U.S. patent application number 12/580398 was filed with the patent office on 2010-04-08 for interactive first aid information system.
This patent application is currently assigned to Medtronic Physio-Control Corp.. Invention is credited to Richard C. Nova, James M. Owen, Joseph L. Sullivan.
Application Number | 20100087883 12/580398 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34062835 |
Filed Date | 2010-04-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100087883 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Sullivan; Joseph L. ; et
al. |
April 8, 2010 |
INTERACTIVE FIRST AID INFORMATION SYSTEM
Abstract
In general, the invention is directed to techniques for
determining appropriate first aid and applying first aid that is
appropriate. A first aid system receives patient status information
from an input device or a sensor, and presents first aid
information as a function of the received patient status
information. The first aid system may be incorporated with an
external defibrillator. The first aid system may acquire patient
status information through an interaction with an operator, in
which the first aid system asks the operator to supply patient
status information. In one embodiment of the invention, the
operator may supply patient status information by touching a
diagram representing at least a portion of a human body.
Inventors: |
Sullivan; Joseph L.;
(Kirkland, WA) ; Nova; Richard C.; (Kirkland,
WA) ; Owen; James M.; (Redmond, WA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Jason D. Kelly;Shumaker & Sieffert, P.A.
1625 Radio Drive, Suite 300
St. Paul
MN
55125
US
|
Assignee: |
Medtronic Physio-Control
Corp.
Redmond
WA
|
Family ID: |
34062835 |
Appl. No.: |
12/580398 |
Filed: |
October 16, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10620742 |
Jul 16, 2003 |
7623915 |
|
|
12580398 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
607/5 ;
600/301 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G16H 40/67 20180101;
G16H 20/30 20180101; A61B 5/411 20130101; A61B 5/7435 20130101;
A61B 5/1172 20130101; Y10S 706/924 20130101; A61B 5/022 20130101;
A61N 1/3925 20130101; G16H 40/63 20180101; A61B 5/0002 20130101;
A61B 2560/0431 20130101; G16H 10/20 20180101; A61B 5/4824 20130101;
A61B 5/7475 20130101; Y10S 128/92 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
607/5 ;
600/301 |
International
Class: |
A61N 1/00 20060101
A61N001/00; A61B 5/00 20060101 A61B005/00 |
Claims
1. A medical device comprising: an electrical source to generate
electrotherapy; at least two electrodes coupleable to the
electrical source to deliver the electrotherapy to a patient; and
at least one output device to present first aid information
distinct from information about delivering electrotherapy.
2. The medical device of claim 1, in which the electrotherapy
comprises defibrillation therapy.
3. The medical device of claim 1, in which the output device
comprises at least one of a touch screen, an LCD display, an LED
display, an OLED display, a CRT display, an electroluminescent
display, a plasma display, or a synthetic speech module.
4. The medical device of claim 1, further comprising a compartment
to hold a first aid supply.
5. The medical device of claim 1, further comprising an input
device to receive patient status information.
6. The medical device of claim 5, in which the input device
comprises at least one of a touch screen, a button, a keyboard, a
voice recognition module, or a pointing tool.
7. The medical device of claim 1, further comprising a sensor to
receive patient status information.
8. The medical device of claim 7, in which the sensor comprises at
least one of an ECG monitor, an oxygen sensor, a carbon dioxide
sensor, a respiratory sensor, a blood pressure sensor, a set of
electrodes, or a temperature sensor.
9. The medical device of claim 1, further comprising a
communication module.
10. The medical device of claim 9, in which the communication
module is configured to summon emergency medical personnel.
11. The medical device of claim 1, further comprising an alarm
module to generate an alarm.
12. The medical device of claim 1, further comprising a memory to
store the first aid information.
13. The medical device of claim 1, further comprising a memory to
store patient status information.
14. The medical device of claim 13, wherein the at least one output
device outputs the patient status information stored in the
memory.
15. The medical device of claim 1, in which the first aid
information comprises first aid information about chest pain.
16. A method comprising: directing a person to apply at least one
defibrillation electrode to a conscious patient; measuring an
electrocardiogram of the patient via the defibrillation electrode;
and presenting first aid information distinct from information
about delivering electrotherapy as a function of the
measurement.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: generating an
interrogation as a function of the measurement; receiving a
response to the interrogation; and presenting the first aid
information as a function of the response.
18. An medical device comprising: at least one output device; and a
processor configured to direct a person to apply a defibrillation
electrode to a conscious patient via the output device, measure an
electrocardiogram of the patient via the defibrillation electrode,
and present first aid information distinct from information about
delivering electrotherapy as a function of the measurement via the
output device.
19. The medical device of claim 18, further comprising at least one
input device, wherein the processor is further configured to
generate an interrogation via the output device as a function of
the measurement, receive a response to the interrogation via the
input device, and present the first aid information via the output
device as a function of the response.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser.
No. 10/620,742, filed Jul. 16, 2003, the entire content of which is
incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The invention relates to medical devices, and more
particularly, to medical devices used in the application of first
aid.
BACKGROUND
[0003] When a patient experiences a medical emergency, it may be
important for the patient to begin receiving medical care as soon
as possible. In some cases, the first persons to administer medical
care or assistance are persons other than trained medical
personnel. This immediate medical assistance or emergency care,
usually rendered by a person or persons other than trained medical
personnel, is called "first aid."
[0004] First aid can greatly affect the outcome of a medical
emergency. In some cases, the medical emergency can be resolved by
the application of first aid alone. In other cases, first aid
provides valuable assistance to the patient until trained medical
personnel can treat the patient.
[0005] Some venues such as restaurants, sporting facilities,
shopping malls and auditoriums have first aid kits on site. Inside
a typical first aid kit is an assortment of supplies that can be
used by a person to aid in providing medical care. The first aid
kit can also include instructions, such as a first aid manual,
which provides instruction to the untrained person about how to
provide medical care. The first aid instructions typically employ
common language and non-technical terms for the benefit of a person
not trained to provide medical care.
[0006] Some venues also have on site medical devices applicable to
specific medical situations. One such device is an automated
external defibrillators (AED). In general, an AED is a device that
can detect fibrillation in the heart of a patient and deliver
defibrillation therapy to terminate the fibrillation and restore a
sinus rhythm.
SUMMARY
[0007] In general, the invention is directed to techniques for
determining appropriate first aid and applying first aid that is
appropriate. A first aid system collects and processes patient
status information, e.g., information pertaining to the condition,
status, appearance, age, gender, weight, vital signs, symptoms or
complaints of a patient. Although a patient may use the first aid
system by himself, the invention will be described in the context
of use by at least one operator, who interacts with the first aid
system and who administers the first aid.
[0008] The first aid system may receive the patient status
information from the operator or from one or more sensors. The
first aid system presents first aid information as a function of
the received patient status information.
[0009] "First aid information" is any data pertaining to first aid.
One example of first aid information is a presumptive first aid
diagnosis, which is an identification of the nature or cause of the
condition of the patient, based upon the received patient status
information. First aid information also includes first aid
instructions, such as directions concerning the use of a first aid
supply or directions pertaining to an application of a first aid
technique. In general, first aid instructions are associated with
particular presumptive first aid diagnoses, and the first aid
system presents first aid information according to the presumptive
diagnosis that seems to best describe the actual condition of the
patient.
[0010] The first aid system may acquire patient status information
through iterative interaction with the operator. The first aid
system may, for example, interrogate the operator about a general
condition of the patient, and may receive patient status
information from the operator in response to the interrogation. The
first aid system may then direct a more specific interrogation to
the operator as a function of the received patient status
information.
[0011] The interaction may be by presentation of a menu, or by a
series of yes-no questions, or by other interrogation techniques.
In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a method that
includes displaying a diagram representing at least a portion of a
human body and receiving a selection of a part of the displayed
human body. The method further includes presenting first aid
information as a function of the selection. This method may be
useful in emergencies in which the patient reports severe pain. By
pointing to a diagram, the operator can enter patient status
information, i.e., the location where the patient is experiencing
pain.
[0012] In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method
comprising presenting a menu of patient conditions, receiving a
selection from the menu, and presenting first aid information as a
function of the selection. The method can further comprise
receiving additional patient status information from an input
device or a sensor, or both, and presenting the first aid
information as a function of the patient status information. Also
in some applications, the method further comprises generating an
interrogation as a function of the selection, receiving a response
to the interrogation and presenting the first aid information as a
function of the response.
[0013] In further embodiments, the invention is directed to a
device comprising an electrical source to generate electrotherapy,
such as a defibrillation shock, at least two electrodes coupled to
the electrical source to deliver the electrotherapy to a patient,
and at least one output device to communicate first aid information
to a person. The device can further comprise one or more input
devices and sensors to receive patient status information. The
device can also include a compartment to hold a first aid
supply.
[0014] In an additional embodiment, the invention presents a method
comprising receiving a first aid procedure, storing the first aid
procedure in memory and presenting first aid information as a
function of the first aid procedure.
[0015] In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method
comprising requesting first patient status information, receiving
the first patient status information, storing the received first
patient status information in memory, receiving second patient
status information, and presenting first aid information as a
function of the first and second patient status information.
Examples of the first patient status information include
information about the patient, such as age, birth date, gender,
ethnicity, height, weight, medical history, and a medication taken
by the patient.
[0016] In a further embodiment, the invention is directed to a
method comprising directing a person to apply at least one
defibrillation electrode to a conscious patient. The method further
includes measuring the electrocardiogram of the patient via the
defibrillation electrode and presenting first aid information as a
function of the measurement.
[0017] In an added embodiment, the invention is directed to a
system comprising a first sensor to receive first patient status
information, a second sensor to receive second patient status
information, and at least one output device to present first aid
information.
[0018] In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method
comprising receiving an identification of a patient, retrieving
from memory patient status information associated with the
identified patient, and presenting first aid information as a
function of the patient status information. The identification of
the patient may be made with the assistance of the operator or with
the assistance of a sensor, such as a fingerprint sensor or eye
scanner.
[0019] The invention further includes computer-readable media
comprising instructions for causing a programmable processor to
carry out the methods described above.
[0020] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are
set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below.
Other features and objects of the invention will be apparent from
the description and drawings, and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0021] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a first aid system incorporated
with a defibrillator that may practice the techniques of the
invention.
[0022] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a housing for
a defibrillator with a first aid supply compartment, in accordance
with the invention.
[0023] FIG. 3 is an exemplary screen display illustrating the
presentation of first aid information in the form of a menu of
conditions, according to one embodiment of the invention.
[0024] FIG. 4 is an exemplary screen display illustrating an
interrogation with a diagram representing at least a portion of a
human body, according to one embodiment of the invention.
[0025] FIG. 5 is an exemplary screen display showing another
interrogation with a more specific diagram representing a portion
of a human body, according to another embodiment of the
invention.
[0026] FIG. 6 is an exemplary screen display demonstrating another
interrogation using a yes-no format, according to another
embodiment of the invention.
[0027] FIG. 7 is an exemplary screen display showing first aid
information including a presumptive first aid diagnosis and a first
aid instruction, according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0028] FIG. 8 is an exemplary screen display showing a direction to
an operator that includes written and graphical instructions,
according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0029] FIG. 9 is another exemplary screen display showing a
direction to an operator that includes written and graphical
instructions, according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0030] FIG. 10 is an exemplary screen display that includes
multiple interrogations, according to an embodiment of the
invention.
[0031] FIG. 11 is an exemplary screen display showing first aid
information including a presumptive first aid diagnosis and a first
aid instruction, according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0032] FIG. 12 is flow diagram illustrating an exemplary first aid
procedure that can be applied by a first aid system.
[0033] FIG. 13 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary first
aid sub-procedure that can be included in the procedure shown in
FIG. 12.
[0034] FIG. 14 is s a schematic diagram of an exemplary system for
updating first aid procedures applied by a first aid system.
[0035] FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary
technique for updating first aid procedures applied by a first aid
system.
[0036] FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating a technique for
collecting patient status information about one or more particular
patients.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0037] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a patient 8 with an
exemplary first aid system 10. In FIG. 1, first aid system 10 is
incorporated with an external defibrillator 12. As a result of the
incorporation, certain components used for administering an
electrotherapy, such as defibrillation therapy, may also be used
and for general first aid administration. Defibrillator 12 is an
example of a medical device with which the invention may be
practiced, but the invention is not limited to practice with a
defibrillator. The invention may be practiced with other medical
devices that monitor or administer therapy to patient 8, such as an
electronic blood pressure monitor. The invention may also be
practiced as a "stand-alone" application, i.e., a first aid system
not associated with a medical device that monitors or administers
therapy to patient 8.
[0038] An operator administers first aid to patient 8 with the
assistance of first aid system 10. In some circumstances, the
patient and the operator may be the same person, i.e., the patient
may use first aid system 10 to administer first aid to himself. For
simplicity, however, it will be assumed that the operator and the
patient are distinct persons. The operator is assumed to have
limited training in medical care.
[0039] In addition to conventional first aid, the operator may also
administer an electrotherapy to patient 8 with defibrillator 12,
which may be an automated external defibrillator (AED).
Electrotherapy includes any of a several therapies that administer
electrical stimulations to patient 8, such as pacing therapy and
defibrillation therapy. For simplicity, defibrillation therapy will
be described as an exemplary form of electrotherapy.
[0040] Defibrillator 12 administers defibrillation therapy to
patient 8 via electrodes 14 and 16, which can be hand-held
electrode paddles or adhesive electrode pads placed on the skin of
patient 8. The body of patient 8 provides an electrical path
between electrodes 14 and 16.
[0041] Electrodes 14 and 16 are coupled to defibrillator 12 via
conductors 18 and 20 and interface 22. In a typical application,
interface 22 includes a receptacle, and connectors 18, 20 plug into
the receptacle. Electrical impulses or signals are sensed by
defibrillator 12 via electrodes 14 and 16 and interface 22.
Electrical impulses or signals are also delivered from
defibrillator 12 to patient 8 via electrodes 14 and 16 and
interface 22.
[0042] Interface 22 includes a switch (not shown in FIG. 1) that,
when activated, couples an energy storage device 24 to electrodes
14 and 16. Energy storage device 24 stores the energy for a dosage
of energy or current to be delivered to patient 8. The switch can
be of conventional design and can be formed, for example, of
electrically operated relays. Alternatively, the switch can
comprise an arrangement of solid-state devices such as
silicon-controlled rectifiers or insulated gate bipolar
transistors.
[0043] Energy storage device 24 includes components, such as one or
more capacitors, that store the energy to be delivered to patient 8
via electrodes 14 and 16. Before a defibrillation shock may be
delivered to patient 8, energy storage device 24 is charged. A
microprocessor 26 directs a charging circuit 28 to charge energy
storage device 24 to a high voltage level. Charging circuit 28
comprises, for example, a flyback charger that transfers energy
from a power source 32 to energy storage device 24. Power source 32
may comprise, for example, batteries and/or an adapter to an
exterior power source such as an electrical outlet. In addition to
supplying energy to charging circuit 28 and energy storage device
24, power source 32 also supplies power to other components of
external defibrillator 12 via a power supply circuit (not shown in
FIG. 1).
[0044] When microprocessor 26 determines, based upon electrical
signals sensed via electrodes 14 and 16, that a defibrillation
shock is indicated, microprocessor 26 automatically directs
charging circuit 28 to begin charging. When the energy stored in
energy storage device 24 reaches the desired level, defibrillator
12 is ready to deliver the defibrillation shock. Defibrillator 12
delivers the shock either automatically or manually.
[0045] Defibrillator 12 interacts with the operator via one or more
input devices 30 and one or more output devices 34. Input device 30
may comprise, for example, one or more buttons, a keyboard, a touch
screen, a voice recognition module or a pointing tool. Output
device 34 may include a touch screen, a liquid crystal display (LCD
display), a light emitting diode (LED) display, an organic LED
(OLED) display, a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, an
electroluminescent display, a plasma display, an audible sound
generator, a synthetic speech module, a printer or an indicator
light.
[0046] Defibrillator 12 notifies the operator that charging is
completed using output device 34. The operator can acknowledge the
notification and can indicate readiness using input device 30. In
some embodiments, the operator triggers delivery of a
defibrillation shock by pressing a button. Defibrillator 12
delivers a defibrillation shock to patient 8.
[0047] Microprocessor 26 controls delivery of defibrillation
therapy. In addition to controlling the delivery of a
defibrillation shock, microprocessor 26 modulates the electrical
shock delivered to patient 8. Microprocessor 26 can, for example,
regulate the shape of the waveform of one or more electrical pulses
and the duration of the pulses. Microprocessor 26 also monitors
electrocardiogram (ECG) signals sensed via electrodes 14 and 16,
and may determine whether a defibrillation shock is indicated as a
function the ECG signals. Microprocessor 26 can also evaluate the
efficacy of administered defibrillation therapy.
[0048] In addition, microprocessor 26 controls delivery of therapy
via one or more other therapy devices 40. Therapy device 40 may be
any device that administers therapy to patient 8. One example of
therapy device 40 is an automated chest thumper, which can
mechanically administer chest compressions to patient 8. Some
embodiments of the invention do not include any therapy device 40,
and rely on the operator to administer therapy.
[0049] Further, as described in more detail below, microprocessor
26 controls collection and organization of information pertaining
to administration of first aid. In particular, microprocessor 26
processes information to determine one or more presumptive first
aid diagnoses. Microprocessor 26 controls interrogation of the
operator via input device 30 and output device 34 concerning the
condition of patient 8. Microprocessor 26 further analyses other
data such as the ECG signals sensed via electrodes 14 and 16.
Microprocessor 26 also receives input from one or more sensors 38.
Microprocessor 26 uses patient status information received via
electrodes 14, 16, input device 30, and sensors 38 to determine a
presumptive first aid diagnosis and to present other first aid
information.
[0050] Sensor 38 measures or detects patient status information,
such as the vital signs of patient 8 or any other symptom or
condition. Sensor 38 can include, for example, a temperature
sensor, an ECG monitor such as a Holter monitor, an oxygen sensor,
a carbon dioxide sensor, a respiratory sensor, and a blood pressure
monitor. Sensor 38 can also include an expanded electrode set, such
as a twelve-, five- or three-lead electrode set. An expanded
electrode set can be used to detect ECG signals more efficiently
than electrodes 14 and 16, and can be used to provide a more
thorough analysis of a condition of the heart of patient 8.
Microprocessor 26 analyzes data from sensor 38 and may store the
data in memory 36.
[0051] Sensor 38 also includes devices that can identify patient 8,
such as a voice recognition module, a fingerprint scanner or a
retinal scanner. In some cases, first aid system may be customized
for one or more specific patients, and identification of a
particular patient causes previously stored patient status
information for that patient to be retrieved. First aid system 10
can also learn the identity of patient 8 in other ways, as will be
described below.
[0052] Memory 36 can include volatile storage, such as random
access memory, and/or non-volatile storage, such as Flash memory or
a hard disk. Memory 36 stores instructions that direct the
operation of microprocessor 26. In addition, memory 36 stores data
concerning patient 8 and defibrillator 12, as well as events, such
as an administered defibrillation therapy or readings from sensors
38.
[0053] Memory 36 also stores "first aid information," which is any
data pertaining to first aid. First aid information includes a
"presumptive first aid diagnosis," which is an identification of
the nature or cause of the condition of patient 8, based upon
patient status information received via electrodes 14, 16, input
device 30, and sensors 38. A presumptive first aid diagnosis may be
general or specific.
[0054] First aid information also includes "first aid
instructions," which are any instructions that pertain to rendering
of first aid. First aid instructions include directions to the
operator about using apparatus such as sensor 38 or a therapy
device 40. First aid instructions also include directions to the
operator concerning the use of a first aid supply, such as
directions for application of a bandage. First aid instructions
further include directions to the operator pertaining to an
application of a first aid technique, such as techniques to stop
bleeding.
[0055] First aid information also includes "first aid procedures,"
which relate first aid instructions and presumptive first aid
diagnoses, and which are used by microprocessor 26 to determine a
presumptive first aid diagnosis. A first aid procedure is a general
plan by which first aid system 10 can determine a presumptive first
aid diagnosis and present first aid information as a function of
patient status information. By applying a first aid procedure,
first aid system 10 narrows down the number of possible presumptive
first aid diagnoses, and focuses on first aid for the particular
problem experienced by patient 8. A single condition or symptom,
such as feeling faint, may be associated with several possible
specific presumptive diagnoses, such as low blood pressure, low
blood sugar, heat exhaustion, stress or stroke. By interaction with
the operator via input and output devices 30, 34, and by analyzing
patient status information received via electrodes 14, 16 and
sensors 38, microprocessor 26 focuses upon a presumptive first aid
diagnosis. Examples of first aid procedures and techniques for
focusing upon a presumptive first aid diagnosis will be discussed
below.
[0056] Typically each presumptive first aid diagnosis is associated
with first aid information appropriate to that presumptive
diagnosis. When the presumptive first aid diagnosis is an abrasion,
for example, first aid system 10 may present the operator with
first aid information pertaining to treatment of an abrasion. A
general presumptive first aid diagnosis, such as a presumptive
diagnosis that the patient feels faint, may be associated with
general first aid information, such as a direction that the patient
should be instructed to lie down. A more specific presumptive first
aid diagnosis, such as a presumptive diagnosis that the patient is
going into shock, may be associated with more specific first aid
information, such as a direction that the patient should be kept
warm and comfortable and that fluids should not be
administered.
[0057] First aid information generally employs a level of language
that can be understood by someone not trained to provide medical
care. First aid information is not limited to written or verbal
information, however, but further includes graphical information as
well. For example, a first aid graphic can include a diagram of a
human body with associated text asking for the operator to indicate
the site on the body where the patient feels pain. Graphical first
aid information can be presented as any combination of animation,
video clip, step-wise instructions, flow diagram, picture, drawing
or the like. First aid information further includes audible alarms
or alerts that call the attention of the operator to a matter of
importance.
[0058] First aid system 10 interacts with the operator through
input device 30 and output device 34. The interactions can occur in
a number of ways. In an exemplary interaction, first aid system 10
presents a menu of patient conditions via output device 34. First
aid system 10 may, for example, present the menu by displaying the
menu on a touch screen. The operator uses input device 30, which
may include the same touch screen, to select the patient condition
from the menu that most closely describes the circumstances of
patient 8. Microprocessor 26 presents first aid information to the
operator as a function of the selected patient condition.
[0059] Selection of a patient condition from a menu is one way in
which first aid system 10 receives "patient status information,"
which includes any information pertaining to the condition, status,
appearance, age, gender, weight, vital signs, symptoms or
complaints of patient 8. As will be described in detail below,
there are many other techniques by which first aid system 10 can
acquire patient status information.
[0060] Furthermore, as described in more detail below, first aid
system 10 and the operator can interact iteratively. For example,
output device 34 may present a menu of general conditions that
relate to frequently encountered medical situations, such as
"unconscious" or "severe pain." After the operator makes a
selection from the menu and first aid system 10 receives the
selection, first aid system 10 may display a second menu comprising
more specific patient conditions.
[0061] With each interaction, first aid system 10 focuses on a
possible presumptive diagnosis. A response by the operator to one
interrogation may cause first aid system 10 to generate a second,
more specific interrogation that can lead to determination of a
presumptive diagnosis. By receiving more specific information about
the patient condition, first aid system 10 focuses in on the nature
of the condition of the patient by considering presumptive
diagnoses that are more likely, and by eliminating presumptive
diagnoses that are less likely. In some circumstances, first aid
system 10 may determine a general presumptive diagnosis, then
interact with the operator to determine a more specific presumptive
diagnosis.
[0062] Interaction between the operator and first aid system 10 may
include a series of menu-driven interrogations and responses. The
interaction need not be menu-driven, however, and other interaction
techniques are described below. Furthermore, the interaction may
include instructions that direct the operator to apply one or more
sensors 38 to patient 8. First aid system 10 can use data collected
via one or more sensors 38 to focus on a possible presumptive
diagnosis.
[0063] In some circumstances, iterative interaction is unnecessary.
In particular, the operator may be aware of patient status
information without progressing through the iterative presentation
of first aid information and associated entry of patient
conditions. Instead, first aid system 10 can give the operator the
option to enter patient status information directly, e.g., by
entering a specific symptom or by selecting a condition from an
alphabetized index.
[0064] First aid system 10 may present first aid information as a
function of patient status information other than or in addition to
patient status information received from the operator. For example,
first aid system 10 may present first aid information as a function
of ECG data received via sensors 38 or electrodes 14 and 16. First
aid system 10 may direct the operator may couple electrodes 14 and
16 to patient 8 when patient 8 exhibits chest pains, is
unconsciousness, or presents other signs of a heart problem. As
will be described below, first aid system 10 may also direct the
operator to couple electrodes 14 and 16 to patient 8 under
circumstances that ordinarily may not require defibrillation
therapy.
[0065] First aid system 10 may present first aid information in the
form of a presumptive first aid diagnosis. In general, a
"presumptive first aid diagnosis" is a probable identification of
the condition of patient 8 or the cause of the condition, based
upon patient status information received via electrodes 14 and 16,
input device 30 or sensor 38 or any combination thereof. The
diagnosis is "presumptive" in the sense that it presumes that the
received patient status information is correct.
[0066] In place of or in addition to a presumptive first aid
diagnosis, first aid system 10 may present first aid information in
the form of instructions for further treatment of patient 8, or
further information concerning the condition of patient 8. First
aid system 10 may, for example, tell the operator which first aid
supply to use and how to use it, or instruct the operator as to an
application of a first aid technique, such as an instruction to
elevate the legs of patient 8. First aid system 10 may also direct
the operator to apply therapy device 40 and may instruct the
operator in the application of therapy device 40.
[0067] Some circumstances may call for the prompt attention of the
operator, and first aid system 10 may generate first aid
information in the form of an alarm or an alert to direct the
attention of the operator to the matter needing attention. First
aid system 10 may generate an audible or visible alarm or alert
with alarm module 42. Alarm module 42 can notify the operator of a
critical patient condition, or of a need to supply important
patient status information, or the occurrence of a pending
defibrillation shock, or the like.
[0068] First aid system 10 may further include a communication
module 44. Communication module 44 may be configured to summon
emergency medical personnel. Communication module 44 can include a
wireless communication device, such as a cellular phone, that calls
an emergency service to summon emergency medical personnel.
Communication module 44 may further be configured to establish a
communications link with a network, as described below.
[0069] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a housing 50 that serves as
a carrying case for a first aid system. As depicted in FIG. 2,
housing 50 is a carrying case for an external defibrillator such as
defibrillator 12. Housing 50 includes a first aid supply
compartment 52, which holds first aid supplies 54. Typical first
aid supplies 54 can include bandages, gauze, scissors, medication
and the like. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, first aid supply
compartment 52 is implemented as a drawer built into housing 50,
and is divided into smaller compartments 52A, 52B, to aid in
organization and labeling of first aid supplies. First aid supply
compartment 52 need not be implemented as a drawer, but may be
implemented in other configurations, such as a cabinet built into
housing 50 or a pouch coupled to housing 50.
[0070] Housing 50 includes at least one input device and output
device to interact with the operator. As depicted in FIG. 2,
housing 50 includes touch screen display 56. Display 56 can present
interrogations concerning the condition of the patient and can
present first aid information to the operator. As shown in FIG. 2,
the first aid information can include a graphical illustration 58
to show the operator where a particular first aid supply is stored.
Display 56 can further instruct the operator concerning use of the
first aid supply 54.
[0071] There are many variations on the embodiment depicted in FIG.
2. For example, housing 50 may include open like a suitcase,
allowing access to electrodes 14 and 16, and display 56 may be
deployed in the interior of housing 50. Although housing 50 need
not include a touch screen display, the invention will be described
in terms of information presented by a display such as touch
screen.
[0072] As already mentioned, first aid system 10 may be
incorporated with medical devices other than a defibrillator.
Accordingly, housing 50 may comprise a carrying case for other
medical devices, such as an electronic blood pressure cuff or an
electronic thermometer. In some embodiments of the invention, the
first aid system includes no associated monitoring or therapy
devices, and in these embodiments, housing 50 serves as a carrying
case for first aid supplies 54.
[0073] FIG. 3 is an exemplary screen display 60 that may be used in
a first aid system and that may be presented on an output device
system such as a touch screen display. Screen display 60
illustrates the presentation of first aid information, and in
particular, a menu of patient conditions 62A-62E (collectively
62).
[0074] The menu of screen display 60 may be a default introductory
screen presented to the operator when the operator initially
activates the first aid system. Screen display 60 may be
appropriate when the first aid system is deployed in a public
location. In some cases, however, the first aid system may be
principally for the benefit of specific individuals, such as the
members of a family residing in a household. In that embodiment,
the introductory screen may be replaced by a request that the
patient may be identified. The introductory screen may present a
list of potential patients, along with the names of the family
members. A technique for receiving and storing patient status
information for one or more potential patients will be described
below. An "Another Person" option may also be presented, in the
event the patient is not a member of the family or a person for
which any patient status information has been previously
stored.
[0075] When the introductory screen presents a list of possible
patients, selection of a patient efficiently inputs one or more
items of patient status information that have been previously
stored in the first aid system. For example, the gender of the
patient may be established. The age, weight, and ethnicity of the
patient may also be established, along with the medical history of
the patient. Each of these items of patient status information may
be important in determining a presumptive first aid diagnosis, and
may be important in reaching the presumptive diagnosis more
quickly. If the medical history of a patient includes a previous
heart attack, a past trauma, a history of taking a particular
medication, a history of high blood pressure, or any other medical
event, the first aid system may use this information to determine
the presumptive diagnosis. In addition, use of the first aid system
may automatically update the medical history of the particular
patient for future use. Following identification of the patient,
the first aid system may present screen display 60.
[0076] Listed conditions 62 may represent the most common
conditions that the operator is likely to encounter, or the most
serious conditions. As depicted in FIG. 3, menu 62 lists serious
conditions first: unconsciousness, bleeding or trauma, severe pain,
and dizziness or shortness of breath. Listed conditions 62 are for
purposes of illustration, and more, fewer, or different conditions
may be displayed. One of the selections, shown as "Other
Condition," may be selected when the patient's condition is not on
the menu. The operator can select any of conditions with an input
device, e.g., by touching the screen at the appropriate place.
[0077] The operator may also be given an option of selecting an
index 64. When the operator selects index 64, the screen displays
an index of medical conditions or diagnoses, and the operator may
select a topic from the index. The operator may select "Heartburn,"
for example, and the first aid system may present first aid
information about heartburn without an iterative interaction
between the first aid system and the operator. The "Index" feature
may further allow the operator to use the first aid system as a
reference, and obtain a presentation of first aid information about
a variety of subjects. In other illustrative screen displays
described below, the "Index" option may be available.
[0078] The operator may also be given the option of requesting help
66. Like the "Index" option, the "Help" option may be available on
several screen displays. Although the "Help" option may refresh the
recollection of the operator concerning operation of the first aid
system, an advantage of the menu-driven and other interactive
techniques described herein is that the techniques are logical and
intuitive. In an emergency, the operator may successfully use the
first aid system without having his recollection fully
refreshed.
[0079] When the operator selects a condition 62 from the menu, the
menu may disappear from the display and different information may
appear on the display, according the selection. In particular, the
microprocessor retrieves information stored in memory as a function
of patient status information indicated by the selection and
displays the information. The displayed information may comprise
first aid information, which may include a presumptive first aid
diagnosis, instructions for using a first aid supply, or directions
for applying a first aid technique in word or graphical form. The
displayed information may further include interrogations that ask
the operator to provide additional patient status information.
[0080] Should the operator select "Bleeding/Trauma," for example,
the first aid system may interrogate the operator about the site of
bleeding or the nature of the trauma. Should the operator select
"Severe Pain," the first aid system may interrogate the operator
about the location, nature and extent of the pain. Further
interrogation may be by a menu, similar to that depicted in FIG. 3,
or by a series of "yes-no" questions, or by other interrogation
techniques.
[0081] FIG. 4 is an exemplary screen display 70 illustrating an
interrogation technique. As shown in FIG. 4, the technique may be
implemented in a first aid system having a touch screen, but may
also be adapted for first aid systems having another pointing
device, such as a pen or a mouse. The operator has previously
entered patient status information to the effect that the patient
is in severe pain, e.g., by touching the "Severe Pain" part of the
screen shown in FIG. 3. In response to the patient status
information, the first aid system interrogates further by
presenting a diagram 72 representing a human body, along with an
instruction 74 to the operator to touch the part of diagram 72
where the patient feels pain. In other words, the operator is
directed to select a part of the displayed human body 72.
[0082] Had the operator incorrectly selected the "Severe Pain"
option, the operator could undo the error by touching the "Back"
option 76. Like the "Index" and "Help" options, the "Back" option
may be available on several screen displays. Although not shown in
the figures, a "Home" or "Start Over" option, or other navigational
options, may also be presented.
[0083] In FIG. 4, the operator has selected the upper torso 76,
which has been highlighted. When the first aid system receives the
selection of a part of the displayed human body, the first aid
system may present first aid information as a function of the
selection, or may interrogate the operator further.
[0084] FIG. 5 is an exemplary screen display 80 showing a further
interrogation. In response to the selection of the upper torso, the
first aid system presents a diagram 82 of an upper chest, along
with an instruction 84 to the operator to touch the part of the
body where the patient feels pain. Diagram 82 shows a more specific
region of the body than diagram 72 in FIG. 4. By interrogating
about a more specific region of the body, the first aid system can
narrow down the number of possible presumptive first aid diagnoses,
and can focus on first aid for the particular problem experienced
by the patient.
[0085] In cases in which the patient is already established as
female, a diagram showing female anatomy may be displayed in place
of a diagram showing male anatomy. In the event the gender of the
patient has not yet been established, the operator may select a
"Female" option 86, which may cause the first aid system to display
of a female upper torso. In some circumstances, the anatomical
differences between male and female may be important, and the
operator may select the portion of the anatomy in which the patient
feels pain. In variations of the invention, additional options may
be presented, such as options to display diagrams for a child or an
infant.
[0086] In cases in which the patient is experiencing upper back or
neck pain, the operator may select an "Upper Back/Neck" option 88,
which may cause the first aid system to display the upper back,
rather than the chest.
[0087] Once again, the operator is directed to select a part of
displayed human body 82. The first aid system receives the
selection, and may display first aid information as a function of
the selection, or may interrogate further.
[0088] FIG. 6 is an exemplary screen display 90 demonstrating a
further interrogation without displaying a portion of a human body.
In particular, screen display 90 is an example of what could be
displayed should the patient select the center of the chest when
touching human chest diagram 82 in FIG. 5. Pain in the center of
the chest is often a symptom of a heart attack, and screen display
90 addresses this issue right away.
[0089] The first aid system presents an interrogation 92, asking
the operator to report whether or not the patient is experiencing
any of the symptoms in a list 94. The operator may answer the
interrogation affirmatively by selecting the "Yes" option 96A, and
may answer negatively by selecting the "No" option 96B.
[0090] FIG. 7 is an exemplary screen display 100 that may be
generated when the operator selects "Yes" in response to
interrogation 92. Screen display 100 includes a written emergency
alert 102, notifying the operator that the condition of the patient
may be extremely serious, and that the patient should receive
medical attention right away. Written emergency alert 102 may be
accompanied by an audible alarm generated by an alarm module.
Screen display 100 also includes a presumptive first aid diagnosis
104, specifically, that the patient may be experiencing a heart
attack. Screen display 100 also includes a direction 106 that
instructs the operator what to do, specifically, to summon an
ambulance.
[0091] In addition, screen display 100 may include a "Summon
Ambulance" option 108. The "Summon Ambulance" option allows the
operator to summon emergency medical personnel without using the
telephone. Selection of the "Summon Ambulance" option causes the
microprocessor in the first aid system to send a message to
emergency personnel via a communication module. In a typical
application, the message may be sent to an emergency service, which
in turn summons the ambulance.
[0092] In addition to or in place of an option to summon emergency
medical personnel, screen display 100 may present information about
obtaining medical help, such as the telephone number of a local
rescue service. When the patient's identity has been previously
established as described above, screen display 100 may also present
information that may be useful to medical personnel, such as
contact information for the personal physician of the patient, or
the current patient prescriptions, the indicated hospital or
insurance information.
[0093] FIG. 8 is an exemplary screen display 120 that may be
generated when the operator reports that the patient is
experiencing chest pain. When the first aid system is incorporated
with an external defibrillator, such as defibrillator 12 in FIG. 1,
the first aid system may instruct the operator concerning
deployment of electrodes 14, 16, to measure the ECG of the patient
and evaluate the condition of the patient.
[0094] Screen display 120 includes a diagram 122 of a human figure
with electrodes deployed on the chest in the correct manner. An
instruction 124 directs the operator to apply the electrodes to the
chest of the patient as shown in diagram 122. Screen display 120
further includes a brief explanation 126, explaining what the first
aid system is about to do. The explanation may also assure the
operator and the patient that measurement of the ECG does not
involve a defibrillation shock.
[0095] Diagram 122 shows the operator how to position the
electrodes on the patient. This deployment of electrodes
facilitates reading of the ECG of the patient, and also facilitates
delivery of a defibrillation shock should such a shock be
needed.
[0096] In some cases, however, the ECG may be measured for reasons
unrelated to administering a defibrillation shock. Indeed, the ECG
may be measured when the patient is conscious exhibiting no need
for defibrillation therapy. Accordingly, screen display 120, or a
variation thereof, may be displayed when the operator has entered
information indicating that the patient's condition is something
other than chest pain. For example, the first aid system may
present a variation of screen display 120 when the operator reports
that the patient is unconscious, or when the operator reports that
the patient is conscious but feels short of breath. An advantage of
incorporating the first aid system with an external defibrillator
is that the first aid system may use defibrillation electrodes or a
set of dedicated ECG electrodes as sensors to acquire information
about the condition of the patient without actually delivering
defibrillation therapy. The first aid system may use the ECG to
determine a presumptive diagnosis, or to refine a previous
presumptive diagnosis.
[0097] FIG. 9 is an exemplary screen display 130 illustrating a
first aid instruction. In particular, FIG. 9 illustrates an
instruction that directs the operator as to use of equipment.
Screen display 130 includes a diagram 132 of a human figure with a
blood pressure cuff deployed on the upper arm. An instruction 134
directs the operator to place the blood pressure cuff around the
upper arm of the patient as shown in diagram 132. Screen display
130 further includes a brief explanation 136, explaining that the
first aid system will measure the patient's blood pressure and
heart rate. Blood pressure and heart rate are vital signs that may
be important to medical personnel, and may further may be used by
the first aid system to determine a presumptive first aid
diagnosis.
[0098] FIG. 10 is another exemplary screen display 140. The first
aid system may generate screen display 140 in response to the
measured heart rate and blood pressure. Should the patient have a
low blood pressure, for example, the first aid system may
interrogate the operator to determine whether the low blood
pressure is having physical effects. A drop in blood pressure may
indicate that the patient is going into shock.
[0099] Screen display 140 includes multiple interrogations. First
interrogation 142 is accompanied by a first set of answer
selections 144, and second interrogation 146 is accompanied by a
second set of answer selections 148. Display of multiple
interrogations may be appropriate when a potentially serious
condition, such as shock, is possible. Display of multiple
interrogations may also be appropriate the interrogations are not
dependent upon on another. In FIG. 10, interrogations 142, 146
pertain to the coherence and skin tone of the patient. Some patient
conditions may affect coherence, others may affect skin tone, and
others, such as shock, may affect both.
[0100] FIG. 11 is an exemplary screen display 150 showing first aid
information. In particular, the first aid information includes a
written alert 152, a presumptive first aid diagnosis 154, and
directions to the operator to administer treatment 156. The first
aid system has determined a presumptive diagnosis of shock, as a
function of blood pressure measurements, the responses of the
operator to interrogations, or both.
[0101] Written alert 152, which may be may be accompanied by an
audible alarm generated by an alarm module, notifies the operator
that the patient needs attention. Presumptive diagnosis 154
notifies the operator why the patient needs attention, and
instructions 156 tell the operator what to do, and what not to do,
to treat the patient for shock. Although the operator is instructed
to summon an ambulance, the operator is further instructed how to
treat the patient pending the arrival of emergency personnel.
[0102] As shown by FIGS. 3-11, interactions between the first aid
system and the operator can lead to the determination of a
presumptive first aid diagnosis and the presentation of first aid
information. In general, through a series of interrogations,
measurements and instructions, the first aid system collects
patient status information. The first aid system focuses in on a
presumptive first aid diagnosis that corresponds to the condition
of the patient and informs the operator how to proceed.
[0103] FIG. 12 is flow diagram illustrating an exemplary technique
by which a first aid system can determine a presumptive first aid
diagnosis and present first aid information as a function of
patient status information. In particular, the flow diagram of FIG.
12 illustrates a first aid procedure by which a first aid system
can narrow down the number of possible presumptive first aid
diagnoses, and can focus on first aid for the particular problem
experienced by the patient.
[0104] In the example of FIG. 12, it is assumed that the patient
has complained of chest pain. The first aid system interrogates the
operator as to whether the patient has the symptoms of a heart
attack (160), such as by presenting exemplary screen display 90
shown in FIG. 6 or by following a more detailed procedure shown in
FIG. 13. If the operator responds in the affirmative, then the
first aid system determines a presumptive diagnosis of heart attack
(162) and may present information such as that shown in exemplary
screen display 100 in FIG. 7.
[0105] When the response from the operator indicates that the
patient does not have the symptoms of a heart attack, the first aid
system continues to receive further patient status information. The
first aid system may receive patient status information via
interrogation of the operator. The interrogation may pertain to the
current condition of the patient (e.g., 164, 166) or to the medical
history of the patient (e.g., 168, 170). In some cases, the first
aid system may have previously stored medical history for a
particular patient. In those cases, questions pertaining to medical
history may be omitted, or the operator may be asked to confirm the
medical history.
[0106] In addition, the first aid system may receive patient status
information via one or more sensors. The exemplary procedure
includes at least one direction to the operator (172) to apply a
sensor, such as a temperature sensor or blood pressure cuff, to the
patient. The first aid system may use patient status information
obtained via the sensor (174) to determine a presumptive diagnosis
(176, 178).
[0107] In the exemplary procedure shown in FIG. 12, the first aid
system recommends a course of action for the operator or patient or
both. In some cases, the presumptive diagnosis indicates that the
condition of the patient is serious, and so the first aid system
recommends that the patient obtain prompt, professional medical
care (162, 176, 178, 180). In other cases, the first aid system
does not recommend the patient needs professional medical care. In
those cases, the operator or the patient may be instructed about
appropriate home therapy or medication (182, 184, 186). In the
event that the patient status information does not result in a
presumptive diagnosis, the first aid system may include an
instruction that the patient should consult a physician (188).
[0108] The first aid system may apply various procedures for a
variety of conditions. The procedures, which may be represented as
flow diagrams like FIG. 12, may be directed to a variety of
illnesses, injuries, and other health-related concerns. The
invention encompasses procedure and flow diagrams for a variety of
health-related concerns, and is not limited to chest pain. In
addition, the invention is not limited to the procedure for
addressing chest pain shown in FIG. 12. The procedure may change
depending upon what sensors are available. For example, a first aid
system incorporated with a defibrillator may apply a procedure that
directs the operator to apply electrodes to the chest of the
patient, such as exemplary screen display 120 shown in FIG. 8.
[0109] From time to time, a particular procedure for addressing a
particular health-related concern may be updated or improved. The
procedure may take into account new diseases, new medications, new
methods of treatment, new diagnostic techniques, and the like.
Also, new procedures may be added, or the procedures may be
customized for a particular patient, venue, geographical region, or
the like.
[0110] FIG. 13 is flow diagram illustrating a first aid procedure
that may be a sub-procedure of the first aid procedure shown in
FIG. 12. In the example of FIG. 13, it is again assumed that the
patient has complained of chest pain. Instead of presenting
exemplary screen display 90 shown in FIG. 6, the first aid system
may interrogate apply a modified procedure. In particular, the
first aid system may ask whether the patient is experiencing
physical symptoms of a heart attack (190), i.e., whether the
patient is experiencing pain in certain parts of the body. The
interrogation may include a diagram 192 showing the parts of the
body that may be affected if the patient is suffering a heart
attack.
[0111] If the patient does not have pain consistent with a heart
attack, the first aid system may continue the interrogation (194),
e.g., by asking whether the patient is short of breath (164 in FIG.
12). If, on the other hand, the patient does complain of pain
consistent with a heart attack, the first aid system may direct the
operator to apply sensors to evaluate the heart rhythm of the
patient. When the first aid system is incorporated with a
defibrillator, for example, the operator may be directed to apply
defibrillation electrodes 14 and 16. An instruction such as
exemplary screen 120 shown in FIG. 8 may be presented to tell the
operator how to apply the electrodes.
[0112] When the sensors are coupled to the patient, the first aid
system analyzes the ECG of the patient (198). When analysis of the
ECG indicates a cardiac emergency (200), the first aid system
summons medical help at once or directs the operator to do so
(202). The first aid system may also interrogate the operator
further about the current condition of the patient or the medical
history of the patient (204, 206, 208) and may determine a
presumptive diagnosis of heart attack as a function of the received
patient status information. In alternate embodiments,
interrogations about current condition and medical history (204,
206, 208) may be performed before or during ECG analysis (198).
[0113] In the event that the first aid system is unable to reach a
presumptive diagnosis of heart attack, the first aid system may
nevertheless direct the patient to seek medical help immediately
(210).
[0114] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary system 220
for updating first aid procedures. A central server 222 stores a
plurality of first aid procedures in a storage element 224. Storage
224 may be any medium for storing computer-readable instructions or
data, such as a magnetic or optical storage medium.
[0115] Server 222 communicates with a client first aid system 226
via a communications network 228. Network 228 may be any network,
including a local network, the Internet, a telephone network or a
wireless communication network. First aid system 226 may connect to
network 228 via a communication module. The communication may be
initiated by server 222 or client first aid system 226.
[0116] Server 222 may interrogate client first aid system 226 as to
the set of first aid procedures being implemented by client first
aid system 226. When an update is appropriate, server 222 may
download new or updated procedures to client first aid system 226
via network 228. Client first aid system 226 receives and stores
the procedures.
[0117] FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary
technique for updating first aid procedures. Client first aid
system 226 communicates an identification of one or more first aid
procedures to server 222 (230), and may do so in response to an
interrogation from server 222. First aid procedures may be
identified by a code number, version number, or any other
identifier. Upon receiving the identification (232), server 222
verifies the first aid procedure (234) and determines whether an
update is indicated. When an update is indicated, server 222
retrieves an updated procedure from storage site 224 and
communicates the updated first aid procedure to client first aid
system 226 (236).
[0118] Client first aid system 226 receives the update (238) and
stores it in memory (240). Storing the updated first aid procedure
may include deleting an older procedure and replacing the older
procedure with the updated procedure. Storing the updated procedure
may also include retaining the older procedure but incorporating
updates to the older procedure. Storing the updated procedure may
further include adding a sub-procedure to an older procedure. When
used by an operator attending to a patient, client first aid system
226 may apply the updated first aid procedure (242).
[0119] FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary
technique for collecting patient status information about one or
more particular patients. As discussed above, an embodiment of the
invention can be principally for the benefit of specific
individuals, such as the members of a family residing in a
household. Patient status information pertaining to the anticipated
patients may be entered into the first aid system before a need for
first aid arises.
[0120] The first aid system may collect patient status information
in any of several ways. One way is to present a questionnaire
(250), asking for information about the potential patient. The
questionnaire may ask for the name of the patient, age or birth
date, gender, ethnicity, blood type, height, weight, and the like.
The questionnaire may ask questions about current practices, such
as questions about alcohol or tobacco usage. The questionnaire may
also collect information about medical history, such as surgery,
implants, trauma, heart attacks, high blood pressure, allergies,
respiratory problems and so forth. The questionnaire may inquire
into medications taken by the patient. The questionnaire may
further ask for information about a doctor or doctors for the
patient, along with contact information. The questionnaire may ask
for information about insurance coverage. The first aid system may
ask for other kinds of information as well.
[0121] The first aid system receives the responses (252) and stores
the responses in memory (254). The responses are associated with
the identity of the particular patient. Some patient status
information, such as the age of the patient, may be updated
automatically by the first aid system. Other patient status
information, such as height, weight and tobacco usage habits, which
may or may not vary substantially over time, may be updated if the
patient status information changes. Further, some patient status
information may be updated automatically following use of the first
aid system. If the patient exhibits high blood pressure, for
example, the first aid system may update the medical history of the
patient to reflect the high blood pressure.
[0122] In a first aid situation, the first aid system presents
first aid information according to the stored patient status
information (256). In an embodiment mentioned above, an
introductory screen can present a list of possible patients, and
selection of a patient from the list causes the previously stored
patient status information to be retrieved. The patient can also be
identified with a sensor such as a fingerprint sensor.
[0123] When the patient has been identified, the first aid system
retrieves from memory the patient status information associated
with the identified patient, and presents first aid information as
a function of the retrieved patient status information. The first
aid system can, for example, present a human body diagram
appropriate for the age and gender of the patient. The first aid
system may also use medical history rather than interrogating an
operator, or may ask the operator to confirm the medical history.
The medical history can assist first aid system in making some
decisions more quickly. The first aid system can also reach a
presumptive diagnosis as a function of previously entered patient
status information.
[0124] The invention may offer several advantages. By employing the
invention, the operator not trained to provide medical care can
respond to a medical condition quickly. Based upon information
received via electrodes, input devices and sensors, the first aid
system can determine a presumptive diagnosis and show the operator
how to proceed. The invention helps guide the untrained operator
until trained medical personnel arrive or the emergency is
resolved.
[0125] The interactions between the first aid system and the
operator can be arranged logically and intuitively, so that the
operator will be able to use the first aid system effectively.
Various embodiments of the invention may incorporate warning
signals, large writing, simple diagrams, and plain language to
assist the operator and avoid confusion.
[0126] The invention is versatile. The invention may be embodied
with a variety of medical devices, or may be embodied as a
"stand-alone" device. The invention may be embodied with a variety
of input and output devices, and with an assortment of sensors. The
displayed text and graphic information may be adapted to particular
geographic locations. Furthermore, invention encompasses updates so
that a first aid system may apply new, improved or customized first
aid procedures.
[0127] The invention accommodates updates and customization. A
first aid system may download new or updated first aid procedures
from a remote source. As a result, the first aid system can stay
current on various health-related matters and first aid procedures.
A first aid system may also be customized to particular patients,
making presentation of first aid information more efficient for
those patients.
[0128] When the invention is incorporated with an external
defibrillator, the external defibrillator takes on additional
functionality. In particular, use of the defibrillator need not be
limited to serious emergencies. Instead, the defibrillator may be
used for less urgent first aid situations. The availability of AEDs
at various venues may make the added functionality attractive. In
the case of a medical emergency, an operator need not worry whether
to retrieve a first aid kit or an AED, but may readily retrieve
both at the same time.
[0129] Various embodiments of the invention have been described.
These specific embodiments are illustrative of the practice of the
invention. Various modifications may be made without departing from
the scope of the claims. For example, the screen displays depicted
in the figures are for illustrative purposes. A first aid system
may present information in many other ways.
[0130] The invention need not be incorporated in a single device. A
first aid system may comprise a plurality of devices. A first aid
system may include discrete sensors or therapy devices, for
example, which communicate with one another via wireless or
hardwired connections.
[0131] The invention need not address a full range of first aid
concerns. In some embodiments of the invention, the first aid
system may be configured to address a restricted number of first
aid concerns. In some embodiments of the invention, the first aid
system may obtain patient status information for a presumptive
first aid diagnosis from sensors, without operator
interrogation.
[0132] The patient status information may be stored in memory for
later retrieval. In an emergency, for example, emergency personnel
or hospital personnel may retrieve patient status information from
the first aid system. The retrieved patient status information may
be useful in diagnosing or treating the patient, and result in a
more complete medical record for the patient. It may also be useful
to retrieve first aid information stored in memory. An output
device included in the first aid system, such as a serial port or a
printer, can output the patient status information and the first
aid information stored in the memory. In another variation, the
memory module may in a removable form, such as a memory stick,
magnetic card or a floppy disk, and patient status information may
be retrieved by retrieving the memory module from the first aid
system.
[0133] The invention includes software to carry out the techniques
described herein. The invention may be embodied as a
computer-readable medium that includes instructions for causing a
programmable processor to carry out the methods described above. A
"computer-readable medium" includes but is not limited to read-only
memory, Flash memory and a magnetic or optical storage medium. The
instructions may be implemented as one or more software modules,
which may be executed by themselves or in combination with other
software.
[0134] The instructions and the media are not necessarily
associated with any particular computer or other apparatus, but may
be carried out by various general-purpose or specialized machines.
The instructions may be distributed among two or more media and may
be executed by two or more machines. The machines may be coupled to
one another directly, or may be coupled through a network.
[0135] The invention may also be embodied as one or more devices
that include logic circuitry to carry out the functions or methods
as described above. The logic circuitry may include a processor
that may be programmable for a general purpose or may be dedicated,
such as microcontroller, a microprocessor, a Digital Signal
Processor (DSP), Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC),
and the like. These and other embodiments are within the scope of
the following claims.
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