U.S. patent application number 12/512507 was filed with the patent office on 2010-01-28 for high arachidonic acid producing strains of yarrowia lipolytica.
This patent application is currently assigned to E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY. Invention is credited to Howard Glenn Damude, Peter John Gillies, Daniel Joseph Macool, Stephen K. Picataggio, Dana M. Walters Pollak, James John Ragghianti, Zhixiong Xue, Narendra S. Yadav, Hongxiang Zhang, Quinn Qun Zhu.
Application Number | 20100022647 12/512507 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36337096 |
Filed Date | 2010-01-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100022647 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Damude; Howard Glenn ; et
al. |
January 28, 2010 |
HIGH ARACHIDONIC ACID PRODUCING STRAINS OF YARROWIA LIPOLYTICA
Abstract
Engineered strains of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica
capable of producing greater than 10% arachidonic acid (ARA, an
.omega.-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid) in the total oil fraction are
described. These strains comprise various chimeric genes expressing
heterologous desaturases, elongases and acyltransferases, and
optionally comprise various native desaturase and acyltransferase
knockouts to enable synthesis and high accumulation of ARA.
Production host cells are claimed, as are methods for producing ARA
within said host cells.
Inventors: |
Damude; Howard Glenn;
(Hockessin, DE) ; Gillies; Peter John;
(Landenberg, PA) ; Macool; Daniel Joseph;
(Rutledge, PA) ; Picataggio; Stephen K.;
(Gaithersburg, MD) ; Pollak; Dana M. Walters;
(West Chester, PA) ; Ragghianti; James John;
(Bear, DE) ; Xue; Zhixiong; (Chadds Ford, PA)
; Yadav; Narendra S.; (Wilmington, DE) ; Zhang;
Hongxiang; (Chadds Ford, PA) ; Zhu; Quinn Qun;
(West Chester, PA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
E I DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY;LEGAL PATENT RECORDS CENTER
BARLEY MILL PLAZA 25/1122B, 4417 LANCASTER PIKE
WILMINGTON
DE
19805
US
|
Assignee: |
E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND
COMPANY
Wilmington
DE
|
Family ID: |
36337096 |
Appl. No.: |
12/512507 |
Filed: |
July 30, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11264784 |
Nov 1, 2005 |
7588931 |
|
|
12512507 |
|
|
|
|
60624812 |
Nov 4, 2004 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/560 ;
426/580; 426/601; 426/61; 435/254.2; 554/224 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A23K 20/158 20160501;
A61P 1/14 20180101; A61P 27/02 20180101; A61P 43/00 20180101; A61P
25/28 20180101; A61P 3/00 20180101; C12N 9/1029 20130101; A61P 1/00
20180101; C12N 1/16 20130101; A61P 3/10 20180101; C12P 7/6427
20130101; A61P 9/12 20180101; A61P 19/10 20180101; A61P 29/00
20180101; A61P 9/00 20180101; A23L 33/12 20160801; A61P 19/02
20180101; C12N 15/52 20130101; C12N 15/815 20130101; A61P 25/32
20180101; A61P 25/00 20180101; A61P 1/04 20180101; A61P 25/24
20180101; A61P 17/02 20180101; C12P 7/6472 20130101; A23D 9/00
20130101; A23V 2002/00 20130101; A61P 9/10 20180101; A61P 11/00
20180101; C12N 9/0083 20130101; A61P 25/20 20180101; A61P 3/06
20180101; C12N 15/746 20130101; A23V 2002/00 20130101; A23V
2250/187 20130101; A23V 2200/30 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/560 ;
435/254.2; 554/224; 426/601; 426/580; 426/61 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/20 20060101
A61K031/20; C12N 1/19 20060101 C12N001/19; C07C 57/04 20060101
C07C057/04; A23D 9/00 20060101 A23D009/00; A23C 23/00 20060101
A23C023/00; A23K 1/00 20060101 A23K001/00 |
Claims
1-14. (canceled)
15. A recombinant oleaginous Yarrowia yeast cell for the production
of arachidonic acid comprising a background Yarrowia sp.
comprising: a) at least one gene encoding .DELTA.9 elongase; and b)
at least one gene encoding .DELTA.8 desaturase; wherein the
oleaginous Yarrowia yeast cell accumulates in excess of about 25%
of its dry cell weight as oil and the oleaginous Yarrowia yeast
cell produces at least about 14% arachidonic acid of total lipids
produced.
16-19. (canceled)
20. A microbial oil produced by a method comprising: a) culturing
the recombinant oleaginous Yarrowia yeast cell of claim 15 wherein
a microbial oil comprising arachidonic acid is produced; and b)
optionally, recovering the microbial oil of step (a).
21. The microbial oil of claim 20 wherein the oil contains at least
about 5% arachidonic acid.
22. The microbial oil of claim 20 blended with an oil comprising a
fatty acid selected from the group consisting of linoleic acid,
.gamma.-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid,
dihomo-.gamma.-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, .alpha.-linolenic
acid, stearidonic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid,
eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic
acid.
23. A food product comprising an effective amount of the microbial
oil of claim 20.
24. A food product according to claim 23 selected from the group
consisting of a food analogue, a meat product, a cereal product, a
baked food, a snack food and a dairy product.
25. A product selected from the group consisting of a medical food,
a dietary supplement, an infant formula and a pharmaceutical
comprising an effective amount of the microbial oil of claim
20.
26. An animal feed comprising an effective amount of the microbial
oil of claim 20.
27. An animal feed according to claim 26 wherein the animal feed is
selected from the group consisting of a pet feed, a ruminant feed,
a poultry feed and an aquacultural feed.
28. An animal feed comprising an effective amount of microbial oil
and optionally comprising a yeast biomass comprising the
recombinant oleaginous Yarrowia yeast cell of claim 15.
29. An animal feed according to claim 28 wherein the yeast biomass
comprises feed nutrients selected from the group consisting of
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and nucleic
acids.
30-36. (canceled)
Description
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/624,812, filed Nov. 4, 2004.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention is in the field of biotechnology. More
specifically, this invention pertains to an engineered strain of
the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica that is capable of
efficiently producing arachidonic acid (an .omega.-6
polyunsaturated fatty acid) in high concentrations.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Arachidonic acid (ARA; cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic;
.omega.-6) is an important precursor in the production of
eicosanoids (e.g., prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclin and
leukot). Additionally, ARA is recognized as: (1) an essential
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA); (2) the principal
.omega.-6 fatty acid found in the human brain; and, (3) an
important component of breast milk and many infant formulas, based
on its role in early neurological and visual development. Although
adults obtain ARA readily from the diet in foods such as meat, eggs
and milk (and can also inefficiently synthesize ARA from dietary
linolenic acid (LA)), commercial sources of ARA oil are typically
produced from natural vegetarian sources (e.g., microorganisms in
the genera Mortierella (filamentous fungus), Entomophthora, Pythium
and Porphyridium (red alga)). Most notably, Martek Biosciences
Corporation (Columbia, Md.) produces an ARA-containing fungal oil
(ARASCO.RTM.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,767) which is substantially free
of EPA and which is derived from either Mortierella alpina or
Pythium insidiuosum. One of the primary markets for this oil is
infant formula; e.g., formulas containing Martek's ARA oils are now
available in more than 60 countries worldwide.
[0004] Despite the availability of ARA from natural microbial
sources such as those described above, microbial production of ARA
using recombinant means is expected to have several advantages over
production from natural microbial sources. For example, recombinant
microbes having preferred characteristics for oil production can be
used, since the naturally occurring microbial fatty acid profile of
the host can be altered by the introduction of new biosynthetic
pathways in the host and/or by the suppression of undesired
pathways, thereby resulting in increased levels of production of
desired PUFAs (or conjugated forms thereof and decreased production
of undesired PUFAs. Secondly, recombinant microbes can provide
PUFAs in particular forms which may have specific uses. And,
finally, microbial oil production can be manipulated by controlling
culture conditions, notably by providing particular substrate
sources for microbially expressed enzymes, or by addition of
compounds/genetic engineering to suppress undesired biochemical
pathways. Thus, for example, it is possible to modify the ratio of
.omega.-3 to .omega.-6 fatty acids so produced, or engineer
production of a specific PUFA (e.g., ARA) without significant
accumulation of other PUFA downstream or upstream products. The
latter possibility is of particular interest in some embodiments of
the invention herein, wherein it is desirable to provide a
recombinant source of microbial oil containing high concentrations
of ARA and that is additionally devoid of gamma-linolenic acid
(GLA; .gamma.-linolenic acid; cis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid;
.omega.-6).
[0005] GLA is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of
biologically active prostaglandin from LA. Although also recognized
as an essential .omega.-6 PUFA having tremendous clinical,
physiological and pharmaceutical value, there are some applications
in which GLA acts in opposition to ARA. Thus, commercial production
of an oil comprising ARA and devoid of GLA would have utility in
some applications.
[0006] Most microbially produced ARA is synthesized via the
.DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway (which is
predominantly found in, algae, mosses, fungi, nematodes and humans)
and wherein: 1.) oleic acid is converted to LA by the action of a
.DELTA.12 desaturase; 2.) LA is converted to GLA by the action of a
.DELTA.6 desaturase; 3.) GLA is converted to DGLA by the action of
a C.sub.18/20 elongase; and 3.) DGLA is converted to ARA by the
action of a .DELTA.5 desaturase (FIG. 1). However, an alternate
.DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway for the biosynthesis
of ARA operates in some organisms, such as euglenoid species, where
it is the dominant pathway for formation of C.sub.20 PUFAs (Wallis,
J. G., and Browse, J. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 365:307-316 (1999);
WO 00/34439; and Qi, B. et al. FEBS Letters. 510:159-165 (2002)).
In this pathway, LA is converted to EDA by a .DELTA.9 elongase, EDA
is converted to DGLA by a .DELTA.8 desaturase, and DGLA is
converted to ARA by a .DELTA.5 desaturase.
[0007] Although genes encoding the .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6
elongase and the .DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathways
have now been identified and characterized from a variety of
organisms, and some have been heterologously expressed in
combination with other PUFA desaturases and elongases, neither of
these pathways have been introduced into a microbe, such as a
yeast, and manipulated via complex metabolic engineering to enable
economical production of commercial quantities of ARA (i.e.,
greater than 10% with respect to total fatty acids). Additionally,
considerable discrepancy exists concerning the most appropriate
choice of host organism for such engineering.
[0008] Recently, Picataggio et al. (WO 2004/101757 and co-pending
U.S. Patent Application No. 60/624,812) have explored the utility
of oleaginous yeast, and specifically, Yarrowia lipolytica
(formerly classified as Candida lipolytica), as a preferred class
of microorganisms for production of PUFAs such as ARA and EPA.
Oleaginous yeast are defined as those yeast that are naturally
capable of oil synthesis and accumulation, wherein oil accumulation
can be up to about 80% of the cellular dry weight. Despite a
natural deficiency in the production of .omega.-6 and .omega.-3
fatty acids in these organisms (since naturally produced PUFAs are
limited to 18:2 fatty acids (and less commonly, 18:3 fatty acids)),
Picataggio et al. (supra) have demonstrated production of 1.3% ARA
and 1.9% EPA (of total fatty acids) in Y. lipolytica using
relatively simple genetic engineering approaches and up to 28% EPA
using more complex metabolic engineering. However, similar work has
not been performed to enable economic, commercial production of ARA
in this particular host organism.
[0009] Applicants have solved the stated problem by engineering
various strains of Yarrowia lipolytica that are capable of
producing greater than 10-14% ARA in the total oil fraction, using
either the .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway or the
.DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway (thereby producing
10-11% ARA-oil with 25-29% GLA or 14% ARA-oil that is devoid of
GLA, respectively). Additional metabolic engineering and
fermentation methods are provided to further enhance ARA
productivity in this oleaginous yeast.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The invention relates to recombinant production hosts of the
genus Yarrowia having enzymatic pathways useful of the production
of arachidonic acid.
[0011] Accordingly the invention provides a recombinant production
host cell for the production of arachidonic acid comprising a
background Yarrowia sp. comprising a gene pool comprising the
following genes of the .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty acid biosynthetic
pathway: [0012] a) at least one gene encoding .DELTA.6 desaturase;
[0013] b) at least one gene encoding C.sub.18/20 elongase; and,
[0014] c) at least one gene encoding .DELTA.5 desaturase; wherein
at least one of said .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty acid biosynthetic
pathway genes is over-expressed.
[0015] In another embodiment the invention provides a recombinant
production host cell for the production of arachidonic acid
comprising a background Yarrowia sp. comprising a gene pool
comprising the following genes of the .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty
acid biosynthetic pathway: [0016] a) at least one gene encoding
.DELTA.9 elongase; [0017] b) at least one gene encoding .DELTA.8
desaturase; and, [0018] c) at least one gene encoding .DELTA.5
desaturase; wherein at least one of said .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty
acid biosynthetic pathway genes is over-expressed.
[0019] In specific embodiments recombinant production hosts of the
invention may additionally comprise additional pathway elements
including, but not limited to: at least one gene encoding .DELTA.12
desaturase; at least one gene encoding .DELTA.9 desaturase; at
least one gene encoding C.sub.16/18 elongase; and at least one gene
encoding C.sub.14/16 elongase and at least one gene encoding an
acyltransferase.
[0020] In one specific embodiment the invention provides a
recombinant production host cell for the production of arachidonic
acid comprising a background Yarrowia sp. comprising a gene pool
comprising the following genes of the .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty
acid biosynthetic pathway: [0021] a) at least one gene encoding
.DELTA.6 desaturase; and, [0022] b) at least one gene encoding
C.sub.18/20 elongase; and, [0023] c) at least one gene encoding
.DELTA.5 desaturase; and, [0024] d) at least one gene encoding
.DELTA.12 desaturase;
[0025] wherein the background Yarrowia sp. is devoid of any native
gene encoding an isopropyl malate dehydrogenase (Leu2-) enzyme;
and,
[0026] wherein at least one of said .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty acid
biosynthetic pathway genes is over-expressed.
[0027] In another specific embodiment the invention provides a
recombinant production host cell for the production of arachidonic
acid comprising a background Yarrowia sp. comprising a gene pool
comprising the following genes of the .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty
acid biosynthetic pathway: [0028] a) at least one gene encoding
.DELTA.9 elongase; and, [0029] b) at least one gene encoding
.DELTA.8 desaturase; and, [0030] c) at least one gene encoding
.DELTA.5 desaturase; and, [0031] d) at least one gene encoding
.DELTA.12 desaturase; and, [0032] e) at least one gene encoding
C.sub.16/18 elongase;
[0033] wherein the background Yarrowia sp. is devoid of any native
gene encoding a saccharopine dehydrogenase (Lys5-) enzyme; and,
[0034] wherein at least one of said .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty acid
biosynthetic pathway genes is over-expressed.
[0035] In another embodiment the invention provides a method for
the production of a microbial oil comprising arachidonic acid
comprising: [0036] a) culturing the production host of any of
claims 1, or 2 wherein a microbial oil comprising arachidonic acid
is produced; and [0037] b) optionally recovering the microbial oil
of step (a).
[0038] In another embodiment the invention provides a microbial oil
produced by the methods of the invention and using the recombinant
production hosts of the invention.
[0039] In an alternate embodiment the invention provides a food
product comprising an effective amount of a microbial oil produced
by the method of the invention.
[0040] In a specific embodiment the invention provides product
selected from the group consisting of a medical food, a dietary
supplement; infant formula and a pharmaceutical comprising an
effective amount of a microbial oil produced by the method of the
invention.
[0041] In an alternate embodiment the invention provides an animal
feed comprising an effective amount of the microbial oil produced
by the method of the invention.
[0042] The invention additionally provides methods of making a
product a food product, or an animal feed supplemented with
arachidonic acid comprising combining a microbial oil produced by
the methods of the invention with product, food product or animal
feed.
[0043] In another embodiment the invention provides a method for
providing a human, animal or aquaculture organism diet supplement
enriched with arachidonic acid (ARA) comprising providing a
microbial oil produced by the method of the invention containing
arachidonic acid in a form consumable or usable by humans or
animals.
Biological Deposits
[0044] The following biological materials have been deposited with
the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University
Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, and bear the following
designations, accession numbers and dates of deposit.
TABLE-US-00001 Accession Date of Biological Material Number Deposit
Plasmid pY89-5 ATCC PTA-6048 Jun. 4.sup.th, 2004 Yarrowia
lipolytica Y2047 ATCC PTA-
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND SEQUENCE DESCRIPTIONS
[0045] FIG. 1 illustrates the .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty acid
biosynthetic pathway.
[0046] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the biochemical
mechanism for lipid accumulation in oleaginous yeast.
[0047] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration describing the role of
various acyltransferases in lipid accumulation in oleaginous
yeast.
[0048] FIG. 4 diagrams the development of some Yarrowia lipolytica
strains of the invention, producing various fatty acids (including
ARA) in the total lipid fraction.
[0049] FIG. 5A provides a plasmid map for pY5-30. FIG. 5B
illustrates the relative promoter activities of TEF, GPD, GPM, FBA
and FBAIN in Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #76982 strains, as determined
by histochemical staining. FIG. 5C illustrates the relative
promoter activities of YAT1, TEF, GPAT and FBAIN in Y. lipolytica
grown in various media as determined by histochemical staining.
[0050] FIG. 6A is a graph comparing the promoter activity of GPD,
GPM, FBA and FBAIN in Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #76982 strains, as
determined fluorometrically. FIG. 6B graphically summarizes the
results of Real Time PCR relative quanitation, wherein the GUS mRNA
in Y. lipolytica ATCC #76982 strains (i.e., expressing GPD::GUS,
GPDIN::GUS, FBA::GUS or FBAIN::GUS chimeric genes) was quantified
to the mRNA level of the Y. lipolytica strain expressing pY5-30
(i.e., a chimeric TEF::GUS gene).
[0051] FIG. 7 provides plasmid maps for the following: (A)
pY57.YI.AHAS.w497I; (B) pKUNF12T6E; (C) pDMW232; and (D)
pDMW271.
[0052] FIG. 8 provides plasmid maps for the following: (A) pKUNT2;
(B) pZUF17; (C) pDMW237; (D) pDMW240; and (E) yeast expression
vector pY89-5.
[0053] FIG. 9 shows a chromatogram of the lipid profile of an
Euglena gracilis cell extract.
[0054] FIG. 10 shows an alignment of various Euglena gracilis
.DELTA.8 desaturase polypeptide sequences. The method of alignment
used corresponds to the "Clustal V method of alignment".
[0055] FIG. 11 provides plasmid maps for the following: (A)
pKUNFmKF2; (B) pDMW277; (C) pZF5T-PPC; (D) pDMW287F; and (E)
pDMW297.
[0056] FIG. 12 provides plasmid maps for the following: (A)
pZP2C16M899; (B) pDMW314; (C) pDM322; and (D) pZKL5598.
[0057] FIG. 13 provides plasmid maps for the following: (A)
pZP3L37; (B) pY37/F15; (C) pKO2UF2PE; and (D) pZKUT16.
[0058] FIG. 14 provides plasmid maps for the following: (A)
pKO2UM25E; (B) pZKUGPI5S; (C) pDMW302T16; and (D) pZKUGPE1S.
[0059] FIG. 15 provides plasmid maps for the following: (A)
pKO2UM26E; (B) pZUF-Mod-1; (C) pMDAGAT1-17; and (D) pMGPAT-17.
[0060] FIG. 16 graphically represents the relationship between SEQ
ID NOs:97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 and 107, each
of which relates to glycerol-3-phosphate o-acyltransferase (GPAT)
in Mortierella alpina.
[0061] FIG. 17 graphically represents the relationship between SEQ
ID NOs:53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 and 60, each of which relates to
the C.sub.16/18 fatty acid elongase enzyme (ELO3) in Mortierella
alpina.
[0062] FIG. 18 provides plasmid maps for the following: (A) pZUF6S;
(B) pZUF6S-E3WT; (C) pZKUGPYE1-N; and (D) pZKUGPYE2.
[0063] FIG. 19 provides plasmid maps for the following: (A)
pZKUGPYE1; (B) pZUF6FYE1; (C) pZP2I7+Ura; (D) pY20; and (E)
pLV13.
[0064] The invention can be more fully understood from the
following detailed description and the accompanying sequence
descriptions, which form a part of this application.
[0065] The following sequences comply with 37 C.F.R.
.sctn.1.821-1.825 ("Requirements for Patent Applications Containing
Nucleotide Sequences and/or Amino Acid Sequence Disclosures--the
Sequence Rules") and are consistent with World Intellectual
Property Organization (WIPO) Standard ST.25 (1998) and the sequence
listing requirements of the EPO and PCT (Rules 5.2 and 49.5(a-bis),
and Section 208 and Annex C of the Administrative Instructions).
The symbols and format used for nucleotide and amino acid sequence
data comply with the rules set forth in 37C.F.R. .sctn.1.822.
[0066] SEQ ID NOs:1-112, 158-168, 209, 252, 255 and 357-364 are
ORFs encoding promoters, genes or proteins (or fragments thereof)
as identified in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Summary of Gene and Protein SEQ ID Numbers
Nucleic acid Protein Description SEQ ID NO. SEQ ID NO. Mortierella
alpina .DELTA.6 desaturase 1 (1374 bp) 2 (457 AA) Synthetic
.DELTA.6 desaturase, derived from 3 (1374 bp) 2 (457 AA)
Mortierella alpina, codon-optimized for expression in Yarrowia
lipolytica Mortierella alpina .DELTA.6 desaturase "B" 4 (1521 bp) 5
(458 AA) Mortierella alpina .DELTA.5 desaturase 6 (1341 bp) 7 (446
AA) Isochrysis galbana .DELTA.5 desaturase 8 (1329 bp) 9 (442 AA)
Synthetic .DELTA.5 desaturase derived from 10 (1329 bp) 9 (442 AA)
Isochrysis galbana, codon-optimized for expression in Yarrowia
lipolytica Homo sapiens .DELTA.5 desaturase 11 (1335 bp) 1 2 (444
AA) Synthetic .DELTA.5 desaturase derived from 13 (1335 bp) 12 (444
AA) Homo sapiens, codon-optimized for expression in Yarrowia
lipolytica Saprolegnia diclina .DELTA.17 desaturase 14 (1077 bp) 15
(358 AA) Synthetic .DELTA.17 desaturase gene derived 16 (1077 bp)
15 (358 AA) from Saprolegnia diclina, codon- optimized for
expression in Yarrowia lipolytica Mortierella alpina C.sub.18/20
elongase 17 (957 bp) 18 (318 AA) Synthetic C.sub.18/20 elongase
gene derived 19 (957 bp) 18 (318 AA) from Mortierella alpina,
codon- optimized for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica
Thraustochytrium aureum C.sub.18/20 20 (819 bp) 21 (272 AA)
elongase Synthetic C.sub.18/20 elongase gene derived 22 (819 bp) 21
(272 AA) from Thraustochytrium aureum, codon- optimized for
expression in Yarrowia lipolytica Yarrowia lipolytica .DELTA.12
desaturase 23 (1936 bp) 24 (419 AA) Mortieralla isabellina
.DELTA.12 desaturase 25 (1203 bp) 26 (400 AA) Fusarium moniliforme
.DELTA.12 desaturase 27 (1434 bp) 28 (477 AA) Aspergillus nidulans
.DELTA.12 desaturase 29 (1416 bp) 30 (471 AA) Aspergillus flavus
.DELTA.12 desaturase -- 31 (466 AA) Aspergillus fumigatus .DELTA.12
desaturase -- 32 (424 AA) Magnaporthe grisea .DELTA.12 desaturase
33 (1656 bp) 34 (551 AA) Neurospora crassa .DELTA.12 desaturase 35
(1446 bp) 36 (481 AA) Fusarium graminearium .DELTA.12 desaturase 37
(1371 bp) 38 (456 AA) Mortierella alpina .DELTA.12 desaturase 357
(1403 bp) 358 (400 AA) Saccharomyces kluyveri .DELTA.12 desaturase
-- 359 (416 AA) Kluyveromyces lactis .DELTA.12 desaturase 360 (1948
bp) 361 (415 AA) Candida albicans .DELTA.12 desaturase -- 362 (436
AA) Debaryomyces hansenii CBS767 .DELTA.12 -- 363 (416 AA)
desaturase Isochrysis galbana .DELTA.9 elongase 39 (792 bp) 40 (263
AA) Synthetic .DELTA.9 elongase gene, codon- 41 (792 bp) 40 (263
AA) optimized for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica Euglena
gracillis .DELTA.8 desaturase gene 42 (1275 bp) 43 (419 AA)
(non-functional; GenBank Accession No. AAD45877) Euglena gracillis
.DELTA.8 desaturase gene -- 252 (422 AA) (non-functional; Wallis et
al. [Archives of Biochem. Biophys., 365: 307-316 (1999)]; WO
00/34439) Synthetic .DELTA.8 desaturase gene, codon- 209 (1270 bp)
-- optimized for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica (D8S-1)
Synthetic .DELTA.8 desaturase gene, codon- 255 (1269 bp) --
optimized for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica (D8S-3) Euglena
gracillis .DELTA.8 desaturase gene 44 (1271 bp) 45 (421 AA) (Eg5)
Euglena gracillis .DELTA.8 desaturase gene 46 (1271 bp) 47 (421 AA)
(Eg12) Synthetic .DELTA.8 desaturase gene, codon- 48 (1272 bp) 49
(422 AA) optimized for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica (D8SF)
Rattus norvegicus C.sub.16/18 elongase 50 (2628 bp) 51 (267 AA)
Synthetic C.sub.16/18 elongase gene derived 52 (804 bp) 51 (267 AA)
from Rattus norvegicus, codon- optimized for expression in Yarrowia
lipolytica Mortierella alpina C.sub.16/18 elongase 53 (828 bp) 54
(275 AA) (ELO3) Mortierella alpina ELO3 - partial 55 (607 bp) --
cDNA sequence Mortierella alpina ELO3 - 3' sequence 56 (1042 bp) --
obtained by genome walking Mortierella alpina ELO3 - 5' sequence 57
(2223 bp) -- obtained by genome walking Mortierella alpina ELO3 -
cDNA 58 (3557 bp) -- contig Mortierella alpina ELO3 - intron 59
(542 bp) -- Mortierella alpina ELO3 - genomic 60 (4099 bp) --
contig Yarrowia lipolytica C.sub.16/18 elongase 61 (915 bp) 62 (304
AA) gene Candida albicans probable fatty acid -- 63 (353 AA)
elongase (GenBank Accession No. EAL04510) Yarrowia lipolytica
C.sub.14/16 elongase 64 (978 bp) 65 (325 AA) gene Neurospora crassa
FEN1 gene -- 66 (337 AA) (GenBank Accession No. CAD70918)
Mortierella alpina lysophosphatidic 67 (945 bp) 68 (314 AA) acid
acyltransferase (LPAAT1) Mortierella alpina lysophosphatidic 69
(927 bp) 70 (308 AA) acid acyltransferase (LPAAT2) Yarrowia
lipolytica lysophosphatidic 71 (1549 bp) 72 (282 AA) acid
acyltransferase (LPAAT1) Yarrowia lipolytica lysophosphatidic 73
(1495 bp) -- acid acyltransferase (LPAAT2) - genomic fragment
comprising gene Yarrowia lipolytica lysophosphatidic 74 (672 bp) 75
(223 AA) acid acyltransferase (LPAAT2) Yarrowia lipolytica 76 (2326
bp) 77 (648 AA) phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT)
Yarrowia lipolytica acyl-CoA:sterol- 78 (1632 bp) 79 (543 AA)
acyltransferase (ARE2) Caenorhabditis elegans -- 80 (282 AA)
acyl-CoA:1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT)
Yarrowia lipolytica diacylglycerol 81 (1578 bp) 82 (526 AA)
acyltransferase (DGAT1) Mortierella alpina diacylglycerol 83 (1578
bp) 84 (525 AA) acyltransferase (DGAT1) Neurospora crassa
diacylglycerol -- 85 (533 AA) acyltransferase (DGAT1) Gibberella
zeae PH-1 diacylglycerol -- 86 (499 AA) acyltransferase (DGAT1)
Magnaporthe grisea diacylglycerol -- 87 (503 AA) acyltransferase
(DGAT1) Aspergillus nidulans diacylglycerol -- 88 (458 AA)
acyltransferase (DGAT1) Yarrowia lipolytica diacylglycerol 89 (2119
bp) 90 (514 AA) acyltransferase (DGAT2) 91 (1380 bp) 92 (459 AA) 93
(1068 bp) 94 (355 AA) Mortierella alpina diacylglycerol 95 (996 bp)
96 (331 AA) acyltransferase (DGAT2) Mortierella alpina
glycerol-3-phosphate 97 (2151 bp) 98 (716 AA) acyltransferase
(GPAT) M. alpina GPAT - partial cDNA 99 (1212 bp) -- sequence M.
alpina GPAT - genomic fragment 100 (3935 bp) -- comprising - 1050
bp to + 2886 bp region M. alpina GPAT - 3' cDNA sequence 101 (965
bp) -- obtained by genome walking M. alpina GPAT - 5' sequence 102
(1908 bp) -- obtained by genome walking M. alpina GPAT - internal
sequence 103 (966 bp) -- obtained by genome walking M. alpina GPAT
- intron #1 104 (275 bp) -- M. alpina GPAT - intron #2 105 (255 bp)
-- M. alpina GPAT - intron #3 106 (83 bp) -- M. alpina GPAT -
intron #4 107 (99 bp) -- Yarrowia lipolytica diacylglycerol 108
(2133 bp) -- cholinephosphotransferase (CPT1) - genomic fragment
comprising gene Yarrowia lipolytica diacylglycerol 109 (1185 bp)
110 (394 AA) cholinephosphotransferase (CPT1) Saccharomyces
cerevisiae inositol 111 (1434 bp) 112 (477 AA)
phosphosphingolipid-specific phospholipase C (ISC1) Yarrowia
lipolytica glyceraldehyde-3- 158 (971 bp) -- phosphate
dehydrogenase promoter (GPD) Yarrowia lipolytica glyceraldehyde-3-
159 (1174 bp) -- phosphate dehydrogenase + intron promoter (GPDIN)
Yarrowia lipolytica phosphoglycerate 160 (878 bp) -- mutase
promoter (GPM) Yarrowia lipolytica 161 (1001 bp) --
fructose-bisphosphate aldolase promoter (FBA) Yarrowia lipolytica
162 (973 bp) -- fructose-bisphosphate aldolase + intron promoter
(FBAIN) Yarrowia lipolytica 163 (924 bp) -- fructose-bisphosphate
aldolase + modified intron promoter (FBAINm) Yarrowia lipolytica
164 (1130 bp) -- glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase promoter
(GPAT) Yarrowia lipolytica ammonium 165 (778 bp) -- transporter
promoter (YAT1) Yarrowia lipolytica translation 166 (436 bp) --
elongation factor EF1-.alpha. promoter (TEF) Yarrowia lipolytica
chimeric 167 (1020 bp) -- GPM::FBA intron promoter (GPM::FBAIN)
Yarrowia lipolytica chimeric 168 (1052 bp) -- GPM::GPD intron
promoter (GPM::GPDIN) Yarrowia lipolytica export protein 364 (1000
bp) -- promoter (EXP1)
[0067] SEQ ID NOs:113-157 are plasmids as identified in Table
2.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Summary of Plasmid SEQ ID Numbers
Corresponding Plasmid FIG. SEQ ID NO pY5-30 5A 113 (8,953 bp)
pKUNF12T6E 7B 114 (12,649 bp) pDMW232 7C 115 (10,945 bp) pDMW271 7D
116 (13,034 bp) pKUNT2 8A 117 (6,457 bp) pZUF17 8B 118 (8,165 bp)
pDMW237 8C 119 (7,879 bp) pY54PC -- 120 (8,502 bp) pKUNFmkF2 11A
121 (7,145 bp) pZF5T-PPC 11C 122 (5,553 bp) pDMW297 11E 123 (10,448
bp) pZP2C16M899 12A 124 (15,543 bp) pDMW314 12B 125 (13,295 bp)
pDMW322 12C 126 (11,435 bp) pZKSL5598 12D 127 (16,325 bp) pZP3L37
13A 128 (12,690 bp) pY37/F15 13B 129 (8,194 bp) pKO2UF2PE 13C 130
(10,838 bp) pZKUT16 13D 131 (5,833 bp) pKO2UM25E 14A 132 (12,663
bp) pZKUGPI5S 14B 133 (6,912 bp) pDMW302T16 14C 134 (14,864 bp)
pZKUGPE1S 14D 135 (6,540 bp) pKO2UM26E 15A 136 (13,321 bp) pZKUM --
137 (4,313 bp) pMLPAT-17 -- 138 (8,015 bp) pMLPAT-Int -- 139 (8,411
bp) pZUF-MOD-1 15B 140 (7,323 bp) pMDGAT1-17 15C 141 (8,666 bp)
pMDGAT2-17 -- 142 (8,084 bp) pMGPAT-17 15D 143 (9,239 bp)
pZF5T-PPC-E3 -- 144 (5,031 bp) pZUF6S 18A 145 (8,462 bp)
pZUF6S-E3WT 18B 146 (11,046 bp) pZKUGPYE1-N 18C 147 (6,561 bp)
pZKUGPYE2 18D 148 (6,498 bp) pZUF6TYE2 -- 149 (10,195 bp) pZKUGPYE1
19A 150 (6,561 bp) pZUF6FYE1 19B 151 (10,809 bp) pYCPT1-17 -- 152
(8,273 bp) pZP2I7 + Ura 19C 153 (7,822 bp) pYCPT1-ZP2I7 -- 154
(7,930 bp) pTEF::ISC1 -- 155 (8,179 bp) pY20 19D 156 (8,196 bp)
pLV13 19E 157 (5,105 bp)
[0068] SEQ ID NO:356 corresponds to the codon-optimized translation
initiation site for genes optimally expressed in Yarrowia sp.
[0069] SEQ ID NOs:169-182 correspond to primers YL211, YL212,
YL376, YL377, YL203, YL204, GPAT-5-1, GPAT-5-2, ODMW314, YL341,
ODMW320, ODMW341, 27203-F and 27203-R, respectively, used to
amplify Yarrowia lipolytica promoter regions.
[0070] SEQ ID NOs: 183-186 are the oligonucleotides YL-URA-16F,
YL-URA-78R, GUS-767F and GUS-891R, respectively, used for Real Time
analysis.
[0071] SEQ ID NOs:187-202 correspond to 8 pairs of oligonucleotides
which together comprise the entire codon-optimized coding region of
the I. galbana .DELTA.9 elongase (i.e., IL3-1A, IL3-1B, IL3-2A,
IL3-2B, IL3-3A, IL3-3B, IL3-4A, IL3-4B, IL3-5A, IL3-5B, IL3-6A,
IL3-6B, IL3-7A, IL3-7B, IL3-8A and IL3-8B, respectively).
[0072] SEQ ID NOs:203-206 correspond to primers IL3-1F, IL3-4R,
IL3-5F and IL3-8R, respectively, used for PCR amplification during
synthesis of the codon-optimized .DELTA.9 elongase gene.
[0073] SEQ ID NO:207 is the 417 bp NcoI/PstI fragment described in
pT9(1-4); and SEQ ID NO:208 is the 377 bp PstI/Not1 fragment
described in pT9(5-8).
[0074] SEQ ID NOs:210-235 correspond to 13 pairs of
oligonucleotides which together comprise the entire codon-optimized
coding region of the E. gracilis .DELTA.8 desaturase (i.e., D8-1A,
D8-1B, D8-2A, D8-2B, D8-3A, D8-3B, D84A, D84B, D8-5A, D8-5B, D8-6A,
D8-6B, D8-7A, D8-7B, D8-8A, D8-8B, D8-9A, D8-9B, D8-10A, D8-10B,
D8-11A, D8-11B, D8-12A, D8-12B, D8-13A and D8-13B,
respectively).
[0075] SEQ ID NOs:236-243 correspond to primers D8-1F, D8-3R,
D8-4F, D8-6R, D8-7F, D8-9R, D8-10F and D8-13R, respectively, used
for PCR amplification during synthesis of the codon-optimized
.DELTA.8 desaturase gene.
[0076] SEQ ID NO:244 is the 309 bp Nco/BglII fragment described in
pT8(1-3); SEQ ID NO:245 is the 321 bp BglII/XhoI fragment described
in pT8(4-6); SEQ ID NO:246 is the 264 bp XhoI/SacI fragment
described in pT8(7-9); and SEQ ID NO:247 is the 369 bp Sac1/Not1
fragment described in pT8(10-13).
[0077] SEQ ID NOs:248 and 249 correspond to primers ODMW390 and
ODMW391, respectively, used during synthesis of D8S-2 in
pDMW255.
[0078] SEQ ID NOs:250 and 251 are the chimeric D8S-1::XPR and
D8S-2::XPR genes described in Example 7.
[0079] SEQ ID NOs:253 and 254 correspond to primers ODMW392 and
ODMW393, used during synthesis of D8S-3.
[0080] SEQ ID NOs:256 and 257 correspond to primers Eg5-1 and
Eg3-3, respectively, used for amplification of the .DELTA.8
desaturase from Euglena gracilis.
[0081] SEQ ID NOs:258-261 correspond to primers T7, M13-28Rev,
Eg3-2 and Eg5-2, respectively, used for sequencing a .DELTA.8
desaturase clone.
[0082] SEQ ID NO:262 corresponds to primer ODMW404, used for
amplification of D8S-3.
[0083] SEQ ID NO:263 is a 1272 bp chimeric gene comprising
D8S-3.
[0084] SEQ ID NOs:264 and 265 correspond to primers YL521 and
YL522, respectively, used to create new restriction enzyme sites in
a cloned D8S-3 gene.
[0085] SEQ ID NOs:266-279 correspond to primers YL525, YL526,
YL527, YL528, YL529, YL530, YL531, YL532, YL533, YL534, YL535,
YL536, YL537 and YL538, respectively, used in site directed
mutagenesis reactions to produce D8SF.
[0086] SEQ ID NO:280 is a mutant AHAS gene comprising a W497L
mutation.
[0087] SEQ ID NOs:281-283 correspond to BD-Clontech Creator Smarts
cDNA library kit primers SMART IV oligonucleotide, CDSIII/3' PCR
primer and 5'-PCR primer, respectively.
[0088] SEQ ID NO:284 corresponds to the M13 forward primer used for
M. alpina cDNA library sequencing.
[0089] SEQ ID NOs:285-288 and 290-291 correspond to primers
MLPAT-F, MLPAT-R, LPAT-Re-5-1, LPAT-Re-5-2, LPAT-Re-3-1 and
LPAT-Re-3-2, respectively, used for cloning of the M. alpina LPAAT2
ORF.
[0090] SEQ ID NOs:289 and 292 correspond to a 5' (1129 bp) and 3'
(938 bp) region of the Y. lipolytica LPAAT1 ORF, respectively.
[0091] SEQ ID NOs:293 and 294 correspond to primers pzuf-mod1 and
pzuf-mod2, respectively, used for creating "control" plasmid
pZUF-MOD-1.
[0092] SEQ ID NOs:295 and 296 correspond to primers MACAT-F1 and
MACAT-R, respectively, used for cloning of the M. alpina DGAT1
ORF.
[0093] SEQ ID NOs:297 and 298 correspond to primers MDGAT-F and
MDGAT-R1, respectively, used for cloning of the M. alpina DGAT2
ORF.
[0094] SEQ ID NOs:299 and 300 correspond to primers MGPAT-N1 and
MGPAT-NR5, respectively, used for degenerate PCR to amplify the M.
alpina GPAT.
[0095] SEQ ID NOs:301-303 correspond to primers MGPAT-5N1,
MGPAT-5N2 and MGPAT-5N3, respectively, used for amplification of
the 3'-end of the M. alpina GPAT.
[0096] SEQ ID NOs:304 and 305 correspond to the Genome Walker
adaptor from ClonTech's Universal GenomeWalker.TM. Kit, used for
genome-walking.
[0097] SEQ ID NOs:306-309 correspond to the PCR primers used in
genome-walking: MGPAT-5-1A, Adaptor-1 (AP1), MGPAT-3N1 and Nested
Adaptor Primer 2 (AP2), respectively.
[0098] SEQ ID NOs:310 and 311 correspond to primers mgpat-cdna-5
and mgpat-cdna-R, respectively, used for amplifying the M. alpina
GPAT.
[0099] SEQ ID NOs:312 and 313 correspond to primers MA Elong 3'1
and MA elong 3'2, respectively, used for genome-walking to isolate
the 3'-end region of the M. alpina ELO3.
[0100] SEQ ID NOs:314 and 315 correspond to primers MA Elong 5'1
and MA Elong 5'2, respectively, used for genome-walking to isolate
the 5'-end region of the M. alpina ELO3.
[0101] SEQ ID NOs:316 and 317 correspond to primers MA ELONG 5'
NcoI 3 and MA ELONG 3' NotI 1, respectively, used for amplifying
the complete ELO3 from M. alpina cDNA.
[0102] SEQ ID NOs:318 and 319 correspond to primers YL597 and
YL598, respectively, used for amplifying the coding region of Y.
lipolytica YE2.
[0103] SEQ ID NOs:320-323 correspond to primers YL567, YL568, YL569
and YL570, respectively, used for amplifying the coding region of
Y. lipolytica YE1.
[0104] SEQ ID NOs:324 and 325 correspond to primers YL571 and
YL572, respectively, used for site-directed mutagenesis during
cloning of Y. lipolytica YE1.
[0105] SEQ ID NOs:326 and 327 correspond to primers CPT1-5'-NcoI
and CPT1-3'-NotI, respectively, used for cloning of the Y.
lipolytica CPT1 ORF.
[0106] SEQ ID NOs: 328 and 329 correspond to primers Isc1F and
Isc1R, respectively, used for cloning of the S. cerevisiae ISC1
ORF.
[0107] SEQ ID NOs:330 and 331 correspond to primers Pcl1F and
Pcl1R, respectively, used for cloning of the S. cerevisiae PCL1
ORF.
[0108] SEQ ID NOs:332-335 correspond to primers P95, P96, P97 and
P98, respectively, used for targeted disruption of the Y.
lipolytica DGAT2 gene.
[0109] SEQ ID NOs:336-338 correspond to primers P115, P116 and
P112, respectively, used to screen for targeted integration of the
disrupted Y. lipolytica DGAT2 gene.
[0110] SEQ ID NOs:339-342 correspond to primers P39, P41, P40 and
P42, respectively, used for targeted disruption of the Y.
lipolytica PDAT gene.
[0111] SEQ ID NOs:343-346 correspond to primers P51, P52, P37 and
P38, respectively, used to screen for targeted integration of the
disrupted Y. lipolytica PDAT gene.
[0112] SEQ ID NOs:347 and 348 are the degenerate primers identified
as P201 and P203, respectively, used for the isolation of the Y.
lipolytica DGAT1.
[0113] SEQ ID NOs:349-353 correspond to primers P214, P215, P216,
P217 and P219, respectively, used for the creation of a targeting
cassette for targeted disruption of the putative DGAT1 gene in Y.
lipolytica.
[0114] SEQ ID NOs:354 and 355 correspond to primers P226 and P227,
respectively, used to screen for targeted integration of the
disrupted Y. lipolytica DGAT1 gene.
[0115] SEQ ID NOs:365-370 correspond to primers 410, 411, 412, 413,
414 and 415, respectively, used for synthesis of a mutant Yarrowia
lipolytica AHAS gene, comprising a W497L mutation.
[0116] SEQ ID NOs:371 and 372 correspond to primers YL325 and
YL326, respectively, used to amplify a NotI/PacI fragment
containing the Aco 3' terminator.
[0117] SEQ ID NO:373 corresponds to a His Box 1 motif found in
fungal .DELTA.15 and .DELTA.12 desaturases.
[0118] SEQ ID NO:374 corresponds to a motif that is indicative of a
fungal protein having .DELTA.15 desaturase activity, while SEQ ID
NO:375 corresponds to a motif that is indicative of a fungal
protein having .DELTA.12 desaturase activity.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0119] All patents, patent applications, and publications cited
herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. This
specifically includes, the following Applicants' Assignee's
copending applications:
[0120] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,478 (filed May 6,
2004),
[0121] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,579 (filed May 6,
2004),
[0122] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,325 (filed May 6,
2004)
[0123] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/869,630 (filed Jun. 16,
2004),
[0124] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/882,760 (filed Jul. 1,
2004),
[0125] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/985,109 (filed Nov. 10,
2004),
[0126] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/987,548 (filed Nov. 12,
2004)
[0127] U.S. Patent Application No. 60/624,812 (filed Nov. 4,
2004),
[0128] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/024,545 and Ser. No.
11/024,544 (filed Dec. 29, 2004),
[0129] U.S. Patent Application No. 60/689,031 (filed Jun. 9,
2005),
[0130] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/183,664 (filed Jul. 18,
2005),
[0131] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/185,301 (filed Jul. 20,
2005),
[0132] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/190,750 (filed Jul. 27,
2005),
[0133] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/225,354 (filed Sep. 13,
2005),
[0134] In accordance with the subject invention, Applicants provide
production host strains of Yarrowia lipolytica that are capable of
producing greater than 10% arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4, .omega.-6).
Accumulation of this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
is accomplished by introduction of either of two different
functional .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty acid biosynthetic pathways.
The first pathway comprises proteins with .DELTA.6 desaturase,
C.sub.18/20 elongase and .DELTA.5 desaturase activities into the
oleaginous yeast host for high-level recombinant expression,
wherein the ARA oil also comprises GLA; the latter pathway
comprises proteins with .DELTA.9 elongase, .DELTA.8 desaturase and
.DELTA.5 desaturase activities and thereby enables production of an
ARA oil that is devoid of any GLA. Thus, this disclosure
demonstrates that Y. lipolytica can be engineered to enable
commercial production of ARA and derivatives thereof. Methods of
production are also claimed.
[0135] The subject invention finds many applications. PUFAs, or
derivatives thereof, made by the methodology disclosed herein can
be used as dietary substitutes, or supplements, particularly infant
formulas, for patients undergoing intravenous feeding or for
preventing or treating malnutrition. Alternatively, the purified
PUFAs (or derivatives thereof) may be incorporated into cooking
oils, fats or margarines formulated so that in normal use the
recipient would receive the desired amount for dietary
supplementation. The PUFAs may also be incorporated into infant
formulas, nutritional supplements or other food products and may
find use as anti-inflammatory or cholesterol lowering agents.
Optionally, the compositions may be used for pharmaceutical use
(human or veterinary). In this case, the PUFAs are generally
administered orally but can be administered by any route by which
they may be successfully absorbed, e.g., parenterally (e.g.,
subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously), rectally,
vaginally or topically (e.g., as a skin ointment or lotion).
[0136] Supplementation of humans or animals with PUFAs produced by
recombinant means can result in increased levels of the added
PUFAs, as well as their metabolic progeny. For example, treatment
with ARA can result not only in increased levels of ARA, but also
downstream products of ARA such as eicosanoids. Complex regulatory
mechanisms can make it desirable to combine various PUFAs, or add
different conjugates of PUFAs, in order to prevent, control or
overcome such mechanisms to achieve the desired levels of specific
PUFAs in an individual.
[0137] In alternate embodiments, PUFAs, or derivatives thereof,
made by the methodology disclosed herein can be utilized in the
synthesis of aquaculture feeds (i.e., dry feeds, semi-moist and wet
feeds) since these formulations generally require at least 1-2% of
the nutrient composition to be .omega.-3 and/or .omega.-6
PUFAs.
DEFINITIONS
[0138] In this disclosure, a number of terms and abbreviations are
used.
[0139] The following definitions are provided.
[0140] "Open reading frame" is abbreviated ORF.
[0141] "Polymerase chain reaction" is abbreviated PCR.
[0142] "American Type Culture Collection" is abbreviated ATCC.
[0143] "Polyunsaturated fatty acid(s)" is abbreviated PUFA(s).
[0144] "Diacylglycerol acyltransferase" is abbreviated DAG AT or
DGAT.
[0145] "Phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase" is abbreviated
PDAT.
[0146] "Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase" is abbreviated
GPAT.
[0147] "Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase" is abbreviated
LPAAT.
[0148] "Acyl-CoA:1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase" is
abbreviated "LPCAT".
[0149] "Acyl-CoA:sterol-acyltransferase" is abbreviated ARE2.
[0150] "Diacylglycerol" is abbreviated DAG.
[0151] "Triacylglycerols" are abbreviated TAGs.
[0152] "Co-enzyme A" is abbreviated CoA.
[0153] "Phosphatidyl-choline" is abbreviated PC.
[0154] The term "Fusarium moniliforme" is synonymous with "Fusarium
verticillioides".
[0155] The term "food product" refers to any food generally
suitable for human consumption. Typical food products include but
are not limited to meat products, cereal products, baked foods,
snack foods, dairy products and the like.
[0156] The term "functional food" refers to those foods that
encompass potentially healthful products including any modified
food or ingredient that may provide a health benefit beyond the
traditional nutrients it contains. Functional foods can include
foods like cereals, breads and beverages which are fortified with
vitamins, herbs and nutraceuticals. Functional foods contain a
substance that provides health benefits beyond its nutritional
value, wherein the substance either is naturally present in the
food or is deliberately added.
[0157] As used herein the term "medical food" refers to a food
which is formulated to be consumed or administered enterally under
the supervision of a physician and which is intended for the
specific dietary management of a disease or condition for which
distinctive nutritional requirements, based on recognized
scientific principles, are established by medical evaluation [see
section 5(b) of the Orphan Drug Act (21 U.S.C. 360ee(b)(3))]. A
food is a "medical food" only if: (i) It is a specially formulated
and processed product (as opposed to a naturally occurring
foodstuff used in its natural state) for the partial or exclusive
feeding of a patient by means of oral intake or enteral feeding by
tube; (ii) It is intended for the dietary management of a patient
who, because of therapeutic or chronic medical needs, has limited
or impaired capacity to ingest, digest, absorb, or metabolize
ordinary foodstuffs or certain nutrients, or who has other special
medically determined nutrient requirements, the dietary management
of which cannot be achieved by the modification of the normal diet
alone; (iii) It provides nutritional support specifically modified
for the management of the unique nutrient needs that result from
the specific disease or condition, as determined by medical
evaluation; (iv) It is intended to be used under medical
supervision; and (v) It is intended only for a patient receiving
active and ongoing medical supervision wherein the patient requires
medical care on a recurring basis for, among other things,
instructions on the use of the medical food. Thus, unlike dietary
supplements or conventional foods, a medical food that is intended
for the specific dietary management of a disease or condition for
which distinctive nutritional requirements have been established,
may bear scientifically valid claims relating to providing
distinctive nutritional support for a specific disease or
condition. Medical foods are distinguished from the broader
category of foods for special dietary use (e.g., hypoallergenic
foods) and from foods that make health claims (e.g., dietary
supplements) by the requirement that medical foods be used under
medical supervision.
[0158] The term "medical nutritional" is a medical food as defined
herein typically refers to a fortified beverage that is
specifically designed for special dietary needs. The medical
nutritional generally comprises a dietary composition focused at a
specific medical or dietary condition. Examples of commercial
medical nuturitionals include, but are not limited to Ensure.RTM.
and Boost.RTM..
[0159] The term "pharmaceutical" as used herein means a compound or
substance which if sold in the United States would be controlled by
Section 505 or 505 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
[0160] The term "infant formula" means a food which is designed
exclusively for consumption by the human infant by reason of its
simulation of human breast milk. Typical commercial examples of
infant formula include bur are not limited to Similac.RTM., and
Isomil.RTM..
[0161] The term "dietary supplement" refers to a product that: (i)
is intended to supplement the diet and thus is not represented for
use as a conventional food or as a sole item of a meal or the diet;
(ii) contains one or more dietary ingredients (including, e.g.,
vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, enzymes
and glandulars) or their constituents; (iii) is intended to be
taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid; and (iv) is
labeled as being a dietary supplement.
[0162] A "food analog" is a food-like product manufactured to
resemble its food counterpart, whether meat, cheese, milk or the
like, and is intended to have the appearance, taste, and texture of
its counterpart. Thus, the term "food" as used herein also
encompasses food analogs.
[0163] The terms "aquaculture feed" and "aquafeed" refer to
manufactured or artificial diets (formulated feeds) to supplement
or to replace natural feeds in the aquaculture industry. Thus, an
aquafeed refers to artificially compounded feeds that are useful
for farmed finfish and crustaceans (i.e., both lower-value staple
food fish species [e.g., freshwater finfish such as carp, tilapia
and catfish] and higher-value cash crop species for luxury or niche
markets [e.g., mainly marine and diadromous species such as shrimp,
salmon, trout, yellowtail, seabass, seabream and grouper]). These
formulate feeds are composed of several ingredients in various
proportions complementing each other to form a nutritionally
complete diet for the aquacultured species.
[0164] The term "animal feed" refers to feeds intended exclusively
for consumption by animals, including domestic animals (pets, farm
animals etc.) or for animals raised for the production of food e.g.
fish farming.
[0165] The term "feed nutrient" means nutrients such as proteins,
lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and nucleic acids that
may be derived from the yeast biomass comprising the recombinant
production hosts of the invention.
[0166] As used herein the term "biomass" refers specifically to
spent or used yeast cellular material from the fermentation of a
recombinant production host production EPA in commercially
significant amounts.
[0167] The term "fatty acids" refers to long chain aliphatic acids
(alkanoic acids) of varying chain lengths, from about C.sub.12 to
C.sub.22 (although both longer and shorter chain-length acids are
known). The predominant chain lengths are between C.sub.16 and
C.sub.22. The structure of a fatty acid is represented by a simple
notation system of "X:Y", where X is the total number of carbon (C)
atoms in the particular fatty acid and Y is the number of double
bonds. Additional details concerning the differentiation between
"saturated fatty acids" versus "unsaturated fatty acids",
"monounsaturated fatty acids" versus "polyunsaturated fatty acids"
(or "PUFAs"), and "omega-6 fatty acids" (.omega.-6 or n-6) versus
"omega-3 fatty acids" (.omega.-3 or n-3) are provided in
WO2004/101757.
[0168] Nomenclature used to describe PUFAs in the present
disclosure is shown below in Table 3. In the column titled
"Shorthand Notation", the omega-reference system is used to
indicate the number of carbons, the number of double bonds and the
position of the double bond closest to the omega carbon, counting
from the omega carbon (which is numbered 1 for this purpose). The
remainder of the Table summarizes the common names of .omega.-3 and
.omega.-6 fatty acids and their precursors, the abbreviations that
will be used throughout the specification and each compounds'
chemical name.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 Nomenclature of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
And Precursors Shorthand Common Name Abbreviation Chemical Name
Notation Myristic -- tetradecanoic 14:0 Palmitic Palmitate
hexadecanoic 16:0 Palmitoleic -- 9-hexadecenoic 16:1 Stearic --
octadecanoic 18:0 Oleic -- cis-9-octadecenoic 18:1 Linoleic LA
cis-9,12-octadecadienoic 18:2 .omega.-6 .gamma.-Linoleic GLA
cis-6,9,12- 18:3 .omega.-6 octadecatrienoic Eicosadienoic EDA
cis-11,14-eicosadienoic 20:2 .omega.-6 Dihomo-.gamma.- DGLA
cis-8,11,14- 20:3 .omega.-6 Linoleic eicosatrienoic Arachidonic ARA
cis-5,8,11,14- 20:4 .omega.-6 eicosatetraenoic .alpha.-Linolenic
ALA cis-9,12,15- 18:3 .omega.-3 octadecatrienoic Stearidonic STA
cis-6,9,12,15- 18:4 .omega.-3 octadecatetraenoic Eicosatrienoic
ETrA cis-11,14,17- 20:3 .omega.-3 eicosatrienoic Eicosa- ETA
cis-8,11,14,17- 20:4 .omega.-3 tetraenoic eicosatetraenoic Eicosa-
EPA cis-5,8,11,14,17- 20:5 .omega.-3 pentaenoic eicosapentaenoic
Docosa- DPA cis-7,10,13,16,19- 22:5 .omega.-3 pentaenoic
docosapentaenoic Docosa- DHA cis-4,7,10,13,16,19- 22:6 .omega.-3
hexaenoic docosahexaenoic
[0169] The term "high-level ARA production" refers to production of
at least about 5% ARA in the total lipids of the microbial host,
preferably at least about 10% ARA in the total lipids, more
preferably at least about 15% ARA in the total lipids, more
preferably at least about 20% ARA in the total lipids and most
preferably at least about 25-30% ARA in the total lipids. The
structural form of the ARA is not limiting; thus, for example, the
ARA may exist in the total lipids as free fatty acids or in
esterified forms such as acylglycerols, phospholipids, sulfolipids
or glycolipids.
[0170] The term "devoid of any GLA" refers to lack of any
detectable GLA in the total lipids of the microbial host, when
measured by GC analysis using equipment having a detectable level
down to about 0.1%.
[0171] The term "essential fatty acid" refers to a particular PUFA
that an organism must ingest in order to survive, being unable to
synthesize the particular essential fatty acid de novo. For
example, mammals can not synthesize the essential fatty acids LA
(18:2, .omega.-6) and ALA (18:3, .omega.-3).
[0172] Other essential fatty acids include GLA (.omega.-6), DGLA
(.omega.-6), ARA (.omega.-6), EPA (.omega.-3) and DHA
(.omega.-3).
[0173] "Microbial oils" or "single cell oils" are those oils
naturally produced by microorganisms (e.g., algae, oleaginous
yeasts and filamentous fungi) during their lifespan. The term "oil"
refers to a lipid substance that is liquid at 25.degree. C. and
usually polyunsaturated. In contrast, the term "fat" refers to a
lipid substance that is solid at 25.degree. C. and usually
saturated.
[0174] "Lipid bodies" refer to lipid droplets that usually are
bounded by specific proteins and a monolayer of phospholipid. These
organelles are sites where most organisms transport/store neutral
lipids. Lipid bodies are thought to arise from microdomains of the
endoplasmic reticulum that contain TAG-biosynthesis enzymes; and,
their synthesis and size appear to be controlled by specific
protein components.
[0175] "Neutral lipids" refer to those lipids commonly found in
cells in lipid bodies as storage fats and oils and are so called
because at cellular pH, the lipids bear no charged groups.
Generally, they are completely non-polar with no affinity for
water. Neutral lipids generally refer to mono-, di-, and/or
triesters of glycerol with fatty acids, also called
monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol or TAG, respectively (or
collectively, acylglycerols). A hydrolysis reaction must occur to
release free fatty acids from acylglycerols.
[0176] The terms "triacylglycerol", "oil" and "TAGs" refer to
neutral lipids composed of three fatty acyl residues esterified to
a glycerol molecule (and such terms will be used interchangeably
throughout the present disclosure herein). Such oils can contain
long chain PUFAs, as well as shorter saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids and longer chain saturated fatty acids. Thus, "oil
biosynthesis" generically refers to the synthesis of TAGs in the
cell.
[0177] The term "acyltransferase" refers to an enzyme responsible
for transferring a group other than an amino-acyl group (EC
2.3.1.-).
[0178] The term "DAG AT" refers to a diacylglycerol acyltransferase
(also known as an acyl-CoA-diacylglycerol acyltransferase or a
diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) (EC 2.3.1.20). This enzyme is
responsible for the conversion of acyl-CoA and 1,2-diacylglycerol
to TAG and CoA (thereby involved in the terminal step of TAG
biosynthesis). Two families of DAG AT enzymes exist: DGAT1 and
DGAT2. The former family shares homology with the
acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) gene family, while the
latter family is unrelated (Lardizabal et al., J. Biol. Chem.
276(42):38862-38869 (2001)).
[0179] The term "PDAT" refers to a phospholipid:diacylglycerol
acyltransferase enzyme (EC 2.3.1.158). This enzyme is responsible
for the transfer of an acyl group from the sn-2 position of a
phospholipid to the sn-3 position of 1,2-diacylglycerol, thus
resulting in lysophospholipid and TAG (thereby involved in the
terminal step of TAG biosynthesis). This enzyme differs from DGAT
(EC 2.3.1.20) by synthesizing TAG via an acyl-CoA-independent
mechanism.
[0180] The term "ARE2" refers to an acyl-CoA:sterol-acyltransferase
enzyme (EC 2.3.1.26; also known as a sterol-ester synthase 2
enzyme), catalyzing the following reaction:
acyl-CoA+sterol=CoA+sterol ester.
[0181] The term "GPAT" refers to a glycerol-3-phosphate
O-acyltransferase enzyme (E.C. 2.3.1.15) encoded by the gpat gene
and which converts acyl-CoA and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to CoA and
1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (the first step of phospholipid
biosynthesis).
[0182] The term "LPAAT" refers to a lysophosphatidic
acid-acyltransferase enzyme (EC 2.3.1.51). This enzyme is
responsible for the transfer of an acyl-CoA group onto
1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (i.e., lysophosphatidic acid) to
produce CoA and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic
acid). The literature also refers to LPAAT as acyl-CoA:
1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase,
1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and/or
1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase (abbreviated as AGAT).
[0183] The term "LPCAT" refers to an acyl-CoA:1-acyl
lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase. This enzyme is responsible
for the exchange of acyl groups between CoA and phosphatidyl
choline (PC). Herein it also refers to enzymes involved the acyl
exchange between CoA and other phospholipids, including
lysophosphatidic acid (LPA).
[0184] "Percent (%) PUFAs in the total lipid and oil fractions"
refers to the percent of PUFAs relative to the total fatty acids in
those fractions. The term "total lipid fraction" or "lipid
fraction" both refer to the sum of all lipids (i.e., neutral and
polar) within an oleaginous organism, thus including those lipids
that are located in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction,
phosphatidyletanolamine (PE) fraction and triacyiglycerol (TAG or
oil) fraction. However, the terms "lipid" and "oil" will be used
interchangeably throughout the specification.
[0185] The term "phosphatidylcholine" or "PC" refers to a
phospholipid that is a major constituent of cell membranes. The
chemical structure of PC can generally be described as comprising
the following: a choline molecule, a phosphate group and glycerol,
wherein fatty acyl chains are attached as R groups on the sn-1 and
sn-2 positions of the glycerol molecule.
[0186] The term "PUFA biosynthetic pathway enzyme" refers to any of
the following enzymes (and genes which encode said enzymes)
associated with the biosynthesis of a PUFA, including: a .DELTA.4
desaturase, a .DELTA.5 desaturase, a .DELTA.6 desaturase, a
.DELTA.12 desaturase, a .DELTA.15 desaturase, a .DELTA.17
desaturase, a .DELTA.9 desaturase, a .DELTA.8 desaturase, a
.DELTA.9 elongase, a C.sub.14/16 elongase, a C.sub.16/18 elongase,
a C.sub.18/20 elongase and/or a C.sub.20/22 elongase.
[0187] The term ".omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty acid biosynthetic
pathway" refers to a set of genes which, when expressed under the
appropriate conditions encode enzymes that catalyze the production
of either or both .omega.-3 and .omega.-6 fatty acids. Typically
the genes involved in the .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty acid
biosynthetic pathway encode some or all of the following enzymes:
.DELTA.12 desaturase, .DELTA.6 desaturase, C.sub.18/20 elongase,
C.sub.20/22 elongase, .DELTA.9 elongase, .DELTA.5 desaturase,
.DELTA.17 desaturase, .DELTA.15 desaturase, .DELTA.9 desaturase,
.DELTA.8 desaturase, and .DELTA.4 desaturase. A representative
pathway is illustrated in FIG. 1, providing for the conversion of
oleic acid through various intermediates to DHA, which demonstrates
how both .omega.-3 and .omega.-6 fatty acids may be produced from a
common source. The pathway is naturally divided into two portions
where one portion will generate .omega.-3 fatty acids and the other
portion, only .omega.-6 fatty acids. That portion that only
generates .omega.-3 fatty acids will be referred to herein as the
.omega.-3 fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, whereas that portion
that generates only .omega.-6 fatty acids will be referred to
herein as the .omega.-6 fatty acid biosynthetic pathway.
[0188] The term "functional" as used herein in context with the
.omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty acid biosynthetic pathway means that some
(or all of) the genes in the pathway express active enzymes,
resulting in in vivo catalysis or substrate conversion. It should
be understood that ".omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty acid biosynthetic
pathway" or "functional .omega.-3/.omega.-6 fatty acid biosynthetic
pathway" does not imply that all the genes listed in the above
paragraph are required, as a number of fatty acid products will
only require the expression of a subset of the genes of this
pathway.
[0189] The term ".DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway"
will refer to an ARA fatty acid biosynthetic pathway that minimally
includes the following genes: .DELTA.6 desaturase, C.sub.18/20
elongase and .DELTA.5 desaturase. In a related manner, the term
".DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway" will refer to an
ARA fatty acid biosynthetic pathway that minimally includes the
following genes: .DELTA.9 elongase, .DELTA.8 desaturase and
.DELTA.5 desaturase.
[0190] The term "desaturase" refers to a polypeptide that can
desaturate, i.e., introduce a double bond, in one or more fatty
acids to produce a fatty acid or precursor of interest. Despite use
of the omega-reference system throughout the specification to refer
to specific fatty acids, it is more convenient to indicate the
activity of a desaturase by counting from the carboxyl end of the
substrate using the delta-system. Of particular interest herein
are: 1.) .DELTA.8 desaturases that desaturate a fatty acid between
the 8.sup.th and 9.sup.th carbon atom numbered from the
carboxyl-terminal end of the molecule and which, for example,
catalyze the conversion of EDA to DGLA and/or ETrA to ETA; 2.)
.DELTA.6 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of LA to GLA
and/or ALA to STA; 3.) .DELTA.5 desaturases that catalyze the
conversion of DGLA to ARA and/or ETA to EPA; 4.) .DELTA.4
desaturases that catalyze the conversion of DPA to DHA; 5.)
.DELTA.12 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of oleic acid to
LA; 6.) .DELTA.15 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of LA to
ALA and/or GLA to STA; 7.) .DELTA.17 desaturases that catalyze the
conversion of ARA to EPA and/or DGLA to ETA; and 8.) .DELTA.9
desaturases that catalyze the conversion of palmitate to
palmitoleic acid (16:1) and/or stearate to oleic acid (18:1).
[0191] The term "bifunctional" as it refers to .DELTA.15
desaturases of the invention means that the polypeptide has the
ability to use both oleic acid and linoleic acid as an enzymatic
substrate. By "enzymatic substrate" it is meant that the
polypeptide binds the substrate at an active site and acts upon it
in a reactive manner.
[0192] The term "elongase system" refers to a suite of four enzymes
that are responsible for elongation of a fatty acid carbon chain to
produce a fatty acid that is 2 carbons longer than the fatty acid
substrate that the elongase system acts upon. More specifically,
the process of elongation occurs in association with fatty acid
synthase, whereby CoA is the acyl carrier (Lassner et al., The
Plant Cell 8:281-292 (1996)). In the first step, which has been
found to be both substrate-specific and also rate-limiting,
malonyl-CoA is condensed with a long-chain acyl-CoA to yield
CO.sub.2 and a .beta.-ketoacyl-CoA (where the acyl moiety has been
elongated by two carbon atoms). Subsequent reactions include
reduction to .beta.-hydroxyacyl-CoA, dehydration to an enoyl-CoA
and a second reduction to yield the elongated acyl-CoA. Examples of
reactions catalyzed by elongase systems are the conversion of GLA
to DGLA, STA to ETA and EPA to DPA.
[0193] For the purposes herein, an enzyme catalyzing the first
condensation reaction (i.e., conversion of malonyl-CoA to
.beta.-ketoacyl-CoA) will be referred to generically as an
"elongase". In general, the substrate selectivity of elongases is
somewhat broad but segregated by both chain length and the degree
and type of unsaturation. Accordingly, elongases can have different
specificities. For example, a C.sub.14/16 elongase will utilize a
C.sub.14 substrate (e.g., myristic acid), a C.sub.16/18 elongase
will utilize a C.sub.16 substrate (e.g., palmitate), a C.sub.18/20
elongase will utilize a C.sub.18 substrate (e.g., GLA, STA) and a
C.sub.20/22 elongase will utilize a C.sub.20 substrate (e.g., EPA).
In like manner, a .DELTA.9 elongase is able to catalyze the
conversion of LA and ALA to EDA and ETrA, respectively. It is
important to note that some elongases have broad specificity and
thus a single enzyme may be capable of catalyzing several elongase
reactions (e.g., thereby acting as both a C.sub.16/18 elongase and
a C.sub.18/20 elongase). In preferred embodiments, it is most
desirable to empirically determine the specificity of a fatty acid
elongase by transforming a suitable host with the gene for the
fatty acid elongase and determining its effect on the fatty acid
profile of the host.
[0194] The term "high affinity elongase" or "EL1S" or "ELO1" refers
to a C.sub.18/20 elongase whose substrate specificity is preferably
for GLA (with DGLA as a product of the elongase reaction [i.e., a
.DELTA.6 elongase]). One such elongase is described in WO 00/12720
and is provided herein as SEQ ID NOs:17 and 18. However, the
Applicants have shown that this enzyme also has some activity on
18:2 (LA) and 18:3 (ALA); thus, SEQ ID NO:18 shows .DELTA.9
elongase activity (in addition to its .DELTA.6 elongase activity).
It is therefore concluded that the C.sub.18/20 elongase provided
herein as SEQ ID NO:18 can function both within the .DELTA.6
desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway as described in the invention
herein and within the .DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase
pathway, as a substitute for e.g., the Isochrysis galbana .DELTA.9
elongase (SEQ ID NO:40).
[0195] The term "EL2S" or "ELO2" refers to a C.sub.18/20 elongase
whose substrate specificity is preferably for GLA (with DGLA as a
product of the elongase reaction) and/or STA (with STA as a product
of the elongase reaction). One such elongase is described in U.S.
Pat. No. 6,677,145 and is provided herein as SEQ ID NOs:20 and
21.
[0196] The term "ELO3" refers to a Mortierella alpina C.sub.16/18
fatty acid elongase enzyme (provided herein as SEQ ID NO:54),
encoded by the elo3 gene (SEQ ID NO:53). The term "YE2" refers to a
Yarrowia lipolytica C.sub.16/18 fatty acid elongase enzyme
(provided herein as SEQ ID NO:62), encoded by the gene provided
herein as SEQ ID NO:61. Based on data reported herein, both ELO3
amd YE2 preferentially catalyze the conversion of palmitate (16:0)
to stearic acid (18:0).
[0197] The term "YE1" refers to a Yarrowia lipolytica C.sub.14/16
fatty acid elongase enzyme (provided herein as SEQ ID NO:65),
encoded by the gene provided herein as SEQ ID NO:64. Based on data
reported herein, YE2 preferentially catalyzes the conversion of
myristic acid (14:0) to palmitate (16:0).
[0198] The terms "conversion efficiency" and "percent substrate
conversion" refer to the efficiency by which a particular enzyme
(e.g., a desaturase or elongase) can convert substrate to product.
The conversion efficiency is measured according to the following
formula:
([product]/[substrate+product])*100,
where `product` includes the immediate product and all products in
the pathway derived from it.
[0199] The term "oleaginous" refers to those organisms that tend to
store their energy source in the form of lipid (Weete, In: Fungal
Lipid Biochemistry, 2.sup.nd Ed., Plenum, 1980). Generally, the
cellular oil content of these microorganisms follows a sigmoid
curve, wherein the concentration of lipid increases until it
reaches a maximum at the late logarithmic or early stationary
growth phase and then gradually decreases during the late
stationary and death phases (Yongmanitchai and Ward, Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 57:419-25 (1991)).
[0200] The term "oleaginous yeast" refers to those microorganisms
classified as yeasts that can make oil. Generally, the cellular oil
or triacylglycerol content of oleaginous microorganisms follows a
sigmoid curve, wherein the concentration of lipid increases until
it reaches a maximum at the late logarithmic or early stationary
growth phase and then gradually decreases during the late
stationary and death phases (Yongmanitchai and Ward, Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 57:419-25 (1991)). It is not uncommon for oleaginous
microorganisms to accumulate in excess of about 25% of their dry
cell weight as oil. Examples of oleaginous yeast include, but are
no means limited to, the following genera: Yarrowia, Candida,
Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and
Lipomyces.
[0201] The term "fermentable carbon source" means a carbon source
that a microorganism will metabolize to derive energy. Typical
carbon sources of the invention include, but are not limited to:
monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, alkanes, fatty
acids, esters of fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides,
triglycerides, carbon dioxide, methanol, formaldehyde, formate and
carbon-containing amines.
[0202] As used herein, an "isolated nucleic acid fragment" is a
polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded,
optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide
bases. An isolated nucleic acid fragment in the form of a polymer
of DNA may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic
DNA or synthetic DNA.
[0203] A "substantial portion" of an amino acid or nucleotide
sequence is that portion comprising enough of the amino acid
sequence of a polypeptide or the nucleotide sequence of a gene to
putatively identify that polypeptide or gene, either by manual
evaluation of the sequence by one skilled in the art, or by
computer-automated sequence comparison and identification using
algorithms such as BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool;
Altschul, S. F., et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1993)). In
general, a sequence of ten or more contiguous amino acids or thirty
or more nucleotides is necessary in order to identify putatively a
polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence as homologous to a known
protein or gene. Moreover, with respect to nucleotide sequences,
gene-specific oligonucleotide probes comprising 20-30 contiguous
nucleotides may be used in sequence-dependent methods of gene
identification (e.g., Southern hybridization) and isolation (e.g.,
in situ hybridization of bacterial colonies or bacteriophage
plaques). In addition, short oligonucleotides of 12-15 bases may be
used as amplification primers in PCR in order to obtain a
particular nucleic acid fragment comprising the primers.
Accordingly, a "substantial portion" of a nucleotide sequence
comprises enough of the sequence to specifically identify and/or
isolate a nucleic acid fragment comprising the sequence.
[0204] The term "complementary" is used to describe the
relationship between nucleotide bases that are capable of
hybridizing to one another. For example, with respect to DNA,
adenosine is complementary to thymine and cytosine is complementary
to guanine.
[0205] "Codon degeneracy" refers to the nature in the genetic code
permitting variation of the nucleotide sequence without effecting
the amino acid sequence of an encoded polypeptide. The skilled
artisan is well aware of the "codon-bias" exhibited by a specific
host cell in usage of nucleotide codons to specify a given amino
acid. Therefore, when synthesizing a gene for improved expression
in a host cell, it is desirable to design the gene such that its
frequency of codon usage approaches the frequency of preferred
codon usage of the host cell.
[0206] "Chemically synthesized", as related to a sequence of DNA,
means that the component nucleotides were assembled in vitro.
Manual chemical synthesis of DNA may be accomplished using
well-established procedures; or, automated chemical synthesis can
be performed using one of a number of commercially available
machines. "Synthetic genes" can be assembled from oligonucleotide
building blocks that are chemically synthesized using procedures
known to those skilled in the art. These building blocks are
ligated and annealed to form gene segments that are then
enzymatically assembled to construct the entire gene. Accordingly,
the genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression based on
optimization of nucleotide sequence to reflect the codon bias of
the host cell. The skilled artisan appreciates the likelihood of
successful gene expression if codon usage is biased towards those
codons favored by the host. Determination of preferred codons can
be based on a survey of genes derived from the host cell, where
sequence information is available.
[0207] "Gene" refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a
specific protein, and that may refer to the coding region alone or
may include regulatory sequences preceding (5' non-coding
sequences) and following (3' non-coding sequences) the coding
sequence. "Native gene" refers to a gene as found in nature with
its own regulatory sequences. "Chimeric gene" refers to any gene
that is not a native gene, comprising regulatory and coding
sequences that are not found together in nature. Accordingly, a
chimeric gene may comprise regulatory sequences and coding
sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory
sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but
arranged in a manner different than that found in nature.
"Endogenous gene" refers to a native gene in its natural location
in the genome of an organism. A "foreign" gene refers to a gene
that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. Foreign
genes can comprise native genes inserted into a non-native
organism, native genes introduced into a new location within the
native host, or chimeric genes. A "transgene" is a gene that has
been introduced into the genome by a transformation procedure. A
"codon-optimized gene" is a gene having its frequency of codon
usage designed to mimic the frequency of preferred codon usage of
the host cell.
[0208] "Coding sequence" refers to a DNA sequence that codes for a
specific amino acid sequence. "Suitable regulatory sequences" refer
to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5' non-coding sequences),
within, or downstream (3' non-coding sequences) of a coding
sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or
stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence.
Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leader
sequences, introns, polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNA
processing sites, effector binding sites and stem-loop
structures.
[0209] "Promoter" refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling
the expression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. In general,
a coding sequence is located 3' to a promoter sequence. Promoters
may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed
of different elements derived from different promoters found in
nature, or even comprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood
by those skilled in the art that different promoters may direct the
expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at
different stages of development, or in response to different
environmental or physiological conditions. Promoters that cause a
gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times are commonly
referred to as "constitutive promoters". It is further recognized
that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory
sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments of
different lengths may have identical promoter activity.
[0210] The term "GPAT promoter" or "GPAT promoter region" refers to
the 5' upstream untranslated region in front of the `ATG`
translation initiation codon of a glycerol-3-phosphate
O-acyltransferase enzyme (E.C. 2.3.1.15) encoded by the gpat gene
and that is necessary for expression. Examples of suitable Yarrowia
lipolytica GPAT promoter regions are described in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 11/225,354.
[0211] The term "GPD promoter" or "GPD promoter region" refers to
the 5' upstream untranslated region in front of the `ATG`
translation initiation codon of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase enzyme (E.C. 1.2.1.12) encoded by the gpd gene and
that is necessary for expression. Examples of suitable Yarrowia
lipolytica GPD promoter regions are described in WO
2005/003310.
[0212] The term "GPM promoter" or "GPM promoter region" refers to
the 5' upstream untranslated region in front of the `ATG`
translation initiation codon of a phosphoglycerate mutase enzyme
(EC 5.4.2.1) encoded by the gpm gene and that is necessary for
expression. Examples of suitable Yarrowia lipolytica GPM promoter
regions are described in WO 2005/003310.
[0213] The term "FBA promoter" or "FBA promoter region" refers to
the 5' upstream untranslated region in front of the `ATG`
translation initiation codon of a fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
enzyme (E.C. 4.1.2.13) encoded by the fba1 gene and that is
necessary for expression. Examples of suitable Yarrowia lipolytica
FBA promoter regions are described in WO 2005/049805.
[0214] The term "FBAIN promoter" or "FBAIN promoter region" refers
to the 5' upstream untranslated region in front of the `ATG`
translation initiation codon of the fba1 gene and that is necessary
for expression, plus a portion of 5' coding region that has an
intron of the fba1 gene. Examples of suitable Yarrowia lipolytica
FBAIN promoter regions are described in WO 2005/049805.
[0215] The term "GPDIN promoter" or "GPDIN promoter region" refers
to the 5' upstream untranslated region in front of the `ATG`
translation initiation codon of the gpd gene and that is necessary
for expression, plus a portion of 5' coding region that has an
intron of the gpd gene. Examples of suitable Yarrowia lipolytica
GPDIN promoter regions are described in U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 11/183,664.
[0216] The term "YAT1 promoter" or "YAT1 promoter region" refers to
the 5' upstream untranslated region in front of the `ATG`
translation initiation codon of an ammonium transporter enzyme (TC
2.A.49; GenBank Accession No. XM.sub.--504457) encoded by the yat1
gene and that is necessary for expression. Examples of suitable
Yarrowia lipolytica YAT1 promoter regions are described in U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 11/185,301.
[0217] The term "EXP1 promoter" or "EXP1 promoter region" refers to
the 5' upstream untranslated region in front of the `ATG`
translation initiation codon of a protein encoded by the Yarrowia
lipolytica "YALI0C12034g" gene (GenBank Accession No.
XM.sub.--501745) and that is necessary for expression. Based on
significant homology of "YALI0C12034g" to the sp|Q12207 S.
cerevisiae non-classical export protein 2 (whose function is
involved in a novel pathway of export of proteins that lack a
cleavable signal sequence), this gene is herein designated as the
exp1 gene, encoding a protein designated as EXP1. An example of a
suitable Yarrowia lipolytica EXP1 promoter region is described as
SEQ ID NO:364, but this is not intended to be limiting in nature.
One skilled in the art will recognize that since the exact
boundaries of the EXP1 promoter sequence have not been completely
defined, DNA fragments of increased or diminished length may have
identical promoter activity.
[0218] The term "promoter activity" will refer to an assessment of
the transcriptional efficiency of a promoter. This may, for
instance, be determined directly by measurement of the amount of
mRNA transcription from the promoter (e.g., by Northern blotting or
primer extension methods) or indirectly by measuring the amount of
gene product expressed from the promoter.
[0219] "Introns" are sequences of non-coding DNA found in gene
sequences (either in the coding region, 5' non-coding region, or 3'
non-coding region) in most eukaryotes. Their full function is not
known; however, some enhancers are located in introns (Giacopelli
F. et al., Gene Expr. 11: 95-104 (2003)). These intron sequences
are transcribed, but removed from within the pre-mRNA transcript
before the mRNA is translated into a protein. This process of
intron removal occurs by self-splicing of the sequences (exons) on
either side of the intron.
[0220] The term "enhancer" refers to a cis-regulatory sequence that
can elevate levels of transcription from an adjacent eukaryotic
promoter, thereby increasing transcription of the gene. Enhancers
can act on promoters over many tens of kilobases of DNA and can be
5' or 3' to the promoter they regulate. Enhancers can also be
located within introns.
[0221] The terms "3' non-coding sequences" and "transcription
terminator" refer to DNA sequences located downstream of a coding
sequence. This includes polyadenylation recognition sequences and
other sequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting
mRNA processing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is
usually characterized by affecting the addition of polyadenylic
acid tracts to the 3' end of the mRNA precursor. The 3' region can
influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or
translation of the associated coding sequence.
[0222] "RNA transcript" refers to the product resulting from RNA
polymerase-catalyzed transcription of a DNA sequence. When the RNA
transcript is a perfect complementary copy of the DNA sequence, it
is referred to as the primary transcript or it may be a RNA
sequence derived from post-transcriptional processing of the
primary transcript and is referred to as the mature RNA. "Messenger
RNA" or "mRNA" refers to the RNA that is without introns and that
can be translated into protein by the cell. "cDNA" refers to a
double-stranded DNA that is complementary to, and derived from,
mRNA. "Sense" RNA refers to RNA transcript that includes the mRNA
and so can be translated into protein by the cell. "Antisense RNA"
refers to a RNA transcript that is complementary to all or part of
a target primary transcript or mRNA and that blocks the expression
of a target gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,065; WO 99/28508). The
complementarity of an antisense RNA may be with any part of the
specific gene transcript, i.e., at the 5' non-coding sequence, 3'
non-coding sequence, or the coding sequence. "Functional RNA"
refers to antisense RNA, ribozyme RNA, or other RNA that is not
translated and yet has an effect on cellular processes.
[0223] The term "operably linked" refers to the association of
nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that
the function of one is affected by the other. For example, a
promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is
capable of affecting the expression of that coding sequence (i.e.,
the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the
promoter). Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory
sequences in sense or antisense orientation.
[0224] The term "expression", as used herein, refers to the
transcription and stable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or antisense
RNA derived from the nucleic acid fragments of the invention.
Expression may also refer to translation of mRNA into a
polypeptide.
[0225] "Mature" protein refers to a post-translationally processed
polypeptide; i.e., one from which any pre- or propeptides present
in the primary translation product have been removed. "Precursor"
protein refers to the primary product of translation of mRNA; i.e.,
with pre- and propeptides still present. Pre- and propeptides may
be (but are not limited to) intracellular localization signals.
[0226] The term "recombinase" refers to an enzyme(s) that carries
out site-specific recombination to alter the DNA structure and
includes transposases, lambda integration/excision enzymes, as well
as site-specific recombinases.
[0227] "Recombinase site" or "site-specific recombinase sequence"
means a DNA sequence that a recombinase will recognize and bind to.
It will be appreciated that this may be a wild type or mutant
recombinase site, as long as functionality is maintained and the
recombinase enzyme may still recognize the site, bind to the DNA
sequence, and catalyze the recombination between two adjacent
recombinase sites.
[0228] "Transformation" refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid
molecule into a host organism, resulting in genetically stable
inheritance. The nucleic acid molecule may be a plasmid that
replicates autonomously, for example; or, it may integrate into the
genome of the host organism. Host organisms containing the
transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as "transgenic"
or "recombinant" or "transformed" organisms.
[0229] The terms "plasmid", "vector" and "cassette" refer to an
extra chromosomal element often carrying genes that are not part of
the central metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of
circular double-stranded DNA fragments. Such elements may be
autonomously replicating sequences, genome integrating sequences,
phage or nucleotide sequences, linear or circular, of a single- or
double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived from any source, in which a
number of nucleotide sequences have been joined or recombined into
a unique construction which is capable of introducing a promoter
fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product along with
appropriate 3' untranslated sequence into a cell. "Expression
cassette" refers to a specific vector containing a foreign gene and
having elements in addition to the foreign gene that allow for
enhanced expression of that gene in a foreign host.
[0230] The term "homologous recombination" refers to the exchange
of DNA fragments between two DNA molecules (during cross over). The
fragments that are exchanged are flanked by sites of identical
nucleotide sequences between the two DNA molecules (i.e., "regions
of homology"). The term "regions of homology" refer to stretches of
nucleotide sequence on nucleic acid fragments that participate in
homologous recombination that have homology to each other.
Effective homologous recombination will generally take place where
these regions of homology are at least about 10 bp in length where
at least about 50 bp in length is preferred. Typically fragments
that are intended for recombination contain at least two regions of
homology where targeted gene disruption or replacement is
desired.
[0231] The term "sequence analysis software" refers to any computer
algorithm or software program that is useful for the analysis of
nucleotide or amino acid sequences. "Sequence analysis software"
may be commercially available or independently developed. Typical
sequence analysis software will include, but is not limited to: 1.)
the GCG suite of programs (Wisconsin Package Version 9.0, Genetics
Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis.); 2.) BLASTP, BLASTN, BLASTX
(Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990)); 3.) DNASTAR
(DNASTAR, Inc. Madison, Wis.); 4.) Sequencher (Gene Codes
Corporation, Ann Arbor, Mich.); and 5.) the FASTA program
incorporating the Smith-Waterman algorithm (W. R. Pearson, Comput.
Methods Genome Res., [Proc. Int. Symp.] (1994), Meeting Date 1992,
111-20. Editor(s): Suhai, Sandor. Plenum: New York, N.Y.). Within
the context of this application it will be understood that where
sequence analysis software is used for analysis, that the results
of the analysis will be based on the "default values" of the
program referenced, unless otherwise specified. As used herein
"default values" will mean any set of values or parameters that
originally load with the software when first initialized.
[0232] The term "conserved domain" or "motif" means a set of amino
acids conserved at specific positions along an aligned sequence of
evolutionarily related proteins. While amino acids at other
positions can vary between homologous proteins, amino acids that
are highly conserved at specific positions indicate amino acids
that are essential in the structure, the stability, or the activity
of a protein. Because they are identified by their high degree of
conservation in aligned sequences of a family of protein
homologues, they can be used as identifiers, or "signatures", to
determine if a protein with a newly determined sequence belongs to
a previously identified protein family. A motif that is indicative
of a fungal protein having .DELTA.15 desaturase activity is
provided as SEQ ID NO:374, while a motif that is indicative of a
fungal protein having .DELTA.12 desaturase activity is provided as
SEQ ID NO:375.
[0233] Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques
used herein are well known in the art and are described by
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold
Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) (hereinafter "Maniatis"); by Silhavy, T.
J., Bennan, M. L. and Enquist, L. W., Experiments with Gene
Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
(1984); and by Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology, published by Greene Publishing Assoc. and
Wiley-Interscience (1987).
A Preferred Microbial Host for ARA Production: Yarrowia
lipolytica
[0234] Prior to work by the Applicants (see, Picataggio et al.,
WO2004/101757), oleaginous yeast have not been examined previously
as a class of microorganisms suitable for use as a production
platform for PUFAs. Genera typically identified as oleaginous yeast
include, but are not limited to: Yarrowia, Candida, Rhodotorula,
Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and Lipomyces. More
specifically, illustrative oil-synthesizing yeast include:
Rhodosporidium toruloides, Lipomyces starkeyii, L. lipoferus,
Candida revkaufi, C. pulcherrima, C. tropicalis, C. utilis,
Trichosporon pullans, T cutaneum, Rhodotorula glutinus, R. graminis
and Yarrowia lipolytica (formerly classified as Candida
lipolytica).
[0235] Oleaginous yeast were considered to have several qualities
that would faciliate their use as a host organism for economical,
commercial production of ARA. First, the organisms are defined as
those that are naturally capable of oil synthesis and accumulation,
wherein the oil can comprise greater than about 25% of the cellular
dry weight, more preferably greater than about 30% of the cellular
dry weight and most preferably greater than about 40% of the
cellular dry weight. Secondly, the technology for growing
oleaginous yeast with high oil content is well developed (for
example, see EP 0 005 277B1; Ratledge, C., Prog. Ind. Microbiol.
16:119-206 (1982)). And, these organisms have been commercially
used for a variety of purposes in the past. For example, various
strains of Yarrowa lipolytica have historically been used for the
manufacture and production of: isocitrate lyase (DD259637); lipases
(SU1454852, WO2001083773, DD279267); polyhydroxyalkanoates
(WO2001088144); citric acid (RU2096461, RU2090611, DD285372,
DD285370, DD275480, DD227448, PL160027); erythritol (EP770683);
2-oxoglutaric acid (DD267999); .gamma.-decalactone (U.S. Pat. No.
6,451,565, FR2734843); .gamma.-dodecalactone (EP578388); and
pyruvic acid (JP09252790).
[0236] Of those organisms classified as oleaginous yeast, Yarrowia
lipolytica was selected as the preferred microbial host for the
purposes herein. This selection was based on the knowledge that
oleaginous strains were available that were capable of
incorporating .omega.-6 and .omega.-3 fatty acids into the TAG
fraction, the organism was amenable to genetic manipulation, and
previous use of the species as a Generally Recognized As Safe
("GRAS", according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) source
of food-grade citric acid. In a further embodiment, most preferred
are the Y. lipolytica strains designated as ATCC #20362, ATCC
#8862, ATCC #18944, ATCC #76982 and/or LGAM S(7)1 (Papanikolaou S.,
and Aggelis G., Bioresour. Technol. 82(1):43-9 (2002)), due to
preliminary studies targeted toward identification of wildtype
strains having high lipid content (measured as a percent dry
weight) and high volumetric productivity (measured as g/L
h.sup.-1).
[0237] As described in WO 2004/101757, Yarrowia lipolytica was
previously genetically engineered to produce 1.3% ARA and 1.9% EPA,
respectively, by introduction and expression of genes encoding the
.omega.-3/.omega.-6 biosynthetic pathway. More specifically, two
different DNA expression constructs (comprising either a .DELTA.6
desaturase, .DELTA.5 desaturase and high-affinity PUFA C.sub.18/20
elongase for ARA synthesis or a .DELTA.6 desaturase, .DELTA.5
desaturase, high-affinity PUFA C.sub.18/20 elongase and
codon-optimized .DELTA.17 desaturase for EPA synthesis) were
separately transformed and integrated into the Y. lipolytica
chromosomal URA3 gene encoding the enzyme orotidine-5'-phosphate
decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.23). GC analysis of the host cells fed with
appropriate substrates detected production of ARA and EPA. Although
suitable to demonstrate proof-of-concept for the ability of
oleaginous hosts to be genetically engineered for production of
.omega.-6 and .omega.-3 fatty acids, this work failed to perform
the complex metabolic engineering required to enable synthesis of
greater than 5% ARA in the total oil fraction, or more preferably
greater than 10% ARA in the total oil fraction, or even more
preferably greater than 15-20% ARA in the total oil fraction, or
most preferably greater than 25-30% ARA in the total oil
fraction.
[0238] In co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 60/624,812,
complex metabolic engineering within Yarrowia lipolytica was
performed to: (1) identify preferred desaturases and elongases that
allow for the synthesis and high accumulation of EPA; (2)
manipulate the activity of acyltransferases that allow for the
transfer of omega fatty acids into storage lipid pools; (3)
over-express desaturases, elongases and acyltransferases by use of
strong promoters, expression in multicopy, and/or
codon-optimization; (4) down-regulate the expression of specific
genes within the PUFA biosynthetic pathway that diminish overall
accumulation of EPA; and, (5) manipulate pathways and global
regulators that affect EPA production. This resulted in the
production of up to 28% EPA in one particular recombinant strain of
Yarrowia lipolytica.
[0239] In the present Application, analogous complex metabolic
engineering is performed to result in the production of 10-14% ARA
in the total oil fraction in recombinant strains of Yarrowia
lipolytica. More specifically, strains Y2034 and Y2047 were
genetically engineered to utilize the .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6
elongase pathway and produced oil comprising 10% ARA and 11% ARA,
respectively; strain Y2214 was genetically engineered to utilize
the .DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway and produced oil
comprising 14% ARA that was devoid of GLA. Aspects of the metabolic
engineering utilized will be discussed below, as will additional
engineering and fermentation methods that could be performed to
further enhance ARA productivity in this oleaginous yeast.
An Overview Microbial Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and
Triacylglycerols
[0240] In general, lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms
is triggered in response to the overall carbon to nitrogen ratio
present in the growth medium. This process, leading to the de novo
synthesis of free palmitate (16:0) in oleaginous microorganisms, is
described in detail in WO 2004/101757. Palmitate is the precursor
of longer-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acid derivates,
which are formed through the action of elongases and desaturases.
For example, palmitate is converted to its unsaturated derivative
(palmitoleic acid (16:1)] by the action of a .DELTA.9 desaturase;
similarly, palmitate is elongated by a C.sub.16/18 fatty acid
elongase to form stearic acid (18:0), which can be converted to its
unsaturated derivative by a .DELTA.9 desaturase to thereby yield
oleic (18:1) acid.
[0241] TAGs (the primary storage unit for fatty acids) are formed
by a series of reactions that involve: 1.) the esterification of
one molecule of acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate via an
acyltransferase to produce lysophosphatidic acid; 2.) the
esterification of a second molecule of acyl-CoA via an
acyltransferase to yield 1,2-diacylglycerol phosphate (commonly
identified as phosphatidic acid); 3.) removal of a phosphate by
phosphatidic acid phosphatase to yield 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG);
and 4.) the addition of a third fatty acid by the action of an
acyltransferase to form TAG (FIG. 2).
[0242] A wide spectrum of fatty acids can be incorporated into
TAGs, including saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and
short-chain and long-chain fatty acids. Some non-limiting examples
of fatty acids that can be incorporated into TAGs by
acyltransferases include: capric (10:0), lauric (12:0), myristic
(14:0), palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic
(18:1), vaccenic (18:1), LA, eleostearic (18:3), ALA, GLA,
arachidic (20:0), EDA, ETrA, DGLA, ETA, ARA, EPA, behenic (22:0),
DPA, DHA, lignoceric (24:0), nervonic (24:1), cerotic (26:0), and
montanic (28:0) fatty acids. In preferred embodiments of the
present invention, incorporation of ARA into TAG is most
desirable.
Biosynthesis of ARA, an .omega.-6 Fatty Acid
[0243] The metabolic process wherein oleic acid is converted to ARA
involves elongation of the carbon chain through the addition of
carbon atoms and desaturation of the molecule through the addition
of double bonds. This requires a series of special desaturation and
elongation enzymes present in the endoplasmic reticulim membrane.
However, as seen in FIG. 1 and as described below, two alternate
pathways exist for ARA production.
[0244] Specifically, both pathways require the initial conversion
of oleic acid to LA (18:2), the first of the .omega.-6 fatty acids,
by the action of a .DELTA.12 desaturase. Then, using the ".DELTA.6
desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway" for ARA biosynthesis, PUFAs
are formed as follows: (1) LA is converted to GLA by the activity
of a .DELTA.6 desaturase; (2) GLA is converted to DGLA by the
action of a C.sub.18/20 elongase; and (3) DGLA is converted to ARA
by the action of a .DELTA.5 desaturase.
[0245] Alternatively, via the ".DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8
desaturase pathway", LA is converted to EDA by the action of a
.DELTA.9 elongase; then, a .DELTA.8 desaturase converts EDA to
DGLA. Subsequent desaturation of DGLA by the action of a .DELTA.5
desaturase yields ARA, as described above.
[0246] For the sake of clarity, each of these pathways will be
summarized in the Table below, as well as their distinguishing
characteristics:
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Alternate Biosynthetic Pathways For ARA
Biosynthesis Minimum Required Genes Name For ARA* Pathway .DELTA.6
desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase .DELTA.6D, C.sub.18/20 -- pathway ELO,
.DELTA.5D .DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase .DELTA.9 ELO,
produces oil that is pathway .DELTA.8D, .DELTA.5D devoid of GLA
Combination .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 .DELTA.6D, C.sub.18/20 --
elongase and .DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 ELO, .DELTA.9 ELO,
desaturase pathway .DELTA.8D, .DELTA.5D *Abbreviations: "D" =
desaturase; "ELO" = elongase.
[0247] If desirable, several other PUFAs can be produced using ARA
as substrate. For example, ARA can be further desaturated to EPA by
a .DELTA.17 desaturase and subsequently converted to DHA by the
action of a C.sub.20/22 elongase and a .DELTA.4 desaturase.
Selection of Microbial Genes for ARA Synthesis
[0248] The particular functionalities required to be introduced
into Yarrowia lipolytica for production of ARA will depend on the
host cell (and its native PUFA profile and/or desaturase/elongase
profile), the availability of substrate, and the desired end
product(s). With respect to the native host cell, it is known that
Y. lipolytica can naturally produce 18:2 fatty acids and thus
possesses a native .DELTA.12 desaturase (SEQ ID NOs:23 and 24; see
WO 2004/104167). With respect to the desired end products, the
consequences of .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway
expression as opposed to .DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase
pathway expression have been described above, in terms of the final
fatty acid profile of oil so produced (i.e., % GLA in the final
composition of high ARA oil).
[0249] In some embodiments, it will therefore be desirable to
produce ARA via the .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway.
Thus, at a minimum, the following genes must be introduced into the
host organism and expressed for ARA biosythesis: a .DELTA.6
desaturase, a C.sub.18/20 elongase and a .DELTA.5 desaturase. In a
further preferred embodiment, the host strain additionally includes
at least one of the following: a .DELTA.9 desaturase, a .DELTA.12
desaturase, a C.sub.14/16 elongase and a C.sub.16/18 elongase.
[0250] In alternate embodiments, it is desirable to produce ARA
without co-synthesis of GLA (thus requiring expression of the
.DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway). This strategy
thereby minimally requires the following genes to be introduced
into the host organism and expressed for ARA biosythesis: a
.DELTA.9 elongase, a .DELTA.8 desaturase and a .DELTA.5 desaturase.
In a further preferred embodiment, the host strain additionally
includes at least one of the following: a .DELTA.9 desaturase, a
.DELTA.12 desaturase, a C.sub.14/16 elongase and a C.sub.16/18
elongase.
[0251] One skilled in the art will be able to identify various
candidate genes encoding each of the enzymes desired for ARA
biosynthesis. Useful desaturase and elongase sequences may be
derived from any source, e.g., isolated from a natural source (from
bacteria, algae, fungi, plants, animals, etc.), produced via a
semi-synthetic route or synthesized de novo. Although the
particular source of the desaturase and elongase genes introduced
into the host is not critical to the invention, considerations for
choosing a specific polypeptide having desaturase or elongase
activity include: 1.) the substrate specificity of the polypeptide;
2.) whether the polypeptide or a component thereof is a
rate-limiting enzyme; 3.) whether the desaturase or elongase is
essential for synthesis of a desired PUFA; and/or 4.) co-factors
required by the polypeptide. The expressed polypeptide preferably
has parameters compatible with the biochemical environment of its
location in the host cell. For example, the polypeptide may have to
compete for substrate with other enzymes in the host cell. Analyses
of the K.sub.M and specific activity of the polypeptide therefore
may be considered in determining the suitability of a given
polypeptide for modifying PUFA production in a given host cell. The
polypeptide used in a particular host cell is one that can function
under the biochemical conditions present in the intended host cell
but otherwise can be any polypeptide having desaturase or elongase
activity capable of modifying the desired PUFA.
[0252] In additional embodiments, it will also be useful to
consider the conversion efficiency of each particular desaturase
and/or elongase. More specifically, since each enzyme rarely
functions with 100% efficiency to convert substrate to product, the
final lipid profile of un-purified oils produced in a host cell
will typically be a mixture of various PUFAs consisting of the
desired ARA, as well as various upstream intermediary PUFAs (e.g.,
as opposed to 100% ARA oil). Thus, consideration of each enzyme's
conversion efficiency is also an important variable when optimizing
biosynthesis of ARA, that must be considered in light of the final
desired lipid profile of the product.
[0253] With each of the considerations above in mind, candidate
genes having the appropriate desaturase and elongase activities can
be identified according to publicly available literature (e.g.,
GenBank), the patent literature, and experimental analysis of
microorganisms having the ability to produce PUFAs. For instance,
the following GenBank Accession Numbers refer to examples of
publicly available genes useful in ARA biosynthesis: AY131238,
Y055118, AY055117, AF296076, AF007561, L11421, NM.sub.--031344,
AF465283, AF465281, AF110510, AF465282, AF419296, AB052086,
AJ250735, AF126799, AF126798 (.DELTA.6 desaturases); AF390174
(.DELTA.9 elongase); AF139720 (.DELTA.8 desaturase); AF199596,
AF226273, AF320509, AB072976, AF489588, AJ510244, AF419297,
AF07879, AF067654, AB022097 (.DELTA.5 desaturases); AAG36933,
AF110509, AB020033, AAL13300, AF417244, AF161219, AY332747,
AAG36933, AF110509, AB020033, AAL13300, AF417244, AF161219, X86736,
AF240777, AB007640, AB075526, AP002063 (.DELTA.12 desaturases);
AF338466, AF438199, E11368, E11367, D83185, U90417, AF085500,
AY504633, NM.sub.--069854, AF230693 (.DELTA.9 desaturases); and
NP.sub.--012339, NP.sub.--009963, NP.sub.--013476, NP.sub.--599209,
BAB69888, AF244356, AAF70417, AAF71789, AF390174, AF428243,
NP.sub.--955826, AF206662, AF268031, AY591335, AY591336, AY591337,
AY591338, AY605098, AY605100, AY630573 (C.sub.14/16, C.sub.16/18
and C.sub.18/20, elongases). Similarly, the patent literature
provides many additional DNA sequences of genes (and/or details
concerning several of the genes above and their methods of
isolation) involved in PUFA production [e.g., WO 02/077213
(.DELTA.9 elongases); WO 00/34439 and WO 04/057001 (.DELTA.8
desaturases); U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,809 (.DELTA.6 desaturases); U.S.
Pat. No. 5,972,664 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,183 (.DELTA.5
desaturases); WO 94/11516, U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,974, WO 03/099216
and WO 05/047485 (.DELTA.12 desaturases); WO 91/13972 and U.S. Pat.
No. 5,057,419 (.DELTA.9 desaturases); and, WO 00/12720, U.S. Pat.
No. 6,403,349, U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,145, U.S. 2002/0139974A1, U.S.
2004/0111763 (C.sub.14/16, C.sub.16/18 and C.sub.18/20 elongases)].
Each of these patents and applications are herein incorporated by
reference in their entirety.
[0254] It is contemplated that the examples above are not intended
to be limiting and numerous other genes encoding: (1) .DELTA.6
desaturases, C.sub.18/20 elongases and .DELTA.5 desaturases (and
optionally other genes encoding .DELTA.9 desaturases, .DELTA.12
desaturases, C.sub.14/16 elongases and/or C.sub.16/18 elongases);
or (2) .DELTA.9 elongases, .DELTA.8 desaturases and .DELTA.5
desaturases (and optionally other genes encoding .DELTA.9
desaturases, .DELTA.12 desaturases, C.sub.14/16 elongases and/or
C.sub.16/18 elongases) derived from different sources would be
suitable for introduction into Yarrowia lipolytica.
[0255] Preferred Genes for ARA Synthesis
[0256] Despite the wide selection of desaturases and elongases that
could be suitable for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica, however,
in preferred embodiments of the present invention the desaturases
and elongases are selected from the following (or derivatives
thereof:
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5 Preferred Desaturases And Elongases For ARA
Biosynthesis In Yarrowia lipolytica SEQ ID ORF Organism Reference
NOs .DELTA.6 Mortierella GenBank Accession No. 1, 2 desaturase
alpina AF465281; U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,809 .DELTA.6 Mortierella
GenBank Accession No. 4, 5 desaturase alpina AB070555 C.sub.18/20
Mortierella GenBank Accession No. 17, elongase alpina AX464731; WO
00/12720 18 ("ELO1") C.sub.18/20 Thrausto- U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,145
20, elongase chytrium 21 ("ELO2") aureum .DELTA.9 elongase
Isochrysis GenBank Accession No. 39, galbana AF390174 40 .DELTA.8
Euglena gracillis Co-pending U.S. Patent 44, desaturase Application
Number 11/166993 45 .DELTA.5 Mortierella GenBank Accession No. 6, 7
desaturase alpina AF067654; U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,183 .DELTA.5
Isochrysis WO 02/081668 A2 8, 9 desaturase galbana .DELTA.5 Homo
sapiens GenBank Accession No. 11, desaturase NP_037534 12
C.sub.16/18 Yarrowia -- 61, elongase lipolytica 62 ("YE2")
C.sub.16/18 Mortierella -- 53, elongase alpina 54 ("ELO3")
C.sub.16/18 Rattus GenBank Accession No. 50, elongase norvegicus
AB071986 51 (rELO2) C.sub.14/16 Yarrowia -- 64, elongase lipolytica
65 ("YE1") .DELTA.12 Yarrowia WO 2004/104167 23, desaturase
lipolytica 24 .DELTA.12 Mortieralla GenBank Accession No. 25,
desaturase isabellina AF417245 26 .DELTA.12 Fusarium WO 2005/047485
27, desaturase moniliforme 28 (Fm d12) .DELTA.12 Aspergillus Contig
1.15 (scaffold 1) in 29, desaturase nidulans the A. nidulans genome
project; 30 (An d12) AAG36933; WO 2005/047485 .DELTA.12 Aspergillus
GenBank Accession No. 31 desaturase flavus AY280867 (VERSION
AY280867.1; gi: 30721844); WO 2005/047485 .DELTA.12 Aspergillus
AFA.133c 344248: 345586 32 desaturase fumigatus reverse
(AfA5C5.001c) in the (Afd12p) Aspergillus fumigatus genome project;
WO 2005/047485 .DELTA.12 Magnaporthe Locus MG01985.1 in contig 33,
desaturase grisea 2.375 in the M. grisea genome 34 (Mg d12)
project; WO 2005/047485 .DELTA.12 Neurospora GenBank Accession No.
35, desaturase crassa AABX01000374; 36 (Nc d12) WO 2005/047485
.DELTA.12 Fusarium Contig 1.233 in the 37, desaturase graminearium
F. graminearium genome 38 (Fg d12) project; WO 2005/047485
.DELTA.12 Mortierella GenBank Accession No. 357, desaturase alpina
AB020033 358 (Mad12) .DELTA.12 Saccharomyces GenBank Accession No.
359 desaturase kluyveri BAD08375 (Skd12) .DELTA.12 Kluyveromyces
gnl|GLV|KLLA0B00473g ORF 360, desaturase lactis from KlIa0B: 35614
. . . 36861 361 (Kld12p) antisense (m) of K. lactis database of the
"Yeast project Genolevures" (Center for Bioinformatics, LaBRI,
Talence Cedex, France) .DELTA.12 Candida GenBank Accession No. 362
desaturase albicans EAK94955 (Cad12p) .DELTA.12 Debaryomyces
GenBank Accession No. 363 desaturase hansenhii CAG90237 (Dhd12p)
CBS767 *Note: The Aspergillus fumigatus genome project is sponsored
by Sanger Institute, collaborators at the University of Manchester
and The Institute of Genome Research (TIGR); the A. nidulans genome
project is sponsored by the Center for Genome Research (CGR),
Cambridge, MA; the M. grisea genome project is sponsored by the CGR
and International Rice Blast Genome Consortium; the F. graminearium
genome project is sponsored by the CGR and the International
Gibberella zeae Genomics Consortium (IGGR).
[0257] Applicants have analyzed of various elongases, to either
determine or confirm each enzyme's substrate specificity and/or
substrate selectivity when expressed in Yarrowia lipolytica. For
example, although the coding sequences of the two Y. lipolytica
elongases were publically available and each protein was annotated
as a putative long-chain fatty-acyl elongase or shared significant
homology to other fatty acid elongases, the substrate specificity
of these enzymes had never been determined. Based on the analyses
performed herein, YE1 was positively determined to be a fatty acid
elongase that preferentially used C.sub.14 fatty acids as
substrates to produce C.sub.16 fatty acids (i.e., a C.sub.14/16
elongase) and YE2 was determined to be a fatty acid elongase that
preferentially used C.sub.16 fatty acids as substrates to produce
C.sub.18 fatty acids (i.e., a C.sub.16/18 elongase). Relatedly,
upon identification of the novel M. alpina ELO3 gene, the sequence
was characterized as homologous to other fatty acid elongases;
however, lipid profile analyses were required to confirm the
specificity of ELO3 as a C.sub.16/18 elongase.
[0258] With respect to .DELTA.12 desaturase, Applicants have made
the surprising discovery that the Fusarium moniliforme .DELTA.12
desaturase (encoded by SEQ ID NO:27) functions with greater
efficiency than the native Yarrowia lipolytica .DELTA.12 desaturase
in producing 18:2 in Y. lipolytica (see WO 2005/047485).
Specifically, expression of the F. moniliforme .DELTA.12 desaturase
under the control of the TEF promoter in Y. lipolytica was
determined to produce higher levels of 18:2 (68% product
accumulation of LA) than were previously attainable by expression
of a chimeric gene encoding the Y. lipolytica .DELTA.12 desaturase
under the control of the TEF promoter (59% product accumulation of
LA). This corresponds to a difference in percent substrate
conversion (calculated as ([18:2+18:3]/[18:1+18:2+18:3])*100) of
85% versus 74%, respectively. On the basis of these results,
expression of the present fungal F. moniliforme .DELTA.12
desaturase is preferred relative to other known .DELTA.12
desaturases as a means to engineer a high ARA-producing strain of
Y. lipolytica (however, one skilled in the art would expect that
the activity of the F. moniliforme .DELTA.12 desaturase could be
enhanced in Y. lipolytica, following e.g., codon-optimization).
[0259] Despite the current identification of the F. moniliforme
.DELTA.12 enzyme as the preferred .DELTA.12 desaturase, five new
.DELTA.12 desaturases have recently been identified that could
possibly function with improved efficiency in Yarrowia lipolytica.
Specifically, the Saccharomyces kluyveri .DELTA.12 desaturase
(GenBank Accession No. BAD08375) was described in Watanabe et al.
(Biosci. Biotech. Biocheml. 68(3):721-727 (2004)), while that from
Mortierella alpina (GenBank Accession No. AB182163) was described
by Sakuradani et al. (Eur. J. Biochem. 261(3):812-820 (1999)).
Since both sequences were subsequently utilized to identify S.
kluyveri and M. alpina .DELTA.15 desaturases (GenBank Accession No.
BAD11952 and No. AB182163, respectively), these two pairs of
proteins provided additional examples of closely related fungal
.DELTA.12 and .DELTA.15 desaturases similar to those of Fusarium
moniliforme, Aspergillus nidulans, Magnaporthe grisea, Neurospora
crassa and Fusarium graminearium (see WO 2005/047480 and WO
2005/047485). This finding offered additional support to the
Applicants' previous hypothesis that "pairs" of fungal .DELTA.12
desaturase-like sequences likely comprise one protein having
.DELTA.15 desaturase activity and one protein having .DELTA.12
desaturase activity. Similar "pairs" of .DELTA.12 desaturase-like
proteins were thus identified herein in Kluyveromyces lactis,
Candida albicans and Debaryomyces hansenii CBS767; and, as
predicted, one member of each pair aligned more closely to the
previously identified S. kluyveri .DELTA.12 desaturase (i.e., K.
lactis gnl|GLV|KLLAOB00473g ORF, C. albicans GenBank Accession No.
EAK94955 and D. hansenii CBS767 GenBank Accession No. CAG90237)
while the other aligned more closely to the S. kluyveri .DELTA.15
desaturase (i.e., K. lactis GenBank Accession No. XM.sub.--451551,
D. hansenii CBS767 GenBank Accession No. CAG88182, C. albicans
GenBank Accession No. EAL03493). Thus, based on this analysis, the
Applicants have identified the desaturases identified herein as SEQ
ID NOs:358, 359, 361, 362 and 363 as putative fungal .DELTA.12
desaturases whose overexpression in Y. lipolytica could be useful
to increase production of .omega.-6 fatty acids.
[0260] In additional embodiments, the Applicants have identified a
means to readily distinguish fungal sequences having .DELTA.12
desaturase activity as opposed to .DELTA.15 desaturase activity.
Specifically, when an amino acid sequence alignment was analysed
that comprised .DELTA.12 desaturases (i.e., Mad12, Skd12, Nc d12,
Fm d12, Mg d12, An d12, Fg d12, Dhd12p, Kld12p, Cad12p and Afd12p
(see Table above)), as well as .DELTA.15 desaturases (i.e., from
Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus nidulans, Magnaporthe grisea,
Neurospora crassa, F. graminearium, Mortierella alpina, K. lactis,
C. albicans, Saccharomyces kluyveri, D. hansenii CBS767 and
Aspergillus fumigatus), it became apparent that all of the fungal
.DELTA.15 or .DELTA.12 desaturases contained either an Ile or Val
amino acid residue, respectively, at the position that corresponds
to position 102 of the Fusarium moniliforme .DELTA.15 desaturase
(SEQ ID NO:2 in WO 2005/047479) and that is only three amino acid
residues away from the highly conserved His Box 1 ("HECGH"; SEQ ID
NO:373) (Table 6).
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6 Amino Acid Alignment Around The Conserved
His Box 1 Of Fungal .DELTA.12 And .DELTA.15 Desaturases
Corresponding Amino Acid Residues Within Coding Desaturase Sequence
Motif Desaturase 107-118 of SEQ ID NO: 358 ##STR00001## Mad12
116-127 of SEQ ID NO: 359 ##STR00002## Skd12 153-164 of SEQ ID NO:
36 ##STR00003## Nc d12 149-160 of SEQ ID NO: 28 ##STR00004## Fm d12
160-171 of SEQ ID NO: 34 ##STR00005## Mg d12 143-154 of SEQ ID NO:
30 ##STR00006## An d12 130-141 of SEQ ID NO: 38 ##STR00007## Fg d12
106-117 of SEQ ID NO: 361 ##STR00008## Kld 12p 135-146 of SEQ ID
NO: 362 ##STR00009## Cad 12p 120-131 of SEQ ID NO: 363 ##STR00010##
Dhd 12p 142-153 of SEQ ID NO: 32 ##STR00011## Afd 12p 105-116 of
GenBank Accession No. AB182163 ##STR00012## M. alpina .DELTA.15
117-128 of GenBank Accession No. BAD11952 ##STR00013## S. kluyveri
.DELTA.15 119-130 of SEQ ID NO: 14 in WO 2005/047479 ##STR00014##
N. crassa .DELTA.15 101-112 of SEQ ID NO: 2 in WO 2005/047479
##STR00015## F. moniliforme .DELTA.15 95-106 of SEQ ID NO: 12 in WO
2005/047479 ##STR00016## M. grisea .DELTA.15 88-99 of SEQ ID NO: 6
in WO 2005/047479 ##STR00017## A. nidulans .DELTA.15 101-112 of SEQ
ID NO: 18 in WO 2005/047479 ##STR00018## F. graminearium .DELTA.15
117-128 of GenBank Accession No. XM_451551 ##STR00019## K. lactis
.DELTA.15 130-141 of GenBank Accession No. EAL03493 ##STR00020## C.
albicans .DELTA.15 132-143 of GenBank Accession No. CAG88182
##STR00021## D. hansenii CBS767 .DELTA.15 94-105 of GenBank
Accession No. EAL85733 ##STR00022## A. fumigatus .DELTA.15
[0261] The Applicants conclude that Ile and Val at this position is
a determinant of .DELTA.15 and .DELTA.12 desaturase specificity,
respectively, in fungal desaturases. More specifically, the
Applicants propose that any fungal .DELTA.12 desaturase-like
protein with Ile at the corresponding residue(s) (i.e., or the
motif IXXHECGH [SEQ ID NO:374]) will be a .DELTA.15 desaturase and
any fungal .DELTA.12 desaturase-like protein with Val at the
corresponding residue(s) (i.e., or the motif VXXHECGH [SEQ ID
NO:375]) will be a .DELTA.12 desaturase. Thus, this single
leucine/valine amino acid will be an important residue to consider
as future fungal desaturases are identified and annotated.
Furthermore, the Applicants also hypothesize that mutation(s) that
result in a Ile-to-Val change at this position will alter enzyme
specificity, such as towards .DELTA.12 desaturation, in genes
encoding fungal .DELTA.12 desaturase-like proteins (e.g., the
Fusarium monoliforme desaturase described as SEQ ID NO:2 in WO
2005/047479); and, conversely, those mutations that result in a
Val-to-Ile change at this position will alter enzyme specificity,
such as towards .DELTA.15 desaturation.
[0262] Of course, in alternate embodiments of the present
invention, other DNAs which are substantially identical to the
desaturases and elongases encoded by SEQ ID NOs:2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 18,
21, 24, 26, 28, 30-32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 51, 54, 62, 65, 358, 359
and 361-363 also can be used for production of ARA in Yarrowia
lipolytica. By "substantially identical" is intended an amino acid
sequence or nucleic acid sequence exhibiting in order of increasing
preference at least 80%, 90% or 95% homology to the selected
polypeptides, or nucleic acid sequences encoding the amino acid
sequence. For polypeptides, the length of comparison sequences
generally is at least 16 amino acids, preferably at least 20 amino
acids or most preferably 35 amino acids. For nucleic acids, the
length of comparison sequences generally is at least 50
nucleotides, preferably at least 60 nucleotides, more preferably at
least 75 nucleotides, and most preferably 110 nucleotides.
[0263] Homology typically is measured using sequence analysis
software, wherein the term "sequence analysis software" refers to
any computer algorithm or software program that is useful for the
analysis of nucleotide or amino acid sequences. "Sequence analysis
software" may be commercially available or independently developed.
Typical sequence analysis software will include, but is not limited
to: 1.) the GCG suite of programs (Wisconsin Package Version 9.0,
Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis.); 2.) BLASTP, BLASTN,
BLASTX (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990)); 3.)
DNASTAR (DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, Wis.); and 4.) the FASTA program
incorporating the Smith-Waterman algorithm (W. R. Pearson, Comput.
Methods Genome Res., [Proc. Int. Symp.] (1994), Meeting Date 1992,
111-20. Suhai, Sandor, Ed. Plenum: New York, N.Y.). Within the
context of this application it will be understood that where
sequence analysis software is used for analysis, the results of the
analysis will be based on the "default values" of the program
referenced, unless otherwise specified. As used herein "default
values" will mean any set of values or parameters that originally
load with the software when first initialized. In general, such
computer software matches similar sequences by assigning degrees of
homology to various substitutions, deletions, and other
modifications.
[0264] In more preferred embodiments, codon-optimized genes
encoding desaturases and elongases that are substantially identical
to those described in SEQ ID NOs:2, 9, 12, 18, 21, 40, 45 and 51
are utilized. Specifically, as is well known to one of skill in the
art, the expression of heterologous genes can be increased by
increasing the translational efficiency of encoded mRNAs by
replacement of codons in the native gene with those for optimal
gene expression in the selected host microorganism. Thus, it is
frequently useful to modify a portion of the codons encoding a
particular polypeptide that is to be expressed in a foreign host,
such that the modified polypeptide uses codons that are preferred
by the alternate host; and, use of host preferred codons can
substantially enhance the expression of the foreign gene encoding
the polypeptide.
[0265] In general, host preferred codons can be determined within a
particular host species of interest by examining codon usage in
proteins (preferably those expressed in the largest amount) and
determining which are used with highest frequency. Then, the coding
sequence for a polypeptide of interest (e.g., a desaturase,
elongase, acyltransferase) can be synthesized in whole or in part
using the codons preferred in the host species. All (or portions)
of the DNA also can be synthesized to remove any destabilizing
sequences or regions of secondary structure that would be present
in the transcribed mRNA. And, all (or portions) of the DNA also can
be synthesized to alter the base composition to one more preferable
in the desired host cell.
[0266] Additionally, the nucleotide sequences surrounding the
translational initiation codon `ATG` have been found to affect
expression in yeast cells. If the desired polypeptide is poorly
expressed in yeast, the nucleotide sequences of exogenous genes can
be modified to include an efficient yeast translation initiation
sequence to obtain optimal gene expression. For expression in
yeast, this can be done by site-directed mutagenesis of an
inefficiently expressed gene by fusing it in-frame to an endogenous
yeast gene, preferably a highly expressed gene. Alternatively, as
demonstrated herein for Yarrowia lipolytica, one can determine the
consensus translation initiation sequence in the host and engineer
this sequence into heterologous genes for their optimal expression
in the host of interest.
[0267] In the present invention, several desaturase and elongase
genes from Table 5 were codon-optimized for expression in Yarrowia
lipolytica, based on the host preferences described above. This was
possible by first determining the Y. lipolytica codon usage profile
(see WO 04/101757) and identifying those codons that were
preferred. Then, for further optimization of gene expression in Y.
lipolytica, the consensus sequence around the `ATG` initiation
codon was determined (i.e., `MAMMATGNHS` (SEQ ID NO:356), wherein
the nucleic acid degeneracy code used is as follows: M=A/C; S=C/G;
H=A/C/T; and N=A/C/G/T). Table 7, below, compares the activity of
native and codon-optimized genes when expressed in Y. lipolytica
and provides details about each codon-optimized gene. % Sub. Conv.
is the abbreviation for "percent substrate conversion" and
Codon-Opt. is an abbreviation for "codon-optimized".
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 7 Most Preferred Codon-Optimized Desaturases
And Elongases For ARA Biosynthesis In Yarrowia lipolytica Codon-
Native Total Bases Opt. Codon- Gene % Modified In Gene Opt. Sub.
Codon-Opt. % Sub. SEQ Native Gene Conv. Gene Conv. Reference ID NO
M. alpina .DELTA.6 30% 152 of 1374 bp 42% WO 04/101753 3 desaturase
(corresponding (GenBank to 144 codons) Accession No. AF465281) M.
alpina high 30% 94 of 957 bp 47% WO 04/101753 19 affinity
C.sub.18/20 (corresponding elongase (GenBank to 85 codons)
Accession No. AX464731) T. aureum C.sub.18/20 33% 114 of 817 bp 46%
-- 22 elongase ("ELO2") (corresponding to 108 codons) S. diclina
.DELTA.17 23% 127 of 1077 bp 45% Co-Pending 16 desaturase (US
(corresponding U.S. Patent 2003/0196217 A1) to 117 codons)
Application No. 10/840478 Isochrysis galbana -- 126 of 789 bp 30%
-- 41 .DELTA.9 elongase (corresponding to 123 codons) Euglena
gracillis .DELTA.8 -- 207 of 1263 bp 75% Co-pending 48 desaturase
(corresponding U.S. Patent to 192 codons) Application No. 11/166993
Isochrysis galbana 7% 203 of 1323 bp 32% -- 10 .DELTA.5 desaturase
(corresponding to 193 codons) Homo sapiens .DELTA.5 -- 227 of 1335
bp 30% -- 13 desaturase (corresponding (GenBank to 207 codons)
Accession No. NP_037534) Rattus norvegicus -- 127 of 792 bp 43% --
52 C.sub.16/18 elongase (corresponding (GenBank to 125 codons)
Accession No. AB071986)
[0268] In additional alternate embodiments of the invention, other
DNAs which, although not substantially identical to the preferred
desaturases and elongases presented as SEQ ID NOs:3, 10, 13, 16,
19, 22, 41, 48 and 52 also can be used for the purposes herein. For
example, DNA sequences encoding .DELTA.6 desaturase polypeptides
that would be useful for introduction into Yarrowia lipolytica
according to the teachings of the present invention may be obtained
from microorganisms having an ability to produce GLA or STA. Such
microorganisms include, for example, those belonging to the genera
Mortierella, Conidiobolus, Pythium, Phytophathora, Penicillium,
Porphyridium, Coidosporium, Mucor, Fusarium, Aspergillus,
Rhodotorula and Entomophthora. Within the genus Porphyridium, of
particular interest is P. cruentum. Within the genus Mortierella,
of particular interest are M. elongata, M. exigua, M. hygrophila,
M. ramanniana var. angulispora and M. alpina. Within the genus
Mucor, of particular interest are M. circinelloides and M.
javanicus.
[0269] Alternatively, a related desaturase that is not
substantially identical to the M. alpina .DELTA.6 desaturase, for
example, but which can desaturate a fatty acid molecule at carbon 6
from the carboxyl end of the molecule would also be useful in the
present invention as a .DELTA.6 desaturase, assuming the desaturase
can still effectively convert LA to GLA and/or ALA to STA. As such,
related desaturases and elongases can be identified (or created) by
their ability to function substantially the same as the desaturases
and elongases disclosed herein.
[0270] As suggested above, in another embodiment one skilled in the
art could create a fusion protein having e.g., both .DELTA.12
desaturase and .DELTA.6 desaturase activities suitable for the
purposes herein. This would be possible by fusing together a
.DELTA.12 desaturase and .DELTA.6 desaturase with an adjoining
linker. Either the .DELTA.12 desaturase or the .DELTA.6 desaturase
could be at the N-terminal portion of the fusion protein. Means to
design and synthesize an appropriate linker molecule are readily
known by one of skill in the art; for example, the linker can be a
stretch of alanine or lysine amino acids and will not affect the
fusion enzyme's activity.
[0271] Finally, it is well known in the art that methods for
synthesizing sequences and bringing sequences together are well
established in the literature. Thus, in vitro mutagenesis and
selection, site-directed mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis, "gene
shuffling" methods or other means can be employed to obtain
mutations of naturally occurring desaturase and/or elongase genes.
This would permit production of a polypeptide having desaturase or
elongase activity, respectively, in vivo with more desirable
physical and kinetic parameters for functioning in the host cell
(e.g., a longer half-life or a higher rate of production of a
desired PUFA).
[0272] In summary, although sequences of preferred desaturase and
elongase genes are presented that encode PUFA biosynthetic pathway
enzymes suitable for ARA production in Yarrowia lipolytica, these
genes are not intended to be limiting to the invention herein.
Numerous other genes encoding PUFA biosynthetic pathway enzymes
that would be suitable for the purposes herein could be isolated
from a variety of sources (e.g., a wildtype, codon-optimized,
synthetic and/or mutant enzyme having appropriate desaturase or
elongase activity). These alternate desaturases would be
characterized by the ability to: 1.) desaturate a fatty acid
between the 8.sup.th and 9.sup.th carbon atom numbered from the
carboxyl-terminal end of the molecule and catalyze the conversion
of EDA to DGLA (.DELTA.8 desaturases); 2.) catalyze the conversion
of LA to GLA (.DELTA.6 desaturases); 3.) catalyze the conversion of
DGLA to ARA (.DELTA.5 desaturases); 4.) catalyze the conversion of
oleic acid to LA (.DELTA.12 desaturases); and/or 5.) catalyze the
conversion of palmitate to palmitoleic acid and/or stearate to
oleic acid (.DELTA.9 desaturases). In like manner, suitable
elongases for the purposes herein are not limited to those from a
specific source; instead, the enzymes having use for the purposes
herein are characterized by their ability to elongate a fatty acid
carbon chain by 2 carbons relative to the substrate the elongase
acts upon, to thereby produce a mono- or polyunsaturated fatty
acid. More specifically, these elongases would be characterized by
the ability to: 1.) elongate LA to EDA (.DELTA.9 elongases); 2.)
elongate a C18 substrate to produce a C20 product (C.sub.18/20
elongases); 3.) elongate a C14 substrate to produce a C16 product
(C.sub.14/16 elongases); and/or 4.) elongate a C16 substrate to
produce a C18 product (C.sub.16/18 elongases). Again, it is
important to note that some elongases may be capable of catalyzing
several elongase reactions, as a result of broad substrate
specificity.
Acyltransferases and their Role in the Terminal Step of TAG
Biosynthesis
[0273] Acyltransferases are intimately involved in the biosynthesis
of TAGs. Two comprehensive mini-reviews on TAG biosynthesis in
yeast, including details concerning the genes involved and the
metabolic intermediates that lead to TAG synthesis are: D. Sorger
and G. Daum, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 61:289-299 (2003); and H.
Mullner and G. Daum, Acta Biochimica Polonica, 51(2):323-347
(2004). Although the authors of these reviews clearly summarize the
different classes of eukaryotic acyltransferase gene families
(infra), they also acknowledge that regulatory aspects of TAG
synthesis and formation of neutral lipids in lipid particles remain
far from clear.
[0274] Four eukaryotic acyltransferase gene families have been
identified which are involved in acyl-CoA-dependent or independent
esterification reactions leading to neutral lipid synthesis: [0275]
(1) The acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) family, EC
2.3.1.26 (commonly known as sterol acyltransferases). This family
of genes includes enzymes responsible for the conversion of
acyl-CoA and sterol to CoA and sterol esters. This family also
includes DGAT1, involved in the terminal step of TAG biosynthesis.
[0276] (2) The lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) family,
EC 2.3.1.43. This family of genes is responsible for the conversion
of phosphatidylcholine and a sterol to a sterol ester and
1-acylglycerophosphocholine. This family also includes the
phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) enzyme involved
in the transfer of an acyl group from the sn-2 position of a
phospholipid to the sn-3 position of 1,2-diacylglycerol resulting
in TAG biosynthesis. [0277] (3) The diacylglycerol acyltransferase
(DAG AT) family, EC 2.3.1.20. This family of genes (which includes
DGAT2) is involved in the terminal step of TAG biosynthesis. [0278]
(4) The glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and acyl-CoA
lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (GPAT/LPAAT) family. GPAT
(E.C. 2.3.1.15) proteins are responsible for the first step of TAG
biosynthesis, while LPAAT (E.C. 2.3.1.51) enzymes are involved in
the second step of TAG biosynthesis. This family also includes
lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) that catalyzes the
acyl exchange between phospholipid and CoA.
[0279] Together, these 4 acyltransferase gene families represent
overlapping biosynthetic systems for neutral lipid formation and
appear to be the result of differential regulation, alternate
localization, and different substrate specifities (H. Mullner and
G. Daum, supra). Each of these four gene families will be discussed
herein based on their importance with respect to metabolic
engineering in Yarrowia lipolytica, to enable synthesis of greater
than 10-30% ARA.
[0280] The Functionality of Various Acyltransferases
[0281] The interplay between many of these acyltransferases in
Yarrowia lipolytica is schematically diagrammed in FIG. 3. Focusing
initially on the direct mechanism of TAG biosynthesis, the first
step in this process is the esterification of one molecule of
acyl-CoA to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate via GPAT to produce
lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (and CoA as a by-product). Then,
lysophosphatidic acid is converted to phosphatidic acid (PA) (and
CoA as a by-product) by the esterification of a second molecule of
acyl-CoA, a reaction that is catalyzed by LPAAT. Phosphatidic acid
phosphatase is then responsible for the removal of a phosphate
group from phosphatidic acid to yield 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG).
And, finally a third fatty acid is added to the sn-3 position of
DAG by a DAG AT (e.g., DGAT1, DGAT2 or PDAT) to form TAG.
[0282] Historically, DGAT1 was thought to be the only enzyme
specifically involved in TAG synthesis, catalyzing the reaction
responsible for the conversion of acyl-CoA and DAG to TAG and CoA,
wherein an acyl-CoA group is transferred to DAG to form TAG. DGAT1
was known to be homologous to ACATs; however, recent studies have
identified a new family of DAG AT enzymes that are unrelated to the
ACAT gene family. Thus, nomenclature now distinguishes between the
DAG AT enzymes that are related to the ACAT gene family (DGAT1
family) versus those that are unrelated (DGAT2 family) (Lardizabal
et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276(42):38862-38869 (2001)). Members of the
DGAT2 family have been identified in all major phyla of eukaryotes
(fungi, plants, animals and basal eukaryotes).
[0283] Even more recently, Dahlqvist et al. (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
(USA) 97:6487-6492 (2000)) and Oelkers et al. (J. Biol. Chem.
275:15609-15612 (2000)) discovered that TAG synthesis can also
occur in the absence of acyl-CoA, via an acyl-CoA-independent
mechanism. Specifically, PDAT removes an acyl group from the sn-2
position of a phosphotidylcholine substrate for transfer to DAG to
produce TAG. This enzyme is structurally related to the LCAT
family; and although the function of PDAT is not as well
characterized as DGAT2, PDAT has been postulated to play a major
role in removing "unusual" fatty acids from phospholipids in some
oilseed plants (Banas, A. et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans.
28(6):703-705 (2000)).
[0284] With respect to TAG synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
three pathways have been described (Sandager, L. et al., J. Biol.
Chem. 277(8):6478-6482 (2002)). First, TAGs are mainly synthesized
from DAG and acyl-CoAs by the activity of DGAT2 (encoded by the
DGA1 gene). More recently, however, a PDAT (encoded by the LRO1
gene) has also been identified. Finally, two
acyl-CoA:sterol-acyltransferases (encoded by the ARE1 and ARE2
genes) are known that utilize acyl-CoAs and sterols to produce
sterol esters (and TAGs in low quantities; see Sandager et al.,
Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28(6):700-702 (2000)). Together, PDAT and
DGAT2 are responsible for approximately 95% of oil biosynthesis in
S. cerevisiae.
[0285] Based on several publicly available sequences encoding
DGAT1s, DGAT2s, PDATs and ARE2s (infra), the Applicants isolated
and characterized the genes encoding DGAT1 (SEQ ID NO:81), DGAT2
(SEQ ID NOs:89, 91 and 93 [wherein SEQ ID NO:89 contains at least
two additional nested ORFs as provided in SEQ ID NOs:91 and 93; the
ORF encoded by SEQ ID NO:93 has a high degree of similarity to
other known DGAT enzymes and disruption in SEQ ID NO:93 eliminated
DGAT function of the native gene, thereby confirming that the
polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:94 has DGAT functionality]), PDAT (SEQ ID
NO:76) and ARE2 (SEQ ID NO:78) in Yarrowia lipolytica. In contrast
to the model developed in S. cerevisiae, wherein PDAT and DGAT2 are
responsible for approximately 95% of oil biosynthesis, however, it
was discovered that the PDAT, DGAT2 and DGAT1 of Yarrowia
lipolytica are responsible for up to 95% of oil biosynthesis (while
ARE2 may additionally be a minor contributor to oil
biosynthesis).
[0286] The final acyltransferase enzyme whose function could be
important in the accumulation of ARA in the TAG fraction of
Yarrowia lipolytica is LPCAT. As shown in FIG. 3, this enzyme (EC
2.3.1.23) is hypothesized to be responsible for two-way acyl
exchange at the sn-2 position of sn-phosphatidylcholine to enhance
.omega.-6 and .omega.-3 PUFA biosynthesis. This hypothesis is based
on the following studies: (1) Stymne S, and A. K. Stobart (Biochem
J. 223(2):305-14 (1984)), who hypothesized that LPCAT affected
exchange between the acyl-CoA pool and phosphatidylcholine (PC)
pool; (2) Domergue, F. et al. (J. Bio. Chem. 278:35115 (2003)), who
suggested that accumulation of GLA at the sn-2 position of PC and
the inability to efficiently synthesize ARA in yeast was a result
of the elongation step involved in PUFA biosynthesis occurring
within the acyl-CoA pool, while .DELTA.5 and .DELTA.6 desaturation
steps occurred predominantly at the sn-2 position of PC; (3)
Abbadi, A. et al. (The Plant Cell, 16:2734-2748 (2004)), who
suggested that LPCAT plays a criticial role in the successful
reconstitution of a .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway,
based on analysis on the constraints of PUFA accumulation in
transgenic oilseed plants; and, (4) WO 2004/076617 A2 (Renz, A. et
al.), who provided a gene encoding LPCAT from Caenorhabditis
elegans (T06E8.1) that substantially improved the efficiency of
elongation in a genetically introduced .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6
elongase pathway in S. cerevisiae. The inventors concluded that
LPCAT allowed efficient and continuous exchange of the newly
synthesized fatty acids between phospholipids and the acyl-CoA
pool, since desaturases catalyze the introduction of double bonds
in lipid-coupled fatty acids (sn-2 acyl PC) while elongases
exclusively catalyze the elongation of CoA esterified fatty acids
(acyl-CoAs).
[0287] Selection of Heterologous Acyltransferase Genes for ARA
Synthesis
[0288] Since naturally produced PUFAs in Yarrowia lipolytica are
limited to 18:2 fatty acids (and less commonly, 18:3 fatty acids),
it would be likely that the host organism's native genes encoding
GPAT, LPAAT (i.e., LPAAT1 or LPAAT2), DGAT1, DGAT2, PDAT and LPCAT
could have difficulty efficiently synthesizing TAGs comprising
fatty acids that were 18:3 and greater in length (e.g., ARA). Thus,
in some cases, a heterologous (or "foreign") acyltransferase could
be preferred over a native enzyme.
[0289] Numerous acyltransferase genes have been identified in
various organisms and disclosed in the public and patent
literature. For instance, the following GenBank Accession Numbers
refer to examples of publicly available acyltransferase genes
useful in lipid biosynthesis: CQ891256, AY441057, AY360170,
AY318749, AY093169, AJ422054, AJ311354, AF251795, Y00771, M77003
(GPATs); Q93841, Q22267, Q99943, O15120, Q9NRz7, Q9NRz5, Q9NUQ2,
O35083, Q9D1E8, Q924S1, Q59188, Q42670, P26647, P44848, Q9ZJN8,
O25903 Q42868, Q42870, P26974, P33333, Q9XFW4, CQ891252, CQ891250,
CQ891260, CQ891258, CQ891248, CQ891245, CQ891241, CQ891238,
CQ891254, CQ891235 (LPAATs); AY445635, BC003717, NM.sub.--010046,
NM.sub.--053437, NM.sub.--174693, AY116586, AY327327, AY327326,
AF298815 and AF164434 (DGAT1s); and NC.sub.--001147 [locus
NP.sub.--014888], NM.sub.--012079, NM.sub.--127503, AF051849,
AJ238008, NM.sub.--026384, NM.sub.--010046, AB057816, AY093657,
AB062762, AF221132, AF391089, AF391090, AF129003, AF251794 and
AF164434 (DGAT2s); P40345, O94680, NP.sub.--596330, NP.sup.--190069
and AB006704 [gi:2351069] (PDATs). Similarly, the patent literature
provides many additional DNA sequences of genes (and/or details
concerning several of the genes above and their methods of
isolation) involved in TAG production [e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
5,210,189, WO 2003/025165 (GPATs); EP1144649A2, EP1131438, U.S.
Pat. No. 5,968,791, U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,568, WO 2000/049156 and WO
2004/087902 (LPAATs); U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,077, U.S. Pat. No.
6,552,250, U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,548, US 2004/0088759A1 and US
20040078836A1 (DGAT1s); US 2003/124126, WO 2001/034814, US
2003/115632, US 2003/0028923 and US 2004/0107459 (DGAT2s); WO
2000/060095 (PDATs); and WO 2004/076617 A2 (LPCATs).
[0290] It is contemplated that the examples above are not intended
to be limiting and numerous other genes encoding DGAT1, DGAT2,
PDAT, GPAT, LPCAT and LPAAT derived from different sources would be
suitable for introduction into Yarrowia lipolytica. For example,
the Applicants have identified novel DGAT1s from Mortierella alpina
(SEQ ID NOs:83 and 84), Neurospora crassa (SEQ ID NO:85),
Gibberella zeae PH-1 (SEQ ID NO:86), Magnaporthe grisea (SEQ ID
NO:87) and Aspergillus nidulans (SEQ ID NO:88); and, a novel DGAT2
(SEQ ID NOs:95 and 96), GPAT (SEQ ID NOs:97 and 98), LPAAT1 (SEQ ID
NOs:67 and 68) and LPAAT2 (SEQ ID NOs:69 and 70) from Mortierella
alpina.
[0291] Preferred Acyltransferase Genes for ARA Synthesis
[0292] Despite the wide selection of acyltransferases that could be
suitable for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica, however, in
preferred embodiments of the present invention the DGAT1, DGAT2,
PDAT, GPAT, LPAAT and LPCAT are selected from organisms producing
significant amounts of longer chain .omega.-6 (e.g., ARA) and/or
.omega.-3 (e.g., EPA, DHA) PUFAs. Thus, the following enzymes are
especially preferred (or derivatives thereof:
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 8 Preferred Heterologous Acyltransferases For
Expression In A High ARA-Producing Strain Of Yarrowia lipolytica
SEQ ID ORF Organism Reference NOs DGAT1 Mortierella Co-pending U.S.
Patent 83, 84 alpina Application Number 11/024544 DGAT2 Mortierella
Co-pending U.S. Patent 95, 96 alpina Application Number 11/024545
GPAT Mortierella -- 97, 98 alpina LPAAT1 Mortierella -- 67, 68
alpina LPAAT2 Mortierella Co-pending U.S. Patent 69, 70 alpina
Application Number-60/689031 LPCAT Caenorhabditis Clone T06E8.1; 80
elegans WO 2004/076617 A2
[0293] Although not intended to be limiting in the invention
herein, M. alpina was selected as a preferred source of
heterologous acyltransferases since the native organism is capable
of synthesizing ARA at concentrations greater than 50% of the total
fatty acids (TFAs). In similar manner, C. elegans can produce up to
20-30% of its TFAs as EPA.
[0294] Of course, in alternate embodiments of the present
invention, other DNAs which are substantially identical to the
acyltransferases encoded by SEQ ID NOs:67, 68, 69, 70, 80, 83, 84,
95, 96, 97 and 98 also can be used for heterologous expression in
Yarrowia lipolytica to facilitate the production and accumulation
of ARA in the TAG fraction. In more preferred embodiments,
codon-optimized genes encoding acyltransferases that are
substantially identical to those described in SEQ ID NOs: 67-70,
80, 83, 84 and 95-98 are utilized.
General Expression Systems, Cassettes, Vectors and Transformation
for Expression of Foreign Genes
[0295] Microbial expression systems and expression vectors
containing regulatory sequences that direct high-level expression
of foreign proteins such as those leading to the high-level
production of ARA are well known to those skilled in the art. Any
of these could be used to construct chimeric genes encoding the
preferred desaturases, elongases and acyltransferases. These
chimeric genes could then be introduced into Yarrowia lipolytica
using standard methods of transformation to provide high-level
expression of the encoded enzymes.
[0296] Vectors or DNA cassettes useful for the transformation of
host cells are well known in the art. The specific choice of
sequences present in the construct is dependent upon the desired
expression products, the nature of the host cell, and the proposed
means of separating transformed cells versus non-transformed cells.
Typically, however, the vector or cassette contains sequences
directing transcription and translation of the relevant gene(s), a
selectable marker and sequences allowing autonomous replication or
chromosomal integration. Suitable vectors comprise a region 5' of
the gene that controls transcriptional initiation (e.g., a
promoter) and a region 3' of the DNA fragment that controls
transcriptional termination (i.e., a terminator). It is most
preferred when both control regions are derived from genes from the
transformed host cell, although it is to be understood that such
control regions need not be derived from the genes native to the
specific species chosen as a production host.
[0297] Where two or more genes are expressed from separate
replicating vectors, it is desirable that each vector has a
different means of selection and should lack homology to the other
constructs to maintain stable expression and prevent reassortment
of elements among constructs. Judicious choice of regulatory
regions, selection means and method of propagation of the
introduced construct can be experimentally determined so that all
introduced genes are expressed at the necessary levels to provide
for synthesis of the desired products.
[0298] Constructs comprising the gene(s) of interest may be
introduced into a host cell by any standard technique. These
techniques include transformation (e.g., lithium acetate
transformation [Methods in Enzymology, 194:186-187 (1991)]),
protoplast fusion, bolistic impact, electroporation,
microinjection, or any other method that introduces the gene(s) of
interest into the host cell. More specific teachings applicable for
Yarrowia lipolytica include U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,741 and No.
5,071,764 and Chen, D. C. et al. (Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.
48(2):232-235 (1997)).
[0299] For convenience, a host cell that has been manipulated by
any method to take up a DNA sequence (e.g., an expression cassette)
will be referred to as "transformed" or "recombinant" herein. The
transformed host will have at least one copy of the expression
construct and may have two or more, depending upon whether the gene
is integrated into the genome, amplified, or is present on an
extrachromosomal element having multiple copy numbers. The
transformed host cell can be identified by various selection
techniques, as described in WO 2004/101757 and WO 2005/003310.
[0300] Preferred selection methods for use herein are resistance to
kanamycin, hygromycin and the amino glycoside G418, as well as
ability to grow on media lacking uracil, leucine, lysine,
tryptophan or histidine. In alternate embodiments, 5-fluoroorotic
acid (5-fluorouracil-6-carboxylic acid monohydrate; "5-FOA") is
used for selection of yeast Ura.sup.- mutants. The compound is
toxic to yeast cells that possess a functioning URA3 gene encoding
orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMP decarboxylase); thus,
based on this toxicity, 5-FOA is especially useful for the
selection and identification of Ura.sup.- mutant yeast strains
(Bartel, P. L. and Fields, S., Yeast 2-Hybrid System, Oxford
University: New York, v. 7, pp 109-147, 1997).
[0301] An alternate preferred selection method utilized herein
relies on a dominant, non antibiotic marker for Yarrowia lipolytica
based on sulfonylurea resistance. The technique is also generally
applicable to other industrial yeast strains that may be haploid,
diploid, aneuploid or heterozygous. It is expected to overcome two
main limitations to the development of genetic transformation
systems for industrial yeast strains, wherein: (1) there are almost
no naturally auxotrophic strains, and the isolation of spontaneous
or induced auxotrophic mutants is hindered by the ploidy of the
strains; and, (2) the use of antibiotic resistance markers may
limit the commercial application of strains due to restrictions on
the release of genetically modified organisms carrying antibiotic
resistance genes. Although Puig et al. (J. Agric. Food Chem.
46:1689-1693 (1998)) developed a method to overcome these
limitations based on the genetic engineering of a target strain in
order to make it auxotrophic for uridine and the subsequent use of
the URA3 marker in order to introduce traits of interest, this
strategy was deemed too laborious for routine work.
[0302] The new sulfonylurea resistance selection marker disclosed
herein for transforming Yarrowia lipolytica does not rely on a
foreign gene but on a mutant native gene. Thus, it neither requires
auxotrophy nor results in auxotrophy and allows transformation of
wild type strains. More specifically, the marker gene (SEQ ID
NO:280) is a native acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS or acetolactate
synthase; E.C. 4.1.3.18) that has a single amino acid change
(W497L) that confers sulfonyl urea herbicide resistance. AHAS is
the first common enzyme in the pathway for the biosynthesis of
branched-chain amino acids and it is the target of the sulfonylurea
and imidazolinone herbicides. W497L mutation, based on work in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Falco, S. C., et al., Dev. Ind.
Microbiol. 30:187-194 (1989); Duggleby, R. G., et. al. Eur. J.
Biochem. 270:2895 (2003)) is known. Initial testing determined that
Yarrowia cells were not naturally resistant to the herbicide as a
result of: 1.) poor or no uptake of the herbicide; 2.) the presence
of a native herbicide-resistant form of AHAS; and/or 3.) use of a
herbicide-inactivating mechanism. This enabled synthesis and use of
the mutant AHAS gene (SEQ ID NO:280) as a means for selection of
transformants.
[0303] An additional method for recycling a selection marker relies
on site-specific recombinase systems. Briefly, the site-specific
recombination system consists of two elements: (1) a recombination
site having a characteristic DNA sequence [e.g., LoxP]; and (2) a
recombinase enzyme that binds to the DNA sequence specifically and
catalyzes recombination (i.e., excision) between DNA sequences when
two or more of the recombination sites are oriented in the same
direction at a given interval on the same DNA molecule [e.g., Cre].
This methodology has utility as a means of selection, since it is
possible to "recycle" a pair of preferred selection markers for
their use in multiple sequential transformations.
[0304] More specifically, an integration construct is created
comprising a target gene that is desirable to insert into the host
genome (e.g., a desaturase, elongase, acyltransferase), as well as
a first selection marker (e.g., Ura3, hygromycin phosphotransferase
[HPT]) that is flanked by recombination sites. Following
transformation and selection of the transformants, the first
selection marker is excised from the chromosome by the introduction
of a replicating plasmid carrying a second selection marker (e.g.,
sulfonylurea resistance [AHAS]) and a recombinase suitable to
recognize the site-specific recombination sites introduced into the
genome. Upon selection of those transformants carrying the second
marker and confirmation of excision of the first selection marker
from the host genome, the replicating plasmid is then cured from
the host in the absence of selection. This produces a transformant
that possesses neither the first nor second selection marker, and
thus the cured strain is available for another round of
transformation. One skilled in the art will recognize that the
methodology is not limited to the particular selection markers or
site-specific recombination system described above.
Overexpression of Foreign Genes in Yarrowia lipolytica
[0305] As is well known to one of skill in the art, merely
inserting a gene (e.g., a desaturase) into a cloning vector does
not ensure that it will be successfully expressed at the level
needed. It may be desirable to manipulate a number of different
genetic elements that control aspects of transcription,
translation, protein stability, oxygen limitation and secretion
from the host cell. More specifically, gene expression may be
controlled by altering the following: the nature of the relevant
transcriptional promoter and terminator sequences; the number of
copies of the cloned gene; whether the gene is plasmid-borne or
integrated into the genome of the host cell; the final cellular
location of the synthesized foreign protein; the efficiency of
translation in the host organism; the intrinsic stability of the
cloned gene protein within the host cell; and the codon usage
within the cloned gene, such that its frequency approaches the
frequency of preferred codon usage of the host cell. Several of
these methods of overexpression will be discussed below, and are
useful in the present invention as a means to overexpress e.g.,
desaturases, elongases and acyltransferases in Yarrowia
lipolytica.
[0306] Expression of the desired gene(s) can be increased at the
transcriptional level through the use of a stronger promoter
(either regulated or constitutive) to cause increased expression,
by removing/deleting destabilizing sequences from either the mRNA
or the encoded protein, or by adding stabilizing sequences to the
mRNA (U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,141).
[0307] Initiation control regions or promoters which are useful to
drive expression of desaturase, elongase and acyltransferase genes
in the desired host cell are numerous and familiar to those skilled
in the art. Virtually any promoter capable of directing expression
of these genes in Yarrowia lipolytica is suitable for the present
invention. Expression in the host cell can be accomplished in a
transient or stable fashion. Transient expression can be
accomplished by inducing the activity of a regulatable promoter
operably linked to the gene of interest; alternatively, stable
expression can be achieved by the use of a constitutive promoter
operably linked to the gene of interest. As an example, when the
host cell is yeast, transcriptional and translational regions
functional in yeast cells are provided, particularly from the host
species. The transcriptional initiation regulatory regions can be
obtained, for example, from: 1.) genes in the glycolytic pathway,
such as alcohol dehydrogenase,
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate mutase,
fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, phosphoglucose-isomerase,
phosphoglycerate kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase,
etc.; or 2.) regulatable genes, such as acid phosphatase, lactase,
metallothionein, glucoamylase, the translation elongation factor
EF1-.alpha. (TEF) protein (U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,185), ribosomal
protein S7 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,185), ammonium transporter
proteins, export proteins, etc. Any one of a number of regulatory
sequences can be used, depending upon whether constitutive or
induced transcription is desired, the efficiency of the promoter in
expressing the ORF of interest, the ease of construction and the
like. The examples provided above are not intended to be limiting
in the invention herein.
[0308] As one of skill in the art is aware, a variety of methods
are available to compare the activity of various promoters. This
type of comparison is useful to facilitate a determination of each
promoter's strength for use in future applications wherein a suite
of promoters would be necessary to construct chimeric genes useful
for the production of .omega.-6 and .omega.-3 fatty acids. Thus, it
may be useful to indirectly quantitate promoter activity based on
reporter gene expression (i.e., the E. coli gene encoding
.beta.-glucuronidase (GUS)). In alternate embodiments, it may
sometimes be useful to quantify promoter activity using more
quantitative means. One suitable method is the use of real-time PCR
(for a general review of real-time PCR applications, see Ginzinger,
D. J., Experimental Hematology, 30:503-512 (2002)). Real-time PCR
is based on the detection and quantitation of a fluorescent
reporter. This signal increases in direct proportion to the amount
of PCR product in a reaction. By recording the amount of
fluorescence emission at each cycle, it is possible to monitor the
PCR reaction during exponential phase where the first significant
increase in the amount of PCR product correlates to the initial
amount of target template. There are two general methods for the
quantitative detection of the amplicon: (1) use of fluorescent
probes; or (2) use of DNA-binding agents (e.g., SYBR-green I,
ethidium bromide). For relative gene expression comparisons, it is
necessary to use an endogenous control as an internal reference
(e.g., a chromosomally encoded 16S rRNA gene), thereby allowing one
to normalize for differences in the amount of total DNA added to
each real-time PCR reaction. Specific methods for real-time PCR are
well documented in the art. See, for example, the Real Time PCR
Special Issue (Methods, 25(4):383-481 (2001)).
[0309] Following a real-time PCR reaction, the recorded
fluorescence intensity is used to quantitate the amount of template
by use of: 1.) an absolute standard method (wherein a known amount
of standard such as in vitro translated RNA (cRNA) is used); 2.) a
relative standard method (wherein known amounts of the target
nucleic acid are included in the assay design in each run); or 3.)
a comparative C.sub.T method (.DELTA..DELTA.C.sub.T) for relative
quantitation of gene expression (wherein the relative amount of the
target sequence is compared to any of the reference values chosen
and the result is given as relative to the reference value). The
comparative C.sub.T method requires one to first determine the
difference (.DELTA.C.sub.T) between the C.sub.T values of the
target and the normalizer, wherein: .DELTA.C.sub.T=C.sub.T
(target)-C.sub.T (normalizer). This value is calculated for each
sample to be quantitated and one sample must be selected as the
reference against which each comparison is made. The comparative
.DELTA..DELTA.C.sub.T calculation involves finding the difference
between each sample's .DELTA.C.sub.T and the baseline's
.DELTA.C.sub.T, and then transforming these values into absolute
values according to the formula 2.sup.-.DELTA..DELTA.CT.
[0310] Despite the wide selection of promoters that could be
suitable for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica, however, in
preferred embodiments of the present invention the promoters are
selected from those shown below in Table 9 (or derivatives
thereof).
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 9 Native Promoters Preferred For
Overexpression In Yarrowia lipolytica SEQ Promoter Activity ID Name
Location* Native Gene "Rank" Reference NO TEF -- translation 1 U.S.
Pat. No. 6,265,185 166 elongation factor (Muller et al.);
EF1-.alpha. GenBank Accession No. AF054508 GPD -968 bp to +3 bp
glyceraldehyde-3- 2 WO 2005/003310 158 phosphate- dehydrogenase GPM
-875 bp to +3 bp phospho- 1 WO 2005/003310 160 glycerate mutase FBA
-1001 bp to fructose- 4 WO 2005/049805 161 -1 bp bisphosphate
aldolase FBAIN -804 bp to fructose- 7 WO 2005/049805 162 +169 bp
bisphosphate (including a aldolase 102 bp intron [+64 to +165])
FBAINm -804 bp to fructose- 5 WO 2005/049805 163 +169 bp with
bisphosphate modification*** aldolase GPDIN -973 bp to
glyceraldehyde-3- 3 Co-pending U.S. 159 +201 bp phosphate- Patent
Application (including a dehydrogenase No. 11/183664 146 bp intron
[+49 to +194]) GPAT -1130 to +3 bp glycerol-3- 5 Co-pending U.S.
164 phosphate O- Patent Application acyltransferase No. 11/225354
YAT1 -778 to -1 bp ammonium 6 Co-pending U.S. 165 transporter
Patent Application enzyme No. 11/185301 EXP1 -1000 to -1 bp export
protein 6 -- 364 *Location is with respect to the native gene,
wherein the `A` position of the `ATG` translation initiation codon
is designated as +1. ***The FBAINm promoter is a modified version
of the FBAIN promoter, wherein FBAINm has a 52 bp deletion between
the ATG translation initiation codon and the intron of the FBAIN
promoter (thereby including only 22 amino acids of the N-terminus)
and a new translation consensus motif after the intron.
Furthermore, while the FBAIN promoter generates a fusion protein
when fused with the coding region of a gene to be expressed, the
FBAINm promoter does not generate such a fusion protein.
[0311] The activity of GPM is about the same as TEF, while the
activity of GPD, FBA, FBAIN, FBAINm, GPDIN, GPAT, YAT1 and EXP1 are
all greater than TEF (activity is quantified in a relative manner
in the column titled "Activity Rank", wherein a `1` corresponds to
the promoter with lowest activity, while a `7` corresponds to the
promoter with highest activity). This quantitation is based on
comparative studies wherein each promoter was used for creation of
a chimeric gene possessing the E. coli gene encoding
.beta.-glucuronidase (GUS) as a reporter (Jefferson, R. A. Nature.
14; 342:837-838 (1989)) and a .about.100 bp of the 3' region of the
Yarrowia Xpr gene. GUS activity in each expressed construct was
measured by histochemical and/or fluorometric assays (Jefferson, R.
A. Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter 5:387-405 (1987)) and/or by use of
Real Time PCR.
[0312] The YAT1 promoter is unique in that it is characterized by
the Applicants as the first promoter identified within Yarrowia
that is inducible under oleaginous conditions (i.e., nitrogen
limitation). Specifically, although the YAT1 promoter is active in
media containing nitrogen (e.g., up to about 0.5% ammonium
sulfate), the activity of the promoter increases when the host cell
is grown in nitrogen-limiting conditions (e.g., in medium
containing very low levels of ammonium, or lacking ammonium). Thus,
a preferred medium would be one that contains less than about 0.1%
ammonium sulfate, or other suitable ammonium salts. In a more
preferred embodiment, the YAT1 promoter is induced when the host
cell is grown in media with a high carbon to nitrogen (i.e., C:N)
ratio, such as a high glucose medium (HGM) containing about 8-12%
glucose, and about 0.1% or less ammonium sulfate. These conditions
are also sufficient to induce oleaginy in those yeast that are
oleaginous (e.g., Yarrowia lipolytica). Based on GUS activity of
cell extracts, the activity of the YAT1 promoter increased by
.about.37 fold when cells were switched from a minimal medium into
HGM and grown for 24 hrs; after 120 hrs in HGM, the activity was
reduced somewhat but was still 25.times. higher than the activity
in minimal medium comprising nitrogen (Example 1).
[0313] Of course, in alternate embodiments of the present
invention, other promoters which are derived from any of the
promoter regions described above in Table 9 also can be used for
heterologous expression in Yarrowia lipolytica to facilitate the
production and accumulation of ARA in the TAG fraction. In
particular, modification of the lengths of any of the promoters
described above can result in a mutant promoter having identical
activity, since the exact boundaries of these regulatory sequences
have not been completely defined. In alternate embodiments, the
enhancers located within the introns of the FBAIN and GPDIN
promoters can be used to create a chimeric promoter having
increased activity relative to the native Yarrowia promoter (e.g.,
chimeric GPM::FBAIN and GPM::GPDIN promoters (SEQ ID NOs:167 and
168) had increased activity relative to the GPM promoter alone,
when driving expression of the GUS reporter gene in conjunction
with a .about.100 bp of the 3' region of the Yarrowia Xpr
gene)).
[0314] The termination region can be derived from the 3' region of
the gene from which the initiation region was obtained or from a
different gene. A large number of termination regions are known and
function satisfactorily in a variety of hosts (when utilized both
in the same and different genera and species from where they were
derived). The termination region usually is selected more as a
matter of convenience rather than because of any particular
property. Preferably, the termination region is derived from a
yeast gene, particularly Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces,
Candida, Yarrowia or Kluyveromyces. The 3'-regions of mammalian
genes encoding .gamma.-interferon and .alpha.-2 interferon are also
known to function in yeast. Termination control regions may also be
derived from various genes native to the preferred hosts.
Optionally, a termination site may be unnecessary; however, it is
most-preferred if included. Although not intended to be limiting,
termination regions useful in the disclosure herein include:
.about.100 bp of the 3' region of the Yarrowia lipolytica
extracellular protease (XPR; GenBank Accession No. M17741); the
acyl-coA oxidase (Aco3: GenBank Accession No. AJ001301 and No.
CAA04661; Pox3: GenBank Accession No. XP.sub.--503244) terminators;
the Pex20 (GenBank Accession No. AF054613) terminator; the Pex16
(GenBank Accession No. U75433) terminator; the Lip1 (GenBank
Accession No. Z50020) terminator; the Lip2 (GenBank Accession No.
AJ012632) terminator; and the 3-oxoacyl-coA thiolase (OCT; GenBank
Accession No. X69988) terminator.
[0315] Additional copies (i.e., more than one copy) of the
desaturase, elongase and/or acyltransferase genes described above
may be introduced into Yarrowia lipolytica to thereby increase ARA
production and accumulation. Specifically, additional copies of
genes may be cloned within a single expression construct; and/or,
additional copies of the cloned gene(s) may be introduced into the
host cell by increasing the plasmid copy number or by multiple
integration of the cloned gene into the genome (infra). For
example, in one embodiment, a strain of Yarrowia lipolytica (i.e.,
strain Y2214) was engineered to produce greater than 14% ARA by the
introduction and integration into the Yarrowia genome of chimeric
genes comprising: 5 copies of a .DELTA.9 elongase, 3 copies of a
.DELTA.8 desaturase, 4 copies of a .DELTA.5 desaturase, 1 copy of a
.DELTA.12 desaturase and 1 copy of a C.sub.16/18 elongase.
Similarly, in an alternate embodiment, strain Y2047 of Y.
lipolytica was engineered to produce greater than 11% ARA by the
introduction and integration into the Yarrowia genome of chimeric
genes comprising: 1 copy of a .DELTA.6 desaturase, 2 copies of a
C.sub.18/20 elongase, 3 copies of a .DELTA.5 desaturase and 1 copy
of a .DELTA.12 desaturase.
[0316] In general, once the DNA that is suitable for expression in
an oleaginous yeast has been obtained (e.g., a chimeric gene
comprising a promoter, ORF and terminator), it is placed in a
plasmid vector capable of autonomous replication in a host cell;
or, it is directly integrated into the genome of the host cell.
Integration of expression cassettes can occur randomly within the
host genome or can be targeted through the use of constructs
containing regions of homology with the host genome sufficient to
target recombination with the host locus. Although not relied on in
the present invention, all or some of the transcriptional and
translational regulatory regions can be provided by the endogenous
locus where constructs are targeted to an endogenous locus.
[0317] In the present invention, the preferred method of expressing
genes in Yarrowia lipolytica is by integration of linear DNA into
the genome of the host; and, integration into multiple locations
within the genome can be particularly useful when high level
expression of genes are desired. Toward this end, it is desirable
to identify a sequence within the genome that is present in
multiple copies.
[0318] Schmid-Berger et al. (J. Bact., 176(9):2477-2482 (1994))
discovered the first retrotransposon-like element Ylt1 in Yarrowia
lipolytica. This retrotransposon is characterized by the presence
of long terminal repeats (LTRs; each approximately 700 bp in
length) called zeta regions. Ylt1 and solo zeta elements were
present in a dispersed manner within the genome in at least 35
copies/genome and 50-60 copies/genome, respectively; both elements
were determined to function as sites of homologous recombination.
Further, work by Juretzek et al. (Yeast 18:97-113 (2001))
demonstrated that gene expression could be dramatically increased
by targeting plasmids into the repetitive regions of the yeast
genome (using linear DNA with LTR zeta regions at both ends), as
compared to the expression obtained using low-copy plasmid
transformants. Thus, zeta-directed integration can be ideal as a
means to ensure multiple integration of plasmid DNA into Y.
lipolytica, thereby permitting high-level gene expression.
Unfortunately, however, not all strains of Y. lipolytica possess
zeta regions (e.g., the strain identified as ATCC #20362). When the
strain lacks such regions, it is also possible to integrate plasmid
DNA comprising expression cassettes into alternate loci to reach
the desired copy number for the expression cassette. For example,
preferred alternate loci include: the Lys5 gene locus (GenBank
Accession No. M34929), the Ura3 locus (GenBank Accession No.
AJ306421), the Leu2 gene locus (GenBank Accession No. AF260230),
the Aco2 gene locus (GenBank Accession No. AJ001300), the Pox3 gene
locus (Pox3: GenBank Accession No. XP.sub.--503244; or, Aco3:
GenBank Accession No. AJ001301), the .DELTA.12 desaturase gene
locus (SEQ ID NO:23), the Lip1 gene locus (GenBank Accession No.
Z50020) and/or the Lip2 gene locus (GenBank Accession No.
AJ012632).
[0319] Advantageously, the Ura3 gene can be used repeatedly in
combination with 5-FOA selection (supra). More specifically, one
can first knockout the native Ura3 gene to produce a strain having
a Ura- phenotype, wherein selection occurs based on 5-FOA
resistance. Then, a cluster of multiple chimeric genes and a new
Ura3 gene could be integrated into a different locus of the
Yarrowia genome to thereby produce a new strain having a Ura+
phenotype. Subsequent integration would produce a new Ura3- strain
(again identified using 5-FOA selection), when the introduced Ura3
gene is knocked out. Thus, the Ura3 gene (in combination with 5-FOA
selection) can be used as a selection marker in multiple rounds of
transformation and thereby readily permit genetic modifications to
be integrated into the Yarrowia genome in a facile manner.
[0320] For some applications, it will be useful to direct the
instant proteins to different cellular compartments (e.g., the
acyl-CoA pool versus the phosphatidylcholine pool). For the
purposes described herein, ARA may be found as free fatty acids or
in esterified forms such as acylglycerols, phospholipids,
sulfolipids or glycolipids. It is envisioned that the chimeric
genes described above encoding polypeptides that permit ARA
biosynthesis may be further engineered to include appropriate
intracellular targeting sequences.
[0321] Juretzek et al. (Yeast, 18:97-113 (2001)) note that the
stability of integrated plasmid copy number in Yarrowia lipolytica
is dependent on the individual transformants, the recipient strain
and the targeting platform used. Thus, the skilled artisan will
recognize that multiple transformants must be screened in order to
obtain a strain displaying the desired expression level and
pattern. Such screening may be accomplished by Southern analysis of
DNA blots (Southern, J. Mol. Biol. 98:503 (1975)), Northern
analysis of mRNA expression (Kroczek, J. Chromatogr. Biomed. Appl.,
618(1-2):133-145 (1993)), Western analysis of protein expression,
phenotypic analysis or GC analysis of the PUFA products.
[0322] In summary, each of the means described above is useful to
increase the expression of a particular gene product (e.g., a
desaturase, elongase, acyltransferase) in Yarrowia lipolytica; and,
one skilled in the art of biotechnology will readily be capable of
selecting the most appropriate combinations of methods to enable
high production of ARA.
Pathway Engineering for Increased ARA Production
[0323] Although the methodology described above is useful to
up-regulate the expression of individual heterologous genes, the
challenge of increasing ARA production in Yarrowia lipolytica is
much more complex and may require coordinated manipulation of
various metabolic pathways. Manipulations in the PUFA biosynthetic
pathway will be addressed first, followed by desirable
manipulations in the TAG biosynthetic pathway and the TAG
degradation pathway.
[0324] As previously described, the construction of a Yarrowia
lipolytica strain producing greater than 5% ARA in the total oil
fraction, or more preferably greater than 10% ARA in the total oil
fraction, or even more preferably greater than 15-20% ARA in the
total oil fraction, or most preferably greater than 25-30% ARA in
the total oil fraction requires at least the following genes for
expression of the .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway: a
.DELTA.6 desaturase, a C.sub.18/20 elongase and a .DELTA.5
desaturase; or, at least the following genes for expression of the
.DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway: a .DELTA.9 elongase,
a .DELTA.8 desaturase and a .DELTA.5 desaturase. In either
embodiment, however, it may be desirable to additionally include a
.DELTA.9 desaturase, a .DELTA.12 desaturase, a C.sub.14/16 elongase
and/or a C.sub.16/18 elongase in the host strain.
[0325] In some cases, it may prove advantageous to replace the
native Yarrowia lipolytica .DELTA.12 desaturase with the Fusarium
moniliforme .DELTA.12 desaturase, since the latter shows increased
percent substrate conversion (WO 2005/047485). More specifically,
although both .DELTA.12 desaturases catalyze the conversion of
oleic acid to LA, the two enzymes differ in their overall
specificity (which thereby affects each enzyme's percent substrate
conversion). The Applicants have determined that the F. moniliforme
.DELTA.12 desaturase has a higher loading capacity of LA onto the
sn-2 position of a phosphotidylcholine substrate (thereby
facilitating the subsequent reaction by .DELTA.6 desaturase) than
the Y. lipolytica .DELTA.12 desaturase. On this basis,
overexpression of the F. moniliforme .DELTA.12 desaturase in
conjunction with a knockout of the Y. lipolytica .DELTA.12
desaturase may result in increased product for subsequent
conversion to ARA.
[0326] In some embodiments, it may be useful to regulate the
activity of a host organism's native DAG ATs to thereby enable
manipulation of the percent of PUFAs within the lipids and oils of
the Y. lipolytica host. Specifically, since oil biosynthesis is
expected to compete with polyunsaturation during oleaginy, it is
possible to reduce or inactivate the activity of an organism's one
or more acyltransferases (e.g., PDAT and/or DGAT1 and/or DGAT2), to
thereby reduce the overall rate of oil biosynthesis while
concomitantly increasing the percent of PUFAs (relative to the
total fatty acids) that are incorporated into the lipid and oil
fractions. This results since polyunsaturation is permitted to
occur more efficiently; or, in other words, by down-regulating the
activity of specific DAG ATs, the substrate competition between oil
biosynthesis and polyunsaturation is reduced in favor of
polyunsaturation during oleaginy.
[0327] One skilled in the art will have the skills necessary to
elucidate the optimum level of down-regulation and the means
required to achieve such inhibition. For example, in some preferred
embodiments, it may be desirable to manipulate the activity of a
single DAG AT (e.g., create a DGAT1 knockout, while the activity of
PDAT and DGAT2 are not altered). In alternate embodiments, the
oleaginous organism comprises at total of "n" native DAG ATs and
the activity of a total of "n-1" acyltransferases are modified to
result in a reduced rate of oil biosynthesis, while the remaining
acyltransferase retains its wildtype activity. And, in some
situations, it may be desirable to manipulate the activity of all
of the native DAG ATs in some preferred oleaginous organisms, to
achieve the optimum rate of oil biosynthesis with respect to the
rate of polyunsaturation.
[0328] In a similar manner, the Applicants hypothesize that
expression of heterologous acyltransferases in conjunction with
knockouts of the corresponding native Yarrowia lipolytica
acyltransferase can significantly increase the overall ARA that is
produced in the host cells. Specifically, as suggested previously,
heterologous GPAT, LPAAT, DGAT1, DGAT2, PDAT and LPCAT
acyltransferases that have specificity for those fatty acids that
are C20 and greater could be preferred over the native enzymes,
since naturally produced PUFAs in Y. lipolytica are limited to 18:2
fatty acids and the native enzymes may not efficiently catalyze
reactions with longer-chain fatty acids. Based on this conclusion,
the Applicants identified the genes encoding GPAT, LPAAT, DGAT1 and
DGAT2 in M. alpina and expressed these genes in engineered Yarrowia
hosts producing EPA, resulting in increased PUFA biosynthesis
(Examples 14-17 herein). Subsequently, the activity of several of
the native acyltransferases (e.g., DGAT1 and DGAT2) in Y.
lipolytica were diminished or knocked-out, as a means to reduce
substrate competition between the native and heterologous
acyltransferase. Similar results would be expected in an engineered
Yarrowia host producing ARA.
[0329] One must also consider manipulation of pathways and global
regulators that affect ARA production. For example, it is useful to
increase the flow of carbon into the PUFA biosynthetic pathway by
increasing the availability of the precursors of longer chain
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitate (16:0) and
stearic acid (18:0). The synthesis of the former is dependent on
the activity of a C.sub.14/16 elongase, while the synthesis of the
latter is dependent on the activity of a C.sub.16/18 elongase.
Thus, over-expression of the native Yarrowia lipolytica C.sub.14/16
elongase (SEQ ID NOs:64 and 65) substantially increased the
production of 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids (22% increase relative to
control strains); similarly, over-expression of the native Y.
lipolytica C.sub.16/18 elongase (SEQ ID NOs:61 and 62)
substantially increased the production of 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3
fatty acids (18% increase relative to control strains) and reduced
the accumulation of C.sub.16 fatty acids (22% decrease relative to
control strains). Of course, as demonstrated herein and as
suggested by the work of Inagaki, K. et al. (Biosci. Biotech.
Biochem. 66(3):613-621 (2002)), in some embodiments of the present
invention it may be useful to co-express a heterologous C.sub.16/18
elongase (e.g., from Rattus norvegicus [GenBank Accession No.
AB071986; SEQ ID NOs:50 and 51 herein] and/or from M. alpina [SEQ
ID NO:53 and 54. Thus, although a Y. lipolytica host strain must
minimally be manipulated to express either a .DELTA.6 desaturase, a
C.sub.18/20 elongase and a .DELTA.5 desaturase or a .DELTA.9
elongase, a .DELTA.8 desaturase and a .DELTA.5 desaturase for ARA
biosynthesis, in further preferred embodiments the host strain
additionally includes at least one of the following: a .DELTA.9
desaturase, a .DELTA.12 desaturase, a C.sub.14/16 elongase and/or a
C.sub.16/18 elongase.
[0330] In another preferred embodiment, those pathways that affect
fatty acid degradation and TAG degradation can be modified in the
Yarrowia lipolytica of the present invention, to minimize the
degradation of ARA that accumulates in the cells in either the
acyl-CoA pool or in the TAG fraction. These pathways are
represented by the acyl-CoA oxidase and lipase genes, respectively.
More specifically, the acyl-CoA oxidases (EC 1.3.3.6) catalyze a
peroxisomal .beta.-oxidation reaction wherein each cycle of
degradation yields an acetyl-CoA molecule and a fatty acid that is
two carbon atoms shorter than the fatty acid substrate. Five
acyl-CoA oxidase isozymes are present in Yarrowia lipolytica,
encoded by the POX1, POX2, POX3, POX4 and POX5 genes (also known as
the Aco1, Aco2, Aco3, Aco4 and Aco5 genes), corresponding to
GenBank Accession Nos. AJ001299-AJ001303, respectively (see also
corresponding GenBank Accession Nos. XP.sub.--504703,
XP.sub.--505264, XP.sub.--503244, XP.sub.--504475 and
XP.sub.--502199). Each of the isozymes has a different substrate
specificity; for example, the POX3 gene encodes an acyl-CoA oxidase
that is active against short-chain fatty acids, whereas the POX2
gene encodes an acyl-CoA oxidase that is active against
longer-chain fatty acids (Wang H. J., et al. J. Bacteriol.,
181:5140-5148 (1999)). It is contemplated that the activity of any
one of these genes could be reduced or eliminated, to thereby
modify peroxisomal .beta.-oxidation in the host cell of the
invention in a manner that could be advantageous to the purposes
herein. Finally, to avoid any confusion, the Applicants will refer
to the acyl-CoA oxidases as described above as POX genes, although
this terminology can be used interchangeably with the Aco gene
nomenclature, according to some publicly available literature.
[0331] Similarly, several lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) have been detected
in Y. lipolytica, including intracellular, membrane-bound and
extracellular enzymes (Choupina, A., et al. Curr. Genet. 35:297
(1999); Pignede, G., et al. J. Bacteriol. 182:2802-2810 (2000)).
For example, Lip1 (GenBank Accession No. Z50020) and Lip3 (GenBank
Accession No. AJ249751) are intracellular or membrane bound, while
Lip2 (GenBank Accession No. AJ012632) encodes an extracellular
lipase. Each of these lipases are targets for disruption, since the
enzymes catalyze the reaction wherein TAG and water are degraded
directly to DAG and a fatty acid anion.
[0332] In a further alternate embodiment, the activity of several
phospholipases can be manipulated in the preferred host strain of
Yarrowia lipolytica. Phospholipases play a critical role in the
biosynthesis and degradation of membrane lipids. More specifically,
the term "phospholipase" refers to a heterogeneous group of enzymes
that share the ability to hydrolyze one or more ester linkage in
glycerophospholipids. Although all phospholipases target
phospholipids as substrates, each enzyme has the ability to cleave
a specific ester bond. Thus, phospholipase nomenclature
differentitates individual phospholipases and indicates the
specific bond targeted in the phospholipid molecule. For example,
phospholipase A.sub.1 (PLA.sub.1) hydrolyzes the fatty acyl ester
bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol moiety, while
phospholipase A.sub.2 (PLA.sub.2) removes the fatty acid at the
sn-2 position of this molecule. The action of PLA.sub.1 (EC
3.1.1.32) and PLA.sub.2 (EC 3.1.1.4) results in the accumulation of
free fatty acids and 2-acyl lysophospholipid or 1-acyl
lysophospholipid, respectively. Phospholipase C (PLC) (EC 3.1.4.3)
hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond in the phospholipid backbone to
yield 1,2-DAG and, depending on the specific phospholipid species
involved, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, etc.
(e.g., PLC.sub.1 is responsible for the reaction:
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol
4,5-bisphosphate+H.sub.2O=1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate+DAG;
ISC1 encodes an inositol phosphosphingolipid-specific phospholipase
C [Sawai, H., et al. J. Biol. Chem. 275:39793-39798 (2000)]). The
second phosphodiester bond is cleaved by phospholipase D (PLD) (EC
3.1.4.4) to yield phosphatidic acid and choline or ethanolamine,
again depending on the phospholipid class involved. Phospholipase B
(PLB) has the capability of removing both sn-1 and sn-2 fatty acids
and is unique in having both hydrolase (wherein the enzyme cleaves
fatty acids from both phospholipids [PLB activity] and
lysophospholipids [lysophospholipase activity] for fatty acid
release) and lysophospholipase-transacylase activities (wherein the
enzyme can produce phospholipid by transferring a free fatty acid
to a lysophospholipid). It may be useful to overexpress one or more
of these phopsholipases, in order to increase the concentration of
ARA that accumulates in the total oil fraction of the transformant
Yarrowia host cells. It is hypothesized that this result will be
observed because the phospholipases release acyl groups from PC
into the CoA pool either for elongation or incorporation into
triglycerides.
[0333] In another alternate embodiment, those enzymes in the
CDP-choline pathway responsible for phosphatidylcholine (PC)
biosynthesis can also be manipulated in the preferred host strain
of Yarrowia lipolytica, as a means to increase overall ARA
biosynthesis. The utility of this technique has been demonstrated
by the overexpression of the Y. lipolytica CPT1 gene encoding
diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2), thereby
resulting in increased EPA biosynthesis in an engineered strain of
Y. lipolytica. One skilled in the art will be familiar with the PC
biosynthetic pathway and recognize other appropriate candidate
enzymes.
[0334] Although methods for manipulating biochemical pathways such
as those described above are well known to those skilled in the
art, an overview of some techniques for reducing or eliminating the
activity of a native gene will be briefly presented below. These
techniques would be useful to down-regulate the activity of the
native Yarrowia lipolytica .DELTA.12 desaturase, GPAT, LPAAT,
DGAT1, DGAT2, PDAT, LPCAT, acyl-CoA oxidase 2 (Aco2 or Pox2),
acyl-CoA oxidase 3 (Aco3 or Pox3) and/or lipase genes, as discussed
above.
[0335] Although one skilled in the art will be well equipped to
ascertain the most appropriate technique to be utilized to reduce
or eliminate the activity of a native gene, in general, the
endogenous activity of a particular gene can be reduced or
eliminated by, for example: 1.) disrupting the gene through
insertion, substitution and/or deletion of all or part of the
target gene; 2.) providing a cassette for transcription of
antisense sequences to the gene's transcription product; 3.) using
a host cell which naturally has [or has been mutated to have]
little or none of the specific gene's activity; 4.) over-expressing
a mutagenized hereosubunit (i.e., in an enzyme that comprises two
or more hereosubunits), to thereby reduce the enzyme's activity as
a result of the "dominant negative effect"; and 5.) using iRNA
technology. In some cases, inhibition of undesired gene pathways
can also be accomplished through the use of specific inhibitors
(e.g., desaturase inhibitors such as those described in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,778,630).
[0336] For gene disruption, a foreign DNA fragment (typically a
selectable marker gene, but optionally a chimeric gene or chimeric
gene cluster conveying a desirable phenotype upon expression) is
inserted into the structural gene to be disrupted in order to
interrupt its coding sequence and thereby functionally inactivate
the gene. Transformation of the disruption cassette into the host
cell results in replacement of the functional native gene by
homologous recombination with the non-functional disrupted gene
(see, for example: Hamilton et al., J. Bacteriol. 171:4617-4622
(1989); Balbas et al., Gene, 136:211-213 (1993); Gueldener et al.,
Nucleic Acids Res. 24:2519-2524 (1996); and Smith et al., Methods
Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:270-277 (1996)).
[0337] Antisense technology is another method of down-regulating
genes when the sequence of the target gene is known. To accomplish
this, a nucleic acid segment from the desired gene is cloned and
operably linked to a promoter such that the anti-sense strand of
RNA will be transcribed. This construct is then introduced into the
host cell and the antisense strand of RNA is produced. Antisense
RNA inhibits gene expression by preventing the accumulation of mRNA
that encodes the protein of interest. The person skilled in the art
will know that special considerations are associated with the use
of antisense technologies in order to reduce expression of
particular genes. For example, the proper level of expression of
antisense genes may require the use of different chimeric genes
utilizing different regulatory elements known to the skilled
artisan.
[0338] Although targeted gene disruption and antisense technology
offer effective means of down-regulating genes where the sequence
is known, other less specific methodologies have been developed
that are not sequence-based (e.g., mutagenesis via UV
radiation/chemical agents or use of transposable
elements/transposons; see WO 04/101757).
[0339] In alternate embodiments, the endogenous activity of a
particular gene can be reduced by manipulating the regulatory
sequences controlling the expression of the protein. As is well
known in the art, the regulatory sequences associated with a coding
sequence include transcriptional and translational "control"
nucleotide sequences located upstream (5' non-coding sequences),
within, or downstream (3' non-coding sequences) of the coding
sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or
stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Thus,
manipulation of a particular gene's regulatory sequences may refer
to manipulation of the gene's promoters, translation leader
sequences, introns, enhancers, initiation control regions,
polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNA processing sites,
effector binding sites and stem-loop structures. Thus, for example,
the promoter of a DAG AT could be deleted or disrupted, in order to
down-regulate the DAG AT's expression and thereby achieve a reduced
rate of lipid and oil biosynthesis. Alternatively, the native
promoter driving expression of a DAG AT could be substituted with a
heterologous promoter having diminished promoter activity with
respect to the native promoter. Methods useful for manipulating
regulatory sequences are well known to those skilled in the
art.
[0340] In summary, using the teachings provided herein,
transformant oleaginous microbial hosts will produce at least about
5% ARA in the total lipids, preferably at least about 10% ARA in
the total lipids, more preferably at least about 15% ARA in the
total lipids, more preferably at least about 20% ARA in the total
lipids and most preferably at least about 25-30% ARA in the total
lipids.
Fermentation Processes for ARA Production
[0341] The transformed microbial host cell is grown under
conditions that optimize expression of chimeric genes (e.g.,
encoding desaturases, elongases, acyltransferases, etc.) and
produce the greatest and the most economical yield of ARA. In
general, media conditions that may be optimized include the type
and amount of carbon source, the type and amount of nitrogen
source, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, the oxygen level, growth
temperature, pH, length of the biomass production phase, length of
the oil accumulation phase and the time of cell harvest. Yarrowia
lipolytica are generally grown in complex media (e.g., yeast
extract-peptone-dextrose broth (YPD)) or a defined minimal media
that lacks a component necessary for growth and thereby forces
selection of the desired expression cassettes (e.g., Yeast Nitrogen
Base (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.)).
[0342] Fermentation media in the present invention must contain a
suitable carbon source. Suitable carbon sources may include, but
are not limited to: monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose),
disaccharides (e.g., lactose, sucrose), oligosaccharides,
polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose or mixtures thereof, sugar
alcohols (e.g., glycerol) or mixtures from renewable feedstocks
(e.g., cheese whey permeate, cornsteep liquor, sugar beet molasses,
barley malt). Additionally, carbon sources may include alkanes,
fatty acids, esters of fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides,
triglycerides, phospholipids and various commercial sources of
fatty acids including vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) and animal
fats. Additionally, the carbon source may include one-carbon
sources (e.g., carbon dioxide, methanol, formaldehyde, formate and
carbon-containing amines) for which metabolic conversion into key
biochemical intermediates has been demonstrated. Hence it is
contemplated that the source of carbon utilized in the present
invention may encompass a wide variety of carbon-containing
sources. Although all of the above mentioned carbon sources and
mixtures thereof are expected to be suitable in the present
invention, preferred carbon sources are sugars and/or fatty acids.
Most preferred is glucose and/or fatty acids containing between
10-22 carbons.
[0343] Nitrogen may be supplied from an inorganic (e.g.,
(NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4) or organic (e.g., urea or glutamate)
source. In addition to appropriate carbon and nitrogen sources, the
fermentation media must also contain suitable minerals, salts,
cofactors, buffers, vitamins and other components known to those
skilled in the art suitable for the growth of the oleaginous yeast
and promotion of the enzymatic pathways necessary for ARA
production. Particular attention is given to several metal ions
(e.g., Mn.sup.+2, Co+.sup.2, Zn.sup.+2, Mg.sup.+2) that promote
synthesis of lipids and PUFAs (Nakahara, T. et al., Ind. Appl.
Single Cell Oils, D. J. Kyle and R. Colin, eds. pp 61-97
(1992)).
[0344] Preferred growth media in the present invention are common
commercially prepared media, such as Yeast Nitrogen Base (DIFCO
Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.). Other defined or synthetic growth
media may also be used and the appropriate medium for growth of
Yarrowia lipolytica will be known by one skilled in the art of
microbiology or fermentation science. A suitable pH range for the
fermentation is typically between about pH 4.0 to pH 8.0, wherein
pH 5.5 to pH 7.0 is preferred as the range for the initial growth
conditions. The fermentation may be conducted under aerobic or
anaerobic conditions, wherein microaerobic conditions are
preferred.
[0345] Typically, accumulation of high levels of PUFAs in
oleaginous yeast cells requires a two-stage process, since the
metabolic state must be "balanced" between growth and
synthesis/storage of fats. Thus, most preferably, a two-stage
fermentation process is necessary for the production of ARA in
Yarrowia lipolytica. This approach is described in WO 2004/101757,
as are various suitable fermentation process designs (i.e., batch,
fed-batch and continuous) and considerations during growth.
Purification and Processing of ARA
[0346] PUFAs, including ARA, may be found in the host microorganism
as free fatty acids or in esterified forms such as acylglycerols,
phospholipids, sulfolipids or glycolipids, and may be extracted
from the host cell through a variety of means well-known in the
art. One review of extraction techniques, quality analysis and
acceptability standards for yeast lipids is that of Z. Jacobs
(Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 12(5/6):463-491 (1992)). A
brief review of downstream processing is also available by A. Singh
and O. Ward (Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 45:271-312 (1997)).
[0347] In general, means for the purification of ARA and other
PUFAs may include extraction with organic solvents, sonication,
supercritical fluid extraction (e.g., using carbon dioxide),
saponification and physical means such as presses, or combinations
thereof. One is referred to the teachings of WO 2004/101757 for
additional details.
[0348] Oils containing ARA that have been refined and/or purified
can be hydrogenated, to thereby result in fats with various melting
properties and textures. Many processed fats, including spreads,
confectionary fats, hard butters, margarines, baking shortenings,
etc., require varying degrees of solidity at room temperature and
can only be produced through alteration of the source oil's
physical properties. This is most commonly achieved through
catalytic hydrogenation.
[0349] Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction in which hydrogen is
added to the unsaturated fatty acid double bonds with the aid of a
catalyst such as nickel. Hydrogenation has two primary effects.
First, the oxidative stability of the oil is increased as a result
of the reduction of the unsaturated fatty acid content. Second, the
physical properties of the oil are changed because the fatty acid
modifications increase the melting point resulting in a semi-liquid
or solid fat at room temperature.
[0350] There are many variables which affect the hydrogenation
reaction and which, in turn, alter the composition of the final
product. Operating conditions including pressure, temperature,
catalyst type and concentration, agitation and reactor design are
among the more important parameters which can be controlled.
Selective hydrogenation conditions can be used to hydrogenate the
more unsaturated fatty acids in preference to the less unsaturated
ones. Very light or brush hydrogenation is often employed to
increase stability of liquid oils. Further hydrogenation converts a
liquid oil to a physically solid fat. The degree of hydrogenation
depends on the desired performance and melting characteristics
designed for the particular end product. Liquid shortenings, used
in the manufacture of baking products, solid fats and shortenings
used for commercial frying and roasting operations, and base stocks
for margarine manufacture are among the myriad of possible oil and
fat products achieved through hydrogenation. A more detailed
description of hydrogenation and hydrogenated products can be found
in Patterson, H. B. W., Hydrogenation of Fats and Oils: Theory and
Practice. The American Oil Chemists' Society, 1994.
ARA-Producing Strains of Y. lipolytica for Use in Foodstuffs
[0351] The market place currently supports a large variety of food
and feed products, incorporating .omega.-3 and/or .omega.-6 fatty
acids (particularly ARA, EPA and DHA). It is contemplated that the
yeast microbial oils of the invention comprising ARA will function
in food and feed products to impart the health benefits of current
formulations.
[0352] Microbial oils containing .omega.-3 and/or .omega.-6 fatty
acids produced by the yeast hosts described herein will be suitable
for use in a variety of food and feed products including, but not
limited to food analogs, meat products, cereal products, baked
foods, snack foods, and a dairy products. Additionally the present
microbial oils may be used in formulations to impart health benefit
in medical foods including medical nutritionals, dietary
supplements, infant formula as well as pharmaceutical products. One
of skill in the art of food processing and food formulation will
understand how the amount and composition of the microbial oil may
be added to the food or feed product. Such an amount will be
referred to herein as an "effective" amount and will depend on the
food or feed product, the diet that the product is intended to
supplement or the medical condition that the medical food or
medical nutritional is intended to correct or treat.
[0353] Food analogs can be made using processes well known to those
skilled in the art. There can be mentioned meat analogs, cheese
analogs, milk analogs and the like. Meat analogs made from soybeans
contain soy protein or tofu and other ingredients mixed together to
simulate various kinds of meats. These meat alternatives are sold
as frozen, canned or dried foods. Usually, they can be used the
same way as the foods they replace. Examples of meat analogs
include, but are not limited to: ham analogs, sausage analogs,
bacon analogs, and the like.
[0354] Food analogs can be classified as imitation or substitutes
depending on their functional and compositional characteristics.
For example, an imitation cheese need only resemble the cheese it
is designed to replace. However, a product can generally be called
a substitute cheese only if it is nutritionally equivalent to the
cheese it is replacing and meets the minimum compositional
requirements for that cheese. Thus, substitute cheese will often
have higher protein levels than imitation cheeses and be fortified
with vitamins and minerals.
[0355] Milk analogs or nondairy food products include, but are not
limited to: imitation milks and nondairy frozen desserts (e.g.,
those made from soybeans and/or soy protein products).
[0356] Meat products encompass a broad variety of products. In the
United States "meat" includes "red meats" produced from cattle,
hogs and sheep. In addition to the red meats there are poultry
items which include chickens, turkeys, geese, guineas, ducks and
the fish and shellfish. There is a wide assortment of seasoned and
processed meat products: fresh, cured and fried, and cured and
cooked. Sausages and hot dogs are examples of processed meat
products. Thus, the term "meat products" as used herein includes,
but is not limited to, processed meat products.
[0357] A cereal food product is a food product derived from the
processing of a cereal grain. A cereal grain includes any plant
from the grass family that yields an edible grain (seed). The most
popular grains are barley, corn, millet, oats, quinoa, rice, rye,
sorghum, triticale, wheat and wild rice. Examples of a cereal food
product include, but are not limited to: whole grain, crushed
grain, grits, flour, bran, germ, breakfast cereals, extruded foods,
pastas, and the like.
[0358] A baked goods product comprises any of the cereal food
products mentioned above and has been baked or processed in a
manner comparable to baking, i.e., to dry or harden by subjecting
to heat. Examples of a baked good product include, but are not
limited to: bread, cakes, doughnuts, bars, pastas, bread crumbs,
baked snacks, mini-biscuits, mini-crackers, mini-cookies, and
mini-pretzels. As was mentioned above, oils of the invention can be
used as an ingredient.
[0359] A snack food product comprises any of the above or below
described food products.
[0360] A fried food product comprises any of the above or below
described food products that has been fried.
[0361] The beverage can be in a liquid or in a dry powdered
form.
[0362] For example, there can be mentioned non-carbonated drinks;
fruit juices, fresh, frozen, canned or concentrate; flavored or
plain milk drinks, etc. Adult and infant nutritional formulas are
well known in the art and commercially available (e.g.,
Similac.RTM., Ensure.RTM., Jevity.RTM., and Alimentum.RTM. from
Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories). Infant formulas are
liquids or reconstituted powders fed to infants and young children.
They serve as substitutes for human milk. Infant formulas have a
special role to play in the diets of infants because they are often
the only source of nutrients for infants. Although breast-feeding
is still the best nourishment for infants, infant formula is a
close enough second that babies not only survive but thrive. Infant
formula is becoming more and more increasingly close to breast
milk.
[0363] A dairy product is a product derived from milk. A milk
analog or nondairy product is derived from a source other than
milk, for example, soymilk as was discussed above. These products
include, but are not limited to: whole milk, skim milk, fermented
milk products such as yoghurt or sour milk, cream, butter,
condensed milk, dehydrated milk, coffee whitener, coffee creamer,
ice cream, cheese, etc.
[0364] Additional food products into which the ARA-containing oils
of the invention could be included are, for example: chewing gums,
confections and frostings, gelatins and puddings, hard and soft
candies, jams and jellies, white granulated sugar, sugar
substitutes, sweet sauces, toppings and syrups, and dry-blended
powder mixes.
[0365] Health Food Products, and Pharmaceuticals
[0366] A health food product is any food product that imparts a
health benefit and include functional foods, medical foods, medical
nutritionals and dietary supplements. Additionally, microbial oils
of the invention may be used in standard pharmaceutical
compositions. The present engineered strains of Yarrowia lipolytica
or the microbial oils produced therefrom comprising ARA could
readily be incorporated into the any of the above mentioned food
products, to thereby produce e.g., a functional or medical food.
For example more concentrated formulations comprising ARA include
capsules, powders, tablets, softgels, gelcaps, liquid concentrates
and emulsions which can be used as a dietary supplement in humans
or animals other than humans.
[0367] Use in Dietary Supplements
[0368] More concentrated formulations comprising ARA include
capsules, powders, tablets, softgels, gelcaps, liquid concentrates
and emulsions which can be used as a dietary supplement in humans
or animals other than humans. In particular, the ARA-oil of the
present invention is particularly suitable for incorporation into
dietary supplements such as infant formulas or baby food.
[0369] Infant formulas are liquids or reconstituted powders fed to
infants and young children. "Infant formula" is defined herein as
an enteral nutritional product which can be substituted for human
breast milk in feeding infants and typically is composed of a
desired percentage of fat mixed with desired percentages of
carbohydrates and proteins in an aquous solution (e.g., see U.S.
Pat. No. 4,670,285). Based on the worldwide composition studies, as
well as levels specified by expert groups, average human breast
milk typically contains about 0.20% to 0.40% of total fatty acids
(assuming about 50% of calories from fat); and, generally the ratio
of DHA to ARA would range from about 1:1 to 1:2 (see, e.g.,
formulations of Enfamil LIPIL.TM. [Mead Johnson & Company] and
Similac Advance.TM. [Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories]).
Infant formulas have a special role to play in the diets of infants
because they are often the only source of nutrients for infants;
and, although breast-feeding is still the best nourishment for
infants, infant formula is a close enough second that babies not
only survive but thrive.
[0370] Use in Animal Feeds
[0371] Animal feeds are generically defined herein as products
intended for use as feed or for mixing in feed for animals other
than humans. And, as was mentioned above, the ARA-comprising oils
of the invention can be used as an ingredient in various animal
feeds.
[0372] More specifically, although not limited therein, it is
expected that the oils of the invention can be used within pet food
products, ruminant and poultry food products and aquacultural food
products. Pet food products are those products intended to be fed
to a pet [e.g., a dog, cat, bird, reptile, rodent]; these products
can include the cereal and health food products above, as well as
meat and meat byproducts, soy protein products, grass and hay
products (e.g., alfalfa, timothy, oat or brome grass, vegetables).
Ruminant and poultry food products are those wherein the product is
intended to be fed to e.g., turkeys, chickens, cattle and swine. As
with the pet foods above, these products can include cereal and
health food products, soy protein products, meat and meat
byproducts, and grass and hay products as listed above. And,
aquacultural food products (or "aquafeeds") are those products
intended to be used in aquafarming which concerns the propagation,
cultivation or farming of aquatic organisms and/or animals in fresh
or marine waters.
[0373] It is contemplated that the present engineered strains of
Yarrowia lipolytica that are producing high concentrations of ARA,
EPA and/or DHA will be especially useful to include in most animal
feed formulations. In addition to providing necessary .omega.-3
and/or .omega.-6 PUFAs, the yeast itself is a useful source of
protein and other feed nutrients (e.g., vitamins, minerals, nucleic
acids, complex carbohydrates, etc.) that can contribute to overall
animal health and nutrition, as well as increase a formulation's
palatability. More specifically, Yarrowia lipolytica (ATCC #20362)
has the following approximate chemical composition, as a percent
relative to the dry cell weight: 35% protein, 40% lipid, 10%
carbohydrate, 5% nucleic acids, 5% ash and 5% moisture.
Furthermore, within the carbohydrate fraction, .beta.-glucans
comprise approximately 45.6 mg/g, mannans comprise approximately
11.4 mg/g, and chitin comprises approximately 52.6 mg/g (while
trehalose is a minor component [approximately 0.7 mg/g]).
[0374] A considerable body of literature has examined the
immuno-modulating effects of .beta.-glucans, mannans and chitin.
The means by which .beta.-glucans, the primary constituents of
bacterial and fungal cell walls, stimulate non-specific immunity
(i.e., "immunostimulant effects") to thereby improve health of
aquaculture species, pets and farm animals and humans are best
studied, although both chitin and mannans are similarly recognized
as useful immunostimulants. Simplistically, an overall enhancement
of immune response can be achieved by the use of .beta.-glucans,
since these .beta.-1,3-D-polyglucose molecules stimulate the
production of white blood cells (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils and
monocytes) in a non-specific manner to thereby enable increased
sensitivity and defense against a variety of pathogenic antigens or
environmental stressors. More specifically, numerous studies have
demonstrated that .beta.-glucans: convey enhanced protection
against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections; exert an
adjuvant effect when used in conjunction with antibiotics and
vaccines; enhance wound healing; counter damage resulting from free
radicals; enhance tumor regression; modulate toxicity of bacterial
endotoxins; and strengthen mucosal immunity (reviewed in Raa, J. et
al., Norwegian Beta Glucan Research, Clinical Applications of
Natural Medicine. Immune: Depressions Dysfunction & Deficiency
(1990)). A sample of current literature documenting the utility of
yeast .beta.-glucans, mannans and chitins in both traditional
animal husbandry and within the aquacultural sector include: L. A.
White et al. (J. Anim. Sci. 80:2619-2628 (2002)), supplementation
in weanling pigs; K. S. Swanson et al. (J. Nutr. 132:980-989
(2002)), supplementation in dogs; J. Ortuno et al. (Vet. Immunol.
Immonopath. 85:41-50 (2002)), whole Saccharomyces cerevisiae
administered to gilthead seabream; A. Rodriguez et al. (Fish Shell.
Immuno. 16:241-249 (2004)), whole Mucor circinelloides administered
to gilthead seabream; M. Bagni et al. (Fish Shell. Immuno.
18:311-325 (2005)), supplementation of sea bass with a yeast
extract containing .beta.-glucans; J. Raa (In: Cruz-Suarez, L. E.,
Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Olvera-Novoa, M. A. y
Civera-Cerecedo, R., (Eds.). Avances en Nutricion Acuicola V.
Memorias del V Simposium Internacional de Nutricion Acuicola. 19-22
Noviembre, 2000. Merida, Yucata , Mexico), a review of the use of
immune-stimulants in fish and shellfish feeds.
[0375] Based on the unique protein:lipid:carbohydrate composition
of Yarrowia lipolytica, as well as unique complex carbohydrate
profile (comprising an approximate 1:4:4.6 ratio of
mannan:.beta.-glucans:chitin), it is contemplated that the
genetically engineered yeast cells of the present invention (or
portions thereof) would be a useful additive to animal feed
formulations (e.g., as whole [lyophilized] yeast cells, as purified
cells walls, as purified yeast carbohydrates or within various
other fractionated forms).
[0376] With respect to the aquaculture industry, an increased
understanding of the nutritional requirements for various fish
species and technological advances in feed manufacturing have
allowed the development and use of manufactured or artificial diets
(formulated feeds) to supplement or to replace natural feeds in the
aquaculture industry. In general, however, the general proportions
of various nutrients included in aquaculture feeds for fish include
(with respect to the percent by dry diet): 32-45% proteins, 4-28%
fat (of which at least 1-2% are .omega.-3 and/or .omega.-6 PUFAs),
10-30% carbohydrates, 1.0-2.5% minerals and 1.0-2.5% vitamins. A
variety of other ingredients may optionally be added to the
formulation. These include: (1) carotenoids, particularly for
salmonid and ornamental "aquarium" fishes, to enhance flesh and
skin coloration, respectively; (2) binding agents, to provide
stability to the pellet and reduce leaching of nutrients into the
water (e.g., beef heart, starch, cellulose, pectin, gelatin, gum
arabic, locust bean, agar, carageenin and other alginates); (3)
preservatives, such as antimicrobials and antioxidants, to extend
the shelf-life of fish diets and reduce the rancidity of the fats
(e.g., vitamin E, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated
hydroxytoluene, ethoxyquin, and sodium and potassium salts of
propionic, benzoic or sorbic acids); (4) chemoattractants and
flavorings, to enhance feed palatability and its intake; and, (5)
other feedstuffs. These other feedstuffs can include such materials
as fiber and ash (for use as a filler and as a source of calcium
and phosphorus, respectively) and vegetable matter and/or fish or
squid meal (e.g., live, frozen or dried algae, brine shrimp,
rotifers or other zooplankton) to enhance the nutritional value of
the diet and increase its acceptance by the fish. Nutrient
Requirements of Fish (National Research Council, National Academy:
Washington D.C., 1993) provides detailed descriptions of the
essential nutrients for fish and the nutrient content of various
ingredients.
[0377] The manufacture of aquafeed formulations requires
consideration of a variety of factors, since a complete diet must
be nutritionally balanced, palatable, water stable, and have the
proper size and texture. With regard to nutrient composition of
aquafeeds, one is referred to: Handbook on Ingredients for
Aquaculture Feeds (Hertrampf, J. W. and F. Piedad-Pascual. Kluwer
Academic: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2000) and Standard Methods
for the Nutrition and Feeding of Farmed Fish and Shrimp (Tacon, A.
G. J. Argent Laboratories: Redmond, 1990). In general, feeds are
formulated to be dry (i.e., final moisture content of 6-10%),
semi-moist (i.e., 35-40% water content) or wet (i.e., 50-70% water
content). Dry feeds include the following: simple loose mixtures of
dry ingredients (i.e., "mash" or "meals"); compressed pellets,
crumbles or granules; and flakes. Depending on the feeding
requirements of the fish, pellets can be made to sink or float.
Semi-moist and wet feeds are made from single or mixed ingredients
(e.g., trash fish or cooked legumes) and can be shaped into cakes
or balls.
[0378] It is contemplated that the present engineered strains of
Yarrowia lipolytica that are producing high concentrations of ARA
will be especially useful to include in most aquaculture feeds. In
addition to providing necessary .omega.-6 PUFAs, the yeast itself
is a useful source of protein that can increase the formulation's
palatability. In alternate embodiments, the oils produced by the
present strains of Y. lipolytica could be introduced directly into
the aquaculture feed formulations, following extraction and
purification from the cell mass.
Description of Preferred Embodiments
[0379] The present invention demonstrates the synthesis of up to
10-14% ARA in the total lipid fraction of the oleaginous yeast,
Yarrowia lipolytica. As shown in FIG. 4, numerous strains of Y.
lipolytica were created by integrating various genes into wildtype
ATCC #20362 Y. lipolytica, wherein each transformant strain was
capable of producing different amounts of PUFAs (including ARA).
The complete lipid profiles of strains Y2034 and Y2047 (expressing
the .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway) and strain Y2214
(expressing the .DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway) are
shown below in Table 10. Fatty acids are identified as 16:0,
16:1,18:0, 18:1 (oleic acid), 18:2 (LA), GLA, DGLA and ARA; and the
composition of each is presented as a % of the total fatty
acids.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 10 Lipid Profile Of Yarrowia lipolytica
Strains Y2034; Y2047 And Y2214 Fatty Acid Content Strain 16:0 16:1
18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA DGLA ARA Y2034 13.1 8.1 1.7 7.4 14.8 25.2 8.3
11.2 Y2047 15.9 6.6 0.7 8.9 16.6 29.7 0.0 10.9 Y2214 7.9 15.3 0.0
13.7 37.5 0.0 7.9 14.0
[0380] A more detailed summary of the genetic modifications
contained within strain Y2047 is described below (wherein complete
details are provided in the Examples): [0381] (1) Expression of 1
copy of a Fusarium moniliforme .DELTA.12 desaturase, within a
FBA::F..DELTA.12::LIP2 chimeric gene; [0382] (2) Expression of 1
copy of a synthetic .DELTA.6 desaturase gene (codon-optimized for
expression in Y. lipolytica) derived from a Mortierella alpina
.DELTA.6 desaturase, within a TEF::.DELTA.6S::LIP1 chimeric gene;
[0383] (3) Expression of 1 copy of a synthetic .DELTA.5 desaturase
gene (codon-optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica) derived from
a Homo sapiens .DELTA.5 desaturase, within a TEF::H.D5S::PEX16
chimeric gene; [0384] (4) Expression of 1 copy of a synthetic high
affinity C.sub.18/20 elongase gene (codon-optimized for expression
in Y. lipolytica) derived from a Mortierella alpina high affinity
C.sub.18/20 elongase, within a FBAIN::EL1S::PEX20 chimeric gene;
[0385] (5) Expression of 1 copy of a synthetic C.sub.18/20 elongase
gene (codon-optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica) derived from
a Thraustochytrium aureum C.sub.18/20 elongase, within a
TEF::EL2S::XPR chimeric gene; and, [0386] (6) Disruption of a
native Y. lipolytica Leu2 gene encoding .beta.-isopropylmalate
dehydrogenase.
[0387] Similarly, a more detailed summary of the genetic
modifications contained within strain Y2214 is described below
(wherein complete details are provided in the Examples): [0388] (1)
Expression of 5 copies of a synthetic .DELTA.9 elongase
(codon-optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica) derived from a
Isochrysis galbana .DELTA.9 elongase, within GPAT:: IgD9e::PEX20,
TEF::IgD9e::LIP1, and FBAINm:: D9e::OCT chimeric genes; [0389] (2)
Expression of 3 copies of a synthetic .DELTA.8 desaturase
(codon-optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica) derived from a
Euglena gracillis .DELTA.8 desaturase, within FBAIN::D8SF::PEX 16
and GPD::D8SF::PEX16 chimeric genes; [0390] (3) Expression of 2
copies of a Mortierella alpina .DELTA.5 desaturase, within
GPAT::MA.DELTA.5::PEX20 and FBAIN::MA.DELTA.5::PEX20 chimeric
genes; [0391] (4) Expression of 2 copies of a synthetic .DELTA.5
desaturase gene (codon-optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica)
derived from a Isochrysis galbana .DELTA.5 desaturase, within
YAT1::I.D5S::LIP1 and GPM/FBAIN::I.D5S::OCT chimeric genes; [0392]
(5) Expression of 1 copy of a Fusarium moniliforme .DELTA.12
desaturase, within a FBAIN::F.D12S::PEX20 chimeric gene; [0393] (6)
Expression of 1 copy of a synthetic C.sub.16/18 elongase gene
(codon-optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica) derived from a
Rattus norvegicus rELO gene, within a GPM/FBAIN::rELO2S::OCT
chimeric gene; and, [0394] (7) Disruption of a native Y. lipolytica
Lys5 gene encoding saccharopine dehydrogenase.
[0395] Although the Applicants demonstrate production of 11% and
14% ARA, respectively, in these particular recombinant strains of
Yarrowia lipolytica, it is contemplated that the concentration of
ARA in the host cells could be dramatically increased via
additional genetic modifications, according to the invention
herein. Furthermore, on the basis of the teachings and results
described herein, it is expected that one skilled in the art will
recognize the feasability and commercial utility created by using
oleaginous yeast as a production platform for the synthesis of a
variety of .omega.-3 and/or .omega.-6 PUFAs, using the .DELTA.6
desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway and/or the .DELTA.9
elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway.
EXAMPLES
[0396] The present invention is further defined in the following
Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, while
indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way
of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples,
one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics
of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope
thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the
invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.
General Methods
[0397] Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques
used in the Examples are well known in the art and are described
by:
1.) Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular
Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold
Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) (Maniatis); 2.) T. J. Silhavy, M. L.
Bennan, and L. W. Enquist, Experiments with Gene Fusions; Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984); and 3.)
Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,
published by Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience
(1987).
[0398] Materials and methods suitable for the maintenance and
growth of microbial cultures are well known in the art. Techniques
suitable for use in the following examples may be found as set out
in Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology (Phillipp Gerhardt,
R. G. E. Murray, Ralph N. Costilow, Eugene W. Nester, Willis A.
Wood, Noel R. Krieg and G. Briggs Phillips, Eds), American Society
for Microbiology: Washington, D.C. (1994)); or by Thomas D. Brock
in Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, 2.sup.nd
ed., Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, Mass. (1989). All reagents,
restriction enzymes and materials used for the growth and
maintenance of microbial cells were obtained from Aldrich Chemicals
(Milwaukee, Wis.), DIFCO Laboratories (Detroit, Mich.), GIBCO/BRL
(Gaithersburg, Md.), or Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.),
unless otherwise specified.
[0399] E. coli (XL1-Blue) competent cells were purchased from the
Stratagene Company (San Diego, Calif.). E. coli strains were
typically grown at 37.degree. C. on Luria Bertani (LB) plates.
[0400] General molecular cloning was performed according to
standard methods (Sambrook et al., supra). Oligonucleotides were
synthesized by Sigma-Genosys (Spring, Tex.). Individual PCR
amplification reactions were carried out in a 50 .mu.l total
volume, comprising: PCR buffer (containing 10 mM KCl, 10 mM
(NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.75), 2 mM
MgSO.sub.4, 0.1% Triton X-100), 100 .mu.g/mL BSA (final
concentration), 200 .mu.M each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, 10
pmole of each primer and 1 .mu.l of Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene,
San Diego, Calif.), unless otherwise specified. Site-directed
mutagenesis was performed using Stratagene's QuickChange.TM.
Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit, per the manufacturers' instructions.
When PCR or site-directed mutagenesis was involved in subcloning,
the constructs were sequenced to confirm that no errors had been
introduced to the sequence. PCR products were cloned into Promega's
pGEM-T-easy vector (Madison, Wis.).
[0401] DNA sequence was generated on an ABI Automatic sequencer
using dye terminator technology (U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,860; EP
272,007) using a combination of vector and insert-specific primers.
Sequence editing was performed in Sequencher (Gene Codes
Corporation, Ann Arbor, Mich.). All sequences represent coverage at
least two times in both directions. Comparisons of genetic
sequences were accomplished using DNASTAR software (DNA Star,
Inc.). Alternatively, manipulations of genetic sequences were
accomplished using the suite of programs available from the
Genetics Computer Group Inc. (Wisconsin Package Version 9.0,
Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis.). The GCG program
"Pileup" was used with the gap creation default value of 12, and
the gap extension default value of 4. The GCG "Gap" or "Bestfit"
programs were used with the default gap creation penalty of 50 and
the default gap extension penalty of 3. Unless otherwise stated, in
all other cases GCG program default parameters were used.
[0402] BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul, S. F.,
et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1993) and Nucleic Acids Res.
25:3389-3402 (1997)) searches were conducted to identity isolated
sequences having similarity to sequences contained in the BLAST
"nr" database (comprising all non-redundant GenBank CDS
translations, sequences derived from the 3-dimensional structure
Brookhaven Protein Data Bank, the SWISS-PROT protein sequence
database, EMBL and DDBJ databases). Sequences were translated in
all reading frames and compared for similarity to all publicly
available protein sequences contained in the "nr" database, using
the BLASTX algorithm (Gish, W. and States, D. J. Nature Genetics
3:266-272 (1993)) provided by the NCBI.
[0403] The results of BLAST comparisons summarizing the sequence to
which a query sequence had the most similarity are reported
according to the % identity, % similarity, and Expectation value.
"% Identity" is defined as the percentage of amino acids that are
identical between the two proteins. "% Similarity" is defined as
the percentage of amino acids that are identical or conserved
between the two proteins. "Expectation value" estimates the
statistical significance of the match, specifying the number of
matches, with a given score, that are expected in a search of a
database of this size absolutely by chance.
[0404] The meaning of abbreviations is as follows: "sec" means
second(s), "min" means minute(s), "h" means hour(s), "d" means
day(s), ".mu.L" means microliter(s), "mL" means milliliter(s), "L"
means liter(s); ".mu.M" means micromolar, "mM" means millimolar,
"M" means molar, "mmol" means millimole(s), "pmole" mean
micromole(s), "g" means gram(s), ".mu.g" means microgram(s), "ng"
means nanogram(s), "U" means unit(s), "bp" means base pair(s), and
"kB" means kilobase(s).
Transformation and Cultivation of Yarrowia lipolytica
[0405] Yarrowia lipolytica strains ATCC #20362, #76982 and #90812
were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection
(Rockville, Md.). Y. lipolytica strains were usually grown at
28.degree. C. on YPD agar (1% yeast extract, 2% bactopeptone, 2%
glucose, 2% agar). Alternatively, "SD" media comprises: 0.67% yeast
nitrogen base with ammonium sulfate, without amino acids and 2%
glucose.
[0406] Transformation of Y. lipolytica was performed according to
the method of Chen, D. C. et al. (Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
48(2):232-235 (1997)), unless otherwise noted. Briefly, Yarrowia
was streaked onto a YPD plate and grown at 30.degree. C. for
approximately 18 hr. Several large loopfuls of cells were scraped
from the plate and resuspended in 1 mL of transformation buffer
containing: 2.25 mL of 50% PEG, average MW 3350; 0.125 mL of 2 M Li
acetate, pH 6.0; 0.125 mL of 2 M DTT; and 50 .mu.g sheared salmon
sperm DNA. Then, approximately 500 ng of linearized plas mid DNA
was incubated in 100 .mu.l of resuspended cells, and maintained at
39.degree. C. for 1 hr with vortex mixing at 15 min intervals. The
cells were plated onto selection media plates and maintained at
30.degree. C. for 2 to 3 days.
[0407] For selection of transformants, SD medium or minimal medium
("MM") was generally used; the composition of MM is as follows:
0.17% yeast nitrogen base (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.)
without ammonium sulfate or amino acids, 2% glucose, 0.1% proline,
pH 6.1). Supplements of adenine, leucine, lysine and/or uracil were
added as appropriate to a final concentration of 0.01% (thereby
producing "MMA", "MMLe", "MMLy" and "MMU" selection media, each
prepared with 20 g/L agar).
[0408] Alternatively, transformants were selected on 5-fluoroorotic
acid ("FOA"; also 5-fluorouracil-6-carboxylic acid monohydrate)
selection media, comprising: 0.17% yeast nitrogen base (DIFCO
Laboratories) without ammonium sulfate or amino acids, 2% glucose,
0.1% proline, 75 mg/L uracil, 75 mg/L uridine, 900 mg/L FOA (Zymo
Research Corp., Orange, Calif.) and 20 g/L agar.
[0409] Finally, for the "two-stage growth conditions" designed to
promote conditions of oleaginy, High Glucose Media ("HGM") was
prepared as follows: 14 g/L KH.sub.2PO.sub.4, 4
g/LK.sub.2HPO.sub.4, 2 g/L MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2O, 80 g/L glucose (pH
6.5). Strains were cultured under "two-stage growth conditions"
according to the following protocol: first, cells were grown in
triplicate in liquid MM at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 250
rpm/min for 48 hrs. The cells were collected by centrifugation and
the liquid supernatant was extracted. The pelleted cells were
resuspended in HGM and grown for either 72 hrs or 96 hrs at
30.degree. C. with shaking at 250 rpm/min. The cells were again
collected by centrifugation and the liquid supernatant was
extracted.
Fatty Acid Analysis of Yarrowia lipolytica
[0410] For fatty acid analysis, cells were collected by
centrifugation and lipids were extracted as described in Bligh, E.
G. & Dyer, W. J. (Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:911-917 (1959)).
Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by transesterification of
the lipid extract with sodium methoxide (Roughan, G., and Nishida
I. Arch Biochem Biophys. 276(1):38-46 (1990)) and subsequently
analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC fitted with a
30-m.times.0.25 mm (i.d.) HP-INNOWAX (Hewlett-Packard) column. The
oven temperature was from 170.degree. C. (25 min hold) to
185.degree. C. at 3.5.degree. C./min.
[0411] For direct base transesterification, Yarrowia culture (3 mL)
was harvested, washed once in distilled water, and dried under
vacuum in a Speed-Vac for 5-10 min. Sodium methoxide (100 .mu.l of
1%) was added to the sample, and then the sample was vortexed and
rocked for 20 min. After adding 3 drops of 1 M NaCl and 400 .mu.l
hexane, the sample was vortexed and spun. The upper layer was
removed and analyzed by GC as described above.
Example 1
Identification of Promoters for High Expression in Yarrowia
lipolytica
[0412] Comparative studies investigating the promoter activities of
the TEF, GPD, GPDIN, GPM, GPAT, FBA, FBAIN and YAT1 promoters were
performed, by synthesizing constructs comprising each promoter and
the E. coli gene encoding .beta.-glucuronidase (GUS) as a reporter
gene (Jefferson, R. A. Nature. 14(342):837-838 (1989)). Then, GUS
activity was measured by histochemical and fluorometric assays
(Jefferson, R. A. Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter 5:387-405 (1987))
and/or by using Real Time PCR for mRNA quantitation.
Construction of Plasmids Comprising a Chimeric Promoter::GUS::XPR
Gene
[0413] Plasmid pY5-30 (FIG. 5A; SEQ ID NO:113) contained: a
Yarrowia autonomous replication sequence (ARS18); a ColE1 plasmid
origin of replication; an ampicillin-resistance gene (Amp.sup.R),
for selection in E. coli; a Yarrowia LEU2 gene, for selection in
Yarrowia; and a chimeric TEF::GUS::XPR gene. Based on this plasmid,
a series of plasmids were created wherein the TEF promoter was
replaced with a variety of other native Y. lipolytica
promoters.
[0414] The putative promoter regions were amplified by PCR, using
the primers shown below in Table 11 and either genomic Y.
lipolytica DNA as template or a fragment of genomic DNA containing
an appropriate region of DNA cloned into the pGEM-T-easy vector
(Promega, Madison, Wis.).
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 11 Construction of Plasmids Comprising A
Chimeric Promoter::GUS::XPR Gene Location With Respect to Plasmid
Promoter Primers Gene RE Sites Name GPD YL211, -968 bp to the `ATG`
SalI and pYZGDG YL212 translation initiation site of NcoI (SEQ ID
the gpd gene NOs: 169 and (SEQ ID NO: 158) 170) GPDIN YL376, YL377
-973 bp to +201 bp PstI/NcoI pDMW222 (SEQ ID NOs: around the the
gpd gene (for 171 and 172) (thereby including a 146 bp promoter)
intron wherein the intron is and PstI/ located at position +49 bp
SalI (for to +194 bp) (SEQ ID NO: vector) 159) GPM YL203, YL204
-875 bp to the `ATG` NcoI and pYZGMG (SEQ ID NOs: translation
initiation site of SalI 173 and 174) the gpm gene (SEQ ID NO: 160)
GPAT GPAT-5-1, -1130 bp to the `ATG` SalI and pYGPAT- GPAT-5-2
translation initiation site of NcoI GUS (SEQ ID NOs: the gpat gene
(SEQ ID 175 and 176) NO: 164) FBA ODMW314, -1001 bp to -1 bp around
NcoI and pDMW212 YL341 the fba gene SalI (SEQ ID NOs: (SEQ ID NO:
161) 177 and 178) FBAIN ODMW320, -804 bp to +169 bp NcoI and
pDMW214 ODMW341 around the fba gene (thereby SalI (SEQ ID NOs:
including a 102 bp intron 179 and 180) wherein the intron is
located at position +62 bp to +165 bp) (SEQ ID NO: 162) YAT1
27203-F, -778 bp to -1 bp around HindIII and pYAT-GUS 27203-R the
yat1 gene SalI; also (SEQ ID NOs: (SEQ ID NO: 165) NcoI and 181 and
182) HindIII Note: The `A` nucleotide of the `ATG` translation
initiation codon was designated as +1.
[0415] The individual PCR amplification reactions for GPD, GPDIN,
GPM, FBA and FBAIN were carried out in a 50 .mu.l total volume, as
described in the General Methods. The thermocycler conditions were
set for 35 cycles at 95.degree. C. for 1 min, 56.degree. C. for 30
sec and 72.degree. C. for 1 min, followed by a final extension at
72.degree. C. for 10 min.
[0416] The PCR amplification for the GPAT promoter was carried out
in a 50 .mu.l total volume using a 1:1 dilution of a premixed
2.times.PCR solution (TaKaRa Bio Inc., Otsu, Shiga, 520-2193,
Japan). The final composition contained 25 mM TAPS (pH 9.3), 50 mM
KCl, 2 mM MgCl.sub.2, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 200 .mu.M each
deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, 10 pmole of each primer, 50 ng
template and 1.25 U of TaKaRa Ex Taq.TM. DNA polymerase (Takara
Mirus Bio, Madison, Wis.). The thermocycler conditions were set for
30 cycles at 94.degree. C. for 2.5 min, 55.degree. C. for 30 sec
and 72.degree. C. for 2.5 min, followed by a final extension at
72.degree. C. for 6 min.
[0417] The PCR amplification for the YAT1 promoter was carried out
in a composition comparable to that described above for GPAT. The
reaction mixture was first heated to 94.degree. C. for 150 sec.
Amplification was carried out for 30 cycles at 94.degree. C. for 30
sec, 55.degree. C. for 30 sec and 72.degree. C. for 1 min, followed
by a final extension for 7 min at 72.degree. C.
[0418] Each PCR product was purified using a Qiagen PCR
purification kit and then digested with restriction enzymes
(according to the Table above using standard conditions) and the
digested products were purified following gel electrophoresis in 1%
(w/v) agarose. The digested PCR products (with the exception of
those from YAT1) were then ligated into similarly digested pY5-30
vector. Ligated DNA from each reaction was then used to
individually transform E. coli Top10, E. coli DH10B or E. coli
DH5.alpha.. Transformants were selected on LB agar containing
ampicillin (100 .mu.g/mL).
[0419] YAT1 required additional manipulation prior to cloning into
pY5-30. Specifically, upon digestion of the YAT1 PCR product with
HindIII and SalI, a .about.600 bp fragment resulted; digestion with
NcoI and HindIII resulted in a .about.200 bp fragment. Both
products were isolated and purified. Then, plasmid pYGPAT-GUS was
digested with SalI and NcoI, and a .about.9.5 kB fragment was
isolated and purified. The three DNA fragments were ligated
together to create pYAT-GUS.
[0420] Analysis of the plasmid DNA from each transformation
reaction confirmed the presence of the expected plasmid. These
plasmids were designated as follows: pYZGDG (comprising a
GPD::GUS::XPR chimeric gene), pDMW222 (comprising a GPDIN::GUS::XPR
chimeric gene), pYZGMG (comprising a GPM::GUS::XPR chimeric gene),
pYGPAT-GUS (comprising a GPAT::GUS::XPR chimeric gene), pDMW212
(comprising a FBA::GUS::XPR chimeric gene), pDMW214 (comprising a
FBAIN::GUS::XPR chimeric gene) and pYAT-GUS (comprising a
YAT1::GUS::XPR chimeric gene).
[0421] Each of the plasmids above, and additionally plasmid pY5-30
(comprising a TEF::GUS::XPR chimeric gene), was transformed
separately into Y. lipolytica as described in the General Methods.
The Y. lipolytica host was either Y. lipolytica ATCC #76982 or Y.
lipolytica ATCC #20362, strain Y2034 (infra [Example 4], capable of
producing 10% ARA via the .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase
pathway). All transformed cells were plated onto minimal media
plates lacking leucine and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to 3
days.
Comparative Analysis of Yarrowia Promoters bY Histochemical
Analysis of GUS Expression
[0422] Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #76982 strains containing plasmids
pY5-30, pYZGDG, pYZGMG, pDMW212 and pDMW214 were grown from single
colonies in 3 mL MM at 30.degree. C. to an OD.sub.600.about.1.0.
Then, 100 .mu.l of cells were collected by centrifugation,
resuspended in 100 .mu.l of histochemical staining buffer, and
incubated at 30.degree. C. Staining buffer was prepared by
dissolving 5 mg of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl glucuronide (X-Gluc)
in 50 .mu.l dimethyl formamide, followed by the addition of 5 mL 50
mM NaPO.sub.4, pH 7.0. The results of histochemical staining (FIG.
5B) showed that the TEF promoter in construct pY5-30, the GPD
promoter in construct pYZGDG, the GPM promoter in construct pYZGMG,
the FBA promoter in construct pDMW212, and the FBAIN promoter in
construct pDMW214 were all active. Both the FBA and FBAIN promoters
appeared to be much stronger than all the other promoters, with the
FBAIN promoter having the strongest promoter activity.
[0423] In a separate experiment, Y. lipolytica Y2034 strains
containing plasmids pY5-30, pYGPAT-GUS, pYAT-GUS and pDMW214 were
grown from single colonies in 5 mL SD media at 30.degree. C. for 24
hrs to an OD.sub.600.about.8.0. Then, 1 mL of cells were collected
by centrifugation. The remaining cultures were centrifuged and
washed 2.times. with HGM, resuspended in 5 mL each of HGM and
allowed to grow at 30.degree. C. further. After 24 and 120 hrs,
.about.0.25 mL of each culture were centrifuged to collect the
cells. Cell samples were resuspended individually in 100 .mu.l of
histochemical staining buffer (supra). Zymolase 20T (5 .mu.l of 1
mg/mL; ICN Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, Calif.) was added to each, and
the mixture incubated at 30.degree. C.
[0424] The results of histochemical staining showed that the GPAT
promoter in construct pYGPAT-GUS was active, as was the YAT1
promoter in construct pYAT-GUS, when grown in SD medium for 24 hrs
(FIG. 5C, "24 hr in SD medium"). Comparatively, the GPAT promoter
appeared to be much stronger than the TEF promoter and had
diminished activity with respect to the FBAIN promoter. Likewise,
the YAT1 promoter appeared to be stronger than the TEF promoter but
significantly weaker than the FBAIN promoter and GPAT promoter,
when cells were grown in SD medium for 24 hrs. More interestingly,
however, it appeared that the YAT1 promoter was stronger than the
GPAT promoter and comparable with the FBAIN promoter in cells grown
in HGM for 24 hrs (FIG. 5C, "24 hr in HG medium"). This remained
true after 120 hrs in HGM (FIG. 5C, "120 hr in HG medium"). Thus,
the YAT1 promoter appeared to be induced in HGM, a medium that
promotes oleaginous growth conditions due to nitrogen
limitation.
Comparative Analysis of Yarrowia Promoters by Fluorometric Assay of
GUS Expression
[0425] GUS activity was also assayed by fluorometric determination
of the production of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) from the
corresponding substrate .beta.-glucuronide (Jefferson, R. A. Plant
Mol. Biol. Reporter 5:387-405 (1987)).
[0426] Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #76982 strains containing plasmids
pY5-30, pYZGDG, pYZGMG, pDMW212 and pDMW214 were grown from single
colonies in 3 mL MM (as described above) at 30.degree. C. to an
OD.sub.600.about.1.0. Then, the 3 mL cultures were each added to a
500 mL flask containing 50 mL MM and grown in a shaking incubator
at 30.degree. C. for about 24 hrs. The cells were collected by
centrifugation, resuspended in Promega Cell Lysis Buffer and lysed
using the BIO 101 Biopulverizer system (Vista, Calif.). After
centrifugation, the supernatants were removed and kept on ice.
[0427] Similarly, Y. lipolytica strain Y2034 containing plasmids
pY5-30, pYAT-GUS, pYGPAT-GUS and pDMW214 constructs, respectively,
were grown from single colonies in 10 mL SD medium at 30.degree. C.
for 48 hrs to an OD.sub.600.about.5.0. Two mL of each culture was
collected for GUS activity assays, as described below, while 5 mL
of each culture was switched into HGM.
[0428] Specifically, cells from the 5 mL aliquot were collected by
centrifugation, washed once with 5 mL of HGM and resuspended in
HGM. The cultures in HGM were then grown in a shaking incubator at
30.degree. C. for 24 hrs. Two mL of each HGM culture were collected
for the GUS activity assay, while the remaining culture was allowed
to grow for an additional 96 hrs before collecting an additional 2
mL of each culture for the assay.
[0429] Each 2 mL culture sample in SD medium was resuspended in 1
mL of 0.5.times. cell culture lysis reagent (Promega). Resuspended
cells were mixed with 0.6 mL of glass beads (0.5 mm diameter) in a
2.0 mL screw cap tube with a rubber O-ring. The cells were then
homogenized in a Biospec mini beadbeater (Bartlesville, Okla.) at
the highest setting for 90 sec. The homogenization mixtures were
centrifuged for 2 min at 14,000 rpm in an Eppendof centrifuge to
remove cell debris and beads. The supernatant was used for GUS
assay and protein determination.
[0430] For each fluorometric assay, 100 .mu.l of extract was added
to 700 .mu.l of GUS assay buffer (2 mM
4-methylumbelliferyl-.beta.-D-glucuronide ("MUG") in extraction
buffer) or 200 .mu.l of extract was added to 800 .mu.l of GUS assay
buffer. The mixtures were placed at 37.degree. C. Aliquots of 100
.mu.l were taken at 0, 30 and 60 min time points and added to 900
.mu.l of stop buffer (1 M Na.sub.2CO.sub.3). Each time point was
read using a CytoFluor Series 4000 Fluorescence Multi-Well Plate
Reader (PerSeptive Biosystems, Framingham, Mass.) set to an
excitation wavelength of 360 nm and an emission wavelength of 455
nm. Total protein concentration of each sample was determined using
10 .mu.l of extract and 200 .mu.l of BioRad Bradford reagent or 20
.mu.l of extract and 980 .mu.l of BioRad Bradford reagent
(Bradford, M. M. Anal. Biochem. 72:248-254 (1976)). GUS activity
was expressed as nmoles of 4-MU per minute per mg of protein.
[0431] Results of these fluorometric assays designed to compare the
TEF, GPD, GPM, FBA and FBAIN promoters in Y. lipolytica ATCC #76982
strains are shown in FIG. 6A. Specifically, the FBA promoter was
2.2 times stronger than the GPD promoter in Y. lipolytica.
Additionally, the GUS activity of the FBAIN promoter was about 6.6
times stronger than the GPD promoter.
[0432] Results of these fluorometric assays designed to compare the
TEF, GPAT, YAT1 and FBAIN promoters in Y. lipolytica strain Y2034
are shown in the Table below.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 12 Comparison of TEF, FBAIN, YAT1 And GPAT
Promoter-Activity Under Various Growth Conditions Culture Promoter
Conditions TEF FBAIN YAT1 GPAT 48 hr, SD 0.401 43.333 0.536 5.252
24 hr, HGM 0.942 30.694 19.154 2.969 120 hr HGM 0.466 17.200 13.400
3.050
[0433] Based on the data above wherein the activity of the YAT1
promoter was quantitated based on GUS activity of cell extracts,
the activity of the YAT1 promoter increased by .about.37 fold when
cells were switched from SD medium into HGM and grown for 24 hrs.
After 120 hrs in HGM, the activity was reduced somewhat but was
still 25.times. higher than the activity in SD medium. In contrast,
the activity of the FBAIN promoter and the GPAT promoter was
reduced by 30% and 40%, respectively, when switched from SD medium
into HGM for 24 hrs. The activity of the TEF promoter increased by
2.3 fold after 24 hrs in HGM. Thus, the YAT1 promoter is inducible
under oleaginous conditions.
Comparative Analysis of Yarrowia Promoters by Quantitative PCR
Analyses of GUS Expression
[0434] The transcriptional activities of the TEF, GPD, GPDIN, FBA
and FBAIN promoters were determined in Y. lipolytica containing the
pY5-30, pYZGDG, pDMW222, pDMW212 and pDMW214 constructs by
quantitative PCR analyses. This required isolation of RNA and real
time RT-PCR.
[0435] More specifically, Y. lipolytica ATCC #76982 strains
containing pY5-30, pYZGDG, pDMW222, pDMW212 and pDMW214 were grown
from single colonies in 6 mL of MM in 25 mL Erlenmeyer flasks for
16 hrs at 30.degree. C. Each of the 6 mL starter cultures was then
added to individual 500 mL flasks containing 140 mL HGM and
incubated at 30.degree. C. for 4 days. In each interval of 24 hrs,
1 mL of each culture was removed from each flask to measure the
optical density, 27 mL was removed and used for a fluorometric GUS
assay (as described above), and two aliquots of 1.5 mL were removed
for RNA isolation. The culture for RNA isolation was centrifuged to
produce a cell pellet.
[0436] The RNA was isolated from Yarrowia strains according to the
modified Qiagen RNeasy mini protocol (Qiagen, San Diego, Calif.).
Briefly, at each time point for each sample, 340 .mu.L of Qiagen's
buffer RLT was used to resuspend each of the two cell pellets. The
buffer RLT/cell suspension mixture from each of the two tubes was
combined in a bead beating tube (Bio 101, San Diego, Calif.). About
500 .mu.L of 0.5 mL glass beads was added to the tube and the cells
were disrupted by bead beating 2 min at setting 5 (BioPulverizer,
Bio101 Company, San Diego, Calif.). The disrupted cells were then
pelleted by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 1 min and 350 .mu.l of
the supernatent was transferred to a new microcentrifuge tube.
Ethanol (350 .mu.L of 70%) was added to each homogenized lysate.
After gentle mixing, the entire sample was added to a RNeasy mini
column in a 2 mL collection tube. The sample was centrifuged for 15
sec at 10,000 rpm. Buffer RW1 (350 .mu.L) was added to the RNeasy
mini column and the column was centrifuged for 15 sec at 10,000 rpm
to wash the cells. The eluate was discarded. Qiagen's DNasel stock
solution (10 .mu.L) was added to 70 .mu.l of Buffer RDD and gently
mixed. This entire DNase solution was added to the RNeasy mini
column and incubated at room temperature for 15 min. After the
incubation step, 350 .mu.L of Buffer RW1 was added to the mini
column and the column was centrifuged for 15 sec at 10,000 rpm. The
column was washed twice with 700 .mu.L Buffer RW1. RNase-free water
(50 .mu.L) was added to the column. The column was centrifuged for
1 min at 10,000 rpm to elute the RNA.
[0437] A two-step RT-PCR protocol was used, wherein total Yarrowia
RNA was first converted to cDNA and then cDNA was analyzed using
Real Time PCR. The conversion to cDNA was performed using Applied
Biosystems' High Capacity cDNA Archive Kit (PN#4322171; Foster
City, Calif.) and Molecular Biology Grade water from MediaTech,
Inc. (PN#46-000-Con; Holly Hill, Fla.). Total RNA from Yarrowia
(100 ng) was converted to cDNA by combining it with 10 .mu.l of RT
buffer, 4 .mu.l of 25.times.dNTPs, 10 .mu.l 10.times. Random
Hexamer primers, 5 .mu.l Multiscribe Reverse Transcriptase and
0.005 .mu.l RNase Inhibitor, and brought to a total reaction volume
of 100 .mu.l with water. The reactions were incubated in a
thermocycler for 10 min at 25.degree. C. followed by 2 hrs at
37.degree. C. The cDNA was stored at -20.degree. C. prior to Real
Time analysis.
[0438] Real Time analysis was performed using the SYBR Green PCR
Master Mix from Applied Biosystems (PN#4309155). The Reverse
Transcription reaction (2 .mu.l) was added to 10 .mu.l of
2.times.SYBR PCR Mix, 0.2 .mu.l of 100 .mu.M Forward and Reverse
primers for either URA (i.e., primers YL-URA-16F and YL-URA-78R
[SEQ ID NOs:183 and 184]) or GUS (i.e., primers GUS-767F and
GUS-891R [SEQ ID NO:185 and 186]) and 7.2 .mu.l water. The
reactions were thermocycled for 10 min at 95.degree. C. followed by
40 cycles of 95.degree. C. for 5 sec and 60.degree. C. for 1 min in
an ABI 7900 Sequence Detection System instrument. Real time
fluorescence data was collected during the 60.degree. C. extension
during each cycle.
[0439] Relative quantitation was performed using the
.DELTA..DELTA.CT method as per User Bulletin #2: "Relative
Quantitation of Gene Expression", Applied Biosystems, Updated
October 2001. The URA gene was used for normalization of GUS
expression. In order to validate the use of URA as a normalizer
gene, the PCR efficiency of GUS and URA were compared and they were
found to be 1.04 and 0.99, respectively (where 1.00 equals 100%
efficiency). Since the PCR efficiencies were both near 100%, the
use of URA as a normalizer for GUS expression was validated, as was
the use of the .DELTA..DELTA.CT method for expression quantitation.
The normalized quantity is referred to as the .DELTA.CT.
[0440] The GUS mRNA in each different strain (i.e., Y. lipolytica
ATCC #76982 strains containing the pYZGDG, pDMW222, pDMW212 and
pDMW214 constructs) was quantified to the mRNA level of the strain
with pY5-30 (TEF::GUS). Thus, relative quantitation of expression
was calculated using the mRNA level of the strain with TEF::GUS as
the reference sample. The normalized value for GPD::GUS,
GPDIN::GUS, FBA::GUS and FBAIN::GUS was compared to the normalized
value of the TEF::GUS reference. This quantity is referred to as
the .DELTA..DELTA.CT. The .DELTA..DELTA.CT values were then
converted to absolute values by utilizing the formula
2.sup.-.DELTA..DELTA.CT. These values refer to the fold increase in
the mRNA level of GUS in the strains comprising the chimeric
GPD::GUS, GPDIN::GUS, FBA::GUS and FBAIN::GUS genes, as compared to
the chimeric TEF::GUS gene. Using this methodology, it was possible
to compare the activity of the TEF promoter to the GPD, GPDIN, FBA
and FBAIN promoters.
[0441] The results of the relative quantitation of mRNA for each
GUS chimeric gene are shown in FIG. 6B. More specifically, the
assay showed that after 24 hrs in HGM, the transcription activity
of FBA and FBAIN promoters was about 3.3 and 6 times stronger than
the TEF promoter, respectively. Similarly, the transcription
activity of the GPD and GPDIN promoters is about 2 and 4.4 times
stronger than the TEF promoter, respectively. While the
transcription activities of the FBA::GUS, FBAIN::GUS, GPD::GUS and
GPDIN::GUS gene fusion decreased over the 4 day period of the
experiment, the transcriptional activity of the FBAIN and GPDIN
promoters was still about 3 and 2.6 times stronger than the TEF
promoter in the final day of the experiment.
Example 2
Identification of Enhancers Useful to Increase Gene Transcription
in Yarrowia lipolytica
[0442] Based on the strong promoter activities of FBAIN and GPDIN
(wherein activity was greater than that of the FBA and GPD
promoters, respectively) and the identification of an intron within
each promoter region, the present work was conducted to determine
whether enhancers were present in each intron.
[0443] Specifically, two chimeric promoters consisting of a
GPM::FBAIN promoter fusion and a GPM::GPDIN promoter fusion were
generated to drive expression of the GUS reporter gene. The
chimeric promoters (comprised of a "component 1" and a "component
2") are described below in Table 13.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 13 Construction of Plasmids Comprising A
Chimeric Promoter Within A Chimeric Promoter::GUS::XPR Gene
Chimeric Compo- Plasmid Promoter nent 1 Component 2 Name GPM::FBAIN
-1 bp to +1 bp to +171 bp region of pDMW224 (SEQ ID NO: -843 bp
FBAIN, wherein the intron is 167) region located at position +62 bp
of GPM to +165 bp GPM::GPDIN -1 bp to +1 bp to +198 bp region of
pDMW225 (SEQ ID NO: -843 bp GPDIN, wherein the intron is 168)
region located at position +49 bp of GPM to +194 bp
The chimeric promoters were positioned such that each drove
expression of the GUS reporter gene in plasmids pDMW224 and
pDMW225.
[0444] The activities of the GPM::FBAIN promoter and the GPM::GPDIN
promoter were compared with the TEF, FBAIN, GPDIN and GPM promoters
by comparing the GUS activity in Y. lipolytica strains comprising
pDMW224 and pDMW225 relative to the GUS activity in Y. lipolytica
strains comprising pY5-30, pYZGDG, pYZGMG and pDMW214 constructs
based on results from histochemical assays (as described in Example
1). As previously determined, the FBAIN promoter was the strongest
promoter. However, the chimeric GPM::FBAIN promoter and the
chimeric GPM::GPDIN promoter were both much stronger than the GPM
promoter and appeared to be equivalent in activity to the GPDIN
promoter. Thus, this confirmed the existence of an enhancer in both
the GPDIN promoter and the FBAIN promoter.
[0445] One skilled in the art would readily be able to construct
similar chimeric promoters, using either the GPDIN intron or the
FBAIN intron.
Example 3
Sulfonylurea Selection
[0446] Genetic improvement of Yarrowia has been hampered by the
lack of suitable non-antibiotic selectable transformation markers.
The present Example describes the development of a dominant, non
antibiotic marker for Y. lipolytica based on sulfonylurea
resistance that is also generally applicable to industrial yeast
strains that may be haploid, diploid, aneuploid or
heterozygous.
Theory and Initial Sensitivity Screening
[0447] Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is the first common enzyme
in the pathway for the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids.
It is the target of the sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides.
As such, sulfonyl urea herbicide resistance has been reported in
both microbes and plants. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
the single W586L mutation in AHAS confers resistance to
sulfonylurea herbicides (Falco, S. C., et al., Dev. Ind. Microbiol.
30:187-194 (1989); Duggleby, R. G., et. al. Eur. J. Biochem.
270:2895 (2003)).
[0448] When the amino acid sequences of wild type AHAS Y.
lipolytica (GenBank Accession No. XP.sub.--501277) and S.
cerevisiae (GenBank Accession No. P07342) enzymes were aligned, the
Trp amino acid residue at position 586 of the S. cerevisiae enzyme
was equivalent to the Trp residue at position 497 of the Y.
lipolytica enzyme. It was therefore hypothesized that W497L
mutation in the Y. lipolytica enzyme would likely confer
sulfonylurea herbicide resistance, if the wild type cells were
themselves sensitive to sulfonylurea. Using methodology well known
to those of skill in the art, it was determined that sulfonylurea
(chlorimuron ethyl) at a concentration of 100 .mu.g/mL in minimal
medium was sufficient to inhibit growth of wild type Y. lipolytica
strains ATCC #20362 and ATCC #90812.
Synthesis of a Mutant W497L AHAS Gene
[0449] The Y. lipolytica AHAS gene containing the W497L mutation
(SEQ ID NO:280) was created from genomic DNA in a two-step
reaction. First, the 5' portion of the AHAS gene was amplified from
genomic DNA using Pfu Ultra.TM. High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase
(Stratagene, Catalog #600380) and primers 410 and 411 [SEQ ID
NOs:365 and 366]; the 3' portion of the gene was amplified
similarly using primers 412 and 413 [SEQ ID NOs:367 and 368]. The
two pairs of primers were overlapping such that the overlapping
region contained the W497L mutation (wherein the mutation was a
`CT` change to `TG`).
[0450] The 5' and 3' PCR products of the correct size were gel
purified and used as the template for the second round of PCR,
wherein the entire mutant gene was amplified using primers 414 and
415 (SEQ ID NOs:369 and 370) and a mixture of the products from the
two primary PCR reactions. This mutant gene carried its own native
promoter and terminator sequences. The second round PCR product of
the correct size was gel purified and cloned by an in-fusion
technique into the vector backbone of plasmid pY35 [containing a
chimeric TEF::Fusarium moniliforme .DELTA.12 desaturase (Fm2) gene,
the E. coli origin of replication, a bacterial ampicillin
resistance gene, the Yarrowia Leu 2 gene and the Yarrowia
autonomous replication sequence (ARS); see WO 2005/047485 for
additional details], following its digestion with enzymes
SalI/BsiWI. The in-fusion reaction mixture was transformed into
TOP10 competent cells (Invitrogen, Catalog #C4040-10). After one
day selection on LB/Amp plates, eight (8) colonies were analyzed by
DNA miniprep. Seven clones were confirmed to be correct by
restriction digest. One of them that contained the sulfonylurea
resistance gene as well as the LEU gene was designated "pY57" (or
"pY57.YI.AHAS.w497I"; FIG. 7A).
[0451] Wild type Y. lipolytica strains ATCC #90812 and #20362 were
transformed with pY57 and `empty` LEU by a standard Lithium Acetate
method. Transformation controls comprising `No-DNA` were also
utilized. Transformants were plated onto either MM or
MM+sulfonylurea (SU; 100 .mu.g/mL) agar plates and the presence or
absence of colonies was evaluated following four days of
growth.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 14 AHAS Selection In Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC
#90812 ATCC #20362 MM + SU MM + SU Plasmid MM (100 .mu.g/mL) MM
(100 .mu.g/mL) pY57 colonies colonies colonies colonies Leu vector
colonies No colonies colonies No colonies control No DNA No
colonies No colonies No colonies No colonies control
[0452] Based on the results shown above, AHAS W497L was a good
non-antibiotic selection marker in both Y. lipolytica ATCC #90812
and #20362. Subsequently, Applicants used a sulfonylurea
concentration of 150 .mu.g/mL. This new marker is advantageous for
transforming Y. lipolytica since it does not rely on a foreign gene
but on a mutant native gene and it neither requires auxotrophy nor
results in auxotrophy. The herbicide is non-toxic to humans and
animals.
[0453] It is expected that this selection method will be generally
applicable to other industrial yeast strains that may be haploid,
diploid, aneuploid or heterozygous, if mutant AHAS enzymes were
created in a manner analogous to that described herein.
Example 4
.DELTA.6 Desaturase/.DELTA.6 Elongase Pathway
Generation of Y2034 and Y2047 Strains to Produce about 10-11% ARA
of Total Lipids
[0454] The present Example describes the construction of strains
Y2034 and Y2047, derived from Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #20362,
capable of producing 10 and 11% ARA, respectively, relative to the
total lipids (FIG. 4). These strains were both engineered to
express the .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway; thus, it
was not unexpected that analysis of the complete lipid profiles of
strains Y2034 and Y2047 indicated co-synthesis of .about.25-29%
GLA.
[0455] The development of strains Y2034 and Y2047 first required
the construction of strain M4 (producing 8% DGLA).
Generation of M4 Strain to Produce about 8% DGLA of Total
Lipids
[0456] Construct pKUNF12T6E (FIG. 7B; SEQ ID NO:114) was generated
to integrate four chimeric genes (comprising a .DELTA.12
desaturase, a .DELTA.6 desaturase and two C.sub.18/20 elongases)
into the Ura3 loci of wild type Yarrowia strain ATCC #20362, to
thereby enable production of DGLA. The pKUNF12T6E plasmid contained
the following components:
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 15 Description of Plasmid pKUNF12T6E (SEQ ID
NO: 114) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID NO: 114 Description
Of Fragment And Chimeric Gene Components AscI/BsiWI 784 bp 5' part
of Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank Accession (9420-8629) No. AJ306421)
SphI/PacI 516 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank Accession
(12128-1) No. AJ306421) SwaI/BsiWI FBAIN::EL1S::Pex20, comprising:
(6380-8629) FBAIN: FBAIN promoter (SEQ ID NO: 162) EL1S:
codon-optimized elongase 1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 19), derived from
Mortierella alpina (GenBank Accession No. AX464731) Pex20: Pex20
terminator sequence from Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No.
AF054613) BglII/SwaI TEF:: .DELTA.6S::Lip1, comprising: (4221-6380)
TEF: TEF promoter (GenBank Accession No. AF054508) .DELTA.6S:
codon-optimized .DELTA.6 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 3), derived
from Mortierella alpina (GenBank Accession No. AF465281) Lip1: Lip1
terminator sequence from Yarrowia Lip1 gene (GenBank Accession No.
Z50020) PmeI/ClaI FBA::F. .DELTA.12::Lip2, comprising: (4207-1459)
FBA: FBA promoter (SEQ ID NO: 161) F. .DELTA.12: Fusarium
moniliforme .DELTA.12 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 27) Lip2: Lip2
terminator sequence from Yarrowia Lip2 gene (GenBank Accession No.
AJ012632) ClaI/PacI TEF::EL2S::XPR, comprising: (1459-1) TEF: TEF
promoter (GenBank Accession No. AF054508) EL2S: codon-optimized
elongase gene (SEQ ID NO: 22), derived from Thraustochytrium aureum
(U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,145) XPR: ~100 bp of the 3' region of the
Yarrowia Xpr gene (GenBank Accession No. M17741)
[0457] The pKUNF12T6E plasmid was digested with AscI/SphI, and then
used for transformation of wild type Y. lipolytica ATCC #20362
according to the General Methods. The transformant cells were
plated onto FOA selection media plates and maintained at 30.degree.
C. for 2 to 3 days. The FOA resistant colonies were picked and
streaked onto MM and MMU selection plates. The colonies that could
grow on MMU plates but not on MM plates were selected as Ura-
strains. Single colonies of Ura- strains were then inoculated into
liquid MMU at 30.degree. C. and shaken at 250 rpm/min for 2
days.
[0458] The cells were collected by centrifugation, lipids were
extracted, and fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by
trans-esterification, and subsequently analyzed with a
Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0459] GC analyses showed the presence of DGLA in the transformants
containing the 4 chimeric genes of pKUNF12T6E, but not in the wild
type Yarrowia control strain. Most of the selected 32 Ura- strains
produced about 6% DGLA of total lipids. There were 2 strains (i.e.,
strains M4 and 13-8) that produced about 8% DGLA of total
lipids.
Generation of Y2034 and Y2047 Strains to Produce about 10% ARA of
Total Lipids
[0460] Constructs pDMW232 (FIG. 7C; SEQ ID NO:115) and pDMW271
(FIG. 7D; SEQ ID NO:116) were generated to integrate either two or
three .DELTA.5 chimeric genes into the Leu2 gene of Yarrowia strain
M4, respectively.
[0461] The plasmids pDMW232 and pDMW271 contained the following
components, as described in Tables 16 and 17, respectively:
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 16 Description of Plasmid pDMW232 (SEQ ID NO:
115) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID NO: 115 Description Of
Fragment And Chimeric Gene Components AscI/BsiWI 788 bp 5' part of
Yarrowia Leu2 gene (GenBank Accession (5550-4755) No. AF260230)
SphI/PacI 703 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Leu2 gene (GenBank Accession
(8258-8967) No. AF260230) SwaI/BsiWI FBAIN::MA.DELTA.5::Pex20,
comprising: (2114-4755) FBAIN: FBAIN promoter (SEQ ID NO: 162)
MA.DELTA.5: Mortierella alpina .DELTA.5 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO:
6) (GenBank Accession No. AF067654) Pex20: Pex20 terminator
sequence of Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF054613)
SwaI/ClaI TEF::MA.DELTA.5::Lip1, comprising: (2114-17) TEF: TEF
promoter (GenBank Accession No. AF054508) MA.DELTA.5: SEQ ID NO: 6
(supra) Lip1: Lip1 terminator sequence of Yarrowia Lip1 gene
(GenBank Accession No. Z50020) PmeI/ClaI Yarrowia Ura3 gene
(GenBank Accession No. AJ306421) (5550-4755)
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 17 Description of Plasmid pDMW271 (SEQ ID NO:
116) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID NO: 116 Description Of
Fragment And Chimeric Gene Components AscI/BsiWI 788 bp 5' part of
Yarrowia Leu2 gene (GenBank Accession (5520-6315) No. AF260230)
SphI/PacI 703 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Leu2 gene (GenBank Accession
(2820-2109) No. AF260230) SwaI/BsiWI FBAIN::MA.DELTA.5::Pex20: as
described for pDMW232 (supra) (8960-6315) SwaI/ClaI
TEF::MA.DELTA.5::Lip1: as described for pDMW232 (supra) (8960-
11055) PmeI/ClaI Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank Accession No.
AJ306421) (12690- 11055) ClaI/PacI TEF::H.DELTA.5S::Pex16,
comprising: (1-2109) TEF: TEF promoter (GenBank Accession No.
AF054508) H.DELTA.5S: codon-optimized .DELTA.5 desaturase gene (SEQ
ID NO: 13), derived from Homo sapiens (GenBank Accession No.
NP_037534) Pex16: Pex16 terminator sequence of Yarrowia Pex16 gene
(GenBank Accession No. U75433)
[0462] Plasmids pDMW232 and pDMW271 were each digested with
AscI/SphI, and then used to transform strain M4 separately
according to the General Methods. Following transformation, the
cells were plated onto MMLe plates and maintained at 30.degree. C.
for 2 to 3 days. The individual colonies grown on MMLe plates from
each transformation were picked and streaked onto MM and MMLe
plates. Those colonies that could grow on MMLe plates but not on MM
plates were selected as Leu2.sup.- strains. Single colonies of
Leu2.sup.- strains were then inoculated into liquid MMLe media at
30.degree. C. and shaken at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells were
collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty acid
methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and
subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0463] GC analyses showed the presence of ARA in pDMW232 and
pDMW271 transformants, but not in the parental M4 strain.
Specifically, among the 48 selected Leu2.sup.- transformants with
pDMW232, there were 34 strains that produced less than 5% ARA, 11
strains that produced 6-8% ARA, and 3 strains that produced about
10% ARA of total lipids in the engineered Yarrowia. One of the
strains that produced 10% ARA was named "Y2034".
[0464] Meanwhile, of the 48 selected Leu2.sup.- transformants with
pDMW271, there were 35 strains that produced less than 5% ARA of
total lipids, 12 strains that produced 6-8% ARA, and 1 strain that
produced about 11% ARA of total lipids in the engineered Yarrowia.
The strain that produced 11% ARA was named "Y2047".
Example 5
Generation of Intermediate Strain Y2031, Having a Ura- Genotype and
Producing 45% LA of Total Lipids
[0465] Strain Y2031 was generated by integration of the
TEF::Y..DELTA.12::Pex20 chimeric gene of plasmid pKUNT2 (FIG. 8A)
into the Ura3 gene locus of wild type Yarrowia strain ATCC #20362,
to thereby to generate a Ura- genotype.
[0466] Specifically, plasmid pKUNT2 contained the following
components:
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 18 Description of Plasmid pKUNT2 (SEQ ID NO:
117) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID NO: 117 Description Of
Fragment And Chimeric Gene Components AscI/BsiWI 784 bp 5' part of
Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank Accession (3225-3015) No. AJ306421)
SphI/PacI 516 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank Accession
(5933-13) No. AJ306421) EcoRI/ TEF::Y..DELTA.12::Pex20, comprising:
BsiWI TEF: TEF promoter (GenBank Accession No. (6380-8629)
AF054508) Y..DELTA.12: Yarrowia .DELTA.12 desaturase gene (SEQ ID
NO: 23) Pex20: Pex20 terminator sequence from Yarrowia Pex20 gene
(GenBank Accession No. AF054613)
[0467] The pKUNT2 plasmid was digested with AscI/SphI, and then
used for transformation of wild type Y. lipolytica ATCC #20362
according to the General Methods. The transformant cells were
plated onto FOA selection media plates and maintained at 30.degree.
C. for 2 to 3 days. The FOA resistant colonies were picked and
streaked onto MM and MMU selection plates. The colonies that could
grow on MMU plates but not on MM plates were selected as Ura-
strains. Single colonies (5) of Ura- strains were then inoculated
into liquid MMU at 30.degree. C. and shaken at 250 rpm/min for 2
days. The cells were collected by centrifugation, lipids were
extracted, and fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by
trans-esterification, and subsequently analyzed with a
Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0468] GC analyses showed that there were about 45% LA in two Ura-
strains (i.e., strains #2 and #3), compared to about 20% LA in the
wild type ATCC #20362. Transformant strain #2 was designated as
strain "Y2031".
Example 6
Synthesis and Functional Expression of a Codon-Optimized .DELTA.9
Elongase Gene in Yarrowia lipolytica
[0469] The codon usage of the .DELTA.9 elongase gene of Isochrysis
galbana (GenBank Accession No. AF390174) was optimized for
expression in Y. lipolytica, in a manner similar to that described
in WO 2004/101753. Specifically, according to the Yarrowia codon
usage pattern, the consensus sequence around the ATG translation
initiation codon, and the general rules of RNA stability
(Guhaniyogi, G. and J. Brewer, Gene 265(1-2):11-23 (2001)), a
codon-optimized .DELTA.9 elongase gene was designed (SEQ ID NO:41),
based on the DNA sequence of the I. galbana gene (SEQ ID NO:39). In
addition to modification of the translation initiation site, 126 bp
of the 792 bp coding region were modified, and 123 codons were
optimized. None of the modifications in the codon-optimized gene
changed the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein (GenBank
Accession No. AF390174; SEQ ID NO:40).
In Vitro Synthesis of a Codon-Optimized .DELTA.9 Elongase Gene for
Yarrowia
[0470] The codon-optimized .DELTA.9 elongase gene was synthesized
as follows. First, eight pairs of oligonucleotides were designed to
extend the entire length of the codon-optimized coding region of
the I. galbana .DELTA.9 elongase gene (e.g., IL3-1A, 1L3-1B,
1L3-2A, IL3-2B, IL3-3A, IL3-3B, IL3-4A, IL34B, IL3-5A, IL3-5B,
IL3-6A, IL3-6B, IL3-7A, IL3-7B, IL3-8A and IL3-8B, corresponding to
SEQ ID NOs:187-202). Each pair of sense (A) and anti-sense (B)
oligonucleotides were complementary, with the exception of a 4 bp
overhang at each 5'-end. Additionally, primers IL3-1F, IL3-4R,
IL3-5F and IL3-8R (SEQ ID NOs:203-206) also introduced NcoI, PstI,
PstI and Not1 restriction sites, respectively, for subsequent
subcloning.
[0471] Each oligonucleotide (100 ng) was phosphorylated at
37.degree. C. for 1 hr in a volume of 20 .mu.l containing 50 mM
Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM DTT, 0.5 mM spermidine,
0.5 mM ATP and 10 U of T4 polynucleotide kinase. Each pair of sense
and antisense oligonucleotides was mixed and annealed in a
thermocycler using the following parameters: 95.degree. C. (2 min),
85.degree. C. (2 min), 65.degree. C. (15 min), 37.degree. C. (15
min), 24.degree. C. (15 min) and 4.degree. C. (15 min). Thus,
IL3-1A (SEQ ID NO:187) was annealed to IL3-1B (SEQ ID NO:188) to
produce the double-stranded product "IL3-1AB". Similarly, IL3-2A
(SEQ ID NO:189) was annealed to IL3-2B (SEQ ID NO:190) to produce
the double-stranded product "IL3-2AB", etc.
[0472] Two separate pools of annealed, double-stranded
oligonucleotides were then ligated together, as shown below: Pool 1
(comprising IL3-1AB, IL3-2AB, IL3-3AB and IL3-4AB); and, Pool 2
(comprising IL3-5AB, IL3-6AB, IL3-7AB and IL3-8AB). Each pool of
annealed oligonucleotides was mixed in a volume of 20 .mu.l with 10
U of T4 DNA ligase and the ligation reaction was incubated
overnight at 16.degree. C.
[0473] The product of each ligation reaction was then used as
template to amplify the designed DNA fragment by PCR. Specifically,
using the ligated "Pool 1" mixture (i.e., IL3-1AB, IL3-2AB, IL3-3AB
and IL3-4AB) as template, and oligonucleotides IL3-1F and IL3-4R
(SEQ ID NOs:203 and 204) as primers, the first portion of the
codon-optimized .DELTA.9 elongase gene was amplified by PCR. The
PCR amplification was carried out in a 50 .mu.l total volume, as
described in the General Methods. Amplification was carried out as
follows: initial denaturation at 95.degree. C. for 3 min, followed
by 35 cycles of the following: 95.degree. C. for 1 min, 56.degree.
C. for 30 sec, 72.degree. C. for 40 sec. A final extension cycle of
72.degree. C. for 10 min was carried out, followed by reaction
termination at 4.degree. C. The 417 bp PCR fragment was subcloned
into the pGEM-T easy vector (Promega) to generate pT9(1-4).
[0474] Using the ligated "Pool 2" mixture (i.e., IL3-5AB, IL3-6AB,
IL3-7AB and IL3-8AB) as the template, and oligonucleotides IL3-5F
and IL3-8R (SEQ ID NOs:205 and 206) as primers, the second portion
of the codon-optimized .DELTA.9 elongase gene was amplified
similarly by PCR and cloned into pGEM-T-easy vector to generate
pT9(5-8).
[0475] E. coli was transformed separately with pT9(1-4) and
pT9(5-8) and the plasmid DNA was isolated from ampicillin-resistant
transformants. Plasmid DNA was purified and digested with the
appropriate restriction endonucleases to liberate the 417 bp
NcoI/PstI fragment of pT9(1-4) (SEQ ID NO:207) and the 377 bp
PstI/Not1 fragment of pT9(5-8) (SEQ ID NO:208). These two fragments
were then combined and directionally ligated together with
NcoI/NotI digested pZUF17 (SEQ ID NO:118; FIG. 8B) to generate
pDMW237 (FIG. 8C; SEQ ID NO:119). The DNA sequence of the resulting
synthetic .DELTA.9 elongase gene ("IgD9e") in pDMW237 was exactly
the same as the originally designed codon-optimized gene (i.e., SEQ
ID NO:41) for Yarrowia.
Expression of the Codon-Optimized .DELTA.9 Elongase Gene in Y.
lipolytica
[0476] Construct pDMW237 (FIG. 8C), an auto-replication plasmid
comprising a chimeric FBAIN::Ig D9e::Pex20 gene, was transformed
into Y. lipolytica Y2031 strain (Example 4) as described in the
General Methods. Three transformants of Y2031 with pDMW237 were
grown individually in MM media for two days and the cells were
collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty acid
methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and
subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0477] The GC results showed that there were about 7.1%, 7.3% and
7.4% EDA, respectively, produced in these transformants with
pDMW237. These data demonstrated that the synthetic,
codon-optimized IgD9e could convert C18:2 to EDA. The "percent (%)
substrate conversion" of the codon-optimized gene was determined to
be about 13%.
Example 7
Synthesis of a Codon-Optimized .DELTA.8 Desaturase Gene in Yarrowia
lipolytica
[0478] The codon usage of the .DELTA.8 desaturase gene of Euglena
gracilis (GenBank Accession No. AAD45877) was optimized for
expression in Y. lipolytica, in a manner similar to that described
in WO 2004/101753 and Example 6 (supra). Despite synthesis of three
different codon-optimized genes (i.e., "D8S-1", "D8S-2" and
"D8S-3"), none of the genes were capable of desaturating EDA to
DGLA. It was therefore hypothesized that the previously published
.DELTA.8 desaturase sequences were incorrect and it was necessary
to isolate the .DELTA.8 desaturase from Euglena gracilis directly,
following mRNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and PCR. This resulted in
two similar sequences, identified herein as Eg5 (SEQ ID NOs:44 and
45) and Eg12 (SEQ ID NOs:46 and 47).
[0479] Functional analysis of each gene sequence was performed by
cloning the genes into a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast expression
vector and conducting substrate feeding trials. Although both Eg5
and Eg12 were able to desaturase EDA and ETrA to produce DGLA and
ETA, respectively, Eg5 had significantly greater activity than
Eg12.
[0480] Based on the confirmed .DELTA.8 desaturase activity of Eg5,
the sequence was codon-optimized for expression in Yarrowia
lipolytica to thereby result in the synthesis of a synthetic,
functional codon-optimized .DELTA.8 desaturase designated as "D8SF"
(SEQ ID NOs:48 and 49).
Preliminary In Vitro Synthesis of a Codon-Optimized .DELTA.8
Desaturase Gene
[0481] A codon-optimized .DELTA.8 desaturase gene (designated
"D8S-1"; SEQ ID NO:209) was designed, based on the published
sequence of Euglena gracilis (SEQ ID NOs:42 and 43), according to
the Yarrowia codon usage pattern (WO 2004/101753), the consensus
sequence around the `ATG` translation initiation codon, and the
general rules of RNA stability (Guhaniyogi, G. and J. Brewer, Gene
265(1-2):11-23 (2001)). In addition to modification of the
translation initiation site, 200 bp of the 1260 bp coding region
were modified (15.9%). None of the modifications in the
codon-optimized gene changed the amino acid sequence of the encoded
protein (SEQ ID NO:43) except the second amino acid from `K` to `E`
to add a NcoI site around the translation initiation codon.
[0482] Specifically, the codon-optimized .DELTA.8 desaturase gene
was synthesized as follows. First, thirteen pairs of
oligonucleotides were designed to extend the entire length of the
codon-optimized coding region of the E. gracilis .DELTA.8
desaturase gene (e.g., D8-1A, D8-1B, D8-2A, D8-2B, D8-3A, D8-3B,
D8-4A, D8-4B, D8-5A, D8-5B, D8-6A, D8-6B, D8-7A, D8-7B, D8-8A,
D8-8B, D8-9A, D8-9B, D8-10A, D8-10B, D8-11A, D8-11B, D8-12A,
D8-12B, D8-13A and D8-13B, corresponding to SEQ ID NOs:210-235).
Each pair of sense (A) and anti-sense (B) oligonucleotides were
complementary, with the exception of a 4 bp overhang at each
5'-end. Additionally, primers D8-1A, D8-3B, D8-7A, D8-9B and D8-13B
(SEQ ID NOs:210, 215, 222, 227 and 235) also introduced NcoI,
BglII, XhoI, SacI and Not1 restriction sites, respectively, for
subsequent subcloning.
[0483] Oligonucleotides (100 ng of each) were phosphorylated as
described in Example 6, and then each pair of sense and antisense
oligonucleotides was mixed and annealed together [e.g., D8-1A (SEQ
ID NO:210) was annealed to D8-1B (SEQ ID NO:211) to produce the
double-stranded product "D8-1AB" and D8-2A (SEQ ID NO:212) was
annealed to D8-2B (SEQ ID NO:213) to produce the double-stranded
product "D8-2AB", etc.].
[0484] Four separate pools of annealed, double-stranded
oligonucleotides were then ligated together, as shown below: Pool 1
(comprising D8-1AB, D8-2AB and D8-3AB); Pool 2 (comprising D8-4AB,
D8-5AB and D8-6AB); Pool 3 (comprising D8-7AB, D8-8AB, and D8-9AB);
and, Pool 4 (comprising D8-10AB, D8-11AB, D8-12AB and D8-13AB).
Each pool of annealed oligonucleotides was mixed in a volume of 20
.mu.l with 10 U of T4 DNA ligase and the ligation reaction was
incubated overnight at 16.degree. C.
[0485] The product of each ligation reaction was then used as
template to amplify the designed DNA fragment by PCR. Specifically,
using the ligated "Pool 1" mixture (i.e., D8-1AB, D8-2AB and
D8-3AB) as template, and oligonucleotides D8-1F and D8-3R (SEQ ID
NOs:236 and 237) as primers, the first portion of the
codon-optimized .DELTA.8 desaturase gene was amplified by PCR. The
PCR amplification was carried out in a 50 .mu.l total volume, as
described in Example 6. The 309 bp PCR fragment was subcloned into
the pGEM-T easy vector (Promega) to generate pT8(1-3).
[0486] Using the ligated "Pool 2" mixture (i.e., D8-4AB, D8-5AB and
D8-6AB) as the template, and oligonucleotides D84F and D8-6R (SEQ
ID NOs:238 and 239) as primers, the second portion of the
codon-optimized .DELTA.8 desaturase gene was amplified similarly by
PCR and cloned into pGEM-T-easy vector to generate pT8(4-6). Using
the ligated "Pool 3" mixture (i.e., D8-7AB, D8-8AB and D8-9AB) as
the template and oligonucleotides D8-7F and D8-9R (SEQ ID NOs:240
and 241) as primers, the third portion of the codon-optimized
.DELTA.8 desaturase gene was amplified similarly by PCR and cloned
into pGEM-T-easy vector to generate pT8(7-9). Finally, using the
"Pool 4" ligation mixture (i.e., D8-10AB, D8-11AB, D8-12AB and
D8-13AB) as template, and oligonucleotides D8-10F and D8-13R (SEQ
ID NOs:242 and 243) as primers, the fourth portion of the
codon-optimized .DELTA.8 desaturase gene was amplified similarly by
PCR and cloned into pGEM-T-easy vector to generate pT8(10-13).
[0487] E. coli was transformed separately with pT8(1-3), pT8(4-6),
pT8(7-9) and pT8(10-13) and the plasmid DNA was isolated from
ampicillin-resistant transformants. Plasmid DNA was purified and
digested with the appropriate restriction endonucleases to liberate
the 309 bp NcoI/BglII fragment of pT8(1-3) (SEQ ID NO:244), the 321
bp BglII/XhoI fragment of pT8(4-6) (SEQ ID NO:245), the 264 bp
XhoI/SacI fragment of pT8(7-9) (SEQ ID NO:246) and the 369 bp
Sac1/Not1 fragment of pT8(10-13) (SEQ ID NO:247). These fragments
were then combined and directionally ligated together with
Nco1/Not1 digested pY54PC (SEQ ID NO:120; WO2004/101757) to
generate pDMW240 (FIG. 8D). This resulted in a synthetic .DELTA.8
desaturase gene ("D8S-1", SEQ ID NO:209) in pDMW240.
[0488] Compared with the published .DELTA.8 desaturase amino acid
sequence (SEQ ID NO:43) of E. gracilis, the second amino acid of
D8S-1 was changed from `K` to `E` in order to add the NcoI site
around the translation initiation codon. Another version of the
synthesized gene, with the exact amino acid sequence as the
published E. gracilis .DELTA.8 desaturase sequence (SEQ ID NO:43),
was constructed by in vitro mutagenesis (Stratagene, San Diego,
Calif.) using pDMW240 as a template and oligonucleotides ODMW390
and ODMW391 (SEQ ID NOs:248 and 249) as primers. The resulting
plasmid was designated pDMW255. The synthetic .DELTA.8 desaturase
gene in pDMW255 was designated as "D8S-2" and the amino acid
sequence was exactly the same as the sequence depicted in SEQ ID
NO:43.
Nonfunctional Codon-Optimized .DELTA.8 Desaturase Genes
[0489] Yarrowia lipolytica strain ATCC #76982(Leu-) was transformed
with pDMW240 (FIG. 8D) and pDMW255, respectively, as described in
the General Methods. Yeast containing the recombinant constructs
were grown in MM supplemented with EDA [20:2(11,14)]. Specifically,
single colonies of transformant Y. lipolytica containing either
pDMW240 (containing D8S-1) or pDMW255 (containing D8S-2) were grown
in 3 mL MM at 30.degree. C. to an OD.sub.600.about.1.0. For
substrate feeding, 100 .mu.l of cells were then subcultured in 3 mL
MM containing 10 .mu.g of EDA substrate for about 24 hr at
30.degree. C. The cells were collected by centrifugation, lipids
were extracted, and fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by
trans-esterification, and subsequently analyzed with a
Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0490] Neither transformant produced DGLA from EDA and thus D8S-1
and D8S-2 were not functional and could not desaturate EDA. The
chimeric D8S-1::XPR and D8S-2::XPR genes are shown in SEQ ID
NOs:250 and 251, respectively.
[0491] A three amino acid difference between the protein sequence
of the .DELTA.8 desaturase deposited in GenBank (Accession No.
AAD45877 [SEQ ID NO:43]) and in WO 00/34439 or Wallis et al.
(Archives of Biochem. Biophys, 365:307-316 (1999)) (SEQ ID NO:252
herein) was found. Specifically, three amino acids appeared to be
missing in GenBank Accession No. AAD45877. Using pDMW255 as
template and ODMW392 and ODMW393 (SEQ ID NOs:253 and 254) as
primers, 9 bp were added into the synthetic D8S-2 gene by in vitro
mutagenesis (Stratagene, San Diego, Calif.), thus producing a
protein that was identical to the sequence described in WO 00/34439
and Wallis et al. (supra) (SEQ ID NO:252). The resulting plasmid
was called pDMW261. The synthetic .DELTA.8 desaturase gene in
pDMW261 was designated as "D8S-3" (SEQ ID NO:255). Following
transformation of the pDMW261 construct into Yarrowia, a similar
feeding experiment using EDA was conducted, as described above. No
desaturation of EDA to DGLA was observed with D8S-3.
Isolation of a Euglena gracilis .DELTA.8 Desaturase Gene
[0492] Euglena gracilis was obtained from Dr. Richard Triemer's lab
at Michigan State University (East Lansing, Mich.). From 10 mL of
actively growing culture, a 1 mL aliquot was transferred into 250
mL of Euglena gracilis (Eg) Medium in a 500 mL glass bottle. Eg
medium was made by combining: 1 g of sodium acetate, 1 g of beef
extract (Catalog #U126-01, Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), 2 g
of Bacto.RTM.Tryptone (Catalog #0123-17-3, Difco Laboratories) and
2 g of Bacto.RTM.Yeast Extract (Catalog #0127-17-9, Difco
Laboratories) in 970 mL of water. After filter sterilizing, 30 mL
of Soil-Water Supernatant (Catalog #15-3790, Carolina Biological
Supply Company, Burlington, N.C.) was aseptically added to produce
the final Eg medium. E. gracilis cultures were grown at 23.degree.
C. with a 16 hr light, 8 hr dark cycle for 2 weeks with no
agitation.
[0493] After 2 weeks, 10 mL of culture was removed for lipid
analysis and centrifuged at 1,800.times.g for 5 min. The pellet was
washed once with water and re-centrifuged. The resulting pellet was
dried for 5 min under vacuum, resuspended in 100 .mu.L of
trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) and incubated at room
temperature for 15 min with shaking. After this, 0.5 mL of hexane
was added and the vials were incubated for 15 min at room
temperature with shaking. Fatty acid methyl esters (5 .mu.L
injected from hexane layer) were separated and quantified using a
Hewlett-Packard 6890 Gas Chromatograph fitted with an Omegawax 320
fused silica capillary column (Catalog #24152, Supelco Inc.). The
oven temperature was programmed to hold at 220.degree. C. for 2.7
min, increase to 240.degree. C. at 20.degree. C./min and then hold
for an additional 2.3 min. Carrier gas was supplied by a Whatman
hydrogen generator. Retention times were compared to those for
methyl esters of standards commercially available (Catalog #U-99-A,
Nu-Chek Prep, Inc.) and the resulting chromatogram is shown in FIG.
9.
[0494] The remaining 2 week culture (240 mL) was pelleted by
centrifugation at 1,800.times.g for 10 min, washed once with water
and re-centrifuged. Total RNA was extracted from the resulting
pellet using the RNA STAT-60.TM. reagent (TEL-TEST, Inc.,
Friendswood, Tex.) and following the manufacturer's protocol
provided (use 5 mL of reagent, dissolved RNA in 0.5 mL of water).
In this way, 1 mg of total RNA (2 mg/mL) was obtained from the
pellet. The mRNA was isolated from 1 mg of total RNA using the mRNA
Purification Kit (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) following
the manufacturer's protocol provided. In this way, 85 .mu.g of mRNA
was obtained.
[0495] cDNA was synthesized from 765 ng of mRNA using the
SuperScript.TM. Choice System for cDNA synthesis (Invitrogen.TM.
Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) with the provided oligo(dT)
primer according to the manufacturer's protocol. The synthesized
cDNA was dissolved in 20 .mu.L of water.
[0496] The E. gracilis .DELTA.8 desaturase was amplified from cDNA
with oligonucleotide primers Eg5-1 and Eg3-3 (SEQ ID NOs:256 and
257) using the conditions described below. Specifically, cDNA (1
.mu.L) was combined with 50 pmol of Eg5-1, 50 pmol of Eg5-1, 1
.mu.L of PCR nucleotide mix (10 mM, Promega, Madison, Wis.), 5
.mu.L of 10.times.PCR buffer (Invitrogen), 1.5 .mu.L of MgCl.sub.2
(50 mM, Invitrogen), 0.5 .mu.L of Taq polymerase (Invitrogen) and
water to 50 .mu.L. The reaction conditions were 94.degree. C. for 3
min followed by 35 cycles of 94.degree. C. for 45 sec, 55.degree.
C. for 45 sec and 72.degree. C. for 1 min. The PCR was finished at
72.degree. C. for 7 min and then held at 4.degree. C. The PCR
reaction was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis on 5 .mu.L and
a DNA band with molecular weight around 1.3 kB was observed. The
remaining 45 .mu.L of product was separated by agarose gel
electrophoresis and the DNA band was purified using the
Zymoclean.TM. Gel DNA Recovery Kit (Zymo Research, Orange, Calif.)
following the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting DNA was cloned
into the pGEM.RTM.-T Easy Vector (Promega) following the
manufacturer's protocol. Multiple clones were sequenced using T7,
M13-28Rev, Eg3-2 and Eg5-2 (SEQ ID NOS:258-261, respectively).
[0497] Thus, two classes of DNA sequences were obtained, Eg5 (SEQ
ID NO:44) and Eg12 (SEQ ID NO:46), that differed in only a few bp.
Translation of Eg5 and Eg12 gave rise to protein sequences that
differed in only one amino acid, SEQ ID NO:45 and 47, respectively.
Thus, the DNA and protein sequences for Eg5 are set forth in SEQ ID
NO:44 and SEQ ID NO:45, respectively; the DNA and protein sequences
for Eg12 are set forth in SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:47,
respectively.
Comparison of the Isolated E. gracilis .DELTA.8 Desaturase
Sequences to Published E. gracilis .DELTA.8 Desaturase
Sequences
[0498] An alignment of the protein sequences set forth in SEQ ID
NO:45 (Eg5) and SEQ ID NO:47 (Eg12) with the protein sequence from
GenBank Accession No. AAD45877 (gi: 5639724; SEQ ID NO:43 herein)
and with the published protein sequences of Wallis et al. (Archives
of Biochem. Biophys., 365:307-316 (1999); WO 00/34439) [SEQ ID
NO:252 herein] is shown in FIG. 10. Amino acids conserved among all
4 sequences are indicated with an asterisk (*). Dashes are used by
the program to maximize alignment of the sequences. The putative
cytochrome b.sub.5 domain is underlined. A putative His box is
shown in bold. Percent identity calculations revealed that the Eg5
.DELTA.8 desaturase protein sequence is 95.5% identical to SEQ ID
NO:43 and 96.2% identical to SEQ ID NO:252, wherein "% identity" is
defined as the percentage of amino acids that are identical between
the two proteins. Sequence alignments and percent identity
calculations were performed using the Megalign program of the
LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison,
Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequences was performed using the
Clustal method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151-153
(1989)) with default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH
PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments using the
Clustal method were KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS
SAVED=5. For a more complete analysis of the differences between
the various E. gracilis .DELTA.8 desaturase sequences, refer to
co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/166,993.
Functional Analysis of the Euglena gracilis .DELTA.8 Desaturase
Sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
[0499] The yeast episomal plasmid (YEp)-type vector pRS425
(Christianson et al., Gene, 110:119-22 (1992)) contains sequences
from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.mu. endogenous plasmid, a LEU2
selectable marker and sequences based on the backbone of a
multifunctional phagemid, pBluescript II SK+. The S. cerevisiae
strong, constitutive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD)
promoter was cloned between the SacII and SpeI sites of pRS425 in
the same way as described in Jia et al. (Physiological Genomics,
3:83-92 (2000)) to produce pGPD425. A NotI site was introduced into
the BamHI site of pGPD425 (thus producing a NotI site flanked by
BamHI sites), thereby resulting in plasmid pY-75. Eg5 (SEQ ID
NO:44) and Eg12 (SEQ ID NO:46) were released from the pGEM.RTM.-T
Easy vectors described above by digestion with NotI and cloned into
the NotI site of pY-75 to produce pY89-5 (deposited as ATCC
#PTA-6048) and pY89-12, respectively. In this way, the .DELTA.8
desaturases (i.e., Eg5 [SEQ ID NO:44] and Eg12 [SEQ ID NO:46]) were
cloned behind a strong constitutive promoter for expression in S.
cerevisiae. A map of pY89-5 is shown in FIG. 8E.
[0500] Plasmids pY89-5, pY89-12 and pY-75 were transformed into
Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 (ATCC #201388) using standard
lithium acetate transformation procedures. Transformants were
selected on DOBA media supplemented with CSM-leu (Qbiogene,
Carlsbad, Calif.). Transformants from each plate were inoculated
into 2 mL of DOB medium supplemented with CSM-leu (Qbiogene) and
grown for 1 day at 30.degree. C., after which 0.5 mL was
transferred to the same medium supplemented with either EDA or EtrA
to 1 mM. These were incubated overnight at 30.degree. C., 250 rpm,
and pellets were obtained by centrifugation and dried under vacuum.
Pellets were transesterified with 50 .mu.L of TMSH and analyzed by
GC as described in the General Methods. Two clones for pY-75 (i.e.,
clones 75-1 and 75-2) and pY89-5 (i.e., clones 5-6-1 and 5-6-2)
were each analyzed, while two sets of clones for pY89-12 (i.e.,
clones 12-8-1, 12-8-2, 12-9-1 and 12-9-2) from two independent
transformations were analyzed.
[0501] The lipid profile obtained by GC analysis of clones fed EDA
are shown in Table 19; and the lipid profile obtained by GC
analysis of clones fed EtrA are shown in Table 20. Fatty acids are
identified as 16:0 (palmitate), 16:1 (palmitoleic acid), 18:0, 18:1
(oleic acid), 20:2 [EDA], 20:3 (8,11,14) [DGLA], 20:3 (11,14,17)
[ETrA] and 20:4 (8,11,14,17) [ETA]; and the composition of each is
presented as a % of the total fatty acids.
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 19 Lipid Analysis Of Transformant S.
cerevisiae Overexpressing The Euglena gracilis .DELTA.8
Desaturases: EDA Substrate Feeding 20:3 (8, % 20:2 Clone 16:0 16:1
18:0 18:1 20:2 11, 14) Converted 75-1 (control) 14 32 5 38 10 0 0
75-2 (control) 14 31 5 41 9 0 0 5-6-1 (Eg5) 14 32 6 40 6 2 24 5-6-2
(Eg5) 14 30 6 41 7 2 19 12-8-1 (Eg12) 14 30 6 41 9 1 7 12-8-2
(Eg12) 14 32 5 41 8 1 8 12-9-1 (Eg12) 14 31 5 40 9 1 8 12-9-2
(Eg12) 14 32 5 41 8 1 7
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 20 Lipid Analysis Of Transformant S.
cerevisiae Overexpressing The Euglena gracilis .DELTA.8
Desaturases: ETrA Substrate Feeding 20:3 (11, 20:4 (8, 14, 11, 14,
% 20:3 Clone 16:0 16:1 18:0 18:1 17) 17) Converted 75-1 (control)
12 25 5 33 24 0 0 75-2 (control) 12 24 5 36 22 1 5 5-6-1 (Eg5) 13
25 6 34 15 7 32 5-6-2 (Eg5) 13 24 6 34 17 6 27 12-8-1 (Eg12) 12 24
5 34 22 2 8 12-8-2 (Eg12) 12 25 5 35 20 2 9 12-9-1 (Eg12) 12 24 5
34 22 2 9 12-9-2 (Eg12) 12 25 6 35 20 2 9
[0502] The data in Tables 19 and 20 showed that the cloned Euglena
.DELTA.8 desaturases were able to desaturate EDA and EtrA. The
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47 has one amino acid change
compared to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45 and has reduced
.DELTA.8 desaturase activity.
[0503] The small amount of 20:4(8,11,14, 17) generated by clone
75-2 in Table 20 had a slightly different retention time than a
standard for 20:4(8,11,14,17). This peak was more likely a small
amount of a different fatty acid generated by the wild-type yeast
in that experiment.
Further Modification of the .DELTA.8 Desaturase Gene
Codon-Optimized for Yarrowia lipolytica
[0504] The amino acid sequence of the synthetic D8S-3 gene in
pDMW261 was corrected according to the amino acid sequence of the
functional Euglena .DELTA.8 desaturase (SEQ ID NOs:44 and 45).
Using pDMW261 as a template and oligonucleotides ODMW404 (SEQ ID
NO:262) and D8-13R (SEQ ID NO:243), the DNA fragment encoding the
synthetic D8S-3 desaturase gene was amplified. The resulting PCR
fragment was purified with Bio101's Geneclean kit and subsequently
digested with Kpn1 and Not1 (primer ODMW404 introduced a KpnI site
while primer D8-13R introduced a NotI site). The Kpn1/Not1 fragment
(SEQ ID NO:263) was cloned into Kpn1/Not1 digested pKUNFmKF2 (FIG.
11A; SEQ ID NO:121) to produce pDMW277 (FIG. 11B).
[0505] Oligonucleotides YL521 and YL522 (SEQ ID NOs:264 and 265),
which were designed to amplify and correct the 5' end of the D8S-3
gene, were used as primers in another PCR reaction where pDMW277
was used as the template. The primers introduced into the PCR
fragment a Nco1 site and BglII site at its 5' and 3' ends,
respectively. The 318 bp PCR product was purified with Bio101's
GeneClean kit and subsequently digested with Nco1 and BglII. The
digested fragment, along with the 954 bp BglII/NotI fragment from
pDMW277, was used to exchange the NcoI/NotI fragment of pZF5T-PPC
(FIG. 11C; SEQ ID NO:122) to form pDMW287. In addition to
correcting the 5' end of the synthetic D8S-3 gene, this cloning
reaction also placed the synthetic .DELTA.8 desaturase gene under
control of the Yarrowia lipolytica FBAIN promoter (SEQ ID
NO:162).
[0506] The first reaction in a final series of site-directed
mutagenesis reactions was then performed on pDMW287. The first set
of primers, YL525 and YL526 (SEQ ID NOs:266 and 267), was designed
to correct amino acid from F to S (position #50) of the synthetic
D8S-3 gene in pDMW287. The plasmid resulting from this mutagenesis
reaction then became the template for the next site-directed
mutagenesis reaction with primers YL527 and YL528 (SEQ ID NOs:268
and 269). These primers were designed to correct the amino acid
from F to S (position #67) of the D8S-3 gene and resulted in
creation of plasmid pDMW287/YL527.
[0507] To complete the sequence corrections within the second
quarter of the gene, the following reactions were carried out
concurrently with the mutations on the first quarter of the gene.
Using pDMW287 as template and oligonucleotides YL529 and YL530 (SEQ
ID NOs:270 and 271) as primers, an in vitro mutagenesis reaction
was carried out to correct the amino acid from C to W (position
#177) of the synthetic D8S-3 gene. The product (i.e., pDMW287/Y529)
of this mutagenesis reaction was used as the template in the
following reaction using primers YL531 and YL532 (SEQ ID NOs:272
and 273) to correct the amino acid from P to L (position #213). The
product of this reaction was called pDMW287/YL529-31.
[0508] Concurrently with the mutations on the first and second
quarter of the gene, reactions were similarly carried out on the 3'
end of the gene. Each subsequent mutagenesis reaction used the
plasmid product from the preceding reaction. Primers YL533 and
YL534 (SEQ ID NOs:274 and 275) were used on pDMW287 to correct the
amino acid from C to S (position #244) to create pDMW287/YL533.
Primers YL535 and YL536 (SEQ ID NOs:276 and 277) were used to
correct the amino acid A to T (position #280) in the synthetic
D8S-3 gene of pDMW287/YL533 to form pDMW287/YL533-5. Finally, the
amino acid P at position #333 was corrected to S in the synthetic
D8S-3 gene using pDMW287/YL533-5 as the template and YL537 and
YL538 (SEQ ID NOs:278 and 279) as primers. The resulting plasmid
was named pDMW287/YL533-5-7.
[0509] The BglII/XhoI fragment of pDMW287/YL529-31 and the
XhoI/NotI fragment of pDMW287/YL533-5-7 were used to change the
BglII/NotI fragment of pDMW287/YL257 to produce pDMW287F (FIG. 11D)
containing the completely corrected synthetic .DELTA.8 desaturase
gene, designated D8SF and set forth in SEQ ID NO:48. SEQ ID NO:49
sets forth the amino acid sequence encoded by nucleotides 2-1270 of
SEQ ID NO:48, which is essentially the same as the sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:45, except for an additional valine following
the start methionine.
Example 8
Functional Expression of the Codon-Optimized .DELTA.9 Elongase Gene
and Codon-Optimized .DELTA.8 Desaturase in Yarrowia lipolytica
[0510] The present Example describes DGLA biosynthesis and
accumulation in Yarrowia lipolytica that was transformed to
co-express the codon-optimized .DELTA.9 elongase and
codon-optimized .DELTA.8 desaturase from Examples 6 and 7. This
experiment thereby confirmed both genes' activity and Y.
lipolytica's ability to express the .DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8
desaturase pathway.
[0511] Specifically, the ClaI/PacI fragment comprising a chimeric
FBAIN::D8SF::Pex16 gene of construct pDMW287F (Example 7) was
inserted into the ClaI/PacI sites of pDMW237 (Example 6) to
generate the construct pDMW297 (FIG. 11E; SEQ ID NO:123).
[0512] Plasmid pDMW297 contained the following components:
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 21 Description of Plasmid pDMW297(SEQ ID NO:
123) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID NO: 123 Description Of
Fragment And Chimeric Gene Components EcoRI/ClaI ARS18 sequence
(GenBank Accession No. A17608) (9053- 10448) ClaI/PacI
FBAIN::D8SF::Pex16, comprising: (1-2590) FBAIN: FBAIN promoter (SEQ
ID NO: 162) D8SF: codon-optimized .DELTA.8 desaturase gene (SEQ ID
NO: 48), derived from Euglena gracilis (GenBank Accession No.
AF139720) Pex16: Pex16 terminator sequence of Yarrowia Pex16 gene
(GenBank Accession No. U75433) PacI/SalI Yarrowia Ura3 gene
(GenBank Accession No. AJ306421) (2590-4082) SalI/BsiWI
FBAIN::IgD9e::Pex20, comprising: (4082-6257) FBAIN: FBAIN promoter
(SEQ ID NO: 162) IgD9e: codon-optimized .DELTA.9 elongase gene (SEQ
ID NO: 41), derived from Isochrysis galbana (GenBank Accession No.
390174) Pex20: Pex20 terminator sequence of Yarrowia Pex20 gene
(GenBank Accession No. AF054613)
[0513] Construct pDMW297 was then used for transformation of strain
Y2031 (Example 5) according to the General Methods. The
transformant cells were plated onto MM selection media plates and
maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to 3 days. A total of 8
transformants grown on the MM plates were picked and re-streaked
onto fresh MM plates. Once grown, these strains were individually
inoculated into liquid MM at 30.degree. C. and shaken at 250
rpm/min for 2 days. The cells were collected by centrifugation,
lipids were extracted, and fatty acid methyl esters were prepared
by trans-esterification, and subsequently analyzed with a
Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0514] GC analyses showed that DGLA was produced in all of the
transformants analyzed. One strain produced about 3.2%, 4 strains
produced 4.3-4.5%, two strains produced 5.5-5.8% and one strain
produced 6.4% DGLA (designated herein as strain "Y0489"). The
"percent (%) substrate conversion" of the codon-optimized D8SF gene
in strain Y0489 was determined to be 75%.
Example 9
.DELTA.9 Elongase/.DELTA.8 Desaturase Pathway
Generation of Y2214 Strain to Produce about 14% ARA of Total
Lipids
[0515] The present Example describes the construction of strain
Y2214, derived from Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #20362, capable of
producing 14% ARA relative to the total lipids (FIG. 4). This
strain was engineered to express the .DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8
desaturase pathway; thus, analysis of the complete lipid profiles
of strain Y2214 indicating no GLA co-synthesis in the final
ARA-containing oil was expected.
[0516] The development of strain Y2214 herein required the
construction of strains Y2152 and Y2153 (producing .about.3.5%
DGLA), strains Y2173 and Y2175 (producing 14-16% DGLA), and strains
Y2183 and 2184 (producing 5% ARA).
Generation of Strains Y2152 and Y2153 to Produce about .about.3.5%
DGLA of Total Lipids
[0517] Construct pZP2C16M899 (FIG. 12A, SEQ ID NO:124) was used to
integrate a cluster of four chimeric genes (comprising two .DELTA.9
elongases, a synthetic C.sub.16/18 fatty acid elongase and a
.DELTA.8 desaturase), as well as a Yarrowia AHAS gene
(acetohydroxy-acid synthase) containing a single amino acid
mutation. The mutated AHAS enzyme in Yarrowia conferred resistance
to sulfonylurea, which was used as a positive screening marker.
Plasmid pZP2C16M899 was designed to integrate into the Pox2 gene
site of Yarrowia strain ATCC #20362 and thus contained the
following components:
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 22 Description of Plasmid pZP2C16M899 (SEQ ID
NO: 124) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of
Fragment And NO: 124 Chimeric Gene Components BsiWI/AscI 810 bp 5'
part of Yarrowia Aco2 gene (GenBank (6152-6962) Accession No.
AJ001300) SphI/EcoRI 655 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Aco2 gene (GenBank
(9670-10325) Accession No. AJ001300) BsiWI/PmeI with
GPM/FBAintron::rELO2S::Oct, comprising: EcoRV GPM/FBAIN: GPM::FBAIN
chimeric promoter (929-3195) (SEQ ID NO: 167) rELO2S:
codon-optimized rELO2 elongase gene (SEQ ID NO: 52), derived from
rat (GenBank Accession No. AB071986) OCT: OCT terminator sequence
of Yarrowia OCT gene (GenBank Accession No. X69988) BsiWI/EcoRI
GPAT::IgD9e::Pex20, comprising: (929-14447, GPAT: GPAT promoter
(SEQ ID NO: 164) reverse) IgD9e: codon-optimized .DELTA.9 elongase
gene (SEQ ID NO: 41), derived from I. galbana Pex20: Pex20
terminator sequence of Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No.
AF054613) EcoRI/SwaI TEF::IgD9e::Lip1, comprising: (14447-12912)
TEF: TEF promoter (GenBank Accession No. AF054508) IgD9e:
codon-optimized .DELTA.9 elongase gene (SEQ ID NO: 41), derived
from I. galbana Lip1: Lip1 terminator sequence of Yarrowia Lip1
gene (GenBank Accession No. Z50020) SwaI/PacI FBAIN::D8SF::Pex16,
comprising: (12912-10325) FBAIN: FBAIN promoter (SEQ ID NO: 162)
D8SF: codon-optimized .DELTA.8 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 48),
derived from Euglena gracilis (GenBank Accession No. AF139720)
Pex16: Pex16 terminator sequence of Yarrowia Pex16 gene (GenBank
Accession No. U75433) gene PmeI with Yarrowia lipolytica AHAS gene
comprising a W497L EcoRV/ mutation (SEQ ID NO: 280) BsiWI
(3195-6152)
[0518] Plasmid pZP2C16M899 was digested with SphI/AscI, and then
used to transform ATCC #20362 according to the General Methods.
Following transformation, cells were plated onto MM plates
containing 150 mg sulfonylurea and maintained at 30.degree. C. for
2 to 3 days. The sulfonylurea resistant colonies were picked and
streaked onto MM with sulfonylurea selection plates. A total of 96
transformants were then inoculated into liquid MM with sulfonylurea
at 30.degree. C. and shaken at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells
were collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty
acid methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and
subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0519] GC analyses showed the presence of DGLA in the transformants
containing the 4 chimeric genes of pZP2C16M899, but not in the wild
type Yarrowia control strain. Most of the selected 96 strains
produced less than 2% DGLA of total lipids. There were 28 strains
that produced 2-2.9% DGLA of total lipids. There were 2 strains
that produced about 3.5% DGLA of total lipids. Strains #65 and #73
were designated herein as strains "Y2152" and "Y2153",
respectively.
Generation of Strains Y2173 and Y2175 to Produce about 14-16% DGLA
of Total Lipids
[0520] Construct pDMW314 (FIG. 12B, SEQ ID NO:125) was used to
integrate a cluster of four chimeric genes (comprising two .DELTA.9
elongases, a .DELTA.8 desaturase and a .DELTA.12 desaturase) into
the Ura3 gene site of Yarrowia strains Y2152 and Y2153, to thereby
enhance production of DGLA. Plasmid pDMW314 contained the following
components:
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 23 Description of Plasmid pDMW314 (SEQ ID NO:
125) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of Fragment
And NO: 125 Chimeric Gene Components AscI/BsiWI 784 bp 5' part of
Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank (10066-9275) Accession No. AJ306421)
SphI/PacI 516 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank (12774-1)
Accession No. AJ306421) SwaI/BsiWI FBAIN::F.D12S::Pex20,
comprising: (6582-9275) FBAIN: FBAIN promoter (SEQ ID NO: 162)
F..DELTA.12: Fusarium moniliforme .DELTA.12 desaturase gene (SEQ ID
NO: 27) Pex20: Pex20 terminator sequence from Yarrowia Pex20 gene
(GenBank Accession No. AF054613) ClaI/EcoRI GPAT::IgD9E::Pex20: as
described for pZP2C16M899 (6199-4123) (supra) EcoRI/SwaI
TEF::IgD9E::Lip1: as described for pZP2C16M899 (4123-2588) (supra)
SwaI/PacI FBAIN::D8SF::Pex16: as described for pZP2C16M899 (2588-1)
(supra)
Plasmid pDMW314 was digested with AscI/SphI, and then used for
transformation of Y. lipolytica strains Y2152 and Y2153 according
to the General Methods. The transformant cells were plated onto FOA
selection media plates and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to 3
days. The FOA resistant colonies were picked and streaked onto MM
and MMU selection plates. The colonies that could grow on MMU
plates but not on MM plates were selected as Ura- strains. Single
colonies of Ura- strains were then inoculated into liquid MMU at
30.degree. C. and shaken at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells were
collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty acid
methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and
subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0521] GC analyses showed increased production of DGLA in almost
all transformants containing the 4 chimeric genes of pDMW314. Most
of the selected 48 Ura- strains of Y2152 with pDMW314 produced
about 6-8% DGLA of total lipids. There was one strain (i.e., #47,
designated herein as "Y2173") that produced about 13.9% DGLA of
total lipids.
[0522] Most of the selected 24 Ura- strains of Y2153 with pDMW314
produced about 6-8% DGLA of total lipids. There were two strains
(i.e., #6 and #11, designated herein as strains "Y2175" and
"Y2176") that produced about 16.3% and 17.2% DGLA of total lipids,
respectively.
Generation of Strains Y2183 and Y2184 to Produce about 5% ARA of
Total Lipids
[0523] Construct pDMW322 (FIG. 12C, SEQ ID NO:126) was used to
integrate a cluster of two chimeric .DELTA.5 desaturase genes into
the Leu2 gene site of Yarrowia Y2173 and Y2175 strains to thereby
enable production of ARA. Plasmid pDMW322 contained the following
components:
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 24 Description of Plasmid pDMW232 (SEQ ID NO:
126) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of Fragment
And NO: 126 Chimeric Gene Components AscI/BsiWI 788 bp 5' part of
Yarrowia Leu2 gene (GenBank (3437-2642) Accession No. AF260230)
SphI/PacI 703 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Leu2 gene (GenBank (6854-6145)
Accession No. AF260230) SwaI with FBAIN::MA.DELTA.5::Pex20,
comprising: PmeI/BsiWI FBAIN: FBAIN promoter (SEQ ID NO: 162)
(1-2642) MA.DELTA.5: Mortierella alpina .DELTA.5 desaturase gene
(SEQ ID NO: 6) (GenBank Accession No. AF067654) Pex20: Pex20
terminator sequence of Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No.
AF054613) EcoRI/SwaI GPM/FBAIN::I..DELTA.5S::Oct, comprising: with
PmeI GPM/FBAIN: GPM::FBAIN chimeric promoter (SEQ ID (8833-1) NO:
167) I..DELTA.5S: codon-optimized .DELTA.5 desaturase gene (SEQ ID
NO: 10), derived from Isochrysis galbana (WO 2002/ 081668) OCT: OCT
terminator sequence of Yarrowia OCT gene (GenBank Accession No.
X69988) EcoRI/PmeI Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank Accession No.
(8833-7216) AJ306421)
[0524] Plasmid pDMW322 was digested with AscI/SphI, and then used
to transform strains Y2173 and Y2175 separately according to the
General Methods. Following transformation, the cells were plated
onto MMLe plates and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to 3 days.
The individual colonies grown on MMLe plates from each
transformation were picked and streaked onto MM and MMLe plates.
Those colonies that could grow on MMLe plates but not on MM plates
were selected as Leu2.sup.- strains. Single colonies of Leu2.sup.-
strains were then inoculated into liquid MMLe media at 30.degree.
C. and shaken at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells were collected
by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty acid methyl
esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and subsequently
analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0525] GC analyses showed the presence of ARA in pDMW322
transformants, but not in the parental Y2173 and Y2175 strains.
Specifically, among the 48 selected Leu2.sup.- transformants of
Y2173 with pDMW322, most strains produced less than 4.4% ARA of
total lipids; however, there were two strains (i.e., #1 and #42,
designated herein as strains "Y2181" and "Y2182") that produced
about 4.5 and 5.8% ARA of total lipids, respectively.
[0526] In parallel, among the 48 selected Leu2.sup.- transformants
of Y2175 with pDMW322, most strains produced less than 4.5% ARA of
total lipids. There were three strains (i.e., #22, #42 and #47,
designated herein as strains "Y2183", "Y2184" and "Y2185"), that
produced about 4.9%, 4.6% and 4.7% ARA of total lipids,
respectively, in the engineered Yarrowia.
Generation of Strain Y2214 to Produce about 14% ARA of Total
Lipids
[0527] Construct pZKSL5598 (FIG. 12D, SEQ ID NO:127) was used to
integrate a cluster of four chimeric genes (comprising a .DELTA.9
elongase, a .DELTA.8 desaturase and two .DELTA.5 desaturases) into
the Lys5 gene (GenBank Accession No. M34929) site of Yarrowia Y2183
and Y2185 strains to thereby enhance production of ARA. Plasmid
pZKSL5598 contained the following components:
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 25 Description of Plasmid pZKSL5598 (SEQ ID
NO: 127) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of
Fragment And NO: 127 Chimeric Gene Components AscI/BsiWI 794 bp 5'
part of Yarrowia Lys5 gene (GenBank (10409-9573) Accession No.
M34929) SphI/PacI 687 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Lys5 gene (GenBank
(13804-13117) Accession No. M34929) BsiWI/SwaI NT::I.D5S::Lip1,
comprising: (7150-9573) NT: YAT1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 165)
I..DELTA.5S: codon-optimized .DELTA.5 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO:
10), derived from Isochrysis galbana (WO 2002/ 081668) Lip1: Lip1
terminator sequence of Yarrowia Lip1 gene (GenBank Accession No.
Z50020) SalI/BsiWI GPAT::MA.DELTA.5::Pex20, comprising: (4537-7150)
GPAT: GPAT promoter (SEQ ID NO: 164) MA.DELTA.5: Mortierella alpina
.DELTA.5 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 6) (GenBank Accession No.
AF067654) Pex20: Pex20 terminator sequence from Yarrowia Pex20 gene
(GenBank Accession No. AF054613) SwaI/PmeI FBAINm::IgD9e::OCT,
comprising: (2381-348) FBAINm: FBAINm promoter (SEQ ID NO: 163)
IgD9e: codon-optimized .DELTA.9 elongase gene (SEQ ID NO: 41),
derived from I. galbana OCT: OCT terminator sequence of Yarrowia
OCT gene (GenBank Accession No. X69988) ClaI/PacI GPD::D8SF::Pex16,
comprising: (1-13804) GPD: GPD promoter (SEQ ID NO: 158) D8SF:
codon-optimized .DELTA.8 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 48), derived
from Euglena gracilis (GenBank Accession No. AF139720) Pex16: Pex16
terminator sequence of Yarrowia Pex16 gene (GenBank Accession No.
U75433) SalII/PmeI Yarrowia Leu2 gene (GenBank Accession No.
(4537-2417) AF260230)
[0528] Plasmid pZKSL5598 was digested with AscI/SphI, and then used
to transform strains Y2183 and Y2184 separately according to the
General Methods. Following transformation, the cells were plated
onto MMLys plates and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to 3 days.
The individual colonies grown on MMLys plates from each
transformation were picked and streaked onto MM and MMLys plates.
Those colonies that could grow on MMLys plates but not on MM plates
were selected as Lys.sup.- strains. Single colonies of Lys.sup.-
strains were then inoculated into liquid MMLys media at 30.degree.
C. and shaken at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells were collected
by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty acid methyl
esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and subsequently
analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0529] GC analyses showed increased production of ARA in pZKSL5598
transformants. Among the 48 selected Lys.sup.- transformants of
Y2183 with pZKSL5598, most strains produced between 4-9.5% ARA of
total lipids. Three strains (i.e., #7, #12 and #37, designated
herein as strains "Y2209", "Y2210" and "Y2211") produced about
9.9%, 10.3% and 9.6% ARA of total lipids, respectively.
[0530] Among the 48 selected Lys transformants of Y2184 with
pZKSL5598, most strains produced between 4-11% ARA of total lipids.
Two strains (i.e., #3 and #22, designated herein as strains "Y2213"
and "Y2214") produced about 11.9% and 14% ARA of total lipids,
respectively.
Example 10
Generation of Intermediate Strain Y2067U, Producing 14% EPA of
Total Lipids
[0531] The present Example describes the construction of strain
Y2067U, derived from Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #20362, capable of
producing significant concentrations of EPA relative to the total
lipids (FIG. 4). The affect of M. alpina LPAAT1, DGAT1 and DGAT2
gene over-expression and Y. lipolytica CPT1 gene over-expression
were examined in this EPA producing strain based on analysis of TAG
content and/or composition, as described in Examples 14, 15, 16 and
21, respectively (infra).
[0532] The development of strain Y2067U (producing 14% EPA) herein
required the construction of strain M4 (producing 8% DGLA and
described in Example 4), strain Y2034 (producing 10% ARA and
described in Example 4), strain E (producing 10% EPA), strain EU
(producing 10% EPA) and strain Y2067 (producing 15% EPA).
Generation of E Strain to Produce about 10% EPA of Total Lipids in
Engineered Yarrowia
[0533] Construct pZP3L37 (FIG. 13A; SEQ ID NO:128) was created to
integrate three synthetic .DELTA.17 desaturase chimeric genes into
the acyl-CoA oxidase 3 gene of the Y2034 strain described in
Example 4. The plasmid pZP3L37 contained the following
components:
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 26 Description of Plasmid pZP3L37 (SEQ ID NO:
128) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of Fragment
And NO: 128 Chimeric Gene Components AscI/BsiWI 763 bp 5' part of
Yarrowia Pox3 gene (GenBank (6813-6043) Accession No. AJ001301)
SphI/PacI 818 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Pox3 gene (GenBank
(9521-10345) Accession No. AJ001301) ClaI/BsiWI
TEF::.DELTA.17S::Pex20, comprising: (4233-6043) TEF: TEF promoter
(GenBank Accession No. AF054508) .DELTA.17S: codon-optimized
.DELTA.17 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 16), derived from S. diclina
(US 2003/0196217 A1) Pex20: Pex20 terminator sequence of Yarrowia
Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF054613) ClaI/PmeI
FBAIN::.DELTA.17S::Lip2, comprising: (4233-1811) FBAIN: FBAIN
promoter (SEQ ID NO: 162) .DELTA.17S: SEQ ID NO: 16 (supra) Lip2:
Lip2 terminator sequence of Yarrowia Lip2 gene (GenBank Accession
No. AJ012632) PmeI/SwaI Yarrowia Leu2 gene (GenBank Accession No.
(1811-1) AF260230) PacI/SwaI FBAINm::.DELTA.17S::Pex16, comprising:
(10345-1) FBAINm: FBAINm promoter (SEQ ID NO: 163) .DELTA.17S: SEQ
ID NO: 16 (supra) Pex16: Pex16 terminator sequence of Yarrowia
Pex16 gene (GenBank Accession No. U75433)
[0534] Plasmid pZP3L37 was digested with AscI/SphI, and then used
to transform strain Y2034 according to the General Methods.
Following transformation, the cells were plated onto MM plates and
maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to 3 days. A total of 48
transformants grown on the MM plates were picked and re-streaked
onto fresh MM plates. Once grown, these strains were individually
inoculated into liquid MM at 30.degree. C. and shaken at 250
rpm/min for 2 days. The cells were collected by centrifugation,
lipids were extracted, and fatty acid methyl esters were prepared
by trans-esterification, and subsequently analyzed with a
Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0535] GC analyses showed the presence of EPA in most of the
transformants with pZP3L37, but not in the parental strain (i.e.,
Y2034). Among the 48 selected transformants with pZP3L37, there
were 18 strains that produced less than 2% EPA, 14 strains that
produced 2-3% EPA, and 1 strain that produced about 7% EPA of total
lipids in the engineered Yarrowia.
[0536] The strain that produced 7% EPA was further analyzed after
culturing the strain using "two-stage growth conditions", as
described in the General Methods (i.e., 48 hrs MM, 72 hrs HGM). GC
analyses showed that the engineered strain produced about 10% EPA
of total lipids after the two-stage growth. The strain was
designated as the "E" strain.
Generation of EU Strain to Produce about 10% EPA of Total Lipids
with Ura- Phenotype
[0537] Strain EU (Ura.sup.-) was created by identifying mutant
cells of strain E that were 5-FOA resistant. Specifically, one loop
of Yarrowia E strain cells were inoculated into 3 mL YPD medium and
grown at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 250 rpm for 24 hrs. The
culture was diluted with YPD to an OD.sub.600 of 0.4 and then
incubated for an additional 4 hrs. The culture was plated (100
.mu.l/plate) onto MM+FOA plates and maintained at 30.degree. C. for
2 to 3 days. A total of 16 FOA resistant colonies were picked and
streaked onto MM and MM+FOA selection plates. From these, 10
colonies grew on FOA selection plates but not on MM plates and were
selected as potential Ura.sup.- strains.
[0538] One of these strains was used as host for transformation
with pY37/F15, comprising a chimeric GPD::Fusafium moniliforme
.DELTA.15::XPR2 gene and a Ura3 gene as a selection marker (FIG.
13B; SEQ ID NO:129). After three days of selection on MM plates,
hundreds of colonies had grown on the plates and there was no
colony growth of the transformation control that carried no
plasmid. This experiment confirmed that the 5-FOA resistant host
strain was Ura-, and this strain was designated as strain "EU".
Single colonies of the EU strain were then inoculated into liquid
MMU additionally containing 0.1 g/L uridine and cultured for 2 days
at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 250 rpm/min. The cells were
collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty acid
methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification and
subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC. GC analyses
showed that the EU strain produced about 10% EPA of total
lipids.
Generation of Y2067 Strain to Produce about 15% EPA of Total
Lipids
[0539] Plasmid pKO2UF2PE (FIG. 13C; SEQ ID NO:130) was created to
integrate a cluster containing two chimeric genes (comprising a
heterologous .DELTA.12 desaturase and a C.sub.18/20 elongase) and a
Ura3 gene into the native Yarrowia .DELTA.12 desaturase gene of
strain EU. Plasmid pKO2UF2PE contained the following
components:
TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 27 Description of Plasmid pKO2UF2PE (SEQ ID
NO: 130) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of
Fragment And NO: 130 Chimeric Gene Components AscI/BsiWI 730 bp 5'
part of Yarrowia .DELTA.12 desaturase gene (SEQ ID (3382-2645) NO:
23) SphI/EcoRI 556 bp 3' part of Yarrowia .DELTA.12 desaturase gene
(SEQ ID (6090-6646) NO: 23) SwaI/BsiWI/
FBAINm::F..DELTA.12DS::Pex20, comprising: (1-2645) FBAINm: FBAINm
promoter (SEQ ID NO: 163) F..DELTA.12: Fusarium moniliforme
.DELTA.12 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 27) Pex20: Pex20 terminator
sequence of Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF054613)
SwaI/PmeI GPAT::EL1S::OCT, comprising: (1-8525) GPAT: GPAT promoter
(SEQ ID NO: 164) EL1S: codon-optimized elongase 1 gene (SEQ ID NO:
19), derived from Mortierella alpina (GenBank Accession No.
AX464731) OCT: OCT terminator sequence of Yarrowia OCT gene
(GenBank Accession No. X69988) EcoRI/PacI Yarrowia Ura3 gene
(GenBank Accession No. (6646-8163) AJ306421)
[0540] Plasmid pKO2UF2PE was digested with AscI/SphI and then used
to transform strain EU according to the General Methods (although
strain EU was streaked onto a YPD plate and grown for approximately
36 hr prior to suspension in transformation buffer [versus 18
hrs]). Following transformation, cells were plated onto MM plates
and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to 3 days. A total of 72
transformants grown on MM plates were picked and re-streaked
separately onto fresh MM plates. Once grown, these strains were
individually inoculated into liquid MM at 30.degree. C. and shaken
at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells were collected by
centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty acid methyl esters
were prepared by trans-esterification, and subsequently analyzed
with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0541] GC analyses showed the presence of EPA in almost all of the
transformants with pKO2UF2PE. More specifically, among the 72
selected transformants, there were 17 strains that produced 8-9.9%
EPA, 27 strains that produced 10-10.9% EPA, 16 strains that
produced 11-11.9% EPA, and 7 strains that produced 12-12.7% EPA of
total lipids in the engineered Yarrowia. The strain that produced
12.7% EPA was further analyzed by using the two-stage growth
conditions, as described in the General Methods (i.e., 48 hrs MM,
72 hrs HGM). GC analyses showed that the engineered strain produced
about 15% EPA of total lipids after the two-stage growth. The
strain was designated as strain "Y2067".
Generation of Y2067U Strain to Produce about 14% EPA of Total
Lipids with Ura- Phenotype
[0542] In order to disrupt the Ura3 gene in strain Y2067, construct
pZKUT16 (FIG. 13D; SEQ ID NO:131) was created to integrate a
TEF::rELO2S::Pex20 chimeric gene into the Ura3 gene of strain
Y2067. rELO2S is a codon-optimized rELO gene encoding a rat hepatic
enzyme that elongates 16:0 to 18:0 (i.e., a C.sub.16/18 elongase).
The plasmid pZKUT16 contained the following components:
TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 28 Description of Plasmid pZKUT16 (SEQ ID NO:
131) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of Fragment
And NO: 131 Chimeric Gene Components BsiWI/PacI 721 bp 5' part of
Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank (1-721) Accession No. AJ306421)
SalI/ClaI 724 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank (3565-4289)
Accession No. AJ306421) ClaI/BsiWI TEF::rELO2S::Pex20, comprising:
(4289-1) TEF: TEF promoter (GenBank Accession No. AF054508) rELO2S:
codon-optimized rELO2 elongase gene (SEQ ID NO: 52), derived from
rat (GenBank Accession No. AB071986) Pex20: Pex20 terminator
sequence of Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No.
AF054613)
[0543] The plasmid pZKUT16 was digested with SalI/PacI, and then
used to transform Y2067 strain according to the General Methods.
Following transformation, cells were plated onto MM+5-FOA selection
plates and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to 3 days.
[0544] A total of 24 transformants grown on MM+5-FOA plates were
picked and re-streaked onto MM plates and MM+5-FOA plates,
separately. The strains that could grow on MM+5-FOA plates, but not
on MM plates, were selected as Ura- strains. A total of 10 Ura-
strains were individually inoculated into liquid MMU media at
30.degree. C. and grown with shaking at 250 rpm/min for 1 day. The
cells were collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and
fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and
subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0545] GC analyses showed the presence of 5 to 7% EPA in all of the
transformants with pZKUT16 after one day growth in MMU media. The
strain that produced 6.2% EPA was further analyzed using the
two-stage growth conditions (i.e., 48 hrs MM, 96 hrs HGM). GC
analyses showed that the engineered strain produced about 14% EPA
of total lipids. The strain was designated as strain "Y2067U".
[0546] The final genotype of this strain with respect to wildtype
Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #20362 was as follows: Ura3-, Pox3-,
Y..DELTA.12-, FBA::F..DELTA.12::Lip2, FBAINm::F. .DELTA.12::Pex20,
TEF::A6S::Lip1, FBAIN::E1S::Pex20, GPAT::E1S::Oct, TEF::E2S:YXpr,
FBAIN::.DELTA.5::Pex20, TEF::.DELTA.5::Lip1,
FBAIN::.DELTA.17S::Lip2, FBAINm::.DELTA.17S::Pex16, TEF::.DELTA.17S
and TEF::rELO2S::Pex20.
Example 11
Generation of Intermediate Strain Y2107U1, Producing 16% EPA of
Total Lipids
[0547] The present Example describes the construction of strain
Y2107U1, derived from Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #20362, capable of
producing significant concentrations of EPA relative to the total
lipids (FIG. 4). The affect of M. alpina GPAT gene over-expression
was examined in this EPA producing strain based on analysis of TAG
content and/or composition, as described in Example 17 (infra).
[0548] The development of strain Y2107U1 (producing 16% EPA and
possessing a Ura- phenotype) herein required the construction of
strain M4 (producing 8% DGLA and described in Example 4), strain
Y2047 (producing 11% ARA and described in Example 4), strain Y2048
(producing 11% EPA), strain Y2060 (producing 13% EPA), strain Y2072
(producing 15% EPA), strain Y2072U1 (producing 14% EPA) and Y2089
(producing 18% EPA).
Generation of Y2048 Strain to Produce about 11% EPA of Total
Lipids
[0549] Construct pZP3L37 (FIG. 13A; SEQ ID NO:128; Example 10) was
utilized to integrate three synthetic .DELTA.17 desaturase chimeric
genes into the acyl-CoA oxidase 3 gene of strain Y2047 (Example 4).
Specifically, plasmid pZP3L37 was digested with AscI/SphI, and then
used to transform strain Y2047 according to the General Methods.
Following transformation, the cells were plated onto MM plates and
maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to 3 days. A total of 96
transformants grown on the MM plates were picked and re-streaked
onto fresh MM plates. Once grown, these strains were individually
inoculated into liquid MM at 30.degree. C. and shaken at 250
rpm/min for 2 days. The cells were collected by centrifugation,
lipids were extracted, and fatty acid methyl esters were prepared
by trans-esterification, and subsequently analyzed with a
Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0550] GC analyses showed the presence of EPA in most of the
transformants with pZP3L37, but not in the parental strain (i.e.,
Y2047). Among the 96 selected transformants with pZP3L37, there
were 20 strains that produced less than 2% EPA, 23 strains that
produced 2-3% EPA, 5 strains that produced 3-4% EPA, and 2 strains
(i.e., strain #71 and strain #94) that produced about 6% EPA of
total lipids in the engineered Yarrowia.
[0551] Strain #71 (which produced 6% EPA) was further analyzed by
culturing it in two-stage growth conditions (i.e., 48 hrs MM, 72
hrs HMG). GC analyses showed that strain #71 produced about 11% EPA
of total lipids. The strain was designated as "Y2048".
Generation of Y2060 Strain to Produce about 13% EPA of Total Ligids
with Ura- Phenotype
[0552] In order to disrupt the Ura3 gene in strain Y2048, construct
pZKUT16 (FIG. 13D; SEQ ID NO:131; Example 10) was utilized to
integrate a TEF::rELO2S::Pex20 chimeric gene into the Ura3 gene of
strain Y2048. Specifically, plasmid pZKUT16 was digested with
SalI/PacI, and then used to transform strain Y2048 according to the
General Methods. Following transformation, cells were plated onto
MM+5-FOA selection plates and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to
3 days.
[0553] A total of 40 transformants grown on MM+5-FOA plates were
picked and re-streaked onto MM plates and MM+5-FOA plates,
separately. Those strains that could grow on MM+5-FOA plates, but
not on MM plates, were selected as Ura- strains. Each of these 40
Ura- strains were individually inoculated into liquid MMU and grown
at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells
were collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty
acid methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and
subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0554] GC analyses showed that there were 14 strains that produced
less than 5% EPA, 9 strains that produced 5-5.9% EPA, 15 strains
that produced 6-6.9% EPA, and 7 strains that produced 7-8% EPA of
total lipids after two day growth in MMU media. The strains that
produced 7-8% EPA were further analyzed using two-stage growth
conditions (i.e., 48 hrs MM, 96 hrs HGM). GC analyses showed that
all these strains produced more than 10% EPA; and, one of them
produced about 13% EPA of the total lipids. That strain was
designated as strain "Y2060".
Generation of Y2072 Strain to Produce about 15% EPA of Total
Lipids
[0555] Construct pKO2UM25E (FIG. 14A; SEQ ID NO:132) was used to
integrate a cluster of three chimeric genes (comprising a
C.sub.18/20 elongase, a .DELTA.12 desaturase and a .DELTA.5
desaturase) and a Ura3 gene into the native Yarrowia .DELTA.12
desaturase gene site of strain Y2060. Plasmid pKO2UM25E contained
the following components:
TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 29 Description of Plasmid pKO2UM25E (SEQ ID
NO: 132) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of
Fragment And NO: 132 Chimeric Gene Components HindIII/AscI 728 bp
5' part of Yarrowia .DELTA.12 desaturase gene (SEQ ID (1-728) NO:
23) SphI/EcoRI 556 bp 3' part of Yarrowia .DELTA.12 desaturase gene
(SEQ ID (3436-3992) NO: 23) BsiWI/HindIII GPAT::EL1S::XPR,
comprising: (10437-1) GPAT: GPAT promoter (SEQ ID NO: 164) EL1S:
codon-optimized elongase 1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 19), derived from
Mortierella alpina (GenBank Accession No. AX464731) XPR: ~100 bp of
the 3' region of the Yarrowia Xpr gene (GenBank Accession No.
M17741) BgIII/BsiWI FBAIN::M..DELTA.12::Pex20, comprising:
(7920-10437) FBAIN: FBAIN promoter (SEQ ID NO: 162) M..DELTA.12:
Mortierella isabellina .DELTA.12 desaturase gene (GenBank Accession
No. AF417245; SEQ ID NO: 25) Pex20: Pex20 terminator sequence of
Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF054613) SalI/PacI
Yarrowia Ura3 gene (Gene Bank Accession No. (6046-7544) AJ306421)
EcoRI/SalI TEF::I..DELTA.5S::Pex20, comprising: (3992-6046) TEF:
TEF promoter (GenBank Accession No. AF054508) I..DELTA.5S:
codon-optimized .DELTA.5 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 10), derived
from Isochrysis galbana (WO 2002/ 081668) Pex20: Pex20 terminator
sequence of Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No.
AF054613)
[0556] Plasmid pKO2UM25E was digested with SphI/AscI, and then used
to transform Y2060 according to the General Methods. Following
transformation, cells were plated onto MM plates and maintained at
30.degree. C. for 2 to 3 days.
[0557] A total of 63 transformants grown on MM plates were picked
and re-streaked onto fresh MM plates. Once grown, these strains
were individually inoculated into liquid MM at 30.degree. C. and
cultured with shaking at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells were
collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty acid
methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and
subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0558] GC analyses showed the presence of EPA in almost all
transformants with pKO2UM25E after one-day growth in MM media.
Among the 63 selected transformants, there were 26 strains that
produced 6-8.9% EPA and 46 strains that produced more than 9% EPA.
The strains that produced more than 9% EPA were selected for
further analysis using two-stage growth conditions (i.e., 48 hrs
MM, 96 hrs HGM). GC analyses showed that 45 out of the 46 selected
strains produced 11-14.5% EPA while culture #2 produced 15.1% EPA
of total lipids after the two-stage growth. This strain (i.e., #2)
was designated as strain "Y2072".
Generation of Y2072U1 Strain to Produce about 14% EPA of Total
Lipids with Ura- Phenotype
[0559] The construct pZKUGPI5S (FIG. 14B; SEQ ID NO:133) was
created to integrate a GPAT::I..DELTA.5S::Pex20 chimeric gene into
the Ura3 gene of Y2072 strain. More specifically, plasmid pZKUGPI5S
contained the following components:
TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 30 Description of Plasmid pZKUGPI5S (SEQ ID
NO: 133) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of
Fragment And NO: 133 Chimeric Gene Components BsiWI/PacI 721 bp 5'
part of Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank (318-1038) Accession No.
AJ306421) SalI/ClaI 724 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank
(3882-4606) Accession No. AJ306421) ClaI/BsiWI
GPAT::I..DELTA.5S::Pex20, comprising: (4606-318) GPAT: GPAT
promoter (SEQ ID NO: 164) I..DELTA.5S: codon-optimized .DELTA.5
desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 10), derived from Isochrysis galbana
(WO 2002/ 081668) Pex20: Pex20 terminator sequence of Yarrowia
Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF054613)
[0560] Plasmid pZKUGPI5S was digested with SalI/PacI, and then used
to transform strain Y2072 according to the General Methods.
Following transformation, cells were plated onto MM+5-FOA selection
plates and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 3 to 4 days.
[0561] A total of 24 transformants grown on MM+5-FOA plates were
picked and re-streaked onto MM plates and MM+5-FOA plates,
separately. Those strains that could grow on MM+5-FOA plates, but
not on MM plates, were selected as Ura- strains. Each of these 24
Ura- strains were individually inoculated into liquid MMU and grown
at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells
were collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty
acid methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and
subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0562] GC analyses showed that there were 8 strains that produced
7.3-8.9% EPA, 14 strains that produced 9-9.9% EPA, 1 strain that
produced 10.5% EPA (i.e., #1) and 1 strain that produced 10.7% EPA
(i.e., #23) of total lipids after two day growth in MMU. Strains #1
and #23 were further analyzed using two-stage growth conditions
(i.e., 48 hrs MM, 96 hrs HGM). GC analyses showed that these two
strains produced about 14% EPA of total lipids after the two-stage
growth. Strain #1 was designated as strain "Y2072U1".
Generation of Y2089 Strain to Produce about 18% EPA of Total
Lipids
[0563] Construct pDMW302T16 (FIG. 14C; SEQ ID NO:134) was created
to integrate a cluster of four chimeric genes (comprising a
C.sub.16/18 elongase, a C.sub.18/20 elongase, a .DELTA.6 desaturase
and a .DELTA.12 desaturase) and a Ura3 gene into the Yarrowia
lipase1 gene site of Y2072U1 strain. Plasmid pDMW302T16 contained
the following components:
TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 31 Description of Plasmid pDMW302T16 (SEQ ID
NO: 134) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of
Fragment And NO: 134 Chimeric Gene Components BsiWI/AscI 817 bp 5'
part of Yarrowia lipase1 gene (GenBank (1-817) Accession No.
Z50020) SphI/PacI 769 bp 3' part of Yarrowia lipase1 gene (GenBank
3525-4294 Accession No. Z50020) EcoRI/BsiWI TEF::rELO2S::Pex20,
comprising: (13328-1) TEF: TEF promoter (GenBank Accession No.
AF054508) rELO2S: codon-optimized rELO2 elongase gene (SEQ ID NO:
52), derived from rat (GenBank Accession No. AB071986) Pex20: Pex20
terminator sequence of Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No.
AF054613) BgIII/EcoRI FBAIN::D6S::Lip1, comprising: (10599-13306)
FBAIN: FBAIN promoter (SEQ ID NO: 162) .DELTA.6S: codon-optimized
.DELTA.6 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 3), derived from Mortierella
alpina (GenBank Accession No. AF465281) Lip1: Lip1 terminator
sequence from Yarrowia Lip1 gene (GenBank Accession No. Z50020)
ClaI/PmeI GPDIN::EL1S::Lip2, comprising: (8078-10555) GPDIN: GPDIN
promoter (SEQ ID NO: 159) EL1S: codon-optimized elongase 1 gene
(SEQ ID NO: 19), derived from Mortierella alpina (GenBank Accession
No. AX464731) Lip2: Lip2 terminator of Yarrowia lipase2 gene
(GenBank Accession No. AJ012632) EcoRI/ClaI Yarrowia Ura 3 gene
(Gene Bank Accession No. (6450-8078) AJ306421) PacI/EcoRI
TEF::F..DELTA.12::Pex16, comprising: (4294-6450) TEF: TEF promoter
(GenBank Accession No. AF054508) F..DELTA.12: Fusarium moniliforme
.DELTA.12 desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 27) Pex16: Pex16 terminator
of Yarrowia Pex16 gene (GenBank Accession No. U75433)
[0564] Plasmid pDMW302T16 was digested with SphI/AscI, and then
used to transform strain Y2072U1 according to the General Methods.
Following transformation, cells were plated onto MM plates and
maintained at 30.degree. C. for 3 to 4 days. A total of 48
transformants grown on MM plates were picked and re-streaked onto
fresh MM plates. Once grown, these strains were individually
inoculated into liquid MM and grown at 30.degree. C. with shaking
at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells were collected by
centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty acid methyl esters
were prepared by trans-esterification, and subsequently analyzed
with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0565] GC analyses showed that EPA was produced in almost all
transformants of Y2072U1 with pDMW302T16 after two-day growth in MM
media. Among the 48 selected transformants, there were 27 strains
that produced less than 10% EPA, 14 strains that produced 10-12.9%
EPA and 5 strains that produced 13-13.9% EPA. Strain #34 (producing
13.9% EPA) was selected for further analysis using the two-stage
growth procedure (i.e., 48 hrs MM, 96 hrs HGM). GC analyses showed
that strain #34 produced about 18% EPA of total lipids. Strain #34
was designated as strain "Y2089".
[0566] The genotype of strain Y2089 with respect to wildtype
Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #20362 was as follows: Pox3-, LIP1-,
Y..DELTA.12-, FBA::F..DELTA.12::Lip2, TEF::F..DELTA.12::Pex16,
FBAIN::M.DELTA.12::Pex20, TEF::.DELTA.6S::Lip1,
FBAIN::.DELTA.6S::Lip1, FBAIN::EIS::Pex20, GPAT.::E1S::Oct,
GPDIN::E1S::Lip2, TEF::E2S::Xpr, FBAIN::MA.DELTA.5::Pex20,
TEF::MA.DELTA.5::Lip1, TEF::H.DELTA.5S::Pex16,
TEF::I.DELTA.5S::Pex20, GPAT::I.DELTA.5S::Pex20,
FBAIN::.DELTA.17S::Lip2, FBAINm::.DELTA.17S::Pex16,
TEF::.DELTA.17S::Pex16 and 2.times.TEF::rELO2S::Pex20.
Generation of Y2107U1 Strain to Produce about 16% EPA of Total
Lipids with Ura- phenotype
[0567] Construct pZKUGPE1S (FIG. 14D; SEQ ID NO:135) was created to
integrate a GPAT::EL1S::Pex20 chimeric gene into the Ura3 gene of
strain Y2089. More specifically, plasmid pZKUGPE1S contained the
following components:
TABLE-US-00033 TABLE 32 Description of Plasmid pZKUGPE1S (SEQ ID
NO: 135) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of
Fragment And NO: 135 Chimeric Gene Components BsiWI/PacI 721 bp 5'
part of Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank (318-1038) Accession No.
AJ306421) SalI/ClaI 724 bp 3' part of Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank
(3882-4606) Accession No. AJ306421) ClaI/BsiWI GPAT::E1S::Pex20,
comprising: (4606-318) GPAT: GPAT promoter (SEQ ID NO: 164) EL1S:
codon-optimized elongase 1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 19), derived from
Mortierella alpina (GenBank Accession No. AX464731) Pex20: Pex20
terminator sequence of Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No.
AF054613)
[0568] Plasmid pZKUGPE1S was digested with PstI/PacI, and then used
to transform strain Y2089 according to the General Methods.
Following transformation, cells were plated onto MM+5-FOA selection
plates and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 3 to 4 days.
[0569] A total of 8 transformants grown on MM+5-FOA plates were
picked and re-streaked onto MM plates and MM+5-FOA plates,
separately. Those strains that could grow on MM+5-FOA plates, but
not on MM plates, were selected as Ura- strains. Each of these 8
Ura- strains were individually inoculated into liquid MMU and grown
at 30.degree. C. with shaking at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells
were collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty
acid methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and
subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0570] GC analyses showed that there were 6 strains that produced
6.6-8.7% EPA and 2 strains that produced 9.4-10% EPA (i.e., #4 and
#5) of total lipids after two day growth in MMU. Strains #4 and #5
were further analyzed using the two-stage growth conditions (i.e.,
48 hrs MM, 96 hrs HGM). GC analyses showed that these two strains
produced about 16% EPA of total lipids after the two-stage growth.
Strain #4 was designated as strain "Y2107U1" and strain #5 was
designated as strain "Y2107U2".
Example 12
Generation of Intermediate Strain MU, Producing 9-12% EPA of Total
Lipids
[0571] The present Example describes the construction of strain MU,
derived from Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #20362, capable of producing
significant concentrations of EPA relative to the total lipids
(FIG. 4). The affect of various native Y. lipolytica
acyltransferase knockouts were examined in this EPA producing
strain based on analysis of TAG content and/or composition, as
described in Example 24 (infra).
[0572] The development of strain MU (producing 9-12% EPA herein)
required the construction of strain M4 (producing 8% DGLA and
described in Example 4), strain Y2034 (producing 10% ARA and
described in Example 4), strain E (producing 10% EPA and described
in Example 10), strain EU (producing 10% EPA and described in
Example 10) and strain M26 (producing 14% EPA).
Generation of M26 Strain to Produce about 14% EPA of Total
Lipids
[0573] Construct pKO2UM26E (SEQ ID NO:136; FIG. 15A) was used to
integrate a cluster of three chimeric genes (comprising a
C.sub.18/20 elongase, a .DELTA.6 desaturase and a .DELTA.12
desaturase) and a Ura3 gene into the Yarrowia .DELTA.12 desaturase
gene site of EU strain (Example 10). Plasmid pKO2UM26E contained
the following components:
TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 33 Description of Plasmid pKO2UM26E (SEQ ID
NO: 136) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within SEQ ID Description Of
Fragment And NO: 136 Chimeric Gene Components HindIII/AscI 728 bp
5' part of Yarrowia .DELTA.12 desaturase gene (SEQ ID (1-728) NO:
23) SphI/EcoRI 556 bp 3' part of Yarrowia .DELTA.12 desaturase gene
(SEQ ID (3436-3992) NO: 23) BsiWI/HindIII GPAT::EL1S::XPR,
comprising: (11095-1) GPAT: GPAT promoter (SEQ ID NO: 164) EL1S:
codon-optimized elongase 1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 19), derived from
Mortierella alpina (GenBank Accession No. AX464731) XPR: ~100 bp of
the 3' region of the Yarrowia Xpr gene (GenBank Accession No.
M17741) BglII/BsiWI FBAIN::M..DELTA.12::Pex20, comprising:
(8578-11095) FBAIN: FBAIN promoter (SEQ ID NO: 162) M..DELTA.12:
Mortieralla isabellina .DELTA.12 desaturase gene (GenBank Accession
No. AF417245; SEQ ID NO: 25) Pex20: Pex20 terminator sequence of
Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF054613) SalI/PacI
Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank Accession No. (6704-8202) AJ306421)
EcoRI/SalI FBAIN::M..DELTA.6B::Pex20, comprising: (3992-6704) TEF:
TEF promoter (GenBank Accession No. AF054508) M..DELTA.6B:
Mortieralla alpina .DELTA.6 desaturase gene "B" (GenBank Accession
No. AB070555; SEQ ID NO: 4) Pex20: Pex20 terminator sequence of
Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF054613)
[0574] The plasmid pKO2UM26E was digested with SphI/AscI, and then
used to transform EU strain (Example 10) according to the General
Methods. Following transformation, cells were plated onto MM plates
and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to 3 days.
[0575] A total of 48 transformants grown on MM plates were picked
and re-streaked onto fresh MM plates. Once grown, these strains
were individually inoculated into liquid MM at 30.degree. C. and
grown with shaking at 250 rpm/min for 1 day. The cells were
collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty acid
methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and
subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.
[0576] GC analyses showed that EPA was produced in almost all
transformants with pKO2UM26E after one-day growth in MM media.
Among the 48 selected transformants, 5 strains produced less than
4% EPA, 23 strains produced 4-5.9% EPA, 9 strains produced 6-6.9%
EPA and 11 strains produced 7-8.2% EPA of total lipids in the
engineered Yarrowia. The strain that produced 8.2% EPA was selected
for further analysis using the two-stage growth procedure (i.e., 48
hrs MM, 96 hrs HGM). GC analyses showed that the engineered strain
produced about 14% EPA of total lipids. The strain was designated
as strain "M26".
[0577] The genotype of the M26 strain with respect to wildtype
Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC #20362 was as follows: Pox3-,
Y..DELTA.12-, FBA::F..DELTA.12::Lip2, FBAIN::M.DELTA.12::Pex20,
TEF::.DELTA.6S::Lip1, FBAIN::.DELTA.6B::Pex20, FBAIN::E1S::Pex20,
GPAT::E1S::Xpr, TEF::E2S::Xpr, FBAIN::MA.DELTA.5::Pex20,
TEF::MA.DELTA.5::Lip1, TEF::H.DELTA.5S::Pex16,
FBAIN::.DELTA.17S::Lip2, FBAINm::.DELTA.17S::Pex16,
TEF::.DELTA.17S::Pex16 and TEF::rELO2S::Pex20.
Generation of MU Strain to Produce about 14% EPA of Total
Lipids
[0578] Strain MU was a Ura auxotroph of strain M26. This strain was
made by transforming strain M26 with 5 .mu.g of plasmid pZKUM (SEQ
ID NO:137) that had been digested with PacI and HincII.
Transformation was performed using the Frozen-EZ Yeast
Transformation kit (Zymo Research Corporation, Orange, Calif.) and
transformants were selected by plating 100 .mu.l of the transformed
cell mix on an agar plate with the following medium: 6.7 g/L yeast
Nitrogen Base (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), 20 g/L
dextrose, 50 mg/L uracil and 800 mg/L FOA. After 7 days, small
colonies appeared that were plated on MM and MMU agar plates. All
were URA auxotrophs. One of the strains was designated "MU".
Example 13
Preparation of Mortierella alpina Genomic DNA and cDNA
[0579] The present Example describes the preparation of genomic DNA
and cDNA from Mortierella alpina (ATCC #16266). This enabled
isolation of the M. alpina LPAAT2, DGAT1, DGAT2, GPAT and ELO3, as
described in Examples 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, respectively.
Preparation of Genomic DNA From Mortierella alpina
[0580] Genomic DNA was isolated from Mortierella alpina (ATCC
#16266) using a QiaPrep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen, Catalog
#627106). Cells grown on a YPD agar plate (2% Bacto-yeast extract,
3% Bacto-peptone, 2% glucose, 2.5% bacto-agar) were scraped off and
resuspended in 1.2 mL of kit buffer P1. The resuspended cells were
placed in two 2.0 mL screw cap tubes, each containing 0.6 mL glass
beads (0.5 mm diameter). The cells were homogenized at the
HOMOGENIZE setting on a Biospec (Bartlesville, Okla.) mini bead
beater for 2 min. The tubes were then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm in
an Eppendorf microfuge for 2 min. The supernatant (0.75 mL) was
transferred to three 1.5 mL microfuge tubes. Equal volumes of kit
buffer P2 were added to each tube. After mixing the tubes by
inversion three times, 0.35 mL of buffer N3 was added to each tube.
The contents of each tube were again mixed by inversion for a total
of five times. The mixture was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm in an
Eppendorf microfuge for 5 min. The supernatant from each tube was
transferred individually into 3 separate kit spin columns. The
columns were then subjected to the following steps: centrifugation
(1 min at 14,000 rpm), wash once with buffer PE, centrifugation (1
min at 14,000 rpm), and then a final centrifugation (1 min at
14,000 rpm). Buffer EB (50 .mu.l) was added to each column and let
stand for 1 min. The genomic DNA was then eluted by centrifugation
at 14,000 rpm for 1 min.
Preparation of cDNA from Mortierella alpina
[0581] cDNA of Mortierella alpina was prepared using the
BD-Clontech Creator Smarts cDNA library kit (Mississauga, ON,
Canada), according to the manufacturer's protocol. Specifically, M.
alpina strain ATCC #16266 was grown in 60 mL YPD medium (2%
Bacto-yeast extract, 3% Bactor-peptone, 2% glucose) for 3 days at
23.degree. C. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 3750 rpm in
a Beckman GH3.8 rotor for 10 min and resuspended in 6.times.0.6 mL
Trizole reagent (Invitrogen). Resuspended cells were transferred to
six 2 mL screw cap tubes each containing 0.6 mL of 0.5 mm glass
beads. The cells were homogenized at the HOMOGENIZE setting on a
Biospec mini bead beater for 2 min. The tubes were briefly spun to
settle the beads. Liquid was transferred to 4 fresh 1.5 mL
microfuge tubes and 0.2 mL chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1) was
added to each tube. The tubes were shaken by hand for 1 min and let
stand for 3 min. The tubes were then spun at 14,000 rpm for 10 min
at 4.degree. C. The upper layer was transferred to 4 new tubes.
Isopropyl alcohol (0.5 mL) was added to each tube. Tubes were
incubated at room temperature for 15 min, followed by
centrifugation at 14,000 rpm and 4.degree. C. for 10 min. The
pellets were washed with 1 mL each of 75% ethanol, made with
RNase-free water and air-dried. The total RNA sample was then
redissolved in 500 .mu.l of water, and the amount of RNA was
measured by A260 nm using 1:50 diluted RNA sample. A total of 3.14
mg RNA was obtained.
[0582] This total RNA sample was further purified with the Qiagen
RNeasy total RNA Midi kit following the manufacturer's protocol.
Thus, the total RNA sample was diluted to 2 mL and mixed with 8 mL
of buffer RLT with 80 .mu.l of .beta.-mercaptoethanol and 5.6 mL
100% ethanol. The sample was divided into 4 portions and loaded
onto 4 RNeasy midid columns. The columns were then centrifuged for
5 min at 4500.times.g. To wash the columns, 2 mL of buffer RPE was
loaded and the columns centrifuged for 2 min at 4500.times.g. The
washing step was repeated once, except that the centrifugation time
was extended to 5 min. Total RNA was eluted by applying 250 .mu.l
of RNase free water to each column, waiting for 1 min and
centrifuging at 4500.times.g for 3 min.
[0583] PolyA(+)RNA was then isolated from the above total RNA
sample, following the protocol of Amersham Biosciences' mRNA
Purification Kit. Briefly, 2 oligo-dT-cellulose columns were used.
The columns were washed twice with 1 mL each of high salt buffer.
The total RNA sample from the previous step was diluted to 2 mL
total volume and adjusted to 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA. The
sample was heated at 65.degree. C. for 5 min, then placed on ice.
Sample buffer (0.4 mL) was added and the sample was then loaded
onto the two oligo-dT-cellulose columns under gravity feed. The
columns were centrifuged at 350.times.g for 2 min, washed 2.times.
with 0.25 mL each of high salt buffer, each time followed by
centrifugation at 350.times.g for 2 min. The columns were further
washed 3 times with low salt buffer, following the same
centrifugation routine. Poly(A)+RNA was eluted by washing the
column 4 times with 0.25 mL each of elution buffer preheated to
65.degree. C., followed by the same centrifugation procedure. The
entire purification process was repeated once. Purified poly(A)+RNA
was obtained with a concentration of 30.4 ng/.mu.l.
[0584] cDNA was generated, using the LD-PCR method specified by
BD-Clontech and 0.1 .mu.g of polyA(+) RNA sample. Specifically, for
1.sup.st strand cDNA synthesis, 3 .mu.l of the poly(A)+RNA sample
was mixed with 11 .mu.l of SMART IV oligo nucleotide (SEQ ID
NO:281) and 1 .mu.l of CDSIII/3' PCR primer (SEQ ID NO:282). The
mixture was heated at 72.degree. C. for 2 min and cooled on ice for
2 min. To the tube was added the following: 2 .mu.l first strand
buffer, 1 .mu.l 20 mM DTT, 1 .mu.l 10 mM dNTP mix and 1 .mu.l
Powerscript reverse transcriptase. The mixture was incubated at
42.degree. C. for 1 hr and cooled on ice.
[0585] The 1.sup.st strand cDNA synthesis mixture was used as
template for the PCR reaction. Specifically, the reaction mixture
contained the following: 2 .mu.l of the 1.sup.st strand cDNA
mixture, 2 .mu.l 5'-PCR primer (SEQ ID NO:283), 2 .mu.l
CDSIII/3'-PCR primer (SEQ ID NO:282), 80 .mu.l water, 10 .mu.l
10.times. Advantage 2 PCR buffer, 2 .mu.l 50.times.dNTP mix and 2
.mu.l 50.times. Advantage 2 polymerase mix. The thermocycler
conditions were set for 95.degree. C. for 20 sec, followed by 14-20
cycles of 95.degree. C. for 5 sec and 68.degree. C. for 6 min on a
GenAmp 9600 instrument. PCR product was quantitated by agarose gel
electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining.
[0586] Seventy-five .mu.l of the above PCR products (cDNA) were
mixed with 3 .mu.l of 20 .mu.g/.mu.l proteinase K supplied with the
kit. The mixture was incubated at 45.degree. C. for 20 min, then 75
.mu.l of water was added and the mixture was extracted with 150
.mu.l phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol:mixture (25:24:1). The
aqueous phase was further extracted with 150 .mu.l
chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:1). The aqueous phase was then mixed
with 15 .mu.l of 3 M sodium acetate, 2 .mu.l of 20 .mu.g/.mu.l
glycogen and 400 .mu.l of 100% ethanol. The mixture was immediately
centrifuged at room temperature for 20 min at 14000 rpm in a
microfuge. The pellet was washed once with 150 .mu.l of 80%
ethanol, air dried and dissolved in 79 .mu.l of water.
[0587] Dissolved cDNA was subsequently digested with SfiI (79 .mu.l
of the cDNA was mixed with 10 .mu.l of 10.times.SfiI buffer, 10
.mu.l of SfiI enzyme and 1 .mu.l of 100.times.BSA and the mixture
was incubated at 50.degree. C. for 2 hrs). Xylene cyanol dye (2
.mu.l of 1%) was added. The mixture was then fractionated on the
Chroma Spin-400 column provided with the kit, following the
manufacturer's procedure exactly. Fractions collected from the
column were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The first
three fractions containing cDNA were pooled and cDNA precipitated
with ethanol. The precipitated cDNA was redissolved in 7 .mu.l of
water, and ligated into kit-supplied pDNR-LIB.
Library Sequencing
[0588] The ligation products were used to transform E. coli XL-1
Blue electroporation competent cells (Stratagene). An estimated
total of 2.times.10.sup.6 colonies was obtained. Sequencing of the
cDNA library was carried out by Agencourt Bioscience Corporation
(Beverly, Mass.), using an M13 forward primer (SEQ ID NO:284).
Example 14
Mortierella alpina LPAAT2 Expression Increases Percent PUFAs
[0589] The present Example describes increased EPA biosynthesis and
accumulation in Yarrowia lipolytica strain Y2067U (Example 10) that
was transformed to co-express the M. alpina LPAAT2 (SEQ ID NOs:69
and 70). It is contemplated art that a Y. lipolytica host strain
engineered to produce ARA via either the .DELTA.6
desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway or the .DELTA.9
elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway could demonstrate increased
ARA biosynthesis and accumulation, if the M. alpina LPAAT2 was
similarly co-expressed therein (e.g., in strains Y2034, Y2047
and/or Y2214).
[0590] The M. alpina LPAAT2 ORF was cloned as follows. Primers
MLPAT-F and MLPAT-R (SEQ ID NO:285 and 286) were used to amplify
the LPAAT2 ORF from the cDNA of M. alpina (Example 13) by PCR. The
reaction mixture contained 1 .mu.l of the cDNA, 1 .mu.l each of the
primers, 22 .mu.l water and 25 .mu.l ExTaq premix 2.times.Taq PCR
solution (TaKaRa Bio Inc., Otsu, Shiga, 520-2193, Japan).
Amplification was carried out as follows: initial denaturation at
94.degree. C. for 150 sec, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at
94.degree. C. for 30 sec, annealing at 55.degree. C. for 30 sec and
elongation at 72.degree. C. for 90 sec. A final elongation cycle at
72.degree. C. for 10 min was carried out, followed by reaction
termination at 4.degree. C. A .about.950 bp DNA fragment was
obtained from the PCR reaction. It was purified using a Qiagen
(Valencia, Calif.) PCR purification kit according to the
manufacturer's protocol. The purified PCR product was digested with
NcoI and NotI, and cloned into Nco I-Not I cut pZUF17 vector (SEQ
ID NO:118; FIG. 8B), such that the gene was under the control of
the Y. lipolytica FBAIN promoter and the PEX20-3' terminator region
in the auto-replicating vector for expression in Y. lipolytica.
Correct transformants were confirmed by restriction analysis of
miniprep DNA and the resultant plasmid was designated as
"pMLPAT-17" (SEQ ID NO:138).
[0591] To integrate the M. alpina LPAAT2 into the genome of
Yarrowia lipolytica, plasmid pMLPAT-Int was created. Primers
LPAT-Re-5-1 and LPAT-Re-5-2 (SEQ ID NOs:287 and 288) were used to
amplify a 1129 bp DNA fragment, YLPAT-5' (SEQ ID NO:289),
containing a 1103 bp fragment of Y. lipolytica genome immediately
upstream of the AUG of the Y. lipolytica LPAAT1 (SEQ ID NO:71). The
reaction mixture contained 1 .mu.l of Y. lipolytica genomic DNA, 1
.mu.l each of the primers, 22 .mu.l water and 25 .mu.l ExTaq premix
2.times.Taq PCR solution (TaKaRa). Amplification was carried out as
described above. A .about.1130 bp DNA fragment was obtained from
the PCR reaction. It was purified using Qiagen's PCR purification
kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. The purified PCR
product was digested with SalI and ClaI, and cloned into SalI-ClaI
cut pBluescript SK (-) vector, resulting in plasmid
"pYLPAT-5'".
[0592] Primers LPAT-Re-3-1 and LPAT-Re-3-2 (SEQ ID NOs:290 and 291)
were then used to amplify a 938 bp fragment, YLPAT-3' (SEQ ID
NO:292), containing a 903 bp fragment of Y. lipolytica genome
immediately after the stop codon of Y. lipolytica LPAAT1, using the
same conditions as above. The purified PCR product was digested
with ClaI and XhoI, and cloned into ClaI-XhoI digested pYLPAT-5'.
Correct transformants were confirmed by miniprep analysis and the
resultant plasmid was designated "pYLPAT-5'-3'".
[0593] pMLPAT-17 (SEQ ID NO:138) was then digested with ClaI and
NotI, and a .about.3.5 kb fragment containing the Y. lipolytica
URA3 gene, the Y. lipolytica FBAIN promoter and the M. alpina
LPAAT2 gene was isolated using a Qiagen Qiaexil gel purification
kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. This fragment was
cloned into ClaI-NotI digested pYLPAT-5'-3'. Correct transformants
were confirmed by miniprep and restriction analysis. The resulting
plasmid was named "pMLPAT-Int" (SEQ ID NO:139).
[0594] "Control" vector pZUF-MOD-1 (SEQ ID NO:140; FIG. 15B) was
prepared as follows. First, primers pzuf-mod1 and pzuf-mod2 (SEQ ID
NOs:293 and 294) were used to amplify a 252 bp "stuffer" DNA
fragment using pDNR-LIB (ClonTech, Palo Alto, Calif.) as template.
The amplified fragment was purified with a Qiagen QiaQuick PCR
purification kit, digested with NcoI and NotI using standard
conditions, and then purified again with a QiaQuick PCR
purification kit. This fragment was ligated into similarly digested
NcoI-/NotI-cut pZUF17 vector (SEQ ID NO:118; FIG. 8B) and the
resulting ligation mixture was used to transform E. coli Top10
cells (Invitrogen). Plasmid DNA was purified from 4 resulting
colonies, using a Qiagen QiaPrep Spin Miniprep kit. The purified
plasmids were digested with NcoI and NotI to confirm the presence
of the .about.250 bp fragment. The resulting plasmid was named
"pZUF-MOD-1" (SEQ ID NO:140).
[0595] Y. lipolytica strain Y2067U (from Example 10, producing 14%
EPA of total lipids) was transformed with plasmid pMLPAT-17,
plasmid pZUF-MOD-1 (control) and SpeI/XbaI digested plasmid
pMLPAT-Int, individually, according to the General Methods.
Transformants were grown for 2 days in synthetic MM supplemented
with amino acids, followed by 4 days in HGM. The fatty acid profile
of two transformants containing pZUF-MOD-1, two transformants
containing pMLPAT-17, and two transformants having pMLPAT-Int
integrated into the genome are shown below in the Table, based on
GC analysis (as described in the General Methods). Fatty acids are
identified as 18:0, 18:1 (oleic acid), 18:2 (LA), GLA, DGLA, ARA,
ETA and EPA; and the composition of each is presented as a % of the
total fatty acids.
TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 34 Lipid Composition In Yarrowia Strain Y2067U
Engineered To Overexpress M. alpina LPAAT2 Total Fatty Acids Strain
18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA DGLA ARA ETA EPA Y2067U + pZUF-MOD-1 #1 1.1 4.7
10.9 19.4 6.3 0.9 3.9 13.8 Y2067U + pZUF-MOD-1 #2 0.9 4.4 9.5 19.3
6.6 0.9 4.0 14.1 Y2067U + pMLPAT-17 #1 1.0 4.4 9.8 18.6 5.9 0.8 3.4
15.5 Y2067U + pMLPAT-17 #2 0.7 3.5 8.4 16.7 6.2 1.0 2.9 16.0 Y2067U
+ pMLPAT-Int #1 1.9 4.9 13.9 21.1 4.8 1.1 2.7 16.6 Y2067U +
pMLPAT-Int #2 1.7 4.2 12.1 21.3 5.2 1.2 2.9 17.3
[0596] As demonstrated above, expression of the M. alpina LPAAT2
from pMLPAT-17 increased the % EPA from .about.14% in the "control"
strains to 15.5-16%. An additional increase in EPA to 16.6-17.3%
was achieved when M. alpina LPAAT2 was integrated into the genome
with pMLPAT-Int. Further increase would be expected, if the native
Yarrowia lipolytica LPAAT1 (SEQ ID NOs:71 and 72) and/or LPAAT2
(SEQ ID NOs:74 and 75) were knocked-out in e.g., strain
Y2067U+pMLPAT-Int.
Example 15
Mortierella aloina DGAT1 Expression Increases Percent PUFAs
[0597] The present Example describes increased EPA biosynthesis and
accumulation in Yarrowia lipolytica strain Y2067U (Example 10) that
was transformed to co-express the M. alpina DGAT1 cDNA (SEQ ID
NO:83). It is contemplated that a Y. lipolytica host strain
engineered to produce ARA via either the .DELTA.6
desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway or the .DELTA.9
elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway could demonstrate increased
ARA biosynthesis and accumulation, if the M. alpina DGAT1 was
similarly co-expressed therein (e.g., in strains Y2034, Y2047
and/or Y2214).
[0598] The M. alpina DGAT1 ORF was cloned as follows. First, to aid
the cloning of the cDNA, the sequence of the second codon of the
DGAT1 was changed from `ACA` to `GCA`, resulting in an amino acid
change of threonine to alanine. This was accomplished by amplifying
the complete coding region of the M. alpina DGAT1 ORF with primers
MACAT-F1 and MACAT-R (SEQ ID NOs:295 and 296). Specifically, the
PCR reaction mixture contained 1 .mu.l each of a 20 .mu.M solution
of primers MACAT-F1 and MACAT-R, 1 .mu.l of M. alpina cDNA (supra,
Example 13), 22 .mu.l water and 25 .mu.l ExTaq premix 2.times.Taq
PCR solution (TaKaRa Bio Inc., Otsu, Shiga, 520-2193, Japan).
Amplification was carried out as follows: initial denaturation at
94.degree. C. for 150 sec, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at
94.degree. C. for 30 sec, annealing at 55.degree. C. for 30 sec,
and elongation at 72.degree. C. for 90 sec. A final elongation
cycle at 72.degree. C. for 10 min was carried out, followed by
reaction termination at 4.degree. C. A .about.1600 bp DNA fragment
was obtained from the PCR reaction. It was purified using Qiagen's
PCR purification kit according to the manufacturer's protocol.
[0599] The M. alpina DGAT1 ORF was to be inserted into Nco I- and
Not I-digested plasmid pZUF17 (SEQ ID NO:118; FIG. 8B), such that
the ORF was cloned under the control of the FBAIN promoter and the
PEX20-3' terminator region. However, since the DGAT1 ORF contained
an internal NcoI site, it was necessary to perform two separate
restriction enzyme digestions for cloning. First, .about.2 .mu.g of
the purified PCR product was digested with BamHI and Nco I. The
reaction mixture contained 20 U of each enzyme (Promega) and 6
.mu.l of restriction buffer D in a total volume of 60 .mu.l. The
mixture was incubated for 2 hrs at 37.degree. C. A .about.320 bp
fragment was separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and purified
using a Qiagen Qiaex II gel purification kit. Separately, .about.2
.mu.g of the purified PCR product was digested with BamHI and Not I
using identical reaction conditions to those above, except Nco I
was replaced by Not I. A .about.1280 bp fragment was isolated and
purified as above. Finally, .about.3 .mu.g of pZUF17 was digested
with Nco I and Not I and purified as described above, generating a
.about.7 kB fragment.
[0600] The .about.7 kB Nco I/Not I pZUF17 fragment, the .about.320
bp Nco I/BamHI DGAT1 fragment and the .about.1280 bp BamHI/Not I
DGAT1 fragment were ligated together in a three-way ligation
incubated at room temperature overnight. The ligation mixture
contained 100 ng of the 7 kB fragment and 200 ng each of the 320 bp
and 1280 bp fragments, 2 .mu.l ligase buffer, and 2 U T4 DNA ligase
(Promega) in a total volume of 20 .mu.l. The ligation products were
used to transform E. coli Top10 chemical competent cells
(Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
[0601] Individual colonies (12 total) from the transformation were
used to inoculate cultures for miniprep analysis. Restriction
mapping and sequencing showed that 5 out of the 12 colonies
harbored the desired plasmid, which was named "pMDGAT1-17" (FIG.
15C; SEQ ID NO:141).
[0602] Y. lipolytica strain Y2067U (from Example 10) was
transformed with pMDGAT1-17 and pZUF-MOD-1 (supra, Example 14),
respectively, according to the General Methods. Transformants were
grown for 2 days in synthetic MM supplemented with amino acids,
followed by 4 days in HGM. The fatty acid profile of two
transformants containing pMDGAT1-17 and two transformants
containing pZUF-MOD-1 are shown below in Table 35, based on GC
analysis (as described in the General Methods). Fatty acids are
identified as 18:0, 18:1 (oleic acid), 18:2 (LA), GLA, DGLA, ARA,
ETA and EPA; and the composition of each is presented as a % of the
total fatty acids.
TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 35 Lipid Composition In Yarrowia Strain Y2067U
Engineered To Overexpress M. alpina DGAT1 Total Fatty Acids Strain
18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA DGLA ARA ETA EPA Y2067U + pZUF-MOD-1 #1 1.31
6.92 12.03 23.11 5.72 1.05 3.80 13.20 Y2067U + pZUF-MOD-1 #2 1.39
6.83 12.15 21.99 5.83 1.07 3.82 13.47 Y2067U + pMDGAT1-17 #1 0.89
7.13 10.87 24.88 5.82 1.19 3.97 14.09 Y2067U + pMDGAT1-17 #2 0.86
7.20 10.25 22.42 6.35 1.26 4.38 15.07
[0603] As demonstrated above, expression of the M. alpina DGAT1
from plasmid pMDGAT1-17 increased the % EPA from .about.13.3% in
the "control" strains to .about.14.1% ("Y2067U+pMDGAT1-17 #1") and
.about.15.1% ("Y2067U+pMDGAT1-17 #2"), respectively. An additional
increase in EPA would be expected, if the native Yarrowia
lipolytica DGAT1 (SEQ ID NOs:81 and 82) were knocked-out in e.g.,
strain Y2067U+pMDGAT1-17.
Example 16
Mortierella aloina DGAT2 Increases Percent PUFAs
[0604] The present Example describes increased EPA biosynthesis and
accumulation in Yarrowia lipolytica strain Y2067U (Example 10) that
was transformed to co-express the M. alpina DGAT2 cDNA (SEQ ID
NO:95). It is contemplated art that a Y. lipolytica host strain
engineered to produce ARA via either the .DELTA.6
desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway or the .DELTA.9
elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway could demonstrate increased
ARA biosynthesis and accumulation, if the M. alpina DGAT2 was
similarly co-expressed therein (e.g., in strains Y2034, Y2047
and/or Y2214).
[0605] The M. alpina DGAT2 ORF was cloned into plasmid pZUF17 as
follows. First, the ORF was PCR-amplified using primers MDGAT-F and
MDGAT-R1 (SEQ ID NOs:297 and 298) from the M. alpina cDNA (supra,
Example 13). The expected 1015 bp fragment was isolated, purified,
digested with Nco I and Not I and cloned into Nco I-Not I cut
pZUF17 vector (SEQ ID NO:118; FIG. 8B), such that the gene was
under the control of the Y. lipolytica FBAIN promoter and the
PEX20-3' terminator region. Correct transformants were confirmed by
restriction analysis of miniprep DNA and the resultant plasmid was
designated as "pMDGAT2-17" (SEQ ID NO:142).
[0606] Y. lipolytica strain Y2067U (from Example 10) was
transformed with pMDGAT2-17 and pZUF-MOD-1 (supra, Example 14),
respectively, according to the General Methods. Transformants were
grown for 2 days in synthetic MM supplemented with amino acids,
followed by 4 days in HGM. The fatty acid profile of two
transformants containing pMDGAT2-17 and two transformants
containing pZUF-MOD-1 are shown below based on GC analysis (as
described in the General Methods). Fatty acids are identified as
18:0, 18:1 (oleic acid), 18:2 (LA), GLA, DGLA, ARA, ETA and EPA;
and the composition of each is presented as a % of the total fatty
acids.
TABLE-US-00037 TABLE 36 Lipid Composition In Yarrowia strain Y2067U
Engineered To Overexpress M. alpina DGAT2 Total Fatty Acids Strain
18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA DGLA ARA ETA EPA Y2067U + pZUF-MOD-1 #1 1.31
6.92 12.03 23.11 5.72 1.05 3.80 13.20 Y2067U + pZUF-MOD-1 #2 1.39
6.83 12.15 21.99 5.83 1.07 3.82 13.47 Y2067U + pMDGAT2-17 #1 0.00
7.47 10.77 25.30 5.70 1.43 3.45 15.12 Y2067U + pMDGAT2-17 #2 1.45
7.79 9.96 25.16 6.06 1.25 3.99 15.37
[0607] Expression of the M. alpina DGAT2 from plasmid pMDGAT2-17
increased the % EPA from .about.13.3% in the "control" strains to
.about.15.25% ("Y2067U+pMDGAT2-17"). An additional increase in EPA
would be expected, if the native Yarrowia lipolytica DGAT2 (SEQ ID
NOs:89-94) were knocked-out in e.g., strain Y2067U+pMDGAT2-17.
Example 17
[0608] Mortierella alpina GPAT Increases Percent PUFAs
[0609] The present Example describes increased DGLA biosynthesis
and accumulation (and reduced quantities of 18:1) in Yarrowia
lipolytica strain Y2107U1 (Example 11) that was transformed to
co-express the M. alpina GPAT ORF (SEQ ID NO:97). It is
contemplated that a Y. lipolytica host strain engineered to produce
ARA via either the .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway or
the .DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway could demonstrate
increased ARA biosynthesis and accumulation, if the M. alpina GPAT
was similarly co-expressed therein (e.g., in strains Y2034, Y2047
and/or Y2214).
Identification of a M. alpina GPAT Using Degenerate PCR Primers
[0610] Based on sequences of GPAT from Aspergillus nidulans
(GenBank Accession No. EAA62242) and Neurospora crassa (GenBank
Accession No. XP.sub.--325840), the following primers were designed
for degenerate PCR:
TABLE-US-00038 MGPAT-N1 (SEQ ID NO: 299) CCNCAYGCNAAYCARTTYGT
MGPAT-NR5 (SEQ ID NO: 300) TTCCANGTNGCCATNTCRTC [Note: The nucleic
acid degeneracy code used for SEQ ID NOs: 299 and 300 was as
follows: R = A/G; Y = C/T; and N = A/C/T/G.]
[0611] PCR amplification was carried out in a Perkin Elmer GeneAmp
9600 PCR machine using TaKaRa ExTaq premix Taq polymerase (TaKaRa
Bio Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan). Amplification was carried out as
follows: 30 cycles of denaturation at 94.degree. C. for 30 sec,
annealing at 55.degree. C. for 30 sec and elongation at 72.degree.
C. for 90 sec, followed by a final elongation cycle at 72.degree.
C. for 7 min.
[0612] A fragment of .about.1.2 kB was obtained (SEQ ID NO:99).
This fragment was purified with a Qiagen QiaQuick PCR purification
kit, cloned into the TOPO.RTM. cloning vector pCR2.1-TOPO
(Invitrogen), and sequenced. The resultant sequence, when
translated, had homology to known GPATs, based on BLAST program
analysis.
[0613] Based on the sequence of the 1212 bp cDNA fragment, the 5'
and 3' end regions of the M. alpina GPAT were cloned by PCR
amplification and genome walking techniques. This enabled assembly
of a contig, corresponding to the -1050 bp to +2885 bp region of
the M. alpina GPAT (SEQ ID NO:100). This contig included the entire
coding region of GPAT and four introns (SEQ ID NOs:104, 105, 106
and 107).
[0614] Specifically, the M. alpina cDNA sample described in Example
13 (1 .mu.l) was used as a template for amplification of the 3'-end
of the GPAT. MGPAT-5N1 (SEQ ID NO:301) and CDSIII/3' (SEQ ID
NO:282) were used as primers. PCR amplification was carried out in
a Perkin Elmer GeneAmp 9600 PCR machine using TaKaR.sup.aExTaq
premix Taq polymerase (TaKaRa Bio Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan).
Amplification was carried out as follows: 30 cycles of denaturation
at 94.degree. C. for 30 sec, annealing at 55.degree. C. for 30 sec
and elongation at 72.degree. C. for 120 sec, followed by a final
elongation cycle at 72.degree. C. for 7 min.
[0615] The PCR product was diluted 1:10, and 1 .mu.l of diluted PCR
product was used as template for the second round of amplification,
using MGPAT-5N2 (SEQ ID NO:302) and CDSIII/3' as primers. The
conditions were exactly the same as described above. The second
round PCR product was again diluted 1:10 and 1 .mu.l of the diluted
PCR product used as template for a third round of PCR, using
MGPAT-5N3 (SEQ ID NO:303) and CDSIII/3' as primers. The PCR
conditions were again the same.
[0616] A .about.1 kB fragment was generated in the third round of
PCR. This fragment was purified with a Qiagen PCR purification kit
and cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO vector for sequence analysis. Results
from sequence analysis showed that this 965 bp fragment (SEQ ID
NO:101) corresponded with the 3'-end of the GPAT gene.
[0617] A Clontech Universal GenomeWalker.TM. kit was used to obtain
a piece of genomic DNA corresponding to the 5'-end region of the M.
alpina GPAT. Briefly, 2.5 .mu.g each of M. alpina genomic DNA was
digested with DraI, EcoRV, PvuII or Stul individually, the digested
DNA samples were purified using Qiagen Qiaquick PCR purification
kits and eluted with 30 .mu.l each of kit buffer EB, and the
purified samples were then ligated with Genome Walker adaptor (SEQ
ID NOs:304 [top strand] and 305 [bottom strand]), as shown
below:
TABLE-US-00039 5'-GTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCACGCGTGGTCGACGGCCCGGGCTG
GT-3' 3'-H2N-CCCGACCA-5'
Each ligation reaction mixture contained 1.9 .mu.l of 25 .mu.M
Genome Walker adaptor, 1.6 .mu.l 10.times. ligation buffer, 0.5
.mu.l T4 DNA ligase and 4 .mu.l of one of the purified digested
genomic DNA samples. The reaction mixtures were incubated at
16.degree. C. overnight. The reaction was terminated by incubation
at 70.degree. C. for 5 min. Then, 72 .mu.l of 10 mM TrisHCl, 1 mM
EDTA, pH 7.4 buffer was added to each ligation reaction mix.
[0618] Four separate PCR reactions were performed, each using one
of the four ligation mixtures as template. The PCR reaction
mixtures contained 1 .mu.l of ligation mixture, 0.5 .mu.l of 20
.mu.M MGPAT-5-1A (SEQ ID NO:306), 1 .mu.l of 10 .mu.M kit primer
AP1 (SEQ ID NO:307), 22.5 .mu.l water, and 25 .mu.l ExTaq premix
Taq 2.times.PCR solution (TaKaRa). The PCR reactions were carried
out for 32 cycles using the following conditions: denaturation at
94.degree. C. for 30 sec, annealing at 55.degree. C. for 30 sec,
and elongation at 72.degree. C. for 180 sec. A final elongation
cycle at 72.degree. C. for 7 min was carried out, followed by
reaction termination at 4.degree. C.
[0619] The products of each PCR reaction were diluted 1:50
individually and used as templates for a second round of PCR. Each
reaction mixture contained 1 .mu.l of one of the diluted PCR
product as template, 0.5 .mu.l of 20 .mu.M MGPAT-3N1 (SEQ ID
NO:308), 21 .mu.l of 10 .mu.M kit primer AP2 (SEQ ID NO:309), 22.5
.mu.l water and 25 .mu.l of ExTaq premix Taq 2.times.PCR solution
(TaKaRa). PCR reactions were carried out for 32 cycles using the
same thermocycler conditions described above.
[0620] A DNA fragment was obtained from the second round of PCR.
This fragment was purified and cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO and
sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that the 1908 bp fragment (SEQ
ID NO:102) was the 5'-end of the M. alpina GPAT gene.
[0621] Similarly, a 966 bp fragment (SEQ ID NO:103) was obtained by
two rounds of genome walking as described above, except using
primer MGPAT-5N1 as the gene specific primer for the first round of
PCR and primer MGPAT-5N2 as the gene specific primer for the second
round. This fragment was also purified, cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO and
sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that it contained a portion of
the GPAT gene; however, the fragment was not long enough to extend
to either end of the gene. Comparison with the 3' cDNA sequence
(SEQ ID NO:101) showed that the last 171 bp of the ORF was not
included.
Assembly of the Full-Length GPAT Sequence from Mortierella
alpina
[0622] A 3935 bp sequence (SEQ ID NO:100) containing the complete
GPAT gene (comprising a region extending 1050 bases upstream of the
GPAT translation initiation `ATG` codon and extending 22 bases
beyond the GPAT termination codon) was assembled from the sequences
of the original partial cDNA fragment (SEQ ID NO:99), the 3' cDNA
fragment (SEQ ID NO:101), the internal genomic fragment (SEQ ID
NO:103), and the 5' genomic fragment (SEQ ID NO:102) described
above (graphically illustrated in FIG. 16). Included in this region
is the 2151 bp GPAT ORF. The complete nucleotide sequence of the M.
alpina GPAT ORF from `ATG` to the stop codon `TAG` is provided as
SEQ ID NO:97 (corresponding to bases 1050 to 2863 of SEQ ID NO:100,
excluding the four introns (i.e., intron 1 [SEQ ID NO:104],
corresponding to bases 1195 to 1469 of SEQ ID NO:100; intron 2 [SEQ
ID NO:105], corresponding to bases 1585 to 1839 of SEQ ID NO:100;
intron 3 [SEQ ID NO:106], corresponding to bases 2795 to 2877 of
SEQ ID NO:100 and intron 4 [SEQ ID NO:107], corresponding to bases
2940 to 3038 of SEQ ID NO:100). The translated amino acid sequence
(SEQ ID NO:98) showed homology with a number of fungal, plant and
animal GPATs.
[0623] More specifically, identity of the sequence was determined
by conducting BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul,
S. F., et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1993)) searches. The
amino acid fragment described herein as SEQ ID NO:98 had 47%
identity and 65% similarity with the protein sequence of the
putative GPAT of Ustilago maydis (GenBank Accession No. EAK84237),
with an expectation value of 1e-152; additionally, SEQ ID NO:98 had
47% identity and 62% similarity with the GPAT of Aspergillus
fumigatus (GenBank Accession No. EAL20089), with an expectation
value of 1e-142.
Construction of Plasmid PMGPAT-17, Comprising a
FBAIN::MGPAT::PEX20-3' Chimeric Gene
[0624] The M. alpina GPAT ORF was cloned as follows. Primers
mgpat-cdna-5 and mgpat-cdna-R (SEQ ID NOs:310 and 311) were used to
amplify the GPAT ORF from the cDNA of M. alpina by PCR. The
reaction mixture contained 1 .mu.l of the cDNA, 1 .mu.l each of the
primers, 22 .mu.l water and 25 .mu.l I ExTaq premix 2.times.Taq PCR
solution (TaKaRa Bio Inc., Otsu, Shiga, 520-2193, Japan).
Amplification was carried out as follows: initial denaturation at
94.degree. C. for 150 sec, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at
94.degree. C. for 30 sec, annealing at 55.degree. C. for 30 sec and
elongation at 72.degree. C. for 120 sec. A final elongation cycle
at 72.degree. C. for 10 min was carried out, followed by reaction
termination at 4.degree. C. An .about.2.2 kB DNA fragment was
obtained from the PCR reaction. It was purified using a Qiagen PCR
purification kit according to the manufacturer's protocol.
[0625] The purified PCR product was digested with BamHI and EcoRI,
and a .about.470 bp fragment was isolated by gel agarose
electrophoresis and purified using a Qiagen gel purification kit.
Separately, the PCR product was also cut with EcoRI and NotI, and a
1.69 kB fragment isolated and purified as above. The two fragments
were ligated into BamHI and NotI cut pZUF-MOD-1 vector (SEQ ID
NO:140; FIG. 15B), such that the gene was under the control of the
Y. lipolytica FBAIN promoter and the PEX20-3' terminator region in
the auto-replicating vector for expression in, Y. lipolytica.
Correct transformants were confirmed by restriction analysis of
miniprep DNA and the resultant plasmid was designated as
"pMGPAT-17" (SEQ ID NO:143; FIG. 15D).
Analysis of LiDid ComDosition in Transformant Y. lipolytica
Over-Expressing M. alpina GPAT
[0626] Y. lipolytica strain Y2107U1 (from Example 11) was
transformed with plasmid pMGPAT-17 and plasmid pZUF-MOD-1 (supra,
Example 14), respectively, according to the General Methods.
Transformants were grown for 2 days in synthetic MM supplemented
with amino acids, followed by 4 days in HGM. The fatty acid profile
of two transformants containing pZUF-MOD-1 and four transformants
containing pMGPAT-17, are shown below in the Table, based on GC
analysis (as described in the General Methods). Fatty acids are
identified as 18:0, 18:1 (oleic acid), 18:2 (LA), GLA, DGLA, ARA,
ETA and EPA; and the composition of each is presented as a % of the
total fatty acids.
TABLE-US-00040 TABLE 37 Lipid Composition In Yarrowia Strain
Y2107U1 Engineered To Over-Express M. alpina GPAT Total Fatty Acids
Strain 18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA DGLA ARA ETA EPA Y2107U1 + pZUF-MOD-1 #1
2.8 22.7 9.8 28.5 2.7 1.7 0.4 17.4 Y2107U1 + pZUF-MOD-1 #2 2.5 23.4
10.3 28.7 2.5 1.5 0.3 16.8 Y2107U1 + pMGPAT-17 #1 3.2 14.8 11.7
29.8 5.6 2.0 0.3 18.4 Y2107U1 + pMGPAT-17 #2 2.9 16.3 11.7 28.3 6.1
1.8 0.4 16.9 Y2107U1 + pMGPAT-17 #3 2.1 14.3 10.8 27.5 7.2 1.4 0.4
17.4 Y2107U1 + pMGPAT-17 #4 2.7 15.7 11.5 29.1 6.3 1.7 0.4 17.3
[0627] As demonstrated above, expression of the M. alpina GPAT from
pMGPAT-17 increased the % DGLA from .about.2.5% in the "control"
strains to 6.5%. The level of 18:1 decreased from .about.23% to
.about.16%. An additional increase in DGLA (or any other downstream
PUFAs) would be expected, if the native Yarrowia lipolytica GPAT
was knocked-out in a transformant strain expressing pMGPAT-17.
Example 18
Mortierella alpina Fatty Acid Elongase "ELO3" Increases Percent
PUFAs Content
[0628] The present Example describes 35% more C18 fatty acids
(18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and GLA) and 31% less C16 fatty acids in Yarrowia
lipolytica strain Y2031 (Example 5) that was transformed to
co-express the M. alpina C.sub.16/18 fatty acid elongase ("ELO3";
SEQ ID NOs:53 and 54), relative to control strains. It is
contemplated that ELO3 (which could optionally be codon-optimized
for increased expression), could push carbon flux into either the
engineered .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway or the
.DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway as a means to
increase production of the desired PUFA, i.e., ARA. For example, a
chimeric gene comprising this C.sub.16/18 fatty acid elongase could
readily be introduced into e.g., strains Y2034, Y2047 or Y2214.
Sequence Identification of a M. alpina C.sub.16/18 Fatty Acid
Elongase
[0629] A cDNA fragment (SEQ ID NO:55) encoding a portion of a M.
alpina fatty acid elongase was identified from among 9,984 M.
alpina cDNA sequences (Example 13). This cDNA fragment bore
significant homology to a number of fatty acid elongases and thus
was tentatively identified as an elongase.
[0630] The results of the BLAST comparison summarizing the sequence
to which SEQ ID NO:55 had the most similarity are reported
according to the % identity, % similarity, and Expectation value.
Specifically, the translated amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55
had 32% identity and 46% similarity with the protein sequence of a
potential fatty acid elongase from Candida albicans SC5314 (GenBank
Accession No. EAL04510.1, annotated therein as one of three
potential fatty acid elongase genes similar to S. cerevisiae EUR4,
FEN1 and ELO1), with an expectation value of 4e-13. Additionally,
SEQ ID NO:55 had 35% identity and 53% similarity with ELO1 from
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GenBank Accession No. NC.sub.--001142,
bases 67849-68781 of chromosome X). The S. cerevisiae ELO1 is
described as a medium-chain acyl elongase, that catalyzes
carboxy-terminal elongation of unsaturated C12-C16 fatty acyl-CoAs
to C16-C18 fatty acids.
[0631] On the basis of the homologies reported above, the Yarrowia
lipolytica gene product of SEQ ID NO:55 was designated herein as
elongase 3' or "ELO3".
[0632] Analysis of the partial fatty acid elongase cDNA sequence
(SEQ ID NO:55) indicated that the 5' and 3'-ends were both
incomplete. To obtain the missing 3' region of the M. alpina ELO3,
a Clontech Universal GenomeWalker.TM. kit was used (as described in
Example 17). Specifically, the same set of four ligation mixtures
were used for a first round of PCR, using the same components and
conditions as described previously, with the exception that MA
Elong 3'1 (SEQ ID NO:312) and AP1 were used as primers (i.e.,
instead of primers MGPAT-5-1A and AP1). The second round of PCR
used MA Elong 3'2 (SEQ ID NO:313) and AP2 as primers. A 1042 bp DNA
fragment was obtained from the second round of PCR (SEQ ID NO:56).
This fragment was purified and cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO and
sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that the fragment contained the
3'-end of ELO3, including .about.640 bp downstream of the `TAA`
stop codon of the gene.
[0633] The same set of four ligation mixtures used in the Clontech
3'-end RACE (supra) were also used to obtain the 5'-end region of
the M. alpina ELO3. Specifically, a first round of PCR using the
same components and conditions as described above was conducted,
with the exception that MA Elong 5'1 (SEQ ID NO:314, nested at the
5' end) and AP1 were used as primers (i.e., instead of primers MA
Elong 3'1 and AP1). The second round of PCR used MA Elong 5'2 (SEQ
ID NO:315, nested at the 5' end) and AP2 as primers. A 2223 bp DNA
fragment (SEQ ID NO:57) was obtained. It was purified and cloned
into pCR2.1-TOPO and sequenced. Analysis of the sequence showed
that it contained the 5'-region of the ELO3 gene.
[0634] Thus, the entire cDNA sequence of the M. alpina ELO3 (SEQ ID
NO:53) was obtained by combining the original partial cDNA sequence
(SEQ ID NO:55) with the overlapping 5' and 3' sequences obtained by
genome walking (SEQ ID NOs:57 and 56, respectively; graphically
illustrated in FIG. 17). This yielded a sequence of 3557 bp,
identified herein as SEQ ID NO:58, comprising: 2091 bp upstream of
the putative `ATG` translation initiation codon of ELO3; the 828 bp
ELO3 ORF (i.e., SEQ ID NO:53, corresponding to bases 2092-2919 of
SEQ ID NO:58); and, 638 bp downstream of the ELO3 stop codon
(corresponding to bases 2920-3557 of SEQ ID NO:58).
[0635] The corresponding genomic sequence of the M. alpina ELO3 is
longer than the cDNA fragment provided as SEQ ID NO:58.
Specifically, a 542 bp intron (SEQ ID NO:59) was found in the
genomic DNA containing the ELO3 gene at 318 bp of the ORF; thus,
the genomic DNA fragment, provided herein as SEQ ID NO:60, is 4,099
bp (FIG. 17).
[0636] The translated ELO3 protein sequence (SEQ ID NO:54) had the
following homology, based on BLAST program analysis: 37% identity
and 51% similarity to the potential fatty acid elongase from
Candida albicans SC5314 (GenBank Accession No. EAL04510.1), with an
expectation value of 4e-43. Additionally, the translated ELO3
shared 33% identity and 44% similarity with the protein sequence of
XP.sup.--331368 (annotated therein as a "hypothetical protein")
from Neurospora crassa, with an expectation value of 3e-44.
Construction of Plasmid PZUF6S-E3WT, Comprising a
FBAIN::ELO3::PEX16-3' Chimeric Gene
[0637] The M. alpina fatty acid ELO3 ORF was cloned as follows.
Primers MA Elong 5' Nco13 and MA Elong 3' NotI (SEQ ID NOs:316 and
317) were used to amplify the ELO3 ORF from the cDNA of M. alpina
(Example 13) by PCR. The reaction mixture contained 1 .mu.l of the
cDNA, 1 .mu.l each of the primers, 22 .mu.l water and 25 .mu.l
ExTaq premix 2.times.Taq PCR solution (TaKaRa). Amplification was
carried out as follows: initial denaturation at 94.degree. C. for
30 sec, followed by 32 cycles of denaturation at 94.degree. C. for
30 sec, annealing at 55.degree. C. for 30 sec and elongation at
72.degree. C. for 120 sec. A final elongation cycle at 72.degree.
C. for 7 min was carried out, followed by reaction termination at
4.degree. C. An .about.830 bp DNA fragment was obtained from the
PCR reaction. It was purified using a Qiagen (Valencia, Calif.) PCR
purification kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. The
purified PCR product was divided into two aliquots, wherein one was
digested with NcoI and NspI, while the other with NspI and NotI.
The -270 bp NcoI-NspI and 560 bp NspI-NotI fragments were cloned
into Nco I-Not I cut pZF5T-PPC vector (FIG. 11C; SEQ ID NO:122) by
three-piece ligation, such that the gene was under the control of
the Y. lipolytica FBAIN promoter and the PEX16-3' terminator region
(GenBank Accession No. U75433) in the auto-replicating vector for
expression in Y. lipolytica. Correct transformants were confirmed
by miniprep analysis and the resultant plasmid was designated as
"pZF5T-PPC-E3" (SEQ ID NO:144).
[0638] Plasmid pZF5T-PPC-E3 was digested with ClaI and PacI and the
.about.2.2 kB band (i.e., the FBAIN::ELO 3::PEX16-3' fragment) was
purified from an agarose gel using a Qiagen gel extraction kit. The
fragment was cloned into ClaI-PacI cut pZUF6S (FIG. 18A; SEQ ID
NO:145), an auto-replication plasmid containing the Mortierella
alpina .DELTA.6 desaturase ORF ("D6S"; GenBank Accession No.
AF465281) under the control of the FBAIN promoter with a Pex20-3'
terminator (i.e., a FBAIN::D6S::Pex20 chimeric gene) and a Ura3
gene. Correct transformants were confirmed by miniprep analysis and
the resultant plasmid was designated as "pZUF6S-E3WT" (FIG. 18B;
SEQ ID NO:146).
Analysis of Lipid Composition in Transformant Y. lipolytica
Over-Expressing the M. alpina ELO3
[0639] Y. lipolytica strain Y2031 (Example 5) was transformed with
plasmid pZUF6S (control, comprising a FBAIN::D6S::Pex20 chimeric
gene) and plasmid pZUF6S-E3WT (comprising a FBAIN::D6S::Pex20
chimeric gene and the FBAIN::ELO 3::PEX16 chimeric gene) according
to the General Methods. Transformants were grown for 2 days in
synthetic MM supplemented with amino acids, followed by 4 days in
HGM. The fatty acid profile of six clones containing pZUF6S (clones
#1-6, from a single transformation) and 22 clones (from four
different transformations [i.e., #3, 5, 6, and 7]) containing
pZUF6S-E3WT are shown below in Table 38, based on GC analysis (as
described in the General Methods). Fatty acids are identified as
16:0 (palmitate), 16:1 (palmitoleic acid), 18:0, 18:1 (oleic acid),
18:2 (LA) and GLA; and the composition of each is presented as a %
of the total fatty acids.
TABLE-US-00041 TABLE 38 Lipid Composition In Yarrowia Strain Y2031
Engineered To Over-Express M. alpina ELO3 Y. lipolytica Strain
Fatty Acid Composition Y2031 Transformant (% Of Total Fatty Acids)
And/Or Clone No. 16:0 16:1 18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA pZUF6S #1 (control)
9.0 23.2 1.2 38.2 19.8 6.9 pZUF6S #2 (control) 10.1 23.4 1.4 39.0
17.5 7.1 pZUF6S #3 (control) 9.7 22.7 1.4 39.0 20.2 7.0 pZUF6S #4
(control) 8.5 24.1 0.0 40.8 19.8 6.9 pZUF6S #5 (control) 9.8 22.4
1.7 39.1 20.2 6.8 pZUF6S #6 (control) 9.1 22.7 1.9 39.9 19.7 6.6
pZUF6S-E3WT #3-1 8.9 17.3 4.1 36.5 21.6 11.6 pZUF6S-E3WT #3-2 8.8
17.8 3.7 36.9 21.3 11.5 pZUF6S-E3WT #3-6 8.5 19.9 4.4 37.8 17.1
12.3 pZUF6S-E3WT #5-1 8.6 17.6 4.0 37.6 21.1 11.1 pZUF6S-E3WT #5-2
8.8 17.1 3.9 37.6 21.3 11.2 pZUF6S-E3WT #5-3 9.1 17.1 3.5 37.6 21.5
11.1 pZUF6S-E3WT #5-4 8.8 17.9 4.3 38.0 19.3 11.7 pZUF6S-E3WT #5-5
9.2 16.1 4.4 37.0 21.6 11.7 pZUF6S-E3WT #6-1 9.4 16.9 4.6 36.6 21.5
11.0 pZUF6S-E3WT #6-2 9.8 16.2 4.1 36.5 21.9 11.6 pZUF6S-E3WT #6-3
9.4 17.0 4.4 36.2 21.8 11.3 pZUF6S-E3WT #6-4 8.3 16.6 4.2 36.9 21.9
12.2 pZUF6S-E3WT #6-5 8.8 18.5 5.5 36.0 17.8 13.4 pZUF6S-E3WT #6-6
8.7 19.5 5.2 35.4 18.1 13.2 pZUF6S-E3WT #7-2 8.0 17.7 4.0 37.7 20.9
11.7 pZUF6S-E3WT #7-5 8.3 17.0 4.7 36.7 21.2 12.1 pZUF6S-E3WT #7-6
8.0 18.0 4.8 36.3 20.8 12.1
[0640] Some of the samples (labeled in bold and italics) deviated
from expected readings. Specifically, neither Y2031+pZUF6S-E3WT
#3-3 nor Y2031+pZUF6S-E3WT #5-6 produced GLA. Similarly,
Y2031+pZUF6S-E3WT #7-1, #7-3 and #74 had GC errors, wherein the
16:0 and 16:1 peaks were read by the GC as a single peak. As a
result of these variant results, Table 39 reports the average lipid
in the control and transformant strains expressing ELO3.
Specifically, Table 39 shows the averages from the fatty acid
profiles in Table 38, although the lines indicated by bold and
italics as being incorrect in Table 38 were not included when
calculating these averages. "Total C16" represents the sum of the
average areas of 16:0 and 16:1, while "Total C18" reflects the sum
of the average areas of 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and GLA.
TABLE-US-00042 TABLE 39 Average Lipid Composition In Yarrowia
Strain Y2031 Engineered To Over-Express M. alpina ELO3 Y.
lipolytica Average Fatty Acid Composition Strain Y2031 (% Of Total
Fatty Acids) Total Total Transformant 16:0 16:1 18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA
C16 C18 pZUF6S 9.4 23.1 1.3 39.3 19.5 6.9 32.4 67.1 (control)
pZUF6S- 8.7 18.3 4.1 37.1 20.0 11.8 27.0 73.0 E3WT #3 pZUF6S- 8.9
17.2 4.0 37.6 21.0 11.4 26.1 73.9 E3WT #5 pZUF6S- 9.1 17.5 4.6 36.3
20.5 12.1 26.5 73.5 E3WT #6 pZUF6S- 8.1 17.6 4.5 36.9 21.0 12.0
25.6 74.4 E3WT #7
[0641] Based on the data reported above, overexpression of the M.
alpina ELO3 resulted in an increased percentage of C18 and a
reduced percentage of C16 when co-expressed with a M. alpina
.DELTA.6 desaturase in Yarrowia lipolytica strain Y2031, relative
to a control strain of Y2031 overexpressing the M. alpina .DELTA.6
desaturase only. This indicated that the M. alpina ELO3 was indeed
a C.sub.16/18 fatty acid elongase.
Example 19
Yarrowia C.sub.16/18 Fatty Acid Elongase "YE2" Increases Percent
PUFAs
[0642] The present Example describes increased GLA biosynthesis and
accumulation in Yarrowia lipolytica strain Y2031 (Example 5) that
was transformed to co-express the Y. lipolytica C.sub.16/18 fatty
acid elongase ("YE2"; SEQ ID NO:62). It is contemplated that the
YE2 elongase could push carbon flux into either the engineered
.DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway or the .DELTA.9
elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway as a means to increase
production of the desired PUFA, i.e., ARA. For example, a chimeric
gene comprising this C.sub.16/18 fatty acid elongase could readily
be introduced into e.g., strains Y2034, Y2047 or Y2214.
Seauence Identification of a Yarrowia lipolytica C.sub.16/18 Fatty
Acid Elongase
[0643] A novel fatty acid elongase candidate from Y. lipolytica was
identified by sequence comparison using the rat Elo2 C.sub.16/18
fatty acid elongase protein sequence (GenBank Accession No.
AB071986; SEQ ID NO:51) as a query sequence. Specifically, this
rElo2 query sequence was used to search GenBank and the public Y.
lipolytica protein database of the "Yeast project Genolevures"
(Center for Bioinformatics, LaBR1, Talence Cedex, France) (see also
Dujon, B. et al., Nature 430 (6995):35-44 (2004)). This resulted in
the identification of a homologous sequence, GenBank Accession No.
CAG77901 (SEQ ID NOs:61 and 62), annotated as an "unnamed protein
product"). This gene was designated as YE2.
[0644] Comparison of the Yarrowia YE2 amino acid sequences to
public databases, using a BLAST algorithm (Altschul, S. F., et al.,
Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1997)), revealed that the most
similar known amino acid sequence was that from Candida albicans
SC5314 (SEQ ID NO:63, GenBank Accession No. EAL04510), annotated as
a probable fatty acid elongase. The proteins shared about 40%
identity and scored at 236 with an E value of 7e-61.
Isolation of Yarrowia YE2 Gene
[0645] The coding region of the YE2 gene was amplified by PCR using
Yarrowia genomic DNA as template and oligonucleotides YL597 and
YL598 (SEQ ID NOs:318 and 319) as primers. The PCR reaction was
carried out in a 50 .mu.l total volume, as described in the General
Methods. The thermocycler conditions were set for 35 cycles at
95.degree. C. for 1 min, 56.degree. C. for 30 sec, 72.degree. C.
for 1 min, followed by a final extension at 72.degree. C. for 10
min. The PCR products of the YE2 coding region were purified,
digested with NcoI/NotI, and then ligated with NcoI/NotI digested
pZKUGPYE1-N (infra, Example 20; see also FIG. 18C, SEQ ID NO:147)
to generate pZKUGPYE2 (FIG. 18D, SEQ ID NO:148). The addition of a
NcoI site around the `ATG` translation initiation codon changed the
second amino acid of YE2 from L to V.
[0646] The ClaI/NotI fragment of pZKUGPYE2 (containing the GPAT
promoter and YE2 coding region) and a NotI/PacI fragment containing
the Aco terminator (prepared by PCR amplifying the ACO 3'
terminator with primers YL325 and YL326 [SEQ ID NOs:371 and 372]
and then digesting with NotI/PacI), were directionally ligated with
ClaI/PacI digested vector pZUF6S to produce pZUF6YE2. The ClaliNcoI
fragment of pZKUT16 (containing the TEF promoter) and the NcoI/PacI
fragment of pZUF6YE2 (containing the coding region of YE2 and the
Aco terminator) were subsequently directionally ligated with
ClaI/PacI digested vector pZUF6S to produce pZUF6TYE2 (SEQ ID
NO:149).
Analysis of Lipid Composition in Transformant Y. Iipolytica
Over-Expressina YE2
[0647] Plasmid pZUF6S (FIG. 18A, SEQ ID NO:145) and pZUF6TYE2 (SEQ
ID NO:149) were used to separately transform Yarrowia strain Y2031.
The components of these two plasmids are described in Tables 40 and
41.
TABLE-US-00043 TABLE 40 Description of Plasmid pZUF6S (SEQ ID NO:
145) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within Description Of Fragment And
Chimeric Gene SEQ ID NO: 145 Components EcoRI/ClaI Yarrowia
autonomous replicating sequence 18 (3114-4510) (ARS18; GenBank
Accession No. M91600) SalI/PacI Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank
Accession No. (6022-4530) AJ306421) EcoRI/BsiWI
FBAIN::.DELTA.6S::Pex20, comprising: (6063-318) FBAIN: FBAIN
promoter (SEQ ID NO: 162) .DELTA.6S: codon-optimized .DELTA.6
desaturase gene (SEQ ID NO: 3), derived from Mortierella alpina
(GenBank Accession No. AF465281) Pex20: Pex20 terminator sequence
from Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF054613)
TABLE-US-00044 TABLE 41 Description of Plasmid pZUF6TYE2 (SEQ ID
NO: 149) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within Description Of Fragment
And Chimeric Gene SEQ ID NO: 149 Components EcoRI/ClaI Yarrowia
autonomous replicating sequence 18 (7461-8857) (ARS18; GenBank
Accession No. M91600) SalI/PacI Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank
Accession No. (1907-415) AJ306421) EcoRI/BsiWI
FBAIN::.DELTA.6S::Pex20: as described for pZUF6 (1948-4665) (supra)
ClaI/PacI TEF::YE2::Aco, comprising: (8857-415) TEF: TEF promoter
(GenBank Accession No. AF054508) YE2: coding region of Yarrowia YE2
gene (SEQ ID NO: 61; GenBank Accession No. CAG77901) Aco: Aco3
terminator sequence of Yarrowia Aco3 gene (GenBank Accession No.
AJ001301)
[0648] Y. lipolytica strain Y2031 (Example 5) was transformed with
plasmid pZUF6S (control) and plasmid pZUF6TYE2 according to the
General Methods. Transformants were grown for 2 days in liquid MM.
The fatty acid profile of eight colonies each containing pZUF6S or
pZUF6YE2 are shown below in Table 42, based on GC analysis (as
described in the General Methods). Fatty acids are identified as
16:0 (palmitate), 16:1 (palmitoleic acid), 18:0, 18:1 (oleic acid),
18:2 (LA) and GLA; and the composition of each is presented as a %
of the total fatty acids.
TABLE-US-00045 TABLE 42 Comparison Of Fatty Acid Composition In
Yarrowia Strain Y2031 Transformed With pZUF6S And pZUF6TYE2 Y.
lipolytica Strain Y2031 Fatty Acid Composition (% Of Total Fatty
Acids) Transformants 16:0 16:1 18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA pZUF6S #1
(control) 15.4 13.8 2.5 34.1 16.8 8.3 pZUF6S #2 (control) 15.2 12.8
3.0 36.5 16.4 8.3 pZUF6S #3 (control) 15.1 12.2 3.2 36.5 17.1 8.5
pZUF6S #4 (control) 15.2 12.8 3.1 36.3 16.6 8.4 pZUF6S #5 (control)
14.9 10.9 3.6 37.4 18.0 8.7 pZUF6S #6 (control) 14.8 10.1 4.2 37.6
18.7 8.6 pZUF6S #7 (control) 14.7 11.9 3.0 36.0 17.8 9.1 pZUF6S #8
(control) 14.9 12.6 2.9 35.9 17.3 8.8 Average 15.0 12.1 3.2 36.3
17.3 8.6 pZUF6TYE2 #1 13.1 8.4 4.4 42.4 16.8 9.7 pZUF6TYE2 #2 13.1
7.6 5.3 40.8 18.6 9.8 pZUF6TYE2 #3 13.5 8.1 4.6 39.2 19.0 10.6
pZUF6TYE2 #4 13.4 7.4 5.7 39.9 18.7 9.8 pZUF6TYE2 #5 13.4 8.4 5.5
45.2 14.3 7.6 pZUF6TYE2 #6 13.4 7.4 5.5 39.3 19.2 10.5 pZUF6TYE2 #7
13.4 8.6 4.4 40.6 17.9 9.9 pZUF6TYE2 #8 13.2 7.5 5.4 41.2 18.0 9.7
Average 13.3 8.0 5.0 41.1 17.8 9.7
[0649] GC analyses showed that there were about 27.1% C16 (C16:0
and C16:1) and 62.2% C18 (C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and GLA) of total
lipids produced in the Y2031 transformants with pZUF6S; there were
about 21.3% C16 and 73.6% C18 produced in the Y2031 transformants
with pZUF6TYE2. Thus, the total amount of C16 was reduced about
21.4%, and the total amount of C18 was increased about 18% in the
pZUF6TYE2 transformants (as compared with the transformants with
pZUF6S). These data demonstrated that YE2 functions as a
C.sub.16/18 fatty acid elongase to produce C18 fatty acids in
Yarrowia. Additionally, there was about 12.8% more GLA produced in
the pZUF6TYE2 transformants relative to the GLA produced in pZUF6S
transformants. These data suggested that the YE2 elongase could
push carbon flux into the engineered PUFA pathway to produce more
final product (i.e., GLA).
Example 20
Yarrowia C.sub.14/16 Fatty Acid Elongase "YE1" Increases Percent
PUFAs
[0650] The present Example describes increased GLA biosynthesis and
accumulation in Y. lipolytica strain Y2031 (Example 5) that was
transformed to co-express the Y. lipolytica C.sub.14/16 fatty acid
elongase ("YE1"; SEQ ID NO:65). It is contemplated that the YE1
elongase could push carbon flux into either the engineered .DELTA.6
desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway or the .DELTA.9
elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway as a means to increase
production of the desired PUFA, i.e., ARA. Specifically, a chimeric
gene comprising this C.sub.14/16 fatty acid elongase could readily
be introduced into strains Y2034, Y2047 or Y2214.
Sequence Identification of a Yarrowia lipolytica C.sub.14/16 Fatty
Acid Elongase
[0651] A novel fatty acid elongase candidate from Yarrowia
lipolytica was identified by sequence comparison using the rat Elo2
C.sub.16/18 fatty acid elongase protein sequence (GenBank Accession
No. AB071986; SEQ ID NO:51) as a query sequence, in a manner
similar to that used in Example 19. This resulted in the
identification of a homologous sequence, GenBank Accession No.
CAG83378 (SEQ ID NOs:64 and 65), annotated as an "unnamed protein
product". This gene was designated as "YE1".
[0652] Comparison of the Yarrowia YE1 amino acid sequences to
public databases, using a BLAST algorithm (Altschul, S. F., et al.,
Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1997)), revealed that the most
similar known sequence was FEN1 from Neurospora crassa (GenBank
Accession No. CAD70918; SEQ ID NO:66), a probable fatty acid
elongase sharing about 60% identity to YE1.
Isolation of Yarrowia YE1 Gene
[0653] The DNA sequence of YE1 gene (SEQ ID NO:64) possesses an
internal NcoI site. In order to incorporate the Yarrowia
translation motif around the `ATG` translation initiation codon of
the YE1 gene, a two-step strategy was employed to PCR the entire
YE1 gene from Yarrowia. Specifically, using Yarrowia genomic DNA as
template, the first half of YE1 was amplified by PCR using
oligonucleotides YL567 and YL568 (SEQ ID NOs:320 and 321) as
primers, while the second half of the YE1 gene was amplified
similarly using oligonucleotides YL569 and YL570 (SEQ ID NOs:322
and 323) as primers. The PCR reactions were carried out in a 50
.mu.l total volume, as described in the General Methods. The
thermocycler conditions were set for 35 cycles at 95.degree. C. for
1 min, 56.degree. C. for 30 sec, 72.degree. C. for 1 min, followed
by a final extension at 72.degree. C. for 10 min. The PCR products
corresponding to the 5' portion of YE1 were purified and then
digested with NcoI and SacI to yield the YE1-1 fragment, while the
PCR products of the 3' portion of YE1 were purified and digested
with SacI and NotI to yield the YE1-2 fragment. The YE1-1 and YE1-2
fragments were directly ligated with NcoI/NotI digested pZKUGPE1S
(supra, Example 11) to generate pZKUGPYE1 (FIG. 19A, SEQ ID
NO:150). The internal NcoI site of YE1 was then mutated by
site-directed mutagenesis using pZKUGPYE1 as template and
oligonucleotides YL571 and YL572 (SEQ ID NOs:324 and 325) as
primers to generate pZKUGPYE1-N (SEQ ID NO:147). Sequence analysis
showed that the mutation did not change the amino acid sequence of
YE1. The addition of the NcoI site around the ATG translation
initiation codon changed the second amino acid of YE1 from S to
A.
[0654] The ClaI/NcoI fragment of pZF5T-PPC (containing the FBAIN
promoter) and the NcoI/PacI fragment of pZKUGPYE1-N (containing the
coding region of YE1 and the Aco terminator) were directionally
ligated with ClaI/PacI-digested vector pZUF6S to produce pZUF6FYE1
(SEQ ID NO:151).
Analysis of Lipid Composition in Transformant Y. lipolytica
Over-Expressing YE1
[0655] A chimeric gene comprising the Y. lipolytica YE1 ORF was
cloned into plasmid pZUF6, such that the effect of the gene's
overexpression could be determined by GC analysis of fatty acid
composition in transformed Yarrowia strains. Specifically, the
components of control plasmid pZUF6S (FIG. 18A; SEQ ID NO:145,
comprising a FBAIN::D6S::Pex20 chimeric gene) are described in
Example 19, while those components of pZUF6FYE1 (FIG. 19B; SEQ ID
NO:151, comprising a FBAIN::D6S::Pex20 chimeric gene and the
FBAIN::YE1::Aco chimeric gene) are described in Table 43 below.
TABLE-US-00046 TABLE 43 Description Of Plasmid pZUF6FYE1 (SEQ ID
NO: 151) RE Sites And Nucleotides Within Description Of Fragment
And Chimeric Gene SEQ ID NO: 151 Components EcoRI/ClaI Yarrowia
autonomous replicating sequence 18 (7047-8445) (ARS18, (GenBank
Accession No. M91600) SalI/PacI Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank
Accession No. (1493-1) AJ306421) EcoRI/BsiWI
FBAIN::.DELTA.6S::Pex20: as described for pZUF6 (1534-4251) (supra,
Example 19) ClaI/PacI FBAIN::YE1::Aco, comprising: (8443-1) FBAIN:
FBAIN promoter (SEQ ID NO: 162) YE1: Yarrowia YE1 gene (SEQ ID NO:
64; GenBank Accession No. CAG83378) Aco: Aco3 terminator sequence
from Yarrowia Aco3 gene (Genbank Accession No. AJ001301)
[0656] Following transformation, transformants were grown for 2
days in synthetic MM supplemented with amino acids, followed by 4
days in HGM. The fatty acid profile of six clones containing pZUF6S
and five clones containing pZUF6FYE1 are shown below in Table 44,
based on GC analysis (as described in the General Methods). Fatty
acids are identified as 16:0 (palmitate), 16:1 (palmitoleic acid),
18:0, 18:1 (oleic acid), 18:2 (LA) and GLA; and the composition of
each is presented as a % of the total fatty acids.
TABLE-US-00047 TABLE 44 Comparison Of Fatty Acid Composition In
Yarrowia Strain Y2031 Transformed With pZUF6S And pZUF6FYE1 Fatty
Acid Composition (% Of Total Fatty Acids) Transformants 16:0 16:1
18:1 18:2 GLA pZUF6S #1 (control) 12.9 18.2 29.6 23.5 10.7 pZUF6S
#2 (control) 12.6 18.6 29.6 23.8 10.3 pZUF6S #3 (control) 13.0 17.8
29.8 23.9 10.6 pZUF6S #4 (control) 13.1 18.9 30.1 22.3 10.3 pZUF6S
#5 (control) 13.0 17.8 29.6 23.4 10.9 pZUF6S #6 (control) 12.0 18.7
30.4 23.2 10.4 Average 12.8 18.3 29.9 23.4 10.5 pZUF6FYE1 #1 17.4
21.9 20.4 19.2 16.9 pZUF6FYE1 #2 16.7 22.8 21.1 19.1 16.1 pZUF6FYE1
#3 19.8 20.7 22.8 17.0 15.8 pZUF6FYE1 #4 16.8 22.4 23.7 16.1 16.8
pZUF6FYE1 #5 17.7 21.6 21.2 18.0 17.2 Average 17.7 21.9 21.9 17.9
16.5
[0657] GC analyses measured about 31.1% C16 (C16:0+C16:1) of total
lipids produced in the Y2031 transformants with pZUF6S, while there
was about 39.6% C16 produced in the Y2031 transformants with
pZUF6FYE1. The total amount of C16 increased about 26.7% in the
pZUF6FYE1 transformants, as compared to transformants with pZUF6S.
Thus, these data demonstrated that YE1 functions as a C.sub.14/16
fatty acid elongase to produce C16 fatty acids in Yarrowia.
Additionally, there was 57% more GLA produced in the pZUF6FYE1
transformants than in pZUF6S transformants, suggesting that the YE1
elongase could push carbon flux into the engineered pathway to
produce more final product (i.e., GLA).
Example 21
Yarrowia lipolytica CPT1 Overexpression Increases Percent PUFAs
[0658] The present Example describes increased EPA biosynthesis and
accumulation in Yarrowia lipolytica strain Y2067U (Example 10) that
was transformed to overexpress the Y. lipolytica CPT1 cDNA (SEQ ID
NO:109). PUFAs leading to the synthesis of EPA were also increased.
It is contemplated that a Y. lipolytica host strain engineered to
produce ARA via either the .DELTA.6 desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase
pathway or the .DELTA.9 elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway could
demonstrate increased ARA biosynthesis and accumulation, if the Y.
lipolytica CPT1 was similarly co-expressed (e.g., in strains Y2034,
Y2047 or Y2214).
[0659] Y. lipolytica strain ATCC #20326 cDNA was prepared using the
following procedure. Cells were grown in 200 mL YPD medium (2%
Bacto-yeast extract, 3% Bactor-peptone, 2% glucose) for 1 day at
30.degree. C. and then pelleted by centrifugation at 3750 rpm in a
Beckman GH3.8 rotor for 10 min and washed twice with HGM. Washed
cells were resuspended in 200 mL of HGM and allowed to grow for an
additional 4 hrs at 30.degree. C. Cells were then harvested by
centrifugation at 3750 rpm for 10 min in 4.times.50 mL tubes.
[0660] Total RNA was isolated using the Qiagen RNeasy total RNA
Midi kit. To disrupt the cells, harvested cells were resuspended in
4.times.600 .mu.l of kit buffer RLT (supplemented with
.beta.-mercaptoethanol, as specified by the manufacturer) and mixed
with an equal volume of 0.5 mm glass beads in four 2 mL screwcap
tubes. A Biospec Mini-beadbeater was used to break the cells for 2
min at the Homogenization setting. An additional 4.times.600 .mu.l
buffer RLT was added. Glass beads and cell debris were removed by
centrifugation, and the supernatant was used to isolate total RNA
according to manufacturer's protocol.
[0661] PolyA(+)RNA was isolated from the above total RNA sample
using a Qiagen Oligotex mRNA purification kit according to the
manufacturer's protocol. Isolated polyA(+) RNA was purified one
additional round with the same kit to ensure the purity of mRNA
sample. The final purified poly(A)+RNA had a concentration of 30.4
ng/.mu.l.
[0662] cDNA was generated, using the LD-PCR method specified by
BD-Clontech and 0.1 .mu.g of polyA(+) RNA sample, as described in
Example 13, with the exception that the PCR thermocycler conditions
used for 1.sup.st strand cDNA synthesis were set for 95.degree. C.
for 20 sec, followed by 20 cycles of 95.degree. C. for 5 sec and
68.degree. C. for 6 min. The PCR product was quantitated by agarose
gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining.
[0663] The Y. lipolytica CPT1 cDNA was cloned as follows. Primers
CPT1-5'-NcoI and CPT1-3'-NotI (SEQ ID NOs:326 and 327) were used to
amplify the Y. lipolytica ORF from the cDNA of Y. lipolytica by
PCR. The reaction mixture contained 0.5 .mu.l of the cDNA, 0.5
.mu.l each of the primers, 11 .mu.l water and 12.5 .mu.l ExTaq
premix 2.times.Taq PCR solution (TaKaRa Bio Inc., Otsu, Shiga,
520-2193, Japan). Amplification was carried out as follows: initial
denaturation at 94.degree. C. for 300 sec, followed by 30 cycles of
denaturation at 94.degree. C. for 30 sec, annealing at 55.degree.
C. for 30 sec, and elongation at 72.degree. C. for 60 sec. A final
elongation cycle at 72.degree. C. for 10 min was carried out,
followed by reaction termination at 4.degree. C. A .about.1190 bp
DNA fragment was obtained from the PCR reaction. It was purified
using Qiagen's PCR purification kit according to the manufacturer's
protocol. The purified PCR product was digested with NcoI and NotI,
and cloned into Nco I-Not I cut pZUF17 vector (SEQ ID NO:118; FIG.
8B), such that the gene was under the control of the Y. lipolytica
FBAIN promoter and the PEX20-3' terminator region. Correct
transformants were confirmed by miniprep analysis and the resultant
plasmid was designated as "pYCPT1-17" (SEQ ID NO:152).
[0664] To integrate the chimeric FBAIN::CPT1::PEX20 gene into the
genome of Yarrowia lipolytica, plasmid pYCPT1-ZP2I7 was created by
digesting pYCPT1-17 with NcoI and NotI, and isolating the
.about.1190 bp fragment that contained the CPT1 ORF. This fragment
was then cloned into pZP2I7+Ura (SEQ ID NO:153) digested with NcoI
and NotI. As shown in FIG. 19C, plasmid pZP2I7+Ura is a Y.
lipolytica integration plasmid comprising a chimeric TEF::synthetic
.DELTA.17 desaturase (codon-optimized for Y. lipolytica)::Pex20-3'
gene and a Ura3 gene, for use as a selectable marker. Correct
transformants were confirmed by miniprep analysis and the resultant
plasmid was designated as "pYCPT1-ZP2I7" (SEQ ID NO:154).
[0665] Y. lipolytica strain Y2067U (from Example 10) was
transformed with BssHII/BbuI digested pYCPT1-ZP2I7 and pZUF-MOD-1
(supra, Example 14), respectively, according to the General
Methods. Transformants were grown for 2 days in synthetic MM
supplemented with amino acids, followed by 4 days in HGM. The fatty
acid profile of two transformants containing pZUF-MOD-1 and four
transformants having pYCPT1-ZP2I7 integrated into the genome are
shown below in the Table, based on GC analysis (as described in the
General Methods). Fatty acids are identified as 18:0, 18:1 (oleic
acid), 18:2 (LA), GLA, DGLA, ARA, ETA and EPA; and the composition
of each is presented as a % of the total fatty acids.
TABLE-US-00048 TABLE 45 Lipid Composition In Yarrowia Strain Y2067U
Engineered To Overexpress Y. lipolytica CPT1 Total Fatty Acids
Strain 18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA DGLA ARA ETA EPA Y2067U + pZUF-MOD-1 #1
1.3 6.9 12.0 23.1 5.7 1.1 3.8 13.2 Y2067U + pZUF-MOD-1 #2 1.4 6.8
12.1 22.0 5.8 1.1 3.8 13.5 Y2067U + pYCPT1-ZP2I7 #1 0.6 8.0 8.2
27.4 7.1 1.6 4.1 15.7 Y2067U + pYCPT1-ZP2I7 #2 0.6 8.1 8.2 27.2 7.0
1.6 4.0 15.7 Y2067U + pYCPT1-ZP2I7 #3 1.0 7.9 8.0 24.7 6.1 1.6 3.2
15.5 Y2067U + pYCPT1-ZP2I7 #4 0.6 7.1 8.6 25.5 6.9 1.8 4.0 16.0
[0666] As shown above, expression of the Y. lipolytica CPT1 under
the control of the strong FBAIN promoter, by genome integration,
increased the % EPA from 13.4% in the "control" strains to
15.7-16%. Furthermore, GLA, DGLA and ARA levels also were
increased.
Example 22
Sacchromyces cerevisiae ISC1 Increases Percent PUFAs
[0667] The present Example describes increased EPA biosynthesis and
accumulation in Yarrowia lipolytica strain M4 (Example 4) that was
transformed to co-express the S. cerevisiae ISC1 gene (SEQ ID
NO:111). It is contemplated that a Y. lipolytica host strain
engineered to produce ARA via either the .DELTA.6
desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway or the .DELTA.9
elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway could demonstrate increased
ARA biosynthesis and accumulation, if the S. cerevisiae ISC1 was
similarly co-expressed (e.g., in strains Y2034, Y2047 or
Y2214).
[0668] The S. cerevisiae ISC1 ORF was cloned into plasmid
pZP2I7+Ura as follows. First, the ORF was PCR-amplified using
genomic DNA from S. cerevisiae strain S288C (Promega, Madison,
Wis.) and primer pair Isc1F and Isc1R (SEQ ID NOs:328 and 329).
Primer Isc1F modified the wildtype 5' sequence of ISC1 from
`ATGTACAA` to `ATGGACM` in the amplified ORF, as it was necessary
to incorporate a NcoI site and thereby keep ISC1 in frame.
Amplification was carried out as follows: initial denaturation at
94.degree. C. for 120 sec, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at
94.degree. C. for 30 sec, annealing at 50.degree. C. for 30 sec and
elongation at 68.degree. C. for 120 sec. A final elongation cycle
at 68.degree. C. for 10 min was carried out, followed by reaction
termination at 4.degree. C. A 1455 bp DNA fragment was obtained
from the PCR reaction for ISC1 and the PCR product size was
confirmed by electrophoresis, using a 1% agarose gel (120 V for 30
min) and a 1 kB DNA standard ladder from Invitrogen (Carlsbad,
Calif.).
[0669] The DNA was purified using a DNA Clean & Concentrator-5
kit from Zymo Research Corporation (Orange, Calif.), per the
manufacturer's instructions, and then digested with NcoI/NotI. The
ISC1 fragment was then individually cloned into pZP2I7+Ura (SEQ ID
NO:153; FIG. 19C) digested with NcoI and NotI. Correct
transformants were confirmed by gel electrophoresis and the
resultant plasmid was designated as "pTEF::ISC1" (SEQ ID NO:155).
Thus, this plasmid contained a DNA cassette comprising the
following: 3'-POX2, URA3, TEF::ISC1::Pex20 and a POX2 promoter
region.
[0670] "Control" vector was prepared as follows. First, the S.
cerevisiae pcl1 ORF (encoding a protein involved in entry into the
mitotic cell cycle and regulation of morphogenesis) was PCR
amplified using genomic DNA from S. cerevisiae strain S288C and
primer pair Pcl1F and Pcl1R (SEQ ID NOs:330 and 331). Amplification
was carried out as described above. A 861 bp DNA fragment was
obtained from the PCR reaction for pcl1 (confirmed by
electrophoresis, supra). The DNA was purified using a DNA Clean
& Concentrator-5 kit and then digested with NcoI/NotI. The
fragment was then cloned into similarly digested pZP2I7+Ura.
Correct transformants were confirmed by gel electrophoresis and the
resultant plasmid was designated as "pTEF::pcl1". Plasmid
pTEF::plc1 was then digested with HincII to remove the pcl1 ORF.
The remaining plasmid was religated, such that a linear DNA
cassette comprising 3'-POX2, URA3, TEF::Pex20 and a POX2 promoter
region resulted upon digestion with AscI/SphI.
[0671] Competent Y. lipolytica strain M4 cells (from Example 4)
were transformed with Asc1/Sph1-digested pTEF::ISC1 and "control",
respectively (wherein 5 .mu.g of each plasmid had been subject to
digestion). Transformation was accomplished using the Frozen EZ
Yeast Transformation II kit (Zymo Research) and transformants were
selected on plates comprising YNB without Amino Acids (6.7 g/L;
Becton, Dickinson and Co., Sparks, Md. [Catalog #291940]), glucose
(20 g/L) and agar (20 g/L). Several hundred transformant colonies
were obtained. Integration of each DNA cassette into the Yarrowia
lipolytica POX2 locus was confirmed by PCR using the genomic DNA
from 5 independent transformants for ISC1.
[0672] Transformants were grown in YNB without amino acids
containing 2% glucose for 2 days. The cells were harvested by
centrifugation and resuspended in media comprising 100 g/L
dextrose, 2 g/L MgSO.sub.4 and 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 for
5 additional days of growth. The cells from 0.75 mL of each culture
were harvested by centrifugation and analyzed for their fatty acid
composition. The fatty acid profile of 3 transformants comprising
the "control" vector and 5 transformants comprising pTEF::ISC1 are
shown below based on GC analysis (as described in the General
Methods). Fatty acids are identified as 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1
(oleic acid), 18:2 (LA), GLA, DGLA, ARA, ETA and EPA; and the
composition of each is presented as a % of the total fatty
acids.
TABLE-US-00049 TABLE 46 Lipid Composition In Yarrowia Strain M4
Engineered To Overexpress S. cerevisiae ISC1 Total Fatty Acids
Strain 16:0 16:1 18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA DGLA ARA ETA EPA M4 + "control"
14.7 7.2 2.1 13.5 8.7 21.8 8.9 0.9 4.1 9.3 M4 + pTEF::ISC1 13.5 8.5
1.7 15.6 8.1 21.3 7.5 0.7 3.9 10.7
[0673] Expression of the S. cerevisiae ISC1 gene improved the
percent EPA from 9.3% in the "control" strain to 10.7%
("M4+pTEF::ISC1"), representing a 14.5% increase.
Example 23
Generation of Yarrowia lipolytica Acyltransferase Knockouts
[0674] The present Example describes the creation of single, double
and triple knockout strains of Yarrowia lipolytica that were
disrupted in either PDAT, DGAT2, DGAT1, PDAT and DGAT2, PDAT and
DGAT1, DGAT1 and DGAT2, or PDAT, DGAT1 and DGAT2 genes. Disruption
of the gene(s) in each of the knock-out strains was confirmed and
analysis of each of the disruptions on fatty acid content and
composition was determined by GC analysis of total lipids in
Example 24.
Targeted Disruption of the Yarrowia lipolytica DGAT2 Gene
[0675] Targeted disruption of the DGAT2 gene in Y. lipolytica ATCC
#90812 was carried out by homologous recombination-mediated
replacement of the endogenous DGAT2 gene with a targeting cassette
designated as plasmid pY21DGAT2. pY21DGAT2 was derived from plasmid
pY20 (FIG. 19D; SEQ ID NO:156). Specifically, pY21DGAT2 was created
by inserting a 570 bp Hind III/Eco RI fragment into similarly
linearized pY20. The 570 bp DNA fragment contained (in 5' to 3'
orientation): 3' homologous sequence from position +1090 to +1464
(of the coding sequence (ORF) in SEQ ID NO:89), a Bgl II
restriction site and 5' homologous sequence from position +906 to
+1089 (of the coding sequence (ORF) shown in SEQ ID NO:89). The
fragment was prepared by PCR amplification using two pairs of PCR
primers, P95 and P96 (SEQ ID NOs:332 and 333), and P97 and P98 (SEQ
ID NOs:334 and 335), respectively.
[0676] pY21 DGAT2 was linearized by Bgl II restriction digestion
and transformed into mid-log phase Y. lipolytica ATCC #90812 cells,
according to the General Methods. The cells were plated onto YPD
hygromycin selection plates and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2
to 3 days.
[0677] Fourteen Y. lipolytica ATCC #90812 hygromycin-resistant
colonies were isolated and screened for targeted disruption by PCR.
One set of PCR primers (P115 and P116 [SEQ ID NOs:336 and 337]) was
designed to amplify a specific junction fragment following
homologous recombination. Another pair of PCR primers (P115 and
P112 [SEQ ID NO:338]) was designed to detect the native gene.
[0678] Two of the 14 hygromycin-resistant colonies of ATCC #90812
strains were positive for the junction fragment and negative for
the native fragment. Thus, targeted integration was confirmed in
these 2 strains, one of which was designated as "S-D2".
Targeted Disruption of the Yarrowia lipolytica PDAT Gene
[0679] Targeted disruption of the PDAT gene in Y. lipolytica ATCC
#90812 was carried out by homologous recombination-mediated
replacement of the endogenous PDAT gene with a targeting cassette
designated as pLV13 (FIG. 19E; SEQ ID NO:157). pLV13 was derived
from plasmid pY20 (FIG. 19D; SEQ ID NO:156). Specifically, the
hygromycin resistant gene of pY20 was replaced with the Yarrowia
Ura3 gene to create plasmid pLV5. Then, pLV13 was created by
inserting a 992 bp Bam HI/Eco RI fragment into similarly linearized
pLV5. The 992 bp DNA fragment contained (in 5' to 3' orientation):
3' homologous sequence from position +877 to +1371 (of the coding
sequence (ORF) in SEQ ID NO:76), a Bgl II restriction site and 5'
homologous sequence from position +390 to +876 (of the coding
sequence (ORF) in SEQ ID NO:76). The fragment was prepared by PCR
amplification using PCR primers P39 and P41 (SEQ ID NOs:339 and
340) and P40 and P42 (SEQ ID NOs:341 and 342), respectively.
[0680] pLV13 was linearized by Bgl II restriction digestion and was
transformed into mid-log phase Y. lipolytica ATCC #90812 cells,
according to the General Methods. The cells were plated onto Bio101
DOB/CSM-Ura selection plates and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2
to 3 days.
[0681] Ten Y. lipolytica ATCC #90812 colonies were isolated and
screened for targeted disruption by PCR. One set of PCR primers
(P51 and P52 [SEQ ID NOs:343 and 344]) was designed to amplify the
targeting cassette. Another set of PCR primers (P37 and P38 [SEQ ID
NOs:345 and 346]) was designed to detect the native gene. Ten of
the ten strains were positive for the junction fragment and 3 of
the 10 strains were negative for the native fragment, thus
confirming successful targeted integration in these 3 strains. One
of these strains was designated as "S--P".
Targeted Disruption of the Yarrowia lipolytica DGAT1 Gene
[0682] The full-length YI DGAT1 ORF was cloned by PCR using
degenerate PCR primers P201 and P203 (SEQ ID NOs:347 and 348,
respectively) and Y. lipolytica ATCC #76982 genomic DNA as
template. The degenerate primers were required, since the
nucleotide sequence encoding YI DGAT1 was not known.
[0683] The PCR was carried out in a RoboCycler Gradient 40 PCR
machine, with amplification carried out as follows: initial
denaturation at 95.degree. C. for 1 min, followed by 30 cycles of
denaturation at 95.degree. C. for 30 sec, annealing at 55.degree.
C. for 1 min, and elongation at 72.degree. C. for 1 min. A final
elongation cycle at 72.degree. C. for 10 min was carried out,
followed by reaction termination at 4.degree. C. The expected PCR
product (ca. 1.6 kB) was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis,
isolated, purified, cloned into the TOPO.RTM. cloning vector
(Invitrogen), and partially sequenced to confirm its identity.
[0684] Targeted disruption of the putative DGAT1 gene in Y.
lipolytica ATCC #90812 was carried out by homologous
recombination-mediated replacement of the endogenous DGAT1 gene
with a targeting cassette (using the methodology described above
for DGAT2). Specifically, the 1.6 kB isolated YI DGAT1 ORF (SEQ ID
NO:81) was used as a PCR template molecule to construct a YI DGAT1
targeting cassette consisting of: 5' homologous YI DGAT1 sequence
(amplified with primers P214 and P215 (SEQ ID NOs:349 and 350)),
the Yarrowia Leucine 2 (Leu2; GenBank Accession No. AAA35244) gene,
and 3' homologous YI DGAT1 sequence (amplified with primers P216
and P217 (SEQ ID NOs:351 and 352)). Following amplification of each
individual portion of the targeting cassette with Pfu Ultra
polymerase (Stratagene, Catalog #600630) and the thermocycler
conditions described above, each fragment was purified. The three
correct-sized, purified fragments were mixed together as template
molecules for a second PCR reaction using PCR primers P214 and P219
(SEQ ID NO:353) to obtain the YI DGAT1 disruption cassette.
[0685] The targeting cassette was gel purified and used to
transform mid-log phase wildtype Y. lipolytica (ATCC #90812).
Transformation was performed as described in the General Methods.
Transformants were plated onto Bio101 DOB/CSM-Leu selection plates
and maintained at 30.degree. C. for 2 to 3 days. Several leucine
prototrophs were screened by PCR to confirm the targeted DGAT1
disruption. Specifically, one set of PCR primers (P226 and P227
[SEQ ID NOs:354 and 355]) was designed to amplify a junction
between the disruption cassette and native target gene. Another set
of PCR primers (P214 and P217 [SEQ ID NOs:349 and 352]) was
designed to detect the native gene.
[0686] All of the leucine prototroph colonies were positive for the
junction fragment and negative for the native fragment. Thus,
targeted integration was confirmed in these strains, one of which
was designated as "S-D1".
Creation of Yarrowia lipolytica Double and Triple Knockout Strains
Containing Disruptions in PDAT and/or DGAT2 and/or DGAT1 Genes
[0687] The Y. lipolytica ATCC #90812 hygromycin-resistant "S-D2"
mutant (containing the DGAT2 disruption) was transformed with
plasmid pLV13 (containing the PDAT disruption) and transformants
were screened by PCR, as described for the single PDAT disruption.
Two of twelve transformants were confirmed to be disrupted in both
the DGAT2 and PDAT genes. One of these strains was designated as
"S-D2-P".
[0688] Similarly, strains with double knockouts in DGAT1 and PDAT
("S-D1-P"), in DGAT2 and DGAT1 ("S-D2-D1"), and triple knockouts in
DGAT2, DGAT1 and PDAT ("S-D2-D1-P") were made.
Example 24
Yarrowia lipolytica Acyltransferase Knockouts Decrease Lipid
Content and Increase Percent PUFAs
[0689] The present Example analyzes the affect of single and/or
double and/or triple acyltransferase knockouts in wildtype Yarrowia
lipolytica and strains of Y. lipolytica that had been previously
engineered to produce EPA, as measured by changes in fatty acid
content and composition. It is contemplated that a Y. lipolytica
host strain engineered to produce ARA via either the .DELTA.6
desaturase/.DELTA.6 elongase pathway or the .DELTA.9
elongase/.DELTA.8 desaturase pathway could demonstrate increased
ARA biosynthesis and accumulation, if similar manipulations to the
host's native acyltransferases were created (e.g., within strains
Y2034, Y2047 or Y2214).
TAG Content is Decreased in Y. lipolytica ATCC #90812 with
Acyltransferase Disruptions
[0690] First, TAG content was compared in wildtype and mutant Y.
lipolytica ATCC #90812 containing: (1) single disruptions in PDAT,
DGAT2 and DGAT1; (2) double disruptions in PDAT and DGAT2, DGAT1
and PDAT, and DGAT1 and DGAT2; and (3) triple disruptions in PDAT,
DGAT2 and DGAT1.
[0691] Specifically, one loopful of cells from plates containing
wildtype and mutant Y. lipolytica ATCC #90812 (i.e., strains S-D1,
S-D2, S-P, S-D1-D2, S-D1-P, S-D2-P, and S-D1-D2-P) were each
individually inoculated into 3 mL YPD medium and grown overnight on
a shaker (300 rpm) at 30.degree. C. The cells were harvested and
washed once in 0.9% NaCl and resuspended in 50 mL of HGM. Cells
were then grown on a shaker for 48 hrs. Cells were washed in water
and the cell pellet was lyophilized. Twenty (20) mg of dry cell
weight was used for total fatty acid by GC analysis and the oil
fraction following TLC (infra) and GC analysis.
[0692] The methodology used for TLC is described below in the
following five steps: (1) The internal standard of 15:0 fatty acid
(10 .mu.l of 10 mg/mL) was added to 2 to 3 mg dry cell mass,
followed by extraction of the total lipid using a
methanol/chloroform method. (2) Extracted lipid (50 .mu.l) was
blotted across a light pencil line drawn approximately 1 inch from
the bottom of a 5.times.20 cm silica gel 60 plate, using 25-50
.mu.l micropipettes. (3) The TLC plate was then dried under N.sub.2
and was inserted into a tank containing about .about.100 mL 80:20:1
hexane:ethyl ether:acetic acid solvent. (4) After separation of
bands, a vapor of iodine was blown over one side of the plate to
identify the bands. This permitted samples on the other side of the
plate to be scraped using a razor blade for further analysis. (5)
Basic transesterification of the scraped samples and GC analysis
was performed, as described in the General Methods.
[0693] GC results are shown below in Table 47. Cultures are
described as the "S" strain (wildtype), "S--P" (PDAT knockout),
"S-D1" (DGAT1 knockout), "S-D2" (DGAT2 knockout), "S-D1-D2" (DGAT1
and DGAT2 knockout), "S--P-D1" (PDAT and DGAT1 knockout), "S--P-D2"
(PDAT and DGAT2 knockout) and "S--P-D1-D2" (PDAT, DGAT1 and DGAT2
knockout). Abbreviations utilized are: "WT"=wildtype; "FAs"=fatty
acids; "dcw"=dry cell weight; and, "FAs % dcw, % WT"=FAs % dcw
relative to the % in wildtype, wherein the "S" strain is
wildtype.
TABLE-US-00050 TABLE 47 Lipid Content In Yarrowia ATCC #90812
Strains With Single, Double, Or Triple Disruptions In PDAT, DGAT2
And DGAT1 Total Fatty Acids TAG Fraction FAs % FAs % Residual dcw,
FAs, FAs % dcw, % FAs, FAs % dcw, % Strain DAG AT mg .mu.g dcw WT
.mu.g dcw WT S D1, D2, P 32.0 797 15.9 100 697 13.9 100 S-D1 D2, P
78.8 723 13.6 86 617 11.6 83 S-D2 D1, P 37.5 329 6.4 40 227 4.4 32
S-P D1, D2 28.8 318 6.0 38 212 4.0 29 S-D1-D2 P 64.6 219 4.1 26 113
2.1 15 S-D1-P D2 76.2 778 13.4 84 662 11.4 82 S-D2-P D1 31.2 228
4.3 27 122 2.3 17 S-D1-D2-P None 52.2 139 2.4 15 25 0.4 3
[0694] The results in Table 47 indicate the relative contribution
of the three DAG ATs to oil biosynthesis. DGAT2 contributes the
most, while PDAT and DGAT1 contribute equally but less than DGAT2.
The residual oil content ca. 3% in the triple knockout strain may
be the contribution of Yarrowia lipolytica's
acyl-CoA:sterol-acyltransferase enzyme, encoded by ARE2 (SEQ ID
NOs:78 and 79).
TAG Content is Decreased and Percent EPA is Increased in Yarrowia
lipolytica Strain EU with a Disrupted DGAT2 Gene
[0695] After examining the affect of various acyltransferase
knockouts in wildtype Y. lipolytica ATCC #90812 (supra), TAG
content and fatty acid composition was then studied in DGAT2
knockout strains of the EU strain (i.e., engineered to produce 10%
EPA; see Example 10).
[0696] Specifically, the DGAT2 gene in strain EU was disrupted as
described for the S strain (ATCC #90812) in Example 23. The
DGAT2-disrupted strain was designated EU-D2. EU and EU-D2 strains
were harvested and analyzed following growth according to two
different conditions. In the condition referred to in the Table
below as "3 mL", cells were grown for 1 day in 3 mL MM medium,
washed and then grown for 3 days in 3 mL HGM. Alternatively, in the
condition referred to in the Table below as "51 mL", cells were
grown for 1 day in 51 mL MM medium, washed and then grown for 3
days in 51 mL HGM. The fatty acid compositions of
phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidyletanolamine (PE), and
triacylglycerol (TAG or oil) were determined in the extracts of 51
mL cultures following TLC separation ("Fraction").
[0697] GC results are shown below in Table 48. Cultures are
described as the "EU" strain (wildtype) and the "EU-D2" strain
(DGAT2 knockout). Fatty acids are identified as 16:0, 16:1, 18:0,
18:1 (oleic acid), 18:2 (LA), GLA, DGLA, ARA, ETA and EPA; and the
composition of each is presented as a % of the total fatty
acids.
TABLE-US-00051 TABLE 48 Lipid Content And Composition In Yarrowia
Strain EU With Disruption In DGAT2 Strain & TFAs % % % % % % %
% % % % Growth Fraction dcw 16:0 16:1 18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA DGLA ARA
ETA EPA EU, Total 19 10 2 16 12 19 6 0 3 10 3 mL EU- Total 17 10 1
6 7 24 5 0 6 19 D2, 3 mL EU, Total 37 18 11 3 19 31 5 1 1 4 51 mL
PC 2 12 9 1 8 43 7 3 5 4 PE 1 24 14 0 14 37 5 0 0 1 TAG 34 18 12 3
21 29 5 1 1 4 EU- Total 18 18 8 1 5 7 25 5 5 20 D2, 51 mL PC 1 18 6
1 2 4 26 5 11 22 PE 1 25 7 0 2 5 14 2 3 8 TAG 15 16 9 1 6 5 26 6 5
21
[0698] The results show that the DGAT2 knockout resulted in
doubling of the % EPA (of total fatty acids) and halving of the
lipid content (as % dcw). Furthermore, almost all of the changes
observed in the lipid content are due to changes in the TAG
fraction. The lower than expected % EPA in the 51 mL culture of
strain EU is likely due to instability.
TAG Content is Decreased and Percent EPA is Increased in Yarrowia
lipolytica Strain MU with Disrupted Acyltransferase Genes
[0699] Finally, based on the increased % EPA and reduced lipid
content resulting from a single DGAT2 knockout in strain EU-D2, TAG
content and fatty acid composition was then studied in various
acyltransferase knockout strains of strain MU (engineered to
produce 14% EPA; see Example 12). Specifically, single disruptions
in PDAT, DGAT2 and DGAT1 and double disruptions in PDAT and DGAT2
were created in strain MU. Lipid content and composition was
compared in each of these strains, following growth in 4 different
growth conditions.
[0700] More specifically, single disruptions in PDAT, DGAT2, DGAT1
were created in strain MU, using the methodology described in
Example 23 (with the exception that selection for the DGAT1
disruption relied on the URA3 gene). This resulted in single
knockout strains identified as "MU-D1" (disrupted in DGAT1),
"MU-D2" (disrupted in DGAT2), and "MU-P" (disrupted in PDAT).
Individual knockout strains were confirmed by PCR. Additionally,
the MU-D2 strain was disrupted for the PDAT gene by the same method
and the disruption confirmed by PCR. The resulting double knockout
strain was designated "MU-D2-P".
[0701] The MU-D1, MU-D2, MU-P, and M-D2-P knockout strains were
analyzed to determine each knockout's effect on lipid content and
composition, as described below. Furthermore, the growth conditions
promoting oleaginy were also explored to determine their effect on
total lipid content. Thus, in total, four different experiments
were conducted, identified as "Experiment A", "Experiment B",
"Experiment C" and "Experiment E". Specifically, three loops of
cells from plates containing each strain above was inoculated into
MMU medium [3 mL for Experiments B and C; and 50 mL for Experiments
A and E] and grown in a shaker at 30.degree. C. for 24 hrs (for
Experiments A, B and C) or 48 hrs (for Experiment E). Cells were
harvested, washed once in HGM, resuspended in either HGM medium (50
mL for Experiments A and E; and 3 mL for Experiment B) or HGM
medium with uracil ("HGMU") (3 mL for Experiment C) and cultured as
above for 4 days. One aliquot (1 mL) was used for lipid analysis by
GC as described according to the General Methods, while a second
aliquot was used for determining the culture OD at 600 nm. The
remaining culture in Experiments A and E was harvested, washed once
in water, and lyophilized for dry cell weight (dcw) determination.
In contrast, the dcw in Experiments B and C were determined from
their OD.sub.600 using the equation showing their relationship. The
fatty acid compositions of each of the different strains in
Experiments A, B, C and E was also determined.
[0702] The results are shown in Table 49 below. Cultures are
described as the "MU" strain (the parent EPA producing strain),
"MU-P" (PDAT knockout), "MU-D1" (DGAT1 knockout), "MU-D2" (DGAT2
knockout) and "MU-D2-P" (DGAT2 and PDAT knockouts). Abbreviations
utilized are: "WT"=wildtype (i.e., MU); "OD"=optical density;
"dcw"=dry cell weight; "TFAs"=total fatty acids; and, "TFAs % dcw,
% VW"=TFAs % dcw relative to the wild type ("MU") strain. Fatty
acids are identified as 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1 (oleic acid), 18:2
(LA), GLA, DGLA, ARA, ETA and EPA; and the composition of each is
presented as a % of the total fatty acids.
TABLE-US-00052 TABLE 49 Lipid Content And Composition In Yarrowia
Strain MU With Various Acyltransferase Disruptions 1.sup.st Phase
2.sup.nd Phase TFAs % Residual Growth Growth dcw TFAs TFAs dcw,
Expt Strain DAG AT Condition Condition OD (mg) (.mu.g) % dcw % WT A
MU D1, D2, P 1 day, 4 days, 4.0 91 374 20.1 100 A MU-D2 D1, P 50 mL
50 mL 3.1 75 160 10.4 52 A MU-D1 D2, P MMU HGM 4.3 104 217 10.2 51
A MU-P D1, D2 4.4 100 238 11.7 58 B MU D1, D2, P 1 day, 4 days, 5.9
118 581 24.1 100 B MU-D2 D1, P 3 mL 3 mL 4.6 102 248 11.9 50 B
MU-D1 D2, P MMU HGM 6.1 120 369 15.0 62 B MU-P D1, D2 6.4 124 443
17.5 72 C MU D1, D2, P 1 day, 4 days, 6.8 129 522 19.9 100 C MU-D2
D1, P 3 mL 3 mL 5.6 115 239 10.2 51 C MU-D1 D2, P MMU HGMU 6.9 129
395 15.0 75 C MU-P D1, D2 7.1 131 448 16.8 84 E MU D1, D2, P 2
days, 4 days, 4.6 89 314 17.3 100 E MU-D2 D1, P 50 mL 50 mL 2.8 62
109 8.5 49 E MU-P D2, P MM HGM 5.0 99 232 11.5 66 E MU-D2-P D1 4.2
98 98 4.9 28 % % % % % % % % % % Expt 16:0 16:1 18:0 18:1 18:2 GLA
DGLA ARA ETA EPA A 17 10 2 18 10 22 7 1 3 9.7 A 16 12 0 8 9 23 7 0
8 17.4 A 15 10 2 11 10 22 7 0 7 17.4 A 16 9 2 11 7 24 7 1 6 17.5 B
17 9 3 18 10 22 8 1 3 9.1 B 16 10 0 7 10 24 7 1 7 17.8 B 18 9 3 14
11 20 7 1 5 12.0 B 15 8 3 16 10 25 6 1 4 11.9 C 16 10 2 13 11 21 10
1 4 12.6 C 17 9 1 6 11 21 8 1 7 18.9 C 15 9 2 12 12 20 10 1 5 13.5
C 17 8 3 14 11 20 10 1 4 11.3 E 16 12 2 18 9 22 7 1 4 11.2 E 14 12
1 6 8 25 6 0 7 20.0 E 16 10 2 14 7 24 7 1 5 15.8 E 18 10 0 7 12 20
5 0 6 22.5
[0703] The data showed that the lipid content within the
transformed cells varied according to the growth conditions.
Furthermore, the contribution of each acyltransferase on lipid
content also varied. Specifically, in Experiments B, C and E, DGAT2
contributed more to oil biosynthesis than either PDAT or DGAT1. In
contrast, as demonstrated in Experiment A, a single knockout in
DGAT2, DGAT1 and PDAT resulted in approximately equivalent losses
in lipid content (i.e., 48%, 49% and 42% loss, respectively [see
"TFAs % dcw, % WT"]).
[0704] With respect to fatty acid composition, the data shows that
knockout of each individual DAG AT gene resulted in lowered oil
content and increased % EPA. For example, the DGAT2 knockout
resulted in about half the lipid content and ca. double the % EPA
in total fatty acids (similar to the results observed in strain
EU-D2, supra). Knockout of both DAGAT2 and PDAT resulted in the
least oil and the most % EPA.
[0705] On the basis of the results reported herein, it is
contemplated that disruption of the native DGAT2 and/or DGAT1
and/or PDAT is a useful means to substantially increase the % PUFAs
in a strain of Yarrowia lipolytica engineered to produce high
concentrations of PUFAs, including ARA (e.g., strains Y2034, Y2047,
Y2214). In fact, a disruption of the native DGAT2 gene in strain
Y2214 resulted in a 1.7 fold increase in the percent ARA (data not
shown).
Sequence CWU 0 SQTB SEQUENCE LISTING The patent application
contains a lengthy "Sequence Listing" section. A copy of the
"Sequence Listing" is available in electronic form from the USPTO
web site
(http://seqdata.uspto.gov/?pageRequest=docDetail&DocID=US20100022647A1).
An electronic copy of the "Sequence Listing" will also be available
from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37
CFR 1.19(b)(3).
0 SQTB SEQUENCE LISTING The patent application contains a lengthy
"Sequence Listing" section. A copy of the "Sequence Listing" is
available in electronic form from the USPTO web site
(http://seqdata.uspto.gov/?pageRequest=docDetail&DocID=US20100022647A1).
An electronic copy of the "Sequence Listing" will also be available
from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37
CFR 1.19(b)(3).
* * * * *
References