U.S. patent application number 12/444683 was filed with the patent office on 2010-04-29 for display device with diffractive optics.
This patent application is currently assigned to QUALCOMM MEMS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.. Invention is credited to Ion Bita, Russell Wayne Gruhlke, Marek Mienko, Gang Xu.
Application Number | 20100103488 12/444683 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 39092712 |
Filed Date | 2010-04-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100103488 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Gruhlke; Russell Wayne ; et
al. |
April 29, 2010 |
DISPLAY DEVICE WITH DIFFRACTIVE OPTICS
Abstract
Light modulator displays may be illuminated using a light guide
comprising diffractive optics that directs light onto an array of
light modulators. A holographic light turning element may be
included with the light guide to turn light propagating within the
light guide onto the light modulators. In some embodiments, the
holographic element is configured to distribute a substantially
uniform amount of light across the array of modulators. The
holographic element may, for example, have a turning efficiency
that changes along the length of the holographic element. A
holographic element can also be used to function as a light bar.
Such a holographic element may receive light from a light source
such as a light emitting diode and distribute the light along a
light guide disposed in front of an array of light modulators.
Inventors: |
Gruhlke; Russell Wayne;
(Milpitas, CA) ; Bita; Ion; (San Jose, CA)
; Mienko; Marek; (San Jose, CA) ; Xu; Gang;
(Cupertino, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
KNOBBE, MARTENS, OLSON & BEAR, LLP
2040 MAIN STREET, FOURTEENTH FLOOR
IRVINE
CA
92614
US
|
Assignee: |
QUALCOMM MEMS TECHNOLOGIES,
INC.
San Diego
CA
|
Family ID: |
39092712 |
Appl. No.: |
12/444683 |
Filed: |
October 9, 2007 |
PCT Filed: |
October 9, 2007 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US07/21622 |
371 Date: |
April 7, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60850759 |
Oct 10, 2006 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
359/15 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G02B 6/0061 20130101;
G02B 6/0035 20130101; G03H 2001/0419 20130101; G03H 2001/2228
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
359/15 |
International
Class: |
G02B 5/32 20060101
G02B005/32 |
Claims
1. An illumination apparatus comprising: a light guide having first
and second ends, such that light injected into said first end is
guided toward said second end via total internal reflection; and
diffractive optics disposed to receive light propagating within the
light guide and turn a portion of said light out of said light
guide, said diffractive optics having a turning efficiency that
determines the amount of light turned out of the light guide
compared to the amount of light that continues to be guided within
the light guide, wherein said diffractive optics comprises at least
one hologram, and wherein the turning efficiency increases across a
substantial portion of said light guide, the turning efficiency
increasing by increasing a range of acceptance angles of the at
least one hologram.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one hologram
comprises a surface or volume hologram.
3. (canceled)
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the turning efficiency
increases on average over said substantial portion of said light
guide.
5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the power of the light exiting
the light guide is substantially the same along said substantial
portion of said light guide.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said substantial portion
comprises over at least 50% of the distance between the first end
and the second end.
7. (canceled)
8. (canceled)
9. (canceled)
10. (canceled)
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one hologram is
computer generated or is produced via replication from a computer
generated master hologram.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a display; a
processor that is configured to communicate with said display, said
processor being configured to process image data; and a memory
device that is configured to communicate with said processor.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising a driver circuit
configured to send at least one signal to the display.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising a controller
configured to send at least a portion of the image data to the
driver circuit.
15. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising an image source
module configured to send said image data to said processor.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the image source module
comprises at least one of a receiver, transceiver, and
transmitter.
17. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising an input device
configured to receive input data and to communicate said input data
to said processor.
18. A method of manufacturing an illumination apparatus, the method
comprising: providing a light guide having first and second ends
such that light injected into said first end is guided toward said
second end via total internal reflection; and disposing diffractive
optics so as to receive light guided in said light guide and turn a
portion of the light out of said light guide, said diffractive
optics having a turning efficiency that determines the amount of
light turned out of the light guide compared to the amount of light
that continues to be guided within the light guide, wherein said
diffractive optics comprises at least one hologram, and wherein the
turning efficiency of said hologram increases across a substantial
portion of said light guide, the turning efficiency increasing by
increasing a range of acceptance angles of the at least one
hologram.
19. (canceled)
20. (canceled)
21. (canceled)
22. (canceled)
23. (canceled)
24. (canceled)
25. (canceled)
26. (canceled)
27. (canceled)
28. An illumination apparatus comprising: means for guiding light,
said light guiding means having first and second ends such that
light injected into said first end is guided toward said second
end; and means for diffracting and turning a portion of said light
out of said light guide, said diffracting means having a turning
efficiency that determines the amount of light turned out of the
light guide compared to the amount of light that continues to be
guided within the light guide, wherein said diffracting means turns
said light holographically, and wherein the turning efficiency
increases across a substantial portion of said guiding means by
increasing a range of acceptance angles of the diffracting and
turning means.
29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein said light guiding means
comprise a light guide or said diffracting means comprises at least
one hologram.
30. (canceled)
31. (canceled)
32. A method of manufacturing an illumination apparatus, the method
comprising: providing a light guide having first and second ends
such that light injected into said first end is guided toward said
second end via total internal reflection; and disposing holographic
features in a holographic medium with respect to said light guide
so as to receive light guided in said light guide and turn a
portion of the light out of said light guide, wherein said
holographic features are substantially the same as holographic
features formed by a recording process using a beam having a width,
wherein a gradient in intensity of said beam varies across the
width.
33. (canceled)
34. (canceled)
35. An illumination apparatus comprising: a light guide having
first and second ends, such that light injected into said first end
is guided toward said second end via total internal reflection; and
diffractive optics comprising first and second holograms disposed
in first and second layers, said diffractive optics disposed to
receive light propagating within the light guide and turn a portion
of said light out of said light guide, said diffractive optics
having a turning efficiency that determines the amount of light
turned out of the light guide compared to the amount of light that
continues to be guided within the light guide, wherein the turning
efficiency varies across a substantial portion of said light guide,
and wherein the turning efficiency of each of said first and second
holograms is substantially constant over a substantial portion
thereof, and said first and second holograms are arranged to
provide increasing turning efficiency across the light guide.
36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein said substantial portion of
said holographic layer comprises over at least 50% of the
holographic layer.
37. A method of manufacturing an illumination apparatus, the method
comprising: providing a light guide having first and second ends
such that light injected into said first end is guided toward said
second end via total internal reflection; and disposing diffractive
optics comprising first and second holograms disposed in first and
second layers, respectively, so as to receive light guided in said
light guide and turn a portion of the light out of said light
guide, said diffractive optics having a turning efficiency that
determines the amount of light turned out of the light guide
compared to the amount of light that continues to be guided within
the light guide, wherein the turning efficiency varies across a
substantial portion of said light guide, and wherein the turning
efficiency of each of said first and second holograms is
substantially constant over a substantial portion thereof, and said
first and second holograms are arranged to provide increasing
turning efficiency across the light guide.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein said substantial portion of
said holographic layer comprises over at least 50% of the
holographic layer.
39. An illumination apparatus comprising: a light guide having a
top and bottom and edges disposed about said top and bottom; and
diffractive optics configured to receive light propagating from a
first edge of said light guide toward a second edge and turn at
least a portion of the received light such that said light is
redirected toward a third edge of said light guide, said
diffractive optics comprising at least one hologram.
40. (canceled)
41. (canceled)
42. (canceled)
43. (canceled)
44. (canceled)
45. (canceled)
46. (canceled)
47. (canceled)
48. (canceled)
49. (canceled)
50. (canceled)
51. (canceled)
52. (canceled)
53. (canceled)
54. (canceled)
55. (canceled)
56. (canceled)
57. A method of manufacturing an illumination apparatus, the method
comprising: providing a light guide having a top and bottom and
edges disposed about said top and bottom; and disposing diffractive
optics to receive light propagating from a first edge of said light
guide to a second edge and turn at least a portion of the received
light such that said light is redirected toward a third edge of
said light guide, said diffractive optics comprising at least one
hologram.
58. (canceled)
59. (canceled)
60. (canceled)
61. (canceled)
62. (canceled)
63. (canceled)
64. (canceled)
65. (canceled)
66. (canceled)
67. (canceled)
68. (canceled)
69. An illumination apparatus comprising: a means for guiding
light, said means having a top and bottom and edges disposed about
said top and bottom, such that light injected in a first edge of
said light guiding means propagates toward a second edge of said
light guiding means; and means for diffractive and turning light,
said diffractive means configured to receive light propagating from
said first edge to said second edge and turn at least a portion of
the received light such that said light is redirected toward a
third edge of said light guiding means, said diffractive means
configured to turn light holographically.
70. The apparatus of claim 69, wherein said light guiding means
comprises a light guide or said diffractive means comprises at
least one hologram.
71. (canceled)
Description
[0001] This application claims priority benefit under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/850,759,
filed Oct. 10, 2006, entitled "INTERFEROMETRIC MODULATOR DISPLAY
DEVICE WITH A HOLOGRAPHIC LAYER," which is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The field relates to display systems.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Technology
[0005] Display systems may include light modulators to produce a
displayed image by modulating light directed to the light
modulators. Such display systems may include a source of
illumination to at least partly provide light to the light
modulators. One embodiment of a light modulator comprises
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Micromechanical elements may
be created using deposition, etching, and or other micromachining
processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited
material layers or that add layers to form electrical and
electromechanical devices. One type of MEMS device is called an
interferometric modulator. As used herein, the term interferometric
modulator or interferometric light modulator refers to a device
that selectively absorbs and/or reflects light using the principles
of optical interference. In certain embodiments, an interferometric
modulator may comprise a pair of conductive plates, one or both of
which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and
capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate
electrical signal. In a particular embodiment, one plate may
comprise a stationary layer deposited on a substrate and the other
plate may comprise a metallic membrane separated from the
stationary layer by an air gap. As described herein in more detail,
the position of one plate in relation to another can change the
optical interference of light incident on the interferometric
modulator. Such devices have a wide range of applications, and it
would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the
characteristics of these types of devices so that their features
can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new
products that have not yet been developed. For example, a need
exists for improved illumination sources for light modulator based
displays.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] One embodiment of the present invention comprises a light
guide with diffractive optics disposed to receive light propagating
within the light guide and turn a portion of said light out of said
light guide. The diffractive optics has a turning efficiency that
determines the amount of light turned out of the light guide
compared to the amount of light that continues to be guided within
the light guide, and the turning efficiency varies across a
substantial portion of said light guide. The diffractive optics can
comprise one or more holograms.
[0007] Another embodiment of the invention is a method of making an
illumination apparatus, the method comprising providing a light
guide and disposing diffractive optics so as to receive light
guided in said light guide and turn a portion of the light out of
said light guide where the diffractive optics has a turning
efficiency that determines the amount of light turned out of the
light guide compared to the amount of light that continues to be
guided within the light guide, and the turning efficiency varies
across a substantial portion of said light guide, and the
diffractive optics comprises at least one hologram.
[0008] In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a
means for guiding light with a means for diffracting and turning a
portion of said light out of said light guide, where the
diffracting means has a turning efficiency that determines the
amount of light turned out of the light guide compared to the
amount of light that continues to be guided within the light guide,
and the turning efficiency varies across a substantial portion of
the guiding means, and the diffracting means turns said light
holographically.
[0009] A further embodiment comprises a light guide with
diffractive optics configured to receive light propagating from a
first edge of the light guide toward a second edge and turn at
least a portion of the received light such that the light is
redirected toward a third edge of the light guide, where the
diffractive optics comprising at least one hologram.
[0010] Another embodiment also comprises a method of making an
illumination apparatus, the method comprising providing a light
guide and disposing diffractive optics to receive light propagating
from a first edge of the light guide to a second edge and turn at
least a portion of the received light such that the light is
redirected toward a third edge of the light guide, where the
diffractive optics comprising at least one hologram.
[0011] In another embodiment, the invention comprises a means for
guiding light with a diffractive means configured to receive light
propagating from a first edge to a second edge and turn at least a
portion of the received light such that the light is redirected
toward a third edge of the light guiding means, where the
diffractive means configured to turn light holographically.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting a portion of one
embodiment of an interferometric modulator display in which a
movable reflective layer of a first interferometric modulator is in
a relaxed position and a movable reflective layer of a second
interferometric modulator is in an actuated position.
[0013] FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment
of an electronic device incorporating a 3.times.3 interferometric
modulator display.
[0014] FIG. 3 is a diagram of movable mirror position versus
applied voltage for one exemplary embodiment of an interferometric
modulator of FIG. 1.
[0015] FIG. 4 is an illustration of a set of row and column
voltages that may be used to drive an interferometric modulator
display.
[0016] FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate one exemplary timing diagram for
row and column signals that may be used to write a frame of display
data to the 3.times.3 interferometric modulator display of FIG.
2.
[0017] FIGS. 6A and 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an
embodiment of a visual display device comprising a plurality of
interferometric modulators.
[0018] FIG. 7A is a cross section of the device of FIG. 1.
[0019] FIG. 7B is a cross section of an alternative embodiment of
an interferometric modulator.
[0020] FIG. 7C is a cross section of another alternative embodiment
of an interferometric modulator.
[0021] FIG. 7D is a cross section of yet another alternative
embodiment of an interferometric modulator.
[0022] FIG. 7E is a cross section of an additional alternative
embodiment of an interferometric modulator.
[0023] FIGS. 8A-8C are cross sectional views of embodiments of a
display device comprising a light guide including a holographic
light turning element configured to illuminate an array of light
modulators.
[0024] FIGS. 9A-9B are cross sectional views of embodiments of a
display device comprising a light guide with a holographic light
turning element configured to illuminate an array of light
modulators with substantially equal brightness across the
array.
[0025] FIGS. 10A-10D are cross sectional views of embodiments of a
display device comprising a holographic element configured to
achieve enhanced lighting when an array of light modulators is
illuminated with ambient light by collimating the incident ambient
light.
[0026] FIG. 10E is a cross sectional view of an embodiment of a
display device comprising a holographic element configured to
diffuse light reflected from the array of light modulators.
[0027] FIG. 11A is a cross sectional view of a hologram which
incorporates the function a light bar.
[0028] FIG. 11B is a perspective view of a hologram which
incorporates the function a light bar.
[0029] FIG. 11C is a cross sectional view of recording a hologram
which incorporates the function a light bar.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS
[0030] The following detailed description is directed to certain
specific embodiments of the invention. However, the invention can
be embodied in a multitude of different ways. In this description,
reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated
with like numerals throughout. As will be apparent from the
following description, the embodiments may be implemented in any
device that is configured to display an image, whether in motion
(e.g., video) or stationary (e.g., still image), and whether
textual or pictorial. More particularly, it is contemplated that
the embodiments may be implemented in or associated with a variety
of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile
telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs),
hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras,
MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks,
calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer
monitors, auto displays (e.g., odometer display, etc.), cockpit
controls and/or displays, display of camera views (e.g., display of
a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs,
electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural
structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (e.g., display of
images on a piece of jewelry). MEMS devices of similar structure to
those described herein can also be used in non-display applications
such as in electronic switching devices.
[0031] Light modulator displays may be illuminated using a light
guide that illuminates an array of light modulators. Diffractive
optics may be included with the light guide to manipulates light
and redirect the light onto the light modulators.
[0032] In one embodiment, the diffractive optics comprises a
holographic turning layer positioned between the array and the
user. A light source is located to the side of the array and is
configured to inject light into the light guide. The light guide
guides the light across the front of the array of light modulators.
The holographic turning layer redirects the light propagating
across the light guide onto the modulators. In some embodiments,
the holographic turning layer is configured to distribute a
substantially uniform amount of light across the array of
modulators. The holographic element may, for example, have a
turning efficiency that changes along the length of the holographic
turning layer. The diffractive optics may also comprise a
holographic element that functions as a light bar. Such a
holographic element may receive light from a light source such as a
light emitting diode and distribute the light along a light guide
disposed in front of an array of light modulators. Other
embodiments are also disclosed herein.
[0033] One interferometric modulator display embodiment comprising
an interferometric MEMS display element is illustrated in FIG. 1.
In these devices, the pixels are in either a bright or dark state.
In the bright ("on" or "open") state, the display element reflects
a large portion of incident visible light to a user. When in the
dark ("off" or "closed") state, the display element reflects little
incident visible light to the user. Depending on the embodiment,
the light reflectance properties of the "on" and "off" states may
be reversed. MEMS pixels can be configured to reflect predominantly
at selected colors, allowing for a color display in addition to
black and white.
[0034] FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting two adjacent pixels in
a series of pixels of a visual display, wherein each pixel
comprises a MEMS interferometric modulator. In some embodiments, an
interferometric modulator display comprises a row/column array of
these interferometric modulators. Each interferometric modulator
includes a pair of reflective layers positioned at a variable and
controllable distance from each other to form a resonant optical
cavity with at least one variable dimension. In one embodiment, one
of the reflective layers may be moved between two positions. In the
first position, referred to herein as the relaxed position, the
movable reflective layer is positioned at a relatively large
distance from a fixed partially reflective layer. In the second
position, referred to herein as the actuated position, the movable
reflective layer is positioned more closely adjacent to the
partially reflective layer. Incident light that reflects from the
two layers interferes constructively or destructively depending on
the position of the movable reflective layer, producing either an
overall reflective or non-reflective state for each pixel.
[0035] The depicted portion of the pixel array in FIG. 1 includes
two adjacent interferometric modulators 12a and 12b. In the
interferometric modulator 12a on the left, a movable reflective
layer 14a is illustrated in a relaxed position at a predetermined
distance from an optical stack 16a, which includes a partially
reflective layer. In the interferometric modulator 12b on the
right, the movable reflective layer 14b is illustrated in an
actuated position adjacent to the optical stack 16b.
[0036] The optical stacks 16a and 16b (collectively referred to as
optical stack 16), as referenced herein, typically comprise of
several fused layers, which can include an electrode layer, such as
indium tin oxide (ITO), a partially reflective layer, such as
chromium, and a transparent dielectric. The optical stack 16 is
thus electrically conductive, partially transparent and partially
reflective, and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one
or more of the above layers onto a transparent substrate 20. In
some embodiments, the layers are patterned into parallel strips,
and may form row electrodes in a display device as described
further below. The movable reflective layers 14a, 14b may be formed
as a series of parallel strips of a deposited metal layer or layers
(orthogonal to the row electrodes of 16a, 16b) deposited on top of
posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between
the posts 18. When the sacrificial material is etched away, the
movable reflective layers 14a, 14b are separated from the optical
stacks 16a, 16b by a defined gap 19. A highly conductive and
reflective material such as aluminum may be used for the reflective
layers 14, and these strips may form column electrodes in a display
device.
[0037] With no applied voltage, the cavity 19 remains between the
movable reflective layer 14a and optical stack 16a, with the
movable reflective layer 14a in a mechanically relaxed state, as
illustrated by the pixel 12a in FIG. 1. However, when a potential
difference is applied to a selected row and column, the capacitor
formed at the intersection of the row and column electrodes at the
corresponding pixel becomes charged, and electrostatic forces pull
the electrodes together. If the voltage is high enough, the movable
reflective layer 14 is deformed and is forced against the optical
stack 16. A dielectric layer (not illustrated in this FIG.) within
the optical stack 16 may prevent shorting and control the
separation distance between layers 14 and 16, as illustrated by
pixel 12b on the right in FIG. 1. The behavior is the same
regardless of the polarity of the applied potential difference. In
this way, row/column actuation that can control the reflective vs.
non-reflective pixel states is analogous in many ways to that used
in conventional LCD and other display technologies.
[0038] FIGS. 2 through 5 illustrate one exemplary process and
system for using an array of interferometric modulators in a
display application.
[0039] FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment
of an electronic device that may incorporate aspects of the
invention. In the exemplary embodiment, the electronic device
includes a processor 21 which may be any general purpose single- or
multi-chip microprocessor such as an ARM, Pentium.RTM., Pentium
II.RTM., Pentium III.RTM., Pentium IV.RTM., Pentium.RTM. Pro, an
8051, a MIPS.RTM., a Power PC.RTM., an ALPHA.RTM., or any special
purpose microprocessor such as a digital signal processor,
microcontroller, or a programmable gate array. As is conventional
in the art, the processor 21 may be configured to execute one or
more software modules. In addition to executing an operating
system, the processor may be configured to execute one or more
software applications, including a web browser, a telephone
application, an email program, or any other software
application.
[0040] In one embodiment, the processor 21 is also configured to
communicate with an array driver 22. In one embodiment, the array
driver 22 includes a row driver circuit 24 and a column driver
circuit 26 that provide signals to a panel or display array
(display) 30. The cross section of the array illustrated in FIG. 1
is shown by the lines 1-1 in FIG. 2. For MEMS interferometric
modulators, the row/column actuation protocol may take advantage of
a hysteresis property of these devices illustrated in FIG. 3. It
may require, for example, a 10 volt potential difference to cause a
movable layer to deform from the relaxed state to the actuated
state. However, when the voltage is reduced from that value, the
movable layer maintains its state as the voltage drops back below
10 volts. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3, the movable layer
does not relax completely until the voltage drops below 2 volts.
There is thus a range of voltage, about 3 to 7 V in the example
illustrated in FIG. 3, where there exists a window of applied
voltage within which the device is stable in either the relaxed or
actuated state. This is referred to herein as the "hysteresis
window" or "stability window." For a display array having the
hysteresis characteristics of FIG. 3, the row/column actuation
protocol can be designed such that during row strobing, pixels in
the strobed row that are to be actuated are exposed to a voltage
difference of about 10 volts, and pixels that are to be relaxed are
exposed to a voltage difference of close to zero volts. After the
strobe, the pixels are exposed to a steady state voltage difference
of about 5 volts such that they remain in whatever state the row
strobe put them in. After being written, each pixel sees a
potential difference within the "stability window" of 3-7 volts in
this example. This feature makes the pixel design illustrated in
FIG. 1 stable under the same applied voltage conditions in either
an actuated or relaxed pre-existing state. Since each pixel of the
interferometric modulator, whether in the actuated or relaxed
state, is essentially a capacitor formed by the fixed and moving
reflective layers, this stable state can be held at a voltage
within the hysteresis window with almost no power dissipation.
Essentially no current flows into the pixel if the applied
potential is fixed.
[0041] In typical applications, a display frame may be created by
asserting the set of column electrodes in accordance with the
desired set of actuated pixels in the first row. A row pulse is
then applied to the row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels
corresponding to the asserted column lines. The asserted set of
column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set
of actuated pixels in the second row. A pulse is then applied to
the row 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels in row 2 in
accordance with the asserted column electrodes. The row 1 pixels
are unaffected by the row 2 pulse, and remain in the state they
were set to during the row 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the
entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame.
Generally, the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display
data by continually repeating this process at some desired number
of frames per second. A wide variety of protocols for driving row
and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are
also well known and may be used in conjunction with the present
invention.
[0042] FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate one possible actuation protocol for
creating a display frame on the 3.times.3 array of FIG. 2. FIG. 4
illustrates a possible set of column and row voltage levels that
may be used for pixels exhibiting the hysteresis curves of FIG. 3.
In the FIG. 4 embodiment, actuating a pixel involves setting the
appropriate column to -V.sub.bias, and the appropriate row to
+.DELTA.V, which may correspond to -5 volts and +5 volts
respectively Relaxing the pixel is accomplished by setting the
appropriate column to +V.sub.bias, and the appropriate row to the
same +.DELTA.V, producing a zero volt potential difference across
the pixel. In those rows where the row voltage is held at zero
volts, the pixels are stable in whatever state they were originally
in, regardless of whether the column is at +V.sub.bias, or
-V.sub.bias. As is also illustrated in FIG. 4, it will be
appreciated that voltages of opposite polarity than those described
above can be used, e.g., actuating a pixel can involve setting the
appropriate column to +V.sub.bias, and the appropriate row to
-.DELTA.V. In this embodiment, releasing the pixel is accomplished
by setting the appropriate column to -V.sub.bias, and the
appropriate row to the same -.DELTA.V, producing a zero volt
potential difference across the pixel.
[0043] FIG. 5B is a timing diagram showing a series of row and
column signals applied to the 3.times.3 array of FIG. 2 which will
result in the display arrangement illustrated in FIG. 5A, where
actuated pixels are non-reflective. Prior to writing the frame
illustrated in FIG. 5A, the pixels can be in any state, and in this
example, all the rows are at 0 volts, and all the columns are at +5
volts. With these applied voltages, all pixels are stable in their
existing actuated or relaxed states.
[0044] In the FIG. 5A frame, pixels (1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,2) and
(3,3) are actuated. To accomplish this, during a "line time" for
row 1, columns 1 and 2 are set to -5 volts, and column 3 is set to
+5 volts. This does not change the state of any pixels, because all
the pixels remain in the 3-7 volt stability window. Row 1 is then
strobed with a pulse that goes from 0, up to 5 volts, and back to
zero. This actuates the (1,1) and (1,2) pixels and relaxes the
(1,3) pixel. No other pixels in the array are affected. To set row
2 as desired, column 2 is set to -5 volts, and columns 1 and 3 are
set to +5 volts. The same strobe applied to row 2 will then actuate
pixel (2,2) and relax pixels (2,1) and (2,3). Again, no other
pixels of the array are affected. Row 3 is similarly set by setting
columns 2 and 3 to -5 volts, and column 1 to +5 volts. The row 3
strobe sets the row 3 pixels as shown in FIG. 5A. After writing the
frame, the row potentials are zero, and the column potentials can
remain at either +5 or -5 volts, and the display is then stable in
the arrangement of FIG. 5A. It will be appreciated that the same
procedure can be employed for arrays of dozens or hundreds of rows
and columns. It will also be appreciated that the timing, sequence,
and levels of voltages used to perform row and column actuation can
be varied widely within the general principles outlined above, and
the above example is exemplary only, and any actuation voltage
method can be used with the systems and methods described
herein.
[0045] FIGS. 6A and 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an
embodiment of a display device 40. The display device 40 can be,
for example, a cellular or mobile telephone. However, the same
components of display device 40 or slight variations thereof are
also illustrative of various types of display devices such as
televisions and portable media players.
[0046] The display device 40 includes a housing 41, a display 30,
an antenna 43, a speaker 45, an input device 48, and a microphone
46. The housing 41 is generally formed from any of a variety of
manufacturing processes as are well known to those of skill in the
art, including injection molding, and vacuum forming. In addition,
the housing 41 may be made from any of a variety of materials,
including but not limited to plastic, metal, glass, rubber, and
ceramic, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment the housing 41
includes removable portions (not shown) that may be interchanged
with other removable portions of different color, or containing
different logos, pictures, or symbols.
[0047] The display 30 of exemplary display device 40 may be any of
a variety of displays, including a bi-stable display, as described
herein. In other embodiments, the display 30 includes a flat-panel
display, such as plasma, EL, OLED, STN LCD, or TFT LCD as described
above, or a non-flat-panel display, such as a CRT or other tube
device, as is well known to those of skill in the art. However, for
purposes of describing the present embodiment, the display 30
includes an interferometric modulator display, as described
herein.
[0048] The components of one embodiment of exemplary display device
40 are schematically illustrated in FIG. 6B. The illustrated
exemplary display device 40 includes a housing 41 and can include
additional components at least partially enclosed therein. For
example, in one embodiment, the exemplary display device 40
includes a network interface 27 that includes an antenna 43 which
is coupled to a transceiver 47. The transceiver 47 is connected to
the processor 21, which is connected to conditioning hardware 52.
The conditioning hardware 52 may be configured to condition a
signal (e.g. filter a signal). The conditioning hardware 52 is
connected to a speaker 45 and a microphone 46. The processor 21 is
also connected to an input device 48 and a driver controller 29.
The driver controller 29 is coupled to a frame buffer 28 and to the
array driver 22, which in turn is coupled to a display array 30. A
power supply 50 provides power to all components as required by the
particular exemplary display device 40 design.
[0049] The network interface 27 includes the antenna 43 and the
transceiver 47 so that the exemplary display device 40 can
communicate with one or more devices over a network. In one
embodiment the network interface 27 may also have some processing
capabilities to relieve requirements of the processor 21. The
antenna 43 is any antenna known to those of skill in the art for
transmitting and receiving signals. In one embodiment, the antenna
transmits and receives RF signals according to the IEEE 802.12
standard, including IEEE 802.12(a), (b), or (g). In another
embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according
to the BLUETOOTH standard. In the case of a cellular telephone, the
antenna is designed to receive CDMA, GSM, AMPS or other known
signals that are used to communicate within a wireless cell phone
network. The transceiver 47 pre-processes the signals received from
the antenna 43 so that they may be received by and further
manipulated by the processor 21. The transceiver 47 also processes
signals received from the processor 21 so that they may be
transmitted from the exemplary display device 40 via the antenna
43.
[0050] In an alternative embodiment, the transceiver 47 can be
replaced by a receiver. In yet another alternative embodiment,
network interface 27 can be replaced by an image source, which can
store or generate image data to be sent to the processor 21. For
example, the image source can be a digital video disc (DVD) or a
hard-disc drive that contains image data, or a software module that
generates image data.
[0051] Processor 21 generally controls the overall operation of the
exemplary display device 40. The processor 21 receives data, such
as compressed image data from the network interface 27 or an image
source, and processes the data into raw image data or into a format
that is readily processed into raw image data. The processor 21
then sends the processed data to the driver controller 29 or to
frame buffer 28 for storage. Raw data typically refers to the
information that identifies the image characteristics at each
location within an image. For example, such image characteristics
can include color, saturation, and gray-scale level.
[0052] In one embodiment, the processor 21 includes a
microcontroller, CPU, or logic unit to control operation of the
exemplary display device 40. Conditioning hardware 52 generally
includes amplifiers and filters for transmitting signals to the
speaker 45, and for receiving signals from the microphone 46.
Conditioning hardware 52 may be discrete components within the
exemplary display device 40, or may be incorporated within the
processor 21 or other components.
[0053] The driver controller 29 takes the raw image data generated
by the processor 21 either directly from the processor 21 or from
the frame buffer 28 and reformats the raw image data appropriately
for high speed transmission to the array driver 22. Specifically,
the driver controller 29 reformats the raw image data into a data
flow having a raster-like format, such that it has a time order
suitable for scanning across the display array 30. Then the driver
controller 29 sends the formatted information to the array driver
22. Although a driver controller 29, such as a LCD controller, is
often associated with the system processor 21 as a stand-alone
Integrated Circuit (IC), such controllers may be implemented in
many ways. They may be embedded in the processor 21 as hardware,
embedded in the processor 21 as software, or fully integrated in
hardware with the array driver 22.
[0054] Typically, the array driver 22 receives the formatted
information from the driver controller 29 and reformats the video
data into a parallel set of waveforms that are applied many times
per second to the hundreds and sometimes thousands of leads coming
from the display's x-y matrix of pixels.
[0055] In one embodiment, the driver controller 29, array driver
22, and display array 30 are appropriate for any of the types of
displays described herein. For example, in one embodiment, driver
controller 29 is a conventional display controller or a bi-stable
display controller (e.g., an interferometric modulator controller).
In another embodiment, array driver 22 is a conventional driver or
a bi-stable display driver (e.g., an interferometric modulator
display). In one embodiment, a driver controller 29 is integrated
with the array driver 22. Such an embodiment is common in highly
integrated systems such as cellular phones, watches, and other
small area displays. In yet another embodiment, display array 30 is
a typical display array or a bi-stable display array (e.g., a
display including an array of interferometric modulators).
[0056] The input device 48 allows a user to control the operation
of the exemplary display device 40. In one embodiment, input device
48 includes a keypad, such as a QWERTY keyboard or a telephone
keypad, a button, a switch, a touch-sensitive screen, a pressure-
or heat-sensitive membrane. In one embodiment, the microphone 46 is
an input device for the exemplary display device 40. When the
microphone 46 is used to input data to the device, voice commands
may be provided by a user for controlling operations of the
exemplary display device 40.
[0057] Power supply 50 can include a variety of energy storage
devices as are well known in the art. For example, in one
embodiment, power supply 50 is a rechargeable battery, such as a
nickel-cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery. In another
embodiment, power supply 50 is a renewable energy source, a
capacitor, or a solar cell, including a plastic solar cell, and
solar-cell paint. In another embodiment, power supply 50 is
configured to receive power from a wall outlet.
[0058] In some implementations control programmability resides, as
described above, in a driver controller which can be located in
several places in the electronic display system. In some cases
control programmability resides in the array driver 22. Those of
skill in the art will recognize that the above-described
optimization may be implemented in any number of hardware and/or
software components and in various configurations.
[0059] The details of the structure of interferometric modulators
that operate in accordance with the principles set forth above may
vary widely. For example, FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate five different
embodiments of the movable reflective layer 14 and its supporting
structures. FIG. 7A is a cross section of the embodiment of FIG. 1,
where a strip of metal material 14 is deposited on orthogonally
extending supports 18. In FIG. 7B, the moveable reflective layer 14
is attached to supports at the corners only, on tethers 32. In FIG.
7C, the moveable reflective layer 14 is suspended from a deformable
layer 34, which may comprise a flexible metal. The deformable layer
34 connects, directly or indirectly, to the substrate 20 around the
perimeter of the deformable layer 34. These connections are herein
referred to as support posts. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7D
has support post plugs 42 upon which the deformable layer 34 rests.
The movable reflective layer 14 remains suspended over the cavity,
as in FIGS. 7A-7C, but the deformable layer 34 does not form the
support posts by filling holes between the deformable layer 34 and
the optical stack 16. Rather, the support posts are formed of a
planarization material, which is used to form support post plugs
42. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7E is based on the
embodiment shown in FIG. 7D, but may also be adapted to work with
any of the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7C as well as
additional embodiments not shown. In the embodiment shown in FIG.
7E, an extra layer of metal or other conductive material has been
used to form a bus structure 44. This allows signal routing along
the back of the interferometric modulators, eliminating a number of
electrodes that may otherwise have had to be formed on the
substrate 20.
[0060] In embodiments such as those shown in FIG. 7, the
interferometric modulators function as direct-view devices, in
which images are viewed from the front side of the transparent
substrate 20, the side opposite to that upon which the modulator is
arranged. In these embodiments, the reflective layer 14 optically
shields some portions of the interferometric modulator on the side
of the reflective layer opposite the substrate 20, including the
deformable layer 34 and the bus structure 44. This allows the
shielded areas to be configured and operated upon without
negatively affecting the image quality. This separable modulator
architecture allows the structural design and materials used for
the electromechanical aspects and the optical aspects of the
modulator to be selected and to function independently of each
other. Moreover, the embodiments shown in FIGS. 7C-7E have
additional benefits deriving from the decoupling of the optical
properties of the reflective layer 14 from its mechanical
properties, which are carried out by the deformable layer 34. This
allows the structural design and materials used for the reflective
layer 14 to be optimized with respect to the optical properties,
and the structural design and materials used for the deformable
layer 34 to be optimized with respect to desired mechanical
properties.
[0061] Many types of reflective displays, including interferometric
modulator displays, use ambient light for illumination. In
conditions of low ambient light, an illumination apparatus can be
used to provide illumination from an artificial light source. For
example, FIG. 8A illustrates one embodiment of a front illumination
apparatus 100 that can be used to illuminate an array of display
elements or modulating elements 130 in a display device. The light
modulating elements 130 may comprise, e.g., interferometric
modulators, electrophoretic or reflective LCD elements, etc., and
may be disposed on a substrate. This substrate may be used to
support the modulating elements during fabrication. The substrate
may comprise, for example, glass or plastic, although other
materials may be used.
[0062] The illumination apparatus 100 can include a light guide 110
comprising, for example, one or more films, film stacks, layers,
sheets, or slab-like components disposed in front of the array of
modulating elements 130. In various preferred embodiments, the
light guide 110 comprises glass or plastic. Additionally, in
certain embodiments, the modulating elements 130 are formed on a
substrate and the light guide 110 is disposed on the opposite side
of the substrate. The light guide 110 may comprise one or more
light guide layers formed on the side of the substrate opposite to
the modulating elements. This light guide 110 has a first end 110a
and a second end 110b. Light can be coupled into the light guide
110 at the first end 110a and can propagate from the first end 110a
to the second end 110b guided therein, for example, by total
internal reflection. The light guide 110 also has front and rear
sides. The front side is farther from the modulating elements 130
while the rear side is closer to the light modulating elements.
[0063] This illumination apparatus 100 further comprises a
multilayer stack with a holographic layer 120 configured to direct
light propagating in the light guide 110 onto the modulating
elements 130. This holographic layer 120 may comprise one or more
volume or surface holograms.
[0064] More generally, the holographic layer may be referred to as
diffractive optics, comprising for example diffractive features
such as volume or surface features. In certain embodiments, the
diffractive optics comprises one or more holograms. The diffractive
features in such embodiments comprise holographic features.
[0065] Holography advantageously enables light to be manipulated so
as to achieve a desired output for a given input. Moreover,
multiple functions may be included in a single holographic layer.
In certain embodiments, for instance, a first hologram comprising a
first plurality of holographic features that provide for one
function (e.g., turning light) and a second hologram comprising a
second plurality of holographic features provide for another
function (e.g., collimating light). Accordingly, the holographic
layer 120 may comprise a first set of volume index of refraction
variations or topographical features arranged to diffract light in
a specific manner, for example, to turn light propagating across
the light guide 110 into the array of light modulating elements 130
as well as a second set of volume index of refraction or
topographical variations arranged to diffract light, for example,
to collimate light. (Such a holographic layer may be equivalently
considered by one skilled in the art as comprising multiple
holograms or as comprising a single hologram having for example
multiple optical functions recorded therein. Accordingly, the term
hologram may be used herein to describe diffractive optics in which
one or more optical functions have been holographically recorded.
Alternately, a single holographic layer may be described herein as
having multiple holograms recorded therein each providing a single
optical function such as, e.g., collimating light, etc.)
Additionally, although not shown, in some embodiments, the
holographic layer may be attached to the illumination apparatus 100
with an adhesive such as a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA), or
other adhesive. In various embodiments, the adhesive is index
matched or has an index similar to the holographic layer. Other
methods may be used to attach the holographic layer to the
illumination apparatus.
[0066] The holographic layer 120 shown in FIG. 8A is disposed on
the front side of the light guide 130 and comprises a reflective
hologram. The reflective holographic layer 120 of FIG. 8A reflects
light within an angular range of acceptance toward the light
modulating elements 130. This light may be directed substantially
normal to the holographic layer 120 and the light modulating
elements 130. For example, light diffracted by the hologram may be
directed into a range of angles having an angular width of full
width at half maximum (FWHM) between about 2.degree. to 10.degree.,
10.degree. to 20.degree., 20.degree. to 30.degree., 30.degree. to
40.degree., 40.degree. to 50.degree. and may be centered at an
angle of about 0 to 5.degree., 5.degree.-10.degree., 10.degree. to
15.degree., 15.degree. to 20.degree., 20.degree. to 25.degree. with
respect to the normal to the holographic layer. Accordingly,
although FIG. 8A shows light incident on the modulator as being
normal thereto, the turned light, if incident on the reflective
spatial light modulator at exactly 90.degree., would also be
reflected back at 90.degree., would (pursuant to the principle of
reciprocity) follow the same path in reverse and would not achieve
the desired effect, for example, would not be directed to the
viewer. Likewise, light described as being normal or appearing
normal in the figures should be understood to deviate from normal
at least enough to avoid retracing its incident path.
[0067] Light directed at other angles outside the range of
acceptance angles of the holographic layer is reflected at an angle
generally equal to the angle of incidence in some embodiments. This
light may, for example, be reflected by total internal reflection
from an interface between the holographic layer 120 and the light
guide layer 110, for example, where the light guide layer has a
higher index of refraction than the holographic layer, and the
holographic layer is an optical isolation layer for the light
guide. In other embodiments, light incident at angles outside the
acceptance range is transmitted through the holographic layer 120,
and reflected from a surface on the reverse side of the hologram
120. The light may be totally internally reflected at the interface
between the holographic layer 120 and surrounding medium (e.g.,
air), for example, in the case where the holographic layer has a
high index of refraction relative to the light guide. In
alternative embodiments, the surface of the holographic layer 120
away from the light guide may be coated with a reflective layer
comprising, for example, a metal, such as aluminum, or a dielectric
material to provide reflection. Other approaches to introducing
reflection are additionally or alternatively possible.
[0068] In some embodiments, the acceptance range may be centered at
angles of about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about
30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60,
about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, or about 85 degrees, and
may have a width (FWHM, for example) of about 1, about 2, about 4,
about 5, about 7, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30,
about 35, about 40, or about 45 degrees. The efficiency of the
hologram 120 may vary for different embodiments. The efficiency of
a hologram is the ratio of (a) light incident within the acceptance
range which is redirected (e.g., turned) by the hologram as a
result of optical interference caused by the holographic features
to (b) the total light incident within the range of acceptance, and
is determined by the design and fabrication parameters of the
hologram 120. In some embodiments, the efficiency is greater than
about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%,
about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%,
60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about
90%, or about 95%.
[0069] An optical isolation region 140 having a lower refractive
index than the light guide 110 is also shown. This low refractive
index region 140 may act as a an optical isolation layer for the
light guide 110. In such embodiments, the interface of light guide
110 and low n layer 140 forms a TIR (total internal reflection)
interface. Light rays within the light guide 110 which are incident
on the interface at greater than the critical angle (e.g.,
40.degree., as measured with respect to the normal to the surface,
will be specularly reflected back into the light guide 110. The low
n region 140 has an index of refraction, n, less than the index of
refraction of the light guide 110, and may, for example be a layer
of material such as a layer of glass or plastic. Other materials
may also be used. In various preferred embodiments, the material is
substantially optically transparent such that the display elements
130 may be viewed through the material.
[0070] The low n region 140 advantageously isolates the light
propagating across the light guide 110 from the modulating elements
130 unless the light is turned by the holographic layer 120 through
the low n region 140 into the modulating elements. In some
embodiments, the light modulating elements 130 are absorbing of at
least some wavelengths or wavelength bands. Without the low n
region 140, also referred to as an optical isolation region, light
propagating across the light guide 110 might be lost to absorbing
light modulating elements 130 located adjacent to the light
guide.
[0071] In certain embodiments, the low index region 140 comprises
an air gap or a gap filled with another gas or liquid. The light
guide 110 and hologram 120 may be separated from the display
elements 130 by the gap filled with air, gas, or other low index
medium.
[0072] In some embodiments, the low index region comprises the
substrate for the modulating elements 130. In such case, the light
guide 110 may have an index of refraction higher than the
substrate.
[0073] Accordingly, light propagating through the light guide 110,
which is incident on the hologram 120 outside of the acceptance
range, will continue to propagate across the surface of the display
100. However, light propagating through the light guide 110, which
is incident on the hologram 120 within the acceptance range, will
be turned so as to leave the holographic layer 120 and be incident
on the low n layer 140 at about 90 degrees with respect to the
holographic layer. The turned light will be transmitted through the
low n layer 140 to illuminate the light modulators 130.
[0074] FIG. 8B is a cross section of another embodiment of an
illumination apparatus 100 for a display device. The apparatus 100
comprises a light guide 110, holographic layer 120, and low n
isolation layer 140, which are each disposed forward an array of
light modulators 130.
[0075] In this embodiment, however, the holographic layer 120
comprises a transmissive hologram. The holographic layer 120 is
configured to transmit light incident within the acceptance range
and direct this transmitted light substantially perpendicular to
holographic layer 120 and the light modulators 130. Accordingly,
the light guide 110 is in front of the holographic layer 120 while
the light modulators 130 are rearward of the holographic layer.
[0076] In certain embodiments, TIR interfaces are located at the
interface between the light guide 110 and the front surface of the
holographic layer 120 and at the interface between the light guide
110 and the medium (e.g., air) adjacent the illumination apparatus
100. Another low index layer (not shown) in front of the light
guide 110 may also be used. In some embodiments, the interface
between the holographic layer 120 and the optical isolation layer
140 form a TIR interface for guiding light within the light guide
110.
[0077] Accordingly, in certain embodiments, light propagates along
the light guide from the first end to the second end via total
internal reflection. Light incident on the holographic layer 120 at
an angle within the range of acceptance is transmitted through the
holographic layer 120 at normal incidence to the light modulating
elements 130. This light passes through the low index isolation
layer 140 to the light modulators 130.
[0078] FIG. 8C is a cross section of another embodiment of an
illumination apparatus 100 for a display device with a multilayer
stack comprising a light guide 110, holographic layer 120, and low
index isolation layer 140 disposed forward of an array of display
elements 130. In some embodiments, the display elements 130 are
light modulators 130. In this embodiment, the light guide 110 has
front and rear portions 110A and 110B, where the front light guide
portion 110A is forward of the holographic layer 120 and the rear
light guide portion 110B is rearward of the holographic layer 120.
(These front and rear portions 110A and 110B may be referred to as
light guides themselves.) As illustrated, the light modulators 130
are also rearward of the holographic layer 120. The front and rear
portions 110A, 110B of the light guide 110 may comprise light guide
films that sandwich the holographic layer 120 therebetween. The
hologram(s) or holographic features may be recorded in the
holographic layer 120 after the layer is sandwiched between the
front and rear portions 110A, 110B.
[0079] As illustrated in FIG. 8C, each of the light guide portions
110A and 110B has a TIR surface. The light guide portion 110A has a
TIR surface in the front of the front light guide portion 110A, and
the light guide portion 110B has a TIR surface at the rear of the
rear light guide portion 110B. The TIR surface in the front of the
front light guide portion 110A is formed by the interface with the
external medium (e.g., air) or with another low index layer in
front of the front portion 110A. The TIR surface at the rear of the
rear light guide portion 110B is formed by the interface of the low
index isolation layer 140 with the light guide portion 110B.
[0080] The holographic layer 120, in this embodiment, comprises
holographic features configured to turn and transmit light incident
within a first acceptance range from light guide portion 110A, and
to turn light incident within a second acceptance range from light
guide portion 110B. The first angle is for light propagating within
the front light guide portion 110A incident on the holographic
layer 120 and the second angle is for the light propagating in the
rear light guide portion 110B that is incident on the holographic
layer. As shown in FIG. 8C, light from light guide portion 110A is
turned and transmitted through the holographic layer 120, through
light guide portion 110B and to the light modulators 130.
Additionally, light from light guide portion 110B is turned and
reflected from the holographic layer 120, through light guide
portion 110B, and to the light modulators 130.
[0081] To provide for the different acceptance angles, multiple
hologram o sets of holographic features may be recorded within the
holographic layer 120. Such holograms or holographic features can
be recorded by using beams directed at different angles.
[0082] For example, a holographic recording medium may be exposed
to one set of beams to establish a reflection hologram. The
holographic recording medium may additionally be exposed to a
second set of beams to record a transmission hologram. The
holographic recording medium may be developed such that the two
holograms are formed, for example, in a single layer. In such an
arrangement, two sets of holographic features, one corresponding to
the reflection hologram and one corresponding to the transmission
hologram are formed. (One skilled in the art may refer to the
aggregate structure as a single hologram or alternately as multiple
holograms.)
[0083] Optical or non-optical replication processes may be employed
to generate additional holograms. For example, a master can be
generated from the developed layer and the master can be used to
produce similar holograms having the two sets of holographic
features therein to provide the reflective and transmissive
functionality such as shown in FIG. 8. Intermediate structures may
also be formed. For example, the original can be replicated one or
more times before forming the master or product.
[0084] (As described above, the replicated holographic structure
may be referred to as a single hologram comprising multiple sets of
holographic features that provide different functions.
Alternatively, the sets of holographic features providing different
functions can be referred to as different holograms.)
[0085] The holographic features may comprise, for example, surface
features or volume features of the holographic layer 120. Other
methods can also be used. The holograms may for example be computer
generated or formed from a master. The master may or may not be
computer generated. In some embodiments, different methods or a
combination of methods are used.
[0086] In some embodiments, the first and second acceptance ranges
have substantially the same magnitude but different signs. For
example, in one embodiment, the first acceptance range is centered
at about 20 degrees and is about 4 degrees wide and the second
acceptance range is centered at about -20 degrees and is about 4
degrees wide. Other angles are possible. In some embodiments,
however only one hologram configured to turn the light to the
modulators is recorded (reflective or transmissive). In other
embodiments, only reflection holograms configured to turn the light
to the modulators are recorded in the holographic layer 120. In
other embodiments, only transmissive holograms configured to turn
the light to the modulators are recorded.
[0087] In some embodiments, other holograms or sets of holographic
features may also be included. For example, the holographic layer
120 may also be configured to collimate and/or diffuse ambient
light incident thereon. Other features may additionally be
included.
[0088] As mentioned above, a hologram, or its holographic features,
has a limited efficiency. Accordingly, only a portion of the light
within the acceptance range is turned toward the light modulators
130. The un-turned portion reflects from or is transmitted through
the holographic layer 120 at an angle of reflection or angle of
transmission having substantially the same magnitude as the angle
of incidence on the holographic layer. The holographic layer, for
example, may act as an optical isolation layer for the light guides
in some embodiments, although in others the light may pass through
to the holographic layer if not within the range of acceptance
angles. Accordingly, the transmitted or reflected light will
continue to propagate within the light guide 110 totally internally
reflecting from an interface of the light guide 110. Accordingly,
this light will again be directed back towards the holographic
layer 120. Because this light is within the acceptance range, a
portion is again turned by the holographic layer 120 toward the
light modulators 130. However, unless adjusted for, the power of
the light turned at the second turning is less than that of the
first turning. For example, if the efficiency of the hologram 120
is 50%, 50% of the incident light within the acceptance range is
turned toward the light modulators 130 on the first pass, and 50%
of the incident light within the acceptance range continues to
propagate across the display 100. After reflecting from the TIR
interface, the propagated 50% interacts with the holographic layer
120 on the second pass. As a result of the 50% efficiency of the
hologram, 50% of the propagated 50% is turned, and 50% of the
propagated 50% continues to propagate along the light guide.
Accordingly, light directed to the modulating elements on the
second pass has 25% of the optical power of the original light
incident on the holographic layer on the first pass. Similarly, the
propagated light after the second pass has 25% of the optical power
of the original light incident on the holographic layer on the
first pass. In this example, of the original light incident on the
holographic layer 120, 50% is turned at the first pass, 25% is
turned upon the second pass, 12.5% is turned upon the third pass,
and so forth. This effect is problematic as the result is that one
side of the screen is brighter than the other. Embodiments
discussed below, however, offer solutions to this problem.
[0089] Additional holograms may be recorded in the holographic
layer 120 for the different embodiments described herein. These
holograms may correspond to different angles of incidence,
transmission, and/or reflection. Accordingly, a variety of
acceptance angles may be provided. Similarly, the additional
holograms provide different angles at which light is directed to
the light modulating elements 130.
[0090] Moreover, additional holograms may introduce diffusion. One
or more holographic diffusers may be recorded in the holographic
layer 120. The holographic layer 120 may thus operate as a diffuser
in front of the light modulating elements 130. The diffuser may
reduce the specular or mirror-like appearance of certain modulating
devices such as interferometric modulators. The diffuser may also
reduce the pixilation of some light modulator arrays. The diffuser
may also alter the angle of propagation of light within the light
guide, such that after interacting with the diffuser, the light is
within the angle of acceptance of the holographic layer. Such
holographic diffusers may be formed optically, may be
computer-generated, or may be formed by using other approaches.
Other functionalities can be added by recording additional
holograms in the layer.
[0091] Other variations are also possible. For example, although a
low index optical isolation layer 140 is shown in FIGS. 8A-8C, this
isolation layer may be excluded in certain embodiments. For
example, the holographic layer 120 may be disposed directly on the
substrate on which the light modulating elements 130 are formed.
The holographic layer 120 may be formed on a front side of the
substrate and the light modulating elements 130 may be formed on a
rear side of the substrate. In some embodiments, the substrate may
form all or port of the light guide.
[0092] FIG. 9A is a cross section of one embodiment of an
illumination apparatus 200 comprising a light guide 110,
holographic layer 120, and low n layer 140 disposed in front of
light modulators 130. The embodiment of FIG. 9A is similar to that
shown in FIG. 8A. FIG. 9A illustrates the operation of the light
guide 110, low index layer 140, and holographic layer 120, which
propagate light across the array of light modulators 130. In this
embodiment, however, the holographic layer 120 distributes light
propagated along the light guide 110 so as to provide substantially
uniform brightness to the array of light modulating elements
130.
[0093] In various embodiments, a hologram may be recorded in the
holographic layer 120, wherein the hologram provides substantially
uniform brightness in different ways. In one embodiment, the
hologram has varying turning efficiency along its length. The
turning efficiency determines the amount of light turned out of the
light guide compared to the amount of light that continues to be
guided within the light guide. In embodiment, the holographic layer
120 is configured to have increasing efficiency across the length
(x direction) of the light guide 100. The increased efficiency may
be introduced by increasing the diffraction efficiency of the
holographic layer 120, which is schematically indicated in FIG. 9A
by increasingly dense hatching in the holographic layer 120. For
example, the holographic layer 120 can be formed such that the
efficiency at the first pass 150 is 20%, the efficiency at the
second pass 160 is 25%, and the efficiency at the third pass is
33%. Accordingly of the power of the light incident on the
holographic layer 120 at the first 150, 20% is turned and 80% is
propagated. At the second location 160, 80% of the original light
in the range of acceptance angles is incident. Because the
efficiency of the holographic layer 120 at the second location 160
is 25%, 20% of the original light is turned, and 60% is propagated.
At the third location 170, 60% of the original light in the range
of acceptance is incident. Because the efficiency at the third
location 170 is 33%, 20% of the original light is turned, and 40%
is propagated. Because the hologram 120 is formed with varying
efficiency across the length of the light guide 110, the amount of
light turned at each location 150, 160, 170 is 20% of the original
light incident on the holographic layer 120 within the range of
acceptance angles. Accordingly, the brightness does not vary across
the array of modulating elements 130.
[0094] A hologram having progressively increasingly efficiency
across its spatial extent may be formed, for example, by using a
beam having a gradient in intensity across its width in the
recording process. Such a gradient intensity can be obtained by
using a neutral density filter having a gradient in optical
density. Such a process may be used to produce a master. Such a
master could be used to form holographic features in another
holographic medium, thereby allowing for the mass production of
holograms. Other methods may be used to produce the hologram. The
holograms may be computer generated.
[0095] In another embodiment, rather than a varying optical density
affecting the efficiency of the hologram at different positions,
the hologram may have a uniform efficiency and a varying range of
acceptance angles. For example, near the incident light source the
range of acceptance angles may be narrow. Further away from the
light source, the range of acceptance angles turned by the hologram
may broaden and hence increase the amount of light turned by the
hologram. In another embodiment some combination of efficiency and
acceptance angle may be arranged in order to uniformly direct light
to the array of light modulating elements 130.
[0096] FIG. 9B shows another structure which can be used
additionally or alternatively to vary the efficiency of the
holographic layer 120. According to this embodiment, the light
guide 110 has layers 110A, 110B, and 110C, and the holographic
layer 120 has stacked layered portions 120A, 120B, and 120C.
Increased hologram efficiency is achieved, at least in part, by
adding additional layered portions and arranging the stacked
portions such that the number of stacked holographic portions or
the total thickness of the layered holographic portions is smaller
at the first end of the light guide and increases along the length
of the holographic layer to the second end of the light guide.
Accordingly, light injected into the light guide 110 has increased
opportunity to be diffracted at locations closer to the second end
where the optical power within the light guide will be less.
[0097] As shown in FIG. 9B, for example, according to the
efficiency of the holographic layer 120 at the first location 150,
a portion of the incident light is turned and a portion continues
to propagate along the light guide 110 (e.g. light guide portion
110c). At the second location 160, although only a portion of the
original incident light is available, the light is incident on a
holographic multilayer comprising two sublayers, and a higher
effective efficiency is thereby achieved. Similarly, at the third
location, the light is incident a holographic multilayer comprising
in addition to the two sublayers, a third sublayer to effectively
further increase the turning efficiency. As the hologram layers
120A, 120B, and 120C are each formed, their respective individual
efficiencies can be tailored such that the effective combined
efficiencies at each turning may produce substantially identical
portions of turned light.
[0098] FIG. 9B only shows a few rays traced for illustrative
purposes and does not represent a complete picture of the effect on
the light of each reflection at each layered holographic portion.
Nevertheless, rays not shown are also affected by the progression
in optical efficiency and thus may further contribute to the
uniformity of light across the array of modulating elements.
Additionally, in other embodiments, more (or fewer) sublayers may
be used.
[0099] Accordingly, by progressively increasing the efficiency of
the holographic layer 120 from the first end to the second end, the
array of light modulating elements can be substantially uniformly
illuminated. The efficiency may increase from 0-5 to 10-50% across
a distance of 0-10 to 25-50 mm. Accordingly, the efficiency may
increase at a rate of 0.1 to 2%/mm. This gradation can be smooth or
a step-like progression. The steps may be about 5 mm wide. The
resultant uniformity of light turned out of the light guide may be
20 to 80% across a length of 0 to 50 mm.
[0100] FIG. 10A shows an embodiment of an illumination apparatus
200 comprising a holographic layer 220, a light guide 210, and low
n layer 240, in front of a plurality of light modulators 230. In
some embodiments, the light modulators 230 may comprise
interferometric modulators having reflective surfaces such as are
described above.
[0101] The holographic layer 220 is configured to substantially
collimate ambient light incident on the holographic layer from a
range of angles. Certain modulating elements 230 such as
interferometric modulators modulated light rays normal to the
modulators. Other rays may be absorbed and not contribute to the
image formation. By substantially collimating the light and
directing the light substantially normal to the array of modulators
230, the incident light that is used near normal viewing of the
image display is increased. Accordingly, the brightness of the
displayed image when viewed at near normal is increased using
ambient light. The collimated light rays described herein, however,
need not be perfectly parallel but may vary within about .+-.10
degrees of each other. Accordingly, collimated rays directed at
generally normal incidence onto the modulators may be oriented
within about .+-.10 degrees of the normal to said modulators.
Additionally, in some embodiments only a portion of the ambient
light, for example, 70% to 50%, 60% to 40%, 50% to 30%, 40% to 20%,
or 30% to 10% or less may be collected and collimated by the
hologram. For example, in many display applications, ambient light
overhead can be collected and used whereas ambient light from below
is blocked by the user.
[0102] The holographic layer may be configured, for example, to
collect light from an angular range of between about 45.degree. to
90.degree. with respect to the normal to the holographic layer 220
and redirect the rays into a range of between about 0.degree. to
40.degree. with respect to the normal, or in other embodiments
between about 0.degree. to about 20.degree.. Other ranges are also
possible.
[0103] FIG. 10A additionally shows an optional prismatic turning
film 201 that can be disposed on the holographic layer 220. The
prismatic turning film 201 can be used to turn light propagating
along the length (x direction) of light guide 210 toward the
display elements (in the z direction) such that the light is
substantially normal to the array of display elements.
[0104] FIG. 10B shows an embodiment of an illumination apparatus
250 which includes first and second holograms 220A and 220B and
first and second light guide portions 210A, 210B, on which said
first and second holograms are disposed, and a low index isolation
layer 240 in front of a plurality of light modulators 230. As
shown, the first hologram 220A is disposed in front of the first
light guide portion 210A. The first light guide portion 210A is
disposed in front of the second hologram 220B, and the second
hologram 220B is disposed in front of the second light guide
portion 210B, which is disposed in front of the optical isolation
layer 240 and the light modulating elements 230.
[0105] The second hologram 220B of display 250 is configured to
collect ambient light incident thereon over a range of non-normal
angles and to collimate and direct the collected light
substantially normal to the light modulating elements 230, as
described above with respect to hologram 220 of apparatus 200 shown
in FIG. 10A. The ambient light brightness is increased by the
second hologram 220B. Additionally, first hologram 220A is
configured to turn light of a certain acceptance angle range such
that it is substantially perpendicular to the light modulator layer
230. The second hologram 220A may have similar configuration and
function as hologram 120 according to various embodiments described
above.
[0106] FIG. 10C shows an embodiment of a display 300 which has a
single holographic layer 320, a light guide 310, and a low index
isolation layer 340 disposed in front of the light modulators 330.
The light guide 310, low n layer 340, and light modulators 330 have
functionality and structure which may be similar to that of similar
structures described above.
[0107] The holographic layer 320 comprises first and second
holograms or sets of holographic features having the functions
described above with reference to holograms 220A and 220B,
respectively shown in FIG. 10B. These first and second holograms or
sets of holographic features can be recorded in the same
holographic medium. Optical recording by using two different
optical set-ups: one wherein wide angle illumination representing
ambient lighting is used and one where light is propagated along
the light guide. Other methods may also be used to record the
multiple holographic features in the holographic layer 320. The
holographic features may, for example, be computer generated.
Additionally, one or more holographic masters may be used.
[0108] The first hologram or set of holographic features is
configured to turn light propagating within the light guide 310
normal to the light modulating elements 330. The second holographic
feature is configured to collect a wide range of angles of ambient
light and direct the light onto the modulating elements 330 at
substantially normal incidence thereto. The first hologram or set
of holographic features may also collimate the light. Accordingly,
the display device has holographically enhanced display brightness
characteristics similar to that described above with reference to
FIG. 10B. Advantageously, however, the first and second holographic
features may be integrated in a single holographic layer 320. In
some embodiments, an additional holographic feature may be
included. For example, a third hologram or set of holographic
features which diffuses light reflected from the modulators may be
included. The third set of holographic features may be integrated
with any of the other sets of holographic features. In some
embodiments, the third set of holographic feature is disposed in a
separate holographic layer.
[0109] FIG. 10D shows an embodiment of a display 350 which has
first and second holograms 320A and 320B, disposed on first and
second light guides portions 310A and 310B, respectively, and low
index isolation layer 340, disposed in front of light modulators
330. The light guides portions 310A and 310B, low index layer 340,
and light modulators 330 have functionality and structure which may
be similar to that of similar elements described above.
[0110] In this embodiment, the first and second holograms 320A and
320B cooperatively increase the brightness of the display 350. The
first hologram 320A has functionality similar to the holographic
layer 320 described above in reference to FIG. 10C. The first
hologram 320A is configured to collimate ambient light and direct
the light into a narrower range of angles that are directed more
normal to the plurality of modulating elements. The second hologram
320B is configured to further collimate light incident to it. The
second hologram 320B is configured to receive a range of angles and
to transmit that light into a smaller range of angles directed to
the light modulators 330. This transmitted range of angles is also
substantially centered substantially normal to the light modulating
elements. Accordingly, holograms 320A and 320B cooperatively
increase the brightness of the display 350 by increasing the
collimation of ambient light and increasing steepness of the angle
at which ambient light incident on the hologram 320A is directed
into light modulators 330. For ambient light, hologram 320A
partially collimates light from wide angles and transmits the light
to hologram 320B, which is configured to further collimate the
light and transmit it to the light modulators 330 at substantially
normal angles.
[0111] Similarly, for light propagating along the light guide 310A,
the first hologram 320A turns the light into a range of angles
substantially normal to the light modulating elements. The second
hologram 320B received this light and transmits the light into a
narrower range of angles. The hologram 320B further collimates the
turned light so that it is incident on the light modulators 330,
has a greater intensity, and is substantially normal to the light
modulating elements. Brightness is thereby increased.
[0112] As described above, a holographic diffuser can also be
incorporated into the light apparatus of any of the embodiments in
FIGS. 10A-10D. This holographic diffuser may be included on a
separate layer or may be recorded on one of the holographic layers
already present. The holographic diffuser may have a limited field
of view into which light from the light modulating elements is
scattered so as to increase brightness. A viewer will typically
view the display device and the light modulating elements from a
limited number of viewing positions and angles. Accordingly, in
some embodiments, the diffuser need not scatter light into a large
range of angles.
[0113] FIG. 10E shows an embodiment of a display 400 which has a
single holographic layer 320, a light guide 310, and a low index
isolation layer 340 disposed in front of the light modulators 330.
The light guide 310, low n layer 340, and light modulators 330 have
functionality and structure which may be similar to that of similar
structures described above.
[0114] The holographic layer 320 comprises first and second
holograms or sets of holographic features configured to turn light
from the light guide 310 toward the light modulators 330 and
configured to diffuse light incident thereon. These first and
second holograms or sets of holographic features can be recorded in
the same holographic layer. Optical recording by using two
different optical set-ups: one representing light directed to a
viewer is used and one where light is propagated along the light
guide. Other methods may also be used to record the multiple
holograms or sets of holographic features in the holographic layer
320. The holograms or holographic features may, for example, be
computer generated. Additionally, one or more holographic masters
may be used. The master may or may not be computer generated. In
some embodiments, the first and second holograms or sets of
holographic features are disposed in first and second layers,
respectively.
[0115] The first holographic feature is configured to turn light
propagating within the light guide 310 normal to the light
modulating elements 330. The second holographic feature is
configured to diffuse light reflected from the modulating elements
330. In some embodiments, a third hologram or set of holographic
features may additionally collimate the light. Accordingly, the
display device has holographically enhanced display lighting
characteristics. Advantageously, the first and second holograms or
sets of holographic features may be integrated in a single
holographic layer 320.
[0116] Diffractive optics comprising holograms can be used in other
ways. FIG. 11A shows a top view of an embodiment of an illumination
apparatus comprising a light source 400 disposed with respect to a
light guide 410 to inject light along the width of the light guide.
FIG. 11B is a perspective view showing the light source 400
disposed at an edge of the light guide 410 to edge couple light
therein. In one embodiment, the light guide 410 comprises a
hologram portion 420 that includes a hologram configured to receive
light injected by the edge coupled light source 400 and to turn the
light such that the light propagates along the length (x direction)
of the light guide 410. In some embodiments, the hologram is also
configured to distribute the light along the width (y direction) of
the light guide 410. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11A, the
hologram therefore substitutes for a light bar for the light guide
410. FIG. 11A also shows the line I-I, which defines a cross
section across the light guide. In certain embodiments, the light
guide 410 can have a cross-section I-I similar to the cross
sections shown in any of FIGS. 8-10 depending on the configuration.
In one embodiment, the in hologram portion 420 is configured to
turn light of a range of angles into a narrower set of angles such
that light propagating along the length of the light guide is
substantially collimated. In embodiment shown in FIG. 11A, the
distribution of rays is substantially parallel to the length-wise
direction (x) of the light guide 410.
[0117] FIG. 11C shows one method of optically recording a hologram
for the hologram portion 420. A reference light source 400' injects
a light beam into a light guide 410' along the width (y direction).
This light beam may include a wide range of angles. Simultaneously,
a more collimated light source is disposed with respect to the
light guide 410' such that collimated rays 430 are injected into
the light guide 410' along the length-wise direction (x) of a light
guide. The light guide 410' includes a film in the portion of the
light guide where the two beams intersect. This film is developed
to produce a hologram or a master. As described above, additional
functionality may be incorporated into the diffractive optics with
additional holographic recordings. Such a master could be used to
form holographic features in another holographic medium, thereby
allowing for the mass production of holograms. Other methods may be
used to produce the hologram. In some embodiments, the hologram may
be computer generated.
[0118] A wide variety of variation is possible. Films, layers,
components, and/or elements may be added, removed, or rearranged.
Additionally, processing steps may be added, removed, or reordered.
Also, although the terms film and layer have been used herein, such
terms as used herein include film stacks and multilayers. Such film
stacks and multilayers may be adhered to other structures using
adhesive or may be formed on other structures using deposition or
in other manners. Similarly, as described above, sets of
holographic features providing multiple functionality may
integrated together in a single layer or in multiple layers.
Multiple sets of holographic features included in a single layer to
provide multiple functionality may be referred to as a plurality of
holograms or a single hologram.
[0119] Although this invention has been disclosed in the context of
certain preferred embodiments and examples, it will be understood
by those skilled in the art that the present invention extends
beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative
embodiments and/or uses of the invention and obvious modifications
and equivalents thereof. In addition, while several variations of
the invention have been shown and described in detail, other
modifications, which are within the scope of this invention, will
be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this
disclosure. It is also contemplated that various combinations or
sub-combinations of the specific features and aspects of the
embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the
invention. It should be understood that various features and
aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with, or
substituted for, one another in order to form varying modes of the
disclosed invention. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the
present invention herein disclosed should not be limited by the
particular disclosed embodiments described above.
* * * * *