U.S. patent application number 12/685971 was filed with the patent office on 2010-05-06 for composite webs and closure systems.
This patent application is currently assigned to 3M Innovative Properties Company. Invention is credited to Randall L. Alberg, Dennis L. Becker, Byron M. Jackson, Roger D. Pavlis, Leigh E. Wood.
Application Number | 20100112274 12/685971 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33032636 |
Filed Date | 2010-05-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100112274 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Jackson; Byron M. ; et
al. |
May 6, 2010 |
COMPOSITE WEBS AND CLOSURE SYSTEMS
Abstract
Composite webs having one or more polymeric structures located
on a substrate, closure systems comprising composite webs, and
methods of attaching articles are disclosed. The polymeric
structures are formed using thermoplastic compositions and are
attached to a surface of a substrate. The polymeric structures
include an area that is attached to the substrate and a detached
area that is not attached to a surface of a substrate.
Inventors: |
Jackson; Byron M.; (Forest
Lake, MN) ; Wood; Leigh E.; (Woodbury, MN) ;
Alberg; Randall L.; (Maplewood, MN) ; Becker; Dennis
L.; (Vadnais Heights, MN) ; Pavlis; Roger D.;
(Hudson, WI) |
Correspondence
Address: |
3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY
PO BOX 33427
ST. PAUL
MN
55133-3427
US
|
Assignee: |
3M Innovative Properties
Company
|
Family ID: |
33032636 |
Appl. No.: |
12/685971 |
Filed: |
January 12, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11675133 |
Feb 15, 2007 |
7669297 |
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12685971 |
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10744141 |
Dec 22, 2003 |
7195729 |
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11675133 |
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10387699 |
Mar 13, 2003 |
7238314 |
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10744141 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
428/99 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10T 428/24017 20150115;
Y10T 24/2758 20150115; B29L 2031/729 20130101; Y10T 24/45984
20150115; B29C 43/222 20130101; Y10T 24/27 20150115; A44B 18/0049
20130101; Y10T 24/275 20150115; B29C 43/28 20130101; Y10T 428/24802
20150115; A44B 18/0061 20130101; Y10T 428/24008 20150115 |
Class at
Publication: |
428/99 |
International
Class: |
B32B 3/06 20060101
B32B003/06 |
Claims
1.-14. (canceled)
15. A composite web comprising: a substrate comprising a first
major surface; and one or more polymeric structures of a
thermoplastic composition attached to the first major surface of
the substrate; wherein each polymeric structure of the one or more
polymeric structures occupies an area of the first major surface of
the substrate; and wherein the area occupied by at least one
polymeric structure of the one or more polymeric structures
comprises a bonded area in which the thermoplastic composition of
the polymeric structure is attached to the first major surface and
three or more distinct detached areas extending from the bonded
area, wherein the three or more distinct detached areas are
cantilevered over but not attached to the first major surface of
the substrate.
16. A composite web according to claim 15, wherein each of the
distinct detached areas comprises a stem comprising a free end
supported above the first major surface of the substrate, wherein
the free end is adapted to engage fibers of a loop material.
17. A composite web according to claim 15, wherein the first major
surface of the substrate comprises polymeric material with a melt
processing temperature at or below a melt processing temperature of
the thermoplastic composition of the one or more polymeric
structures.
18. A composite web according to claim 17, wherein the polymeric
material comprises polymeric film.
19. A composite web according to claim 15, wherein the first major
surface of the substrate comprises a porous surface, and wherein
the thermoplastic composition in the bonded areas of the one or
more polymeric structures infiltrates into the porous first major
surface of the substrate.
20. A composite web according to claim 15, wherein the first major
surface of the substrate comprises polymeric fibers with a melt
processing temperature at or below a melt processing temperature of
the thermoplastic composition of the one or more polymeric
structures.
21. A composite web according to claim 15, wherein the first major
surface of the substrate comprises fibers, and further wherein at
least a portion of at least some of the fibers are encapsulated in
the thermoplastic composition within the bonded area.
22. A composite web according to claim 15, wherein the
thermoplastic composition of the one or more polymeric structures
comprises one or more elastomeric polymeric components such that
the one or more polymeric structures exhibit elastic behavior.
23. A composite web according to claim 15, wherein at least one of
the distinct detached areas comprises a barb.
24. A composite web according to claim 15, wherein the first major
surface of the substrate comprises one or more raised portions and
surrounding valleys, wherein the bonded area of the at least one of
the one or more polymeric structures is attached to one of the one
or more raised portions.
25. A closure system comprising: a first closure element comprising
a thermoplastic polymeric structure attached to a first major
surface of a first substrate, wherein the first closure element
occupies an area of the first major surface of the first substrate,
wherein the area occupied by the first closure element comprises a
bonded area in which the thermoplastic polymeric structure is
attached to the first major surface of the first substrate and a
detached area in which the thermoplastic polymeric structure is not
attached to the first major surface of the first substrate, wherein
a portion of the thermoplastic polymeric structure in the detached
area comprises a first cantilevered tab supported above the first
major surface of the first substrate; and wherein the bonded area
of the first closure element, the cantilevered tab of the first
closure element, and the first major surface of the first substrate
form a first pocket; and a second closure element comprising a
thermoplastic polymeric structure attached to a first major surface
of a second substrate, wherein the second closure element occupies
an area of the first major surface of the second substrate, wherein
the area occupied by the second closure element comprises a bonded
area in which the thermoplastic polymeric structure is attached to
the first major surface of the second substrate and a detached area
in which the thermoplastic polymeric structure is not attached to
the first major surface of the second substrate, wherein a portion
of the thermoplastic polymeric structure in the detached area
comprises a second cantilevered tab supported above the first major
surface of the second substrate, and wherein the bonded area of the
second closure element, the cantilevered tab of the second closure
element, and the first major surface of the second substrate form a
second pocket; wherein the cantilevered tab of the first closure
element is located in the second pocket and the cantilevered tab of
the second closure element is located in the first pocket when the
closure system is in a closed configuration.
26. A closure system according to claim 25, wherein the bonded area
of the thermoplastic polymeric structure of the first closure
element comprises a U-shaped bonded area, and wherein at least a
portion of the cantilevered tab of the second closure element is
located within the U-shaped bonded area when the closure system is
in the closed configuration.
27. A closure system according to claim 25, wherein the bonded area
of the thermoplastic polymeric structure of the first closure
element comprises a U-shaped bonded area, and wherein at least a
portion of the cantilevered tab of the second closure element is
located within the U-shaped bonded area of the first closure
element when the closure system is in the closed configuration; and
wherein the bonded area of the thermoplastic polymeric structure of
the second closure element comprises a U-shaped bonded area, and
wherein at least a portion of the cantilevered tab of the first
closure element is located within the U-shaped bonded area of the
second closure element when the closure system is in the closed
configuration.
28.-31. (canceled)
32. A closure system comprising: a substrate comprising a first
major surface and one or more polymeric structures attached to the
first major surface of the substrate, wherein each polymeric
structure of the one or more polymeric structures occupies an area
of the first major surface of the substrate, and wherein the area
occupied by at least one polymeric structure of the one or more
polymeric structures comprises a bonded area in which the
thermoplastic composition of the polymeric structure is attached to
the first major surface and three or more distinct detached areas
extending from the bonded area in which the polymeric structure is
not attached to the first major surface of the substrate, and
further wherein, in the three or more distinct detached areas, the
at least one polymeric structure is cantilevered over the first
major surface of the substrate; and a complementary surface
comprising one or more openings capable of receiving the distinct
detached areas of the one or more polymeric structures; wherein in
a closed configuration, the first major surface of the substrate
faces the complementary surface, and further wherein at least one
of the distinct detached areas of the at least one polymeric
structure is located within the one or more openings of the
complementary surface such that movement of the complementary
surface and the substrate relative to each other is restricted.
33. A closure system according to claim 32, wherein the one or more
openings of the complementary surface comprise fiber loops.
34. A closure system according to claim 32, wherein each of the
distinct detached areas comprises a stem comprising a free end
supported above the first major surface of the substrate, wherein
the free end of at least one distinct detached area is located
within one opening of the one or more openings of the complementary
surface when the closure system is in the closed configuration.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No.
10/744,141, filed Dec. 22, 2003, now allowed, the disclosure of
which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein and which
was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/387,699, filed Mar. 13, 2003.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to composite webs that include
one or more polymeric structures on a substrate, as well as methods
and systems for manufacturing the composite webs.
BACKGROUND
[0003] The manufacture of articles formed of webs that require some
reinforcement to withstand forces experienced during use are known.
In many cases, reinforcement is simply provided over the entire
substrate or web. Such approaches can, however, add cost and weight
to the web, as well as stiffness over the entire surface of the
web--even in those areas that do not require reinforcement.
Furthermore, reinforcing layers that are coextensive with the web
may also reduce its breathability.
[0004] To address some of these issues, smaller pieces of
reinforcing materials may be attached to a web or substrate in
selected areas that require reinforcement. The handling and
attachment of such discrete pieces can, however, be problematic, by
potentially reducing throughput, causing waste (where the discrete
pieces are not securely attached), requiring precise registration
or location on the web, requiring the use of adhesives or other
bonding agents, etc. The discrete pieces may also present
relatively sharp edges that may be the source of irritation or
discomfort. The irritation or discomfort can be exacerbated because
the reinforcing pieces are typically located on the surface of the
substrate.
[0005] In addition to (or in place of) reinforcing substrates or
webs, it may also be desirable to manufacture articles that exhibit
elasticity. The manufacture of articles that exhibit elasticity,
i.e., the ability to at least partially recover their original
shape after moderate elongation, may be desired for a number of
reasons. For example, elasticity may be useful in connection with
fastening systems for items such as garments (e.g., diapers,
training pants, gowns, bedding, etc.). Elasticity in garments can
provide what may be referred to as dynamic fit, i.e., the ability
to stretch and recover in response to movement by the wearer.
[0006] Elasticity may also be useful in connection with other
applications. For example, some fasteners may provide more
consistent attachment if the fastener is held in tension that can
be supplied by stretching the fastener and relying on the recovery
forces to provide the desired tension. In other instances,
elasticity may allow for easy adjustment of the size or length of a
fastener or other article.
[0007] Although elasticity may be beneficial in a variety of
different applications, it may raise issues in manufacturing. Many
attempts to provide elasticity rely on separate elastic components
that are, e.g., glued or sewn to a backing or other nonelastic
member to provide the desired elasticity. The manufacture of such
composite articles may be problematic in that secure attachment of
the elastic components may be difficult to achieve and/or maintain.
Further, the cost and difficulty of providing and attaching
separate elastic components may be relatively high. The handling
and attachment of separate elastic components can reduce
throughput, cause additional waste (where the separate components
are not securely attached), etc.
[0008] In other instances, an entire article may be constructed to
provide the desired elasticity. For example, many elastic fastening
systems rely on the use of elastic laminate backings in which the
elastic materials are provided in the form of a film that is
coextensive with the backing. Such an approach may add costs
associated with providing a coextensive elastic layer or layers.
Further, many elastic materials are not breathable. If the elastic
laminate backings are to be used in garments, it may be desirable
to perforate the backing to improve its breathability. Such
additional processing does, however, add to the cost of producing
the elastic laminate backing. Another potential disadvantage of
elastic laminate backings is that it may be difficult to provide
any adjustment of the elastic recovery forces generated in
different portions of the backing.
[0009] While a variety of approaches to providing discrete
polymeric structures on substrates are disclosed in, e.g., U.S.
Patent Application Publication No. U.S. 2003/0085485 A1, filed 5
Nov. 2001 and titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR COMPOSITE WEBS WITH
STRUCTURED DISCRETE POLYMERIC REGIONS; U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. U.S. 2003/0087098 A1, filed 5 Nov. 2001 and titled
COMPOSITE WEBS WITH REINFORCING POLYMERIC REGIONS AND ELASTIC
POLYMERIC REGIONS; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. U.S.
2003/0084996 A1, filed 5 Nov. 2001 and titled METHODS FOR PRODUCING
COMPOSITE WEBS WITH REINFORCING DISCRETE POLYMERIC REGIONS; and
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. U.S. 2003/0087059 A1, filed
5 Nov. 2001 and titled COMPOSITE WEBS WITH DISCRETE ELASTIC
POLYMERIC REGIONS, these approaches may be limited in certain
aspects, such as in roll temperatures, the composition of
substrates, etc.
[0010] Closure elements and systems providing attaching means are
well known. The art provides a large number of various systems
comprising various designs and materials. For example, U.S. Pat.
No. 3,899,803 teaches a self gripping device which includes a sheet
member including gripping elements having distinct gripping means
integrally formed therein within a frame in substantially the same
plane as the sheet. To be used as gripping elements the sheet is
bent to force the gripping elements to project perpendicular to the
plane of the sheet.
[0011] Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,983,467 teaches an
interlocking device which is generally effectuated by one or more
islands on the surface of a first portion which, when a relative
shearing force is applied, slidingly engage one or more
complementary apertures within a structure on the surface of a
second portion. U.S. Pat. No. 4,887,339 teaches a strip of
polymeric sheet material adapted to cut into lengths to form
releasably engageable pieces of a fastener. U.S. Pat. No. 4,183,121
teaches a separable fastener composed of two opposed, mating
elongated strips with a series of flexible interengaging tongues
offset from and in parallel alignment with one of the axes of the
strips, and partially overlapping openings in the strips.
[0012] Despite the significant amount of art regarding closure
elements and systems, there is still a need for a closure system
such as one that provides low profile, in-plane closure elements at
a low cost. Such closure systems could be advantageously used for
items such as, but not limited to, packaging and disposable
diapers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The present invention provides composite webs having one or
more polymeric structures located on a substrate, composite webs,
methods of manufacturing the composite webs, and systems for
manufacturing the composite webs, as well as closure systems
including composite webs, and methods of attaching articles.
[0014] Composite webs having one or more polymeric structures may
be attached to a substrate such that, for example, a structure may
be provided that includes both bonded areas and detached areas.
Such structures may advantageously provide closure elements and
closure systems that may provide closure by, e.g., engaging with
fibers of a loop material, engaging with a loop-like material
provided by extrusion processes described herein, by a self-mating
design as described herein, etc.
[0015] The polymeric structures are formed using thermoplastic
compositions. As used in connection with the present invention,
"thermoplastic" (and variations thereof) means a polymer or
polymeric composition that softens when exposed to heat and returns
to its original condition or near its original condition when
cooled to room temperature. The thermoplastic compositions used in
connection with the methods of the present invention should be
capable of flowing or entering into depressions in a forming tool
as described herein.
[0016] Suitable thermoplastic compositions are those that are melt
processable. Such polymers are those that will flow sufficiently to
at least partially fill the depressions, yet not significantly
degrade during a melt process. A wide variety of thermoplastic
compositions have suitable melt and flow characteristics for use in
the process of the present invention depending on the geometry of
the depressions and the processing conditions. It may further be
preferred that the melt processable materials and conditions of
processing are selected such that any viscoelastic recovery
properties of the thermoplastic compositions do not cause them to
significantly withdraw from the depressions during wiping of the
molten thermoplastic composition as described herein.
[0017] In the methods and systems, the forming tool used to form
and transfer the one or more polymeric structures to the substrate
is maintained at a roll temperature that is below the melt
processing temperature of the thermoplastic composition. The melt
processing temperature of the thermoplastic compositions of the
present invention is the lowest temperature at which the
thermoplastic composition is capable of flowing or entering into
depressions in a forming tool (as described herein) within a period
of five seconds or less.
[0018] In some instances, the melt processing temperature may be at
or slightly above the glass transition temperature for an amorphous
thermoplastic composition or at or slightly above the melting
temperature for a crystalline or semicrystalline thermoplastic
composition. If the thermoplastic composition includes one or more
amorphous polymers blended with either or both of one or more
crystalline and one or more semicrystalline polymers, then the melt
processing temperature is the higher of the highest glass
transition temperature of the amorphous polymers or the highest
melting temperature of the crystalline and semicrystalline
polymers. In addition, it may be preferred that the roll
temperature be at least 20.degree. Celsius or more below the
temperature of the molten thermoplastic composition deposited on
the forming tool.
[0019] One potential advantage of maintaining a relatively cool
forming tool is that the molten thermoplastic composition applied
to the forming tool (either on its cylindrical outer surface or
within depressions formed therein) is that the molten thermoplastic
composition in direct contact with the exterior roll surface falls
below the melt processing temperature of the thermoplastic
composition such that it may at least partially freeze or solidify,
while at least a portion of the molten thermoplastic composition
located distal from the exterior roll surface remains molten long
enough to effect transfer of the thermoplastic composition to form
the polymeric structures. The result is that the molten
thermoplastic composition distal from the exterior roll surface is
capable of attaching to a substrate, while the frozen or solidified
thermoplastic composition in contact with the exterior roll surface
releases from that surface cleanly.
[0020] Another potential advantage of maintaining a relatively cool
forming tool is that the composition of the substrates to which the
molten thermoplastic composition is transferred is not limited by
the forming tool temperature. For example, the roll temperature may
be low enough to limit any significant damage to the substrate
during the transfer process. As such, the polymeric structures may
be formed on porous and non-porous substrates (such as films) that
have the same or similar thermoplastic composition as the polymeric
structures. In some instances involving substrates formed of
thermoplastic compositions themselves, the substrate thermoplastic
composition may preferably have a melt processing temperature that
is at or below the melt processing temperature of the thermoplastic
composition used in the polymeric structures formed thereon. The
melt processing temperature of the substrate thermoplastic
compositions is subject to the same definition provided above in
connection with the thermoplastic compositions used to form the
polymeric structures. In addition, it may be preferred that the
roll temperature be at least 20.degree. Celsius or more below the
melt processing temperature of the substrate thermoplastic
composition.
[0021] Concerns regarding the internal cohesive strength of the
substrate and/or the tensile strength of the substrate may be of
more concern if the substrate includes a fibrous construction
(e.g., woven, nonwoven, or knit fibers) that could be separated
from the remainder of the substrate by the forces exerted when the
substrate is pulled away from the forming tool. These
considerations may be limited by the present invention because of
the freezing or solidification of the thermoplastic composition in
the depressions. That freezing or solidification can limit any
forces exerted on the substrate as the substrate and the polymeric
structures are removed from the forming tool.
[0022] Another potential advantage of the methods of the present
invention is the ability to transfer one or more polymeric
structures onto a major surface of a substrate while a portion of
the thermoplastic composition facing the substrate is molten. If
the substrate is porous, fibrous, etc., pressure may enhance
attachment of the one or more polymeric structures to the substrate
by forcing a portion of the thermoplastic composition to infiltrate
the substrate and/or encapsulate fibers of the substrate. If the
substrate is not porous, but is made with a thermoplastic
composition that has a melt processing temperature sufficiently low
relative to the temperature of the molten thermoplastic composition
in the depressions, then attachment of the polymeric structures may
be achieved by intermixing of the thermoplastic compositions in the
polymeric structures and the substrate.
[0023] Another potential advantage of the present invention is the
opportunity to provide polymer structures that include surface
features formed on their upper surfaces (i.e., the surfaces facing
away from the substrate). The surface features may be, e.g., stems,
hooks, pyramids, channels, indicia (alphanumeric or otherwise),
etc. and may provide additional functionality such as, e.g.,
mechanical fastening, etc. These surface features may be provided
in an integral process step at the same time as formation and
transfer of the polymer structures themselves (as opposed to a
separate, subsequent process step). Alternatively, though, the
surface features could be provided after formation of the polymer
structures.
[0024] Another potential advantage is the ability to control the
shape, spacing, and volume of the one or more polymeric structures.
In some instances, it may be preferred that a plurality of
polymeric structures be provided on the first major surface of the
substrate, with each of the polymeric structures being discrete
polymeric structures (i.e., not connected to each other by the
thermoplastic composition transferred to the substrate).
[0025] Another potential advantage of the present invention may be
found in the ability to provide a thin base film between thicker
thermoplastic composition structures. The thicker thermoplastic
composition structures are attached to the substrate, but the base
film may or may not be attached to the substrate. The base film may
be, e.g., attached to the substrate by adhesives.
[0026] Another potential advantage of the methods of the present
invention is the ability to provide one or more polymeric
structures that extend for the length of the substrate (while
preferably not being formed over the width of the substrate, i.e.,
the polymeric structures are not coextensive with the major surface
of the substrate).
[0027] Another potential advantage of the methods of the present
invention is the ability to provide different thermoplastic
compositions in different areas across the width of the substrate,
such that some polymeric structures may be formed of one
thermoplastic composition, while other polymeric structures are
formed of a different thermoplastic composition.
[0028] Yet another potential advantage of the methods of the
present invention is the ability to provide one or more polymeric
structures on both major surfaces of a substrate. The polymeric
structures on the opposing major surfaces may be formed with the
same or different structures as desired.
[0029] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for
producing a composite web by providing a forming tool having an
exterior surface that includes one or more depressions formed
therein; delivering a molten thermoplastic composition onto the
exterior surface of the forming tool; maintaining the exterior
surface of the forming tool at a roll temperature that is below a
melt processing temperature of the thermoplastic composition;
wiping the molten thermoplastic composition on the exterior surface
of the forming tool, wherein at least some of the molten
thermoplastic composition enters the one or more depressions;
transferring the thermoplastic composition in the one or more
depressions to a substrate by contacting a first major surface of
the substrate to the thermoplastic composition in the one or more
depressions; and separating the substrate and the thermoplastic
composition in the one or more depressions from the forming tool
after the transferring. A composite web is formed that includes one
or more polymeric structures of the thermoplastic composition
located on the first major surface of the substrate, wherein the
area occupied by at least one polymeric structure of the one or
more polymeric structures includes a bonded area in which the
thermoplastic composition of the polymeric structure is attached to
the first major surface of the substrate and at least one detached
area in which the polymeric structure is not attached to the first
major surface of the substrate.
[0030] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method
for producing a composite web by providing a forming tool having an
exterior surface that includes one or more depressions formed
therein; delivering a molten thermoplastic composition onto the
exterior surface of the forming tool; maintaining the exterior
surface of the forming tool at a roll temperature that is below a
melt processing temperature of the thermoplastic composition;
wiping the molten thermoplastic composition on the exterior surface
of the forming tool, wherein at least some of the molten
thermoplastic composition enters the one or more depressions;
transferring the thermoplastic composition in the one or more
depressions to a substrate by contacting a first major surface of
the substrate to the thermoplastic composition in the one or more
depressions; and separating the substrate and the thermoplastic
composition in the one or more depressions from the forming tool
after the transferring. A first portion of the thermoplastic
composition in the one or more depressions that is distal from the
surfaces of the one or more depressions remains at or above the
melt processing temperature of the thermoplastic composition at
least until the thermoplastic composition in the one or more
depressions contacts the first major surface of the substrate, and
wherein a second portion of the thermoplastic composition in the
one or more depressions that is distal from surfaces of the one or
more depressions falls below the melt processing temperature after
the depositing and before contacting the first major surface of the
substrate. A composite web is formed that includes one or more
polymeric structures of the thermoplastic composition located on
the first major surface of the substrate, wherein the area occupied
by at least one polymeric structure of the one or more polymeric
structures includes a bonded area attached to the first major
surface of the substrate and a detached area that is not bonded to
the first major surface of the substrate, wherein the bonded area
includes the first portion of the thermoplastic composition and the
detached area includes the second portion of the thermoplastic
composition.
[0031] In another aspect, the present invention provides a
composite web including a substrate having a first major surface;
and one or more polymeric structures of a thermoplastic composition
attached to the first major surface of the substrate; wherein each
polymeric structure of the one or more polymeric structures
occupies an area of the first major surface of the substrate. The
area occupied by at least one polymeric structure of the one or
more polymeric structures includes a bonded area in which the
thermoplastic composition of the polymeric structure is attached to
the first major surface and at least one detached area in which the
polymeric structure is not attached to the first major surface of
the substrate. In the detached area, the at least one polymeric
structure is cantilevered over and aligned with the first major
surface of the substrate.
[0032] In another aspect, the present invention provides a
composite web including a substrate with a first major surface; and
one or more polymeric structures of a thermoplastic composition
attached to the first major surface of the substrate; wherein each
polymeric structure of the one or more polymeric structures
occupies an area of the first major surface of the substrate. The
area occupied by at least one polymeric structure of the one or
more polymeric structures includes a bonded area in which the
thermoplastic composition of the polymeric structure is attached to
the first major surface and three or more distinct detached areas
extending from the bonded area, wherein the three or more distinct
detached areas are cantilevered over but not attached to the first
major surface of the substrate.
[0033] In another aspect, the present invention provides a closure
system that includes a first closure element including a
thermoplastic polymeric structure attached to a first major surface
of a first substrate, wherein the first closure element occupies an
area of the first major surface of the first substrate. The area
occupied by the first closure element includes a bonded area in
which the thermoplastic polymeric structure is attached to the
first major surface of the first substrate and a detached area in
which the thermoplastic polymeric structure is not attached to the
first major surface of the first substrate. A portion of the
thermoplastic polymeric structure in the detached area forms a
first cantilevered tab supported above the first major surface of
the first substrate, wherein the bonded area of the first closure
element, the cantilevered tab of the first closure element, and the
first major surface of the first substrate form a first pocket. The
closure system also includes a second closure element including a
thermoplastic polymeric structure attached to a first major surface
of a second substrate. The second closure element occupies an area
of the first major surface of the second substrate that includes,
wherein the area occupied by the second closure element includes a
bonded area in which the thermoplastic polymeric structure is
attached to the first major surface of the second substrate and a
detached area in which the thermoplastic polymeric structure is not
attached to the first major surface of the second substrate. A
portion of the thermoplastic polymeric structure in the detached
area forms a second cantilevered tab supported above the first
major surface of the second substrate, wherein the bonded area of
the second closure element, the cantilevered tab of the second
closure element, and the first major surface of the second
substrate form a second pocket. The cantilevered tab of the first
closure element is located in the second pocket and the
cantilevered tab of the second closure element is located in the
first pocket when the closure system is in a closed
configuration.
[0034] In another aspect, the present invention provides a closure
system that includes a substrate having a first major surface and
one or more polymeric structures attached to the first major
surface of the substrate, wherein each polymeric structure of the
one or more polymeric structures occupies an area of the first
major surface of the substrate. The area occupied by at least one
polymeric structure of the one or more polymeric structures
includes a bonded area in which the thermoplastic composition of
the polymeric structure is attached to the first major surface and
at least one detached area in which the polymeric structure is not
attached to the first major surface of the substrate. In the
detached area, the at least one polymeric structure is cantilevered
over and aligned with the first major surface of the substrate. The
closure system also includes a complementary surface having one or
more openings capable of receiving the detached areas of the one or
more polymeric structures. In a closed configuration, the first
major surface of the substrate faces the complementary surface and
the at least one detached area of the at least one polymeric
structure is located within the one or more openings of the
complementary surface such that movement of the complementary
surface and the substrate relative to each other is restricted.
[0035] In another aspect, the present invention provides a closure
system that includes a substrate having a first major surface and
one or more polymeric structures attached to the first major
surface of the substrate, wherein each polymeric structure of the
one or more polymeric structures occupies an area of the first
major surface of the substrate. The area occupied by at least one
polymeric structure of the one or more polymeric structures
includes a bonded area in which the thermoplastic composition of
the polymeric structure is attached to the first major surface and
three or more distinct detached areas extending from the bonded
area in which the polymeric structure is not attached to the first
major surface of the substrate. In the three or more distinct
detached areas, the at least one polymeric structure is
cantilevered over the first major surface of the substrate. The
closure system also includes a complementary surface including one
or more openings capable of receiving the distinct detached areas
of the one or more polymeric structures. In a closed configuration,
the first major surface of the substrate faces the complementary
surface and at least one of the distinct detached areas of the at
least one polymeric structure is located within the one or more
openings of the complementary surface such that movement of the
complementary surface and the substrate relative to each other is
restricted.
[0036] These and other features and advantages of the present
invention are described below in connection with various
illustrative embodiments of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0037] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of one polymeric structure
on a composite web manufactured according to the methods of the
present invention.
[0038] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of polymeric structures and
a base film on a composite web, with the base film being unattached
to the substrate between the polymeric structures.
[0039] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of polymeric structures and
a base film on a composite web, with the base film attached to the
substrate between the polymeric structures.
[0040] FIG. 4 is a plan view of a portion of a forming tool
including a depression in its exterior surface that can be used in
manufacturing composite webs according to the methods of the
present invention.
[0041] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the depression of FIG. 4
taken along line 5-5 in
[0042] FIG. 4.
[0043] FIG. 6 is a plan view of alternative depressions on a
forming tool that can be used to manufacture polymeric structures
on a composite web according to the methods of the present
invention.
[0044] FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of
one of the depression of FIG. 6, taken along line 7-7 in FIG. 6,
wherein the depression contain thermoplastic composition.
[0045] FIG. 8 is a plan view of a portion of another depression on
a forming tool that can be used to manufacture polymeric structures
on a composite web according to the methods of the present
invention.
[0046] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the depression of FIG.
8, taken along line 9-9 in
[0047] FIG. 8.
[0048] FIG. 10 is a plan view of one ring-shaped depression on a
forming tool.
[0049] FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the depression of FIG.
10, taken along line 11-11 in FIG. 10.
[0050] FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the depression of FIG.
10 taken along line 12-12 in FIG. 10.
[0051] FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a polymeric structure
formed by the depression of FIG. 10 on a substrate.
[0052] FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a
composite web with ring-shaped polymeric structures on both major
sides of a substrate.
[0053] FIG. 15 is a diagram of one polymer transfer system that may
be used to provide polymeric structures on a substrate in
accordance with the methods of the present invention.
[0054] FIG. 16 is an enlarged schematic diagram depicting one
relationship between a doctor blade and depressions on a forming
roll in the system of FIG. 15.
[0055] FIG. 17 is an enlarged schematic diagram depicting one
relationship between a doctor blade and depressions on a forming
roll in the system of FIG. 15 in which a base film is formed on the
exterior surface of the forming roll.
[0056] FIG. 18 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view
depicting a conformable backup roll forcing a substrate against a
forming roll.
[0057] FIG. 19 illustrates another forming roll and polymer source
useful in connection with zoned delivery systems and methods.
[0058] FIG. 20 is a plan view of a portion of an exterior surface
of a forming roll with a patterned depression formed therein.
[0059] FIG. 21 is a plan view of a composite web including a
polymeric structure formed thereon using the forming roll of FIG.
20.
[0060] FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of the composite web of
FIG. 21 after stretching.
[0061] FIG. 23 is an alternative system for producing a polymeric
structure on a composite web similar to that depicted in FIG.
20.
[0062] FIG. 24 is another alternative system for producing a
polymeric structure on a composite web similar to that depicted in
FIG. 20.
[0063] FIGS. 25A-25E are cross-sectional views of portions of
alternative composite webs with two different thermoplastic
compositions located on a surface of a substrate.
[0064] FIGS. 26a-26b depict a composite web including oval shaped
closure elements. FIG. 26a is a plan view of a plurality of oval
shaped closure elements attached to a substrate. FIG. 26b is a
cross-sectional view of a single oval shaped element of FIG. 26a
taken along line 26b-26b in FIG. 26a.
[0065] FIGS. 27a-27b show a composite web including closure
elements having barbs. FIG. 27a is a plan view of a plurality of
closure elements attached to a substrate, the elements including
detached areas with a barb on each detached region. FIG. 27b is a
cross-sectional view of a closure element of FIG. 27a taken along
line 27b-27b depicted in FIG. 27a.
[0066] FIGS. 28a-28c show an additional embodiment of the composite
webs of the invention having closure elements including barbs. FIG.
28a is a plan view of a plurality of closure elements attached to a
substrate. FIG. 28b is an enlarged view of a single closure element
of FIG. 28a. FIG. 28c is a cross-sectional view of a single closure
element of FIG. 28b, taken along line 28c-28c depicted in FIG.
28b.
[0067] FIGS. 29A-29C show additional embodiments of the composite
webs of the invention including closure elements. FIG. 29A is a
plan view of a plurality of closure elements attached to a
substrate. FIG. 29B is an enlarged plan view of some of the
elements of FIG. 29A. FIG. 29C shows closure elements of FIGS. 29A
and 29B prepared using MD grooves in the doctor blade to create
regions to be bonded to the substrate.
[0068] FIG. 30 shows a plan view of the composite webs of the
invention including an alternative shape of the individual closure
elements.
[0069] FIGS. 31a-31b show an alternative embodiment of the
composite webs of the present invention that provides a closure
system. This system includes a closure element having flexible
elements. FIG. 31a is a plan view of a spring-type engaging member
closure element, wherein the closure element includes a bonded area
and a detached area that is flexible and includes barbs. FIG. 31b
shows the spring-type engaging member of FIG. 31a in an engaged
orientation with a complementary slotted receiving member.
[0070] FIGS. 32a-32b show an embodiment of the composite web
including raised portions and surrounding valleys. FIG. 32a is a
perspective view of a composite web including raised portions in
the form of ridges. FIG. 32b is a cross-sectional view of a
composite web including raised portions and surrounding valleys and
further including polymeric structures attached to the raised
portions.
[0071] FIGS. 33a-33b show closure elements of a closure system
including tabs. FIG. 33a depicts a first closure element attached
to a substrate. FIG. 33b is a cross-sectional view of the closure
element of FIG. 33a mated with a complementary closure element on a
second substrate, the cross-sectional view taken along line 33b-33b
depicted in FIG. 33a.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS OF THE
INVENTION
[0072] As discussed above, the present invention provides composite
webs that include polymeric structures located on the surface of a
substrate and that provide closure elements and systems of the
present invention. Various different constructions will now be
described to illustrate various embodiments of the closure elements
and systems in accordance with the present invention. These
illustrative constructions should not be considered to limit the
present invention, which is to be limited only by the claims that
follow.
[0073] As used herein, the term, "occupies" in reference to the
closure elements and systems of the invention is understood to mean
the element or system is located directly above a surface of a
substrate or is attached to a surface of a substrate, and includes
the circumstance in which an element or system includes both an
area directly above a surface of a substrate and an area attached
to a surface of a substrate.
[0074] As used herein, the term "fiber" includes fibers of
indefinite length (e.g., filaments) and fibers of discrete length,
e.g., staple fibers. The fibers used in connection with the present
invention may be multicomponent fibers. The term "multicomponent
fiber" refers to a fiber having at least two distinct
longitudinally coextensive structured polymer domains in the fiber
cross-section, as opposed to blends where the domains tend to be
dispersed, random, or unstructured. The distinct domains may thus
be formed of polymers from different polymer classes (e.g., nylon
and polypropylene) or be formed of polymers from the same polymer
class (e.g., nylon) but which differ in their properties or
characteristics. The term "multicomponent fiber" is thus intended
to include, but is not limited to, concentric and eccentric
sheath-core fiber structures, symmetric and asymmetric side-by-side
fiber structures, island-in-sea fiber structures, pie wedge fiber
structures, and hollow fibers of these configurations.
[0075] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of one
composite web manufactured in accordance with the present
invention. The composite web includes a substrate 10 with a first
major surface 11 and a second major surface 12. One or more
polymeric structures 14 are located on the first major surface 11
of the substrate 10, it being understood that the substrate may
include more than one polymeric structure.
[0076] The polymeric structures 14 may cover any desired portion of
the surface 11 of the substrate 10 on which they are positioned,
although it will be understood that the polymeric structures 14
will not cover all of the surface of the substrate 10. For example,
it may be preferred that the polymeric structures occupy less than
all of the first major surface of the substrate, preferably less
than 75% of the first major surface of the substrate, and
optionally less than 50% of the first major surface of the
substrate. At the lower end of the range, it may be preferred that
the polymeric structures occupy at least 2% of the first major
surface of the substrate, preferably 5% or more of the first major
surface of the substrate, and optionally 10% or more of the first
major surface of the substrate. Additional variations in the
percentage of surface area occupied by polymeric structures may be
as described in, for example, pending U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 09/257,447, entitled WEB HAVING DISCRETE STEM REGIONS, filed on
Feb. 25, 1999 (published as International Publication No. WO
00/50229).
[0077] FIG. 2 depicts an alternative composite web construction in
which polymer structures 114 are attached to the major surface 111
of a substrate 110. The polymeric structures 114 are, however,
connected to each other by a thin base film 116. The base film 116
will typically be produced while forming and transferring to
polymeric structures 114 to the substrate 110. Furthermore, the
base film 116 will typically be manufactured of the same
thermoplastic composition as the polymeric structures 114. Some
exemplary processes of manufacturing polymeric structures with base
films are described more completely below.
[0078] The base film 116 may be removed from the composite web
after attachment of the polymeric structures 114 or it may be left
in place. As seen in FIG. 2, the base film 116 may not be attached
directly to the surface 111 of the substrate 110 over its entire
surface. In such an arrangement, the base film 116 may be retained
as a part of the composite web by attachment to the substrate 110
near the edges of the polymeric structures 114 and/or by attachment
of the base film 116 to the polymeric structures 114
themselves.
[0079] The polymeric structures 114 and the base film 116 can be
distinguished from each other in the composite web construction by
their relative thickness. The polymeric structures 114 will have a
maximum thickness (measured normal to the localized surface 111 of
the substrate 110) that is greater than the maximum thickness of
the base film 116. For example, the base film 116 may preferably
have a maximum thickness that is 25% or less (more preferably 10%
or less) of the maximum thickness of the polymeric structures 114
formed by depressions on the forming tool.
[0080] FIG. 3 depicts a composite web in which the base film 116
between the polymeric structures 114 is attached to the surface 111
of the substrate 110. In some instances, the base film 116 may be
attached to the substrate 110 at the same time the polymeric
structures 114 are attached thereto using the same mechanism used
to attach the polymeric structures 114 (e.g., infiltration of the
substrate 110 by the thermoplastic composition in the base film
116, intermixing of the thermoplastic composition of the base film
116 with the a substrate thermoplastic composition, etc.).
[0081] In other instances, the base film 116 may be attached to the
substrate 110 after the polymeric structures 114 are attached
thereto. For example, the base film 116 may be attached to the
substrate 110 by, e.g., heat welding, chemical welding, heat
sealing, pressure welding, lasers, ultrasonic energy, etc.
[0082] In the depicted embodiment, however, the base film 116 is
attached to the surface 111 of the substrate 110 by adhesive 118
interposed between the base film 116 and the surface 111. The
adhesive 118 may be any suitable composition, e.g., curable,
pressure sensitive, heat activated, hot melt, etc. In addition, the
adhesive 118 may be provided on the surface 111 of the substrate
110 before contacting the substrate with the base film 116 and
polymeric structures 114, or it may provided on the base film 116
before contacting the base film 116 with the substrate 110.
[0083] Although adhesive 118 is not depicted as being located
between the polymeric structures 114 and the substrate 110, it may
be provided in those locations. The conditions (e.g., heat,
pressure, etc.) encountered during attachment of the polymeric
structures 114 to the substrate 110 may, however, result in
degradation, etc. of the adhesive such that the adhesive 118 does
not function as the primary mechanism of attachment to the
substrate 110.
[0084] The polymeric structures on composite webs of the present
invention may be uniformly spaced over the surface of the substrate
in a regular, repeating pattern (in both the x and y directions) or
the spacing and arrangement of polymeric structures may be
non-uniform if so desired. Furthermore, the pattern in which the
polymeric structures are arranged, may be irregular.
[0085] In other variations, portions of the composite webs
manufactured in accordance with the present invention may include
uniformly-spaced polymeric structures, while other portions of the
same composite web may be free of any polymeric structures. In yet
another alternative, portions of a composite web manufactured in
accordance with the present invention may include uniformly spaced
polymeric structures, while other portions of the same composite
web may include polymeric structures that are arranged in
non-uniformly spaced patterns. Further, different portions of a
composite web manufactured according to the present invention may
include different sets of polymeric structures that are both
uniformly spaced in repeating patterns that are different from each
other.
[0086] The polymeric structures could be provided in any desired
shape, e.g., squares, rectangles, hexagons, etc. The shapes may or
may not be in the form of recognized geometric shapes, but may be
randomly formed with irregular perimeters. In addition, the shapes
may not necessarily be solid figures, but may include islands
formed within the shape in which none of the thermoplastic
composition is transferred or a base film is transferred. In yet
another alternative, some or all of the polymeric structures may be
in the form of indicia, i.e., letters, numbers, or other graphic
symbols.
[0087] The substrates used in connection with the composite webs of
the present invention may have a variety of constructions. For
example, the substrates may be a woven material, nonwoven material,
knit material, netting, scrim, foam, paper, film, or any other
continuous media that can be fed through a nip point. The
substrates may have a wide variety of properties, such as
extensibility, elasticity, flexibility, conformability,
breathability, porosity, stiffness, etc. Further, the substrates
may include pleats, corrugations, microcreping, or other
deformations from a flat planar sheet configuration.
[0088] Unlike processes in which the substrates are contacted by
rolls that are heated to temperatures that may result in softening
or melting of the substrates such that the substrates lose their
mechanical stability, the methods and systems of the present
invention use rolls that are preferably maintained at temperatures
that are below the temperatures that may result in softening or
melting such that the substrates lose their mechanical stability.
One potential advantage is that the substrates may be manufactured
of the same or similar thermoplastic compositions as those found in
the polymeric structures and base films. For example, it may be
possible to apply polymeric structures of a polyolefin
thermoplastic composition to a substrate that includes the same or
similar thermoplastic composition (e.g., polypropylene polymeric
structures on a polypropylene substrate).
[0089] In some instances, the substrates may exhibit some level of
extensibility and also, in some instances, elasticity. Extensible
webs that may be preferred may have an initial yield tensile force
of at least about 50 gm/cm, preferably at least about 100 gm/cm.
Further, the extensible webs may preferably be extensible nonwoven
webs.
[0090] Suitable processes for making a nonwoven web that may be
used in connection with the present invention include, but are not
limited to, airlaying, spunbond, spunlace, bonded melt blown webs
and bonded carded web formation processes. Spunbond nonwoven webs
are made by extruding a molten thermoplastic, as filaments from a
series of fine die orifices in a spinneret. The diameter of the
extruded filaments is rapidly reduced under tension by, for
example, by non-eductive or eductive fluid-drawing or other known
spunbond mechanisms, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,563
(Appel et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 3,692,618 (Dorschner et al.); U.S.
Pat. Nos. 3,338,992 and 3,341,394 (Kinney); U.S. Pat. No. 3,276,944
(Levy); U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,538 (Peterson); U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,763
(Hartman) and U.S. Pat. No. 3,542,615 (Dobo et al.). The spunbond
web is preferably bonded (point or continuous bonding).
[0091] The nonwoven web layer may also be made from bonded carded
webs. Carded webs are made from separated staple fibers, which
fibers are sent through a combing or carding unit which separates
and aligns the staple fibers in the machine direction so as to form
a generally machine direction-oriented fibrous nonwoven web.
However, randomizers can be used to reduce this machine direction
orientation.
[0092] Once the carded web has been formed, it is then bonded by
one or more of several bonding methods to give it suitable tensile
properties. One bonding method is powder bonding wherein a powdered
adhesive is distributed through the web and then activated, usually
by heating the web and adhesive with hot air. Another bonding
method is pattern bonding wherein heated calender rolls or
ultrasonic bonding equipment are used to bond the fibers together,
usually in a localized bond pattern though the web can be bonded
across its entire surface if so desired. Generally, the more the
fibers of a web are bonded together, the greater the nonwoven web
tensile properties.
[0093] Airlaying is another process by which fibrous nonwoven webs
useful in the present invention can be made. In the airlaying
process, bundles of small fibers usually having lengths ranging
between 6 to 19 millimeters are separated and entrained in an air
supply and then deposited onto a forming screen, often with the
assistance of a vacuum supply. The randomly deposited fibers are
then bonded to one another using, for example, hot air or a spray
adhesive.
[0094] Meltblown nonwoven webs may be formed by extrusion of
thermoplastic polymers from multiple die orifices, which polymer
melt streams are immediately attenuated by hot high velocity air or
steam along two faces of the die immediately at the location where
the polymer exits from the die orifices. The resulting fibers are
entangled into a coherent web in the resulting turbulent airstream
prior to collection on a collecting surface. Generally, to provide
sufficient integrity and strength for the present invention,
meltblown webs must be further bonded such as by through air
bonding, heat or ultrasonic bonding as described above.
[0095] A web can be made extensible by skip slitting as is
disclosed in, e.g., International Publication No. WO 96/10481
(Abuto et al.). If an elastic, extensible web is desired, the slits
are discontinuous and are generally cut on the web prior to the web
being attached to any elastic component. Although more difficult,
it is also possible to create slits in the nonelastic web layer
after the nonelastic web is laminated to the elastic web. At least
a portion of the slits in the nonelastic web should be generally
perpendicular (or have a substantial perpendicular vector) to the
intended direction of extensibility or elasticity (the at least
first direction) of the elastic web layer. By generally
perpendicular it is meant that the angle between the longitudinal
axis of the chosen slit or slits and the direction of extensibility
is between 60 and 120 degrees. A sufficient number of the described
slits are generally perpendicular such that the overall laminate is
elastic. The provision of slits in two directions is advantageous
when the elastic laminate is intended to be elastic in at least two
different directions.
[0096] A nonwoven web used in connection with the present invention
can also be a necked or reversibly necked nonwoven web as described
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,965,122; 4,981,747; 5,114,781; 5,116,662; and
5,226,992 (all to Morman). In these embodiments the nonwoven web is
elongated in a direction perpendicular to the desired direction of
extensibility. When the nonwoven web is set in this elongated
condition, it will have stretch and recovery properties in the
direction of extensibility.
[0097] The substrates used in connection with the present invention
may preferably exhibit some porosity on one or both of the major
surfaces of the substrate such that when a molten thermoplastic
composition is provided on one of the major surfaces of the
substrate, a mechanical bond is formed between the molten
thermoplastic composition and the substrate as the molten
thermoplastic composition infiltrates and/or encapsulates a portion
of the porous surface of the substrate. As used in connection with
the present invention, the term "porous" includes both structures
that include voids formed therein, as well as structures formed of
a collection of fibers (e.g., woven, nonwoven, knit, etc.) that
allow for the infiltration of molten thermoplastic composition into
the interstices between fibers. If the porous surface includes
fibers, the thermoplastic composition may preferably encapsulate
fibers or portions of fibers on the surface of the substrate.
[0098] If the substrate is not porous (e.g., is a film such as a
polymeric film), but is made with a thermoplastic composition that
has a melt processing temperature sufficiently low relative to the
temperature of the molten thermoplastic composition in the
depressions, then attachment of the polymeric structures may be
achieved by intermixing (e.g., surface mixing as seen in, e.g.,
fusion bonding or heat sealing of, e.g., polymeric materials) of
the thermoplastic compositions in the polymeric structures and the
substrate. To attach polymeric structures in accordance with the
present invention on substrates formed of thermoplastic
compositions themselves, the substrate thermoplastic composition
may preferably have a melt processing temperature that is at or
below the melt processing temperature of the thermoplastic
composition used in the polymeric structures formed thereon.
[0099] The type and construction of the material or materials in
the substrate should be considered when selecting an appropriate
substrate to which a molten thermoplastic composition is applied.
For example, the substrate should have sufficient internal strength
such that it does not fall apart during the process. Preferably,
the substrate has sufficient strength in the machine direction at
the temperature of the forming tool to remove it intact from the
forming tool.
[0100] Although the substrates depicted in the various
cross-sectional views of the articles manufactured according to the
methods of the present invention are illustrated as single layer
structures, it should be understood that the substrates may be of
single or multi-layer construction. If a multi-layer construction
is used, it will be understood that the various layers may have the
same or different properties, constructions, etc. Some of these
variations may be as described in, for example, pending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/257,447, entitled WEB HAVING DISCRETE STEM
REGIONS, filed on Feb. 25, 1999 (published as International
Publication No. WO 00/50229).
[0101] The polymeric structures of the present invention may be
formed of a wide variety of different thermoplastic polymeric
materials. Some examples of thermoplastic compositions that may be
used in connection with the present invention include, but are not
limited to, polyurethanes, polyolefins (e.g., polypropylenes,
polyethylenes, etc.), polystyrenes, polycarbonates, polyesters,
polymethacrylates, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene
vinyl alcohol copolymers, polyvinylchlorides, acrylate modified
ethylene vinyl acetate polymers, ethylene acrylic acid copolymers,
nylons, fluorocarbons, etc. Suitable thermoplastic polymers will
generally have a melt flow index of 5-200 grams/10 minutes measured
at the appropriate conditions for the polymer as specified in ASTM
D 1238. Furthermore, the thermoplastic composition may be, e.g., a
thermoplastic hot melt adhesive.
[0102] The thermoplastic compositions of the present invention may
include either or both of nonelastomeric or elastomeric
thermoplastic polymers. A nonelastomeric thermoplastic polymer is
one that is melt processable and that returns to its original
condition or near its original condition upon cooling and which
does not exhibit elastomeric properties at ambient conditions
(e.g., room temperature and pressure). As used in connection with
the present invention, "nonelastomeric" means that the material
will not substantially resume its original shape after being
stretched. Further, the nonelastomeric polymers may preferably
sustain permanent set following deformation and relaxation, which
set is preferably at least about 20 percent or more, and more
preferably at least about 30 percent or more of the original length
at moderate elongation, e.g., about 50% (for those materials that
can even be stretched up to 50% without fracture or other
failure).
[0103] An elastomeric (or elastic) thermoplastic polymer is one
that melts and returns to its original condition or near its
original condition upon cooling and exhibits elastomeric properties
at ambient conditions (e.g., room temperature and pressure). As
used in connection with the present invention, "elastomeric" means
that the material will substantially resume its original shape
after being stretched. Further, the elastomeric polymers may
preferably sustain only small permanent set following deformation
and relaxation which set is preferably no greater than about 30
percent and more preferably no greater than about 20 percent of the
original length at moderate elongation, e.g., about 50%. The
elastomeric thermoplastic compositions of the present invention can
be both pure elastomers and blends with an elastomeric phase or
content that will still exhibit substantial elastomeric properties
at room temperature. U.S. Pat. No. 5,501,679 (Krueger et al.)
provides some further discussion regarding elastomeric materials
that may be considered for use in connection with the present
invention.
[0104] The elastic thermoplastic compositions can include one or
more polymers. For example, the polymer composition could be a
blend with an elastomeric phase such that the polymer exhibits
elastomeric properties at room temperature. Suitable elastic
thermoplastic polymer compositions may include block copolymers
such as conventional A-B or A-B-A block copolymers (e.g.,
styrene-isoprene-styrene, styrene-butadiene-styrene,
styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymers), elastomeric
polyurethanes, olefinic elastomers, particularly elastomeric
ethylene copolymers (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetates, ethylene/octene
copolymer elastomers, ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer
elastomers), as well as mixtures of these with each other, with
other elastic thermoplastic polymers, or with nonelastic
thermoplastic polymers.
[0105] The thermoplastic compositions used in connection with the
present invention can also be combined with various additives for
desired effect. These include, for example, fillers, viscosity
reducing agents, plasticizers, tackifiers, colorants (e.g., dyes or
pigments), antioxidants, antistatic agents, bonding aids,
antiblocking agents, slip agents, stabilizers (e.g., thermal and
ultraviolet), foaming agents, microspheres, glass bubbles,
reinforcing fibers (e.g., microfibers), internal release agents,
thermally conductive particles, electrically conductive particles,
and the like. The amounts of such materials that can be useful in
the thermoplastic compositions can be readily determined by those
skilled in the art of processing and using such materials.
[0106] FIG. 4 is a plan view of one exemplary depression 34 in
transfer roll 30 of the present invention, while FIG. 5 is a
cross-sectional view of the depression 34 taken along line 5-5 in
FIG. 4. The depression 34 has a circular footprint (i.e. shape of
the opening into the depression 34 at the surface 32 of the roll)
with a diameter represented by the letter d. The depression 34 has
a depth (represented by the letter h) measured from the exterior
surface 32 of the transfer roll 30.
[0107] Forming tools used in connection with the present invention
preferably include depressions that are large enough to form
polymeric structures on a substrate. The depressions and/or the
polymeric structures formed according to the principles of the
present invention may be characterized in a variety of manners. For
example, the depressions 34 may be characterized in terms of the
area occupied by their footprint on the exterior surface of the
forming tool, a maximum dimension of the footprint (in any
direction on the surface of the roll), the volume of the
depression, the shape of the footprint, etc.
[0108] When characterized in terms of the area occupied by the
footprint of the depressions, each of the depressions 34 may have a
footprint with an area of about 4 square millimeters (mm.sup.2) or
more. In other situations, each of the depressions 34 may have
footprints with an area of about 8 mm.sup.2 or more.
[0109] Another manner in which the depressions may be characterized
is in terms of the largest footprint dimension as measured on the
surface 32 of the transfer roll 30. For a depression with a
circular footprint as seen in FIGS. 4 and 5, the largest dimension
is the same in all directions, but the depressions used in
connection with the present invention may take any desired shape
(e.g. elongated, irregular, etc.) in which the largest dimension
will occur in one or more directions on the exterior surface of the
transfer roll 30, but not in others. When characterized in terms of
the largest footprint dimension, it may be that the depressions
have a largest footprint dimension of about 2 millimeters (mm) or
more, in some instances about 5 mm or more.
[0110] Where elongated strands are formed as a part of the
polymeric structures (either by grooves in the forming tool or by
strands of thermoplastic composition deposited on the exterior
surface of the forming tool), it may be preferred that the strands
have a width of 1 millimeter or more measured in a direction
transverse to their length.
[0111] Yet another manner in which the depressions used in
connection with the present invention may be characterized is in
terms of volume. For example, the depressions may have a depression
volume of at least about three (3) cubic millimeters (mm.sup.3) or
more, or alternatively, a depression volume of about five (5) cubic
millimeters.
[0112] FIGS. 6 and 7 depict another set of depressions on a forming
tool 130 in which the depressions 134 are oriented substantially
along the face of the roll 130 (i.e., generally aligned with axis
131). The roll 130 is designed to rotate about axis 131 in use and,
as a result, the depressions 134 would typically deposit polymeric
structures that are oriented in a cross-web direction (as opposed
to a down web or machine direction). Although more than one
depression 134 is depicted on the exterior surface 132 of the roll
130, it will be understood that the roll may include only one such
depression formed in its exterior surface 132 if so desired.
[0113] The cross-sectional view of FIG. 7 (taken along line 7-7 in
FIG. 6) depicts another optional feature of depressions in forming
tools of the present invention. The depression 134 includes
shallower areas 135 and deeper areas 136. The depth of the
different areas is measured normal to the exterior surface 132 of
the forming tool 130. For example, the deeper area 136 has a height
h as seen in FIG. 7.
[0114] In FIG. 7, the depression 134 includes thermoplastic
composition 141 located therein. The thermoplastic composition 141
within the depression 134 preferably exhibits two different
properties that, in FIG. 7, are demarcated by broken line 146. The
portion of the thermoplastic composition 141 proximate the surface
137 of the depression 134 (e.g., between the surface 137 and broken
line 146) may preferably fall below the melt processing temperature
of the thermoplastic composition 141 after it is deposited into the
depression 134 but before the thermoplastic composition 141 in the
depression 134 is contacted by a substrate (as discussed in more
detail below). In some instances it may be possible to characterize
the portion of the thermoplastic composition 141 that has fallen
below the melt processing temperature as having frozen, solidified,
formed a skin layer, etc.
[0115] In contrast, the portion of the thermoplastic composition
141 distal from the surfaces 137 of the depression 134 (e.g., on
the opposite side of broken line 146) preferably remains at or
above the melt processing temperature of the thermoplastic
composition 141 at least until the thermoplastic composition 141 in
the depression 134 is contacted by a substrate. Because the distal
portion of the thermoplastic composition 141 remains at or above
the melt processing temperature, it may be, e.g., characterized as
molten. That distal portion of the thermoplastic composition 141
that remains at or above the melt processing temperature may be
available to infiltrate a porous substrate or intermix with a
polymeric substrate as described herein.
[0116] It should be understood that although broken line 146
demarcates a sharp boundary, the actual boundary between molten and
solidified or frozen thermoplastic composition 141 may not be a
sharp line, but, rather, a transition zone having a depth.
[0117] Another feature depicted in connection with FIG. 7 is the
larger mass of thermoplastic composition 141 that fills the area
136 as compared to the smaller mass of molten thermoplastic
composition that fills the shallower portions 135 of the depression
134 during processing. Those different amounts of thermoplastic
composition in the different areas can provide a number of
advantages.
[0118] One potential advantage is that the locally increased mass
of thermoplastic composition 141 in area 136 may preferably include
a larger mass of thermoplastic composition 141 that remains at or
above the melt processing temperature as compared to the
thermoplastic composition 141 in the shallower areas 135. The
larger mass of thermoplastic composition 141 at or above the melt
processing temperature within area 136 may be more effective at,
e.g., infiltrating a porous substrate or intermixing with the same
or different polymers in, e.g., a polymeric film substrate under
the transfer conditions. Conversely, the smaller amount of
thermoplastic composition 141 at or above the melt processing
temperature in the shallower areas 135 may be less effective at,
e.g., infiltrating a porous substrate or intermixing with the same
or different polymers in, e.g., a polymeric film substrate under
the transfer conditions.
[0119] In some instances, all of the thermoplastic composition 141
in the shallower areas 135 may fall below the melt processing
temperature before contacting a substrate such that the
thermoplastic composition 141 in the shallower areas 135 will not
infiltrate or intermix with the substrate. In those same instances,
however, it is preferred that at least a portion of the
thermoplastic composition 141 in the deeper areas 136 remain at or
above the melt processing temperature to retain its ability to
infiltrate and/or intermix with a substrate such that bonds are
formed between the thermoplastic composition in the depression 134
and the substrate.
[0120] The different amounts of thermoplastic composition 141
remaining at or above the melt processing temperature in the
different areas 135 and 136 may contribute to the formation of a
polymeric structure can be described as exhibiting differential
bonding characteristics. The areas of the resulting polymeric
structure that bond to the substrate (typically those corresponding
generally to the deeper areas 136 in which more or at least some of
the thermoplastic composition 141 remains at or above the melt
processing temperature) can be described as "bonded areas." The
portions of the polymeric structure that correspond to the
shallower area 135 of depression 134 (typically those areas in
which none of or less of the thermoplastic composition 141 remains
at or above the melt processing temperature) may typically form
limited or no bond with the substrate and, as such, may be referred
to herein as a "detached area" of the polymeric structure formed by
depression 134.
[0121] The depressions 134 depicted in FIGS. 6 and 7 represent one
manner in which a locally increased mass of molten thermoplastic
composition may be delivered in a larger depression. The depression
234 of FIGS. 8 and 9 preferably has a constant depth from the
exterior surface 232 of the forming tool 230 along its length (see,
e.g., the cross-sectional view of FIG. 9). A locally increased mass
of molten thermoplastic composition can, however, be delivered by
area 236 in which the depression 234 widens as compared to the
narrower surrounding areas 235 of depression 234. As a result, the
widened area 236 delivers a locally increased mass of molten
thermoplastic composition that provide the differential bonding
characteristics discussed above with respect to depression 134 of
FIGS. 6 and 7. It should also be understood that the two features
depicted in FIGS. 6-8 may be combined, e.g., depressions may be
provided with locally increased masses of thermoplastic composition
that are contained in areas that are both deeper and wider than the
surrounding depression.
[0122] Depressions such as those depicted in FIGS. 6-8 may, in some
instances, be characterized by volume differentials in one or more
directions. For example, it may be preferred that, for elongated
depressions, the areas of locally increased mass have a volume per
unit length that is 125% or more (preferably 150% or more) of the
volume per unit length of the surrounding depression.
[0123] Still another manner in which a locally increased mass of
molten thermoplastic composition may be delivered to a substrate to
achieve, e.g., differential bonding of a polymeric structure can be
described with reference to FIGS. 23 & 24 below. In those
processes, molten thermoplastic composition is applied over a mass
of thermoplastic composition in a depression as, e.g., a strand of
molten thermoplastic composition. Those areas in which the molten
thermoplastic composition extends over molten thermoplastic
composition in a depression may provide the locally increased mass
of thermoplastic composition needed to form a differentially bonded
polymer structure on a substrate.
[0124] FIGS. 10-13 depict still other variations in the depressions
used to provide polymeric structures on substrates in connection
with the methods of the present invention. The ring-shaped
depression 334 is located in the surface 332 of a forming tool in
the form of an elongated trough with an island 333 located in the
ring formed by depression 334. Although the depicted ring-shaped
depression 334 is an elongated oval-like shape, ring shaped
depressions of the present invention may be formed in any desired
shape, e.g., circular, square, triangular, etc.
[0125] Depressions that include islands such as that depicted in
FIG. 10 can be used to provide polymeric structures on a substrate
in which a portion of the substrate is exposed within a surrounding
polymer structure or in which a base film is provided within a
surrounding polymer structure. The resulting construction may, for
example, be used to reinforce the substrate in the area of, e.g., a
buttonhole, slot, perforation, or other opening formed on in the
substrate. Other uses for similar structures may also be
envisioned.
[0126] The island 333 formed in the center of depression 334 may be
the same height as the exterior surface 332 of the forming tool
that surrounds the depression 334. Although the depression 334 is
depicted with only a single island 333 formed therein, depressions
used in connection with the methods of the present invention may
include two or more islands located within each depression if so
desired. Furthermore, the shape of the island and surrounding
depression may also vary, e.g., a depression that has a circular
outermost perimeter may be paired with an island having a different
shape. In another variation, the island may not be centered within
the depression as depicted in FIG. 10.
[0127] The orientation of the depression 334 on a forming tool 330
may be selected based on a variety of factors. The depression 334
may be aligned in the machine direction (i.e., the direction of
travel of a substrate), in the cross-web direction (i.e.,
transverse to the direction of travel of the substrate), or any
other orientation between machine direction or cross-web
direction.
[0128] Another variation depicted in FIG. 11 is the variation in
depth of the depression 334, with the depression being deepest
proximate the island and rising to a shallower depth at the
outermost perimeter of the depression 334. Such a construction may
provide a polymeric structure with more flexible edges due to
thinning of the polymeric structure.
[0129] FIG. 12 depicts another optional variation in the depression
of FIG. 10. As seen in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 12, the
depth of the depression 334 from the exterior surface of the 332 of
the forming tool 330 may vary with an area 335 being shallower than
the deeper area 336. That deeper area 336 of depression 334
provides a locally increased mass of molten thermoplastic
composition for transfer to a substrate.
[0130] One example of a polymeric structure 314 that can be formed
on surface 311 of substrate 310 by the depression 334 is depicted
in FIG. 13. The polymeric structure 314 occupies an area on the
surface 311 of substrate 310. The area occupied by the polymeric
structure 314 can be described as including a detached area 315
corresponding to the shallower area 335 of depression 334 and a
bonded area 316 corresponding to the area 336 of depression 334.
The substrate 310 may be porous on the surface 311. As a result,
the increased mass of thermoplastic composition in the area 336
results in infiltration of the of the substrate 310 by the
thermoplastic composition within the bonded area 316 of the
polymeric structure 314 as depicted by the broken line within the
body of the substrate 310. In comparison, the reduced mass of
thermoplastic composition in the area 335 of depression 334 results
in little or no infiltration of the substrate 310 by the
thermoplastic composition in the detached area 315 of the polymeric
structure 314. As a result, the polymeric structure 314 can be
described as differentially bonded to the substrate 310.
[0131] In some instances the differential bonds can be
characterized by penetration of the thermoplastic composition into
a porous substrate. For example, the thermoplastic composition
within the bonded area 316 may preferably infiltrate the porous
substrate 310 to a depth of at least 50% of the thickness of the
porous portion of the substrate 310 (which, in the case of the
depicted substrate 310, the porous portion is all of the thickness
of the substrate). In contrast, the thermoplastic composition
within the detached area 315 may preferably infiltrate the
substrate 310 to a depth of 25% or less of the thickness of the
porous portion of the substrate 310. In the depicted example, the
thermoplastic composition in the detached area 315 does not
infiltrate the substrate 310 at all.
[0132] If the surface 311 of the substrate 310 is not porous, but
is, for example, a film manufactured of a thermoplastic
composition, the differential bonding characteristic described
above may also be achieved, with the bonded area 316 being attached
by, e.g., intermixing of the molten thermoplastic composition of
the polymeric structure 314 with the thermoplastic composition of
the surface 311 of the substrate 310. The thermoplastic composition
of the polymer structure 314 in the detached area 315 may exhibit
little or no intermixing with the thermoplastic composition on the
surface 311 of the substrate 310.
[0133] Another variation illustrated in connection with FIGS. 12
& 13 are the surface features 352 formed on the upper surface
354 of the polymeric structure 314 (where the upper surface 354
generally faces away from the substrate 310). The surface features
352 may include, for example, stems (capped or otherwise), hooks
(as part of a hook and loop fastening system), pyramids, indicia
(alphanumeric or otherwise), etc. Although the surface features 352
may be useful in mechanical fastening systems, the surface features
provided on polymeric structures of the present invention may serve
other functions including, but not limited to, grip enhancement,
abrasion, polishing, etc. Furthermore, it should be understood that
surface features may be provided on all or only some of the
polymeric structures.
[0134] The surface features 352 of FIG. 13 are depicted as stems
oriented at an acute angle with respect to the surface 354 of the
polymeric structure 314. Although the stems are depicted as having
substantially constant dimensions, they may be tapered, bent,
capped, or otherwise formed to enhance their use as, e.g.,
mechanical fasteners. Furthermore, although the stems are depicted
as angled in one direction, they may alternatively be angled in
different directions and/or oriented normal to the surface 354.
[0135] The orientation of the stems depicted in FIG. 13 may be
advantageous for a number of reasons. For example, the angled stems
may not require a cap or other structure to engage a loop surface
or other fibrous substrate adapted to engage the stems. The
composite web depicted in FIG. 13 may exhibit the ability to fasten
to a loop or other surface in a selected direction while releasing
when the web is moved in the opposite direction. Such a
construction may be particularly useful in connection with an
elastic substrate.
[0136] The angled orientation of the stems depicted in FIG. 13 may
be provided in a variety of manners. For example, the stems may be
manufactured using a tool having holes or cavities that are angled
or tilted in the desired direction or directions. Alternatively,
the stems may be bent after formation.
[0137] The depression 334 seen in FIG. 12 includes cavities 350 in
which the surface features 352 are formed by a thermoplastic
composition filling the depression 334 (the cavities 350 are also
depicted in the plan view of FIG. 10). The shape, size, spacing,
depth and other characteristics of the cavities 350 may vary
depending on factors such as the thermoplastic composition being
used, the temperature of the thermoplastic composition delivered to
the depression, etc.
[0138] The shape or profile of the cavities (and the resulting
surface features 352 they form) may differ from those depicted in
connection with FIGS. 12 & 13. For example, the cavities may be
formed in more of a hook-shape, have tapered diameters, etc. Some
example of alternatively shaped cavities and the structures that
may be formed using them are depicted in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
5,792,411 (entitled LASER MACHINED REPLICATION TOOLING), U.S. Pat.
No. 6,190,594 B1 (entitled TOOLING FOR ARTICLES WITH STRUCTURED
SURFACES), U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,339 (entitled CONTINUOUS MOLDING OF
FASTENER PRODUCTS WITH A MOLD BELT), etc.
[0139] In another variation depicted in FIG. 13, the substrate 310
may terminate in the area occupied by the portion 315 of the
polymeric structure 314. An example of this is depicted by broken
line 309 in FIG. 13. The line 309 may denote the edge of the
substrate 310 during the transfer process or the line 309 may
denote a line along which the substrate 310 may be separated after
the polymeric structure 314 is transferred to the surface 311.
[0140] In still another variation, the substrate 310 itself may
include a loop structure on the surface opposite that on which the
polymeric structures are located or within the areas on the same
surface as the polymeric structures that are not occupied by the
polymeric structures. As a result, the composite web may provide a
unitary fastener having both stems, hooks, etc, and the
complementary loop material needed for fastening.
[0141] FIG. 14 depicts yet another embodiment of a composite web
manufactured in accordance with the present invention. The
composite web includes a substrate 410 with opposing major surfaces
411 and 412. One feature illustrated in FIG. 14 is the two-sided
nature of the polymeric structures located on the opposing major
surfaces 411 and 412, respectively. Polymeric structure 414 is
provided on major surface 411 and polymeric structure 424 is
provided on opposing major surface 412. Both polymeric structure
414 and polymeric structure 424 are exposed on opposite sides of
the composite web.
[0142] The polymeric structures on opposing major surfaces are
depicted as being in registration through the substrate 410. In
other words, the polymeric structure 414 is aligned with the
polymeric structure 424 on the opposite side of the substrate 410.
Further, the polymeric structure 414 is depicted as being
substantially the same size as the polymeric structure 424 located
on the opposite side of the substrate 410. It should, however, be
understood that when a composite web having polymeric structures on
both major surfaces is desired, the polymeric structures on the
opposing surfaces may or may not be the same size as seen in FIG.
14. Also, it should be understood that the polymeric structures may
or may not be in registration with each other through the substrate
410 as seen in FIG. 14.
[0143] The polymeric structures 414 and 424 may be envisioned as
forming a grommet structure on the substrate 410. As a result, it
may be desired to provide an optional opening 404 through the
substrate 410 as seen in FIG. 10. The opening may be formed by any
suitable technique, e.g., mechanical perforation with a tool, laser
ablation, water or gas-jet cutting, etc.
[0144] Although not depicted, other variations in composite webs
manufactured according to the present invention may include two or
more substrates laminated together with one or more polymeric
structures located between the laminated substrates. Such laminated
constructions may be useful, for example, to provide a cloth-like
or softer feel or appearance, breathability, porosity, etc. on both
sides of the composite web. This is in contrast to the composite
webs in which the polymeric structures are located on an exposed
surface of the composite web. A laminated composite web structure
may also be used to provide different properties on opposite sides
of the composite web structure. For example, the porosity or other
properties may differ between the different substrates. Examples of
such laminating processes may be described in, e.g., U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. U.S. 2003/0087098 A1, filed 5 Nov. 2001
and titled COMPOSITE WEBS WITH REINFORCING POLYMERIC REGIONS AND
ELASTIC POLYMERIC REGIONS and U.S. Patent Application Publication
No. U.S. 2003/0084996 A1, filed 5 Nov. 2001 and titled METHODS FOR
PRODUCING COMPOSITE WEBS WITH REINFORCING DISCRETE POLYMERIC
REGIONS.
[0145] FIG. 15 depicts a web path and rolls in one system and
method of providing polymeric structures 14 on one surface of a
substrate 10 in accordance with the principles of the present
invention. The system depicted in FIG. 15 includes a substrate 10
that defines a web path through the system. The substrate 10 moves
through the system in a downstream direction indicated by the
rotation arrows on the various rolls. After being unwound or
otherwise provided from a supply (e.g., the substrate 10 may be
manufactured in-line with the system depicted in FIG. 15), the
substrate 10 is directed into a transfer nip formed between a
backup roll 20 and a forming tool 30.
[0146] Although the composite web may preferably be formed using a
forming tool in the form of a roll in the illustrated embodiments,
it should be understood that the forming tools of the present
invention may alternatively be provided in forms other than rolls,
e.g., endless belts, etc. Furthermore, the forming tool (roll or
otherwise) may be manufactured by any suitable technique, e.g., a
machining, etching, helically-wound rolls (such as in, e.g., U.S.
Pat. No. 6,190,594 B1 entitled TOOLING FOR ARTICLES WITH STRUCTURED
SURFACES), stacked plate technology, etc.
[0147] The process of providing polymeric structures 14 on the
substrate 10 includes delivering a supply of a molten thermoplastic
composition to the exterior surface 32 of forming roll 30 that
includes a one or more depressions formed in its exterior surface
32. The molten thermoplastic composition 41 is supplied to the
exterior surface 32 of the forming roll 30 by a delivery apparatus
in the form of a an extruder 40. The molten thermoplastic
composition is wiped or removed from the exterior surface 32 by a
doctor blade 42 acting against the exterior surface 32 of the
forming roll 30. Although it may be desirable to remove all of the
thermoplastic composition from the exterior surface 32 of the
forming roll 30, some of the thermoplastic composition may remain
on the exterior surface 32 after wiping by the doctor blade 42.
[0148] The doctor blade 42 is preferably heated to a temperature
that is at least the melt processing temperature of the
thermoplastic composition. It may be preferred that the doctor
blade temperature be the same as the temperature of the molten
thermoplastic composition 41 extruded by the extruder 40 or even
higher.
[0149] The roll temperature of roll 30 is also preferably
controlled in the systems of the present invention. As discussed
above, it is preferred that the roll temperature be lower than the
melt processing temperature of the thermoplastic composition being
deposited on the roll 30. By controlling the roll temperature,
various processing advantages may be obtained as discussed
herein.
[0150] The extruder 40 in the depicted system preferably extrudes
the molten thermoplastic composition 41 into the interface of the
doctor blade 42 and the exterior surface 32 of the roll 30. In some
instances, the molten thermoplastic composition 41 may flow down
the doctor blade 42 to the interface between the blade 42 and the
roll 30.
[0151] The depressions formed in the exterior surface 32 of the
forming roll 30 preferably receive a portion of the molten
thermoplastic composition when the molten thermoplastic composition
is deposited on the exterior surface 32 of the forming roll 30.
Filling of the depressions by the molten thermoplastic composition
may be enhanced by the wiping action of the doctor blade 42 on the
exterior surface 32 of the forming roll 30. The flow rate of the
molten thermoplastic composition 41 from the extruder may be
controlled such that the volume of the molten thermoplastic
composition may preferably be equivalent to the volume of the
depressions passing the doctor blade. That relationship may be
advantageous because it may prevent or reduce the accumulation of
thermoplastic composition behind the doctor blade 42. Accumulation
of the thermoplastic composition behind the doctor blade 42 may be
detrimental because of the lower roll temperature, which can cause
the viscosity of the thermoplastic composition to increase such
that the depressions cannot be filled properly.
[0152] FIG. 16 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view
depicting one relationship between a doctor blade 42 and exterior
surface 32 with depressions 34 in a forming roll 30. The roll 30
rotates such that the exterior surface 32 is moving past the doctor
blade 42 in the direction shown by the arrow. The molten
thermoplastic composition 41 in the depicted embodiment is incident
on the upper surface of the doctor blade 42 and flows down that
surface towards the interface between the doctor blade 42 and the
exterior surface 32 of the roll 30. Alternatively, the molten
thermoplastic composition flow could be adjusted such that it flows
directly into the interface between the doctor blade 42 and the
roll 30.
[0153] As the depressions pass underneath the doctor blade 42, they
are preferably filled with the molten thermoplastic composition 41
as seen in FIG. 16. In the depicted embodiment, the flow of molten
thermoplastic composition 41 is preferably adjusted such that it is
equivalent to the volume of the depressions 34 passing underneath
the doctor blade 42. The result is that only a limited amount or
none of the thermoplastic composition material accumulates at the
interface of the roll 30 and the doctor blade 42.
[0154] Achieving that result may involve controlling the
temperature of the roll 30 along with one or more of the following:
doctor blade temperature, molten thermoplastic composition
temperature, roll speed, flow rate of the molten thermoplastic
composition, the pressure or force exerted on the forming roll 30
by the doctor blade 42, etc.
[0155] Another optional feature depicted in FIG. 16 is that the
molten thermoplastic composition 41 is largely removed from the
exterior surface 32 of the roll 30 by the doctor blade 42. As such,
the molten thermoplastic composition in the depressions 34 that
have passed the doctor blade 42 is limited to the depressions only.
In contrast, FIG. 17 depicts an alternative process in which a
layer 143 of the molten thermoplastic composition 141 remains on
the exterior surface 132 of the roll 130 after the depressions have
passed the doctor blade 142. That layer 143 can be used to form the
base films described in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3 above.
Control over the formation of a base film in the systems and
methods of the present invention may be achieved by adjusting,
e.g., roll temperature, doctor blade temperature, molten
thermoplastic composition temperature, roll speed, flow rate of the
molten thermoplastic composition, the pressure or force exerted on
the forming roll by the doctor blade, the gap (if any) between the
doctor blade and the forming roll, the spacing between the
depressions, the volume of the depressions, etc.
[0156] Another optional feature depicted in connection with FIG. 17
is the addition of a ridge 135 around at least a portion of the
perimeter of the depressions 134. The ridge 135 is raised above the
exterior surface 132 of the roll 130. One potential advantage of
the raised ridge 135 is that it may facilitate removal of a base
film from polymeric structures on a substrate by providing a
thinner area of weakness around the perimeter of the polymeric
structure.
[0157] Returning to FIG. 15, with the depressions at least
partially filled with the desired molten thermoplastic composition,
the forming roll 30 continues to rotate until the depressions and
the molten thermoplastic composition they contain are forced into
contact with the substrate 10 against backup roll 20 at the
transfer nip (i.e., the nip formed by the forming roll 30 and the
backup roll 20). It is at this point that transfer of the molten
thermoplastic composition in the depressions to the substrate 10
begins. By controlling the roll temperature to a point below the
melt processing temperature of the thermoplastic composition, the
thermoplastic composition in the depressions may preferably release
cleanly from the depressions such that substantially all of the
thermoplastic composition in the depressions is transferred to the
substrate 10.
[0158] When a substrate 10 that includes one or more porous major
surfaces on which the molten thermoplastic composition is deposited
is used in connection with the methods of the present invention, a
mechanical bond may preferably be formed by infiltration of the
molten thermoplastic composition into the porous surface of the
substrate 10. As used in connection with the present invention, the
term "porous" includes both structures that include voids formed
therein, as well as structures formed of a collection of fibers
(e.g., woven, nonwoven or knit) that allow for the penetration of
molten thermoplastic compositions. If the substrate 10 is not
porous but is made of a thermoplastic composition, attachment of
the polymeric structures may be achieved by intermixing as
described herein.
[0159] The nip pressure between the forming roll 30 and the backup
roll 20 is preferably sufficient to result in attachment of the
thermoplastic composition in the depressions of the roll 30 to the
substrate 10. If the substrate surface is porous, a portion of the
thermoplastic composition in the polymeric structures infiltrates
and/or encapsulates a portion of the porous substrate 10 to improve
attachment of the polymeric structures to the substrate 10. Where
the surface of the substrate 10 includes fibers (e.g., where the
substrate 10 includes woven, nonwoven, or knit materials on its
major surfaces), it may be preferred that the thermoplastic
composition encapsulate all or a portion of at least some of the
fibers on the surface of the substrate 10 to improve attachment of
the polymeric structures to the substrate 10.
[0160] Under some conditions the molten thermoplastic composition
in the depressions 34 may completely permeate the substrate 10 if,
e.g., the substrate 10 is porous throughout its thickness. In other
instances, penetration of the molten thermoplastic composition may
be limited to the outer layer or layers of the substrate 10.
[0161] It should, however, be understood that although the outer
surfaces of the substrate 10 may exhibit some porosity, that
porosity may not necessarily extend through the entire thickness of
the substrate 10. For example, the substrate 10 may have a variety
of different layers, with one of the layers being substantially
non-porous. In another alternative, the overall thickness of the
substrate 10 may render it non-porous as a whole, even though the
outer surfaces of the substrate 10 exhibit some porosity as
discussed above.
[0162] The backup roll 20 may possess a variety of different
characteristics depending on the types of substrate materials
and/or molten thermoplastic compositions being processed. In some
instances, the exterior of the backup roll 20 may be a rubber or
other conformable material that conforms to the shape of the
forming roll 30. If a conformable material such as rubber is used,
it may, e.g., have a durometer of, e.g., about 10-90 Shore A.
[0163] One such variation at the transfer nip is depicted in the
enlarged cross-sectional view of FIG. 18, in which a conformable
backup roll 30 is depicted as forcing a portion of the substrate 10
into the depression 34 (and the thermoplastic composition 41
contained therein). If the surface of the substrate 10 facing the
depression 34 is porous, a portion of the molten thermoplastic
composition 41 may be forced in the porous surface of the substrate
10. Forcing the substrate 10 into the depression may be
particularly beneficial if the depression 34 is not completely
filled with the molten thermoplastic composition 41 to improve the
likelihood of contact between the substrate 10 and the molten
thermoplastic composition 41.
[0164] Other backup rolls may also be used in connection with the
present invention. For example, the backup roll may have mating
protrusions that act to force the substrate into the depressions.
In another alternative, the backup roll may have a structured (as
opposed to a smooth) surface such that increased pressure is
applied to the substrate 10 only where the backup roll has a raised
structure. For example, the backup roll may have a corrugated
surface or other wise include ribs, posts, etc. to achieve
differential bonding of the polymeric structures formed in the
depressions to the substrate 10.
[0165] By controlling the temperature of the forming roll as
discussed above, transfer of the thermoplastic composition 41 in
the depression 34 may be enhanced because the cooler roll
temperature preferably results in freezing or solidification of the
thermoplastic composition directly adjacent the surfaces of the
depression 34, while an amount of the thermoplastic composition 41
that is furthest from the surfaces of the depression 34 remains
sufficiently molten to accomplish desired attachment to the
substrate 10. Release of the thermoplastic composition from the
depressions 34 and/or the exterior surface 32 of the roll 30 may be
enhanced if those surfaces are coated with low surface energy
materials (e.g., fluoroethylenes, etc.).
[0166] In addition to controlling the temperature of the forming
roll, it may also be beneficial to control the temperature of the
backup roll 20. For example, it may be desirable to heat or cool
the surface of the backup roll 20 to a selected temperature.
[0167] Although the system and method depicted in FIG. 15 produces
composite webs with polymeric structures on only one major side
thereof, polymeric structures may be provided on both major
surfaces of the substrate in accordance with the principles of the
present invention. One example may include, e.g., forming polymeric
structures on one surface of each of two separate substrates, with
the two substrates then being laminated together to form a single
substrate with polymeric structures on both major surfaces (see,
e.g., FIG. 14). Alternatively, a single substrate may be directed
into a nip formed by two forming rolls, with each of the forming
rolls depositing polymeric structures on both sides of the web
essentially simultaneously.
[0168] Although FIG. 15 depicts the application of only one
thermoplastic composition using the forming roll 30, it will be
understood that two or more different thermoplastic compositions
may be applied to the exterior surface of the forming roll 30. FIG.
19 depicts a portion of one system in which three molten
thermoplastic compositions (in zones A, B, & C) are delivered
to different portions of the surface of a forming roll 530 that
rotates about an axis 531. If extruders 540a, 540b and 540c are
used, the different thermoplastic compositions may be delivered in
a manner such that molten thermoplastic compositions in the
different zones do not mix during processing.
[0169] The forming roll 530 also includes different sets of
depressions 534a, 534b, and 534c over which the different molten
thermoplastic compositions may be applied. The depressions in the
different zones on forming roll 530 are differently shaped, have
different sizes, and have different spacing. For example, the
triangular depressions in zone C are arranged in an irregular,
non-repeating pattern while the depressions in zones A & B are
arranged in regular, repeating patterns.
[0170] With the system of FIG. 19, different sets of polymeric
structures may be formed on a single substrate or different
substrates using different thermoplastic compositions. As a result,
the thermoplastic compositions may be selected for any of a number
of different properties related to manufacturing or end-use
performance of the finished articles made using the composite
webs.
[0171] FIG. 20 is a plan view of a portion of a forming roll 630
that may be used in connection with the present invention. The roll
630 includes an exterior surface 632 with a patterned depression
634 formed therein. The depression 634 may be, e.g., in the form of
intersecting troughs such that a screen-like pattern is formed.
[0172] FIGS. 21 and 22 depict a composite web that may be
manufactured using the forming tool 630 of FIG. 20, with FIG. 21
being a plan view of the article and FIG. 22 being a
cross-sectional view of the composite web taken along line 22-22 in
FIG. 21. The polymeric structure 614 includes segments 616 that are
attached to the surface 611 of the substrate 610 (see, e.g., FIG.
22) and segments 615 that are not attached to the surface 611 of
the substrate 610. It may be preferred that the portions 618 of the
substrate 610 opposite the unattached segments 615 form arcuate
channels spaced from the polymeric structure 614.
[0173] Also, although not depicted, all or portions of the
polymeric structure 614 may include surface features formed on the
upper surface thereof (as described in connection with, e.g., FIGS.
12 and 13).
[0174] The composite web of FIGS. 21 and 22 may be formed by, e.g.,
transferring an elastomeric thermoplastic composition to the
substrate 610. The elastomeric thermoplastic composition may
preferably form a polymeric structure 614 that exhibits elasticity.
It may further be preferred that the polymeric structure 614
exhibit differential bonding to the substrate 610 such that
portions of the substrate 610 are attached more securely to the
polymeric structure 614 than other portions. For example, it may be
preferred that the intersections between the various strands or
segments of the polymeric structure 614 be attached more securely
than the intervening segments. These more secure attachment points
may be the result of a locally increased mass of molten
thermoplastic composition as discussed above in connection with
FIGS. 6-13.
[0175] In addition, it may be preferred that the substrate 610 be
manufactured of a non-elastomeric material or an elastic material
that has a yield point below that of the elastomeric polymeric
structure 614. After transfer of the thermoplastic composition, the
substrate 610 (with the polymeric structure 614 formed thereon) can
be stretched in the directions of arrow 602 (see FIG. 21). The
stretching is preferably sufficient to cause the substrate 610 to
release from the polymeric structure 614 along at least some of the
segments 615 and result in the gathers or puckers seen in FIG.
22.
[0176] The stretching is also preferably sufficient to cause
permanent elongation of the substrate 610 that provides the
additional length needed to form the arcuate portions 618 after the
stretching force is released. The polymeric structure 614 itself
may experience some permanent elongation as a result of the
stretching, but its magnitude will be below that of the substrate
such that the arcuate portions 618 are formed as seen in FIG.
22.
[0177] Although the substrate 610 is preferably extensible, a
nonextensible substrate 610 can be made extensible by, e.g.,
providing slits in the substrate. The slits may preferably be
spanned by the elastomeric polymeric structure 614. Some exemplary
slitting processes to provide or improve extensibility of a
substrate are described in International Publication No. WO
96/10481 (Abuto et al.). Other techniques may also be used to
provide or improve the extensibility of substrates used in
connection with the present invention. For example, the mechanical
stretching processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,223,059 (Schwarz)
and U.S. Pat. No. 5,167,897 (Weber et al.) may be used to provide
or improve extensibility.
[0178] In addition to stretching in direction 602, it may also be
beneficial to stretch the composite web in the direction of arrow
603 in FIG. 21. The resulting two-dimensional stretching may cause
the substrate to permanently elongate in both directions, with the
substrate forming pillow-like structures between the intersection
points in the polymeric structure 614.
[0179] As another alternative to obtain the composite web of FIG.
22, it may be possible to use a substrate 610 that is, itself,
elastic. Such an elastic substrate may be stretched in the machine
direction and/or one or more different directions before the
polymeric structure 614 is transferred thereto. After formation of
the polymeric structures on the stretched elastic substrate 610,
the substrate 610 may be allowed to relax such that the arcuate
portions 618 are formed.
[0180] Composite webs such as those depicted in FIGS. 21 and 22 may
be useful as, e.g., elastic components for disposable articles,
diapers, incontinence devices, gowns, clothing, filtration devices,
etc.
[0181] As an alternative to the patterned depression of FIG. 20,
the polymeric structure 614 of FIGS. 21 and 22 may be formed by the
system and method depicted in FIG. 23. The system includes a
forming roll 730 with an exterior surface 732. A series of
depressions 734 are formed in the exterior surface 732 of the
forming roll 730. One feature illustrated in FIG. 23 is that the
doctor blade 742 includes notches 750 such that, after wiping. a
portion of the molten thermoplastic composition passes through the
interface between the doctor blade 742 and the roll 730 and remains
on the exterior surface 732 of the roll 730 in a series of strands
752 that extend around a portion of the circumference of the roll
730. In that manner, the cross-hatched pattern of FIGS. 21 and 22
can be obtained without requiring a patterned depression that
corresponds precisely to the shape of the polymeric structure
614.
[0182] FIG. 24 depicts yet another system and method that may be
used in connection with the present invention. The system includes
a forming roll 830 with an exterior surface 832 and depressions 834
formed therein. In a manner similar to that described in connection
with FIGS. 16 and 17, the system includes a doctor blade 842 that
functions as an extrusion die in addition to a doctor blade. The
doctor blade includes an orifice 843 from which a first molten
thermoplastic composition 841 is extruded. The molten thermoplastic
composition 841 flows down the face 844 of the doctor block 842
until it reaches the interface with the roll 830. At that point,
the molten thermoplastic composition 841 fills the depressions
834.
[0183] In addition to the extrusion of molten thermoplastic
composition 841, the doctor block 842 of FIG. 24 also includes an
optional orifice 863 through which a second molten thermoplastic
composition 861 flows onto the exterior surface 832 of the forming
roll 830. The second molten thermoplastic composition 861 may
preferably be provided in the form of generally continuous strands
860 as the roll 830 rotates in the direction of the depicted arrow.
The second molten thermoplastic composition 861 may be the same as
or different than the first molten thermoplastic composition
841.
[0184] Other variations include that the depressions 834 may be
limited in size or they may extend across the roll face (as seen
in, e.g., FIG. 23). If the depressions 834 extend across the roll
face as seen in FIG. 23, then the system of FIG. 24 provides
another alternative system and method form forming a polymeric
structure such as that seen in FIGS. 21 and 22. One potential
advantage of the system of FIG. 24 is that the molten thermoplastic
compositions 841 and 861 may be different to supply, e.g.,
different properties to the resulting composite web.
[0185] Regardless of the method used to form the polymeric
structure 614 of FIG. 21, the polymeric structure 614 may exhibit
differential bonding as described herein due to the increased mass
of thermoplastic composition at the intersections between the
segments 615 and 616. Those areas of increased mass may form bonded
areas 617 (see FIG. 21) that are securely attached to the substrate
610, while the segments 615 and 616 may or may not be securely
attached to the substrate 610, that is, they may be detached areas.
The detached areas may be lightly attached to the substrate
immediately after transfer of the polymeric structure thereto, but
become detached from the substrate 610 after stretching or other
physical manipulation (e.g., bending, flexing, etc.).
Alternatively, the detached areas may be formed by thermoplastic
composition that falls below the melt processing temperature before
contacting the substrate 610 such that no bond is formed during
transfer of the polymer structure 614 to the substrate.
[0186] FIGS. 25A-25E depict alternate composite web constructions
in which two different thermoplastic compositions in different
polymeric structures are transferred to a substrate or in which the
same thermoplastic composition is applied in two different
structures on a substrate. The constructions are provided to
illustrate that the transfer methods of the present invention can
be used to provide different polymeric structures that overlap each
other on the same area of the substrate in some manner. In one
example, one of the polymeric structures may exhibit elastic
behavior while the other does not.
[0187] Although only two different structures are depicted in each
figure, it will be understood that more than two different
polymeric structures could be provided. Also, surface features such
as those depicted in FIG. 13 may be provided on the polymeric
structures if so desired. Furthermore, although only one set of
polymeric structures is depicted in each figure, each composite wed
may include a plurality of the same or different polymeric
structures. The different polymeric structures may, for example, be
applied by successive stations such as the station depicted in FIG.
15.
[0188] FIG. 25A depicts a first polymeric structure 914a on the
substrate 910a and a second polymeric structure 924a that is
located on both the substrate 910a and the first polymeric
structure 914a. The second polymeric structure 924a may be attached
to the first polymeric structure 914a or not as desired.
[0189] FIG. 25B depicts a first polymeric structure 914b on the
substrate 910b and a second polymeric structure 924b that is
located on both the substrate 910b and over the first polymeric
structure 914b. The second polymeric structure 924b is depicted as
attached to the upper surface of the first polymeric structure
914b.
[0190] FIG. 25C depicts a first polymeric structure 914c on the
substrate 910c and a second polymeric structure 924c that is
attached to the substrate 910c in areas 926c and that extends over
the first polymeric structure 914c. The second polymeric structure
924c is depicted as detached from the upper surface of the first
polymeric structure 914c.
[0191] FIG. 25D depicts a first polymeric structure 914d attached
directly to the substrate 910d and a second polymeric structure
924d that is located on only the first polymeric structure 914d,
that is, within the footprint of the first polymeric structure 914d
on the substrate 910d. The second polymeric structure 924d is
depicted as attached to the upper surface of the first polymeric
structure 914d.
[0192] FIG. 25E depicts a first polymeric structure 914e and a
second polymeric structure 924e, both attached to the substrate.
Both structures include detached portions that are generally
located within area 928e in FIG. 25E. The first polymeric structure
914e includes a portion that is attached to the substrate and a
portion that is detached from the substrate. The detached portion
of the first polymeric structure 914e is generally located under a
portion of the second polymeric structure 924e. The second
polymeric structure 924e also includes a portion that is attached
to the substrate and a portion that is detached from the substrate.
The detached portion of the second polymeric structure 924e is
generally located over the first polymeric structure 914e.
[0193] In addition to the deposition of nonelastic or elastic
thermoplastic polymeric structures on a substrate, it is also
contemplated that additional materials can be coated onto a major
surface of the substrate using known methods. Such materials could
be, for example adhesives, as described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
5,019,071 (Bany et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,028,646 (Miller et al.);
and U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,057 (Miller et al.); or cohesives as
described in, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,438 (Miller et al.) and U.S.
Pat. No. 6,261,278 (Chen et al.).
Closure Elements and Systems
[0194] Although there exist in the art many types of structures
that provide connections between substrates, and many systems of
elements that provide closures, there continues to be a need for
improved closure elements and systems. The polymeric structures and
composite webs described herein may be used to provide closure
elements and systems. For example, as discussed above, polymeric
structures such as depicted in FIG. 13, provided by a forming tool
such as depicted in FIG. 12, may provide surface features 352
useful in mechanical fastening systems. Additionally, certain
composite web constructions, such as that depicted in FIG. 25E, may
provide mechanical fastening by, for example, securing materials,
such as fibers, loops, etc., between the detached portion of the
polymeric structure 914e, to provide a closed orientation. Some
further exemplary closure elements and systems are described below;
however, it is understood that closure elements and systems as
contemplated by the present invention are not to be limited to the
embodiments described herein.
[0195] Composite webs including thermoplastic polymeric structures
attached to substrates as described herein may advantageously
provide closure elements and systems including, but not limited to,
low profile in-plane closure elements and systems, with the
polymeric structures providing the closure elements. Such elements
may, for example, provide closure by engaging with fibers of a loop
material, by engaging with a loop-like material provided by
extrusion processes described herein, by a self-mating design as
described herein, etc.
[0196] Closure elements and closure systems of the present
invention may typically include a composite web provided as
disclosed herein, wherein the composite web includes a substrate
with a first major surface and one or more polymeric structures of
a thermoplastic composition attached to the first major surface of
the substrate. Such polymeric structures may provide closure
elements of the closure systems of the present invention. In the
present systems, each polymeric structure of the one or more
polymeric structures occupies an area of the first major surface of
the substrate. Such area occupied by the polymeric structure
preferably includes a bonded area, or attachment area, in which the
thermoplastic composition of the polymeric structure is attached to
the first major surface. The area occupied by the polymeric
structure further includes at least one detached area in which the
polymeric structure is not attached to the first major surface of
the substrate.
[0197] The composite webs of the invention that provide closure
elements and closure systems may optionally include materials such
as have been already disclosed herein. For example, the first major
surface of the substrate may include polymeric material having a
melt processing temperature at or below a melt processing
temperature of the thermoplastic composition of the one or more
polymeric structures. The composite web may also include a
polymeric material in the form of a polymeric film.
[0198] Additionally, attachment of the polymeric structures to form
closure elements and systems of the invention may include
structures and methods disclosed herein. For example, the invention
may include a composite web including a substrate having a first
major surface that includes a porous surface, and wherein the
thermoplastic composition in the bonded areas of the one or more
polymeric structures infiltrates into the porous first major
surface of the substrate to a depth of, e.g., at least 50% of a
thickness of a porous portion of the substrate. The first major
surface of the substrate may, additionally, include fibers,
preferably polymeric fibers, having a melt processing temperature
at or below a melt processing temperature of the thermoplastic
composition of the one or more polymeric structures and wherein at
least a portion of at least some of the fibers are encapsulated in
the thermoplastic composition within the bonded area. Embodiments
further include composite webs providing closure element and
systems wherein each polymeric structure, or a portion thereof, of
the one or more polymeric structures includes a one piece,
completely integral mass of the thermoplastic composition.
[0199] It is further contemplated that the composite webs of the
invention also may include embodiments wherein the thermoplastic
composition of the one or more polymeric structures includes one or
more elastomeric polymeric components such that the one or more
polymeric structures exhibit elastic behavior. Additionally, the
composite webs of the invention may include at least one of the one
or more polymeric structures which has an upper surface facing away
from the first major surface of the substrate, and wherein the
upper surface includes surface features, such as stems or pins
protruding therefrom, formed thereon.
[0200] The methods of providing composite webs, as previously
disclosed herein, also serve to provide methods for providing
closure elements and systems of the invention. For example, a
method of attaching articles, such as the polymeric structures
attached to substrates as discussed above is contemplated, wherein
the method includes providing a composite web as disclosed herein
which includes, for example, a substrate having a first major
surface and one or more polymeric structures of a thermoplastic
composition attached to the first major surface of the substrate,
wherein each polymeric structure of the one or more polymeric
structures occupies an area of the first major surface of the
substrate, and the area occupied by the one or more polymeric
structures includes a bonded area, in which the thermoplastic
composition of the polymeric structure is attached to the first
major surface in any suitable manner and the occupied area further
includes a detached area in which the polymeric structure is not
attached to the first major surface of the substrate.
[0201] Substrates, thermoplastic materials, methods of forming the
composite webs including thermoplastic polymeric structures, and
shape and disposition on the webs of the polymeric structures may
be any described herein that are suitable to provide closure
elements and systems. Additionally, the polymeric structure closure
elements may be attached to the substrate in any suitable manner
described herein. Useful techniques of attaching closure elements
include, for example, preparing closure elements using a cell in a
gravure roll that provides a thicker region that will retain
sufficient heat to fuse to a compatible substrate. One example of
such a method is described herein in connection with FIGS. 12 and
15. If the substrate surface includes a fiber based material, such
as a nonwoven or woven material, this region may flow into the
substrate and encapsulate the fibers, thereby using the various
depths of the gravure cells to achieve bonded and detached areas.
Another potential method may involve an extrusion process wherein
grooves are cut into a doctor blade to yield zones of molten
polymer deposited on the gravure roll in an overlapping
configuration with the gravure cells. One example of such a method
is described herein in connection with FIG. 23. This provides
thicker regions of polymer that retain sufficient heat and fluidity
to bond to substrates as well as the closure elements.
[0202] FIGS. 26a-26b depict one composite web construction
according to the present invention including oval shaped closure
elements 26a with detached end areas 26b. FIG. 26a shows a plan
view of a substrate including the oval shaped closure elements 26a
attached to the first major surface of the substrate 26c. The
closure elements 26a are attached to the substrate in a bonded area
26d that extends between the detached areas 26b of the oval shaped
closure elements 26a. Alternatively, it is appreciated that the
oval shaped closure elements 26a may be attached to the first major
surface of the substrate 26c as separate, discrete closure elements
that are not connected to each other by bonded area 26d.
Furthermore, the oval shaped closure elements 26a may be attached
to the substrate 26c in any one of multiple configurations, e.g.,
in a regular pattern, in an irregular pattern, in a random pattern,
closure elements attached over the entire surface of the substrate
26c, or only on a portion of the substrate 26c, etc.
[0203] FIG. 26b is a cross-sectional view of a single oval shaped
element 26a, taken along the line 26b-26b shown in FIG. 26a. FIG.
26b depicts the center section of the closure element 26a, which
may preferably penetrate into the substrate at attachment point
26e, and two portions 26b that are detached from the substrate 26c.
The portions 26b of the depicted closure element 26a are
cantilevered over and aligned with the first major surface of the
substrate 26c.
[0204] The term "cantilevered" (and variations thereof) is
understood herein to mean a member or a portion of a closure
element that is projected over the substrate, wherein the member or
portion of the closure element is supported at only one end. A
detached and cantilevered area of a closure element may have an
orientation that is aligned with the first major portion of the
substrate as depicted in, e.g., FIG. 26b. That is, the detached and
cantilevered portions 26b of closure element 26a may be
substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate 26c.
Alternatively, the detached and cantilevered portions 26b may be
oriented in such a manner that the member is not substantially
parallel to the surface of the substrate. Use of the term
"cantilevered" (and variations thereof) is not meant to imply that
the cantilevered portion of any polymeric structure is not in
contact with the substrate surface above which it is cantilevered.
Rather, in some instances the cantilevered portion may be in
contact with the underlying substrate surface (but not attached
thereto) and in other instances, the cantilevered portion may not
be in contact with the underlying substrate surface.
[0205] The cross-sectional view, as depicted in FIG. 26b, shows an
oval shaped polymeric closure element 26a occupying an area of the
surface of the first major surface of the substrate 26c, wherein
the element includes a bonded area 26e attached to the surface of
the substrate 26c and detached area 26b that is not attached to the
substrate 26c. Furthermore, in the detached area 26b, the depicted
polymeric closure element is cantilevered over and is aligned with
the first major surface of the substrate 26c.
[0206] Closure elements such as those depicted in FIG. 26 may
preferably be capable of engaging with loop material, when the
closure elements are appropriately sized. Such closure elements may
typically possess shear resistance, i.e., the ability to limit
sliding motion between two substrates, but the closure elements may
not exhibit strong peel forces. To prepare closure elements of the
invention having both increased shear resistance, and increased
peel characteristics, the polymeric closure elements may include
barb structures.
[0207] One example of polymeric closure elements including barb
structures is depicted in FIGS. 27a-27b. FIG. 27a is a plan view of
a substrate including closure elements 27a including barb
structures 27f. The closure elements 27a include at least one
detached area 27b and are attached to a first major surface of a
substrate 27c at a bonded area 27e. The detached areas 27b are
cantilevered over the first major surface of the substrate 27c and
may be characterized as stems having a free end supported above the
first major surface of the substrate 27c.
[0208] The closure elements 27a are connected to each other by
bonded areas 27d that extend between the closure elements 27a.
Alternatively, it is appreciated that the closure elements 27a may
be attached to the first major surface of the substrate 27c as
separate and discrete elements, i.e., without interconnection by
bonded areas 27d. Furthermore, the closure elements 27a may be
attached to the substrate 27c in any one of multiple
configurations, e.g., in a regular pattern, in an irregular
pattern, in a random pattern, closure elements attached over the
entire surface of the substrate 27c, or only on a portion of the
substrate 27c, etc.
[0209] As depicted in FIG. 27a, each of the closure elements 27a
includes a barb structure 27f on the detached area 27b.
Alternatively, it is envisioned that some of the closure elements
27a may include barb structures 27f on only some of the detached
areas 27b. Furthermore, certain embodiments may include closure
elements 27a having no barb structures 27f. As depicted in FIG.
27a, the closure elements 27a each include four distinct detached
areas 27b. Alternatively, some or all of the closure elements 27a
may include either more or fewer than four distinct detached areas
27b.
[0210] Also, the barb structure 27f is depicted proximate a distal
end of the detached area 27b from the bonded area 27e. It is
understood, however, that the barb structure 27f may be located at
any point along the detached area 27b, that the position of the
barb structure 27f may vary from one detached area 27b to another,
and that the position of the barb structure 27f may vary from one
closure element 27a to another.
[0211] As understood herein, a barb is a structure extending
outward in a first direction and including a projection extending
substantially in a second direction ranging from perpendicular to
the first direction to substantially opposite the first direction.
Such elements may be well suited to engaging fibers of a loop
material, for example, to provide closure elements having increase
peel and shear characteristics, as compared with closure elements
that do not include barbs.
[0212] Additionally, closure elements 27a may include detached
areas 27b that are cantilevered as depicted in FIG. 27b. Such
cantilevered and detached areas 27b may or may not be aligned with
the first major surface of the substrate 27c. FIG. 27b is a
cross-sectional view of a closure element 27a of FIG. 27a taken
along line 27b-27b depicted in FIG. 27a. In this embodiment, the
detached areas 27b of element 27a are cantilevered and are not
aligned with the substrate surface 27c, instead being inclined away
from the surface of substrate 27c. Providing detached areas 27b
that are not aligned with the major surface of the substrate 27c
may require additional processing beyond formation of the closure
elements 27a using a tool roll as described herein. For example,
the detached areas 27b may need to be deformed from their shape as
formed by, e.g., manipulating the detached areas 27b using
counter-rotating rolls, brushes, a vacuum assembly, etc. In another
example, the substrate 27c may be directed over a sharp edge
immediately after forming the closure elements 27a.
[0213] FIGS. 28a-28c show a further embodiment of the composite
webs of the invention having closure elements including barbs. FIG.
28a is a plan view of a substrate including a first major surface
28c with separate and discrete closure elements 28a attached
thereto. The closure elements 28a include detached areas 28b with
barb structures 28f. In the view shown in FIG. 28a, the closure
elements 28a are regularly spaced over the surface of the substrate
28c. However, as described in connection with the embodiment
depicted in FIG. 27a, the closure elements 28a may be attached to
the substrate 28c in any one of multiple configurations, e.g., in a
regular pattern, in an irregular pattern, in a random pattern,
closure elements attached over the entire surface 28c of the
substrate, or only on a portion of the substrate 28c, etc. Each of
the elements 28a of FIG. 28a, one of which is shown enlarged in
FIG. 28b, include a barb structure 28f on the detached areas 28b.
Alternatively, it is envisioned that some of the closure elements
28a may include barb structures 28f on only some of the detached
areas 28b. Furthermore, certain embodiments may include closure
elements 28a having no barb structures 28f. As depicted in FIGS.
28a and 28b, the closure elements 28a each include four distinct
detached areas 28b. Alternatively, some or all of the closure
elements 28a may include either more or fewer than four distinct
detached areas 28b. Also, as depicted in FIG. 28b, the barb
structure 28f is depicted at a distal end of the detached area 28b
relative to the bonded area 28e. It is understood, however, that
the barb structure 28f may be located at any point along the
detached area 28b, and that the position of the barb structure 28f
may vary from one detached area 28b to another, from one closure
element 28a to another, etc.
[0214] The composite webs of the present invention may be adaptable
to various specific closure requirements, depending on the shape
and size of the closure element required. FIGS. 29 and 30, for
example, show certain additional contemplated embodiments of the
composite webs of the invention, including various shapes of
closure elements that may serve any one of a number of various
requirements.
[0215] FIG. 29A shows a plan view of a substrate including a first
major surface 29c and further including discrete closure elements
29a attached thereto at bonded areas 29e (see FIG. 29B). In this
embodiment, the closure elements 29a include at least one detached
area 29b on only one side of the bonded area 29e of the element.
The detached area 29b may include a single distinct area, as in a
tab, or it may include more than one distinct member, as depicted
in FIG. 29B.
[0216] In the view shown in FIG. 29A, the closure elements 29a are
regularly spaced in a regular pattern over the surface of the
substrate 29c. However, as described in connection with, for
example, the embodiment depicted in FIG. 27a, the closure elements
29a may be attached to the substrate 29c in any one of multiple
configurations, e.g., in a regular pattern, in an irregular
pattern, in a random pattern, closure elements attached over the
entire surface of the substrate 29c, or only on a portion of the
substrate 29c, etc.
[0217] Furthermore, as depicted in FIG. 29C, the closure elements
29a, may be connected to each other by a bonded area 29d that
extends between the bonded areas 29e of the closure elements 29a,
such as described in connection with the embodiments shown in FIGS.
26 and 27.
[0218] As shown in FIG. 30, it is further contemplated that the
closure elements of the present invention may include multiple
detached areas on multiple sides of the bonded area of the closure
element, depending on the closure requirements and any physical
constraints that may be present. For example, the closure element
30a of FIG. 30 includes eight distinct detached areas 30b extending
from bonded area 30c. Closure elements of the invention may include
more or fewer distinct detached areas of various shapes and sizes,
as required.
[0219] FIGS. 31a-31b depict a further embodiment of a closure
system on a composite web of the present invention. This embodiment
includes closure elements having thermoplastic polymeric structures
including flexible detached areas, providing a spring-type engaging
member. FIG. 31a is a plan view of a first major surface of a
substrate 31c including a discrete closure element 31a having a
detached area 31b that includes a thermoplastic polymeric structure
providing a spring-type engaging member 31j. In this embodiment,
the discrete closure element 31a includes a bonded area 31e that
includes a base in which the thermoplastic polymeric structure is
attached to the substrate surface 31c and a detached area 31b on
one side of the bonded area 31e that includes one or more
cantilevered members in the detached area 31b. The cantilevered
members of the detached area 31b are preferably flexible and,
further, may include barbs 31f. Additionally, the cantilevered
members may either be aligned with the surface of the substrate
31c, or may be inclined either toward or away from the surface of
the substrate 31c, depending on the closure requirements.
[0220] In addition to the closure element depicted in FIG. 31a, the
closure system further includes, as depicted in FIG. 31b, a
complementary substrate 31k including one or more openings 31m. The
one or more openings 31m in the complementary substrate 31k may be
of any shape such as, for example, a round hole, an oval-shaped
hole, a rectangular-shaped hole, a slit, etc., so long as the
opening 31m is capable of receiving the one or more thermoplastic
polymeric structures that form the spring-type engaging member 31j
of closure element 31a, such that when the spring-type engaging
member 31j is located within the one or more openings 31m of the
complementary substrate 31k, the movement of the complementary
substrate 31m and the movement of the substrate 31c on which the
closure element 31a is attached, relative to each other, is
restricted.
[0221] FIG. 31b, for example, shows the spring-type engaging member
31j of FIG. 31a in an engaged orientation with a complementary
slotted opening 31m in the complementary substrate 31k, which
provides a receiving member for the spring-type engaging member
31j. Another complementary surface suitable for engaging the
closure elements of FIG. 31a may include, for example openings
formed by fiber loops.
[0222] FIGS. 32a and 32b show another contemplated embodiment of
the invention, including a composite web having a first major
surface of the substrate that includes raised portions and
surrounding valleys. The raised portions may include, for example,
ridges (as shown), discrete pins, etc. As depicted in FIG. 32a, the
first major surface of the substrate 32c may include raised
portions 32n, and depressions or valleys 32p between the raised
portions 32n. While FIG. 32a shows raised portions 32n having
uniform heights, h, from the surface of the valleys 32p, it is
understood that embodiments of the invention may also include
raised portions 32n having non-uniform heights and raised portions
having surfaces 32o which are not substantially parallel to the
surface of the surrounding valleys 32p. Such structures including
composite webs as depicted in FIG. 32a may optionally be formed as
described and with a tool as described in the embodiments disclosed
in connection with, for example, FIGS. 6 and 7 above.
[0223] FIG. 32 is a view of the structure of FIG. 32a, further
including polymeric structures, 32r attached to the raised portions
32n. The polymeric structures 32r may be attached to the raised
portions 32n in any appropriate manner, including any manner of
bonding or attachment discussed herein. Furthermore, the polymeric
structures 32r may include a closure element, including, but not
limited to, a closure element of any configuration disclosed
herein. Additionally, while FIG. 32b shows an embodiment wherein a
polymeric structure 32r is attached to each raised portion 32n, it
will be understood that the invention contemplates embodiments
wherein not all of the raised portions 32n include polymeric
structures 32r attached thereto.
[0224] Further, the polymeric structures may be attached to the
raised portions 32n of the substrate surface 32c in, e.g., a
regular pattern, an irregular pattern, a random pattern, etc.
Furthermore, the polymeric structures 32r may be attached to raised
portions 32r having a surface 32o that is not substantially
parallel to the surface of the surrounding valleys 32p.
[0225] FIGS. 33a and 33b depict a closure system that provides a
self-mating system when in a closed configuration. FIG. 33a shows a
first closure element 33a attached to a substrate 33c. The closure
element 33a includes a bonded area 33e and a detached area 33b on
one side of the bonded area 33e. The detached area 33b includes a
single member 33s that is cantilevered over and is, preferably,
aligned with, the first major surface of the substrate 33c, such
that a cantilevered tab structure is formed in the detached area
33b supported above the first major surface of the substrate
33c.
[0226] The closure element 33a may preferably be shaped to form a
pocket that is bounded on one side by the substrate 33c and on an
opposing side by the detached area 33b. Movement of any member in
the pocket to the left along the x-axis is prevented by the bonded
area 33e. Likewise, for a member completely inserted into the
pocket, movement in either direction along the y-axis is similarly
restrained by the bonded area 33e (because the end of the member
proximate the bonded area 33e would contact the bonded area
33e).
[0227] FIG. 33b is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 33a when mated
with a complementary second closure element 33a', taken along line
33b-33b of FIG. 33a. The second closure element 33a' is attached to
a first major surface of a substrate 33c' and includes a detached
area 33b' and a bonded area 33e'. The detached area 33b' provides a
cantilevered tab structure, and the bonded area 33e' forms a second
pocket in a similar manner as the first pocket formed by the first
closure element 33a. As depicted in FIG. 33b, when in a closed
configuration, the cantilevered tab of the first closure element
33a is preferably located in the second pocket of the second
closure element 33a', and the cantilevered tab of the second
closure element 33a' is preferably located in the first pocket of
the first closure element 33a, thus providing a closure system
wherein the closure elements 33a and 33a' are engaged in a
self-mating orientation.
[0228] The bonded area of the thermoplastic structure of either the
first closure element, the second closure element, or both closure
elements, may take any convenient shape, such as a box shape bonded
area or a U-shape bonded area that assists in formation of a
pocket. Furthermore, the cantilevered tab of the first closure
element may be at least partially or substantially completely
located within the second pocket, or the cantilevered tab of the
second closure element may be at least partially or substantially
completely located within the first pocket when the closure
elements include, for example, a U-shaped bonded area and when the
closure system is in a closed configuration.
[0229] Additionally, while the closure system of FIG. 33 depicts a
closure system wherein the closure elements both having the same
elongated egg shape, the present invention also contemplates
closure systems wherein the closure elements are of various shapes
and sizes, and wherein the first closure element and the second
closure element do not necessarily have the same shape and bonding
configuration, so long as the elements provide the required
self-mating closure system when oriented in a closed
configuration.
EXAMPLES
[0230] The following examples are provided to enhance understanding
of the present invention. The examples are not intended to limit
the scope of the invention.
Example 1
[0231] A composite web was produced using a system similar to that
shown in FIG. 15. A 40 mm diameter twin screw extruder fitted with
a gear pump was used to deliver a molten polypropylene polymer
(7C05N, Huntsman) at a melt temperature of approximately
246.degree. C. to a die. The die was positioned such that a film of
molten polymer was extruded vertically downward into the interface
region of a heated doctor blade and a cooled forming roll.
[0232] The doctor blade was forced against the forming roll with a
pressure of 93 pounds per lineal inch (163 Newtons per lineal cm)
(a pressure which allowed the molten polymer to create a gap
between the blade and the roll which defined the thickness of the
base film). The doctor blade was maintained at a temperature of
246.degree. C. and the forming roll was maintained at a temperature
of 30.degree. C. by circulating cooled oil through the interior of
the roll.
[0233] The exterior surface of the forming roll was machined using
a computer controlled milling machine to have a series of elongated
elliptical or ring-shaped depressions with center islands, similar
in shape to the depressions shown in FIG. 10. The depressions,
however, had a constant depth. There were eight (8) depressions
around the periphery of the roll. The depressions were elliptical
in shape 8.825 cm long and 2.00 cm in width at the widest area. The
long axis of each ellipse was oriented at an angle of 18 degrees to
the machine direction (downweb). The ellipses were arranged with a
center to center spacing of 12.1 cm. The elliptical depressions had
a maximum depth of 0.80 mm around the entire ellipse and the sides
of these depressions had a radius of 0.80 mm.
[0234] The rotation of the forming roll caused the doctor blade to
wipe the molten polymer into these depressions while also allowing
the formation of a base film layer (as shown in FIG. 17). After the
wiping action of the doctor blade, the forming roll continued to
rotate until the wiped polymer was forced into contact with a
polypropylene nonwoven substrate (Product C0075 Style 3320 with a
basis weight of 27 grams per square meter (gsm) from BBA Nonwovens)
against a conformable backup roll (with a durometer of 75 Shore A)
using a nip pressure of 14 pounds per lineal inch (25
Newtons/lineal cm).
[0235] A mechanical bond of the polymer in the elliptical
depressions and the nonwoven substrate was achieved while no such
bond was created between the base film and the substrate. The
polymer, both that forming the base film and that forming the
elliptical features released cleanly and essentially completely
from the surface of the forming roll when the substrate was
directed away from the forming roll. The thickness of the base film
formed was 0.051 mm and the thickness of the elliptical regions
(measuring both the substrate and the elliptical region) was 0.83
mm.
Example 2
[0236] A composite web was produced using a system similar to that
shown in FIG. 15. A 40 mm diameter twin screw extruder fitted with
a gear pump was used to deliver a molten polymer consisting of a
styrene-ethylenebutylene-styrene block copolymer (KRATON G-1657) at
a melt temperature of approximately 246.degree. C. to a die. The
die was positioned such that a film of molten polymer was extruded
vertically downward into the interface region of a heated doctor
blade and a cooled forming roll. The doctor blade was maintained at
a temperature of 246.degree. C. and the forming roll was maintained
at a temperature of 30.degree. C. by circulating cooled oil through
the interior of the roll. The doctor blade was held against the
forming roll with a pressure of 450 pounds per lineal inch (788
Newtons/lineal cm).
[0237] The exterior surface of the forming roll was machined using
a computer controlled milling machine to have a series of six (6)
different areas arranged around the periphery of the roll. Each of
these areas included a series of cross-direction (CD) grooves
(depressions) running in the cross-machine direction (parallel to
the axis of the forming roll). Each of the six patterns had 30 CD
grooves, each of which was 9 cm in length (in direction parallel to
roll axis).
[0238] Among the six patterns, Area 1 was machined with CD grooves
1.241 mm wide, 0.2769 mm in depth and with center to center spacing
between the grooves (measured in the machine-direction, i.e.,
perpendicular to the cross-direction grooves) of 4.033 mm. Area 2
included CD grooves 1.695 mm wide, 0.1727 mm in depth and with
center to center spacing of 4.033 mm. Area 3 included CD grooves
1.645 mm wide, 0.2007 mm in depth, and with center to center
spacing of 4.033 mm Area 4 included CD grooves 1.531 mm wide,
0.2261 mm in depth, and with center to center spacing of 4.033 mm.
Area 5 included CD grooves parallel to the roll axis 2.387 mm wide,
0.3023 mm in depth, and with center to center spacing of 4.033 mm.
Area 6 included CD grooves 2.195 mm wide, 0.3531 mm in depth, and
with center to center spacing of 4.033 mm.
[0239] In addition to the CD grooves formed in the roll, the doctor
blade was machined to include fifteen (15) notches such that
fifteen (15) strands of polymer were formed in the
machine-direction (MD) on the exterior surface of the roll (as seen
in FIG. 23). The notches were formed in the doctor blade as grooves
(0.135 mm wide by 0.381 mm deep) with a center to center spacing
measured in the cross-machine direction of 6.30 mm.
[0240] The polymer (KRATON G-1657) was transferred to a nonwoven
polypropylene substrate (Product C0075 Style 3320 with a basis
weight of 27 gsm from BBA Nonwovens) at a nip formed with a
conformable backup roll (a steel core with a rubber cover having a
durometer of 75 Shore A). The core of the backup roll was chilled
by circulating water at a temperature of 5.degree. C. The pressure
exerted on the nip between the forming roll and the backup roll was
14 pounds per lineal inch (25 Newtons/lineal cm). The polymer in
the grooves and on the surface of the roll released cleanly and
essentially completely from the surface of the forming roll when
the substrate was removed from the forming roll (as shown in FIG.
15).
[0241] The amount of polymer transferred within each of the six
patterns showed different levels of penetration into the substrate.
To illustrate this, the area of the resultant composite web that
corresponded to the pattern of Area 3 exhibited a strong bond
between the polymer and the substrate only in the areas where the
MD strands (formed by the notched doctor blade) crossed the CD
strands (formed by the polymer in the CD grooves). In these regions
the polymer penetrated into the substrate and had encapsulated many
of the fibers of the substrate. However, in the remainder of the
polymer in the CD strands and the MD strands, i.e., the portions
outside of the intersections, the polymer did not form a strong
bond to the substrate. It appeared that there little or no
penetration into the substrate by the polymer.
[0242] When a piece of the composite web corresponding to Area 3
was stretched in the CD direction (e.g. 100% elongation by hand)
and released, the nonwoven substrate formed arcuate portions
between the bond points that correspond to the intersections of the
CD and MD strands as shown in FIG. 22. For the heavier patterns,
such as Area 6 (in which the CD grooves were larger), the polymer
penetrated the nonwoven substrate, encapsulating many of the
fibers, over the entire length of the CD strands. When a piece of
the web that corresponds to Area 6 was stretched in the CD
direction and released, the substrate did not form arcuate portions
as was seen in samples of the stretched composite web from Area 3.
The composite web formed by each of the six patterns had good
elasticity after an initial stretching and relaxation. For each of
the six patterns, significant portions of the substrate between the
CD strands and MD strands was substantially free of polymer, thus
creating a highly breathable web (because the nonwoven substrate
was itself highly breathable).
[0243] The preceding specific embodiments are illustrative of the
practice of the invention. This invention may be suitably practiced
in the absence of any element or item not specifically described in
this document. The complete disclosures of all patents, patent
applications, and publications are incorporated into this document
by reference as if individually incorporated. Various modifications
and alterations of this invention will become apparent to those
skilled in the art without departing from the scope of this
invention. It should be understood that this invention is not to be
unduly limited to illustrative embodiments set forth herein.
* * * * *