18Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Pro Gly Val
Glu201920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 19Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Gly Val Glu
Gly202020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 20Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu202120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 21Glu Ser Glu Asp Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu202220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 22Glu Lys Glu Asp Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu202320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 23Glu Asp Pro Asp Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu202420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 24Glu Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu202520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 25Asn Ala Asp Asp Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu202620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 26Ser Glu Thr Thr Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu202719PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 27Ala Trp Lys Thr Cys
Gln Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val Ala1 5 10 15Gly Val
Glu2820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 28Asp Leu Ala Asp Cys Ser
Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Arg Val Glu
Gly202920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 29Lys Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu203020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 30Lys Glu Ala Glu Cys
Ser Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu203120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 31Lys Glu Ala Arg Cys
Trp Tyr Trp His Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Asp Pro Glu
Glu203220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 32Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu203320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 33Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Gly Val
Glu203420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 34Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Glu Gly Val
Glu203520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 35Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Asp Gly Val
Glu203620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 36Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Glu Gly Val
Glu203720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 37Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Val Trp Lys Cys Lys1 5 10 15Ser Gly Val
Glu203820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 38Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Asn Gly Val
Glu203920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 39Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Thr Phe Asp
Glu204020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 40Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Gly Leu Asp
Glu204120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 41Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Gly Leu Asp
Glu204220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 42Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Glu1 5 10 15Asp Thr Leu
Glu204320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 43Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Glu1 5 10 15Asp Thr Met
Glu204420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 44Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Glu1 5 10 15Asp Met Met
Glu204520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 45Trp Val Glu Asp Cys
Ser Trp His Met Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Gly Gly Glu
Phe204620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 46Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Trp Met Asn
Gly204720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 47Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Asp Thr Pro
Val204820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 48Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Asp Tyr Gly
Glu204920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 49Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Asp Leu Trp
Glu205020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 50Trp Arg Gly Gly Cys
Ser Trp His Met Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Glu1 5 10 15His Asp Met
Glu205120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 51Ala Val Ser Lys Cys
Ser Phe His Met Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Asp Val Met
Asn205220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 52Asn Gln Val Ser Cys
Ser Tyr Ser Arg Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Lys Gln Ser
Gln205320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 53Gly Arg Met Glu Cys
Ala Trp His Gln Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Pro Thr Leu
Glu205420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 54Gly Thr Met Glu Cys
Ser Trp His Gln Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Pro Thr Leu
Ala205520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 55Glu Met Arg Asp Cys
Ser Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ala1 5 10 15His Met Glu
Gly205620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 56Gly Ser Trp Glu Cys
Ala Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Glu1 5 10 15Thr Gly Ser
Gly205720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 57Val Ala Glu Pro Cys
Ala Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Glu1 5 10 15Val Leu Lys
Gly205820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 58Lys Glu Ala Met Cys
Ser Tyr Trp Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Glu1 5 10 15Ser Asp Met
Pro205920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 59Asp Leu Ala Asp Cys
Ser Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Arg Val Glu
Gly206020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 60Asp Leu Ala Asp Cys
Ser Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Gly Leu Asp
Glu206120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 61Trp Val Glu Asp Cys
Ser Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Val1 5 10 15Gly Leu Asp
Phe206220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 62Lys Val Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Met Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Glu Val Glu
Gly206320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 63Gly Glu Glu Asp Cys
Ser Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Met Cys Thr1 5 10 15Glu Leu Asp
Asp206420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 64Gly Val Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Glu Arg Glu
Asp206520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 65Gly Glu Glu Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Gly Gly Asp
Phe206620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 66Trp Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu206720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 67Gly Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ser Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asn1 5 10 15Asp Phe Glu
Glu206819PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 68Trp Val Asp Cys Ala
Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser Thr1 5 10 15Phe Glu
Glu6920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 69Trp Val Glu Asp Cys Ala
Trp His Met Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Asp
Glu207020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 70Arg Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Glu Arg Asp
Leu207120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 71Glu Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ala Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Ala Phe Asp
Val207220PRTArtificial SequenceSythesized 72Arg Val Ala Ser Cys Ala
Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Gly Leu Asp
Gly207320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 73Gly Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu207420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 74Gly Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ala Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Asp1 5 10 15Glu Gly Glu
Gly207520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 75Arg Val Glu Asp Cys
Ala Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Glu Gly Asp
Glu207620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 76Glu Glu Pro Asp Cys
Ser Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Met Cys Thr1 5 10 15Pro Met Glu
Val207720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 77Lys Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Met Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Glu Met Glu
Gly207820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 78Glu Gln Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Pro Met Val
Phe207920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 79Glu Glu Pro Asp Cys
Ser Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Pro Ile Glu
Val208020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 80Gly Glu Pro Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Pro Met Val
Phe208120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 81Gly Glu Gln Asp Cys
Ser Tyr His Met Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Thr Val Asp
Gly208220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 82Gly Val Arg Asn Cys
Ala Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Pro Met Glu
Phe208320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 83Arg Val Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Met Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Glu Leu Glu
Val208420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 84Gly Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Pro Met Asp
Leu208520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 85Gly Glu Gln Asp Cys
Ser Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Pro Met Glu
Val208620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 86Gly Met Arg Asp Cys
Ser Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Asp Met Glu
Leu208720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 87Glu Val Ala Asp Cys
Ser Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Glu Gly Glu
Phe208820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 88Gly Glu Glu Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Asp Val Glu
Asp208920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 89Glu Val Glu Asp Cys
Ala Tyr His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Asp Leu Glu
Gly209020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 90Trp Glu Glu Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ala1 5 10 15Glu Phe Asp
Glu209120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 91Lys Glu Ala Ser Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ser1 5 10 15Glu Val Glu
Glu209220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 92Ala Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu209320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 93Trp Ala Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu209420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 94Trp Glu Pro Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu209520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 95Trp Glu Ala Ala Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu209620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 96Trp Glu Ala Ala Cys
Ser Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu209720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 97Trp Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Ala His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu209820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 98Trp Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp Ala Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu209920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 99Trp Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Ala Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu2010020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 100Trp Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Ala Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu2010120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 101Trp Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Ala Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu2010220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 102Trp Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Ala Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu2010320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 103Trp Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Ala Trp Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Val Glu
Glu2010420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 104Trp Glu Ala Asp Cys
Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Ala Cys Thr1 5
10 15Lys Val Glu Glu2010520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 105Trp
Glu Ala Asp Cys Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Ala1 5 10
15Lys Val Glu Glu2010620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 106Trp
Glu Ala Asp Cys Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10
15Ala Val Glu Glu2010720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 107Trp
Glu Ala Asp Cys Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10
15Lys Ala Glu Glu2010820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 108Trp
Glu Ala Asp Cys Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr1 5 10
15Lys Val Ala Glu2010916PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 109Asp
Cys Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Cys Thr Gly Gly Gly1 5 10
1511019PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 110Gly Gly Gly Trp Glu Ala
Asp Cys Ala Trp His Leu Gly Glu Leu Val1 5 10 15Trp Cys
Thr11178DNAArtificial SequenceSynthesized 111acaaacgcgt acgctgactg
cgcttggcac ctgggcgagc tggtctggtg caccggagga 60ggagatatcc agttgacc
7811288DNAArtificial SequenceSynthesized 112aacaggggag agtgtggagg
aggatgggaa gcagactgcg cttggcacct gggcgagctg 60gtctggtgca cctaagctga
tcctctac 8811311PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 113Phe Cys Xaa
Asp Trp Pro Xaa Xaa Xaa Ser Cys1 5 101149PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 114Val Cys Tyr Xaa Xaa Xaa Ile Cys Phe1
51157PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 115Cys Tyr Xaa Pro Gly Xaa
Cys1 511611PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 116Asp Xaa Cys Leu Pro
Xaa Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 1011712PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
117Trp Cys Asp Xaa Xaa Leu Xaa Ala Xaa Asp Leu Cys1 5
1011810PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 118Asp Leu Val Xaa Leu Gly
Leu Glu Cys Trp1 5 1011911PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 119Asp
Leu Cys Leu Arg Asp Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 1012011PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 120Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 1012115PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 121Met Glu Asp Ile Cys
Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu Asp1 5 10 1512220PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 122Gln Arg Leu Met Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Asp Asp Phe2012320PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 123Gln Gly Leu Ile Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Ser Val2012421PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 124Gln Gly Leu Ile Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Ser Val Lys2012515PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 125Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu
Trp Glu Asp Asp1 5 10 1512618PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
126Arg Leu Met Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1
5 10 15Asp Asp12716PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 127Met Glu Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu Asp Asp1 5 10
1512818PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 128Arg Leu Met Glu Asp Ile
Cys Leu Ala Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Asp
Asp12920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 129Glu Val Arg Ser Phe
Cys Thr Asp Trp Pro Ala Glu Lys Ser Cys Lys1 5 10 15Pro Leu Arg
Gly2013020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 130Arg Ala Pro Glu Ser
Phe Val Cys Tyr Trp Glu Thr Ile Cys Phe Glu1 5 10 15Arg Ser Glu
Gln2013111PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 131Glu Met Cys Tyr Phe
Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met1 5 101325PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
132Gly Glu Leu Val Trp1 513310PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
133Cys Xaa Xaa Gly Pro Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys1 5 1013418PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 134Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Gly Pro Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa13527PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 135Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Cys1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Cys20 2513613PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 136Cys Cys Xaa Xaa
Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys1 5 1013719PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 137Cys Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Cys Cys13821PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 138Cys Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys
Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa201399PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 139Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Glu Leu Val Trp1
514011PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 140Glu Met Cys Tyr Phe Pro
Gly Ile Cys Trp Met1 5 1014127PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
141Cys Glu Val Ala Leu Asp Ala Cys Arg Gly Gly Glu Ser Gly Cys Cys1
5 10 15Arg His Ile Cys Glu Leu Ile Arg Gln Leu Cys20
2514221PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 142Cys Gly Cys Val Asp Val
Ser Asp Trp Asp Cys Trp Ser Glu Cys Leu1 5 10 15Trp Ser His Gly
Ala2014310PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 143Asp Leu Cys Asp Val
Asp Phe Cys Trp Phe1 5 1014415PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
144Asp Thr Cys Val Asp Leu Val Arg Leu Gly Leu Glu Cys Trp Gly1 5
10 1514516PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 145Lys Ser Cys Ser Glu
Leu His Trp Leu Leu Val Glu Glu Cys Leu Phe1 5 10
1514620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 146Met Asp Glu Leu Ala Phe
Tyr Cys Gly Ile Trp Glu Cys Leu Met His1 5 10 15Gln Glu Gln
Lys2014720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 147Arg Asn Glu Asp Pro
Cys Val Val Leu Leu Glu Met Gly Leu Glu Cys1 5 10 15Trp Glu Gly
Val2014820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 148Glu Val Arg Ser Phe
Cys Thr Asp Trp Pro Ala Glu Lys Ser Cys Lys1 5 10 15Pro Leu Arg
Gly2014920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 149Gly Glu Asn Trp Cys
Asp Ser Thr Leu Met Ala Tyr Asp Leu Cys Gly1 5 10 15Gln Val Asn
Met2015020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 150Gln Arg Gln Met Val
Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Gly
Phe2015111PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 151Ala Leu Cys Tyr Phe
Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met1 5 1015215PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
152Ala Ser Glu Ile Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met Val Glu1 5
10 1515311PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 153Asp Ile Cys Tyr Ile
Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met1 5 1015411PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
154Asp Leu Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met1 5
1015511PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 155Asp Met Cys Tyr Phe Pro
Gly Ile Cys Phe Asn1 5 1015611PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
156Asp Met Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Leu1 5
1015715PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 157Asp Ser Glu Val Cys Tyr
Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Ser Gly Thr1 5 10 1515811PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 158Asp Val Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met1
5 1015915PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 159Glu His Asp Met Cys
Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Ile Ala Asp1 5 10 1516011PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 160Glu Ile Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Ile1
5 1016111PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 161Glu Ile Cys Tyr Phe
Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met1 5 1016211PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
162Glu Leu Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met1 5
1016311PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 163Glu Leu Cys Tyr Phe Pro
Gly Ile Cys Trp Pro1 5 1016411PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
164Glu Leu Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Thr1 5
1016511PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 165Glu Met Cys Tyr Phe Pro
Gly Ile Cys Trp Ser1 5 1016611PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
166Glu Met Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Thr1 5
1016711PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 167Glu Thr Cys Tyr Phe Pro
Gly Ile Cys Trp Leu1 5 1016811PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
168Glu Val Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Glu1 5
1016911PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 169Glu Val Cys Tyr Phe Pro
Gly Ile Cys Trp Phe1 5 1017011PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
170Glu Val Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met1 5
1017120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 171Glu Val Arg Ser Phe Cys
Thr Asp Trp Pro Ala His Tyr Ser Cys Thr1 5 10 15Ser Leu Gln
Gly2017220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 172Gly Glu Asp Trp Cys
Asp Ser Thr Leu Leu Ala Phe Asp Leu Cys Gly1 5 10 15Glu Gly Ala
Arg2017320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 173Gly Glu Asn Trp Cys
Asp Trp Val Leu Leu Ala Tyr Asp Leu Cys Gly1 5 10 15Glu Asp Asn
Thr2017415PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 174Gly Gly Glu Ile Cys
Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Arg Val Leu Pro1 5 10 1517511PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 175Gly Met Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Ala1
5 1017619PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 176Gly Arg Ser Phe Cys
Met Asp Trp Pro Ala His Lys Ser Cys Thr Pro1 5 10 15Leu Met
Leu17715PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 177Gly Thr Glu Val Cys
Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Gly Gly Gly1 5 10 1517820PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 178Gly Val Arg Thr Phe Cys Gln Asp Trp Pro Ala
His Asn Ser Cys Lys1 5 10 15Leu Leu Arg Gly2017915PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 179His Ala Glu Ile Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys
Trp Thr Glu Arg1 5 10 1518015PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
180Ile Val Glu Met Cys Tyr Tyr Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Ile Ser Pro1 5
10 1518111PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 181Lys Leu Cys Tyr Phe
Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Ser1 5 1018211PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
182Lys Thr Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met1 5
1018315PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 183Lys Thr Glu Ile Cys Tyr
Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met Ser Gly1 5 10 1518411PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 184Lys Val Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met1
5 1018515PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 185Leu Ala Glu Met Cys
Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met Ser Ala1 5 10 1518620PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 186Leu Val Pro Glu Arg Ile Val Cys Tyr Phe Glu
Ser Ile Cys Tyr Glu1 5 10 15Arg Ser Glu Leu2018720PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 187Met Glu Leu Trp Cys Asp Ser Thr Leu Met Ala
Tyr Asp Leu Cys Gly1 5 10 15Asp Phe Asn Met2018820PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 188Met Glu Pro Ser Arg Ser Val Cys Tyr Ala Glu
Gly Ile Cys Phe Asp1 5 10 15Arg Gly Glu Gln2018915PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 189Asn Asp Glu Ile Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Val Cys
Trp Lys Ser Gly1 5 10 151908PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
190Gln Cys Phe Pro Gly Trp Val Lys1 519115PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 191Gln Thr Glu Leu Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys
Trp Asn Glu Ser1 5 10 1519220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
192Gln Thr Arg Ser Phe Cys Ala Asp Trp Pro Arg His Glu Ser Cys Lys1
5 10 15Pro Leu Arg Gly2019320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
193Arg Ala Ala Glu Ser Ser Val Cys Tyr Trp Pro Gly Ile Cys Phe Asp1
5 10 15Arg Thr Glu Gln2019420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
194Arg Ala Pro Glu Arg Trp Val Cys Tyr Trp Glu Gly Ile Cys Phe Asp1
5 10 15Arg Tyr Glu Gln2019515PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
195Arg Asp Thr Val Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met Ala Ser1 5
10 1519620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 196Arg Glu Pro Ala Ser
Leu Val Cys Tyr Phe Glu Asp Ile Cys Phe Val1 5 10 15Arg Ala Glu
Ala2019718PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 197Arg Gly Pro Asp Val
Cys Tyr Trp Pro Ser Ile Cys Phe Glu Arg Ser1 5 10 15Met
Pro19820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 198Arg Met Pro Ala Ser
Leu Pro Cys Tyr Trp Glu Thr Ile Cys Tyr Glu1 5 10 15Ser Ser Glu
Gln2019915PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 199Arg Arg Thr Cys Asp
Trp Pro His Asn Ser Cys Lys Leu Arg Gly1 5 10 1520020PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 200Arg Thr Ala Glu Ser Leu Val Cys Tyr Trp Pro
Gly Ile Cys Phe Ala1 5 10 15Gln Ser Glu Arg2020115PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 201Ser Gly Ala Ile Cys Tyr Val Pro Gly Ile Cys
Trp Thr His Ala1 5 10 1520215PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
202Ser Arg Glu Val Cys Tyr Tyr Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Asn Gly Ala1 5
10 1520315PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 203Ser Tyr Ala Pro Cys
Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met Gly Asn1 5 10 1520415PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 204Thr Thr Glu Met Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys
Trp Lys Thr Glu1 5 10 1520515PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
205Val Gln Glu Val Cys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Met Gln Glu1 5
10 1520615PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 206Val Arg Asp Met Cys
Tyr Phe Pro Gly Ile Cys Trp Lys Ser Glu1 5 10 1520720PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 207Asn Arg Gln Met Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Gln
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Asp Phe2020820PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 208Gln Arg His Pro Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Asp Asp2020915PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 209Asp Phe Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Asp Trp Gly Cys
Leu Trp Asp Asp1 5 10 1521011PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
210Asp Ile Cys Leu Glu Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5
1021111PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 211Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Ala
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 1021211PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
212Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Asp Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5
1021311PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 213Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Glu
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 1021411PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
214Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5
1021511PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 215Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Glu
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 1021611PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
216Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5
1021711PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 217Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Val
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 1021815PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
218Asp Ser Cys Gly Asp Leu Leu Arg Leu Gly Leu Glu Cys Trp Ala1 5
10 1521915PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 219Asp Thr Cys Ala Asp
Leu Val Arg Leu Gly Leu Glu Cys Trp Ala1 5 10 1522015PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 220Asp Thr Cys Asp Asp Leu Val Gln Leu Gly Leu
Glu Cys Trp Ala1 5 10 1522115PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
221Asp Thr Cys Glu
Asp Leu Val Arg Leu Gly Leu Glu Cys Trp Ala1 5 10
1522215PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 222Asp Thr Cys Ser Asp Leu
Val Gly Leu Gly Leu Glu Cys Trp Ala1 5 10 1522315PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 223Glu Glu Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys
Leu Trp Gly Ala1 5 10 1522415PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
224Glu Glu Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu Gly1 5
10 1522515PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 225Glu Phe Asp Leu Cys
Leu Pro Thr Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu Asp1 5 10 1522620PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 226Glu Arg Gln Met Glu Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Gln
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Gly Val2022720PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 227Glu Arg Gln Met Val Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Lys
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Gly Phe2022815PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 228Glu Trp Asp Val Cys Phe Pro Ala Trp Gly Cys
Leu Trp Asp Gln1 5 10 1522915PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
229Glu Trp Asp Val Cys Leu Pro His Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp Gly1 5
10 1523015PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 230Phe Glu Asp Phe Cys
Leu Pro Asn Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly Ser1 5 10 1523115PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 231Phe Glu Asp Leu Cys Val Val Arg Trp Gly Cys
Leu Trp Gly Asp1 5 10 1523220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
232Gly Arg Gln Val Val Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Glu Glu Gly Leu2023320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
233Lys Met Gly Arg Val Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Asp Glu Leu2023420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
234Lys Ser Arg Met Gly Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Glu Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Asp Glu Leu2023520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
235Leu Arg Ile Phe Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Glu Gly Phe2023615PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
236Met Asp Asp Ile Cys Leu His His Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp Glu1 5
10 1523715PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 237Met Asp Asp Leu Cys
Leu Pro Asn Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly Asp1 5 10 1523815PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 238Met Phe Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys
Leu Trp Gly Asn1 5 10 1523915PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
239Met Trp Asp Val Cys Phe Pro Asp Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp Val1 5
10 1524015PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 240Asn Thr Cys Ala Asp
Leu Val Arg Leu Gly Leu Glu Cys Trp Ala1 5 10 1524115PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 241Asn Trp Asp Leu Cys Phe Pro Asp Trp Gly Cys
Leu Trp Asp Asp1 5 10 1524220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
242Gln Gly Asp Phe Trp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Ser1
5 10 15Gly Glu Gly Tyr2024320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
243Gln Gly Gly Met Gly Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Glu Asp Leu2024420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
244Gln Gly Tyr Met Val Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Asp Ala Asn2024520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
245Gln Met His Met Met Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Asp Thr Ser2024620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
246Gln Met Gln Met Ser Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Asp Gly Tyr2024720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
247Gln Arg His Met Met Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Asp Gly Tyr2024820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
248Gln Arg Leu Met Trp Glu Ile Cys Leu Pro Leu Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Asp Gly Leu2024920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
249Gln Arg Pro Ile Met Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Glu Asp Gly Phe2025020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
250Gln Arg Gln Ile Met Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro His Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Asp Gly Phe2025120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
251Gln Arg Gln Val Val Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Asp Gly Ser2025220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
252Gln Ser Gln Leu Glu Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Gly Asp Gly Phe2025320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
253Gln Ser Tyr Met Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Ser1
5 10 15Asp Asp Ala Ser2025420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
254Arg Trp Gln Thr Glu Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Phe1
5 10 15Gly Asp Gly Val2025515PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
255Ser Glu Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu Asp1 5
10 1525615PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 256Val Trp Asp Leu Cys
Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp Glu1 5 10 1525715PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 257Trp Asp Asp Ile Cys Phe Arg Asp Trp Gly Cys
Leu Trp Gly Ser1 5 10 1525815PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
258Trp Glu Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Asp Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu Asp1 5
10 1525920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 259His Arg Leu Val Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asn Asp
Phe2026020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 260His Ser Gln Met Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Glu
Leu2026120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 261Leu Ile Phe Met Glu
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Asp Gly
Val2026220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 262Leu Arg Leu Met Asp
Asn Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Asp Gly
Phe2026320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 263Leu Trp Ala Met Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Asp Asp
Phe2026420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 264Gln Arg Asp Met Gly
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Asp Gly
Val2026520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 265Gln Arg Leu Met Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Arg
Phe2026620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 266Gln Trp His Met Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Val
Leu2026720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 267Gln Trp Gln Met Glu
Asn Val Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Glu Leu
Asp2026820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 268Gln Trp Gln Val Met
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ala Asp Glu
Tyr2026911PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 269Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro
Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 1027020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
270Ala Ala Gln Val Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Ser Glu Tyr Ala2027120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
271Ala Gly Trp Ala Ala Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1
5 10 15Glu Glu Asp Val2027218PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized
272Ala Leu Phe Glu Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1
5 10 15Gly Glu27320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 273Ala Gln Ala
Met Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Ala
Glu Ile2027420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 274Ala Ser Asp Pro
Gly Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Glu Ser
Phe2027520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 275Ala Ser Asp Arg Gly
Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Tyr Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Pro Asp
Gly2027618PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 276Ala Ser Glu Trp Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Thr Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Met1 5 10 15Glu
Gly27720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 277Ala Ser Asn Trp Glu
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Glu Arg
Asn2027820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 278Ala Ser Thr Pro Arg
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ser Glu Asp
Ala2027920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 279Ala Ser Val Val Asp
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Glu Asp
Ile2028020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 280Ala Thr Met Glu Asp
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Ala Glu
Glu2028118PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 281Ala Tyr Ser Ala Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Met1 5 10 15Ser
Glu28220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 282Asp Glu Asp Phe Glu
Asp Tyr Cys Leu Pro Pro Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Ser Ser
Met2028320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 283Asp Gly Glu Glu Gly
Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ala Leu Glu
His2028418PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 284Glu Asp Trp Glu Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Gly
Met28518PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 285Glu Asp Trp Thr Asp
Leu Cys Leu Pro Ala Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Thr
Glu28618PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 286Glu Glu Asp Ser Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asn1 5 10 15Thr
Ser28720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 287Glu Gly Glu Glu Val
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Tyr Pro
Val2028820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 288Glu Gly Thr Trp Asp
Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Leu Gly Glu
Arg2028918PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 289Glu Gly Tyr Trp Asp
Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Leu
Glu29018PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 290Glu Leu Gly Glu Asp
Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Ser
Glu29120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 291Glu Arg Trp Glu Gly
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Glu Ser
Gly2029218PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 292Glu Thr Trp Ser Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Ala
Ser29320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 293Glu Val Gly Asp Leu
Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asn Asp
Lys2029420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 294Phe Arg Asp Gly Glu
Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ala Asp Thr
Ser2029520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 295Gly Asp Met Val Asn
Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Ser Glu
Asn2029620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 296Gly Asp Trp Met His
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Glu Lys
Ala2029718PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 297Gly Asp Tyr Val Asp
Leu Cys Leu Pro Gly Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Asp
Gly29820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 298Gly Ile Glu Trp Gly
Asp Thr Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Arg Val Glu
Gly2029920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 299Gly Gln Gln Gly Glu
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Thr Ser
Ser2030020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 300Gly Arg Met Gly Thr
Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Glu Val
Glu2030120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 301Gly Arg Tyr Pro Met
Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Asp Ser
Ala2030220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 302Gly Ser Ala Gly Asp
Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Arg Gly
Ala2030318PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 303Gly Val Leu Asp Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Pro
Lys30420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 304His Ala Ser Asp Trp
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Gly Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Glu Asp
Asp2030520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 305His Glu Trp Glu Arg
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Arg Asp Gly
Asp2030618PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 306His Met Met Asp Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Gly Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Ala1 5 10 15Ser
Glu30718PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 307Ile Asp Tyr Thr Asp
Leu Cys Leu Pro Ala Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Leu
Glu30818PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 308Ile Glu His Glu Asp
Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Ala1 5 10 15Val
Asp30918PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 309Ile Ser Glu Trp Asp
Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Arg
Ser31018PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 310Ile Ser Trp Ala Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Lys
Asp31118PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 311Ile Ser Trp Gly Asp
Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Gly
Ser31220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 312Lys Lys Val Ser Gly
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Ile Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Asn Asp
Tyr2031318PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 313Lys Leu Trp Asp Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Ser1 5 10 15Pro
Leu31418PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 314Leu Ala Trp Pro Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Gly
Met31520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 315Leu Gly Val Thr His
Asp Thr Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Glu Val
Gly2031620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 316Leu Leu Glu Ser Asp
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15His Glu Asp
Gly2031718PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 317Leu Asn Glu Ser Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Thr Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Val
Asp31818PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 318Leu Pro Glu Gln Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Ala
Asn31920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 319Leu Val Trp Glu Glu
Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Ala Glu
Asp2032018PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 320Met Ala Trp Gly Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Ala1 5 10 15Gly
Gly32120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 321Met Gln Ala Glu Ser
Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro His Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Glu Gly
Thr2032220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 322Met Gln Gly Pro Leu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Gly Val
Asp2032318PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 323Asn Glu Glu Trp Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10
15Gly Val32420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 324Asn Val Gly Trp
Asn Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ala Gln Glu
Ser2032518PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 325Gln Glu Leu Gln Asp
Phe Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Val
Gly32620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 326Gln Gly Val Glu Trp
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Thr Arg Glu
Val2032720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 327Gln Met Pro Leu Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Gly Arg
Glu2032818PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 328Gln Arg Glu Trp Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Ser1 5 10 15Asp
Val32918PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 329Gln Arg Phe Trp Asp
Thr Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Gly
Asp33020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 330Arg Glu Glu Trp Gly
Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Thr Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Thr Lys
Lys2033120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 331Arg Leu Asp Ala Trp
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Glu Pro
Ser2033218PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 332Arg Val Phe Thr Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Leu
Gly33320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 333Arg Val Trp Thr Glu
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ser Glu Gly
Asn2033420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 334Ser Glu Ala Pro Gly
Asp Tyr Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ala Gln Glu
Lys2033518PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 335Ser Gly Trp Asp Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Pro
Ser33620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 336Ser Ile Arg Glu Tyr
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Pro Ser
Ala2033720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 337Ser Pro Thr Glu Trp
Asp Met Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Ala
Leu2033818PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 338Ser Ser Ala Ser Asp
Tyr Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Asp
Leu33920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 339Ser Ser Gly Leu Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Asn Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ala Asp Gly
Ser2034020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 340Ser Val Gly Trp Gly
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Glu Gly
Gly2034118PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 341Ser Trp Gln Gly Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Val
Asp34218PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 342Ser Tyr Glu Thr Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Tyr Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Asp
Ala34318PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 343Ser Tyr Trp Gly Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Ser1 5 10 15Glu
Ala34420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 344Thr Ala Met Asp Glu
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Ser Gly
Ser2034520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 345Thr Glu Glu Asn Trp
Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Asp
Trp2034620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 346Thr Glu Ile Gly Gln
Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Val Pro Gly
Thr2034718PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 347Thr Leu Glu Trp Asp
Met Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Thr1 5 10 15Glu
Gln34820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 348Thr Leu Gly Trp Pro
Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Arg Glu Ser
Asp2034920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 349Thr Leu Ser Asn Gln
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Gly Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Gly Ile
Asn2035020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 350Thr Ser Gly Ser Asp
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Glu Asp
Ser2035120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 351Thr Ser Thr Gly Gly
Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Ser Ser
Glu2035219PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 352Thr Trp Pro Gly Asp
Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Ala Glu
Ser35318PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 353Val Gly Glu Phe Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Ala
Glu35420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 354Val Ser Glu Met Asp
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Leu Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ala Asp Ala
Pro2035520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 355Val Ser Glu Trp Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Ser Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Thr Gln
Asp2035618PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 356Val Thr Ser Trp Asp
Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Glu
Asp35720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 357Val Val Gly Asp Gly
Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Gln Ala
Arg2035820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 358Val Val Trp Asp Asp
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Glu Tyr
Gly2035920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 359Trp Asp His Glu Leu
Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Val Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ala Glu Asp
Val2036018PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 360Trp Leu Trp Glu Asp
Leu Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Glu
Asp36120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 361Trp Ser Asp Ser Asp
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asn Val
Ala2036220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 362Trp Thr Glu Ser Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Gly Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Pro Glu
Val2036320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 363Trp Val Glu Glu Gly
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Ser Val
Glu2036420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 364Trp Val Pro Phe Glu
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ser Ser Tyr
Gln2036518PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 365Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Asp
Xaa Cys Leu Pro Xaa Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa
Xaa36620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 366Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Asp Xaa Cys Leu Pro Xaa Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa2036718PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 367Ala Phe Trp Ser Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Glu
Asp36820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 368Ala Gly Leu Asp Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Lys Glu
Ala2036920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 369Ala Gly Met Met Gly
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gln Gly Glu
Pro2037020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 370Ala Pro Gly Asp Trp
Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Asp Asp
Ala2037120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 371Ala Gln Leu Phe Asp
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ser Asp Gly
Tyr2037220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 372Ala Arg Thr Met Gly
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Ala Ser
Asp2037320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 373Ala Val Ser Trp Ala
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Arg Ala
Asp2037420PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 374Ala Trp Leu Asp Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asn Thr Gly
Val2037520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 375Ala Trp Gln Asp Phe
Asp Val Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Pro Glu
Ser2037620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 376Asp Thr Thr Trp Gly
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ser Glu Glu
Ala2037718PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 377Asp Trp Gly Arg Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Glu
Glu37818PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 378Glu Ala Trp Gly Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Leu
Glu37920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 379Glu Gly Phe Leu Gly
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly His Gln
Ala2038020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 380Glu Gln Trp Leu His
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Asp Thr
Asp2038120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 381Glu Thr Gly Trp Pro
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Glu Gly
Glu2038220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 382Phe Glu Leu Gly Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Glu His
Asn2038318PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 383Phe Ile Thr Gln Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Glu
Asn38418PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 384Phe Leu Trp Arg Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Ser1 5 10 15Glu
Gly38520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 385Phe Ser Leu Asp Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Ala Glu
Lys2038618PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 386Phe Val His Glu Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Glu
Gly38720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 387Gly Ala Ser Leu Gly
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Pro Glu
Asp2038820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 388Gly Asp Leu Gly Asp
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Glu Tyr
Pro2038920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 389Gly Glu Gly Trp Ser
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ala Glu Asp
Glu2039020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 390Gly Glu Trp Trp Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Ser Ser
Ser2039118PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 391Gly Leu Gly Asp Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Arg
Asp39220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 392Gly Leu Met Gly Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Lys Gly Asp
Ile2039318PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 393Gly Met Phe Asp Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Leu
Gly39418PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 394Gly Pro Gly Trp Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Glu
Glu39518PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 395Gly Pro Trp Tyr Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Gly
Val39620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 396Gly Ser Leu Glu Ser
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Ile Asp
Glu2039718PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 397Gly Trp Asp Asp Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Asp
Gly39820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 398Gly Trp His Asp Arg
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Gln Asn
Asp2039920PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 399Gly Trp Leu Glu Glu
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Ala Asp
Asn2040020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 400His Glu Gln Trp Asp
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Gly Ser
Tyr2040118PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 401Leu Glu Tyr Glu Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Gly
Glu40218PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 402Leu Ile Leu Ser Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Asp
Thr40318PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 403Leu Lys Leu Glu Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Glu
Ser40418PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 404Leu Leu Asp Glu Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Val
Arg40520PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 405Leu Leu Gly Gly His
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Gly Asp
Val2040618PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 406Leu Leu Thr Arg Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Ser
Asp40718PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 407Leu Met Ser Pro Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Gly
Asp40818PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 408Leu Arg Trp Ser Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Glu
Thr40918PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 409Leu Val Leu Gly Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Ser
Asp41018PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 410Leu Tyr Leu Arg Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Ala
Asp41118PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 411Met Leu Ser Arg Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Glu
Glu41218PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 412Met Pro Trp Thr Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Ser1 5 10 15Glu
Ser41320PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 413Met Arg Trp Ser Ser
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Glu
Glu2041418PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 414Asn Trp Tyr Asp Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Val
Glu41517PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 415Gln Asp Trp Glu Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10
15Asp41620PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 416Gln Phe Glu Trp Asp
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Val Glu
Val2041720PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 417Gln Gly Trp Trp His
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Glu Gly
Glu2041820PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 418Gln Arg Val Asp Asp
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Glu Asn
Ser2041918PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 419Gln Ser Trp Pro Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Glu
Gly42020PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 420Arg Glu Gly Trp Pro
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ser Glu Thr
Gly2042120PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 421Arg Glu Leu Trp Gly
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu His Ala
Thr2042220PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 422Arg Leu Glu Leu Met
Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Pro Gln
Asp2042318PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 423Arg Leu Gly Ser Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Tyr
Gln42418PRTArtificial SequenceSynthesized 424Arg Leu Gly Ser Asp
Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly
Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Ala Gly42520PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 425Ser Gly Val Leu Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Glu Ala Gly2042620PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 426Ser Leu Gly Leu Thr Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Glu Glu Gln2042718PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 427Ser Pro Trp Met Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Ser Gly42820PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 428Ser Ser Leu Glu Gln Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Gln Asp Ala2042918PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 429Ser Thr Phe Thr Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Leu Glu43020PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 430Ser Val Gly Trp Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ala Glu Ser Asp2043120PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 431Ser Val Leu Ser Asp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Trp Asp Phe Ser2043218PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 432Ser Val Leu Ser Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Glu Ser43318PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 433Thr Leu Leu Gln Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Ser Asp43420PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 434Thr Leu Met Ser Asn Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Glu Pro Lys2043520PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 435Thr Leu Val Leu Asp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Met Thr Asp2043620PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 436Thr Ser Leu Ala Asp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Ser Glu Asp Gly2043720PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 437Thr Ser Leu Leu Asp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Tyr Glu Glu Gly2043818PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 438Thr Trp Phe Ser Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Pro Gly43920PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 439Thr Trp Gln Gly Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Thr Glu Val2044020PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 440Val Glu Met Trp His Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Ser Asn Ala2044120PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 441Val Gly Val Phe Asp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Gln Pro Val2044218PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 442Val His Gln Ala Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Asp Thr44318PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 443Val Leu Leu Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Leu Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Glu Asp44418PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 444Val Asn Trp Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Glu Ser44520PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 445Val Pro Ala Met Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Ala Arg Asn2044618PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 446Val Arg Leu Met Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Glu Glu44718PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 447Val Arg Trp Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Glu Glu44820PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 448Val Ser Leu Gly Asp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Lys
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Pro Glu Ala2044918PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 449Val Val Trp Ser Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Lys Glu45020PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 450Val Trp Ile Asp Arg Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Asp Thr Glu Asn2045118PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 451Val Trp Tyr Lys Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Ala Glu45220PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 452Trp Asp Leu Ala Ser Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Glu Glu Ala2045318PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 453Trp Asp Val Ala Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Ala1 5 10 15Glu Asp45418PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 454Trp Asp Tyr Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Glu Gly45518PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 455Trp Glu Val Gln Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Asp Asp45618PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 456Trp His Met Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Ser1 5 10 15Glu Val45718PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 457Trp Lys Asp Phe Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Asp His45818PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 458Trp Leu Ser Asp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Asp Leu45918PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 459Trp Leu Ser Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Gln Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Glu Ser46018PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 460Trp Leu Ser Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Ala1 5 10 15Ala Asp46120PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 461Trp Arg Trp Asn Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Glu Glu Ala2046218PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 462Tyr Ile Trp Arg Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Gly Glu46318PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 463Tyr Arg Asp Tyr Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Glu Arg46418PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 464Ala Gly Glu Trp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Val Glu46518PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 465Glu Ile Arg Trp Asp Phe Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Glu Asp46618PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 466Glu Ser Leu Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Ser Gly46720PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 467Glu Val Arg Glu Trp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Asn Trp Arg2046818PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 468Glu Tyr Trp Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Asp1 5 10 15Trp Gln46920PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 469Phe Gly Gln Glu Trp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asn Glu Gln2047020PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 470Ile Trp Gln Leu Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Asp Gly Leu2047118PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 471Lys Met Trp Ser Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Glu Glu47218PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 472Met Gly Thr Lys Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Ala1 5 10 15Glu Ala47318PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 473Met His Glu Trp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Ser Ser47420PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 474Asn Thr Pro Thr Tyr Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Val Pro2047520PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 475Asn Trp Ala Glu Asn Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Glu Asn2047620PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 476Gln Pro Val Trp Ser Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Glu Asp His2047718PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 477Arg Gly Leu His Asp Ala Cys Leu Pro Trp Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Ala1 5 10 15Gly Ser47818PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 478Arg Leu Phe Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Gln1 5 10 15Gly Glu47920PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 479Ser Ala Arg Glu Trp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Thr
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Glu Lys Asp Ile2048018PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 480Ser Gly Glu Trp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Glu Gly48118PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 481Ser Met Phe Phe Asp His Cys Leu Pro Met Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Ala1 5 10 15Glu Gln48219PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 482Ser Trp Tyr Gly Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Ser1 5 10 15Glu Glu Ser48318PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 483Thr Leu Phe Gln Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Glu Ser48418PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 484Val Gly Glu Trp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Asn Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Arg Glu48518PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 485Trp Phe Pro Lys Asp Arg Cys Leu Pro Val Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Glu1 5 10 15Arg His48620PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 486Trp Gly Met Ala Arg Asp Trp Cys Leu Pro Met
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Arg Gly Gly Gly2048720PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 487Trp His Leu Thr Asp Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg
Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp1 5 10 15Gly Asp Glu Gln2048818PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 488Trp Trp Met Ala Asp Arg Cys Leu Pro Leu Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Arg1 5 10 15Gly Asp48918PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 489Trp Trp Val Arg Asp Leu Cys Leu Pro Thr Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Ser1 5 10 15Gly Lys49018PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 490Tyr Phe Asp Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp
Gly Cys Leu Trp Gly1 5 10 15Ser Asp49115PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthesized 491Glu Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Arg Trp Gly Cys Leu
Trp Glu Asp Asp1 5 10 1549219PRTArtificial Sequencesynthesized
492Ser Trp Tyr Gly Gly Asp Ile Cys Leu Pro Trp Gly Cys Leu Trp Ser1
5 10 15Glu Glu Ser
* * * * *