U.S. patent application number 12/611806 was filed with the patent office on 2010-05-06 for production of poxviruses with adherent or non adherent avian cell lines.
This patent application is currently assigned to VIVALIS. Invention is credited to Fabienne Guehenneux, Bertrand Pain.
Application Number | 20100111999 12/611806 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34081825 |
Filed Date | 2010-05-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100111999 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Guehenneux; Fabienne ; et
al. |
May 6, 2010 |
PRODUCTION OF POXVIRUSES WITH ADHERENT OR NON ADHERENT AVIAN CELL
LINES
Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for replicating
poxviruses such as vaccinia virus comprising the steps of
inoculating avian embryonic stem cells with viral particles and
culturing said cells in a basal medium until cells lysis occurs and
newly produced viral particles are released in said medium.
Inventors: |
Guehenneux; Fabienne; (Le
Temple de Bretagne, FR) ; Pain; Bertrand;
(Clermond-Ferrand, FR) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BUCHANAN, INGERSOLL & ROONEY PC
POST OFFICE BOX 1404
ALEXANDRIA
VA
22313-1404
US
|
Assignee: |
VIVALIS
Roussay
FR
|
Family ID: |
34081825 |
Appl. No.: |
12/611806 |
Filed: |
November 3, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12243437 |
Oct 1, 2008 |
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12611806 |
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10565281 |
Jan 20, 2006 |
7432101 |
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PCT/IB2004/002621 |
Jul 22, 2004 |
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12243437 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/209.1 ;
424/204.1; 424/211.1; 435/235.1; 435/236; 435/349 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02A 50/388 20180101;
A61P 31/12 20180101; Y02A 50/412 20180101; C12N 15/86 20130101;
A61P 31/04 20180101; C12N 7/00 20130101; Y02A 50/39 20180101; C12N
2710/24152 20130101; A61K 2039/525 20130101; A61K 2039/5256
20130101; C12N 2710/24143 20130101; Y02A 50/30 20180101; A61P 31/20
20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/209.1 ;
424/204.1; 424/211.1; 435/235.1; 435/236; 435/349 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/145 20060101
A61K039/145; A61K 39/12 20060101 A61K039/12; A61K 39/155 20060101
A61K039/155; C12N 7/00 20060101 C12N007/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jul 22, 2003 |
EP |
03291813.8 |
Dec 9, 2003 |
FR |
0314389 |
Claims
1. A duck cell line that is infected with a virus selected in the
group of orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus and orthopoxvirus.
2. The duck cell line according to claim 1, wherein said duck cell
line replicates said virus.
3. The duck cell line according to claim 1, wherein said virus
infection comprises the steps of inoculating duck cell line with
said virus and culturing said cells in a medium until cells lysis
occurs and newly produced viral particles of said virus are
released in said medium.
4. The duck cell line according to claim 1, wherein said duck cell
line is an embryonic derived stem cell line.
5. The duck cell line according to one of claim 1, wherein said
orthomyxovirus is influenza virus.
6. The duck cell line according to claim 1, wherein said
paramyxovirus is measles virus.
7. The duck cell line according to claim 5, wherein said
orthopoxvirus is a vaccinia virus or a recombinant vaccinia
virus.
8. The duck cell line according to claim 7, wherein the vaccinia
virus is selected in the group comprising Modified Vaccinia Ankara
(MVA) virus, LC16 m8, NYVAC, CVI78 or a recombinant vaccinia
virus.
9. The duck cell line according to claim 7, transfected or modified
in order to produce a live vaccinia virus, a modified vaccinia
virus and/or a recombinant vaccinia.
10. The duck cell line according to claim 1, wherein said duck cell
line have at least one of the following characteristics: a high
nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, an endogenous alkaline phosphatase
activity, an endogenous telomerase activity, a reactivity with
specific antibodies selected from the group of antibodies SSEA-1
and EMA-1.
11. The duck cell line according to claim 1, wherein said duck cell
line have all of the following characteristics: a high
nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, an endogenous alkaline phosphatase
activity, an endogenous telomerase activity, and a reactivity with
the specific antibodies SSEA-1 and EMA-1.
12. The duck cell line according to claim 1, wherein said duck cell
line are non-adherent stem cells which proliferate in suspension in
a medium free of exogenous growth factors, free of serum
(serum-free medium) and free of feeder cells.
13. A method to produce live or attenuated, recombinant or not,
vaccine comprising: culturing the duck cell line according to claim
1; inoculating said duck cells with viral particles; culturing said
duck cells until cells lysis occurs; and recovering the newly
produced viral particles.
14. A vaccine produced by the method according to claim 13 against
acquired or infectious diseases.
15. The vaccine according to claim 14 against smallpox.
16. The vaccine according to claim 14 against influenza.
17. The vaccine according to claim 14 against measles.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO EARLIER APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional application of copending
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/243,437, filed Oct. 1, 2008,
which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 10/565,281, filed Jan. 20, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,432,101,
which is the United States national stage of PCT International
Application No. PCT/IB2004/002621, filed Jul. 22, 2004, and claims
priority under 35 U.S.C .sctn.119 of EP 03291813.8, filed Jul. 22,
2003, and FR 0314389, filed Dec. 9, 2003, said application Ser.
Nos. 10/565,281 and 12/243,437 and said Application No.
PCT/IB2004/002621 being incorporated by reference herein in their
entireties and relied upon.
SUMMARY
[0002] The present invention relates to a method for producing live
or attenuated pox viruses, in particular vaccinia viruses, native
or modified, with avian cell lines, in particular avian embryonic
stem cells, comprising infecting said cells with virus
particles.
[0003] Historically, vaccinia virus is known to have been used
successfully to immunize against smallpox allowing its eradication
in 1980 according to the WHO. Since then, vaccination has been
discontinued. Today, resurgence of this virus is considered as a
potential threat that could be devastating for the unprotected
population. The problem is that only 15 million doses of smallpox
vaccine are available in the USA and the FDA has issued guidelines
and contracts to produce large amounts of vaccine unit dose against
smallpox. Further information are accessible at:
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/Agent/Smallpox/SmallpoxConsensus.pdf.
[0004] However, speeding-up production requires new production
methods and suitable cell lines. In this invention, we describe new
cell lines (adherent or non adherent) from avian species that could
be used as substrate for vaccine production by pharmaceutical
companies. These new cells are derived from avian embryos and could
supersede eggs or primary embryo fibroblasts that are used at
present.
[0005] Traditionally, vaccines induce immunity to diseases by using
a weakened or inactivated version of the infectious agent. Today
attenuated pox viruses properties like the absence of replication
in human cells and the good induction of immune response allow the
development of new vaccine strategies using for example MVA
(Modified Virus Ankara) as vector. MVA is a highly attenuated
strain of vaccinia virus (VV) that was initially developed as a
safe vaccine for smallpox prior to eradication of that disease. MVA
was derived from the Ankara strain by over 570 serial passages
through primary chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and, as a
consequence of this adaptation, contains several large genomic
deletions compared to the parental strain. MVA can no longer
replicate in most mammalian cell lines and is non pathogenic in
animals. More importantly, no serious complications were reported
when MVA was administered as a smallpox vaccine in more than
100,000 humans, including immuno-depressed individuals. By
classical techniques of molecular biology, it is possible to obtain
recombinant MVA containing foreign DNA coding for specific peptides
or proteins of therapeutic interest. These recombinant viruses
after injection, in vivo, are able to stimulate the immune system
against specific antigens like tumoral antigens. At present, these
new generations of vaccine vectors are developed or could be
developed to fight against human or animal infectious diseases and
against a wide variety of tumor types (melanoma, prostate cancer,
breast cancer, lung cancer, ovary cancer, liver cancer, . . .
).
[0006] Drexler I. et al. (1998 J. Gen Virol. 79:347-352) have
observed that highly attenuated Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara
(MVA) replicates in baby hamster kidney cells (a potential host for
virus propagation) but not in various human transformed and primary
cells; therefore, the host range of MVA is restricted. Moreover
this highly attenuated poxvirus strain do not create productive
infections (Moss B, Dev Biol Stand 1994:55-63). For example,
Blanchard T J. et al. (1998 J. Gen. Virol. 79:1159-1167) have
reported that Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara undergoes limited
replication in human cells and lacks several immuno-modulatory
proteins. In addition, production yields must be commensurate with
economical viability of smallpox vaccine mass production.
[0007] The strong safety record of MVA and the potent cellular and
humoral immune response elicited in vaccinated individuals has
generated considerable scientific and industrial interest in the
use of MVA as a recombinant vector to immunize against human and
animal infectious diseases, in particular against HIV and cancer.
Given its adaptation to CEF, MVA can be grown to high titers in
such cells and current clinical batches of recombinant MVA vaccine
candidates are produced on primary CEF. However, the establishment
of CEFs requires experience in preparing primary tissue culture and
depends on eggs from chicken kept under special pathogen-free
conditions. Furthermore, the production process is enormously
laborious and difficult to standardize, since primary cells survive
only a few passages and have thus to be prepared continuously from
embryonated eggs. While vaccine producers can deal with such
limitations for the production of batches of MVA material for phase
I and II clinical trials, scaling-up the CEF-based production
process for phase III clinical trials and eventually for later
product commercialization remains a serious hurdle.
[0008] The problem to be solved by the present invention is to
provide cell lines for replicating the vaccinia virus which would
obviate the above mentioned problems and which would meet with
regulatory agency requirements. That's the purpose of the present
invention.
[0009] Ideally, such a cell line should be fully regulatory
compliant; the cell shall be fully characterized with a known
history. Furthermore, the cell line shall be non tumorigenic,
genetically unmodified, and stable under long-term culture. The
cell line shall be able to replicate viruses and adapted to stable
adherent and suspension growth in serum-free medium. In this
regards, the inventors investigated the use of avian cells for
replicating viruses. The inventors report that the established new
avian embryonic derived stem cell lines detailed in our co-pending
application PCT/FR03/00735 (WO03/076601), are particularly suitable
for replicating poxviruses, in particular orthopoxvirus such as the
vaccinia virus.
[0010] Because unlimited cell proliferation is required for the
process of vaccine mass production, the inventors choose to examine
the avian embryonic derived stem cell ability for replicating
viruses. However, to maintain avian embryonic derived stem cells in
vitro for long periods of time, it is necessary to observe specific
culture and maintenance conditions as described in Pain et al.
(1996, Development 122:2339-2348); U.S. Pat. No. 6,114,168 and EP
787 180 and these culture conditions are cost demanding. The
problem was to be able to maintain avian embryonic derived stem
cells in culture in an economical medium while avoiding stumbling
blocks such as cellular differentiation and senescence. In the
context of the invention, it has been found that the withdrawal of
growth factors, serum and/or feeder layer leads to the isolation of
populations of avian embryonic derived stem cells, which can grow
indefinitely in basic culture media.
[0011] Also, apart from the hematopoietic stem cells which are for
the most part non-adherent cells, the cells obtained according to
the prior art techniques exhibit an adherent phenotype. However,
non-adherent cells are preferred for the industrial production of
viral vaccines. This phenotype is advantageous both because of ease
of handling which avoids the use of a proteolytic enzyme for
dissociation and for the high cell densities reached by
non-adherent cells cultured in vitro. The present invention
describes the production of avian embryonic derived stem cell lines
which can become spontaneously non-adherent or for which the
non-adherence is obtained by a withdrawal of the feeder layer.
Because of their growth in suspension, these lines are perfectly
suitable for industrial production of vaccines in bioreactors.
[0012] In addition to their properties of growing on a basic
culture medium, it has been discovered that these cell lines allow
the replication of certain viruses in yields equivalent to or even
higher than yields obtained with current methods, which makes these
cells particularly useful for the mass production of vaccines.
DESCRIPTION
[0013] Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a
method for replicating viruses, and more particularly vaccinia
virus, such as native or recombinant vaccinia virus in avian
embryonic derived stem cells. The method of the invention comprises
the steps of inoculating said avian embryonic derived stem cells
with viral particles and culturing said cells in a medium deprived
in growth factors, feeder cells and/or animal serum, until cells
lysis occurs and newly produced viral particles are released in
said medium. Inoculation of avian stem cells of the invention is
performed with an m.o.i.
[0014] (multiplicity of infection) of 0.001 to 0.5, in a preferred
embodiment of 0.01 to 0.5 and in a most preferred embodiment 0.01
to 0.1. This method is useful for producing vaccines, specially
vaccines against poxyiridae in particular against smallpox.
[0015] Said avian embryonic derived stem cell lines are obtainable
by a process consisting of: [0016] a) culturing avian cells,
preferably avian embryonic, in a complete culture medium containing
all the factors allowing their growth and a feeder layer,
preferably inactivated, and complemented in serum; [0017] b)
passage by modifying the culture medium so as to obtain progressive
or total withdrawal of said factors, of the serum and/or of the
feeder layer, [0018] c) establishing adherent or non adherent avian
cell lines capable of proliferating in a basal medium in the
absence of exogenous growth factors, and/or inactivated feeder
layer and/or a low level of serum or no serum.
[0019] In the event, the basal medium of step c) still comprises a
low level of serum (i.e. around 2% or less), said process may
optionally comprises an additional step d) of changing the basal
medium containing no more exogenous growth factor, no more
inactivated feeder layer and a low level of serum in a medium of
culture selected among: [0020] a basal medium complemented with
serum (i) and diluted with a serum-free medium, then culturing
during successive passages said avian cells in the basal medium (i)
in which the ratio of serum-free medium is progressively increased
up to the complete disappearance of said basal medium containing no
exogenous growth factor, no inactivated feeder layer and a low
level of serum; [0021] a serum-free medium (SFM) complemented with
serum (ii), then culturing during successive passages said avian
cells in said medium (ii) in which the ratio of serum is
progressively decreased up to the obtaining of a serum-free medium;
[0022] a serum-free medium (SFM) (iii), then culturing said avian
cells in medium (iii); then maintaining in serum-free medium said
avian cells adapted to the medium change.
[0023] The term <<avian>> as used herein is intended to
refer to any species, subspecies or race of organism of the
taxonomic class <<ava>>, such as, but not limited to,
such organisms as chicken, turkey, duck, goose, quails, pheasants,
parrots, finches, hawks, crows, ostrich, emu and cassowary. The
term includes the various strains of Gallus gallus, or chickens
(for example White Leghorn, Brown Leghorn, Barred-Rock, Sussex, New
Hampshire, Rhode Island, Ausstralorp, Minorca, Amrox, California
Gray, Italian Partidge-colored), as well as strains of turkeys,
pheasants, quails, duck, ostriches and other poultry commonly bred.
In a preferred embodiment, the avian cell of the present invention
is a chicken cell.
[0024] The term "factor allowing their growth" as used herein meant
growth factor necessary for the survival and the growth of the
avian cells in culture. According to the invention, the growth
factors comprises trophic factors and cytokines. Trophic factors
are mainly SCF, IGF-1 and bFGF. Cytokines are mainly cytokines
whose action is through a receptor which is associated with the
gp130 protein such as LIF, interleukin 11, interleukin 6,
interleukin 6 receptor, CNTF, oncostatin and cardiotrophin.
[0025] The avian cells of step a) are cells selected among avian
embryonic cells, more preferably among avian embryonic stem cells
and avian primary cells. In a preferred embodiment, the cells are
totipotent or pluripotent avian embryonic stem cells isolated from
a population suspension of dissociated stage X blastodermal cells
obtained from an avian embryo, more preferably a chicken embryo
(see EYAL-GILADI's classification: EYAL-GILADI and KOCHAN, 1976,
<<From cleavage to primitive streack formation: a
complementary normal table and a new look at the first stages of
the development in the chick>>. "General Morphology" Dev.
Biol. 49:321-337). These avian embryonic stem cells are
characterized by a slow doubling time comprises between 48 to 72
hours in culture at 39.degree. C.
[0026] The modification of the culture medium of step b) of the
process of the invention, so as to obtain progressive or total
withdrawal of growth factors, serum and/or feeder layer, can be
made simultaneously, successively or separately. The sequence of
the weaning of the culture medium may be chosen among: [0027]
feeder layer/serum/growth factors; [0028] feeder layer/growth
factors/serum; [0029] serum/growth factors/feeder layer; [0030]
serum/feeder layer/growth factors; [0031] growth
factors/serum/feeder layer; [0032] growth factors/feeder
layer/serum.
[0033] In a preferred embodiment, the sequence of the weaning is
growth factors/feeder layer/serum.
[0034] In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a
method as defined above, in which the established lines are
adherent stem cells which proliferate in the absence of inactivated
feeder layer. In this regard, in the method described above, step
b) consists in a withdrawal of the components of the medium (growth
factors alone or serum alone or growth factors and then serum or
alternatively serum and then growth factors).
[0035] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method as
defined above in which the established lines are non adherent stem
cells which proliferate in suspension in a medium free of exogenous
growth factors. In this regard, in the method described above, step
b) consists in a progressive or total withdrawal of the feeder
layer and then optionally in a withdrawal of the other components
of the medium (growth factors and serum).
[0036] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method as
described above in which the established lines are non adherent
stem cells which proliferate in suspension in a medium free of
serum (serum-free medium).
[0037] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method as
defined above, in which the established lines are non adherent stem
cells which proliferate in suspension in a medium free of exogenous
growth factors and serum.
[0038] In another alternative, step b) consists in a progressive or
total withdrawal of the growth factors, optionally followed by a
progressive withdrawal of the serum.
[0039] In another alternative, step b) consists in a progressive or
total withdrawal of the growth factors and/or serum, optionally
followed by a withdrawal of the feeder layer.
[0040] In addition, the established lines may be cells which
proliferate in a serum-depleted medium, in particular in a medium
free of serum. The expression serum-depleted is understood to mean
a gradual reduction of the concentration of serum spread out over
time. This method allows a selection of clones which adapt to these
new, increasingly drastic conditions until stable lines are
obtained which are capable of growing in a serum-depleted medium or
in a medium completely free of serum.
[0041] More precisely, step a) of the process comprises the seeding
of culture flasks with around between 7.times.10.sup.4/cm.sup.2 to
8.times.10.sup.4/cm.sup.2 avian cells in a complete culture medium.
Preferably, the seeding is made with around
7.3.times.10.sup.4/cm.sup.2 (4.times.10.sup.6 cells/55 cm.sup.2 or
4.times.10.sup.6 cells/100 mm dish).
[0042] By "complete culture medium", it is meant a basal medium
complemented with growth factors and animal serum. Example of
complete culture medium is described in Pain et al. (1996,
Development 122:2339-2348), EP 787 180 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,114,168,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,740, U.S. Pat. No. 6,656,479 and U.S. Pat. No.
5,830,510. According to the invention, "basal medium" meant a
medium with a classical media formulation that allows, by itself,
at least cells survival, and even better, cell growth. Examples of
basal media are BME (basal Eagle Medium), MEM (minimum Eagle
Medium), medium 199, DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle Medium), GMEM
(Glasgow modified Eagle medium), DMEM-HamF12, Ham-F12 and Ham-F10,
Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's medium, MacCoy's 5A medium, RPMI 1640.
Basal medium comprises inorganic salts (for examples: CaCl.sub.2,
KCl, NaCl, NaHCO.sub.3, NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4, MgSO.sub.4, . . . ),
aminoacids, vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid, D-Ca
panthothenate, . . . ) and others components such as glucose,
beta-mercaptoethanol, sodium pyruvate.
[0043] It is possible to schematically distinguish two families of
growth factors: the cytokines and the trophic factors. The
cytokines are mainly cytokines whose action is through a receptor
which is associated with the gp130 protein. Thus, LIF, interleukin
11, interleukin 6, interleukin 6 receptor, CNTF, oncostatin and
cardiotrophin have a similar mode of action with the recruitment at
the level of the receptor of a specific chain and the combination
of the latter with the gp130 protein in monomeric or sometimes
heterodimeric form. The trophic factors are mainly SCF, IGF-1 and
bFGF. More preferably, the complete medium comprises basal medium,
Insulin Growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Ciliary Neurotrophic factor
(CNTF), Interleukine 6 (IL-6), interleukine 6 receptor (IL-6R),
Stem cell Factor (SCF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF),
optionally interleukine 11 (IL-11) and animal serum. The avian
cells, preferably the avian embryonic cells of step a) are cultured
during several passages in the complete medium. The medium is
complemented by at least one of the growth factors selected in the
group of: LIF, IGF-1, CNTF, IL-6, IL-6R, SCF, bFGF, IL-11,
oncostatin, cardiotrophin.
[0044] According to a preferred embodiment, the complete culture
medium is basal medium complemented with IGF-1, CNTF, IL-6, IL-6R,
SCF, bFGF, optionally IL-11. The concentration of growth factors
IGF-1, CNTF, IL-6, IL-6R, SCF, bFGF, optionally IL-11 in the basal
medium is comprised between about 0.01 to 10 ng/ml, preferably, 0.1
to 5 ng/ml, and more preferably about 1 ng/ml.
[0045] After around passages 3 to 10, the complete medium is
depleted in growth factors (step b). Preferably, for each growth
factor, the depletion is made directly in one step, from one
passage to another. Alternatively, the growth factor depletion is
performed gradually, by a progressive decrease of the growth factor
concentration in the complete medium. In a more preferred
embodiment, the growth factors depletion is performed
simultaneously for at least two growth factors. In a preferred
embodiment, the depletion in growth factors is made in two rounds
of depletion: firstly, SCF, IL6, IL6R, optionally IL11 are directly
removed from the complete medium; the avian cells are then
maintained in culture for at least one passage in a complete medium
containing IGF1 and CNTF, optionally IL-11, and supplemented with
animal serum. Secondly, IGF1 and CNTF, optionally IL-11 are
directly removed from the culture medium, which ultimately
comprises the basal medium only supplemented with serum. Usually,
the medium is totally depleted in growth factors at around passages
20 to 30.
[0046] In a preferred embodiment, the deprivation of feeder cells
is performed after the deprivation of growth factors. The
deprivation of feeder cells is progressive and performed over
several passages. The avian cells are now seeded in flask at a
lower concentration than in step a), about around 4.times.10.sup.4
cell/cm.sup.2 to 5.times.10.sup.4 cell/cm.sup.2. The feeder cells
are seeded in flask at around 4.2.times.10.sup.4 cell/cm.sup.2.
Progressively, the concentration of the feeder cells in the flask
is decreased. Practically, the same concentration of the feeder
cells is used for 2 to 4 passages, then a lower concentration of
the feeder cells is used for an additional 2 to 4 passages, and so.
The flask is then seeded with around 4.2.times.10.sup.4 feeder
cells/cm.sup.2, then around 2.2.times.10.sup.4 feeder
cells/cm.sup.2, then around 1.8.times.10.sup.4 feeder
cells/cm.sup.2, then around 1.4.times.10.sup.4 feeder
cells/cm.sup.2, then around 1.1.times.10.sup.4 feeder
cells/cm.sup.2, then around 0.9.times.10.sup.4 feeder
cells/cm.sup.2, then around 0.5.times.10.sup.4 feeder
cells/cm.sup.2. Then the flask is seeded with 6.5.times.10.sup.4
avian cells/cm.sup.2 to 7.5.times.10.sup.4 avian cells/cm.sup.2 and
without feeder cells. In the hypothesis that avian cells are not in
good shape following a decrease of feeder cells concentration in
the flask, then the avian cells are cultured for additional
passages with the same feeder cells concentration before to pursue
the feeder cells deprivation.
[0047] In another preferred embodiment, the serum deprivation is
performed after the growth factor and the feeder cells deprivation.
The basal medium is changed by a medium selected among: [0048] The
basal medium (i) complemented with serum and diluted with a novel
serum free medium (ii). Then the avian cells are cultured through
successive passages in the medium (i) in which the serum free
medium proportion is progressively increased up to the complete
disappearing of the basal medium complemented in serum (progressive
dilution). [0049] A novel serum free medium (ii) complemented with
serum. Then the avian cells are cultured through successive
passages in the medium (ii) in which the serum proportion is
progressively decreased up to the obtaining of a serum-free medium
(progressive weaning). [0050] A novel serum free medium (ii) non
complemented with serum. Then the avian cells are directly in the
serum-free medium (ii) (direct weaning).
[0051] In a preferred embodiment, the serum deprivation is
performed by progressive weaning.
[0052] In a first embodiment, the method of serum deprivation
proce
[0053] According to the present invention, "serum-free medium"
(SFM) meant a cell culture medium ready to use, that is to say that
it does not required serum addition allowing cells survival and
cell growth. This medium is not necessary chemically defined, and
may contained hydrolyzates of various origin, from plant for
instance. Preferably, said SFM are "non animal origin" qualified,
that is to say that it does not contain components of animal or
human origin (FAO status: "free of animal origin"). In SFM, the
native serum proteins are replaced by recombinant proteins.
Alternatively SFM medium according to the invention does not
contain protein (PF medium: "protein free medium") and/or are
chemically defined (CDM medium: "chemically defined medium"). SFM
media present several advantages: (i) the first of all being the
regulatory compliance of such media (indeed there is no risk of
contamination by adventitious agents such as BSE, viruses); (ii)
the optimization of the purification process; (iii) the better
reproducibility in the process because of the better defined
medium. Example of commercially available SFM media are: VP SFM
(InVitrogen Ref 11681-020, catalogue 2003), Opti Pro (InVitrogen
Ref 12309-019, catalogue 2003), Episerf (InVitrogen Ref 10732-022,
catalogue 2003), Pro 293 S-CDM (Cambrex ref 12765Q, catalogue
2003), LC17 (Cambrex Ref BESP302Q), Pro CHO 5-CDM (Cambrex ref
12-766Q, catalogue 2003), HyQ SFM4-CHO (Hyclone Ref SH30515-02),
HyQ SFM4CHO-Utility (Hyclone Ref SH30516.02), HyQ PF293 (Hyclone
Ref SH30356.02), HyQ PF Vero (Hyclone Ref SH30352.02), Ex cell 293
medium (JRH Biosciences ref 14570-1000M), Ex cell 325 PF CHO
Protein free medium (JRH Biosciences ref 14335-1000M), Ex cell VPRO
medium (JRH Biosciences ref 14560-1000M), Ex cell 302 serum free
medium (JRH Biosciences ref 14312-1000M).
[0054] The invention also relates to a process of obtaining avian
cell lines, preferably non transformed cell lines, able to grow in
serum-free medium; those cell lines are cultured in a complete
culture medium optionally with feeder cells. Said process comprises
the steps of: [0055] culturing the avian cell, preferably
non-transformed, in a complete culture medium and optionally with
feeder layer. The avian cell may be the avian cells of step a)
above, the established avian cell lines of the process of the
invention, such as EB1, EB14 or S86N45 (also named EB45), or other
avian embryonic derived cell line such as DF1 (U.S. Pat. No.
5,672,485 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,415); [0056] at least one passage
in culture by modifying or changing the culture medium in order to
obtain a total weaning of serum, either by progressive or direct
withdrawal of serum; [0057] establishing adherent or non-adherent
avian cell lines able to grow in serum-free medium.
[0058] The instant invention relies on the finding that the passage
from a basal cell culture medium complemented with animal serum to
a serum-free medium shall not be performed by the simple removal of
the serum from the basal culture medium but shall need a change in
the type of the culture medium, that should be a serum-free medium
(SFM). Moreover, when the avian cell lines necessitate to be grown
with growth factors or feeder cells, the serum weaning is
preferably performed after the weaning in growth factors and/or
feeder cells.
[0059] The feeder cells are animal cells that have been preferably
inactivated by irradiation or chemically treated with mitomycin.
The feeder may be genetically modified to express growth factors
such as SCF. Preferably, the feeder cells are mouse fibroblasts
cell lines such as STO (American Type Culture Collection ATCC
N.sup.o CRL-1503).
[0060] The method described above may additionally comprise a step
in which the cells obtained in step c) are subjected to a selection
or an adaptation in culture media used for large-scale production
so as to obtain clones suitable for the production of vaccines
intended for human or animal therapy.
[0061] This process leads to the establishment of new avian
embryonic derived cell lines which are maintained in culture in
vitro over a considerable period of time. Advantageously, the cells
derived from the cell lines obtained in step c) are capable of
proliferating for at least 50 days, 100 days, 150 days, 300 days or
preferably at least 600 days. The 600 days do not constitute a time
limit because the cell lines obtained are still alive after much
longer time periods. Hence, these lines are considered as being
able to grow indefinitely in a basic culture medium free of
exogenous growth factors, serum and/or inactivated feeder layer.
The expression "line" is understood to mean any population of cells
capable of proliferating indefinitely in culture in vitro while
retaining to a greater or lesser degree the same morphological and
phenotypic characteristics. Of course, the method mentioned above
makes it possible to obtain cellular clones derived from cells
obtained from established lines. These clones are cells which are
genetically identical to the cell from which they are derived by
division.
[0062] The established cell lines and the cells derived thereof
(step c or d) are preferably embryonic derived avian stem cells
lines, more precisely those cells are pluripotent avian embryonic
derived stem cells. The avian embryonic derived stem cells
obtainable by the process of the invention are small, round,
individualized cells with a doubling time of around 24 hours or
less at 39.degree. C. The cells obtainable by the process of the
invention are at least at passage p60, at least p70, at least p80,
at least p90, at least p100, at least p110 at least p120 or at
least p130 or later. The avian embryonic derived stem cells
according to the invention have at least one of the following
characteristics: [0063] a high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, [0064] an
endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity, [0065] an endogenous
telomerase activity, [0066] a reactivity with specific antibodies
selected from the group of antibodies SSEA-1 (TEC01), SSEA-3, and
EMA-1. [0067] A doubling time shorter than the doubling time of the
avian cells of step a) of the process of the invention (48 to 72 h
at 39.degree. C.), of about 24 hours or less in the same culture
conditions. [0068] These cell lines and the cells derived there
from are capable of proliferating for at least 50 days, 100 days,
150 days, 300 days, or preferably at least 600 days in a basal
medium, in particular in a medium such as DMEM, GMEM, HamF12 or
McCoy supplemented with various additives commonly used by persons
skilled in the art. Among the additives, there may be mentioned
non-essential amino acids, vitamins and sodium pyruvate. However,
the cells are able to proliferate in basal medium without
glutamine. [0069] These cells lines and the cells derived there
from have the characteristic to grow either as adherent cells or as
suspension cells.
[0070] Preferably, the cells of the invention have all the above
mentioned characteristics.
[0071] The avian established cell lines of the invention and the
cells derived thereof are useful for the production of biologics
such as recombinant peptides and proteins (i.e antibodies,
hormones, cytokines, . . . ), viruses, viral vectors, viral
particles and viral vaccines.
[0072] More precisely, the avian established cell lines of the
invention and the cells derived thereof are useful for the
replication of viruses and/or related vectors and particles for the
production of live or attenuated, recombinant or not, vaccines
against diseases, such cancers and infectious diseases. The
viruses, the related viral vectors, the viral particles and viral
vaccines are preferably chosen among the group of adenoviruses,
hepadnaviruses, herpes viruses, orthomyxoviruses, papovaviruses,
paramyxoviruses, picornaviruses, poxviruses, reoviruses and
retroviruses. In a preferred embodiment, the viruses, the related
viral vectors, viral particles and viral vaccines belong to the
family of poxviruses, and more preferably to the chordopoxyiridae.
More preferably, the virus or the related viral vectors, viral
particles and viral vaccines is an avipoxvirus selected among
fowlpox virus, canary pox virus (i.e ALVAC), juncopox virus,
mynahpox virus, pigeonpox virus, psittacinepox virus,
quailpoxvirus, sparrowpoxvirus, starling poxvirus, turkey poxvirus.
According to another preferred embodiment, the virus is vaccinia
virus.
[0073] In another embodiment, the viruses, the related viral
vectors, the viral particles and vaccines belong to the family of
orthomyxoviruses, in particular influenza virus and to the family
of paramyxoviruses, in particular measles, mumps and rubella
viruses.
[0074] The invention also relates to the biologics, in particular
the proteins and the vaccines, expressed and/or produced in the
avian established cell lines of the invention.
[0075] In a preferred embodiment, the invention is related to the
use of the adherent or non-adherent avian established cell lines of
the invention, that are genetically, biologically or chemically
unmodified, capable of proliferating indefinitely in culture, and
having the above characteristics to replicate live or attenuated
viruses of the orthopoxvirus family, more particularly live or
attenuated vaccinia virus and recombinant vaccinia viruses.
[0076] The invention is aimed at the use of the adherent or
non-adherent cells as defined above to produce live or attenuated
vaccines comprising culturing the adherent or non adherent cell
lines established in step c) or d) according to the process
described above, inoculating said cells with viral particles and
culturing said cells in a basal medium as mentioned above until
cell lysis occurs and, recovering the newly produced viral
particles released in said medium. The invention is particularly
useful for the production of attenuated virus belonging to the
family of orthopoxvirus, in particular vaccinia virus,
Lister-Elstree vaccinia virus strain, modified vaccinia virus such
as Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) which can be obtained from
ATCC (ATCC Number VR-1508), NYVAC (Tartaglia et al., 1992 Virology
188:217-232), LC16 m8 (Sugimoto et Yamanouchi 1994 Vaccine
12:675-681), CVI78 (Kempe et al., 1968 Pediatrics 42:980-985) and
other recombinant vaccinia virus. Advantageously, the cells derived
from established lines are infected in order to produce a live
vaccinia virus or an attenuated virus which is a modified vaccinia
virus and/or recombinant vaccinia. Said cells may be infected by
any technique accessible to persons skilled in the art.
[0077] Alternatively, the cells derived from established lines are
transfected or modified in order to produce a live vaccinia virus
or an attenuated virus which is a modified vaccinia virus and/or
recombinant vaccinia. Said cells may be modified by any technique
accessible to persons skilled in the art, in particular by non
homologous or homologous, directed and/or conditional recombination
(Cre-Lox or FLP-FRT system), by transformation with any vector,
plasmid, viruses or recombinant viruses in particular with the aid
of retroviruses or recombinant retroviruses.
[0078] In one particular embodiment, the invention is directed to a
method to produce live or attenuated vaccines such as a vaccine
against smallpox comprising culturing the adherent or non adherent
cell lines established in step c) or d) according to the process
described above, inoculating said cells with viral particles and
culturing said cells in a basal medium as mentioned above until
cell lysis occurs and, recovering the newly produced viral
particles released in said medium. The invention is particularly
useful for the production of attenuated virus belonging to the
family of poxvirus, in particular vaccinia virus, Lister-Elstree
vaccinia virus strain, modified vaccinia virus such as Modified
Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) which can be obtained from ATCC (ATCC
Number VR-1508), NYVAC (Tartaglia et al., 1992 Virology
188:217-232), LC16 m8 (Sugimoto et Yamanouch.+-.1994 Vaccine
12:675-681), CVI78 (Kempe et al., 1968 Pediatrics 42:980-985) and
others recombinant vaccinia viruses. For example, one can use MVA
such as a vaccine against smallpox.
[0079] In a second particular embodiment, the invention is directed
to a method to produce live or attenuated vaccines such as a
vaccine against diseases, more preferably, acquired or infectious
diseases; said method is comprising culturing the adherent or non
adherent cell lines established in step c) or d) according to the
process described above, inoculating said cells with viral
recombinant particles and culturing said cells in a basal medium as
mentioned above until cell lysis occurs and, recovering the newly
produced viral recombinant particles released in said medium. For
example, one can use recombinant MVA to express antigen against:
[0080] acquired diseases such as, for example and without
limitation, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer,
lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma; [0081] infectious diseases
such as, for example and without limitation, AIDS (HIV virus),
hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, malaria, rabies, yellow
fever, Japanese encephalitis, mumps, measles, rubella.
[0082] The vaccines produced by the above method are part of the
present invention.
[0083] For the remainder of the description, reference will be made
to the legend to the figures below.
LEGEND OF FIGURES
[0084] FIG. 1: Growth curve for one cell line of the invention
showing the long term replication of cells.
[0085] FIG. 2: population doubling times of S86N45 (EB45)
(adherent) and EB14 (suspension) cells.
[0086] FIG. 3: influence of temperature on S86N45 (EB45) cells
growth kinetics.
[0087] FIG. 4: Growth curve for one cell line of the invention
showing the long term replication of cells with drawal of serum (up
to 2% of serum).
[0088] FIG. 5: Adaptation of S86N45 (EB45) and EB14 cells to growth
in serum-free medium (SFM).
[0089] FIG. 6: Culture of EB14 suspension cells in a 2 L bioreactor
in serum-free medium.
[0090] FIG. 7: Growth curve for one cell line of the invention
(S86N16) showing the long term replication of cells with drawal of
feeder layer.
[0091] FIG. 8: Photograph showing the characteristic morphology of
avian stem cells. N: nucleus, n: nucleolus and C: cytoplasm
(isolate S86N99, X40 magnification, photograph taken with a Sony
Cyber-shot digital camera).
[0092] FIGS. 9A-9C: Photographs showing the alkaline phosphatase
activity of avian stem cell lines which are adherent or which are
in suspension. After fixing (0.1% formaldehyde/0.5% glutaraldehyde,
30 minutes at 4.degree. C.), the cells are rinsed twice in
1.times.PBS and incubated for between 10 and 30 minutes at
37.degree. C. in an NBT/BCIP (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium chloride 0.375
mg/ml, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate 0.188 mg/ml, 0.1M Tris
pH 9.5, 0.05M MgCl.sub.2, 0.1M Nacl) solution. The reaction is
stopped by two 1.times.PBS washes and the photographs are
taken.
[0093] FIG. 9A illustrates the characteristic violet coloration of
the endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity obtained with the
adherent line S86N45 p87, a line cultured with no feeder or factor
(.times.40 magnification, Sony Cyber-shot digital camera).
[0094] FIG. 9B illustrates the violet coloration characteristic of
the endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity obtained with the EB14
line maintained from 8 passages in suspension, line derived from
the S86N45 cells, cultured in suspension with no feeder or factor
(.times.20 magnification, Sony Cyber-shot digital camera).
[0095] FIG. 9C S86N45 (EB45) cell-specific markers.
[0096] FIG. 10: Viral susceptibility of CEF and adherent S86N45
(EB45) cells (72 hours post-infection--MOI 0.1).
[0097] FIG. 11: Viral susceptibility of CEF and adherent S86N45
(EB45) cells at various multiplicity of infection (MOI) (48 hours
post infection).
[0098] FIG. 12: kinetics of MVA-GFP propagation on adherent S86N45
(EB45) cells.
[0099] FIG. 13: kinetics of MVA-GFP propagation on suspension EB14
cells.
[0100] FIG. 14 MVA-GFP replication on S86N45 (EB45) cells grown on
DMEM-F12 medium.
[0101] FIG. 15: Replication of a wild type MVA virus on S86N45
(EB45) cells grown on DMEM-F12 medium (MOI: 0.1).
[0102] FIG. 16: MVA replication on suspension EB14 cells on a
serum-containing medium (MOI: 0.2).
[0103] FIG. 17: MVA replication on suspension EB14 cells grown in
serum-free medium (MOI: 0.01).
[0104] FIG. 18: MVA yields on suspension EB14 cells grown in
serum-free medium (MOI: 0.01).
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Production and Establishment of the Adherent Cells
[0105] The eggs are opened, the yolk is separated from the egg
white during the opening. The embryos are removed from the yolk
either directly or with the aid of a Pasteur pipette, or with the
aid of a small absorbent filter paper (Whatmann 3M paper), cut out
beforehand in the form of a perforated ring with the aid of a
punch. The diameter of the perforation is about 5 mm. These small
rings are sterilized using dry heat for about 30 minutes in an
oven. This small paper ring is deposited on the surface of the yolk
and centered on the embryo which is thus surrounded by the paper
ring. The latter is then cut out with the aid of small pairs of
scissors and the whole removed is placed in a Petri dish, filled
with PBS or with a physiological saline. The embryo thus carried
away by the ring is cleaned of the excess yolk in the medium and
the embryonic disk, thus freed of the excess vitellin, is collected
with a Pasteur pipette.
[0106] In both cases, the embryos are placed in a tube containing
physiological medium (1.times.PBS, Tris Glucose, medium, and the
like). The embryos are then mechanically dissociated and inoculated
on a "feeder" into defined culture medium. Among the preferred
conditions used for the culturing, preference is given to the
culture medium composed of MacCoy or DF12 medium as basal medium
supplemented with fetal calf serum at an initial concentration of
12 to 8%, with nonessential amino acids at 1%, with a mixture of
vitamins of commercial origin at 1%, with sodium pyruvate at a
final concentration of 1 mM, with beta-mercaptoethanol at a final
concentration of 0.2 mM, glutamine at a final concentration of 2.9
mM, with an initial mixture of antibiotics containing gentamycin at
a final concentration of 10 ng/ml, penicillin at a final
concentration of 100 U/ml and streptomycin at a final concentration
of 100 .mu.g/ml. Rapidly after the first passages of the cells, the
mixture of antibiotics is no longer added to the medium. The
expression rapidly is understood to mean after the first 3 to 5
passages in general. A mixture of nucleosides may also be added,
this mixture being prepared as described above (Pain et al., 1996).
Among the basal media tested under these same conditions and which
give similar results are the HamF12, Glasgow MEM and DMEM media,
the latter supplemented with biotin at a final concentration of 8
mg/l. By way of comparison, the biotin concentration is 0.2 mg/l in
the MacCoy medium, 0.0073 mg/l in the HamF12 and 0 in the
commercial DMEM and GMEM media.
[0107] The growth factors and the cytokines added to the culture
medium are preferably factors and cytokines which are recombinant,
including mouse SCF at a final concentration of 1 ng/ml, IGF-1 at a
final concentration of 1 to 5 ng/ml, CNTF at a final concentration
of 1 ng/ml, IL-6 at a final concentration of 1 ng/ml, and the
soluble IL-6 receptor at a final concentration of 0.5 ng/ml to 1
ng/ml. In some experiments, some other factors may be added during
the first passages. For example up to passage 3 or 10, it is
possible to add bFGF to the medium at a final concentration of 1
ng/ml and IL-11 at a final concentration of 1 ng/ml.
[0108] The inoculation is carried out into this medium on the
inactivated "feeder" composed of mouse fibroblasts established as
lines, the STO cells. In some cases, these cells were transfected
with simple expression vectors allowing the expression of growth
factors such as avian SCF, constitutively in the STO cells. Thus,
this "feeder" produces the factor in a form which is soluble and/or
attached in the plasma membrane of the cells.
[0109] After initial inoculation of the cells directly into this
medium, fresh medium can be added or the medium can be partially
changed the next day, and then partially or completely during
subsequent days, depending on the rate of adhesion observed for the
primary cells. After about 4 to 7 days depending on the cases, the
initial culture is dissociated and transferred into new dishes in
the same initial medium on the inactivated feeder. After three to
five passages, the cells are cultured on an inactivated feeder of
STO cells which are non-transfected or transfected with an
expression vector encoding a resistance to an antibiotic such as
the gene for resistance to neomycin, to hygromycin, to puromycin
and the like. After about twenty passages, the cells are
progressively deprived of growth factors and cytokines. The
expression "gradual withdrawal" is understood to mean a removal
growth factor by growth factor, or group of growth factors by group
of growth factors, from the culture medium. In the first
embodiment, at one passage, SCF is first of all removed, and then,
two or three passages later, another growth factor such as IGF-1
for example. If the cells do not exhibit morphological alterations
or a variation in their average rate of proliferation, the other
factors, such as CNTF and IL-6, are then removed. In a second
preferred embodiment, the withdrawal of growth factors is performed
group of growth factors by group of growth factors. A first group
of growth factors composed by SCF, IL6, IL6R and IL11 is removed
then the second group composed of IGF1 and CNTF. In a third
embodiment, this withdrawal may also be drastic. All the factors
are in this case removed all at once. The cells are then observed
and are only passaged several days later if their rate of
proliferation is modified. The latter solution is generally that
which is practiced. Various isolates are thus obtained and
maintained for very long periods of time.
[0110] The expression very long periods of time is understood to
mean periods of the order of several weeks with a minimum of 50
days, preferably periods greater than 200 to 400 days, without
limitation in time. Periods greater than 600 days are observed.
[0111] Regardless of the support used, all the cells which are
adherent are dissociated with a proteolytic dissociation enzyme,
such as pronase, collagenase, dispase, trypsin, and the like.
Preferably, a proteolytic enzyme of bacterial origin is used in
order to avoid any potential contaminant of animal origin. These
cells have the characteristics of embryonic stem cells with a
specific morphology illustrated, by way of example, by the
photograph of FIG. 8 i.e. a small size, a large nucleo-cytoplasmic
ratio, a nucleus with at least one nucleolus which is clearly
visible and a very small cytoplasm. These cells are characterized
by growth in the form of more or less compact solid masses. The
adherent and non-adherent cells exhibit cross-reactivity with a
number of antibodies, as described above in Pain et al. (1996) and
in U.S. Pat. No. 6,114,168 and EP 787 180. The endogenous
telomerase activity component is also present and is an important
factor in the "stem" nature of these cells.
[0112] Cells of different isolates are obtained and maintained for
long periods of time. Table 1 illustrates a few of the
characteristics of these isolates.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Name Species Start Stoppage Days Passage
Generation S86N16 Chicken S86N 26 Jan. 2000 05 Aug. 2001 559 207
692 WL3 Chicken WL 28 Jun. 2000 09 Aug. 2001 403 153 333 Valo4
Chicken Valo 26 Sep. 2000 07 Feb. 2002 401 135 317 S86N45 Chicken
S86N 29 Jan. 2001 12 Nov. 2001 287 118 329
It will be noted that the term "stoppage" does not correspond to
the end of the proliferation of the cells but to a deliberate
stoppage of the cell cultures by the experimenter. The number of
generation n is obtained by the formula X=2.sup.n or X is the
theoretical cumulative number of cells. This number is available
since the cells are counted at each passage and during each
inoculation. The complete history of the culture is thus available.
S86N45 cells also named EB45.
Example 2
Passage of the Cells
[0113] One of the characteristics of stem cells, in particular
somatic stem cells and embryonic stem cells, is their capacity to
proliferate in vitro for considerable periods of time. In order to
propagate and to passage the cells, the culture medium is changed
and replaced with fresh medium a few hours before their passage.
The curve presented in FIG. 1 illustrates a profile of cell growth
and establishment.
Example 3
Doubling Time and Average Division Time
[0114] 3.1 Starting with the established cells in culture and the
cells presented in the preceding examples, a mean division time can
be calculated. For all the independent isolates obtained, the rate
of proliferation increases slightly during successive passages,
thus causing the average division time during the establishment of
the cells to vary. In the adherent phase, the cells are initially
inoculated on an inactivated feeder layer and are passaged
regularly at a constant initial inoculation density of 1 to
2.times.10.sup.6 cells per 100 mm dish (55 cm.sup.2 dish). Table 2
illustrates the doubling time (d) and the mean division time (MDT
in hour) for 3 established cell types as a function of the culture
time. It is observed that the mean doubling time decreases during
the establishment.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 days Cells 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
450 500 550 S86N16 (d) 0.30 0.63 1.00 0.86 1.13 1.15 1.47 1.70 1.94
1.50 1.9 S86N16 (MDT) 80 38 24 27.9 21.2 20.9 16.3 14.1 12.4 16
12.6 S86N45 (d) 0.49 0.89 0.89 1.45 2.15 x x x x x x S86N45 (MDT)
49 26.8 27 16.5 11.1 x x x x x x Valo4 (d) 0.03 0.61 1.00 1.17 1.26
1.03* 1.08* 1.25* x x x Valo4 (MDT) >48 39.3 24 20.5 19 23.3
22.2 19.2 x x x The mean doubling time d is established for the
period of time indicated in days with the following formula: d =
(1/Log2 .times. (LogX2/X1)) .times. 1/(T2 - T1) where X2 and X1 are
total numbers of cells at the times T2 and T1. This formula is the
direct consequence of the calculation of the number of generations
N by the formula X = 2.sup.n presented in example 1. The mean
division time (MDT) is then obtained in hours by dividing 24 hours
by d. *The Valo cells are passaged during this establishment on a
plastic support without the presence of a feeder. The doubling time
decreases and then increases again, when the cells become
rehabituated to this new environment.
3.2--Chickens have a body temperature of 39.degree. C. Analysis of
S86N45 (EB45) and EB14 cells cell growth kinetics was thus
initially performed at 39.degree. C. Under these conditions cells
were characterized by a very short generation time usually
comprised between 15 to 20 hours (FIG. 2).
Example 4
Cell Culture Temperature
[0115] The very rapid cycling of S86N45 (EB45) and EB14 cells at
39.degree. C. may be sub-optimal for efficient MVA virus
production. Cell growth at 37.degree. C. and 35.degree. C. was
therefore also analyzed (FIG. 3). As expected, cell cycling is
reduced at 37.degree. C. Such conditions should in principle be
more adequate for virus propagation and will thus be selected in
the MVA experiments described below. It is relevant to note that
S86N45 (EB45) and EB14 cells can also be grown at 35.degree. C.,
albeit with a much reduced kinetics. Adaptation of S86N45 and EB14
cells to low temperature (35.degree. C. and even 33.degree. C.) is
particularly useful for the production of live attenuated
thermo-sensitive viral vaccines.
Example 5
Control of the Level of Serum for the Proliferation of the
Lines
[0116] 5.1--Medium with Low-Serum Concentration
[0117] During the obtaining of these lines, the culture media used
are conventional culture media comprising a base (DMEM, GMEM,
HamF12, McCoy, and the like) supplemented with various additives
such as non-essential amino acids, vitamins, and sodium pyruvate.
This complex medium comprises fetal calf serum, which remains a
central component of the culture, even though components of
different origins, including plant components, can be gradually
used. A process for controlling and habituating the cells to
relatively low proportions of fetal calf serum is presented. It is
thus possible to maintain cells in high proliferation (division
time >1) with low percentages of serum (2% for example in the
case of the S86N16 cells).
[0118] The curves presented in FIG. 4 illustrates the relative
reduction of serum for a given cell type: S86N16 cells, The
doubling time and the mean division times were also calculated and
presented in table 3. It will be noted that the mean division time
increases as a function of the relative reduction in serum. A
recovery phase is nevertheless observed after some time in culture
under the conditions mentioned. This time remains nevertheless less
than 24 h (d>1), which already represents a very advantageous
proliferation in industrial terms even at serum concentrations of
2%, which is already relatively low. Improvements with regard to
the different metabolites to be used may be envisaged in order to
increase this time and still further optimize the culture
conditions.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Doubling time and mean division time for
S86N16 cells Condition 10% 7.5% 3.75% 2% d 2.02 1.51 1.47 1.08 MDT
11.9 15.8 16.3 22.2
[0119] The examples are taken between passages p204 and p179 for
the 10% condition, between p198 and p176 for the 7.5%, between p224
and p201 for the 3.75% and between p216 and p199 for the 2%.
5.2--Adaptation to Serum Free Medium & Growth in
Bioreactors
[0120] A major further improvement was achieved by the adaptation
of S86N45 (EB45) and EB14 cells to serum-free medium. Several
formulations have been tested and a couple of serum-free medium
formulations have been identified that allow the efficient growth
of S86N45 (EB45) and EB14 cells (FIG. 5).
[0121] In addition, the culture of EB14 cells in serum-containing
and serum-free media could be further up-scaled since efficient
growth was reproducibly demonstrated in 2 L bioreactors (FIG. 6).
In addition, EB14 cells can also be efficiently grown in 3 L
stiffed-tank bioreactors and reach densities over 2 millions
cells/ml.
Example 6
Deprivation of the Cells of Feeder Layer
[0122] Under the initial culture conditions, the presence of a
layer of inactivated cells appears to be necessary in order to
obtain embryonic stem cells as was described above. This feeder
layer no longer appears to be necessary after a number of passages.
Only the "culture treated" plastic appears to be important. Indeed,
one of the characteristics of some eukaryotic cells is to
proliferate in adherent form. In order to facilitate the adhesion
of the cells, the various plastic materials used are "culture"
treated. They undergo during their manufacture a treatment which
adds charges at the surface of the plastic, which charges promote
the adhesions of the extracellular matrix of the cells. By
contrast, the cell culture untreated plastic, often called plastic
of bacteriological quality, is not surface treated by addition of
specific feeders. The adhesion of the cells thereto is generally
very difficult, or even impossible, or then induces changes in
morphology, and in behavior which are often drastic. This
distinction between the two plastic qualities makes it possible to
obtain, depending on the inoculations which are carried out
therein, cells with different behaviors. Gradual deprivation of the
cultures of inactivated "feeder" makes it possible to obtain, after
a few passages, homogeneous cultures of stem cells directly
inoculated on "culture treated" plastic.
[0123] The comparative growth curves for the cells maintained in
the presence and in the absence of inactivated "feeder" are
presented with the case of the S86N16 cells in FIG. 7. This
adaptation of the cells is progressive so as not to lose the stem
cell character of the cells initially maintained on a "feeder".
Progressive derivatives are thus made. The obtaining of cells which
proliferate on plastic is the accomplishment of the withdrawal
process. In table 4, the division times show sensitivity of the
cells to their environment. As in the case of the progressive
withdrawal of serum, an adaptation is obtained with a recovering
effect on the cells after a few passages under the conditions
defined.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Condition 1.2 0.5 0.3 plastic d 1.95 1.84
1.39 1.42 MDT 12.3 13 17.3 16.9
[0124] The examples are taken between the passages p154 and p131
for the 3 conditions 1.2.times.10.sup.6, 0.5.times.10.sup.6 and
0.3.times.10.sup.6 feeder cells and between p161 and p139 for the
condition on plastic alone.
Example 7
Deprivation of the Cells in Growth Factors
[0125] Under the initial culture conditions, the presence of growth
factors is necessary. It is possible to schematically distinguish
two families of factors: the cytokines and the trophic factors.
[0126] The cytokines are mainly cytokines whose action is through a
receptor which is associated with the gp130 protein. Thus, LIF,
interleukin 11, interleukin 6, CNTF, oncostatin and cardiotrophin
have a similar mode of action with the recruitment at the level of
the receptor of a specific chain and the combination of the latter
with the gp130 protein in monomeric or sometimes heterodimeric
form. In a few cases, the combination of a soluble form of the
receptors, a form described inter alia for the receptors for
interleukin 6 and CNTF, makes it possible to increase the
proliferative effect observed. It has been previously shown that
the addition of at least one of these cytokines appeared to be
necessary for obtaining embryonic stem cells.
[0127] The trophic factors are mainly SCF, IGF-1 and bFGF, which
are also used at the start of the culture, as described above.
Their presence is also necessary for obtaining and amplifying the
cells.
[0128] By progressively reducing these growth factors, it is
possible to obtain, after a few passages, culture conditions which
allow the proliferation of the embryonic or somatic stem cells
without the addition of an exogenous growth factor. The different
markers used to characterize these cells are always positive for
the cells maintained with no factors.
Example 8
Comparison of the Media Used
[0129] Inoculated into different media, the cells are not obtained
with the same frequencies. Comparison of the compositions of the
media makes the identification of one of the components in
particular difficult. It appears more likely that the whole
combination allows an improvement in the physiology of the cells.
Among the preferred media, the Ham F12 medium, the MacCoy medium,
the DMEM medium, DMEM-F12 medium and a DMEM medium enriched with
biotin will be noted. Starting with such an isolate, adaptation
trials are carried out in these different media.
Example 9
Establishment of the Non-Adherent Cells
[0130] During the successive passages of the stem cells, a
high-density inoculation directly into the bacteriological dish
makes it possible to obtain, after a few passages, embryonic cells
which become detached from their substrate and which proliferate in
suspension in the form of small regular aggregates. This
proliferation is encouraged over several passages by more dilution,
mechanical dissociation and non-use of proteolytic enzyme. The
stirring of the cultures is generally carried out but does not
represent a distinguishing factor for obtaining non adherent cells.
Like the adherent cells, these cells have a characteristic
morphology of stem cells, i.e. a small size, a large
nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, a nucleus with at least one nucleolus
which is clearly visible and a small cytoplasm. These cells are
characterized by a growth in small aggregates which are more or
less compact (FIG. 8). These non adherent cells exhibit
cross-reactivity with a number of antibodies, as described above in
Pain et al. (1996). These cells are also positive for the
endogenous telomerase activity (as presented in example 10 for the
EB1, EB4 and EB5 cells). In a non adherent phase, the cells exhibit
a high proliferation in different media. The initial inoculation
density and the very regular supply of fresh medium provides high
densities which may range above 1.times.10.sup.6 cells per ml.
Table 5 summarizes the main characteristics of a few isolates
(parental cells, initial passage of the making into a suspension,
number of days maintained in culture in suspension, number of
passages and of generations obtained before voluntary stoppage of
the maintenances). It can thus be noted that the passage for the
making into a suspension can vary from one isolate to another (see
isolate EB1 and EB14) and the proliferation rate (see isolate EB3
and EB14).
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Parental Initial Name cells passage Start
Days Passages Generations EB1 S86N16 p111 20 Jan. 2001 184 41 120
EB3 S86N16 p118 23 Jan. 2001 381 17 40 EB4 S86N45 p100 25 Sep. 2001
44 17 40 EB5 S86N45 p100 25 Sep. 2001 44 17 40 EB14 S86N45 p81 05
Sep. 2002 70 24 65
[0131] It will be noted that the term "start" corresponds to the
cells being placed under non-adherence.
[0132] We also found that the obtention of non adherent cells is
possible after several passages, at any moment, from adherent stem
cells that proliferate with or without feeder layer.
Example 10
Characterization of the Established Cells
[0133] The stem cells maintained for long culture times are
characterized with the same criteria as those described above (Pain
et al., 1996). It is thus possible to regularly detect the
endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity, illustrated by the
photograph of FIGS. 9A-9B, the endogenous telomerase activity (FIG.
9C) and reactivity with specific antibodies such as the antibodies
SSEA-1 (TEC-01) and EMA-1.
[0134] One of the important criteria during the establishment of
the cells is the presence of telomerase. Various tests were carried
out during the maintenance of the cells in culture using a TRAP
detection kit (Telomerase PCR Elisa, Roche). The cells are detected
positive after various passages in culture. Thus, the telomerase
activity is detectable for the S86N16 cells, the S86N45 (EB45)
cells and for the EB1, EB4 and EB5 cells which are derived
therefrom in a non adherent form (see table 6). The CEFs (Chicken
Embryonic Fibroblasts) maintained in primary culture are considered
as negative. The threshold of an OD<0.2 is the threshold
recommended by the kit as the negative threshold. All the analyses
were carried out on an equivalent of 2000 cells.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Assay of the telomerase activity in various
lines at various passages Cells Passage Telomerase OD S86N16 p12
1.7 p29 2.8 p185 0.97 p204 0.95 S86N16 EB1 p134 1.1 S86N45 (EB45)
p50 0.87 p58 1.1 p66 0.96 p94 1.2 EB4 p112 1.4 EB5 p112 0.94 CEF*
p4 0.07 *CEF: Chicken Embryonic Fibroblast
[0135] Of particular importance, the cells of the invention have
conserved some essential "stem cell" features. They express a
series of stem cell-specific markers known to be present in mouse,
chicken and human embryonic stem cells (eg. Alkaline phosphatase,
SSEA-1, EMA-1, telomerase) (FIGS. 9A-9C). As expected, expression
of these markers is lost upon experimental induction of cell
differentiation by addition of retinoic acid (RA) or DMSO (Table 7
and FIG. 9C). They replicate indefinitely in vitro (FIG. 1);
several candidate cell lines have been cultured for more than a
year without specific hurdles, such as differentiation.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 ES cell-specific markers: "markers
expression is decreased upon differentiation with retinoic acid"
WITHOUT WITH MARKERS RETINOIC ACID RETINOIC ACID Alcaline
Phosphatase ++++ - SSEA-1 90 <10 EMA-1 90 10 Telomerase Activity
(OD) >1.5 <0.2 The markers SSEA1 and EMA1 are expressed in
percentage of labelled cells.
Example 11
Transfection and Induction of the Cells
[0136] The stem cells maintained in a growth over the long term are
transfected with various expression plasmids. It has been shown
that avian stem cells could be transfected (Pain et al., 1996). In
particular, the non adherent cells are transfected and various
sorting systems make it possible to identify the stably transfected
cells (cell sorting, limiting dilution, and the like). These
genetic modifications can be made at the undifferentiated stage of
the stem cell. Once this modification has been obtained, the cell
is then induced to differentiate spontaneously or by addition of a
differentiation inducer. In this case, it is possible to use
retinoic acid at concentrations of 10.sup.-8 M to 10.sup.-6 M, or
dimethylsulfoxide at concentrations of 1 to 2% final or sodium
butyrate at concentrations of 10.sup.-4 to 10.sup.-8 M, or phorbol
ester (TPA, PMA, and the like) or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at
concentrations of 1 to 5 .mu.g/ml final. In another example, the
cells can form embryoid bodies in suspension, which embryoid bodies
can be caused to adhere to plastic after dissociation or
nondissociation of the cells constituting them. These
differentiated cells then proliferate but have a more limited
capacity for proliferation over the long term. By targeting the
genetic modification on a gene which influences the proliferation
of the cells, it is possible to make these differentiated cells
capable of proliferating over the long term.
Example 12
Protocol for Infecting a Non Adherent Avian Cell Line (EB1) with a
Virus
Amplification of the Cells:
[0137] The EB1 or EB14 cells are inoculated into a medium,
preferably MacCoy's 5A, HAMF12 or DMEM medium, or any other medium
of interest, containing 5% serum at a concentration of
0.2.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml for an initial volume of 50 ml in
general. They are maintained in culture at 39.degree. C. and at
7.5% CO.sub.2, with stirring. Fresh medium is added every day for
the 3 to 4 days for which the amplification lasts in order to reach
a cell concentration of 1 to 3.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml for a final
culture volume of 100 to 250 ml.
[0138] The cells in suspension are collected and centrifuged for 10
min at 1 000 rpm approximately. The pellet is resuspended in 20 to
50 ml of 1.times.PBS (Phosphate buffer Salt). The cells are then
counted, centrifuged and the pelleted cells are taken up in a
serum-free medium at a final concentration of 3 to 5.times.10.sup.6
cells/ml. Several tubes are then prepared under these conditions
containing 3 to 5.times.10.sup.6 cells per tube.
Preparation of the Virus and Infection:
[0139] The viral stock having a known titer is rapidly thawed at
37.degree. C. and diluted in serum-free medium at a titer of
10.times. to 1000.times. the concentration necessary for the final
infection. The cells are infected with the virus of interest at an
m.o.i. (multiplicity of infection) of 0.01 to 0.5 according to the
types of virus, which involves adding between 0.1 and 10%
volume/volume of viral suspension to the cellular pellet. After
incubating for 1 hour at an optimum temperature for the virus, in
general from 33 to 37.degree. C., the cells are again centrifuged
and the medium removed with care. This step is found to be often
necessary in order to limit the effect of the initial virus in the
subsequent process. One of the possibilities is to directly dilute
the cells without centrifuging them again with serum-containing
medium (5% of serum) at a final concentration of 0.2 to
1.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml and incubated again.
Harvesting of the Supernatant and of the Cells:
[0140] After 2 to 4 days of incubation, depending on the viral
kinetics and the potential cytopathic effect of certain viruses,
the medium containing the cells or the cellular debris is
harvested. Depending on the viruses, only the pellet or the
supernatant may be of interest and contain the viral particles. The
cells are harvested and centrifuged. The collected supernatant is
centrifuged again for 5 to 10 minutes at 2 500 rpm, and stored at
-80.degree. C. before purification of the particles. An aliquot is
collected in order to carry out the titration. The cellular pellet
is taken up in 5 ml of serum-free medium, sonicated and centrifuged
for 5 to 10 minutes at 2 500 rpm. The supernatant obtained is
stored at -80.degree. C. up to the purification and the titration
of an aliquot.
[0141] The viral infection and production efficiencies are compared
between the various conditions performed. For the viruses with
cytopathic effects, the titrations are in general carried out by
the lysis plaque technique.
Example 13
Protocol for Infecting an Adherent Avian Cell Line (S86N45) with a
Virus
Preparation of the Cells:
[0142] The cells are inoculated 48 hours before the infection into
T150 flasks at a concentration of between 0.03 and
0.06.times.10.sup.6 cells/cm.sup.2 in a medium, preferably MacCoy's
5A, HAMF12 or DMEM medium, or any other medium of interest,
containing 5% serum. They are maintained at 39.degree. C. and 7.5%
CO.sub.2.
Infection:
[0143] The viral stock having a known titer is rapidly thawed at
37.degree. C. and diluted in serum-free medium at a titer of
10.times. to 1000.times. the concentration necessary for the final
infection. The cells are infected with the virus of interest at an
m.o.i. (multiplicity of infection) of 0.01 to 0.5 according to the
types of virus, which involves adding between 0.1 and 10%
volume/volume of viral suspension to the cell monolayer. The
infection is generally carried out in a minimum of medium (from 5
to 10 ml for a 75 cm.sup.2 flask) in a medium containing 0% serum.
After incubating for 1 hour at the optimum temperature for the
virus, in general from 33 to 37.degree. C., 20 ml of medium 5% are
added to the flasks. In a particular case, the cells can be washed
with PBS in order to remove the particles which might be attached
to the cells. In the case of a cytopathic virus, the cells are
observed daily after the infection in order to monitor the
appearance of cell lysis, which indicates good progress of the
infection.
Harvesting of the Supernatant and of the Cells:
[0144] After 2 to 4 days of incubation, depending on the viral
kinetics and the potential cytopathic effect of certain viruses,
the medium containing the supernatant, the cells and the cellular
debris are harvested. Depending on the viruses, only the pellet or
the supernatant may be of interest and contain the viral particles.
The cells are harvested and centrifuged. The collected supernatant
is centrifuged again for 5 to 10 minutes at 2 500 rpm, and stored
at -80.degree. C. before purification of the particles. An aliquot
is collected in order to carry out the titration. The cellular
pellet is taken up in 5 ml of serum-free medium, sonicated and
centrifuged for 5 to 10 minutes at 2 500 rpm. The supernatant
obtained is stored at -80.degree. C. up to the purification and the
titration of an aliquot.
[0145] The viral infection and production efficiencies are compared
between the various conditions performed. For the viruses with
cytopathic effect, the titrations are in general carried out by the
lysis plaque technique.
Example 14
Replication of Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) on Adherent and
Non-Adherent Avian Stem Cells of the EB45 Line and EB14 Line
[0146] A series of experiments was performed on the EB45 (S86N45)
and EB14 cells to determine their respective susceptibilities to
MVA infection, the kinetics of MVA propagation, and the viral
production yields. The MVA viruses used in these studies were
either a recombinant MVA vector expressing the reporter GFP protein
(MVA-GFP) or a non-recombinant MVA virus. Freshly prepared chicken
embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) were included in all experiments as
control cells.
14.1--Safety Consideration
[0147] The MVA virus (titer 2.5.times.10.sup.7 TCID50/ml in 0.5 ml
vials) was received under frozen conditions. For safety reasons,
the MVA virus and infected cells were kept under controlled
conditions (-80.degree. C. freezer) and the contaminated plastic
material was placed into hypochloride solution for more than 1 hour
and then place into a bag for full and complete autoclave
inactivation.
14.2--Virus Production
14.2.1--Adherent S86N45 (EB45) Cells
[0148] 1.times.10.sup.6 adherent cells are seeded in 100 mm dish
the day before infection, in 20 mL medium. 24 hours later, the
medium is discarded, cells are incubated at 37.degree. C. with the
inoculum (2 mL serum-free medium, at a multiplicity of infection of
0.01 or 0.1 TCID/cell). 1 hour later, the inoculum is discarded,
and 20 mL of pre-warmed medium is added to the cells, and the
incubation is kept at 37.degree. C. in 5% CO.sub.2. For virus
preparation, the infected cells are harvested by scrapper,
transferred in a 50 mL Falcon.TM. tube and spun at 1200 RPM at room
temperature. The supernatant (extracellular viruses, EV) is
collected, and the cell pellet (intracellular viruses, IV) is
diluted in 1 or 2 mL of medium. EV and IV samples undergo both
three thawing-freezing cycles, and then they are sonicated. After
centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 10 nm at room temperature, EV and IV
samples are aliquoted and kept at -80.degree. C. until
titration.
14.2.2--Suspension EB14 Cells
[0149] 0.4.times.10.sup.6/mL EB14 cells are seeded in 40 mL medium
(16.times.10.sup.6 cells) in 125 mL spinner bottles the day before
addition of the viral inoculum, at a moi of 0.01 or 0.1 TCID/cell
in the medium. After one hour of virus incubation, 80 mL of
pre-warmed medium is added. Incubation is kept at 37.degree. C.
under wished spin conditions and 5% CO.sub.2. Infected cells are
then harvested at various times post-infection, transferred in 50
mL Falcon.TM. tubes and spun at 1200 RPM at room temperature. The
supernatant (extracellular viruses, EV) is collected, and the cell
pellet (intracellular viruses, IV) is diluted in 5 or 10 mL of
medium. EV and IV samples undergo both three thawing-freezing
cycles, and then they are sonicated. After centrifugation at 2500
rpm for 10 nm at room temperature, EV and IV samples are aliquoted
and kept at -80.degree. C. until titration.
14.3--Virus Titration
14.3.1--Titration of MVA by the TCID.sub.50 End-Point Dilution
Method
[0150] The titration of MVA viruses are done by the TCID.sub.50
end-point dilution method on CEF or DF-1 cells. The assay
determines that the sample contains a sufficient dose of infectious
virus to produce infection. TCID.sub.50 is determined as the
dilution that produced cytopathic effect (CPE) in one-half of the
cumulative number of cell cultures. One P96 flat bottom is needed
for one viral sample titer. Briefly, 15000 CEF cells/100 .mu.L are
seeded per well. Eight rows of eleven wells are seeded. The eight
rows stand for the height serial 10-fold dilutions of the viral
sample (i.e. 10.sup.-2 to 10.sup.-9). For each serial dilution, a 1
mL mix is done in serum-free medium, 100 .mu.L of the mix is
dispensed in 10 corresponding dilution-wells, and the eleventh row
is the control non-infected well. The P96 plate is incubated at
37.degree. C. in 5% CO.sub.2. Between 5 to 10 days later, the viral
titer is calculated by the Reed-Muench method by recording the
positive CPE wells.
14.4--Results of the Susceptibility to MVA Infection and
Titration
[0151] 14.4.1--The intrinsic susceptibility of EB45 (S86N45) and
EB14 cells to MVA infection was first investigated using the
recombinant MVA-GFP vector. This specific vector was selected for
these studies to simplify the monitoring and quantification of the
infected cells. EBx and CEF cells were thus treated with different
multiplicities of infections (moi) and cells were analysed by
fluorescence microscopy and fluorocytometry at several days
post-infections.
[0152] As shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, all adherent EB45 cells that
are still viable at 48 hours post-infection did strongly express
the reporter GFP protein, even when using a moi as low as 0.1
TCID.sub.50/cell. Of note, FIG. 10 also illustrates the much
smaller size of EB45 and EB14 cells when compared to CEF cells.
[0153] Altogether, these results clearly demonstrate the high
susceptibility of the adherent EB45 and EB 14 cells to MVA
infection.
14.4.2--The following table 8 lists results obtained in the various
MVA-GFP infection experiments performed. All samples were tittered
twice.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Results of the titration Time post-
Experimental Multiplicity of infection Titration (in conditions
infection (MOI) (PI) (in hours) TCID.sub.50/ml) S86N45 (EB45) 0.01
96 9.57 cells in DMEM-F12 96 8.57 medium (100 mm 0.1 72 7.5
diameter dish) 72 7.63 EB14 cells in 0.2 48 7.5 DMEM-F12 72 7.63
medium (120 ml spinner flasks) CEF cells in HAM- 0.01 96 7.5 F12
medium (100 96 7.71 mm diameter dish) 0.1 72 7.39 72 7.91
14.3--Propagation of MVA on EB14 and EB45 Cells
[0154] Propagation of MVA on the suspension EB14 and adherent EB45
cells was determined by a quantitative analysis of the kinetics of
MVA-GFP replication. EB45 cells were grown in dishes in DMEM-F12
medium and were infected with a moi of 0.1, while EB14 cells were
cultured in 120 ml spinner flasks in DMEM-F12 medium for 24 hours
before infection with a moi of 0.2. The percentage of infected
cells was then quantified by FACS analysis at various times
post-infection. As illustrated in FIGS. 12 and 13, all cells that
are still viable do express GIP at 48 hours (EB45) or 72 hours
(EB14) post-infection.
14.4--Viral Yields on Adherent EB45 Cells Grown in Serum-Containing
Medium
[0155] 14.4.1--The viral productivity of the adherent EB45 cells
was analysed using cells grown in DMEM-F12. MVA was found to be
very efficiently replicated in EB45 in DMEM-F12 and to achieve
yields higher than the one obtained with control CEF cells (FIG.
14). 14.4.2--In a further series of experiments, a non-recombinant
MVA virus (from the ATCC) was used for a comparative replication
study on CEF cells and EB45 cells: confirming previous results with
the MVA-GFP vector, a higher production yields were again obtained
with this MVA virus (FIG. 15).
[0156] Altogether, these results demonstrate the high
susceptibility to MVA infection and the efficient virus production
of the adherent EB45 cells, which are higher than in chicken
embryonic fibroblasts. In addition, all these experiments were
performed under standard conditions. It is therefore reasonable to
argue that even higher virus yields may be achieved upon
optimisation of the experimental conditions, and in particular by
using optimal cell culture media.
14.5--Viral Yields on Suspension EB14 Cells Grown on
Serum-Containing Medium
[0157] The viral productivity of EB14 cells has been determined in
spinner flasks using cells grown in DMEM-F12 medium. Results of a
first series of experiments using a multiplicity of infection of
0.1 are shown in FIG. 16. These data support the previous results
obtained with the adherent cells and confirm the ability of the
suspension EB14 cells to efficiently produce recombinant MVA
viruses at yields close to 100 TCID.sub.50/Cell, two fold higher
than the one obtained with chicken embryonic fibroblasts.
14.6--Viral Yields on Suspension EB14 Cells Grown on Serum-Free
Medium
[0158] Ideally, viral vaccines production should be performed on
suspension cells grown in serum-free medium in bioreactors. In
order to investigate the production of MVA in serum-free media, a
series of experiments was initiated in which EB14 suspension cells
have been infected with the MVA-GFP vector in spinner flasks in
serum-free medium at two different multiplicities of infection
(0.01 & 0.1). FACS analyses of the cells confirm the efficient
infection of EB14 cells in the two experimental conditions (FIG.
17). In addition, and as expected, these experiments show that
infection is more rapid when using an moi of 0.1, while at an moi
of 0.01 cells are viable longer and able to produce virus progeny
for a longer period of time (data not shown).
[0159] Analysis of virus yields confirm that efficient MVA
production is achieved by the suspension EB14 cells grown in
suspension in serum-free and protein-free medium (FIG. 18). A virus
yield higher than the one unusually obtained with CEF cells is
routinely obtained. In addition, analysis of the distribution of
the infectious particles indicate that most virions are retained
within the cells and only a fraction is secreted in the supernatant
(FIG. 18).
[0160] EB14 and S86N45 cells are well characterized non-genetically
engineered avian embryonic stem cells that can be efficiently grown
in serum-free medium, either in suspension or as adherent cells.
The inventors demonstrate that the cells are highly susceptible to
infection and propagation of a recombinant and a non-recombinant
modified-vaccinia virus Ankara, and results indicate that viral
production is at least two to three fold higher than in control CEF
cells. Altogether, these features make of cells of the invention,
mainly EB14 and EB45, a highly promising cell substrate to replace
the current egg-based or CEF-based production system for the
production of MVA-based vectors.
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