U.S. patent application number 10/898585 was filed with the patent office on 2010-03-11 for method and composition for the treatment of cancer by the enzymatic conversion of soluble radioactive toxic precipitates in the cancer.
Invention is credited to George L. Mayers, Lottie Rose, Samuel Rose.
Application Number | 20100062006 10/898585 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46302395 |
Filed Date | 2010-03-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100062006 |
Kind Code |
A9 |
Mayers; George L. ; et
al. |
March 11, 2010 |
Method and composition for the treatment of cancer by the enzymatic
conversion of soluble radioactive toxic precipitates in the
cancer
Abstract
The invention features compositions and methods for treating or
alleviating a symptom of cancer. The compositions and methods of
the invention direct supra-lethal doses of radiation, called
Hot-Spots, to virtually all cancer cell types.
Inventors: |
Mayers; George L.;
(Gainesville, FL) ; Rose; Samuel; (Emeryville,
CA) ; Rose; Lottie; (Emeryville, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MINTZ, LEVIN, COHN, FERRIS, GLOVSKY AND POPEO, P.C
ONE FINANCIAL CENTER
BOSTON
MA
02111
US
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Prior
Publication: |
|
Document Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20050058652 A1 |
March 17, 2005 |
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Family ID: |
46302395 |
Appl. No.: |
10/898585 |
Filed: |
July 23, 2004 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10226288 |
Aug 22, 2002 |
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10898585 |
Jul 23, 2004 |
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09314422 |
May 18, 1999 |
6468503 |
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10226288 |
Aug 22, 2002 |
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08782219 |
Jan 13, 1997 |
6080383 |
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09314422 |
May 18, 1999 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/178.1 ;
435/7.2; 530/391.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 35/00 20180101;
C07K 2317/77 20130101; A61K 2039/505 20130101; C07K 2317/31
20130101; C07K 16/30 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/178.1 ;
530/391.1; 435/007.2 |
International
Class: |
G01N 33/53 20060101
G01N033/53; G01N 33/567 20060101 G01N033/567; A61K 49/00 20060101
A61K049/00; A61K 39/395 20060101 A61K039/395 |
Claims
1. A reagent comprising a cell targeting agent which augments
cellular uptake of the reagent linked to a platform building
material, wherein said platform building material detaches from
said cell targeting agent upon uptake of the reagent into the cell
and forms an aqueous insoluble nano-platform.
2. The reagent of claim 1, wherein said cell targeting agent is
linked to the platform building material by a carrier moiety.
3. The reagent of claim 2, wherein said carrier moiety is a
protein, a polysaccharide, a polymer, a dendrimer, a liposome, a
nanoparticle or a polymeric micelle.
4. The reagent of claim 3, wherein said polymer is a synthetic
polymer or a biopolymer.
5. The reagent of claim 4, wherein said biopolymer is a
polylysine.
6. The reagent of claim 1, wherein said platform building material
further comprises an additional molecular structure.
7. The reagent of claim 6, wherein said additional molecular
structure is capable of specifically binding a second reagent.
8. The reagent of claim 6, wherein said additional molecular
structure is a polypeptide, a peptide, a lectin, a small molecule
or an organic functional group.
9. The reagent of claim 1, wherein said cell targeting agent is a
polypeptide, a cell surface ligand, a peptide or a small
molecule.
10. The reagent of claim 9, wherein said polypeptide is an antibody
or fragment thereof.
11. The reagent of claim 10, wherein said antibody is an EGF
receptor antibody or a transferrin receptor antibody.
12. The reagent of claim 9, wherein said polypeptide is a viral
protein.
13. The reagent of claim 12, wherein said viral protein is a human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 TAT protein, a functionally
effective portion of (HIV) 1 TAT protein, or VP22.
14. The reagent of claim 9, wherein said cell surface ligand is
transferrin, epidermal growth factor or an interleukin.
15. The reagent of claim 9, wherein said peptide is a peptide
hormone or an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide.
16. The reagent of claim 15, wherein said peptide hormone is
oxytocin, growth hormone releasing hormone, glucagon, gastrin,
secretin, somatostatin, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone,
insulin, or growth hormone.
17. The reagent of claim 9, wherein said small molecule is a
hormone, a nucleic acid, a peptidomimetic, a carbohydrate, a lipid,
a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist or folic acid or
analogue or derivative thereof.
18. The reagent of claim 17, wherein said hormone is estrogen,
calciferol, or testosterone.
19. The reagent of claim 1, wherein said platform building material
is an indoxyl, a porphyrin, a polymer, a dendrimer, an opio-melanin
or a polysaccharide.
20. The reagent of claim 19, wherein said polymer is a HPMA
derivative.
21. The reagent of claim 19, wherein said polysaccharide is
dextran, gum Arabic, cellulose or chitin.
22. The reagent of claim 19, wherein said indoxyl is a substituted
indoxyl.
23. The reagent of claim 22, wherein said substituted indoxyl is a
mono-indoxyl, a bis-indoxyl or a poly-indoxyl.
24. The reagent of claim 19, wherein said indoxyl forms indigo, a
linear indigo polymer or a polyindigo lattice.
25. A reagent comprising a targeting moiety and an isotope-trapping
moiety.
26. The reagent of claim 25, wherein said targeting moiety is
capable of binding to an aqueous insoluble nano-platform.
27. The reagent of claim 25, wherein said targeting moiety is an
organic functional group, a polypeptide, a peptide, or a
lectin.
28. The reagent of claim 27, wherein said polypeptide is an enzyme,
an antibody or a fragment thereof.
29. The reagent of claim 28, wherein said enzyme is a mutant
enzyme.
30. The reagent of claim 29, wherein said mutant enzyme is a mutant
.beta.-lactamase.
31. The reagent of claim 28, wherein said enzyme is a
.beta.-lactamase, an arginine decarboxylase, an ornithine
decarboxylase, a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, or a
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvoyltransferase.
32. The reagent of claim 27, wherein said organic functional group
is a hydrazide, a ketone, a mercaptan, or a maleimidyl.
33. The reagent of claim 25, wherein said isotope trapping moiety
is an organic functional group, a polypeptide, a peptide, or a
lectin.
34. The reagent of claim 33, wherein said polypeptide is an enzyme,
an antibody or a fragment thereof.
35. The reagent of claim 34, wherein said enzyme is a mutant
enzyme.
36. The reagent of claim 35, wherein said mutant enzyme is a mutant
.beta.-lactamase.
37. The reagent of claim 34, wherein said enzyme is a
.beta.-lactamase, an arginine decarboxylase, an ornithine
decarboxylase, a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase,
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvoyltransferase, nitroreductase,
glycosidases, carboxypeptidase A, alkaline phosphatase, or a
sulfatase.
38. The reagent of claim 33, wherein said organic functional group
is a hydrazide, a ketone, a mercaptan, or a maleimidyl.
39. A kit packaged in one or more containers comprising: a. a
reagent comprising a cell targeting agent which augments cellular
uptake of the reagent linked to a platform building material,
wherein said platform building material detaches from said cell
targeting agent upon uptake of the reagent into the cell and forms
an aqueous insoluble nano-platform; and b. a bi-specific reagent
comprising a targeting moiety capable of binding to the aqueous
insoluble nano-platform and an isotope trapping moiety.
40. The kit of claim 39, further comprising a radiolabeled aqueous
soluble reagent.
41. The kit of claim 39, further comprising a cell-killing
reagent.
42. The kit of claim 39, wherein the reagent according to (a)
further comprises an additional molecular structure.
43. The kit of claim 39, wherein the targeting moiety according to
(b) binds said additional molecular structure.
44. A method of alleviating a symptom of cancer comprising
administering to a subject suffering from said cancer: a. a reagent
comprising a cell targeting agent which augments cellular uptake of
the reagent linked to a platform building material, wherein said
platform building material detaches from said cell targeting agent
upon uptake of the reagent into the cell and forms an aqueous
insoluble nano-platform; b. a bi-specific reagent comprising a
targeting moiety capable of binding to the aqueous insoluble
nano-platform and an isotope trapping moiety; and c. a radiolabeled
aqueous soluble reagent.
45. The method of claim 44, further comprising administering a
cell-killing reagent prior to the administration of (b).
46. The method of claim 44, further comprising administering a
cell-killing reagent after the administration of (b).
47. The method of claim 44, further comprising administering a
cell-killing reagent concurrently with the administration of
(b).
48. The method of claim 44, wherein said cancer is breast cancer,
skin cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, liver
cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic
cancer, or stomach cancer.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No.
10/226,288, filed Aug. 22, 2002 which claims priority U.S. Ser. No.
08/782,219, filed Jan. 13, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,383, the
contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their
entireties.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention relates to the treatment of cancer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] A considerable portion of worldwide research efforts in the
treatment of cancer is currently devoted to killing cancer cells by
means of various cell-killing agents. Despite the fact that
numerous drugs, including radioactive compounds, have been shown to
be capable of killing cancer cells, these agents frequently fail to
treat cancer successfully because of their inability to circumvent
three universally present obstacles: (1) the agents do not kill all
the cancer cells because they do not exhibit cytotoxic specificity
for all the cancer cells, (2) the agents also kill normal cells
because they do not exhibit cytotoxic specificity exclusively for
cancer cells, and (3) the agents are not potent enough at tolerable
doses to kill resistant cancer cells or to overcome the ability of
cancer cells to adapt and become resistant to the cell-killing
agents.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0004] The invention provides compositions and methods for treating
cancer. The methods of the invention are a multi-step therapy
process that directs localized supra-lethal doses of radiation
called Hot-Spots to virtually any cancer.
[0005] In one aspect the invention provides a Step 1 Reagent
containing a cell targeting agent linked, e.g., covalently to a
platform building material. The platform building material detaches
from the cell targeting agent upon uptake of the reagent into a
cell, e.g., a cancer cell. The platform building material once
detached from the cell targeting agent becomes aqueous insoluble,
forming a nano-platform. Optionally, the cell targeting agent is
linked to the platform building material by a carrier moiety. In
various aspects of the invention, the platform building material
has an additional molecular structure that is capable of
specifically binding a second reagent, i.e., a Step 3 Reagent.
[0006] A cell targeting agent augments cellular uptake of the
reagent and is a polypeptide, a cell surface ligand, a peptide, or
a small molecule. A polypeptide is, for example, an antibody such
as an EGF receptor antibody or a transferrin receptor antibody,
epidermal growth factor or a viral protein such as a human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 TAT protein, a functionally
effective portion of (HIV) 1 TAT protein, or VP22. A cell surface
ligand is for example transferrin, epidermal growth factor or an
interleukin.
[0007] A peptide is, for example, a peptide hormone such as
oxytocin, growth hormone releasing hormone, glucagon, gastrin,
secretin, somatostatin, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone,
insulin, growth hormone, or an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid
peptide (RGD).
[0008] A small molecule is, for example, a hormone such as
estrogen, calciferol, or testosterone, a nucleic acid, a
peptidomimetic, a carbohydrate, a lipid, a nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor agonist or folic acid or analogue or derivative
thereof.
[0009] The platform building material is, for example, an indoxyl,
a porphyrin, a polymer such as a HPMA derivative, a dendrimer, an
opio-melanin or a polysaccharide such as dextran, gum Arabic,
cellulose or chitin. The indoxyl is, for example, a substituted
indoxyl, i.e., a mono-indoxyl, a bis-indoxyl or a poly indoxyl. The
indoxyl forms indigo, a linear indigo polymer or a polyindigo
lattice.
[0010] A carrier moiety is, for example, a protein; a
polysaccharide; a polymer, e.g., synthetic polymer or a biopolymer
such as polylysine; a dendrimer; a liposome; a nanoparticle; or a
polymeric micelle.
[0011] Exemplary Step 1 Reagents include the following: An anti-EGF
receptor antibody, derivative or fragment thereof linked to a
substituted 3-indoxyl phosphate derivative. The antibody is linked
to the 3-indoxyl phosphate derivative by a carrier moiety such as
dextran. Additionally, a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
enolpyruvoyltransferase inhibitor such as a phosphoenol pyruvate
derivative is linked to the 3-indoxyl phosphate derivative.
[0012] A transferrin polypeptide or fragment thereof linked to a
glycoside, e.g., a galactoside, a glucoside or a glucuronide or
derivative thereof. Preferably, the glycoside is a substituted
bis-3-indoxyl glycoside derivative. The transferrin polypeptide is
linked to the glycoside by a carrier moiety such as an albumin
polypeptide or fragment thereof. Additionally, a mutant
.beta.-lactamase inhibitor is linked to the bis-3-indoxyl glycoside
derivative. The mutant .beta.-lactamase inhibitor is a lactam
derivative such as a carbacephem analog. A carbacephem analog is,
for example, Loracarbef.
[0013] A folate derivative linked to a porphyrin derivative. The
folate derivative is linked to the porphyrin derivative by a
carrier moiety such as an immunoglobulin polypeptide or fragment
thereof. Additionally, an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, e.g.,
an .alpha.-difluoromethylornithine or an arginine decarboxylase
inhibitor, e.g., an .alpha.-difluoromethylarginine is linked to the
porphyrin derivative.
[0014] A folate derivative linked to a substituted bis-3-indoxyl
galactoside derivative. Additionally, a mutant .beta.-lactamase
inhibitor is linked to the substituted bis-3-indoxyl galactoside
derivative.
[0015] An epidermal growth factor polypeptide or fragment thereof
linked to HPMA. Additionally, a substituted indoxyl galactoside
derivative and a mutant .beta.-lactamase inhibitor are linked to
the HPMA.
[0016] Another aspect of the invention provides a Step 3 Reagent
that is a bi-specific reagent containing a targeting moiety and an
isotope trapping moiety. The targeting moiety and the isotope
trapping moiety are linked, e.g., covalently. The targeting moiety
is capable of binding the nano-platform. For example, the targeting
moiety binds to the additional molecular structures on the
nano-platform. The isotope trapping moiety is capable of trapping a
radio-labeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent.
[0017] The targeting moiety or the isotope trapping moiety is an
organic functional group such as a hydrazide, a ketone, a
mercaptan, or a maleimidyl; a polypeptide; a peptide; or a lectin.
The polypeptide is an enzyme such as a .beta.-lactamase, an
arginine decarboxylase, an ornithine decarboxylase, a
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, or a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
enolpyruvoyltransferase; a mutant enzyme such as a mutant
.beta.-lactamase; or an antibody or a fragment thereof.
[0018] Exemplary Step 3 Reagents include the following: A
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvoyltransferase linked to
Streptavidin. A mutant .beta.-lactamase linked to a
.beta.-D-galactosidase. An ornithine decarboxylase or an arginine
decarboxylase linked to 4-carboxybenzaldehyde. A mutant
.beta.-lactamase linked to an anti-NIP antibody. A mutant
.beta.-lactamase linked to an alkaline phosphatase.
[0019] Another aspect of the invention provides a kit packaged in
one or more containers containing a Step 1 Reagent and a Step 3
Reagent. Optionally, the kit contains a Step 2 cell-killing Reagent
and/or a radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent. Exemplary
Step 4 Reagents include, .sup.90Y-biotin-pentyl-DOTA,
.sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl galactoside, .sup.131I-p-iodobenzoic
hydrazide, .sup.131I-4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid and
.sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl phosphate.
[0020] Cancer is treated or a symptom of cancer is alleviated, by
administering to the subject (a) a Step 1 Reagent containing a cell
targeting agent linked, e.g., covalently to a platform building
material; (b) a Step 3 Reagent containing a targeting moiety and an
isotope trapping moiety; and (c) a radiolabeled aqueous soluble
Step 4 Reagent. The cell targeting agent augments cellular uptake
of the Step 1 Reagent. The platform building material detaches from
the cell targeting agent upon uptake of the Step 1 Reagent into the
cell and forms an aqueous insoluble nano-platform to which the
targeting moiety of the Step 3 Reagent binds. The isotope trapping
moiety of the Step 3 Reagent traps the radiolabeled aqueous soluble
Step 4 Reagent within the tumor extracellular matrix for the
required period of time to create micro-regional radiation fields
(Hot Spots) to deliver lethal irradiation to the surrounding tumor
cells.
[0021] The reagents are administered sequentially. Alternatively,
the reagents are administered concurrently. Optionally, a Step 2
cell-killing Reagent is administered to the subject prior to, after
or concurrently with the Step 3 Reagent to relocate the
nano-platform into the tumor extracellular matrix.
[0022] In one aspect, a cancer is treated or a symptom of cancer is
alleviated, by administering to the subject (a) a composition
containing an anti-EGF receptor antibody, derivative or fragment
thereof linked to a substituted 3-indoxyl phosphate derivative with
an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvoyltransferase inhibitor linked
to the 3-indoxyl phosphate derivative; (b) a composition containing
a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvoyltransferase linked to
Streptavidin; and (c) a composition containing
.sup.90Y-biotin-pentyl-DOTA.
[0023] In another aspect, a cancer is treated or a symptom of
cancer is alleviated, by administering to the subject (a) a
composition containing a transferrin polypeptide or fragment
thereof linked to a substituted bis-3-indoxyl glycoside derivative
with a mutant .beta.-lactamase inhibitor linked to the
bis-3-indoxyl glycoside derivative; (b) a composition containing a
mutant .beta.-lactamase linked to a .beta.-D-galactosidase; and (c)
a composition containing .sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl
galactoside.
[0024] In a further aspect, a cancer is treated or a symptom of
cancer is alleviated, by administering to the subject (a) a
composition containing a folate derivative linked to a porphyrin
derivative with either an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor or
arginine decarboxylase inhibitor linked to the porphyrin
derivative; (b) a composition containing an ornithine decarboxylase
or arginine decarboxylase linked to 4-carboxybenzaldehyde; and (c)
a composition containing .sup.131I-p-iodobenzoic hydrazide.
[0025] In yet another aspect, a cancer is treated or a symptom of
cancer is alleviated, by administering to the subject (a) a
composition containing a folate derivative linked to a substituted
bis-3-indoxyl galactoside derivative with a mutant .beta.-lactamase
inhibitor linked to the bis-3-indoxyl galactoside derivative; (b) a
composition containing a mutant .beta.-lactamase linked to an
anti-NIP antibody; and (c) a composition containing
.sup.131I-4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid (.sup.131I-NIP
acid).
[0026] In another aspect, a cancer is treated or a symptom of
cancer is alleviated, by administering to the subject (a) a
composition containing an epidermal growth factor (EGF) polypeptide
or fragment thereof linked to HPMA with a substituted indoxyl
galactoside derivative linked to the HPMA and a mutant
.beta.-lactamase inhibitor linked to the HPMA; (b) a composition
containing a .beta.-lactamase linked to an alkaline phosphatase;
and (c) a composition containing .sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl
phosphate.
[0027] The subject is a mammal such as human, a primate, mouse,
rat, dog, cat, cow, horse, pig, and ferret. The subject is
suffering from cancer. The cancer is for example breast cancer,
skin cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, liver
cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic
cancer, or stomach cancer. A subject suffering from cancer is
identified by methods known in the art such as physical
examination; blood test for specific cancer antigens such as PSA;
MRI; x-ray; or mammography. Symptoms of cancer include fatigue;
nausea; frequent urination; weight loss; lump or thickening in the
breast or testicles; a change in a wart or mole; a skin sore or a
persistent sore throat that doesn't heal; a change in bowel or
bladder habits; a persistent cough or coughing blood; constant
indigestion or trouble swallowing; unusual bleeding or vaginal
discharge; flu-like symptoms; bruising; dizziness; drowsiness;
abnormal eye movements or changes in vision.
[0028] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although
methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described
herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present
invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All
publications, patent applications, patents, and other references
mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
In case of conflict, the present specification, including
definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and
examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
[0029] Other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description, and from the
claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0030] FIG. 1 is an illustration depicting a cancer cell with
receptors.
[0031] FIG. 2 is an illustration depicting a Step 1 Reagent.
[0032] FIG. 3 is an illustration depicting the accumulation of Step
1 Reagent in cancer cells.
[0033] FIG. 4 is an illustration depicting the formation of aqueous
insoluble nano-platform in cancer cells.
[0034] FIG. 5 is an illustration depicting the continued
accumulation of the nano-platform in cancer cells.
[0035] FIG. 6 is an illustration depicting the Step 1 Reagent for
the first example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0036] FIG. 7 is an illustration depicting the synthesis of
Bromo-indoxyl phosphate with linker molecule.
[0037] FIG. 8 is an illustration depicting the synthesis of
platform building material with irreversible enzyme inhibitor for
the first example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0038] FIG. 9 is an illustration depicting conjugating the platform
building materials for the first example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0039] FIG. 9b Step 1 Reagent for the first example of a Step 1
Reagent.
[0040] FIG. 10 is an illustration depicting the Step 1 Reagent for
the second example.
[0041] FIG. 11 is an illustration depicting the synthesis of
Bis-indoxyl for the platform building materials for the second
example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0042] FIG. 12 is an illustration depicting the synthesis of
platform building material with irreversible enzyme inhibitor for
the second example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0043] FIG. 13 is an illustration depicting conjugating the
platform building materials for the second example of a Step 1
Reagent.
[0044] FIG. 13b Step 1 Reagent for the second example of a Step 1
Reagent.
[0045] FIG. 14 is an illustration depicting the Step 1 Reagent for
the third example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0046] FIG. 15 is an illustration depicting the synthesis of a
porphyrin-derivative for the platform building materials for the
third example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0047] FIG. 16 is an illustration depicting the synthesis of
platform building material with irreversible enzyme inhibitor for
the third example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0048] FIG. 17 is an illustration depicting the Step 1 Reagent for
the third example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0049] FIG. 18 is an illustration depicting the synthesis of
irreversible enzyme inhibitor derivative for the third example of a
Step 1 Reagent.
[0050] FIG. 19 is an illustration depicting the Step 1 Reagent for
the fourth example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0051] FIG. 20 is an illustration depicting the synthesis of the
platform building materials with cell targeting agent attached for
the fourth example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0052] FIG. 21 is an illustration depicting the synthesis of
platform building material with cell targeting agent and position
for the irreversible enzyme inhibitor for the fourth example of a
Step 1 Reagent.
[0053] FIG. 22 is an illustration depicting synthesis of the Step 1
Reagent for the fourth example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0054] FIG. 23 is an illustration depicting the Step 1 Reagent for
the fifth example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0055] FIG. 24 is an illustration depicting the synthesis of the
Step 1 Reagent for the fifth example of a Step 1 Reagent.
[0056] FIG. 25 is an illustration depicting the Step 2 cell-killing
process.
[0057] FIG. 26 is an illustration depicting the Step 3 Bispecific
Reagent.
[0058] FIG. 27 is an illustration depicting the formation of the
hydrazone anchoring the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent to the
nano-platform.
[0059] FIG. 28 is an illustration depicting the formation of the
thioether anchoring the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent to the
nano-platform.
[0060] FIG. 29 is an illustration depicting the Step 3 Bispecific
Reagent covalently bound to irreversible enzyme inhibitor.
[0061] FIG. 30 is an illustration depicting the Step 3 Bispecific
Reagent bound to the nano-platform via a specific antibody.
[0062] FIG. 31 is an illustration depicting the Step 3 Bispecific
Reagent binding a Step 4 Reagent that is a hydrazide.
[0063] FIG. 32 is an illustration depicting the Step 3 Bispecific
Reagent binding a Step 4 Reagent that is an irreversible enzyme
inhibitor.
[0064] FIG. 33 is an illustration depicting the Step 3 Bispecific
Reagent binding a Step 4 Reagent via a high affinity receptor.
[0065] FIG. 34 is an illustration depicting the Step 3 Bispecific
Reagent which has an enzyme as its isotope trapping moiety that
converts an indoxyl galactoside to an indigo derivative
[0066] FIG. 35 is an illustration depicting the synthesis of the
Step 3 Reagent composed of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
enolpyruvoyltransferase and Streptavidin.
[0067] FIG. 36 is an illustration depicting the preparation of
plasmid for the .beta.-lactamase mutants.
[0068] FIG. 37 is an illustration depicting the preparation of the
plasmid for the Step 3 Reagent, mutant
.beta.-lactamase-.beta.-D-galactosidase.
[0069] FIG. 38 is an illustration depicting the preparation of Step
3 Bispecific Reagent, ornithine decarboxylase with aldehyde
sidechains (i.e. ornithine decarboxylase-4carboxybenzaldehyde).
[0070] FIG. 39 is an illustration depicting the preparation of Step
3 Bispecific Reagent, mutant .beta.-lactamase-anti-NIP
antibody.
[0071] FIG. 40 is an illustration depicting the preparation of Step
3 Bispecific Reagent, mutant .beta.-lactamase-alkaline
phosphatase.
[0072] FIG. 41 is an illustration depicting the preparation of
first example of a Step 4 Reagent.
[0073] FIG. 42 is an illustration depicting the preparation of
.sup.90Y-biotin-pentyl-DOTA to be used as a Step 4 Reagent.
[0074] FIG. 43 is an illustration depicting the Preparation of
second example of a Step 4 Reagent.
[0075] FIG. 44 is an illustration depicting the preparation of
.sup.131I-5-Iodo-3-indoxyl galactoside to be used as a Step 4
Reagent.
[0076] FIG. 45 is an illustration depicting the preparation of
third example of a Step 4 Reagent.
[0077] FIG. 46 is an illustration depicting the preparation of
.sup.131I -p-iodobenzoic hydrazide to be used as a Step 4
Reagent.
[0078] FIG. 47 is an illustration depicting the preparation of
fourth example of a Step 4 Reagent.
[0079] FIG. 48 is an illustration depicting the reparation of
.sup.131I -4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid (.sup.131I-NIP
acid) to be used as a Step 4 Reagent.
[0080] FIG. 49 is an illustration depicting the preparation of
fifth example of a Step 4 Reagent.
[0081] FIG. 50 is an illustration depicting the preparation of
.sup.131I-5-Iodo-3-indoxylphosphate to be used as a Step 4
Reagent.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0082] The present invention provides compositions and methods for
treating a heterogeneous population of cancer cells in a subject by
the delivery of local irradiation. The present invention is based
in part on the observation of the highly successful treatment of
thyroid cancer with radio-iodide. The successful treatment of
thyroid cancer is due in part to the fact that many malignant
thyroid cells have a unique biological function that allows them to
trap iodine. Thus, when a patient with thyroid cancer is treated
with radio-iodide, a sufficient fraction of the cancer cells takes
up sufficient quantities of the radioisotope and stores the
radioisotope long enough to generate overlapping micro-regions of
intense radiation (referred to as "Hot-Spots") in which all the
cells in each micro-region are killed. The radiation field in each
of these Hot-Spots extends beyond the cells that take up the
radioisotope and kills thousands of neighboring cells. Inside these
Hot-Spots, the radiation is so intense that all of the cancer cells
in the Hot-Spots are killed, including the cells that do not take
up the radioisotope, allowing eradication of the entire tumor. No
other tissue or group of cells in the body has this same iodine
trapping mechanism, thus Hot-Spots are generated exclusively in the
normal and malignant thyroid tissue. The method and compositions of
the present invention reproduces these radioisotope delivery and
trapping conditions for non-thyroid cancers. The generation of
"Hot-Spots" in non-thyroid cancers is a multi-step process that
generates overlapping Hot-Spots virtually exclusively in the tumors
without causing significant systemic toxicity. All cancer cells
within these overlapping Hot-Spots are eradicated. The eradicated
cells include cancer cells that are not targeted, cancer cells that
are resistant and even super-resistant, and cancer cells that would
otherwise adapt and become resistant to therapy. Accordingly, the
methods of the invention are not defeated by the heterogeneity of
cancer cells and the imperfect nature of current cancer targeting
agents.
[0083] As shown in FIG. 1, cancer contains a population of cancer
cells 100 each having internalizing structures 101 which are
specific to cancer cells and capable of binding a cell targeting
agent. The internalizing structures 101 are capable of
internalization when the targeting agent binds to them.
Subpopulations of the targeted cancer cells also have a high
sensitivity to being killed by the natural system of the subject
and/or a high sensitivity to being killed by an administered
cell-killing process.
Methods of Treating Cancer
[0084] Cancer is treated, or a symptom of cancer is alleviated by
administering to a subject multiple reagents in a plurality of
steps. All types of cancers are suitable for treatment. Cancers to
be treated include for example lung cancer, colon cancer, breast
cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder
cancer, skin cancer (e.g., melanoma), ovarian cancer, cervical
cancer, head and neck cancer, hematological cancers, lung cancer,
colon/rectal/anal cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer, ovarian
cancer, stomach cancer, kidney cancer, uterine cancer, bone cancer,
esophageal cancer, eye cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, laryngeal cancer,
lip cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, oral
cavity cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, sarcomas,
lymphomas, adrenocortical cancer, bile duct cancer, bronchial
cancer, cancer of unknown primary, gallbladder cancer, germ cell
cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, islet cell cancer, mesothelioma,
multiple myeloma, nasal cavity cancer, paranasal sinus cancer,
parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pituitary cancer, salivary gland
cancer, small intestine cancer, thymus cancer, ureter cancer,
urethral cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, and Wilm's
tumor.
[0085] The subject is a mammal. The mammal is, e.g., a human,
non-human primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat, horse, or cow. The steps
are administered sequentially. Optionally, one or more steps are
administered prior to or concurrently with another. Each step is
administered at least once. Alternatively, each step is
administered 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15 or more times or in a continuous
infusion. For example, a Step 2 Reagent is administered in multiple
doses using standard therapeutic protocols known in the art. The
subject is administered a reagent containing a cell targeting agent
which augments cellular uptake of the reagent linked to a platform
building material (referred to herein as a Step 1 Reagent); an
optional cell-killing reagent (referred to herein as a Step 2
Reagent); a bi-specific reagent comprising a targeting moiety
capable of binding to the aqueous insoluble nano-platform and an
isotope trapping moiety (referred to herein as a Step 3 Reagent);
and a radiolabeled aqueous soluble reagent (referred to herein as a
Step 4 Reagent).
[0086] As shown in FIG. 2, the Step 1 Reagent 1000 comprises cell
targeting agent 1100, an optional carrier moiety 1200, and platform
building material 1300 with optionally attached additional
molecular structures 1400. As shown in FIG. 3, the cell targeting
agent portion of the Step 1 Reagent 1100 attaches to the targeted
internalizing structure of the cancer cells 101, thereby permitting
the Step 1 Reagent 1000 to be transported inside the cancer cells
100. Transport inside the cancer cells results in the Step 1
Reagent being exposed to the intracellular environment. As
illustrated in FIG. 4, once inside the targeted cell, the
intracellular environment causes the platform building material
1300 with an optionally attached additional molecular structure
1400 to detach from the targeting agent 1100 and the carrier moiety
1200, thereby enabling the platform building material 1300 to be
converted into an aqueous insoluble nano-platform 1500 inside the
targeted cancer cells. The aqueous insoluble nano-platform 1500
(with or without additional molecular structures 1400) is stable
inside the targeted cancer cells and is relatively non-toxic. By
stable it is meant that the nano-platform remains trapped in the
cancer cell or surrounding extracellular matrix for a 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 or more days to 1, 2, 3, 4 or more weeks. Relatively non-toxic
is meant that the nano-platform has no significant deleterious
effect on the subject, for example, moderate or minimal
inflammation and/or no life threatening effect on the subject. The
aqueous insoluble nano-platform with or with out additional
molecular structures is referred to herein as the
"nano-platform."
[0087] Accumulation of the intracellular nano-platforms is achieved
by continuing the administration of the Step 1 Reagent into the
subject, resulting in more platform building material transported
into the targeted cancer cells (See, FIG. 5). In contrast to
soluble chemicals or drugs, the intracellular nano-platform
accumulates over time because it is aqueous insoluble and stable
and thus does not leave the targeted cancer cell.
[0088] As shown in FIG. 25, following the accumulation of the
nano-platform in targeted cancer cells, the subject is optionally
administered a Step 2 cell-killing Reagent 75. The Step 2
cell-killing Reagent is capable of killing some or all of the
targeted cancer cells, causing the nano-platform 1500 to be
relocated and retained into the extracellular space of the tumor.
Once in the extracellular space the additional molecular structures
1400 on the surface of the nano-platform 1600 are accessible to
bind the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent. The Step 2 cell-killing Reagent
is optional as the on-going natural killing of cancer cells by the
natural immune system of the body or the genetic instability of the
cancer cell causing the cells to die spontaneously may be
sufficient to relocate enough intracellular nano-platform to the
extracellular space of the tumors to ultimately create sufficient
numbers of Hot-Spots to destroy the entire tumors. The cancer
specificity of the location of the Hot-Spots is enhanced by the
application of such very low levels of the Step 2 Reagent that few,
if any, normal cells are killed, and systemic toxicity is
avoided.
[0089] The fourth step includes administering a radiolabeled
aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent that is adapted to carry
radioisotopes to the extracellular tumor matrix where they are
trapped and retained by the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent. This creates
micro-regional radiation fields that deliver lethal irradiation to
the surrounding tumor cells.
[0090] Although, in many instances, a rest period of 24 to 48 hours
between steps will allow for extensive clearance of the previously
administered reagent, optionally, prior to administering a reagent
of a succeeding step a clearing agent is administered to facilitate
the removal of any excess reagent. For example, prior to
administering the Step 2 cell-killing Reagent and the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent a clearing agent is administered to facilitate
removal of any non-endocytosed Step 1 Reagent. Similarly, prior to
administering the Step 4 Reagent, a clearing agent is administered
to facilitate removal of any Step 3 Bispecific Reagent that has not
bound to the extracellular nano-platform. Clearing agents assist in
the recognition of the therapeutic reagents by the subject's
macrophages or increase processing by hepatocytes. Clearing agents
are known in the art. Clearing agents include mannosylated or
galactosylated agents that bind to the Step 1 or Step 3 Reagent.
Additional clearing agents include antibodies that are generated
against a Step 1 or a Step 3 Reagent to augment opsonization of the
reagent by macrophages or other lymphoid cells. Alternatively, an
extracorporeal circulation is established using an affinity column
to remove these reagents.
Step 1 Reagent
[0091] The Step 1 Reagent is an aqueous soluble compound containing
a cell targeting agent linked to a platform building material.
[0092] The cell targeting agent is any compound that directs a
compound in which it is present to a desired cellular destination.
The cell targeting agent is capable of being internalized into a
cell. The cell targeting agent binds specifically to an
endocytosing receptor or other internalizing unit on a tumor cell.
For example, the cell targeting agent is a compound that is not
typically endocytosed but is internalized by the process of
cross-linking and capping. Thus, the cell targeting agent directs
the compound across the plasma membrane, e.g., from outside the
cell, through the plasma membrane, and into the cytoplasm.
Alternatively, or in addition, the cell targeting agent can direct
the compound to a desired location within the cell, e.g., the
nucleus, the ribosome, the endoplasmic reticulum, a lysosome, or a
peroxisome. Cell targeting agents include, polypeptides such as
antibodies; viral proteins such as human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) 1 TAT protein or VP22; cell surface ligands; peptides such as
peptide hormones; or small molecules such as hormones or folic
acid. Optimally, the receptor for the cell targeting agent is
expressed at a higher concentration on a tumor cell compared to a
normal cells. For example, the receptor is expressed at a 2, 3, 4,
5, or more-fold higher concentration on a tumor cell compared to a
non-tumor cell.
[0093] The term "antibody" as used herein refers to immunoglobulin
molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin
molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen binding site
that specifically binds (immunoreacts with) an antigen. Such
antibodies include, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain,
F.sub.ab and F.sub.(ab')2 fragments, and an F.sub.ab expression
library or polypeptides engineered therefrom. Suitable antibodies
include antibodies to well characterized receptors such as the
transferrin receptor (TfR) and the epidermal growth factor receptor
(EGFR) as well as antibodies to other receptors, such as for
example the interleukin 4 receptor (IL-4R), the insulin receptor,
CD30, CD34, and the CCK-A, B, C/Gastrin receptor. Additionally, the
antibody is specific for mucin epitopes; glycopeptides and
glycolipids, such as the Le.sup.y-related epitope (which is present
on the majority of human cancers of the breast, colon and lung);
the hyaluronan receptor/CD44; the BCG epitope; integrin receptors;
the JL-1 receptor; GM1 or other lipid raft-associated molecules;
and G.sub.D2 on melanomas. Tumor-specific internalizing human
antibodies are also selected from phage libraries as described by
Poul, et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 301: 1149-1161, 2000).
[0094] A cell surface ligand is a natural ligand or some synthetic
analog adapted to be specific for an internalizing structure on the
targeted cancer cells. Exemplary cell surface ligands include
transferrin, epidermal growth factor, interleukins, integrins,
angiotensin II, insulin, growth factor antagonist,
.beta.-2-adrenergic receptor ligands or dopamine releasing protein.
For example, epidermal growth factor (EGF) is used to target the
epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or transferrin (Tf) is used
to target the transferrin receptor (e.g. TfR and TfR2).
[0095] Suitable peptide cell targeting agents include peptide
hormones such as oxytocin, growth hormone-releasing hormone,
somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, secretin, growth hormone
(somatotropin), insulin, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone or
arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides. Methods to identify
peptides that bind to internalizing receptors and are internalized
are known in the art (Hart, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:
12468-12474, 1994).
[0096] Cell targeting agents include small molecules. A "small
molecule" as used herein, is meant to refer to a composition that
has a molecular weight of less than about 5 kD and most preferably
less than about 4 kD. Small molecules are, e.g., nucleic acids,
peptides, polypeptides, peptidomimetics, carbohydrates, lipids or
other organic or inorganic molecules. For example, a small molecule
is a hormone, such as estrogen, testosterone, and calciferol; folic
acid or an analogue that binds to the folic acid receptor;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists; or oligonucleotide
receptor agonists.
[0097] The cell targeting agent is derived from a known
membrane-translocating sequence. For example, the trafficking
peptide includes the sequences from the human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) 1 TAT protein. This protein is described in, e.g., U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,804,604 and 5,674,980, each incorporated herein by
reference. The cell targeting agent is some or all of the entire 86
amino acids that make up the TAT protein. For example, a
functionally effective fragment or portion of a TAT protein that
has fewer than 86 amino acids, which exhibits uptake into cells,
and optionally uptake into the cell nucleus, is used. A TAT peptide
that includes the region that mediates entry and uptake into cells
can be further defined using known techniques. See, e.g., Franked
et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 86: 7397-7401 (1989).
[0098] The amino acid sequence of naturally-occurring HIV TAT
protein can be modified, for example, by addition, deletion and/or
substitution of at least one amino acid present in the
naturally-occurring TAT protein, to produce modified TAT protein
(also referred to herein as TAT protein). Modified TAT protein or
TAT peptide analogs with increased or decreased stability can be
produced using known techniques. In some embodiments TAT proteins
or peptides include amino acid sequences that are substantially
similar, although not identical, to that of naturally-occurring TAT
protein or portions thereof. In addition, cholesterol or other
lipid derivatives can be added to TAT protein to produce a modified
TAT having increased membrane solubility.
[0099] Variants of the TAT protein can be designed to modulate
intracellular localization of the Step 1 Reagent. When added
exogenously, such variants are designed such that the ability of
TAT to enter cells is retained (i.e., the uptake of the variant TAT
protein or peptide into the cell is substantially similar to that
of naturally-occurring HIV TAT). For example, alteration of the
basic region thought to be important for nuclear localization (see,
e.g., Dang and Lee, J. Biol. Chem. 264: 18019-18023 (1989); Hauber
et al., J. Virol. 63: 1181-1187 (1989); Ruben et al., J. Virol. 63:
1-8 (1989)) can result in a cytoplasmic location or partially
cytoplasmic location of TAT, and therefore, of the platform
building material. Alternatively, a sequence for binding a
cytoplasmic or any other component or compartment (e.g.,
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomal
vesicles) can be introduced into TAT in order to retain TAT and the
platform building material in the cytoplasm or any other
compartment to confer regulation upon uptake of TAT and the
platform building material.
[0100] Other sources for cell targeting moieties include, e.g.,
VP22 (described in, e.g., WO 97/05265; Elliott and O'Hare, Cell 88:
223-233 (1997)), or non-viral proteins (Jackson et al, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10691-10695 (1992)).
[0101] A platform building material is a compound that when
internalized into the cell via the cell targeting agent detaches
from the cell targeting agent and becomes aqueous insoluble. By
aqueous insoluble it is meant that the concentration of the
nano-platform in an aqueous solution is less than 0.01 mM at room
temperature. The concentration of an aqueous solution is less than
0.001 mM, 0.0001 mM, 0.00001 mM, or 0.000001 mM at room
temperature. The platform building material forms an aqueous
insoluble nano-platform spontaneously. Alternatively, the platform
building material forms an aqueous insoluble nano-platform
following a further chemical reaction. Chemical reactions include
reactions facilitated by enzymes or other conditions present within
the cellular environment such as, for example, action of an
endogenous lysosomal enzyme, the acidic pH of the lysosomes, other
intracellular enzymes, other conditions within another appropriate
area within the cell, or attachment or intercalation into
biological macrostructures inside the cell.
[0102] The platform building material once released from the cell
targeting agent inside the targeted cell, forms molecular complexes
that precipitate, or forms other aqueous insoluble substances such
as, an insoluble polymer, a colloid, a wax, an oil, or a material
that attaches or intercalates into biological macrostructures. For
example, porphyrin complexes with or without appropriate metals
chelated within the porphyrins will spontaneously form molecular
complexes that precipitate. In addition, indoxyl glycosides produce
aqueous insoluble indigo micro-precipitates, bis-indoxyl glycosides
produce aqueous insoluble polymeric indigos and poly-indoxyl
glycosides produce aqueous insoluble indigoid lattices.
[0103] Suitable platform building materials include for example
substituted indoxyls; porphyrins; polymers such as HPMA
derivatives; polysaccharides such as dextrans, gum Arabic, and
chitin; dendrimers; and opio-melanins.
[0104] The cell targeting agent is linked directly to the platform
building material. Alternatively, the cell targeting agent is
attached indirectly to the platform building material, e.g., via a
carrier moiety or a cross-linking agent. The linkage is covalent.
Alternatively, the linkage is non-covalent. The linkage is such
that it permits the platform building material to detach (i.e.
separate) from the cell targeting agent after internalization into
the cell. For example the linkage: (1) is cleaved by an
intracellular enzyme or the acidic environment found within
lysosomes inside the targeted cells, (2) is released by enzymatic
or other actions in other environments inside targeted cells,
and/or (3) attaches or intercalates into biological macrostructures
inside targeted cells.
[0105] Carrier moieties allow for a higher number of platform
building materials to be delivered inside the targeted cancer cells
with each cell targeting agent. A carrier moiety includes for
example, proteins such as serum albumin; polysaccharides,
especially those modified to have functional groups; synthetic
polymers and copolymers such as HPMA derivatives; dendrimers; other
biopolymers including polypeptides such as polylysine; liposomes;
nanoparticles; and polymeric micelles. Any substance that (a) is
biologically compatible, (b) has a number of functional groups
(e.g., amino groups, carboxyl groups, thiol groups, and the like)
to which multiple platform building materials are attached, and (c)
has a place for linking a cell targeting agent, is useful as a
carrier moiety.
[0106] Optionally, the platform building materials contain an
additional molecular structure such that the resulting aqueous
insoluble nano-platform expresses the additional molecular
structures that can bind a subsequently administered Step 3
Bispecific Reagent. Suitable additional molecular structures
include for example, antigenic epitopes, neo-antigenic epitopes,
ligands that bind proteins, peptides lectins, or organic structures
including those prepared by combinatorial chemistry. Preferably,
the additional molecular structure enables the formation of a
covalent bond between the additional molecular structures on the
nano-platform and the targeting moiety of the subsequently
administered Step 3 Bispecific Reagent.
[0107] An example of an additional-molecular-structure: Step 3
Reagent-targeting-moiety system occurs when the additional
molecular structure on the nano-platform is an irreversible
inhibitor of an enzyme, and the targeting moiety of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent is that enzyme, such that the irreversible
inhibitor forms a covalent bond with one of the amino acid residues
of that enzyme, thus binding the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent
covalently to the aqueous insoluble nano-platform.
[0108] Alternatively, the additional molecular structure on the
nano-platform is an irreversible inhibitor substrate of an enzyme
that is the targeting moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent,
because that enzyme is specifically modified or altered such that
the enzymatic reaction is not completed and the substrate becomes
covalently bound to the modified enzyme as a stable complex. Such
methods are known to those skilled in the art. The mutant
.beta.-lactamase described is an example of such a modified
enzyme.
[0109] Optimally, irreversible enzyme inhibitors useful as
additional molecular structures on the platform building materials
of the Step 1 Reagent have one or more of the following
characteristics: (1) a functional group distant to the active
binding portion that can be used to attach the irreversible enzyme
inhibitor to the platform building material; (2) relative stability
in the circulation, intracellularly and extracellularly; (3)
stability properties that facilitate the chemical synthesis of the
Step 1 Reagent, including the synthesis of the platform building
material, as well as during the attachment of the platform building
material with additional molecular structures to the carrier moiety
and cell targeting agent.
[0110] Exemplary enzyme/irreversible enzyme inhibitor pairs
include, mutant .beta.-lactamase/penicillin analog or Loracarbef;
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvoyltransferase/fosfomycin or
phosphoenolpyruvate; ornithine decarboxylase/.alpha.-difluoromethyl
amino acids; arginine decarboxylase/.alpha.-difluoromethyl amino
acids; yeast S-adenosylmethionine
decarboxylase/1,1'-(methylethanediylididenedinitrilo)-bis(3-aminoguanidin-
e); and .beta.-lactamase PSE-4/clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and
tazobactam.
[0111] The various components of the Step 1 Reagent are selected
from the repertoires of those components to suit a particular type
of cancer. Having this versatility in the selection of the various
components of the Step 1 Reagent allows this invention to be
applied to almost all types of cancer. Exemplary targets for cell
targeting agents for particular tumor types are listed in Table 1,
wherein "x" denotes that the target has been identified on the
particular tumor. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Target Breast Lung Colon
Pancreas Prostate Liver Ovary Bladder Stomach Cervix Uterus Kidney
Melanoma Transferrin -- 1 & x x x x x x x x x x x x x 2
Receptor EGF Receptor x x x x x x x x x x x x x IL-4 Receptor x x x
x x x x x x x x Insulin Receptor x x x x x x x ? x x x x CD34 x x x
x x x ? x x x CCK-A,B,C/ x x x x x x ? Gastrin Receptor Mucin x x x
x x x x x x x x ? Le-Y x x x ? x x x x x x x Hyaluronan/ x x x x x
x x x x x x x x CD44 IL13 Receptor x x G-D2 on x x melanomas
Somatotropin x x Receptor Growth factor x x x x x x x x x x x x x
antagonists Beta-2-adrenergic x x Receptor Folic acid receptor x x
x x x x x x x x Adenomatoid Pituitary Target Brain Head/Neck
Gastric Odontogenic Adenoma Thyroid Transferrin -- 1 & x x x x
x X 2 Receptor EGF Receptor x x IL-4 Receptor x x Insulin Receptor
x CD34 CCK-A,B,C/ Gastrin Receptor Mucin x x X Le-Y X Hyaluronan/ x
x CD44 IL13 Receptor x G-D2 on melanomas Somatotropin Receptor
Growth factor x x x x x X antagonists Beta-2-adrenergic Receptor
Folic acid receptor
Step 2 Reagent
[0112] A Step 2 Reagent is a cell-killing reagent. A cell-killing
reagent or cytotoxic compound is any agent capable of causing cell
death. Preferably the cell death is a result of apoptosis or
results in cell lysis causing the nano-platform to be relocated to
the tumor extracellular space, allowing the extracellular
nano-platform to be exposed and accessible to the subsequently,
previously, or concurrently administered reagents.
[0113] A cell-killing agent is any cytotoxic compound. For example,
the cell-killing agent is a chemotherapeutic agent; a toxin (e.g.,
an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant, or
animal origin, or fragments thereof); a radioactive isotope (i.e.,
a radioconjugate); or externally applied energies such as external
radiation therapy, thermal heating, or ultrasound.
[0114] Alternatively, the cell-killing agent is a non-toxic agent,
such as a hormone, an anti-hormone, or a procedure such as
orchidectomy, which leads to an alteration in the hormonal status
of the subject and results in a cell-killing process called
apoptosis that is directed against cells of a particular cell
lineage that are sensitive to the hormonal status of the subject.
For example, orchidectomy and/or the administration of
anti-androgens causes the apoptotic killing of a large number of
normal prostate cells and a variable number of prostatic cancer
cells.
[0115] The chemotherapeutic compound is for example, paclitaxel,
taxol, lovastatin, minosine, tamoxifen, gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil
(5-FU), methotrexate (MTX), docetaxel, vincristin, vinblastin,
nocodazole, teniposide, etoposide, adriamycin, epothilone,
navelbine, camptothecin, daunonibicin, dactinomycin, mitoxantrone,
amsacrine, epirubicin or idarubicin.
[0116] Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof that can
be used as the Step 2 Reagent include diphtheria A chain,
nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain
(from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain,
modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin
proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S),
momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria
officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin,
phenomycin, enomycin, and the tricothecenes.
[0117] A variety of radionuclides are available for the production
of radioconjugated antibodies. Examples include .sup.212Bi, 131I,
.sup.111In, .sup.90Y, and .sup.186Re.
[0118] Regardless of which Step 2 cell-killing Reagent is employed,
the cell-killing reagent is capable of selectively killing at least
targeted cancer cells with the characteristic of being
super-sensitive to being killed by the cell-killing reagent.
Step 3 Reagent
[0119] The present invention further includes introducing into the
subject a Step 3 Bispecific Reagent 2000 (FIG. 26). The Step 3
Reagent is a compound containing a targeting moiety 2100 and an
isotope trapping moiety.
[0120] A targeting moiety is capable of binding, with specificity
and affinity, to the additional molecular structures 1400 on the
aqueous insoluble nano-platform 1600.
[0121] The isotope trapping moiety 2200 is capable of trapping a
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent.
[0122] Targeting moieties of the Step 3 Reagent are, for example,
organic functional groups such as hydrazides, ketones, mercaptans,
maleimidyls; polypeptides such as antibodies, fragments or
derivatives thereof, or peptides that have been bio-technically
engineered to behave like antibody combining sites; peptides,
enzymes or fragments thereof, lectins; or molecules bio-technically
engineered to bind to an additional molecular structure on the
extracellular nano-platform.
[0123] The selection of the targeting moiety is a function of the
selection of the additional molecular structures on the Step 1
Reagent and its resulting nano-platform. For example, if the
additional molecular structure on the nano-platform is a
neo-antigen or other antigenic epitope, then the targeting moiety
is an antibody or antibody fragment or peptide that has been
bio-technically engineered to behave like an antibody combining
site, adapted to bind the neo-antigen or other antigenic epitope
with specificity and affinity. Targeting of the targeting moiety of
the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent to the additional molecular
structures on the extracellular nano-platform can also be the
result of non-covalent high affinity and/or high avidity binding
between the targeting moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent and
antigenic epitopes as the additional molecular structures on the
surface of the extracellular nano-platform. FIG. 30 shows an
extracellular nano-platform 1600 with a number of antigenic
epitopes 1404 as additional molecular structures 1400 on the
surface. An antibody 2104 with specificity for these antigenic
epitopes 1404 as the targeting moiety 2100 of the Step 3 Bispecific
Reagent 2004 binds with high affinity and/or avidity 2504 to the
antigenic epitopes 1404 as additional molecular structures 1400 on
the surface of the extracellular nano-platform 1600, thus binding
the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent 2004 to the extracellular
nano-platform 1600.
[0124] Alternatively, if the additional molecular structure on the
nano-platform is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor, then the
targeting moiety is the corresponding enzyme, a mutant enzyme, a
protein, or a peptide that binds to the irreversible enzyme
inhibitor. As shown in FIG. 29, the Step 3 Reagent 2003 is
introduced with the appropriate enzyme 2103 as the targeting moiety
2100 and comes in contact with the irreversible enzyme inhibitor
1403 as the additional molecular structure 1400 on the
nano-platform 1600. The enzyme 2103 targeting moiety 2100 of the
Step 3 Bispecific Reagent 2003 interacts with the irreversible
enzyme inhibitor 1403, enabling the enzyme 2103 (and thus the Step
3 Bispecific Reagent) to become covalently attached 2503 to the
extracellular nano-platform 1600 by a covalent bond to the
irreversible enzyme inhibitor. Enzymes suitable for the targeting
moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent include for example,
.beta.-lactamases, mutant .beta.-lactamases, arginine
decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, chloramphenicol
acetyltransferase, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvoyltransferase,
or any specifically mutated enzyme that has its active site
modified or altered so that the substrate as the additional
molecular structure on the nano-platform becomes covalently
attached to the enzyme but is unable to complete the catalytic
reaction that causes the substrate to be released.
[0125] If the additional molecular structure on the nano-platform
is a reactive organic functional group such as an aldehyde or
ketone group, then the targeting moiety of the Step 3 Reagent is a
reactive organic functional group such as a hydrazide group, so the
aldehyde or ketone groups are allowed to react with the hydrazide
groups to form hydrazones, thereby covalently binding the Step 3
Reagent to the nano-platform. As shown in FIG. 27, the aldehyde
groups are incorporated into the platform building materials either
as free aldehydes or protected as acetals; if the latter, then
during its residence inside the cell, the protecting group would be
removed from the acetals, allowing free aldehyde groups to be
present as the additional molecular structures 1401. Other organic
reactive functional groups include mercaptan groups and maleimidyl
groups as depicted in FIG. 28. A protected mercaptan such as an
S-acetyl protected mercaptan is the additional molecular structure
on the Step 1 Reagent, and is attached to the platform building
material. During residence inside the cell, the acetyl group will
be removed by hydrolytic enzymes so that the nano-platform 1600
will have free mercapto groups 1402 on its surface. (See, in FIG.
28). The corresponding targeting moiety 2100 of the Step 3 Reagent
2002 is a maleimidyl group 2102 which, when it comes into contact
with the mercapto groups 1402 on the nano-platform 1600, forms a
thioether linkage 2502, thereby covalently attaching the Step 3
Reagent to the nano-platform.
[0126] An isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent
is capable of binding the radiolabeled Step 4 Reagent. The chemical
composition of the isotope trapping moiety 2200 is determined by
the radiolabeled Step 4 Reagent. The isotope trapping moiety is
adapted to trap the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent
within the matrix of the tumors adjacent to the region of the
nano-platform.
[0127] Trapping the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent
within the tumors is achieved by direct binding of the radiolabeled
aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent to the isotope trapping moiety of
the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent on the extracellular nano-platform,
and keeping it bound for the required period of time to create
Hot-Spots. An appropriate period of time is dependent upon the
radio-isotope used and is apparent to those skilled in the art. For
example, for radiolabeled iodine such as .sup.131I, an appropriate
period is at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10 or more days. For radiolabeled
yittrium such as .sup.90Y, an appropriate period of time is 3, 4,
5, 6 or more days.
[0128] Step 4 Reagents capable of binding to the isotope trapping
moiety of the Step 3 Reagent on the extracellular nano-platform
include the reactive organic functional groups discussed above for
the targeting moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent, such as
hydrazide groups that bind to aldehyde groups to form hydrazones.
For example, as shown in FIG. 31, the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent
2005, which becomes attached 2500 to the surface of the
extracellular nano-platform 1600, can have aldehyde groups 2201 as
the isotope trapping moieties 2200, and the radiolabeled aqueous
soluble Step 4 Reagent 8000 can attach to the aldehyde groups 2201
via a hydrazide group 8001 that is present in its molecular
structure to form a hydrazone 7000, thereby covalently attaching
the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent to the
extracellular nano-platform, thus causing the radioisotopes (for
example, .sup.131I) to be retained on the extracellular
nano-platform in the tumors for an extended period of time, for
example 5-10 days, during which time the radioisotopes create
Hot-Spots that expose the tumor cells within a radius of 1-2 mm to
lethal irradiation.
[0129] Alternatively, the isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent is an enzyme, and the radiolabeled aqueous
soluble Step 4 Reagent is a radiolabeled irreversible inhibitor of
that enzyme. For example, as shown in FIG. 32 the isotope trapping
moiety 2200 of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent 2006 is a
.beta.-lactamase enzyme 2202 that is attached 2500 to the
additional molecular structures 1400 on the surface of the
nano-platform 1600 by the targeting moiety 2100 of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent. In this example the radiolabeled aqueous
soluble Step 4 Reagent 8002 is an .sup.131I-iodo derivative of
penicillanic acid or lithium .sup.131I-9-O-m-iodophenyl clavulanate
(J. Enzyme Inhibition, 1: 83-104, 1986), which, when introduced
into the circulation, comes in contact with the .beta.-lactamase
2202 attached to the extracellular nano-platform 1600, interacts
with the binding site on the .beta.-lactamase, and becomes bound to
the .beta.-lactamase as an irreversible enzyme inhibitor 7001,
thereby attaching the aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent radioisotopes
to the extracellular nano-platform 1600 in the tumors for the
required period of time to create Hot-Spots that expose the
surrounding tumor cells to lethal irradiation.
[0130] Alternatively, the isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent is also an antibody or antibody fragment or
derivative thereof, a lectin, or other protein or structure capable
of binding a radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent with high
affinity and/or high avidity. As shown in FIG. 33, the isotope
trapping moiety 2200 of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent 2007 is
Streptavidin 2203, the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent 2007 being
attached to the extracellular nano-platform 1600 by a targeting
moiety 2100 of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent. In this example, the
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent 8003 can be a biotin
derivative such as a .sup.90Y-biotin derivative (Weiden and Breitz,
Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 40: 27-51, 2001; Paganelli, et al.,
Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 16: 227-235, 2001). When the
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent 8003 is introduced into
the circulation, it becomes bound 7003 to the Streptavidin attached
to the extracellular nano-platform within the tumors with very high
affinity, thereby trapping the radiolabeled Step 4 Reagent .sup.90Y
radioisotopes as bound to the extracellular nano-platform in the
tumors for the required period of time to generate Hot-Spots that
expose the surrounding tumor cells to lethal irradiation. Since
Streptavidin has four binding sites for biotin (Chalet and Wolf,
Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 106: 1, 1964), a four-fold amplification of
the amount of radioisotopes trapped within the tumors is achieved
by using Streptavidin as the isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent to bind and trap the radiolabeled biotin Step 4
Reagent.
[0131] Since antibodies can be used as both the targeting moiety of
the Step 3 Reagent to bind to antigenic epitopes as the additional
molecular structures on the extracellular nano-platform, and as the
isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3 Reagent to bind the
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent, the two binding
activities can be achieved in one molecule by using a Step 3
Reagent that is a bispecific antibody. One half of the bispecific
antibody can be an antibody specific for antigenic epitopes as the
additional molecular structures on the extracellular nano-platform,
and the other half of the bispecific antibody can be an antibody
specific for a hapten structure on the radiolabeled aqueous soluble
Step 4 Reagent.
[0132] Alternatively, trapping the radiolabeled aqueous soluble
Step 4 Reagent within the tumors is achieved by converting a
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent into a radiolabeled
aqueous insoluble product, most advantageously through the
catalytic action of an appropriate enzyme that is the isotope
trapping moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent. This method
provides a great amplification of the amount of radioisotopes that
can be trapped within the tumors. The amplification will be
governed by the concentration of the radiolabeled aqueous soluble
Step 4 Reagent and the turnover number of the enzyme for the
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent substrate.
[0133] Preferably, the isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent is an enzyme that is capable by its catalytic
action of converting a subsequently administered radiolabeled
aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent into a radiolabeled aqueous
insoluble product that is trapped within the tumor matrix. As shown
in FIG. 34, the enzyme as the isotope trapping moiety 2200 of the
Step 3 Bispecific Reagent 2008 is, for example, a glycosidase such
as .beta.-D-galactosidase 2204 that is attached to the
extracellular nano-platform 1600 through the targeting moiety 2100
of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent 2008, and converts a radiolabeled
aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent 8004 such as
.sup.131I-5-iodoindoxyl-3-galactoside 8004 to a radiolabeled
aqueous insoluble product such as .sup.131I-5,5'-diiodoindigo 8005
via the catalytic action of the enzyme in cleaving the galactoside
moiety from the indoxyl moiety. This results in an intermediate
that is a radiolabeled aqueous soluble indoxyl derivative that
undergoes spontaneous oxidative dimerization to form a radiolabeled
aqueous insoluble indigo derivative product 8005. These compounds
rapidly form precipitates within close proximity of the enzyme as
the isotope trapping moiety 2200 of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent
2008 that is attached to the extracellular nano-platform 1600
(Holt, Nature 169: 271-273, 1952; Holt and Sadler, Proc. Roy. Soc.
B, 148: 495-505, 1958), trapping the radioisotopes within the
tumors to create Hot-Spots to deliver lethal irradiation to the
surrounding tumor cells. The precipitate remains in place within
the tumor matrix for an extended period of time because it is
aqueous insoluble, and because of the absent or restricted
lymphatics found within tumors (Jain, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 26:
71-90, 1997; Jain, Cancer Res. 50: 814s-819s, 1990; Butler, et al.,
Cancer Res. 35: 3084-3088, 1975) and the absent, limited number of,
or ineffective macrophages found within tumors, which might
otherwise remove the precipitate by phagocytosis (Balm, et al.,
Cancer 54: 1010-1015, 1984; Vaage, Int. J. Cancer 50: 69-74, 1992;
Bingle, et al., J. Pathol. 196: 254-265, 2002). The use of an
enzyme as the isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific
Reagent in this catalytic manner has the advantage over the methods
of direct binding of the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4
Reagent in being able to amplify the amount of radioisotopes that
is trapped within the tumors, thereby increasing the effective dose
of lethal radiation that can be delivered to the tumor cells,
increasing the likelihood of an effective treatment for the tumors.
The enzyme used as the isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent in this catalytic manner is preferably a
non-mammalian enzyme for which there is no comparable enzyme
reaction found in the human circulation and for which there are no
substrates found in the human circulation; these enzymes include,
for example, .beta.-lactamases, penicillin acylases, arginine
decarboxylases, and sialidases. However, even mammalian enzymes,
including human enzymes, are used in this catalytic manner if they
do not catalyze any host reactions in the human circulation in
significant amount, and provided there is none or a limited amount
of natural substrates to compete for the enzyme, and that there are
no circulating enzymes that can react in significant amounts with
the substrate that will be used as the radiolabeled aqueous soluble
Step 4 Reagent. Several enzymes that represent specificities found
in mammalian cells are known in the art and include, alkaline
phosphatase, .beta.-glucuronidase, and .beta.-galactosidase. Human
enzymes have some advantages over non-mammalian enzymes for use in
this catalytic manner, since they may reduce potential host
immunological reactions (Wolfe, et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 10:
38-48, 1999; Smith, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272: 15804-15816, 1997;
Laethem, et al., Arch Biochem. Biophys. 332: 8-18, 1996; Houba, et
al., Biochem. Pharm. 52: 455-463, 1996). The most important aspect
of selecting a suitable enzyme for use as the isotope trapping
moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent in this catalytic manner is
to be sure that the Step 4 reaction that is catalyzed causes the
formation of a radiolabeled aqueous insoluble product that remains
trapped within the matrix of the tumor (most likely in the form of
a precipitate or a highly hydrophobic product that becomes enmeshed
in the tumor matrix) for the required period of time to create
Hot-Spots that expose the surrounding tumor cells to lethal
irradiation. Catalytic enzymes suitable as the isotope trapping
moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent in this invention include,
for example, .beta.-lactamase; penicillin-G and -V amidase;
nitroreductase; glycosidases of all types, for example
.beta.-galactosidase, .beta.-glucosidase, .beta.-glucuronidase,
sialidase, and the like; carboxypeptidase A; carboxypeptidase G2;
cytosine deaminase; alkaline phosphatase; sulfatase; or genetically
engineered mutants of such enzymes.
[0134] The targeting moiety and the isotope trapping moiety of the
Step 3 Bispecific Reagent are linked covalently (See, FIG. 26).
Alternatively, the targeting moiety and the isotope trapping moiety
are linked non-covalently. When reactive organic functional groups
(for example, aldehyde or hydrazide groups) are used in either the
targeting or isotope trapping moiety, the targeting moiety or
isotope trapping moiety as a reactive functional group will also
require a suitable functionality for attaching the reactive organic
functional group to the other moiety, respectively, of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent, which most often will be a macromolecule, often
a protein. This suitable functionality attaches the reactive
organic functional group as the targeting moiety or isotope
trapping moiety to one of the amino acid residues of the other
moiety as a protein without affecting the binding or enzymatic
activity of the protein (Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, Part
I, Academic Press, San Diego, 1996). In many of the other
selections for the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent, the formation of the
Step 3 Bispecific Reagent involves joining two different
macromolecules to create hetero-conjugates. Coupling procedures are
known in the art (Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, Part II,
Academic Press, San Diego, 1996). It is also possible to use
bio-engineering and recombinant biology techniques to generate
fusion proteins, which, upon expression and purification, can
provide suitable Step 3 Bispecific Reagents.
Step 4 Reagent
[0135] The Step 4 Reagent contains a radiolabeled molecule. The
radioisotope is attached to the Step 4 Reagent directly, i.e.,
covalently. Alternatively, the radioisotope is attached to the Step
4 Reagent indirectly, for example, via a chelating agent.
Radioisotopes include for example, Iodine-131 (.sup.131I),
Yttrium-90 (.sup.90Y), Copper-67 (.sup.67Cu), Rhenium-186
(.sup.186Re), Rhenium-188 (.sup.188Re), Lutetium-177 (.sup.177Lu),
Astatine-211 (.sup.211As), Bismuth-212 (.sup.212Bi), Bismuth-213
(.sup.213Bi), Rhodium-103m (.sup.103mRh), Iodine-125 (.sup.125I),
and Indium-111 (.sup.111In) (Carlsson, et al., Radiother Oncol.
66(2): 107-117, 2003).
[0136] Preferably the radiolabeled Step 4 Reagent is of low
molecular weight. Low molecular weight compounds provide better
circulation, biodistribution, tumor penetration, and a reduction in
potential immunogencity. Additionally, a low molecular weight
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent that is not trapped
within the tumor extracellular matrix is more rapidly excreted
thereby minimizing systemic toxicity.
[0137] By low molecular weight it is meant that the compound is
less that 25 kD, preferably less than 10 kD, more preferably less
than 5 kD and most preferably less than 1 kD.
[0138] The Step 4 Reagent is adapted to be trapped by the isotope
trapping moiety of the Step 3 Reagent by binding directly and
specifically to the isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent. Alternatively, the Step 4 Reagent is
enzymatically converted by the isotope trapping moiety of the Step
3 Reagent into a radiolabeled aqueous insoluble product that
becomes trapped within the tumor extracellular matrix adjacent to
the nano-platform. Immobilization of the Step 4 Reagent
radioisotopes within the tumor extracellular matrix creates
micro-regional radiation fields (Hot-Spots) that deliver lethal
irradiation to the surrounding tumor cells.
[0139] The Step 4 reagent binds to the isotope trapping moiety via
a reactive functional group capable of binding to the isotope
trapping moiety of the Step 3 Reagent, for example as an
irreversible enzyme inhibitor that binds directly to the isotope
trapping moiety or as a small molecule such as a hapten or peptide
that is adapted to bind with very high affinity or high avidity to
the isotope trapping moiety. High avidity is defined by a Ka of at
least .about.10.sup.10 mol.sup.-1 or more. Preferably the Ka is
.about.10.sup.12 mol.sup.-1. Most preferably, the Ka is
.about.10.sup.15 mol.sup.-1.
[0140] Reactive organic functional groups include for example
aldehydes, ketones, hydrazides, mercaptans, or maleimide groups
that react with the corresponding organic reactive functional group
on the other reagent, but do not react readily with molecular
structures present within the circulation of the subject on the
paths that the two reagents traffic. For example, if the isotope
trapping moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent is an aldehyde
group, the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent has a
hydrazide functional group. When the hydrazide group on the
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent comes into contact with
the aldehyde group as the isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3
Reagent, it forms a hydrazone, and thus covalently attaches the
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent to the
nano-platform.
[0141] Suitable enzymes as the isotope trapping moiety of the Step
3 Reagent and irreversible enzyme inhibitors as the Step 4 Reagent
are well known in the art as discussed supra. Preferably, the
specificities of the enzymes are for substrates not found in
significant quantities in the host species' circulation or
extracellular matrix or on the paths that the Step 3 Bispecific
Reagents traffic during their use in the invention. Advantageously,
the isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent is a
non-mammalian enzyme with specificity for substrates generally not
found in the host species, such as a penicillinase or a penicillin
amidase.
[0142] The Step 4 Reagent includes haptens such as
2-nitro-5-iodo-phenol (NIP), 4-(4'-iodophenyl)benzoate, and
4-(4'-iodophenyl)benzenearsonate, in which the iodo groups are
radioactive. Alternatively, peptides are radiolabeled to include
radioisotopes. Radiolabeled organic molecules can be readily
attached to the peptides. For example, .sup.131I-p-iodobenzoic acid
can be attached to the .alpha.-amino group on a peptide through the
formation of an amide, and chelating agents such as
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid
(DOTA) that bind .sup.90Y and other metal radioisotopes with very
high affinity can be conjugated to peptides. The peptides are
polymers of L-amino acids, D-amino acids, or a combination of both.
For example, the peptides are D retro-inverso peptides. The term
"retro-inverso isomer" refers to an isomer of a linear peptide in
which the direction of the sequence is reversed; the term
"D-retro-inverso isomer" refers to an isomer of a linear peptide in
which the direction of the sequence is reversed and the chirality
of each amino acid residue is inverted. See, e.g., Jameson et al.,
Nature, 368, 744-746 (1994); Brady et al., Nature, 368, 692-693
(1994). The net result of combining D-enantiomers and reverse
synthesis is that the positions of carbonyl and amino groups in
each amide bond are exchanged, while the position of the side-chain
groups at each alpha carbon is preserved. Exemplary Step 4
Reagent/isotope trapping moiety pairs include radiolabeled
biotin/Streptavidin or radiolabeled FITC/anti-FITC antibody.
[0143] Step 4 Reagents include compounds composed of a hydrophobic
core with an attached hydrophilic group that are enzymatically
altered by the isotope trapping moiety. For example, a hydrophilic
group is attached to an aromatic OH (hydroxy) group, which may be
most advantageous when the OH group is in a position to hydrogen
bond to a heteroatom in another part of the radiolabeled aqueous
soluble Step 4 Reagent. In addition, this type of radiolabeled
aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent contains a radioisotope, most
advantageously one, such as an iodo group, that maintains the
hydrophobicity of the radiolabeled aqueous insoluble product
produced by the reaction of the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4
Reagent substrate with the enzyme as the isotope trapping moiety of
the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent.
[0144] A common feature of many of the potential
radioisotope-containing molecular structures for this class of
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagents, but not meant to be
exclusive, is an OH (hydroxyl) group on an aromatic nucleus, which
is used to prepare a suitable enzyme substrate by attaching, for
example, a phosphate group as the substrate group for a
phosphatase, a sulfate for a sulfatase, a galactose for
galactosidase, a glucose for a glucosidase, a glucuronide 2 for a
glucuronidase, etc. It is even more desirable if the OH group, once
it is liberated by enzymatic cleavage of the attached substrate,
can form an internal hydrogen bond with an appropriately situated
heteroatom that is part of the molecular structure. For example,
these core structures, to which a radiolabel and an appropriate
substrate group are added, include, but are not limited to,
derivatives of alkylsalicylates, N-benzylsalicylamides,
2-(2''-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazoles, 5,6,7,8-.beta.-tetralol
carboxylic acid-.beta.-naphthylamides, 2-hydroxybenzophenones,
3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid anilides, dihydroquinophthalones,
menahydroquinones, 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinones,
2-(2'hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazoles, porphyrin derivatives, and the
like.
[0145] Another way to make use of the catalytic action of the
isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent, as an
enzyme, is the enzymatic conversion of a radiolabeled aqueous
soluble Step 4 Reagent into an active intermediate that
spontaneously reacts to form a radiolabeled aqueous insoluble
product, and thereby again takes advantage of the great
amplification potential of a high enzyme turnover number to vastly
increase the amount of radioisotopes that can be trapped within the
tumor extracellular matrix for the required period of time to
create micro-regional radiation fields (Hot-Spots) to deliver
lethal irradiation to the surrounding tumor cells. Many molecular
structures are suitable to make this kind of radiolabeled aqueous
soluble Step 4 Reagent, including enzyme substrates whose enzymatic
cleavage produces monomers that are active intermediates for
forming aqueous insoluble polymers. Examples of suitable enzyme
substrates that could be used as such radiolabeled aqueous soluble
Step 4 Reagents include, but are not limited to, 1) radiolabeled
aqueous soluble indoxyl derivatives whose enzymatic cleavage of
pendant groups yields a reactive indoxyl that rapidly undergoes
oxidative dimerization to form radiolabeled aqueous insoluble
indigo derivative products and 2) derivatives of penicillins whose
cleavage by penicillinase leads to an electronic rearrangement that
releases a radiolabeled aqueous insoluble product.
Reagent Preparation
[0146] The compositions of the invention are prepared by joining
the components from each of the above described groups by chemical
coupling in any suitable manner known in the art. Many known
chemical cross-linking methods are non-specific, i.e., they do not
direct the point of coupling to any particular site on the
targeting moiety. As a result, use of non-specific cross-linking
agents may attack functional sites or sterically block active
sites, rendering the conjugated proteins biologically inactive.
[0147] One way to increasing coupling specificity is to direct
chemical coupling to a functional group found only once or a few
times in one or both of the polypeptides to be cross-linked. For
example, in many proteins, cysteine, which is the only protein
amino acid containing a thiol group, occurs only a few times. Also,
for example, if a polypeptide contains no lysine residues, a
cross-linking reagent specific for primary amines will be selective
for the amino terminus of that polypeptide. Successful utilization
of this approach to increase coupling specificity requires that the
polypeptide have the suitably rare and reactive residues in areas
of the molecule that may be altered without loss of the molecule's
biological activity.
[0148] Cysteine residues may be replaced when they occur in parts
of a polypeptide sequence where their participation in a
cross-linking reaction would not otherwise likely interfere with
biological activity. When a cysteine residue is replaced, it is
typically desirable to minimize resulting changes in polypeptide
folding. Changes in polypeptide folding are minimized when the
replacement is chemically and sterically similar to cysteine. For
these reasons, serine is preferred as a replacement for cysteine.
As demonstrated in the examples below, a cysteine residue may be
introduced into a polypeptide's amino acid sequence for
cross-linking purposes. When a cysteine residue is introduced,
introduction at or near the amino or carboxy terminus is preferred.
Conventional methods are available for such amino acid sequence
modifications, whether the polypeptide of interest is produced by
chemical synthesis or expression of recombinant DNA.
[0149] Coupling of the two constituents can be accomplished via a
coupling or conjugating agent. There are several intermolecular
cross-linking reagents which can be utilized, See for example,
Means and Feeney, CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS, Holden-Day,
1974, pp. 39-43. Among these reagents are, for example,
succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) or
N,N'-(1,3-phenylene) bismaleimide (both of which are highly
specific for sulfhydryl groups and form irreversible linkages);
N,N'-ethylene-bis-(iodoacetamide) or other homologs having 6 to 11
carbon methylene bridges (which are relatively specific for
sulfhydryl groups); and 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (which
forms irreversible linkages with amino and tyrosine groups). Other
cross-linking reagents useful for this purpose include:
p,p'-difluoro-m,m'-dinitrodiphenylsulfone (which forms irreversible
cross-linkages with amino and phenolic groups); dimethyl
adipimidate (which is specific for amino groups);
phenol-1,4-disulfonylchloride (which reacts principally with amino
groups); hexamethylenediisocyanate or diisothiocyanate, or
azophenyl-p-diisocyanate (which reacts principally with amino
groups); glutaraldehyde (which reacts with several different side
chains) and bisdiazobenzidine (which reacts primarily with tyrosine
and histidine).
[0150] Cross-linking reagents may be homobifunctional, i.e., having
two functional groups that undergo the same reaction. A preferred
homobifunctional cross-linking reagent is bismaleimidohexane
("BMH"). BMH contains two maleimide functional groups, which react
specifically with sulfhydryl-containing compounds under mild
conditions (pH 6.5-7.7). The two maleimide groups are connected by
a hydrocarbon chain. Therefore, BMH is useful for irreversible
cross-linking of polypeptides that contain cysteine residues.
[0151] Cross-linking reagents may also be heterobifunctional.
Heterobifunctional cross-linking agents have two different
functional groups, for example an amine-reactive group and a
thiol-reactive group, that will cross-link two proteins having free
amines and thiols, respectively. Examples of heterobifunctional
cross-linking agents are succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)
cyclohexane-1-carboxylate ("SMCC"),
m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester ("MBS"), and
succinimide 4-(p-maleimidophenyl) butyrate ("SMPB"), an extended
chain analog of MBS. The succinimidyl group of these cross-linkers
reacts with a primary amine, and the thiol-reactive maleimide forms
a covalent bond with the thiol of a cysteine residue.
[0152] Cross-linking reagents often have low solubility in water. A
hydrophilic moiety, such as a sulfonate group, may be added to the
cross-linking reagent to improve its water solubility. Sulfo-MBS
and sulfo-SMCC are examples of cross-linking reagents modified for
water solubility.
[0153] Many cross-linking reagents yield a conjugate that is
essentially non-cleavable under cellular conditions. However, some
cross-linking reagents contain a covalent bond, such as a
disulfide, that is cleavable under cellular conditions. For
example, Traut's reagent, dithiobis (succinimidylpropionate)
("DSP"), and N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate ("SPDP")
are well-known cleavable cross-linkers. The use of a cleavable
cross-linking reagent permits the cargo moiety to separate from the
transport polypeptide after delivery into the target cell. Direct
disulfide linkage may also be useful.
[0154] Numerous cross-linking reagents, including the ones
discussed above, are commercially available. Detailed instructions
for their use are readily available from the commercial suppliers.
A general reference on protein cross-linking and conjugate
preparation is: Wong, CHEMISTRY OF PROTEIN CONJUGATION AND
CROSS-LINKING, CRC Press (1991).
[0155] Chemical cross-linking may include the use of spacer arms.
Spacer arms provide intramolecular flexibility or adjust
intramolecular distances between conjugated moieties and thereby
may help preserve biological activity. A spacer arm may be in the
form of a polypeptide moiety that includes spacer amino acids, e.g.
proline. Alternatively, a spacer arm may be part of the
cross-linking reagent, such as in "long-chain SPDP" (Pierce Chem.
Co., Rockford, Ill., cat. No. 21651 H).
[0156] Alternatively, the compositions of the invention are
produced as a fusion peptide which can conveniently be expressed in
known suitable host cells. Fusion peptides, as described herein,
can be formed and used in ways analogous to or readily adaptable
from standard recombinant DNA techniques. For example, DNA
fragments coding for the different polypeptide sequences are
ligated together in-frame in accordance with conventional
techniques, e.g., by employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini
for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for
appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate,
alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and
enzymatic ligation. The fusion gene is synthesized by conventional
techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR
amplification of gene fragments is carried out using anchor primers
that give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive
gene fragments that can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to
generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, for example, Ausubel et al.
(eds.) CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley &
Sons, 1992). Moreover, many expression vectors are commercially
available that encode a fusion moiety (e.g., an Fc region of an
immunoglobulin heavy chain).
Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0157] The compositions of the invention can be incorporated into
pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration. Such
compositions typically comprise the Step 1, Step 2, Step 3 or Step
4 Reagent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used
herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is intended to
include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings,
antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption
delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical
administration. Suitable carriers are described in the most recent
edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, a standard
reference text in the field, which is incorporated herein by
reference. Preferred examples of such carriers or diluents include,
but are not limited to, water, saline, finger's solutions, dextrose
solution, and 5% human serum albumin. Liposomes and non-aqueous
vehicles such as fixed oils may also be used. The use of such media
and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in
the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is
incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the
compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can
also be incorporated into the compositions.
[0158] A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated
to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g.,
intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal,
intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, transdermal
(topical), transmucosal, rectal administration and oral routes. The
Therapeutics of the present invention may be administered by any
convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by
absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral
mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered
together with other biologically-active agents. Administration can
be systemic or local.
[0159] Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal,
or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a
sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed
oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other
synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or
methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium
bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents
for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
The pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric
acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be
enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials
made of glass or plastic.
[0160] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use
include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or
dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation
of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous
administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline,
bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL.TM. (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or
phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must
be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy
syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of
manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the
contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for
example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene
glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable
mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for
example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the
maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion
and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of
microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and
antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol,
ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be
preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars,
polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the
composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions
can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which
delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and
gelatin.
[0161] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by
incorporating the active compound (e.g., a PDX polypeptide or PDX
encoding nucleic acid) in the required amount in an appropriate
solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above,
as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally,
dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into
a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the
required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case
of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable
solutions, methods of preparation are vacuum drying and
freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus
any additional desired ingredient from a previously
sterile-filtered solution thereof.
[0162] Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an
edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or
compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic
administration, the active compound can be incorporated with
excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules.
Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for
use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is
applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed.
Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant
materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets,
pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the
following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder
such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an
excipient such as starch or lactose; a disintegrating agent such as
alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as
magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon
dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a
flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange
flavoring.
[0163] For administration by inhalation, the compounds are
delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from a pressured
container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g.,
a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
[0164] Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or
transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration,
penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in
the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art,
and include, for example, for transmucosal administration,
detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal
administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays
or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active
compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as
generally known in the art.
[0165] The compounds can also be prepared in the form of
suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as
cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal
delivery. In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with
carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination
from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including
implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable,
biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate,
polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and
polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will
be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be
obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes
targeted to cancer cells with monoclonal antibodies or other cell
targeting agents) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable
carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those
skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,522,811, incorporated fully herein by reference.
[0166] It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or
parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of
administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used
herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary
dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a
predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the
desired therapeutic effect in association with the required
pharmaceutical carrier. The specifications for the dosage unit
forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on
the unique characteristics of the active compound and the
particular therapeutic effect to be achieved.
[0167] As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount"
means the total amount of each active component of the
pharmaceutical composition or method that is sufficient to show a
meaningful patient benefit, i.e., treatment, healing, prevention or
amelioration of the relevant medical condition, or an increase in
rate of treatment, healing, prevention or amelioration of such
conditions. When applied to an individual active ingredient,
administered alone, the term refers to that ingredient alone. When
applied to a combination, the term refers to combined amounts of
the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect,
whether administered in combination, serially or
simultaneously.
[0168] The amount of the Therapeutics of the invention which will
be effective in the treatment of a particular disorder or condition
will depend on the nature of the disorder or condition, and may be
determined by standard clinical techniques by those of average
skill within the art. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally
be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise
dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the
route of administration, and the overall seriousness of the disease
or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of the
practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Ultimately, the
attending physician will decide the amount of protein reagents of
the present invention with which to treat each individual patient.
Initially, the attending physician may administer low doses of the
reagents of the present invention and observe the patient's
response. Larger doses of the reagents of the present invention may
be administered until the optimal therapeutic effect is obtained
for the patient, and at that point the dosage is not increased
further. However, suitable dosage ranges for intravenous
administration of the Therapeutics of the present invention are
generally about 0.020 milligrams (mg) to 1 gram of active compound
per kilogram (Kg) body weight. Suitable dosage ranges for
intranasal administration are generally about 0.01 pg/kg body
weight to 1 mg/kg body weight. Effective doses may be extrapolated
from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model
test systems. Suppositories generally contain active ingredient in
the range of 0.5% to 10% by weight; oral formulations preferably
contain 10% to 95% active ingredient.
[0169] The duration of intravenous therapy using the Therapeutics
of the present invention will vary, depending on the severity of
the disease being treated and the condition and potential
idiosyncratic response of each individual patient. It is
contemplated that the duration of each application of the reagents
of the present invention will be in the range of 1-2 hours to 15
days of continuous intravenous administration. Ultimately the
attending physician will decide on the appropriate duration of
intravenous therapy using the pharmaceutical compositions of the
present invention.
[0170] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a kit,
container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for
administration.
[0171] The invention will be further illustrated in the following
non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLE 1
Synthesis of an Anti-EGF-Antibody-Dextran--3-Indoxyl
Phosphate-Phosphoenol Pyruvate Conjugate
[0172] A Step 1 Reagent is shown in FIG. 6. The cell targeting
agent 1110, is a monoclonal antibody to the EGF receptor; the
carrier moiety 1210, is the polysaccharide dextran; and the
platform building material 1310, is a substituted 3-indoxyl
phosphate derivative that has attached to it an additional
molecular structure 1410 of a phosphoenol pyruvate derivative.
[0173] As shown in FIG. 6, the Step 1 Reagent 1010 forms the
intracellular aqueous insoluble nano-platform 1510 by linking
aggregates of indigo to form micro-precipitates. Some or all of the
platform building materials include the additional molecular
structure 1410, a derivative of phosphoenolpyruvate, which is an
irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
enolpyruvoyltransferase that is the targeting moiety of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent. The indoxyl phosphate platform building
materials are linked to the targeting moiety by a dextran carrier
moiety. The linker molecule is attached to the phosphate group of
the indoxyl phosphate derivative platform building material so it
does not interfere with the release of the indoxyl intermediates
and their dimerization to form the indigo derivative intracellular
aqueous insoluble nano-platform.
[0174] Synthesis of the Step 1 Reagent proceeds in the following
manner: As shown in FIG. 7, 2-cyanoethyl
diisopropylchlorophosphoramidate 5102 was allowed to react with
benzyl 6-hydroxyhexanoate 5101 in the presence of a tertiary amine
in methylene chloride at 0.degree. C. for 11/2 hours and then at
room temperature for 1/2 hour to yield 5103. Following hydrolysis
of the diisopropylamine group on compound 5103 with 1H-tetrazole
and water, the phosphite 5104 was oxidized with N-chlorosuccinimide
in benzene for 15 hours at room temperature to generate the
chlorophosphate 5105. The lithium salt of
N-p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl-5-bromo-3-hydroxyindole 5106 was
generated while the reaction mixture was cooled in a dry
ice/acetone bath followed by the addition of 5105. The reaction
mixture was allowed to slowly come to room temperature to yield
5-benzyloxycarbonylpentyl-2'-cyanoethyl-N-p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl-5''-br-
omo-3''-indolyl phosphate 5107. The benzyl and nitrobenzyl
carbamate protecting groups were removed by catalytic hydrogenation
using 10% palladium on charcoal and hydrogen at atmospheric
pressure for 1 hour at room temperature to yield 5-carboxypentyl
2'-cyanoethyl 5''-bromo-3''-indolyl phosphate 5108.
[0175] The additional molecular structure on the platform building
material, a derivative of phosphoenolpyruvate, is an irreversible
enzyme inhibitor which forms a covalent adduct with the enzyme
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvoyltransferase (Schonbrunn, et
al., Eur. J. Biochem. 253: 406-412, 1998; Samland, et al.,
Biochemistry 38: 13162-13169, 1999; Brown, et al., Biochemistry 33:
10638-10645, 1994), which is the targeting moiety of the
subsequently administered Step 3 Bispecific Reagent. As shown in
FIG. 8, when an analog of the indoxyl compound described above,
5-benzyloxycarbonylpentyl 2'-cyanoethyl
N-p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl-5''-hydroxy-3''indolyl phosphate 5109,
is allowed to react with lithium diisopropylamide in a dry
ice/acetone bath, cyanoethyl 3-bromopyruvate is added and the
reaction allowed to come to room temperature slowly to produce
5110. This product 5110 is then allowed to react with lithium
diisopropylamide in a dry ice/acetone bath followed by
biscyanoethylchlorophosphate to yield the protected
phosphoenolpyruvate indoxyl phosphate derivative 5111. The
nitrobenzyl carbamate and benzyl protecting groups are then removed
by catalytic hydrogenation using 10% palladium on charcoal and
hydrogen at atmospheric pressure for 1 hour at room temperature to
make the protected platform building material with the irreversible
enzyme inhibitor attached 5112.
[0176] Amino-Dextran was prepared from dextran following the
procedure described by Kamizura, et al. (Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis.
Sci. 42: 2664-2672, 2001). Dextran (64,000-76,000 MW, Sigma
Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) was dissolved in 4N sodium hydroxide
and allowed to react with 6-bromohexanoic acid at 80.degree. C. for
3 hours. Low molecular weight reagents were removed by dialysis and
the solution was concentrated in vacuo. The carboxyl groups were
activated by the addition of 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]
carbodiimide and then a 15M excess of ethylenediamine over dextran
was added stepwise and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 12
hours at room temperature in the dark. The pH of the solution was
maintained between 5.0 and 5.5 with 0.1N hydrochloric acid
throughout the procedure. The solution was dialyzed against 0.1M
phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and concentrated by ultrafiltration. The
number of amino groups on Amino-Dextran was assayed by using
trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (Bubnis and Ofner, Anal. Biochem.
207: 129-133, 1992; Sashidhar, et al., J. Immunol. Methods 167:
121-127, 1994; Habeeb, Anal. Biochem. 47: 654-660, 1966). Based on
the number of amino groups, 80% can be used for attaching indoxyl
phosphate compounds. As shown in FIG. 9, a mixture of 4 parts
5-carboxypentyl 2'-cyanoethyl 5''-bromo-3''-indolyl phosphate and 1
part of 5-carboxypentyl 2'-cyanoethyl
5''-phosphoenolpyruvate-3''-indolyl phosphate (that is, one in five
platform building materials has the additional molecular structure
that is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor) is dissolved in DMSO and
converted to the N-hydroxysuccinimide esters 5113 and 5114,
respectively, by addition of N-hydroxysuccinimide and
1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] carbodiimide at room
temperature for 2 hours. The solution of the active esters is then
added stepwise to the solution of Amino-Dextran while maintaining
the pH of the reaction mixture between 7 and 8 with 1N sodium
hydroxide over the period of an hour to yield 5115. Low molecular
weight by-products are removed by exhaustive dialysis against
phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2). The pH of the solution is then
raised to and maintained at 10 with 5N sodium hydroxide for 1 hour
to effect removal of the cyanoethyl groups. The pH is lowered to
7.5 and some of the residual amino groups on the Amino-Dextran
conjugate react with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of S-acetyl
thioacetic acid. One hundred mg of N-hydroxysuccinimidyl
S-acetylthioacetate is dissolved in DMSO and added stepwise to 1
gram of derivatized Amino-Dextran while maintaining the pH of the
reaction mixture between 7 and 8 to yield 5116. Following the
reaction, the sample is dialyzed against phosphate buffered saline
(pH 7.2) overnight. As shown in FIG. 9b, fifty mg of the Dextran
conjugate in 5 mL of phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) is mixed
with 0.5 mL of hydroxylamine-EDTA solution (pH 7.4) and allowed to
react for 2 hours to remove the acetyl group from S-acetyl
thioacetyl side chain to yield 5117, providing free sulfhydryl
groups for coupling with the heterobifunctional reagent on the
anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody targeting agent. One hundred mg of
Anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody 5118, dissolved in 8 mL of phosphate
buffered saline (pH 7.4), is reacted with 5 mg of
N-[.kappa.-maleimidoundecanoyloxy]sulfosuccinimide ester for 30
min. at room temperature while maintaining the pH between 7 and 7.5
with 0.1N sodium hydroxide to yield 5119. The protein is separated
from reactants by passage through a NAP25 column. The solution of
5119 is added to the solution of 5117 and diluted until the
concentration of 5117 is 3 mg/mL. The reaction is allowed to
proceed for 2 hours at room temperature to yield 5120 that is the
Step 1 Reagent. The reaction mixture is dialyzed overnight against
cold phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2). The conjugate is evaluated
on Sephacryl 300 chromatography. Similar preparations show 60-95%
as protein-dextran conjugate 5120 based on absorption units at 280
nm.
EXAMPLE 2
Synthesis of a Transferrin-Albumin-Bis-3-Indoxyl
Glycoside-Loracarbef Conjugate
[0177] A Step 1 Reagent is shown in FIG. 10. The cell targeting
agent 1120, is human transferrin; the carrier moiety 1220, is human
serum albumin; and the platform building material 1320, is a
substituted bis-3-indoxyl glycoside (e.g., glucoside or
galactoside) derivative that has attached to it an additional
molecular structure 1420 of the carbacephem analog, Loracarbef.
[0178] As further in FIG. 10, once inside the targeted cells, the
Step 1 Reagent in the second example forms the intracellular
aqueous insoluble nano-platform 1520 by linking aggregates of
polyindigo to form micro-precipitates. The platform building
materials are bisindoxyl lysine derivatives. Some or all of the
platform building materials include the additional molecular
structure 1420, a derivative of Loracarbef, which is an
irreversible inhibitor of a mutant .beta.-lactamase that is the
targeting moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent. These bisindoxyl
lysine platform building materials are attached to amino groups on
the carrier moiety 1220, human serum albumin, via the carboxyl
group in the amino acid backbone of the platform building materials
(lysine or lysylglutamic acid). The targeting agent 1120, human
transferrin, which binds to the transferrin receptor 101b on the
cancer cells 100, is attached to the human serum albumin carrier
moiety complex via a heterobifunctional linker molecule. In this
example the polymerizing group of the platform building materials
is an indoxyl glycoside and the linkage to the lysine is through a
substituent in the 5 position on the indoxyl ring. Synthesis of
this second example of a Step 1 Reagent can proceed in the
following manner: As shown in FIG. 11,
N-acetyl-5-benzyloxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-one 5201 dissolved in
acetonitrile was allowed to react with potassium t-butoxide at
0.degree. C. for 1 hour, and then acetobromogalactose or
acetobromoglucose dissolved in acetonitrile was added and allowed
to react for 4 hours at 0.degree. C. to yield the
1-acetyl-3-(2',3',4',6'-tetra-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactosidoxy)-5-benzylox-
yindole 5202 or
1-acetyl-3-(2',3',4',6',-tetra-O-acetyl-.beta.-glucosidoxy)-5-benzyloxyin-
dole. The benzyl group was removed by catalytic hydrogenation using
10% palladium on charcoal and hydrogen at atmospheric pressure to
yield 5203. The free hydroxyl group on 5203 was allowed to react
with benzyl bromoacetate to yield 5204. The benzyl group was
removed by catalytic hydrogenation using 10% palladium on charcoal
to yield 5205, and then the carboxyl group was converted to an
active ester with N-hydroxysuccinimide and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
to yield 5206. The active ester compound 5206 was allowed to react
with each of the amino groups on benzyl-L-lysine to yield the
benzyl ester of bispentaacetylindoxylgalactoside-L-lysine or
bispentaacetylindoxylglucoside-L-lysine. The benzyl protecting
group was removed by catalytic hydrogenation using 10% palladium on
charcoal and hydrogen at atmospheric pressure. The acetyl
protecting groups were removed by transesterification with sodium
methoxide in methanol to yield the bisindoxylgalactosyl-L-lysine
5207 or bisindoxylglucosyl-L-lysine.
[0179] As shown in FIG. 12, the irreversible enzyme inhibitor used
as the additional molecular structure on the platform building
material is the antibiotic Loracarbef 5210. Loracarbef 5210 was
first allowed to react with
N.alpha.-BOC-O.alpha.-benzyl-O.gamma.-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl
glutamate 5209 that had been prepared from the protected glutamic
acid 5208 to yield the Loracarbef-glutamate conjugate 5211. The
carboxyl group on the Loracarbef-glutamate conjugate 5211 was
protected as the phenyl acetoxy methyl ester 5213 using phenyl
acetoxy methyl iodide 5212. The BOC protecting group was removed by
trifluoroacetic acid to yield the phenyl acetoxy methyl ester 5214.
This derivative of Loracarbef 5214 was allowed to react with the
active ester of bisindoxylgalactosyl lysine 5215 or
bisindoxylglucosyl-L-lysine, which had been prepared from reaction
of (5207, FIG. 11) with N-hydroxysuccinimide and
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, to yield the
Loracarbef-bisindoxylgalactosyl lysine derivative 5216 or
Loracarbef-bisindoxylglucosyl lysine derivative. The benzyl group
was removed by catalytic hydrogenation with 10% palladium on
charcoal and hydrogen at atmospheric pressure to yield 5217, which
is the platform building material with the irreversible enzyme
inhibitor prepared for coupling to the carrier moiety.
[0180] Multiple platform building materials were attached to the
carrier moiety (human serum albumin), as shown in FIG. 13, to
increase the delivery of the platform building materials to the
tumors. It was determined that only one Loracarbef binding site
would be needed for every fifth indigo unit on the resulting indigo
polymer aqueous insoluble nano-platform, so the platform building
materials were attached to the albumin carrier moiety in a ratio of
4 (bisindoxylgalactosyl-L-lysines) to 1
(Loracarbef-bisindoxylgalactosyl-L-lysine derivative). Similar
conjugates have been prepared with the glucoside derivatives. As
shown in FIG. 13, the two platform building materials totaling an
amount capable of modifying 80% of the amino groups on the human
serum albumin carrier moiety were mixed in the ratio of 4 to 1,
dissolved in DMSO, and activated by the addition of
N-hydroxysuccinimide and 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]
carbodiimide, which was allowed to proceed for 2-4 hours at room
temperature to yield 5218 and 5219, respectively. A solution of
human serum albumin (20 mg/mL in phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4)
was maintained between pH 7 and 8 with 1N sodium hydroxide during
the stepwise addition of the active ester solution of the two
platform building materials 5218 and 5219. After the addition, the
reaction was continued for an additional hour at room temperature.
Conjugates have also been prepared using the active ester of a
Loracarbef-lysyl-bisindoxylgalactosyl-L-lysine derivative to modify
80% of the amino groups on albumin. Reaction by-products were
removed by exhaustive dialysis against phosphate buffered saline
(pH 7.2) to yield a solution of the human serum albumin carrier
moiety--platform building material complex 5220. A similar carrier
conjugate has been made with the
Loracarbef-lysyl-bisindoxylglucosyl-L-lysine derivative.
Twenty-five mg of N-hydroxysuccinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate were
dissolved in DMSO and added stepwise to the solution of the albumin
complex while maintaining the pH between 7 and 8 with 0.5N sodium
hydroxide. Following reaction, the solution was dialyzed overnight
against phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) to yield a solution of
5221.
[0181] Following dialysis, 1000 units of penicillin G acylase were
added and the solution was incubated at 37.degree. C. overnight to
remove the phenyl acetoxy methyl protecting group from the
Loracarbef side chains (additional molecular structures). The
acetyl group was removed from the S-acetyl thioacetyl side chain by
the addition of hydroxylamine at room temperature to yield 5222,
which provides free sulfhydryl groups for coupling with the
heterobifunctional reagent on the human transferrin cell targeting
agent. Human transferrin (200 mg) was dissolved in 8 mL of
phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) and allowed to react with
N-(.epsilon.-maleimidocaproyloxy) sulfosuccinimide ester (12 mg)
while maintaining the pH between 7.0 and 7.5. After 30 minutes, the
modified human transferrin 5223 was separated from the reactants
using a NAP25 column. The human transferrin with maleimidyl groups
5223 was mixed with the albumin-platform building materials complex
5222 at a final dilution of 3 mg/mL for each protein. After
allowing the proteins to form a conjugate 5224 that is the Step 1
Reagent for 2 hours at room temperature, the protein solution was
dialyzed against phosphate buffered saline at 4.degree. C.
overnight. The Step 1 Reagent 5224 was characterized by
chromatography on Sephacryl 200 (Pharmacia, Inc. Piscataway, N.J.).
Typically 90-95% of the transferrin and albumin have become
conjugated as estimated from the peak absorption at 280 nm. A Step
1 Reagent with the indoxyl glucoside derivative has also been
prepared.
EXAMPLE 3
Synthesis of a
Folate-Immunoglobulin-Porphyrin-.alpha.-Difluoromethylornithine
Conjugate
[0182] A Step 1 Reagent is shown in FIG. 14. In this example, the
Step 1 Reagent 1030 is comprised of a cell targeting agent 1130,
which is a folate derivative; a carrier moiety 1230, which is human
immunoglobulin; a platform building material 1330, which is an
appropriate porphyrin derivative that has attached to it an
additional molecular structure 1430 that is an
.alpha.-difluoromethylornithine analog (Metcalf, et al., J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 100: 2551-2553, 1978), which is an irreversible
inhibitor for the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase. Alternatively, a
similar system would use an additional molecular structure that is
.alpha.-difluoromethylarginine, which is an irreversible inhibitor
for the enzyme arginine decarboxylase.
[0183] As shown in FIG. 14, the Step 1 Reagent forms the
intracellular aqueous insoluble nano-platform 1530 by the
aggregation of porphyrin platform building materials released from
the Step 1 Reagent. The platform building materials are porphyrin
derivatives. Some or all of the platform building materials include
the additional molecular structure 1430, an
.alpha.-difluoromethylornithine analog (Metcalf, et al., J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 100: 2551-2553, 1978), which is an irreversible
inhibitor of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase that is the
targeting moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent. These porphyrin
derivative platform building materials are attached to a carrier
moiety, human immunoglobulin, which is attached to the cell
targeting agent that is folic acid.
[0184] Synthesis of the Step 1 Reagent proceeds in the following
manner: As shown in FIG. 15, the synthesis of porphyrin derivatives
follows procedures outlined by J. Lindsey and his colleagues
(Littler, et al., J. Org. Chem. 64: 1391-1396, 1999; Rao, et al.,
J. Org. Chem. 65: 7323-7344, 2000). Experience has shown that a
mixture of pyrrole and 4-methylbenzaldehyde can react with
trifluoroacetic acid under an atmosphere of argon to yield
5-(4-methylphenyl) dipyrromethane 5301. A solution of ethyl
magnesium bromide is slowly added to a cooled solution of
5-(4-methylphenyl) dipyrromethane 5301 in toluene, and after
reaction for an additional 30 minutes, a solution of p-toluoyl
chloride in toluene is added over 10 minutes to yield
1,9-Bis(4-methylbenzoyl)-5-(4-methylphenyl) dipyrromethane 5302.
Using a similar reaction to the one described above, a mixture of
pyrrole and 4-carboxybenzaldehyde can react with trifluoroacetic
acid to yield 5-(4-carboxyphenyl) dipyrromethane 5303. Small
amounts of sodium borohydride are added stepwise to a solution of
1,9-Bis(4-methylbenzoyl)-5-(4-methylphenyl) dipyrromethane 5302 in
tetrahydrofuran/methanol (3:1) to produce the dicarbinol 5304. The
dicarbinol 5304 and 5-(4-carboxyphenyl) dipyrromethane 5303 in
equimolar amounts are dissolved in acetonitrile and allowed to
react with trifluoroacetic acid for 5 minutes followed by oxidation
with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) to yield
5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-methylphenyl) porphyrin
5305.
[0185] A second porphyrin derivative is developed with an
additional functional group for attaching the irreversible enzyme
inhibitor as the additional molecular structure for binding to the
Step 3 Bispecific Reagent. As shown in FIG. 16, a mixture of
pyrrole and 4-acetamidobenzaldehyde is allowed to react with
trifluoroacetic acid under an atmosphere of argon to yield
5-(4-acetamidophenyl) dipyrromethane 5306. A solution of ethyl
magnesium bromide is slowly added to a cooled solution of
5-(4-acetamidophenyl) dipyrromethane 5306 in toluene, and after
reaction for an additional 30 minutes, a solution of p-toluoyl
chloride in toluene is added over 10 minutes to yield
1,9-Bis(4-methylbenzoyl)-5-(4-acetamidophenyl) dipyrromethane 5307.
Small amounts of sodium borohydride are added stepwise to a
solution of 1,9-Bis(4-methylbenzoyl)-5-(4-acetamidophenyl)
dipyrromethane 5307 in tetrahydrofuran/methanol (3:1) to produce
the dicarbinol 5308. The dicarbinol 5308 and 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)
dipyrromethane 5303 (the synthesis of which is described above) in
equimolar amounts are dissolved in acetonitrile and allowed to
react with trifluoroacetic acid for 5 minutes, followed by
oxidation with DDQ to yield
5-(4-acetamidophenyl)-10,20-bis(4-methylphenyl)-15-(4-carboxyphenyl)
porphyrin 5309. The acetyl protecting group is removed by using
sodium methoxide in methanol to yield 5310, which is allowed to
react with m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester to yield
the maleimidyl substituted porphyrin 5311, providing an appropriate
side chain for attaching the irreversible enzyme inhibitor, an
.alpha.-difluoromethylornithine analog, after the folic acid--human
immunoglobulin--porphyrin conjugate has been prepared.
[0186] As shown in FIG. 17, a mixture of the porphyrin derivatives,
4 parts of 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-methylphenyl)
porphyrin 5305, FIG. 15, and 1 part of the maleimidyl porphyrin
derivative 5311, FIG. 16, is dissolved in DMSO and converted to the
respective active esters 5312 and 5313 using N-hydroxysuccinimide
and 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] carbodiimide. Human
immunoglobulin is dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (10 mg/mL)
and then the active ester solution of 5312 and 5313, using a total
of 56 moles of active esters per mole of protein, is added stepwise
over a period of one hour while maintaining the pH between 7 and 8
with 1N sodium hydroxide to yield the porphyrin--immunoglobulin
conjugate 5314. Folic acid is converted to an active ester by
dissolving in dimethyl sulfoxide and incubating with
N-hydroxysuccinimide and 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]
carbodiimide for 1 hour at room temperature. A 30-fold molar excess
of the active ester solution (Laemon and Low, Proc. Natl. Sci. USA
88: 5572-5576, 1991) is added to the porphyrin-immunoglobulin
conjugate 5314 stepwise while maintaining the pH between 7 and 8
with 1 N sodium hydroxide over a period of an hour at room
temperature to yield a folic acid-immunoglobulin-porphyrin
conjugate 5315. Unconjugated material and reagents are removed by
dialysis against phosphate buffered saline (pH 6.0). The maleimido
group on the porphyrin of the folic acid-immunoglobulin-porphyrin
conjugate 5315 reacts with the mercapto derivative of
.alpha.-difluoromethylornithine 5325, FIG. 18, the synthesis of
which is described below, to yield the folate-targeted
porphyrin-carrying immunoglobulin with attached irreversible enzyme
inhibitor (additional molecular structure) 5316, which is the Step
1 Reagent ready for infusion into a tumor-bearing host.
[0187] The mercapto derivative of .alpha.-difluoromethylornithine
is prepared as shown in FIG. 18 as follows: The tetrahydropyranyl
ether of allyl alcohol 5317 can be oxidized to the epoxide 5318
using m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The epoxide ring is opened with
ammonium hydroxide to yield the amino alcohol derivative 5319, the
amino group on which can then be protected by forming a Schiff base
with benzaldehyde to yield 5320. The hydroxyl group on 5320 reacts
with lithium diisopropylamide while being cooled in a dry
ice/acetone bath followed by the addition of
S-benzyl-n-propylbromide to yield 5321. The tetrahydropyranyl group
is hydrolyzed with acetic acid and water to yield 5322, and then
the hydroxyl group is converted to the tosyl derivative 5323 using
tosyl chloride. The amino group on methyl glycine 5326 is protected
as a Schiff base using benzaldehyde to yield 5327, which is then
treated with lithium diisopropylamide cooled in a dry ice/acetone
bath followed by reaction with chlorodifluoromethane to yield the
protected difluoromethyl derivative of glycine 5328. The
difluoromethyl derivative 5328 reacts with lithium diisopropylamide
while being cooled in a dry ice/acetone bath followed by addition
of the tosyl derivative 5323 to yield the protected ornithine
derivative 5324. The protected .alpha.-difluoromethylornithine 5324
is deprotected by hydrolysis with 1N hydrochloric acid to yield the
ornithine derivative with a mercapto side chain 5325.
EXAMPLE 4
Synthesis of a Folate-Bis-3-Indoxyl Galactoside-Loracarbef
Conjugate
[0188] An example of a Step 1 Reagent is shown in FIG. 19. The Step
1 Reagent 1040 is comprised of a cell targeting agent 1140, which
is a folate derivative, and a platform building material 1340,
which is a substituted bis-3-indoxyl galactoside derivative that
has attached to it an additional molecular structure 1440 that is
the carbacephem analog, Loracarbef, which is an irreversible
inhibitor for a mutant .beta.-lactamase. The platform building
material is attached directly to the cell targeting agent,
providing a low molecular weight Step 1 Reagent that has improved
biodistribution, circulation, and tumor penetration, and is small
enough to reduce potential immunogenicity.
[0189] As shown in FIG. 19, the Step 1 Reagent forms the
intracellular aqueous insoluble nano-platform 1540 by linking
aggregates of polyindigo to form micro-precipitates. The platform
building material is bisindoxylgalactosyl-L-lysine. Some or all of
the platform building materials include the additional molecular
structure 1440, a Loracarbef-L-lysyl group, which is an
irreversible inhibitor of a mutant .beta.-lactamase that is the
targeting moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent. In this fourth
example of a Step 1 Reagent there is no carrier moiety, and the
cell targeting agent 1140 is a folic acid derivative that is
attached directly to the platform building material. Maintenance of
reasonable plasma levels of folic acid conjugates for 4 hours can
deliver approximately 70 million conjugate molecules per cell into
cancer cells 100 expressing fewer than one million receptors per
cell (Reddy and Low, Crit. Rev. Therapeut. Drug Deliver. Sys. 15:
587-627, 1998), which shows that there is rapid turnover of the
folic acid receptors 101 (FIG. 1).
[0190] The synthesis of the Step 1 Reagent proceeds in the
following manner: As shown in FIG. 20, the
bisindoxylgalactosyl-L-lysine 5207, is prepared as described supra
and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and converted to the active
ester 5215 using N-hydroxysuccinimide and
1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] carbodiimide. The active ester
5215 reacts with excess ethylenediamine to produce the amino
derivative 5401. Pteroic acid 5402 can have its carboxyl group
converted to an active ester using N-hydroxysuccinimide and
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, which is followed by the addition of the
benzyl ester of glycylglycine to yield the glycylglycyl adduct
5403. Removal of the benzyl protecting group by catalytic
hydrogenation with 10% palladium on charcoal and hydrogen is
followed by converting the carboxyl group to an active ester 5404
with N-hydroxysuccinimide and 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]
carbodiimide. The active ester 5404 can then react with 5401 to
yield the bisindoxylgalactosyl derivative 5405 with the pteroyl
targeting agent attached for targeting folate receptors on tumor
cells.
[0191] FIG. 21 depicts the synthesis to prepare the
bisindoxylgalactosyl platform building materials with the
additional molecular structure Loracarbef attached.
N.alpha.-FMOC-O-benzyl-L-lysine 5406 reacts with
pteroyl-glycyl-glycine N-hydroxysuccinimide ester 5404 to yield
5407. The FMOC protecting group is removed from 5407 with base to
yield 5408, which has a free amino side chain that can react with
the bisindoxylgalactosyl-L-lysine N-hydroxysuccinimide ester 5215
(FIG. 20) to yield the L-lysyl-L-lysyl-glycyl-glycyl derivative
5409. The benzyl-protecting group is removed by catalytic
hydrogenation using 10% palladium on charcoal and hydrogen at
atmospheric pressure to yield 5410. The carboxyl group on 5410 is
then converted to the active ester 5411 using N-hydroxysuccinimide
and 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] carbodiimide.
[0192] As shown in FIG. 22, the carboxyl group on Loracarbef 5210
is protected with a benzhydryl group using biphenyldiazomethane
(which had been generated from benzylphenone hydrazine and mercuric
oxide) to yield 5412. The carboxyl protected Loracarbef 5412 reacts
with the active ester (5411, FIG. 21) to yield 5413. Removal of the
benzhydryl group by catalytic hydrogenation using 10% palladium on
charcoal and hydrogen yields the pteroyl-targeted platform building
material with Loracarbef (as the additional molecular structure)
5414. Infusion of a mixture of 5405 (FIG. 20) and 5414 (FIG. 22)
allows the folate receptors to internalize the two derivatives in
large amounts in the tumor cells (Reddy and Low, Crit. Rev.
Therapeut. Drug Deliver. Sys. 15: 587-627, 1998), and inside the
cells the galactosyl groups are hydrolyzed by enzymes and the
resulting indoxyls dimerize to form indigo derivatives. Thus the
bisindoxylgalactosyl platform building materials results in a
polyindigo intracellular aqueous insoluble nano-platform on which
Loracarbef side chains are attached as additional molecular
structures for binding of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent, a
Loracarbef side chain being incorporated whenever one of the
platform building materials generated from 5414 is incorporated
into the growing polymer.
EXAMPLE 5
Synthesis of an EGF-HPMA-Indoxyl Galactoside Loracarbef
Conjugate
[0193] A Step 1 Reagent is shown in FIG. 23. The Step 1 Reagent
1050 is comprised of a cell targeting agent 1150, which is an
epidermal growth factor (EGF), and a platform building material
1350, which is a synthetic polymer of HPMA that has attached to its
surface substituted indoxyl galactoside derivatives 1355, and also
has on its surface additional molecular structures 1450 that are
the carbacephem analog, Loracarbef, which is an irreversible
inhibitor for a mutant .beta.-lactamase. As shown in FIG. 23, the
Step 1 Reagent is internalized into the targeted cells 100, and the
indoxyl substituents 1355 on the surface of the HPMA platform
building materials 1350 form indigos and thereby cross-link the
HPMA platform building materials to form the intracellular aqueous
insoluble nano-platform 1550.
[0194] The Step 1 Reagent forms the intracellular aqueous insoluble
nano-platform by cross-linking N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
(HPMA) polymers that are the platform building materials, using
indigo groups formed by dimerization of indoxyl side chains
attached to the surface of the HPMA. The HPMA platform building
materials include the additional molecular structure, a derivative
of Loracarbef, which is an irreversible inhibitor of a mutant
.beta.-lactamase that is the targeting moiety of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent. The Loracarbefs are attached to the surface of
the HPMA as separate side chains from the indoxyl galactoside side
chains attached to the surface of the HPMA. The HPMA polymer with
attached indoxyl galactoside side chains and attached Loracarbef
side chains is targeted by attaching the cell targeting agent
epidermal growth factor (EGF), yielding the complete Step 1
Reagent.
[0195] As shown in FIG. 24, the HPMA polymers are prepared by
co-polymerization of monomer units containing indoxyl galactoside
5503 and monomer units that are p-nitrophenyl esters of acrylic
acid 5504. For the acrylic acid-indoxyl galactoside monomer units,
acrylic acid is converted into the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester 5501
with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and allowed to react with the
ethylenediamine derivative of
2-(3-.beta.-D-galactosidoxy-indol-5-oxy)acetic acid 5502 to yield
the indoxyl galactoside acrylate monomer units 5503. Acrylic acid
is converted to the acrylic acid-p-nitrophenyl ester 5504 monomer
units using p-nitrophenol and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The polymer
precursor containing the indoxyl galactosides and the reactive
p-nitrophenyl ester groups is prepared as described by Kopecek and
his colleagues (Omelyanenko, et al., J. Control. Rel. 52: 25-37,
1998) by co-polymerization of 10 mol % acrylic acid-indoxyl
galactoside monomer units 5503, 20 mol % acrylic acid p-nitrophenyl
ester monomer units 5504, and N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
(HPMA) in acetone/dimethyl sulfoxide at 50.degree. C. for 24 hours
using 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator to yield
the polymer intermediate 5505. Loracarbef reacts with some of the
p-nitrophenyl ester groups in the polymer intermediate 5505 to
yield 5506. The remaining p-nitrophenyl esters on 5506 react with
EGF to yield the EGF-targeted polymer with Loracarbef additional
molecular structures 5507.
EXAMPLE 6
Synthesis of a UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine
Enolpyruvoyltransferase-Streptavidin Conjugate
[0196] The targeting moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent is the
enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvoyltransferase. The isotope
trapping moiety is Streptavidin, which binds to a radiolabeled
biotin derivative that is the Step 4 Reagent.
[0197] As outlined in FIG. 35, the enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
enolpyruvoyltransferase 5130, which is readily isolated from E.
coli Strain JLM16 (Brown, et al., Biochem. 33: 10638-10645, 1994),
reacts with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of S-acetylthioacetic
acid. The thioacetate ester is dissolved in DMSO and added in
aliquots to the protein solution in phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, while
maintaining the pH between 7 and 7.5 using 0.5N sodium hydroxide.
After allowing the reaction to proceed for an hour, the modified
protein 5131 is dialyzed against cold phosphate buffer overnight.
Streptavidin 5133 is activated with maleimidocaproic acid
N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester for 30 minutes while maintaining
the pH between 7 and 7.5 using 0.5N sodium hydroxide. The modified
protein 5134 is separated from reactants by chromatography on a
NAP25 column. The S-acetylthioacetate modified
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvoyltransferase 5131 is exposed to
hydroxylamine for 2 hours to remove the acetyl protecting group to
yield 5132, and then the Streptavidin solution 5134 from the column
is added to the reaction mixture to allow the proteins to form a
conjugate via a thioether linkage. After allowing the proteins to
react for 2 hours, the solution is dialyzed overnight against cold
phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.2. The conjugate is passed through
a Sephacryl S-300 column to separate the conjugates from uncoupled
proteins to yield the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
enolpyruvoyltransferase-Streptavidin Step 3 Bispecific Reagent
5135.
EXAMPLE 7
Synthesis of a Mutant .beta.-Lactamase-.beta.-D-Galactosidase
Conjugate
[0198] The targeting moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent is a
mutant .beta.-lactamase. Suitable isotope trapping moieties for the
Step 3 Bispecific Reagent are outlined in FIG. 26, for example,
.beta.-D-galactosidase, which can convert by enzymatic catalytic
action the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent
.sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxylgalactoside into the radiolabeled aqueous
insoluble product .sup.131I-5,5'-diiodoindigo.
[0199] The Step 3 Bispecific Reagent was prepared as a fusion
protein using recombinant biology. Protein expression vectors were
constructed for the production of .beta.-D-galactosidase fusions
with the .beta.-lactamase E166A and E166N mutants. The E166A and
E166N .beta.-lactamase mutants were constructed using the
ung-dut-mutagenesis method (Kunkel, et al., Methods Enzymol. 154:
367-382, 1987) while the E166N mutant was constructed using overlap
extension PCR (Ho, et al., Gene 77: 51-59, 1989).
[0200] Two different vectors were used to create fusions of
.beta.-D-galactosidase with the .beta.-lactamase mutants. One
system was constructed with the phage display plasmid pTP145
(Huang, et al., Gene 251: 187-197, 2000) (FIG. 36). The important
feature of this plasmid is that a unique Sal1 restriction
endonuclease site was previously engineered into the
.beta.-lactamase gene (bla) downstream of the signal sequence
(Huang, et al., J. Mol. Biol. 258: 688-703, 1996). This allows gene
fusions to be constructed by insertion genes at the Sal1 site.
However, this plasmid is not engineered for protein expression and
therefore several additional changes were required. The
bacteriophage gene III sequence was removed from pTP145 by
restriction endonuclease digestion with BamH1 and Xba1 to release a
1365 base pair (bp) DNA fragment. The 5'-overhangs generated by the
enzymes were made blunt ends by treatment with dNTPs and Klenow DNA
polymerase. As seen in FIG. 36, the plasmid was recircularized with
DNA ligase to create plasmid pC3. The lacZ gene was then amplified
by PCR and inserted at the Sal1 site present in the b/a gene to
create the gene fusion in plasmid pLacC3. The plasmid was
introduced into E. coli and the presence of the expressed fusion
protein in these cells was confirmed by immunoblotting using
anti-.beta.-lactamase antibody. Finally, the b/a mutations were
introduced to create the E166A and E166N substitutions to create
the pLacZblaE166 plasmids (FIG. 36). DNA sequencing was performed
to ensure the DNA sequence was correct.
[0201] The second expression system was developed using a
commercially available plasmid, pAX4a+ (MoBiTec, Inc.). As seen in
FIG. 37, the plasmid was developed specifically to fuse proteins of
interest to the lacZ gene. The lacZ gene is fused to a sequence
encoding a collagen domain as a spacer between the .beta.-Gal
protein and the fused protein of interest. The b/a gene encoding
the E166N mutant was amplified by PCR and inserted as an EcoRI-XbaI
restriction enzyme fragment to create the blaE166-pAX4a+ plasmid.
DNA sequencing was performed to ensure the b/a gene did not contain
other mutations and that the fusion sequence was correct. The
plasmid was introduced into E. coli and protein expression was
verified by immunoblotting using an anti-.beta.-lactamase antibody.
Preparative growth of these E. coli allowed us to isolate the
mutant-.beta.-lactamase-.beta.-D-galactosidase Step 3 Bispecific
Reagent via affinity chromatography.
EXAMPLE 8
Synthesis of Ornithine Decarboxylase Modified with
4-Carboxybenzaldehyde
[0202] The targeting moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent is the
enzyme ornithine decarboxylase. The isotope trapping moiety is the
small organic molecule, 4-carboxybenzaldehyde, which bears a
reactive organic functional group, an aldehyde group, which can
covalently bind a radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent that
is a hydrazide derivative, by the formation of a hydrazone.
[0203] The preparation of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent (FIG. 38)
involves the addition of a small organic molecule,
4-carboxybenzaldehyde 5330, which bears a reactive organic
functional group, an aldehyde group, as the isotope trapping moiety
of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent, to some of the amino acid
residues on the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase 5332, the targeting
moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent, without affecting the
enzymatic activity of the enzyme. Terephthalaldehydic acid
(4-carboxybenzaldehyde 5330) is dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and
activated with N-hydroxysuccinimide and
1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] carbodiimide for 2 hours to
yield 5331. Ornithine decarboxylase is dissolved in phosphate
buffer, pH 7.2, and the reaction mixture containing activated
4-carboxybenzaldehyde 5331 is added in 100 .mu.L portions while
maintaining the pH of the reaction between 7 and 7.5 with 1N sodium
hydroxide. Following the reaction, the protein solution is dialyzed
at 4.degree. C. in phosphate buffered saline, pH 6.5, to remove low
molecular weight reagents.
EXAMPLE 9
Synthesis of Mutant .beta.-Lactamase-Anti-NIP Antibody
Conjugate
[0204] The targeting moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent is a
mutant .beta.-lactamase. The isotope trapping moiety is an anti-NIP
monoclonal antibody, which can bind a radiolabeled aqueous soluble
Step 4 Reagent that contains the haptenic structure
.sup.131I-6-nitro-2-iodophenol (.sup.131I-NIP), which is recognized
by the binding site of the anti-NIP monoclonal antibody.
[0205] Suitable monoclonal antibodies to such a structure as NIP
are readily prepared by state-of-the-art monoclonal antibody
technologies. Procedures have been developed to prepare the genes
corresponding to single chain binding regions from such antibodies
and use them with the mutant .beta.-lactamase gene in the
production of fusion proteins as discussed above Example 7.
Technologies have also been developed that can use the high
affinity binding sites developed in murine antibodies to prepare
humanized antibodies and reduce immunological responses to such
proteins used in therapy. In addition, methods have been worked out
to isolate human antibodies with high specificity for a particular
antigen, using array technologies. Therefore, there are numerous
ways to generate appropriate antibodies for use in Step 3
Bispecific Reagents. As shown in FIG. 39, experience has shown that
anti-NIP monoclonal antibody 5433 can react with maleimidocaproic
acid N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester while maintaining the pH
between 7 and 7.5 with 0.5N sodium hydroxide for 30 minutes. The
modified protein 5434 is separated from the reagents by passing it
through a NAP25 column. A solution of N-hydroxysuccinimidyl
S-acetylthioacetate in DMSO is added in aliquots to a solution of
the mutant .beta.-lactamase 5430 in phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, while
maintaining the pH between 7 and 7.5 with 0.5N sodium hydroxide.
The protein solution 5431 is dialyzed against phosphate buffer, pH
7.2, at 4.degree. C. A solution of hydroxylamine is added to the
lactamase solution 5431 and allowed to react for 2 hours to remove
the acetyl protecting groups to yield 5432, then the maleimidyl
modified anti-NIP antibody solution 5434 is added and the two
proteins allowed to react for 2 hours. The solution is dialyzed
overnight against cold phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, at 4.degree. C.
The lactamase-antibody conjugate 5435 is separated from the monomer
proteins using Sephacryl S-300 chromatography to yield the mutant
.beta.-lactamase-anti-NIP antibody Step 3 Bispecific Reagent
5435.
EXAMPLE 10
Synthesis of Mutant .beta.-Lactamase-Alkaline Phosphatase
Conjugate
[0206] The targeting moiety of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent is a
mutant .beta.-lactamase. The isotope trapping moiety of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent is the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, which will,
by enzymatic catalytic action, convert the radiolabeled aqueous
soluble Step 4 Reagent 131I-5-iodo-3-indoxylphosphate into the
radiolabeled aqueous insoluble product
.sup.131I-5,5'-diiodoindigo.
[0207] As shown in FIG. 40, a mutant .beta.-lactamase 5533 reacts
with maleimidocaproic acid N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester while
maintaining the pH between 7 and 7.5 with 0.5N sodium hydroxide for
30 minutes. The modified protein 5534 is separated from the
reagents by passing it through a NAP25 column. A solution of
N-hydroxysuccinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate in DMSO is added in
aliquots to a solution of alkaline phosphatase 5530 in phosphate
buffer, pH 7.2, while maintaining the pH between 7 and 7.5 with
0.5N sodium hydroxide. The protein solution 5531 is dialyzed
against phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, at 4.degree. C. A solution of
hydroxylamine is added to the alkaline phosphatase solution 5531
and allowed to react for 2 hours to remove the acetyl protecting
groups to yield 5532, then the maleimidyl modified mutant
.beta.-lactamase solution 5534 is added and the two proteins
allowed to react for 2 hours. The'solution is dialyzed overnight
against cold phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, at 4.degree. C. The
lactamase-alkaline phosphatase conjugate 5535 is separated from the
monomer proteins using Sephacryl S-300 to yield mutant
.beta.-lactamase-alkaline phosphatase, the Step 3 Bispecific
Reagent 5535.
EXAMPLE 11
Synthesis of .sup.90Y-Biotin-Pentyl-DOTA
[0208] The synthesis of a radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4
Reagent is outlined in FIG. 41. Previously, the
anti-EGF-antibody-dextran-3-indoxyl phosphate-phosphoenol pyruvate
Step 1 Reagent was used to build an intracellular nano-platform
composed of aggregates of indigo with phosphoenol pyruvate
derivatives 1413 on their surfaces as the additional molecular
structures 1400. This intracellular nano-platform was relocated
into the cancer extracellular space by the action of a Step 2
cell-killing Reagent and/or natural cancer cell-killing to form the
extracellular nano-platform 1600. Administration of the Step 3
Bispecific Reagent 2010, a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
enolpyruvoyltransferase 2113-Streptavidin 2213 conjugate, allowed
it to become covalently attached to the extracellular nano-platform
by the covalent binding of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
enolpyruvoyltransferase targeting moiety 2113 to its irreversible
enzyme inhibitor phosphoenol pyruvate derivative 1413 as the
additional molecular structure 1400 on the extracellular
nano-platform 1600, thereby attaching the Streptavidin isotope
trapping moiety 2213 to the extracellular nano-platform 1600.
Administration of the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent
.sup.90Y-biotin-pentyl-DOTA 8003 allows it to become bound with
very high affinity through the binding of the biotin moieties to
several of the four binding sites on the Streptavidin isotope
trapping moiety 2213 that is attached to the extracellular
nano-platform 1600, thus trapping the radiolabeled aqueous soluble
Step 4 Reagent .sup.90Y radioisotopes within the tumor
extracellular matrix for the required period of time to create
micro-regional radiation fields (Hot-Spots) to deliver lethal
irradiation to the surrounding tumor cells.
[0209] The synthesis of .sup.90Y-biotin-pentyl-DOTA 5143, is
outlined in FIG. 42. One of the carboxyl groups on DOTA 5140
(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid) is
activated as the N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester (Lewis, et al.,
Bioconjugate Chem. 12: 320-324, 2001), which can react with
N-(5-aminopentyl)biotinamide 5141 to yield biotin-pentyl-DOTA 5142
(Karacay, et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 8: 585-594, 1997). Exposure to
.sup.90YCl.sub.3 allows the molecule to be loaded with the .sup.90Y
radioisotope as a tightly bound chelate to yield the radiolabeled
aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent .sup.90Y-biotin-pentyl-DOTA
5143.
EXAMPLE 12
Synthesis of .sup.131I-5-Iodo-3-Indoxyl Galactoside
[0210] The synthesis of a radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4
Reagent is outlined in FIG. 43. Previously, the transferrin-human
serum albumin-bis-3-indoxyl glycoside-Loracarbef Step 1 Reagent was
used to build an intracellular nano-platform composed of aggregates
of polyindigo with Loracarbef groups on their surfaces as the
additional molecular structures. This intracellular nano-platform
was relocated into the cancer extracellular space by the action of
a Step 2 cell-killing Reagent and/or natural cancer cell-killing to
form the extracellular nano-platform 1600. Administration of the
Step 3 Bispecific Reagent mutant
.beta.-lactamase-.beta.-D-galactosidase 2020 allowed it to become
covalently attached to the extracellular nano-platform through the
covalent binding of the mutant .beta.-lactamase targeting moiety
2123 to its irreversible inhibitor Loracarbef 1423 as the
additional molecular structure 1400 on the extracellular
nano-platform 1600, thus attaching the .beta.-D-galactosidase
isotope trapping moiety 2224 to the extracellular nano-platform
1600. Administration of the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4
Reagent .sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl galactoside 8004 allows it to
come in contact with the .beta.-D-galactosidase isotope trapping
moiety 2224 that is attached to the extracellular nano-platform
1600, and the catalytic action of the .beta.-D-galactosidase
isotope trapping moiety 2224 cleaves the galactosidyl groups from
the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent
.sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl galactoside 8004, releasing the
.sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyls which rapidly undergo oxidative
dimerization to form the radiolabeled aqueous insoluble product
.sup.131I-5,5'-diiodoindigo 8005, which becomes trapped within the
tumor extracellular matrix for the required period of time to
create micro-regional radiation fields (Hot-Spots) to deliver
lethal irradiation to the surrounding tumor cells.
[0211] The synthesis of .sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl galactoside
5243, is outlined in FIG. 44. The acetyl protected
5-bromo-3-indoxyl galactoside 5240 was treated with
bis(tributyltin) and palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine in
refluxing toluene to yield the tributyl tin derivative 5241, which
was treated with Na.sup.131I and N-chlorosuccinimide to yield the
acetyl protected radiolabeled .sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl
galactoside 5242. Removal of the acetyl protecting groups with
sodium methoxide in methanol yields the radiolabeled aqueous
soluble Step 4 Reagent .sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl galactoside
5243.
EXAMPLE 13
Synthesis of .sup.131I-p-Iodobenzoic Hydrazide
[0212] The synthesis of a radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4
Reagent is outlined in FIG. 45. Previously, the folate--human
immunoglobulin--porphyrin-.alpha.-difluoromethylornithine Step 1
Reagent was used to build an intracellular nano-platform composed
of aggregates of porphyrin derivatives with
.alpha.-difluoromethylornithine groups on their surfaces as the
additional molecular structures. This intracellular nano-platform
was subsequently relocated into the cancer extracellular space by
the action of a Step 2 cell-killing Reagent and/or natural cancer
cell-killing to form the extracellular nano-platform 1600.
Administration of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent 2030 that is
ornithine decarboxylase 2133 with attached benzaldehyde groups 2231
allowed it to become covalently attached to the extracellular
nano-platform 1600 through the covalent binding of the ornithine
decarboxylase targeting moiety 2133 to its irreversible inhibitor
.alpha.-difluoromethylornithine 1433 as the additional molecular
structure 1400 on the extracellular nano-platform 1600, thus
attaching the benzaldehyde group isotope trapping moieties 2231 to
the extracellular nano-platform 1600. Administration of the
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent .sup.131I-p-iodobenzoic
hydrazide 8000 allows it to become covalently bound via a hydrazide
group 8001 as a hydrazone 7000 to the benzaldehyde group isotope
trapping moieties 2231 that are attached to the extracellular
aqueous insoluble nano-platform 1600, thus trapping the
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent radioisotopes within
the tumor extracellular matrix for the required period of time to
create micro-regional radiation fields (Hot-Spots) to deliver
lethal irradiation to the surrounding tumor cells.
[0213] The synthesis of .sup.131I-p-iodobenzoic hydrazide 5345, is
outlined in FIG. 46. Methyl-p-iodobenzoate 5340 reacts with
hydrazine to yield the p-iodobenzoic hydrazide 5341. The hydrazide
is then protected as the t-Boc derivative 5342 using di-tert-butyl
dicarbonate. The iodo group is displaced using bis(tributyltin) and
palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine in refluxing toluene to yield
the tributyl tin derivative 5343, which is treated with Na.sup.131I
and N-chlorosuccinimide to yield the t-Boc protected radiolabeled
.sup.131I-p-iodobenzoic hydrazide 5344. Removal of the t-Boc
protecting group with trifluoroacetic acid can yield the
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent .sup.131I-p-iodobenzoic
hydrazide 5345.
EXAMPLE 14
Synthesis of .sup.131I-4-Hydroxy-3-Iodo-5-Nitrophenylacetic
Acid
[0214] The synthesis of a radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4
Reagent is outlined in FIG. 47. Previously, the
folate-bis-3-indoxyl galactoside-Loracarbef Step 1 Reagent was used
to build an intracellular nano-platform composed of aggregates of
polyindigo with Loracarbef groups on their surfaces as the
additional molecular structures. This intracellular nano-platform
was subsequently relocated into the cancer extracellular space by
the action of a Step 2 cell-killing Reagent and/or natural cancer
cell-killing to form the extracellular nano-platform 1600.
Administration of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent 2040 mutant
.beta.-lactamase-anti-NIP-antibody allowed it to become covalently
attached to the extracellular nano-platform 1600 through the
covalent binding of the mutant .beta.-lactamase targeting moiety
2143 to its irreversible inhibitor Loracarbef 1443 as the
additional molecular structure 1400 on the extracellular
nano-platform 1600, thus attaching the anti-NIP antibody isotope
trapping moiety 2245 to the extracellular nano-platform 1600.
Administration of the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent
.sup.131I-4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid 8005
(.sup.131I-NIP acid), which is a radiolabeled hapten for the
anti-NIP antibody, allows it to bind to the anti-NIP antibody
isotope trapping moiety 2245 with high affinity, thus trapping the
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent radioisotopes within
the tumor extracellular matrix for the required period of time to
create micro-regional radiation fields (Hot-Spots) to deliver
lethal irradiation to the surrounding tumor cells.
[0215] The synthesis of
.sup.131I-4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid 5444
(.sup.131I-NIP acid), is outlined in FIG. 48. It is understood that
the carboxyl and phenolic groups on
4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid 5440 (NIP-acid) are
protected by attachment of t-butyl groups using isobutylene and
sulfuric acid in methylene chloride to yield 5441. The iodo group
is displaced using bis(tributyltin) and palladium
tetrakistriphenylphosphine in refluxing toluene to yield the
tributyl tin derivative 5442, which is treated with Na.sup.131I and
N-chlorosuccinimide to yield the t-butyl protected
.sup.131I-radiolabeled NIP-acid 5443. Removal of the protecting
groups with trifluoroacetic acid can yield the radiolabeled aqueous
soluble Step 4 Reagent
.sup.131I-4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid (.sup.131I-NIP
acid) 5444.
EXAMPLE 15
Synthesis of .sup.131I-5-Iodo-3-Indoxyl Phosphate
[0216] The synthesis of a radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4
Reagent is outlined in FIG. 49. Previously, the EGF-HPMA-3-indoxyl
galactoside-Loracarbef Step 1 Reagent was used to build an
intracellular nano-platform composed of HPMA polymers cross-linked
by indigo groups (like a zipper) with Loracarbef groups on their
surfaces as the additional molecular structures. This intracellular
nano-platform was subsequently relocated into the cancer
extracellular space by the action of a Step 2 cell-killing Reagent
and/or natural cancer cell-killing to form the extracellular
nano-platform 1600. Administration of the Step 3 Bispecific Reagent
2050 mutant .beta.-lactamase-alkaline phosphatase allowed it to
become covalently attached to the extracellular nano-platform 1600
through the covalent binding of the mutant .beta.-lactamase
targeting moiety 2153 to its irreversible inhibitor Loracarbef 1453
as the additional molecular structure 1400 on the extracellular
nano-platform 1600, thus attaching the alkaline phosphatase isotope
trapping moiety 2256 to the extracellular nano-platform 1600.
Administration of the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent
.sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl phosphate 8006 allows it to come into
contact with the alkaline phosphatase isotope trapping moiety 2256
that is attached to the extracellular aqueous insoluble
nano-platform 1600, and the catalytic action of the alkaline
phosphatase isotope trapping moiety 2256 cleaves the phosphate
groups from the radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent
.sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl phosphate 8006, releasing the
.sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyls which rapidly undergo oxidative
dimerization to form the radiolabeled aqueous insoluble product
.sup.131I-5,5'-diiodoindigo 8005, which becomes trapped within the
tumor extracellular matrix for the required period of time to
create micro-regional radiation fields (Hot-Spots) to deliver
lethal irradiation to the surrounding tumor cells.
[0217] The synthesis of .sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl phosphate 5543,
is outlined in FIG. 50. The benzyl protected 5-bromo-3-indoxyl
phosphate 5540 was treated with bis(tributyltin) and palladium
tetrakistriphenylphosphine in refluxing toluene to yield the
tributyl tin derivative 5541, which was treated with Na.sup.131I
and N-chlorosuccinimide to yield the benzyl protected radiolabeled
.sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl phosphate 5542. Removal of the benzyl
protecting groups with trifluoroacetic acid yielded the
radiolabeled aqueous soluble Step 4 Reagent
.sup.131I-5-iodo-3-indoxyl phosphate 5543.
Equivalents
[0218] From the foregoing detailed description of the specific
embodiments of the invention, it should be apparent that unique
compositions have been described. Although particular embodiments
have been disclosed herein in detail, this has been done by way of
example for purposes of illustration only, and is not intended to
be limiting with respect to the scope of the appended claims which
follow. In particular, it is contemplated by the inventor that
various substitutions, alterations, and modifications may be made
to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention as defined by the claims.
* * * * *