U.S. patent application number 12/500045 was filed with the patent office on 2010-01-21 for fasteners and other assemblies.
Invention is credited to Lee David Blattmann, Edward David Farren-Price, Lachlan Richard Goldspink, Christopher Gerarh Kelliher, Nicholas Anthony Ng, Joshua Robert Park, Dickory Rudduck.
Application Number | 20100011548 12/500045 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36791141 |
Filed Date | 2010-01-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100011548 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Rudduck; Dickory ; et
al. |
January 21, 2010 |
Fasteners and Other Assemblies
Abstract
The invention discloses several types of fastener, fastening
systems, fastener assemblies and related areas. In particular, the
invention discloses a releasable fastening system (150) which has a
pin (152) with a locking cavity (163). The pin is intended for
insertion in an aperture (154). A locking means (158, 160) engages
the locking cavity (163) of the pin (152) when the pin (152) is
received in the aperture (154). The system (150) also includes
unlocking means (162) which includes material adapted to contract
when activated. When a material contracts, engagement means (158)
included in the locking means (158, 160), disengage the locking
cavity (154).
Inventors: |
Rudduck; Dickory; (Chicago,
IL) ; Goldspink; Lachlan Richard; (Chicago, IL)
; Ng; Nicholas Anthony; (Chicago, IL) ; Blattmann;
Lee David; (Wilmette, IL) ; Park; Joshua Robert;
(Sydney, AU) ; Kelliher; Christopher Gerarh;
(Chicago, IL) ; Farren-Price; Edward David;
(Chicago, IL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
TELEZYGOLOGY, INC.
520 W. ERIE STREET, SUITE 210
CHICAGO
IL
60654
US
|
Family ID: |
36791141 |
Appl. No.: |
12/500045 |
Filed: |
July 9, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10579583 |
May 17, 2006 |
7610783 |
|
|
12500045 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
24/604 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F16B 1/0014 20130101;
B62D 27/00 20130101; E05B 2063/0026 20130101; B62J 11/00 20130101;
E05B 47/0009 20130101; F16B 21/086 20130101; E05B 81/04 20130101;
F16B 21/16 20130101; B62D 65/02 20130101; Y10T 24/45471 20150115;
E05B 47/06 20130101; Y10T 70/7062 20150401; F16B 21/186 20130101;
B62J 17/04 20130101; B60K 2015/0561 20130101; Y10T 24/45461
20150115; B62J 50/225 20200201; F16B 21/06 20130101; Y10T 24/45466
20150115; B62J 9/00 20130101; E05B 83/34 20130101; B60K 2015/053
20130101; F16B 21/183 20130101; B62J 1/08 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
24/604 |
International
Class: |
A44B 21/00 20060101
A44B021/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Nov 17, 2003 |
AU |
2003906324 |
Mar 16, 2004 |
AU |
2004901371 |
May 13, 2004 |
AU |
PCT/AU2004/000623 |
Jul 14, 2004 |
AU |
2004903861 |
Aug 13, 2004 |
AU |
2004904582 |
Sep 20, 2004 |
AU |
2004905399 |
Claims
1. A releasable fastening system including: a pin having a locking
cavity; an aperture for receiving the pin; a locking means adapted
to engage the locking cavity of the pin when the pin is received in
the aperture; and an unlocking means including material adapted to
contract when activated, wherein the locking means comprises or
includes engagement means adapted to disengage the locking cavity
when the material contracts.
2. The fastening system of claim 1 wherein the pin is a stud, peg
or bolt.
3. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the pin ends in a
tapered base.
4. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the locking cavity is a
groove around the perimeter of the pin.
5. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the locking cavity is
one or more indentations in the pin.
6. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the engagement means is
adapted to engage some of the grooves.
7. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the engagement means is
one or more locking elements.
8. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the engagement means is
one locking element being a collar, a bias spring, a circlip or a
clip chassis.
9. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the locking means
includes a clip chassis together with a bias spring or a
circlip.
10. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the unlocking means is
connected to the engagement means.
11. The fastening system of claim 10, wherein the unlocking means
is connected to the clip chassis.
12. The fastening system of claim 7, wherein the engagement means
is a single locking element, being a tooth.
13. The fastening system of claim 7, wherein there is a plurality
of locking elements, each being a tooth.
14. The fastening system of claim 12, wherein the or each tooth is
surrounded by a rotatable shuttle.
15. The fastening system of claim 14, wherein the material adapted
to contract when activated is wound around the shuttle.
16. The releasable fastening system of claim 1 wherein the locking
means includes a slideable shuttle.
17. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the material adapted
to contract when activated is shape memory alloy wire.
18. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the aperture has a
shape which is the same as the cross-sectional shape of the
pin.
19. The fastening system of claim 1 which includes a
microprocessor.
20. The fastening system of claim 19, wherein the microprocessor is
adapted to control energy delivery to the material adapted to
contract when activated.
21. The fastening system of claim 19, wherein the microprocessor is
adapted to sense whether the engagement means is engaged or
disengaged.
22. The fastening system of claim 19, wherein the microprocessor is
adapted to control temperature of the material adapted to contract
when activated.
23. The fastening system of claim 1, which includes means to
disengage the engagement means without activation of the material
adapted to contract when activated.
24. A manual override for a fastening system having a shuttle
movable between a locking position and an unlocking position,
wherein the override includes a manual actuator adapted to cause
the shuttle to move from the locking position to the unlocking
position and means for drawing the manual actuator so that the
shuttle moves to the unlocking position.
25. The override of claim 24, wherein the drawing means comprises
or includes a rod connected to the manual actuator.
26. The override of claim 24, wherein the drawing means comprises
or includes a bowden cable.
27. The override of claim 24, wherein the drawing means is biased
towards the locking position.
28. The override of claim 24, wherein the drawing means further
includes retaining means.
29. The override of claim 24, when adapted to release more than one
of the fastening systems.
30. The override of claim 29, wherein the manual actuator is linked
with each fastening system by a connecting rod.
31. A first fastening system connected to a second fastening system
by a linkage, the first and second fastening systems being adapted
to release by the involvement of means adapted to contract when
actuated, the linkage adapted to cause the first and second
fastening systems to move to an unlocking position by any one of
the following: (a) activation of the means adapted to contract when
activated in the first fastening system; (b) activation of the
means adapted to contract when activated in the second fastening
system; (c) activation of the means adapted to contract when
activated in both the first and second fastening system; and (d)
manipulation of a manual override.
32. A fastener assembly including: (a) an engagement means
including latch means and locking means, the engagement means being
movable between a locking position and an unlocking position; (b)
biasing means urging the engagement means towards the locking
position; and (c) means for drawing the engagement means from the
locking position to the unlocking position, the drawing means
comprising or including material adapted to contract when
activated.
33. A fastener assembly of claim 32, wherein the engagement means
includes a rod or tongue.
34. A strain reduction assembly including: a material adapted to
contract when activated, the material having: (a) a first pull
force at which the material is adapted to move an element to which
the material is directly or indirectly connected; (b) a second pull
force greater than the first pull force; and (c) a third pull force
intermediate the first pull force and the second pull force; and
means adapted to be activated when the pull force on the material
has reached substantially the third pull force.
35. A fastening system including: (a) first engagement means; (b)
second engagement means; and (c) a locking element moveable between
a locked position in which the first engagement means is maintained
in engagement with the second engagement means and an unlocked
position in which the first engagement means is free to disengage
from the second engagement means; wherein the locking element is
adapted to be moved to the unlocked position by means adapted to
contract when activated, being different from the locking
element.
36. An improved framing system, wherein the frame includes one or
more attachment nodes and the framing system is adapted to enable
delivery of one or more of energy, data and material.
37. A fastener which includes: (a) a fastening element; (b)
actuating means attached to the fastening element and including a
material adapted to contract when activated; and (c) restoring
means adapted to restore the material to a relaxed state when no
longer contracted; wherein the restoring means contains or
comprises elastomeric material adapted to be deformed by
contraction of the material adapted to contract when activated.
Description
PRIORITY
[0001] This application is a divisional application claiming
priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 10/579,583 filed on May 17,
2006.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This invention is concerned with fasteners and other
assemblies, including an improved framing system.
[0003] The invention in its various aspects has wide application,
as will be apparent from the description below.
BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION
[0004] The invention covers a wide range of fasteners, fastening
systems, fastener assemblies and related areas. These represent
improvements over prior art fasteners and fastener assemblies,
etc.
[0005] In aspects of the invention discussed below, reference is
made to material adapted to contract when activated.
[0006] The material adapted to contract when activated is
preferably shape memory alloy wire. Shape memory alloys are known
and are usually made predominantly or wholly of titanium and
nickel. They may also include other material, such as aluminum,
zinc and copper. A shape memory alloy is capable of adopting one
shape below a predetermined transition temperature and changing to
a second shape once its temperature exceeds the transition
temperature. Conversely, when the shape memory alloy cools below
the transition temperature, it is capable of adopting the first
shape again. In connection with the various aspects of the present
invention, the shape memory alloy contracts when heated in situ.
Shape memory alloy wire currently available, such as that sold
under the trade mark Nitinol, is capable of contracting by about 3%
when activated by heating.
[0007] Activation of the material adapted to contract when
activated is preferably achieved through electrical resistance
heating, with a wire feed to the assembly. Activation of the shape
memory alloy wire can be initiated from a central location, using
the wiring system of, for example, an air craft or automobile. It
is also within the scope of this invention that the activation is
initiated by remote means, such as a hand held tool operating
through the use of any suitable form of energy, including
microwave, electric magnetic, sonic, infra-red, radio frequency and
so on.
[0008] The scope of the invention in its various aspects is not
necessarily limited to the use of shape memory alloy. Other
material may also be useful. Also, while activation may take place
through heating, other means of activation may be suitable and are
within the scope of this invention.
[0009] The fasteners and fastening systems of the invention may be
particularly suitable for use in connection with automobiles and to
some extent the description below may focus on this application.
However, it is to be understood that the scope of the invention is
not limited to this application.
[0010] There is a marked trend towards increasing electronic
control in motor vehicles. Nowadays, many motor vehicles
incorporate computer systems which use a Controller Area Network
(CAN) in which modules communicate data to the computer via a bus,
or a local interconnect network (LIN) which also enables
communication of data via a bus.
[0011] The present invention in some of its many aspects is
intended to take advantage of the trend towards increased
electronic control in vehicles. The present invention provides
several versions of fasteners which may be suitable for use in
vehicles and which may provide significant advantages in relation
to assembly of vehicles and service of vehicles. In particular, the
fasteners of the present invention may be suitable for connection
to a vehicle computer via a CAN or LIN.
[0012] Some fasteners and fastening systems of the invention can be
designed to be activated only by authorised parties, such as those
engaged in vehicle assembly or servicing. Others can be designed to
be operated by vehicle owners.
[0013] In appropriate forms, any of the fasteners and the fastening
systems of the invention can have primary and secondary functions,
the primary function being to attach components to the vehicle body
and the secondary function being the control of component
switching. It is possible that use of fastening systems according
to the invention may reduce the number of sub-network wiring
components required in a vehicle, through direct connection into
the CAN bus, for example. In effect, each fastener may become its
own multiplex module/communications gateway or node on the CAN
bus.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0014] In a first aspect, this invention provides a fastener which
represents a variation of a fastener disclosed in International
Patent Application No. PCT/AU03/00759 ("the original beam
fastener"). The original beam fastener had a flexible beam which
was movable between an engagement position and a disengagement
position when actuating means were activated. The actuating means
included a material adapted to contract when activated, such as a
shape memory alloy. In the fastener of the first aspect of this
invention, it is no longer necessary that the beam is flexible.
Accordingly, this invention provides, in the first aspect, a
fastener which includes: [0015] (a) a fastening element having a
beam, an engagement means located on one side of the beam, a base
and a flex point separate from the beam; and [0016] (b) actuating
means attached to the fastening element and including a material
adapted to contract when activated; wherein the beam is movable,
upon contraction of the material, between an engagement position
and a disengagement position, and wherein the base has a first arm
and a second arm joined by the flex point, the beam being located
at one end of the first arm and the flex point being located on the
same side of the beam as the engagement means.
[0017] The fastener of this first aspect of the invention is
designed so that, when the material contracts, the fastening
element flexes or moves about the flex point and the engagement
means is drawn out of the engagement position. The fastener may be
otherwise as disclosed in International Patent Application No.
PCT/AU03/00759, except that it is not necessary that the beam
flexes to enable the engagement means to disengage.
[0018] The fastener of this first aspect of the invention may be
made of any suitable material, including plastic or metal. The
fastener may be made of a combination of materials.
[0019] The tensile strength of the beam should be sufficiently high
that the fastener can fasten useful loads. Preferably, the material
of the beam has sufficient fatigue strength to accommodate the
desired number of locked/unlocked cycles.
[0020] The engagement means preferably takes the form of a
projecting wedge which can key into a corresponding recess in a
wall of an element. Other configurations are possible. For example,
the engagement means may be a snap means, a rod for latching over a
hook, or an aperture which can latch over a projection such as a
peg. The engagement means may take the form of a dovetail on the
beam fitting into an appropriate recess. The fastener of the
invention can engage with an identical fastener, for example.
[0021] Preferably, the material, which contracts when activated, is
a shape memory material as has been discussed above. Preferably,
the shape memory material is a titanium-nickel wire which, when
sufficient energy in the form of an electrical current is applied,
heats to or above a temperature at which the material shrinks by
about 4 to 5%. As will be seen from the discussion in connection
with the drawings, below, on application of energy such as
electrical energy in order to generate heat above a predetermined
level, the beam can be caused to move away from the engagement
position in which a first element is fastened to a second element,
thereby releasing the elements. Conversely, if the shape memory
material is permitted to cool below the transitional temperature,
in some embodiments the beam may assume the engagement position and
the elements may be fastened again.
[0022] The flex point is preferably located forward of the
engagement means so as to improve force geometry and to increase
the retaining strength of the fastener. An example of this is
illustrated in the attached drawings.
[0023] It is preferred that the material which contracts when
activated is contained in one or more grooves in the beam. This can
provide physical protection for the material as well as decreasing
heat up/cool down times. It can also reduce ambient temperature
effects and increase beam strength. It can enable the beam to
maintained in the disengagement position for a desired length of
time. This can be regarded as a "hold" state. Such a hold state may
be established using less power (such as electrical current) than
that required to move the beam from the engagement position to the
disengagement position. This may be achieved by insulating the
material which contracts when activated by being maintained in
grooves in the beam.
[0024] It is further preferred that bias means, urging the fastener
to the engagement position, is provided. A non-limiting example of
such bias means is a leaf spring, preferably of metal. This can
urge the material to stretch out once it has cooled and relaxed. It
can also greatly reduce any potential for creep deformation in the
fastening element when made of plastic.
[0025] Because the beam does not need to bend, it may be made
thicker and can have more strength. The beam may be machined, cast,
moulded or formed in any desirable way.
[0026] Means intended for engagement by the engagement means may
take any suitable form. Some have already been mentioned above, for
example part of a snap means, a hook, a peg, a recess or an
identical fastener. If the fastener is used for fastening a fuel
filler door to a car body, for example, it is preferred that means
for engagement by the engagement means is an aperture on the
door.
[0027] In this example, the actuating means is preferably actuated
either through a suitable switch located on the dash board of the
vehicle or through a signal generated from the vehicle key. The
latter can be convenient because the driver does not need to
remember to actuate the fuel filler door before getting out of the
vehicle: the driver needs only to take the vehicle key to the fuel
pump and release the fuel filler door while standing next to the
vehicle.
[0028] The fastener of this first aspect of the invention may be
"intelligent" or not. It may be addressable. It may be part of a
network. It may have a switching capacity and it may include
sensors. All of these and other information is contained in
international patent application No. PCT/AU03/00759, the content of
which is imported herein by reference. All applicable features in
PCT/AU03/00759 apply to the fastener of the first aspect of the
present invention.
[0029] In an especially preferred embodiment, the fastener includes
a microprocessor which can carry out one or more roles.
Microprocessor can control the energy delivery to the shape memory
alloy wire, preferably by a temperature-dependent algorithm. It can
control temperature of the shape memory alloy wire. It can sense
the state of the fastener and whether it is engaged or not. It can
report this, along with secondary sensed information, to a network
of which the fastener forms a part. Preferably, the microprocessor
carries out all these roles. More detail is given below in the
description of the second aspect of the invention.
[0030] In a second aspect, the invention provides a fastening
system which can have widespread applications. One embodiment,
referred to below as a ring clip fastener, was developed to suit
multiple attachment points in retaining panels, such as in
automotive use or for furniture. The fastener is not restricted to
these applications.
[0031] In another embodiment, the fastening system of the second
aspect of the invention has been developed especially for rugged
high-wear applications. This fastening system, which may be
referred to as a stud fastener, is capable of being strong and
carrying a high load, such as securing equipment to a vehicle. It
is to be understood that the fastening system in this embodiment is
not limited to these parameters, however. Stud fasteners can be
useful in many other applications. They can be used, for example,
to close doors, being attached to a door frame and adapted to
receive a pin or stud on the door.
[0032] In another embodiment, the fastening system of the invention
can be used as an "inline" fastener.
[0033] Accordingly, in the second aspect this invention provides a
releasable fastening system including: [0034] a pin having a
locking cavity; [0035] an aperture for receiving the pin; [0036] a
locking means adapted to engage the locking cavity of the pin when
the pin is received in the aperture; and [0037] an unlocking means
including material adapted to contract when activated, wherein the
locking means comprises or includes engagement means adapted to
disengage the locking cavity when the material contracts.
[0038] The pin may be chosen from a large range of suitable shapes.
As one example, the pin may be generally circular in cross-section,
tapering in towards the base. The pin may be a stud, peg, bolt or
any other suitable element. The pin may be formed integrally with
or attached to an element to be fastened. The attachment may be by
adhesion, clipping or other suitable means.
[0039] The material adapted to contract when activated is
preferably attached to the engagement means to move it out of
engagement with the locking cavity when activated and so permit
release of the pin.
[0040] The material which contracts when activated is preferably
the shape memory alloy wire described above.
[0041] The locking cavity may take any suitable form but preferably
is one or more indentations or a groove. If a groove, the groove
may be adapted to receive the locking means in some or all of the
groove.
[0042] The aperture is preferably formed centrally in a body which
may house the locking means and the unlocking means. The aperture
is preferably of the same shape as the cross-sectional shape of the
pin, for example, circular. The aperture may take any other
suitable shape.
[0043] If the pin is designed with a taper, it can be pushed into
the aperture and be engaged without the need for any activation of
the material. The taper on the pin can serve to form a ramp pushing
the locking means apart until it snaps into the locking cavity,
such as a groove. In this configuration, the fastening system is
engaged. To disengage the fastening system, it is necessary to
activate the material so that it contracts and pulls the locking
means out of engagement with the groove. For example, if the
locking means is a clip, one or more loops of shape memory alloy
wire may encircle the clip, with one end of a loop being fastened
to one arm of the clip and one end of another loop being attached
to the other arm of the clip.
[0044] The locking means includes or consists of engagement means
which is adapted to disengage the locking cavity when the material
contracts. In one embodiment, the engagement means is a clip. In a
different embodiment, the engagement means is one or a plurality of
elements, such as teeth. The invention is not limited to these
embodiments.
[0045] When the engagement means includes or consists of a clip,
the clip may take any suitable form but preferably is a collar, a
bias spring or a type of circlip, in each case with arms which can
be pulled apart out of engagement with the locking cavity. The clip
may generally follow the shape of the groove (eg, circular), but
may take another suitable shape, such as "U" shape.
[0046] The locking means may consist of the clip, as described
above, or it may include other elements, such as a clip chassis. A
clip chassis may be convenient to carry the clip and to facilitate
operation of the unlocking means. For example, the clip may be
mounted in or on the clip chassis and the unlocking means, such as
one or more loops of shape memory alloy wire, may be connected to
the clip chassis. In this example, when the shape memory alloy
contracts, it causes the clip chassis to open, forcing apart the
arms of the clip so that the clip moves out of engagement with the
grooves. The clip chassis may be hinged to enable it to open during
this procedure.
[0047] In another embodiment, the clip chassis may be used alone,
the clip chassis including bias means such as a spring to urge it
to the engaged position.
[0048] In all embodiments, the clip is preferably biased towards
the engagement configuration. This can enable the pin to be engaged
passively--without activation of the material--if the pin is shaped
to push the clip open on entry into the aperture as described
above. The bias of the clip may also assist the material which
contracts when activated, such as the shape memory alloy wire, to
return to the relaxed or elongated shape when it cools or is
otherwise no longer activated.
[0049] When the engagement means includes or consists of one or a
plurality of elements such as teeth, each of these is preferably
designed to fit into the locking cavity, in this embodiment being a
groove in the pin. Preferably, there is a plurality of such
elements, being teeth.
[0050] In this embodiment, the teeth are preferably surrounded by a
rotatable body, such as a shuttle. The shuttle is rotatable to an
engagement position, where the teeth engage the groove, and to a
disengagement position, where the teeth disengage from the
groove.
[0051] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the shuttle has one
or more apertures or spaces into which the engagement means may be
received in the unlocking position. When the engagement means, such
as teeth, are not in these apertures or spaces, the shuttle is
designed to push the engagement means into the locking cavity and
hence to the locking position.
[0052] In another embodiment, the shuttle may include or be
associated with means adapted to engage the engagement means and
draw them out of engagement with the locking cavity, when the
shuttle is rotated to the unlocking position.
[0053] The shuttle may be rotated by the locking means which
includes material adapted to contract when activated. Preferably,
this material is shape memory alloy wire, as discussed above in
connection with the first aspect of the invention. It is further
preferred that the shape memory alloy wire is wound around the
shuttle which is rotatable within a body for the fastening system.
In this embodiment, the shape memory alloy wire is attached at one
end to the shuttle and at the other to a non-rotatable part of the
fastener. When the shape memory alloy wire is caused to contract by
the application of suitable energy to reach the necessary
temperature, the shuttle can rotate from the locking position to
the unlocking position. A second shape memory alloy wire may be
similarly connected to the shuttle in order to rotate it from the
unlocking position to the locking position.
[0054] It is particularly preferred that a retractable cap is
included in the releasable fastening system of the second aspect of
the invention, to present a smooth appearance when the pin is not
inserted in the cavity. An example of this is described in
connection with the drawings, below. If the retractable cap is
included, it can be pushed further into the cavity by the pin when
the pin is inserted in the cavity, the retractable cap being spring
biased towards the cavity opening. This embodiment can have a clean
flat visual finish when not in use.
[0055] It is also preferred that the retractable cap, when used,
also has first engagement means, similar to the pin. In this way,
the retractable cap can work the same way as the pin in the
releasable fastening system of this second aspect of the invention
in so far as the cap is locked or released by the locking means. If
this embodiment is utilised, it may be necessary to include means
enabling the cap to be withdrawn from the cavity and/or to provide
some indication that the cap has been released.
[0056] As a variation of the fastening system of the second aspect,
the pin and a core in the cavity may contain conductors for power
and data connections for the releasable fastening system or
conduits for other material, e.g., liquid, gas. This may
accommodate, for example, a GPS system connected to the power
source of, for example, a motor cycle.
[0057] As set out above, the fastening system of the second aspect
of the invention can be constructed so as to be rugged for high
load and high usage applications. It can be dust and water
resistant if it includes the retractable cap or a sprung cover. It
can be designed so that the pin can be inserted in the cavity and
engaged without any need for activation of the contractible
material. However, it is intended that the contractible material
must be activated before disengagement can take place.
[0058] It will also be appreciated that the invention in the second
aspect may not provide for "insertion anytime" as is the case with
at least some of the previous aspects. It is preferred that the
fastening system of the second aspect of the invention requires
positive disengagement of the locking means before the pin may be
inserted in the cavity.
[0059] Disclosed above are embodiments of the invention in its
second aspect. These embodiments have been referred to as ring clip
fasteners and stud fasteners. The invention in its second aspect
can also provide a third type of fastener known as an "inline"
fastener. This type of fastener can be useful for locks, latches,
closures and the like. The fastener can be made of sufficiently
slim profile to be able to be concealed within elements having at
least one narrow dimension, for example having a thickness of
between 15 and 20 mm.
[0060] When the fastening system of the second aspect of the
invention is used as an inline fastener, it is preferred that the
locking cavity is one or more indentations engagable by the
engagement means. For use as an inline fastener, it is preferred
that the fastening system is contained within a box which may be
inserted into a panel. The engagement means is preferably a pair of
latch arms. Preferably, the locking means also include a slidable
shuttle in which the latch arms are generally received. In a
preferred embodiment, the locking means has pair of arms adapted to
embrace the latch arms in the locking position and to hold the
latch arms in locking contact with a latch, bar, projection or the
like. In this embodiment, drawing of the shuttle away from the
latch arms is designed to allow the latch arms to release contact
with the latch, bar, projection or the like.
[0061] The engagement means further preferably includes a pawl to
facilitate rapid resetting of the fastening system after activation
of the material. In this embodiment, the fastening system of the
invention can eliminate unnecessary delay between sequential
unlocking and locking actions. It is also an option that this
facility can be cancelled if rapid locking followed by unlocking is
not desirable.
[0062] Preferably, the fastening system of the invention includes
means for indicating the locked or unlocked states of the fastening
system. By way of a non limiting example, this can be effected by
microswitches in contact with the shuttle or an extension thereof.
Information as to the locked or unlocked status of the fastening
system can be conveyed to an indicator light or similar indicium
locating in a convenient position.
[0063] The engagement means is preferably biased towards the
locking position, preferably by a coiled spring, positioned in the
fastening system of the invention so that the spring urges the
locking means, such as the shuttle, toward the locking position.
When the material is activated, this may cause compression of the
spring, which accordingly can return the locking means towards the
locking position once the material is no longer activated.
[0064] It is preferred that the fastening system of the invention
includes additional biasing means, such as a spring attached to the
pawl and a spring for ejecting the latch, bar or projection.
[0065] Shape memory alloy wire currently available, such as that
sold under the trade mark Nitinol, is capable of contracting by
about 3 percent when activated by heating. Consequently, in order
to provide sufficient "travel" in drawing the engagement means from
the locking position to the unlocking position, the drawing means
may include Nitinol wire in a single, relatively long or double
line and a fastening system having this configuration may be
referred to as an "inline" fastening system. This configuration
enables the fastening system to have a slim profile, for the
purpose of fitting into panels and similar elements, as referred to
above.
[0066] In other applications, particularly where a slim profile is
not a priority, or in those circumstances where a greater amount of
"travel" is desirable, the Nitinol wire may be provided over a
non-linear path. This may have the effect of permitting the
fastening system of the invention to be provided in a more compact
configuration compared to the inline fastening system referred to
above. In addition, if, for example, the length of Nitinol wire in
a non-linear path was around 200 mm, the amount of contraction of
Nitinol in its presently available form would be about 6 mm. In a
non-linear path, the Nitinol wire preferably loops over one or more
spindles or rollers.
[0067] Activation of the material adapted to contract when
activated is preferably achieved through electrical resistance
heating, with a wire feed to the fastening system.
[0068] The fastening system of the invention may include many other
options. One such option is the sensing of change in temperature,
for example to indicate a dangerously high temperature, so that an
appropriate alarm can be initiated, the fastening system of the
invention being wired into, for example, the aircraft electrical
system. Other sensing functions may be incorporated in the
fastening system of the invention.
[0069] The fastening system of the invention may include multiple
material such as shape memory alloy wire. This can provide
redundancy, so that if activation of one shape memory alloy wire
fails to operate the system, the other or another of the wires can
be activated.
[0070] The fastening system of the invention may be constructed in
modular form. For instance, the engagement means may form one
module, with the material being located in a separate module. This
allows interchangeability so as to permit different types of
engagement means to be exchanged in the fastening system of the
invention, or to substitute, for example, a single shape memory
alloy wire with a multi-strand wire.
[0071] The fastening system of the invention is preferably enclosed
in a housing which can be bonded or fitted into the panel, door or
the like. This arrangement can assist in electromagnetic
protection, can facilitate exchange of one fastening system with
another and can enable better adjustment of the fastening system
within its surroundings. This can be particularly important if the
fastening system of the invention includes facility for manual
release as mentioned herein. It can also permit the status (locked
or unlocked) indicator to be visible from the same aperture which
can be used for manual release.
[0072] In present aircraft design, most fasteners are designed to
be hidden behind doors, panels, etc. It is common to include a
manual release for a hidden fastener, whereby a tool can be
inserted through a small aperture visible from the cabin side of
the door, panel or the like. It will be appreciated that this
invention can provide a fastening system which can be manually
released if desired.
[0073] Preferably, the fastening system of the invention includes
one or more sensors which can detect whether the pin is present in
the system, regardless of whether the fastening system is in the
locked or unlocked state. It is also preferred that the fastening
system of the second aspect of the invention includes lock status
sensors, which can report whether the fastening system is in the
locked or unlocked state. Such sensors may act as a reed switch,
for example, so that when they make contact a report is generated
that the fastening system is in the locked or unlocked state,
depending on the construction of the fastening system. The lock
status sensors may also work by enabling completion of an
electrical circuit. Other configurations and means of sensing may
also be applicable.
[0074] The fastening system of the invention may also include a
temperature sensor for sensing the temperature of the shape memory
alloy wire in the preferred embodiments. This can adjust the amount
of energy applied to the shape memory alloy wire, depending on
sensed temperature, to take into account varying conditions. For
example, if the temperature is relatively low, a larger amount of
power may need to be delivered to the shape memory alloy wire to
heat it to the desired temperature. Conversely, if the temperature
is high, the amount of power to be delivered to the shape memory
alloy wire in order to cause it to contract may be far less. A
temperature sensor can enable feedback and cause adjustment of
power delivery in this regard.
[0075] In an especially preferred embodiment, the fastening system
includes a microprocessor which can carry out one or several roles.
The microprocessor can control the energy delivery to the shape
memory alloy wire, preferably by a temperature-dependent algorithm.
The microprocessor can control temperature of the shape memory
alloy wire. It can sense the state of the fastening system and
whether it is engaged or not. The microprocessor can detect whether
the pin is present in the fastening system. The microprocessor may
report this, along with secondary sensed information, to a network
of which the fastening system forms a part. Preferably, the
microprocessor carries out all these roles.
[0076] The fastening system of the second aspect of the invention
also preferably includes bias means, such as a spring, biasing the
fastening system towards the locked state. The fastening system of
the invention also preferably includes an ejector spring, to assist
ejection of the pin or stud when the engagement means is no longer
engaged with the locking cavity.
[0077] This fastening system is capable of being produced at a low
cost, with minimum parts and in a very small size. It is suited to
high volume mass production and may be designed so as to require
only low power consumption, if thin shape memory alloy wires are
used.
[0078] In one version, the fastening system may take the form of a
ring grip or clip fastener, and may be particularly suitable for
fixing interior panels or door trims, for example, in
automobiles.
[0079] The fastening function of the fastening system of this
second aspect of the invention may be regarded as a primary
function. The fastening system may have a secondary function,
according to which the fastening system controls simple component
switching. One example of this is the control of a window motor in
a car door. In this context, the releasable fastening system can be
used to connect one element, such as the interior lining of a car
door, to a second element, such as the car door itself. Alternately
or additionally, the releasable fastening system is used to act as
a switch in connection with the operation of, for example, a window
motor, a door lock assembly, headlights and so on. The releasable
fastening system may carry out both functions.
[0080] Optionally, the fastening system of the second aspect of the
invention has a manual override so that the fastening system can be
released in case of a power failure or if it is required to test
the fastening system before power has been connected, for
example.
[0081] The fastening system of the invention in various embodiments
may include the manual override. Some examples are shown in the
drawings. In the case of the ring grip embodiment, a manual
override may involve a slot through which a suitable tool can be
passed to prise apart the engagement means, such as a circlip. In
the case of the stud fastener embodiment, the manual override may
enable the shuttle, if present, to be rotated to the unlocking
position. One version of manual override forms the third aspect of
this invention.
[0082] Accordingly, the invention in the third aspect provides a
manual override for a stud fastener of the second aspect of the
invention or for any other suitable fastener having a shuttle
movable between a locking position and a unlocking position, the
override including: [0083] a manual actuator adapted to cause the
shuttle to move from the locking position to the unlocking
position; and [0084] means for drawing the manual actuator so that
the shuttle moves to the unlocking position.
[0085] Preferably, the means for drawing the manual actuator so
that the shuttle moves to the unlocking position comprises or
includes a rod connected to the manual actuator. For example, the
rod may include a protrusion pivotally connected to the manual
actuator. When the rod is pulled in a chosen direction, the manual
actuator may be caused to move through its connection via the
protrusion on the rod to a position where the shuttle moves to the
unlocking position. Preferably, the manual actuator is connected
mechanically to the shuttle for this purpose.
[0086] For security, it is preferred that the drawing means is
biased away from the unlocking position. For example, when the
drawing means includes a rod, the rod may need to be pulled against
a spring. To further protect against accidental or inadvertent
release, the drawing means may include means for engagement with
retaining means. The purpose of this is to ensure that the drawing
means must deliberately be disengaged from the retaining means
before the manual override can be operated. Both of these safety
mechanisms can help to ensure that accidental manual release does
not occur though vibration, for example.
[0087] The drawing means may take any other suitable form,
including that of a Bowden cable.
[0088] There may be several fasteners which need to be released
through manual override. Consequently, the manual override of this
third aspect of the invention can be adapted to manually release
more than one fastener at the same time. Preferably, this is
achieved by linking the manual actuator for the first fastening
system with a manual actuator for the second fastening system and,
optionally, with third and subsequent fasteners. The linkage
preferably takes place using a connecting rod.
[0089] In a fourth aspect, this invention provides a first
fastening system connected to a second fastening system by a
linkage, the first and second fastening systems being adapted to
release by the involvement of means adapted to contract when
actuated, the linkage adapted to cause the first and second
fastening systems to move to an unlocking position by any one of
the following: [0090] (a) activation of the means adapted to
contract when activated in the first fastening system; [0091] (b)
activation of the means adapted to contract when activated in the
second fastening system; [0092] (c) activation of the means adapted
to contract when activated in both the first and second fastening
system; and [0093] (d) manipulation of a manual override.
[0094] It is to be appreciated that more than two fastening systems
may be released according to this fourth aspect of the invention.
Preferably, a single fastening system in the two or more linked
fastening systems is sufficiently strong to enable the linkage to
release all the linked fastening systems in the case of failure of
any of the linked fastening systems. If there is no power to
operate any of the linked fastening systems in the normal manner,
then all can be released by using the manual override.
[0095] The fastening systems may be chosen from any of the
fasteners or fastening systems disclosed herein, or from any other
suitable fastener or fastening systems.
[0096] In a further aspect, this invention provides a fastener
assembly including: [0097] an engagement means including latch
means and locking means, the engagement means being movable between
a locking position and an unlocking position; [0098] biasing means
urging the engagement means towards the locking position; and
[0099] means for drawing the engagement means from the locking
position to the unlocking position, the drawing means comprising or
including material adapted to contract when activated.
[0100] The fastener assembly of the invention is preferably capable
of construction on a small scale so that, possibly with the
exception of the engagement means, it has a cross sectional
dimension of about 10 mm. The purpose of this is so that the
fastener assembly of the invention can be inserted into a panel,
such as a panel for an aircraft which has a thickness of around 15
to 20 mm. It is of course possible to provide the fastener assembly
of the invention on a larger scale for other purposes.
[0101] The latch means and locking means of the engagement means
may take any desirable configuration. An example is illustrated in
the accompanying drawings. By way of non-limiting illustration, the
latch means may include a pair of arms or jaws which can engage a
latch, bar or projection. Other configurations will be apparent to
one skilled in the art.
[0102] It will be appreciated that there is overlap between this
aspect and the second aspect of the invention, above. Many of the
features are common.
[0103] However, in this further aspect, the engagement means may
include a rod or tongue which bears against a closure, preventing
movement of the closure towards the engagement means when the
engagement means is in a locking position, or a cavity into which
the rod or tongue may be received in the locking position. Other
configurations will be apparent to one skilled in the art.
[0104] The application of the fastener assembly of the invention is
to provide a fuel filler catch in a vehicle. The fastener assembly
of the invention may be contained within or close to the fuel
filler cavity and effectively concealed from the outside of the
vehicle. In this embodiment, the engagement means preferably
comprises a rod or tongue which, while the engagement means is in
the locking position, prevents removal of the fuel filler cap.
Alternately, the engagement means may retain the fuel filler cap
through engagement with a latch or similar element on the fuel
filler cap.
[0105] When the material adapted to contract when activated, such
as Nitinol wire, is heated electrically to the desired temperature,
the drawing means draws the engagement means out of engagement with
the fuel filler cap, allowing removal of the fuel filler cap.
Because the engagement means is biased towards the locking
position, once the material adapted to contract when activated is
no longer activated - for example, when it is allowed to cool, the
fuel filler cap may be pushed back into engagement with the
engagement means.
[0106] The fastener assembly of the invention may have inbuilt
redundancy, by including one or more additional materials which
contract when activated, such as Nitinol wire. Any of the Nitinol
wires would be able to contract when activated; if one wire fails,
another can perform the necessary function in the drawing
means.
[0107] In some embodiments of the fastener assembly of the
invention, the drawing means is attached to an electrical system.
Use may be made of this so that the fastening system has a
switching capacity as a second function. For example, the fastening
system of the invention may also operate to turn lights on or off.
This may occur in concert with the locking/unlocking function of
the fastening system or independently.
[0108] One use of the fastening assembly of the invention is to
fasten a closure such as a door in an aircraft, typically for a
dogbox or cupboard. The fastening system of the invention may be
configured so that, when the engagement means is drawn to the
unlocking position, allowing the door to open, the fastening system
also causes a light in the dogbox or cupboard to be turned on.
Similarly, when the engagement means moves to the locking position,
the fastening system may cause the light to be turned off.
[0109] In another embodiment, the fastening system includes or is
associated with a sensing means, which senses light or temperature
(internally or externally of the location of the fastening system),
or stress applied to the fastener or its environment. In the case
of light sensing, the fastening system may be programmed to turn
lights (eg, in the cupboard or dogbox) on or off, depending on the
amount of external light sensed. In the case of stress sensing, the
sensor may detect stress applied to the fastening system, and
report on impending failure of the fastening system, for example.
Other embodiments will be apparent to one skilled in the art.
[0110] The fastening system of the invention may be networked with
other fastening systems, for any desirable purpose, but especially
so that failure or overstressing of one fastening system may be
compensated for by another fastening system in the network.
[0111] The next aspect of this invention deals with protection of
the material adapted to contract when activated from damage and
applies not only to the fastening system of the present invention
but to other applications in which a material adapted to contract
when activated is required to pull on an element.
[0112] Material such as Nitinol is rated according to its
composition. For example, a 330 g Nitinol wire may have a pull
force of 3.3 Newtons. If this wire is configured so as to pull on
an element and the element is blocked from movement to a sufficient
extent, the Nitinol wire may be capable of exerting a further pull
force of, say, 9 Newtons. By this stage, however, the Nitinol wire
may be in danger of being damaged. The invention in the next aspect
has as an object the prevention or amelioration of such damage.
[0113] Accordingly, in a further aspect, this invention provides a
strain reduction assembly including: [0114] a material adapted to
contract when activated, the material having: [0115] a first pull
force at which the material is adapted to move an element to which
the material is directly or indirectly connected; [0116] a second
pull force greater than the first pull force; and [0117] a third
pull force intermediate the first pull force and the second pull
force; and [0118] means adapted to be activated when the pull force
on the material has reached substantially the third pull force.
[0119] The means adapted to be activated when the pull force is
substantially the third pull force may be a compression spring
attached to the material.
[0120] The material adapted to contract when activated is
preferably the Nitinol wire referred to above. The first, second
and third pull forces will depend on the rating of the Nitinol
wire. By way of example, if the rating is around 3.3 Newtons, this
will represent the first pull force. The second pull force in this
example will be around 9 Newtons while the third pull force will be
around 4.5 Newtons. Ideally, the third pull force is approximately
one and a half times greater than the first pull force and
calculated to be less than the second pull force, which may be
calculated as that capable of causing damage to the material.
[0121] The element to be moved by the material adapted to contract
such as the Nitinol wire may be any appropriate element. In the
context of the present invention in the second aspect, the element
is the engagement means. As stated above, this latest aspect of the
invention is not limited to the first or second aspects of the
invention and consequently the invention in its latest aspect has
wide application.
[0122] The compression spring is preferably of any suitable
construction.
[0123] The means adapted to be activated at the third pull force
may take other forms. By way of non limiting example, the means may
include monitoring resistance in the Nitinol wire and cutting of
electrical power once the resistance has changed by, say, twenty
percent.
[0124] In the case of either embodiment, the Nitinol wire can be
protected from damage.
[0125] In a further aspect, this invention provides a fastening
system including; [0126] first engagement means; [0127] second
engagement means; and a locking element moveable between a locked
position in which the first engagement means is maintained in
engagement with the second engagement means and an unlocked
position in which the first engagement means is free to disengage
from the second engagement means; wherein the locking element is
adapted to be moved to the unlocked position by means adapted to
contract when activated, being different from the locking
element.
[0128] The first engagement means preferably includes projections
mounted on a pair of arms, the projections being designed to be
received within a complementary cavity comprising the second
engagement means. In this embodiment, the locking element is
preferably located between the arms of the first engagement means.
In the locked position, the locking element holds the projections
of the first engagement means in the cavity of the second
engagement means. The locking element is preferably designed to be
pulled away from its position between the projections to enable the
projections to move inwardly towards one another and be withdrawn
from the cavity of the second engagement means. Is some respects,
this can be regarded as similar to the construction of the locking
element exemplified in International Patent Application No.
PCT/AU99/00 185.
[0129] It is further preferred that the locking element is in the
form of a strip and that likewise the first engagement means and
the second engagement means are provided in strip form. Examples of
these were also given in International Patent Application No.
PCT/AU99/00 185.
[0130] The means adapted to contract when activated preferably
comprise or include shape memory alloy wire, such as that discussed
above. Other materials may also be suitable.
[0131] The fastening system is preferably designed so as to be
maintained in the locked state in the absence of any power. For
release, when the means adapted to contract when activated are
shape memory alloy wire, switching on the power enables the SMA
wire to heat and contract, pulling the locking element out of the
locked position. If the SMA alloy wire is permitted to cool, the
fastening system can be biased so that it will return to the locked
position.
[0132] Preferably, the fastening system in this embodiment includes
a printed circuit board or other means for controlling the amount
of power to the SMA wire. The same means can enable reporting in
relation to the fastening system, such as status, the number of
times the fastening system has been released and if there has been
any damage.
[0133] A further aspect of this invention is concerned with an
improved framing system. The invention has wide application, as
will be apparent from the description below.
[0134] For convenience, the word "frame" and its derivatives are
used below. It is to be understood that, unless the context
otherwise requires, the term "frame" and its derivatives are to be
interpreted in the sense of "platform" or "base" and not restricted
to an open structure.
[0135] In a first broad aspect, the invention provides an improved
framing system wherein the frame includes one or more attachment
nodes and the framing system is adapted to enable delivery of one
or more of energy, data and material.
[0136] The frame itself may be provided in components. Parts or
accessories (e.g., a fairing) may be added to the frame and, being
provided with one or more attachment nodes, may form an extension
of the frame.
[0137] The frame can be chosen from a wide range of materials and
configurations, suitable for use in many industries. By way of
non-limiting example, the frame may take the form of a skeleton,
carcase or chassis for a motor vehicle, a skeleton for furniture, a
support for use in the building industry or a plumbing system. Many
other applications may be apparent to one skilled in the art after
consideration of some of the detailed description below.
[0138] The frame or some of it may act as a conduit for energy,
data and/or material in any suitable way. Some non-limiting
examples follow.
[0139] The frame may be used to deliver energy in the form of
electrical energy by use of conventional wiring or buses. The frame
may enable delivery of other types of energy, such as pneumatic or
hydraulic energy, by suitable means.
[0140] In relation to the delivery of data, this may involve
various data transfer means, for example, transfer of data in a
networking environment in known manner. A single medium, such as a
cable, for example, on or within the frame, may be adapted to
deliver both energy and data.
[0141] The material for which the frame may provide a conduit may
be any suitable material, including gas, liquid and mixtures of
these.
[0142] Preferably, the improved framing system of the invention
includes a plurality of attachment nodes. It is further preferred
that each of the attachment nodes enables attachment and/or
detachment of modules or accessories to the frame. Any suitable
fastener may be used in conjunction with such an attachment node.
Some suitable fasteners are described below, but the invention is
not limited to these.
[0143] The improved framing system for the invention preferably
delivers energy, data and/or material to an attachment node to
assist in attachment and/or detachment of modules or accessories.
An example will now be given in connection with a motor cycle. Once
again, this is not limiting on the scope of the invention.
[0144] In this embodiment, the frame resembles a conventional motor
cycle frame which may have energy and data conveyed by cables
within some or all of the frame. The frame has a number of
attachment nodes connected to the energy/data cable system. The
frame acts as an attachment point for all desired components, such
as the motor, instruments, windshield, seats, fuel tank, storage
systems, vehicle lights, instrument lights, fairings and cowlings.
The attachment nodes for these components may include fasteners
which are concealed when the components are in place and which are
actuated in one of several ways. As one method of actuation,
signals may be transmitted via cabling from a central control on
the motor cycle or external to it, perhaps using a computer or
custom built device. As another example, signals may be transmitted
remotely by any suitable means, including infra-red or radio wave
communication, perhaps through a button on a key chain fob, or from
a conventional ignition switch.
[0145] This embodiment may enable a motor cycle to be assembled in
a completely different way than at present. Fasteners may be
concealed. Assembly of the motor cycle may not require conventional
tools or robots. This can greatly simplify design and enhance
aesthetics.
[0146] During assembly, fasteners at the attachment nodes may be
programmed to allow parts or components to be attached
automatically as a production line is moving. This can redefine
assembly sequencing processes during manufacture. Instead of
traditional physical or mechanical contact, fasteners can lock,
unlock and connect mechanically, in response to commands
transmitted electronically, remotely or by hard wiring or any other
suitable means. It is envisaged that many or even all components
may be assembled to the frame of a motor cycle in this way,
including, for example, suspension or shock absorbers. There are
many other advantages, such as the ready ability to change options
during manufacture by interchanging one component for another
without having to disrupt the production line.
[0147] The motor cycle of this embodiment can enhance servicing.
For example, fasteners and attachment nodes may include microchips
which have secure addresses that respond to only to encrypted
signals. This makes the fasteners accessible only to designated
dealers and technicians. In addition, fasteners may be programmed
to detect, analyse and report problems that require service.
Service procedures may be stored in fastener control software. This
can assure installation of authorised replacement parts while
providing precise service histories and documentation for warranty
claims. For example, microprocessors may capture information about
fastener status (locked, unlocked, damaged, stressed, present or
not) and maintenance history, including dates, times, places and
identity of the technician performing each process.
[0148] Insofar as the "after market" is concerned, the motor cycle
of this embodiment can be quickly and simply customised to any
situation or aesthetic taste. Parts and accessories can be
interchanged to suit the need or occasion. Using a single, standard
frame, a motor cycle may be restyled with selected fairings, fuel
tanks, gauges, lights and many other components.
[0149] It is possible to retrofit such a motor cycle with optional
accessories, such as saddlebags, windshields, GPS systems and
entertainment systems.
[0150] Security in such a motor cycle is enhanced. Thieves may have
no access to hidden fasteners without destroying the component they
intend to steal.
[0151] From the point of view of the authorised user of the motor
cycle, there can be provided single point locking for removable
components, such as fuel tank, steering, panniers, fairings and
helmet, overcoming the need for a multiple array of keys, one for
locking each component.
[0152] The same motor cycle frame can be used for a sports model or
a touring bike, or any other customisation. For example, a single
seat and body fairings may be removed and replaced with a touring
tank, twin seats and touring panniers. By way of another example, a
street-legal motor cycle can be transformed to an off-road dirt
bike by releasing lights, indicators, plates and other
accessories.
[0153] The fasteners suitable for use with the improved framing
system of the invention are preferably a type of "intelligent
fastener" which has a fastening mechanism, an actuator and a micro
processor. Many types of fasteners may be suitable. Some specific
fasteners are disclosed below and form different aspects of this
invention. The type of fastener to be used with the improved
framing system of the invention is not limited to the fasteners
disclosed below. Other fasteners may well be useful, including
those disclosed above and in the following patent specifications,
the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference:
International Patent Application No. PCT/AU99/00185, International
Patent Application No. PCT/AU03/00759 and Australian Patent
Application No. 2002953616.
[0154] Generally, the fastener suitable for use in the system of
the invention will perform to the same specifications as mechanical
fasteners, having transfer forces which meet traditional
requirements for tension, shear and clamp. Preferably, the
fasteners will also have the capability to report their own status,
report on what parts are in place and report on whether the
fasteners are attached or unattached, attached properly or
overstressed.
[0155] In a further aspect, this invention provides a fastener
which includes: [0156] (a) a fastening element; [0157] (b)
actuating means attached to the fastening element and including a
material adapted to contract when activated; and [0158] (c)
restoring means adapted to restore the material to a relaxed state
when no longer contracted; wherein the restoring means contains or
comprises elastomeric material adapted to be deformed by
contraction of the material adapted to contract when activated.
[0159] The sixth aspect of the invention may be used in
conjunction, with, for example, the fastener in the second aspect
of this invention, or the fastener disclosed in International
Patent Application No. PCT/AU03/00759, or in conjunction with other
fasteners, disclosed in this specification or otherwise.
[0160] The fastening element may be any suitable fastening
element.
[0161] The material adapted to contract when activated is
preferably shape memory alloy wire, as has been disclosed or
discussed before.
[0162] The restoring means is preferably an elastomeric material
which is adapted to be deformed by contraction of the material such
as the shape memory alloy wire and which is also adapted to return
to its original shape after the material (such as the SMA wire)
relaxes. Preferably, the restoring means contains, surrounds or
encases the SMA wire. Suitable material for the restoring means
will be apparent to one skilled in the art. One suitable material
may be polybutyl sulphide. For example the SMA wire may be
contained within a hollow body of the restoring means. As another
example, the SMA wire may be embedded within a solid body of the
restoring means. As yet a further example, the SMA wire may be
attached to a strip of the restoring means.
[0163] The restoring means may impart a linear force on the SMA
wire (or other material) in order to restore it to the original
configuration when relaxed. However, the invention is not limited
to this. The forces may be in any suitable direction or combination
of directions. Some of these are illustrated in the drawings,
below. The aim of the restoring means is to restore the shape
memory alloy wire or other suitable material to the position it had
before contraction.
[0164] By using an elastomeric material, it is possible to dispense
with return springs. The restoring means can also act as a heat
sink for SMA wire. The restoring means can also enhance the
ruggedness of the fastener, protecting the shape memory alloy wire
from damage during handling, transport, etc.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0165] The invention will now be described in connection with
certain non-limiting examples thereof in the accompanying drawings,
in which:
[0166] FIG. 1 is a side elevation of the fastener of the first
aspect of the invention in the engaged position;
[0167] FIG. 2 is the fastener of FIG. 1 in the disengaged
position;
[0168] FIG. 3 is the fastener of FIGS. 1 and 2 in rear
elevation;
[0169] FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the fastener of FIGS. 1, 2 and
3 in a practical application;
[0170] FIG. 5 is a side elevation of a first embodiment of the
fastening system of the second aspect of the invention;
[0171] FIG. 6 is the fastening system of FIG. 5 in plan view, in
the engaged state;
[0172] FIG. 7 is the fastening system of FIGS. 5 and 6 in the
disengaged state;
[0173] FIG. 8A is an exploded view of a second embodiment of the
second aspect of the invention;
[0174] FIG. 8B is an exploded view of a variation of the second
embodiment shown in FIG. 8A;
[0175] FIG. 8C shows a sub-assembly of FIG. 8B;
[0176] FIG. 8D shows part of the assembly of FIG. 8B in the engaged
position;
[0177] FIG. 8E is a sectional view taken along the lines A-A of
FIG. 8D;
[0178] FIG. 8F is a similar view to FIG. 8D but showing the
disengaged position;
[0179] FIG. 8G is a sectional view taken along the lines A-A of
FIG. 8F;
[0180] FIG. 9 is an enlarged detail of the embodiment of FIG.
8A;
[0181] FIG. 10 is a top plan view of a third embodiment of the
fastening system of the second aspect of the invention;
[0182] FIG. 11 is a side sectional view of the fastening assembly
of FIG. 10, in the locked state;
[0183] FIG. 12 is a top plan view of the fastening system of FIGS.
10 and 11, but in the unlocked state;
[0184] FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of the ring clip fastener
of FIG. 12 in the unlocked state and is useful for comparison with
FIG. 11;
[0185] FIG. 14 is a further embodiment of the fastening system of
the second aspect of the invention, being a stud fastener, before
entry of the pin into the aperture;
[0186] FIG. 15 shows the fastening system of FIG. 14 in the locked
position;
[0187] FIG. 16 shows the fastening system of FIGS. 14 and 15 in the
unlocked position;
[0188] FIG. 17 is an exploded view of a further embodiment of the
second aspect of the invention, showing a second embodiment of stud
fastener;
[0189] FIG. 18 is a top view of a variation of the embodiment in
FIG. 17;
[0190] FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG.
18, taken along the lines A-A of FIG. 18;
[0191] FIG. 20 is a top view of a third embodiment of stud
fastener;
[0192] FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG.
20 taken along the lines A-A of FIG. 20;
[0193] FIG. 22 is a top plan view of a further embodiment of the
fastening system of the invention being a type of stud
fastener;
[0194] FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of the fastener of FIG. 22
in the locked state;
[0195] FIG. 24 is the same cross-sectional view as that of FIG. 23,
but showing engagement of a pin;
[0196] FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of the fastening system of
FIG. 22 in the unlocked state and is useful for comparison with
FIG. 24;
[0197] FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the
fastening system of the invention being a stud fastener;
[0198] FIG. 27 is a bottom end view of the embodiment of FIG. 26
with the rear cap removed;
[0199] FIG. 28 shows the embodiment of FIG. 26 with the pin
removed, in the locked state;
[0200] FIG. 29 shows the embodiment of FIG. 26 with the pin
removed, in the unlocked state;
[0201] FIG. 30 is a bottom end view of the embodiment of FIG. 26,
in the locked position;
[0202] FIG. 31 is a sectional view of the fastening assembly of
FIG. 30, taken along the lines 17-17 in FIG. 30;
[0203] FIG. 32 is a bottom end view of the embodiment of FIG. 26,
in the unlocked position;
[0204] FIG. 33 is a sectional view of the fastener of FIG. 30,
taken along the lines 19-19 in FIG. 32, in the unlocked
position;
[0205] FIG. 34 is a plan view of a manual override for the
fastening system of the second aspect of the invention;
[0206] FIG. 35 is sectional side view of the override of FIG. 34,
taken along the lines 20-20;
[0207] FIG. 36 shows the manual override of FIG. 34 in the unlocked
position;
[0208] FIG. 37 is a side sectional view taken along the lines 23-23
of FIG. 36;
[0209] FIG. 38 is a perspective view of linked fastening systems
according to the invention;
[0210] FIG. 39 is an enlargement of one of the fastening systems of
FIG. 38;
[0211] FIG. 40 is yet a further enlargement of the fastening system
of FIG. 39 with cover removed;
[0212] FIG. 41 is a side sectional view of a further embodiment of
the fastening system of the invention, being a type of in-line
fastener, showing the fastening system in the locked position and
also illustrating an embodiment of a strain reduction assembly;
[0213] FIG. 42 is a top sectional view of the embodiment of FIG.
41;
[0214] FIG. 43 is an enlarged view of the left hand end of the
embodiment in FIG. 41;
[0215] FIG. 44 shows the embodiment of FIG. 43 as soon as the
unlocking position has been attained;
[0216] FIG. 45 shows the embodiment of FIG. 44 during cooling of
the drawing means;
[0217] FIG. 46 shows the embodiment of FIG. 45, fully reset in the
open position, ready to move to the locking position and if
required to unlock again immediately;
[0218] FIG. 47 shows an example of how the fastening systems of the
invention may be integrated into a typical vehicle CAN network, in
relation to a vehicle door;
[0219] FIG. 48 is a diagrammatic illustration of at least part of
the system in FIG. 47;
[0220] FIG. 49 shows how the network concept exemplified in FIG. 47
and 48 may be extended throughout many vehicle components;
[0221] FIG. 50 is similar to FIG. 48 but gives an example of the
extension of the function of fastener system of the invention;
[0222] FIG. 51 exemplifies architecture of a fastening system of
the invention in a motor vehicle;
[0223] FIG. 52 is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of
fastening system according to the third aspect of the invention, in
the unlocking position;
[0224] FIG. 53 is an end view of the latch which is included in
FIG. 52;
[0225] FIG. 54 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG.
52 in the locking position;
[0226] FIG. 55 is an end view of the embodiment in FIG. 54, taken
along the lines 4-4 in FIG. 54;
[0227] FIG. 56 is a side sectional view of a second embodiment of
the fastening system according to the third aspect of the
invention;
[0228] FIG. 57 is a side sectional view of a third embodiment of
the fastening system according to the third aspect of the
invention, showing a manual override;
[0229] FIG. 58 shows in cross-sectional view an embodiment of a
fastening system of the fourth aspect of the invention, in the
locked position;
[0230] FIG. 59 is a side elevation, in cross-section, of the
embodiment of FIG. 58, still in the locked state;
[0231] FIG. 60 is a cross-sectional view corresponding to that in
FIG. 58 but showing the fastening system in the unlocked state;
[0232] FIG. 61 corresponds to FIG. 59, but shows the fastening
system in the unlocked state;
[0233] FIG. 62 shows in sectional illustration a second embodiment
of the fourth aspect of the invention;
[0234] FIG. 63 is a sketch of a motor cycle incorporating the fifth
aspect of the invention and showing diagrammatically the location
of some of the attachment nodes;
[0235] FIG. 64 shows the rear part of the motor cycle of FIG. 63,
in connection with the attachment of a pannier;
[0236] FIG. 65 is a similar view to that in FIG. 64, with the
pannier in place;
[0237] FIG. 66 is a similar view to that in FIGS. 64 and 65,
illustrating attachment of alternate forms of a seat;
[0238] FIG. 67 shows a front portion of the motor cycle of FIG. 63,
illustrating detachment or attachment of a windshield,
[0239] FIG. 68 shows the front part of the motor cycle of FIG. 63,
showing nodes for attachment of a GPS system and a fuel cap;
[0240] FIGS. 69 and 70 illustrate a first embodiment of the sixth
aspect of the invention;
[0241] FIGS. 71 and 72 illustrate a second embodiment of the sixth
aspect;
[0242] FIGS. 73 and 74 illustrate a third embodiment of the sixth
aspect; and
[0243] FIGS. 75-77 illustrate a fourth embodiment of the sixth
aspect.
BEST MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION IN ITS VARIOUS ASPECTS
[0244] Turning first to the fastener being an embodiment of the
first aspect of the invention and illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3,
fastener 30 includes fastening element 32 having a beam 34, an
engagement means 36 and a flex point 38. As can be seen, flex point
38 is separate from beam 34.
[0245] As shown in the rear elevation in FIG. 4, shape memory alloy
wire 40 forms a loop in a groove 44 in the back of beam 34 and is
attached at each end to electronic module 42. Wire 40 is shown
partly in dotted outline in FIGS. 1 and 2.
[0246] When wire 40 is heated by a current generated through
electronic module 42 and wire 40 reaches a pre-determined
temperature, it shrinks as shown in FIG. 2. Fastening element 32
bends or flexes at flex point 38 and engagement means 36 is drawn
out of engagement with an engaging surface (not shown). As shown in
FIG. 2, leaf spring 46 is compressed. If wire 40 is allowed to
cool, it relaxes and leaf spring 46 decompresses, urging engagement
means 36 back into engagement with the engaging surface (not
shown).
[0247] This embodiment can provide an enhanced positive engagement
through engagement means 36 and greater strength to fastener 30,
since beam 34 is not required to bend.
[0248] FIG. 4 shows a practical application for fastener 30
illustrated in FIGS. 1-3. In FIG. 4, fastener 30 is shown in situ
fastening cap 31 to base 33. As can be seen in FIG. 4, engagement
means 36 of fastener 30 engages ledge 35 of cap 31. Three batteries
37 provide a power source for electronic module 42, being activated
by switch 39.
[0249] When switch 39 is pressed, batteries 37 provide power to
electronic module 42, which heats shape memory alloy wire 40
sufficiently to cause shape memory alloy wire 40 to contract.
Engagement means 36 is drawn out of contact with ledge 35. Cavity
41 is provided in cap 31 to allow for this movement of beam 34.
When switch 39 is pressed, LED 43 lights up to show that switch 39
has been activated.
[0250] Dowels 45 are provided in channels in cap 31 and base 33.
These assist in location when cap 31 is being placed on base 33.
During release, dowels 45 in conjunction with leaf spring 47 urge
cap 31 to separate from base 33.
[0251] Charging contacts 49 can be used to recharge batteries 37 if
of the rechargeable type.
[0252] Reference is now made to the embodiment of the invention in
the second aspect in FIGS. 5 to 7. In this embodiment, fastening
system 50 includes pin 48 adapted to be received in aperture 52.
Locking means 54 in the form of a circlip 54 are adapted to lock
into groove 56 in pin 48.
[0253] Aperture 52 is formed in plastic fastener body 58 which
includes ridge 60. Travelling around ridge 60 is shape memory alloy
wire 40. Insulated plastic caps 62 connect crimped ends (not shown)
of wire 40 to circlip 54 and power leads 64.
[0254] FIG. 6 shows fastening system 50 in the locked state. In
this state, pin 48 may be pushed into aperture 52. Taper 66 on pin
48 serves to push circlip 54 apart, until it rides into groove 56,
where it remains locked. Thus, there is no need to activate wire 40
in order to insert pin 48 in aperture 52.
[0255] FIG. 7 shows fastening system 50 in the unlocked position.
In this Figure, wire 40 has been heated through power fed from
leads 64 to wire 40, to the extent that wire 40 contracts. Through
its connection at caps 62 with circlip 54, wire 40 in the
contracted state, and restrained by ridge 60, draws circlip 54
apart, freeing circlip 54 from groove 56 and permitting the
unfastening of pin 48.
[0256] Referring now to FIG. 8A, releasable fastening system 150
includes a pin 152 adapted to be received in an aperture 154 of
main body 156. Clip spring 158, together with clip chassis 160 and
shape memory alloy wire 162, comprise the locking means for pin
152.
[0257] Pin 152 has a wide groove 163 around its circumference.
Groove 163 is adapted to receive clip chassis 160 which can embrace
groove 163. Clip chassis 160 carries clip 158 and acts as a type of
circlip.
[0258] Shape memory wire 162 is engaged with clip chassis 160 in
the manner shown in FIG. 9. When shape memory alloy wire 162 is
activated, it shrinks and pulls apart clip chassis 160.
[0259] To lock pin 152 into main body 156, pin 152 may be pushed by
hand, by pressure on cap 164, into aperture 154. Clip chassis 160
and clip spring 158 open sufficiently to allow pin 152 to be
received, so that clip chassis 160 engages groove 163 on pin
152.
[0260] To unlock pin 152 from main body 156, as already described,
wire 162 is heated sufficiently for it to contract. Because of the
manner of attachment of wire 162 to clip chassis 160 (refer FIG. 9)
through engagement in channels 166 and 170, contraction of wire 162
pulls apart clip chassis 160 sufficiently for pin 152 to be
withdrawn from clip chassis 160. Clip chassis 160 is hinged at
168.
[0261] Fastening system 150 includes controller panel 172 which
receives instructions for unlocking and which generates the heat
necessary for contraction of wire 162. Rear cover 174 completes the
housing of fastening system 150.
[0262] Clip spring 158 biases clip chassis 160 towards the locked
position and in this embodiment assists wire 162 to return to the
locked position when it relaxes.
[0263] In a variation of fastening system 150, clip chassis 160 may
be eliminated. In this case, clip spring 158 is adapted to be
engaged by shape memory alloy wire 162 and to be pulled apart by
contraction of the wire when it is desired to unlock the fastening
system.
[0264] Reference is now made to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 8B to
8G. Where parts are similar to those in FIGS. 8A and 9, the same
numbers will be used, with the addition of the letter "a".
[0265] As shown in FIG. 8B, releasable fastening system 150a
includes a pin 152a adapted to be received in an aperture 154a of
main body 156a. Spring 158a, together with clip chassis 160a and
shape memory alloy wires 162a comprise the locking means for pin
152a.
[0266] Pin 152a has a wide grove 163a around its circumference.
Grove 163a is adapted to receive clip chassis 160a which can
embrace grove 163a. Spring 158a snaps into grove 116 of clip
chassis 160a and biases it towards the engagement position.
[0267] Shape memory wire 162a has two separate loops, 118 and 120.
These are engaged with clip chassis 160a in the manner shown in
FIG. 8C. It will be appreciated in comparing FIG. 8C with FIG. 9,
that shape memory alloy wires 118 and 120 will be under less strain
than wire 162 in FIG. 9, when activated to contract.
[0268] To lock pin 152a into main body 156a, pin 152a may be pushed
by hand, by pressure on cap 164a, into aperture 154a. Clip chassis
160a, although bias to the closed position by spring 158a, will
open sufficiently to allow pin 152a to be received, so that clip
chassis 160a engages grove 163a on pin 152a.
[0269] To unlock pin 152a from main body 156a, as already
described, both wires 118 and 120 of wires 162a are heated
sufficiently for them to contract. Each of wires 118 and 120 is
attached to clip chassis 160a as shown in FIG. 8C. Consequently,
contraction of wires 118 and 120 pulls apart clip chassis 160a
sufficiently for pin 152a to be withdrawn from clip chassis 160a.
Clip chassis 160a is hinged at 168a.
[0270] Means for a manual override of fastening system 150a are
shown in FIGS. 8B and 8E. Cap 164a includes slot 122. A suitable
tool may be inserted in slot 122 in cap 164a and through
corresponding slot 123 in main body 156a. The tool can then
penetrate between the arms of clip chassis 160a to force them apart
sufficiently to release pin 152a.
[0271] In this embodiment, the manual override can be operated not
only from the cap side of fastening system 150a, but also from rear
cover 174a. As shown in FIG. 8E, slot 124, corresponding to slot
122 on cap 164a in plate 126 is accessible from rear cover 174 and
the same tool may be used to manually release pin 152a, in a
similar way to that described for slot 122.
[0272] In FIGS. 10 to 13, ring clip fastener 94 is particularly
suitable for securing components to a panel, such as an
instrumentation panel. Fastener 94 is shown in the locked state in
FIGS. 10 and 11 as engaging fastener peg 98 and in FIGS. 12 and 13
after release of fastener peg 98.
[0273] Fastener peg 98 includes groove 104. When peg 98 is pushed
into fastener 94, arms 106 of bias spring 108 are pushed apart by
ramp 110 on peg 98. Arms 106 snap fit into groove 104 to lock peg
98 in fastener 94. Thus an instrumentation panel can be mounted in
a panel housing by simple manual pressure, for example.
[0274] Included in fastener 94 is engagement sensor 112 which
senses contact with base 114 of peg 98. Engagement sensor 112
confirms engagement of peg 98 in fastener 94 and can communicate
that information to a computer (not shown).
[0275] As can be seen from FIG. 10, fastener 94 includes a shape
memory alloy (SMA) wire 416 which is connected to terminals 418
which bear on arms 106 of bias spring 108.
[0276] When appropriate energy is applied to SMA wire 416--for
example, electrical energy--and SMA wire 416 is heated to the
necessary temperature, SMA wire 416 contracts as shown in FIG. 12.
Contraction of SMA wire 416 causes terminals 418 to move apart.
Because terminals 418 bear on arms 106, those arms 106 are forced
apart. Arms 106 move out of groove 104, permitting release of peg
98. Engagement sensor 112 can report on the release of peg 98.
[0277] Included in fastener 94 are sensors 420 which sense the
locked status of fastener 94. When fastener 94 is in the unlocked
state as shown in FIG. 14, it will be seen that arms 106 contact
sensors 120 and thus can complete a circuit or act as a reed switch
so that sensors 120 can report on the locked or unlocked status of
fastener 94.
[0278] Referring now to FIGS. 14 to 16, these show an embodiment of
a stud fastening system in the second aspect of the invention. In
this embodiment, releasable fastening system 70 includes pin 68
adapted to be received in aperture 72. Pin 68 has a locking cavity
in the form of indentation 74 around the circumference of pin 68.
Associated with aperture 72 in fastener body 76 are locking means
in the form of arms 78 having protrusions 80 designed to fit within
indentation 74 in pin 68.
[0279] Once pin 68 is pushed into aperture 72, protrusions 80 on
arms 78 snap into indentation 74. Stop 82 prevents disengagement by
blocking outward movement of protrusions 80 on arms 78. Activation
of shape memory alloy wire 40 contracts wire 40 and draws stop 82
from its blocking position against arms 78. Arms 78 may be biased
to spring outwardly as shown in FIG. 16, facilitating withdrawal of
pin 68 from aperture 72. Spring 84 is biased to urge stop 82 to the
locked position shown in FIGS. 14 and 15.
[0280] In the illustrations in FIGS. 14 to 16, both pin 68 and
fastener body 76 include conductor pins 86. These are optional.
They may be used to provide power and data connections for the
fastening system 70.
[0281] Another optional feature is shown in FIGS. 14 to 16, in the
form of retractable cap 88. This is used to provide a flat visual
appearance on outer surface 90 of frame 10. In the embodiment
shown, it is necessary to activate wire 40 in order to draw stop 82
from its blocking position against arms 78. Once that has occurred,
pin 68 can push cap 88 against the bias provided by spring 92, from
the position shown in FIG. 14 to that in FIG. 15. In this position,
shape memory alloy wire has relaxed to lock pin 68 into position.
FIG. 16 shows the unlocked position before withdrawal of pin 68
from aperture 72.
[0282] Referring now to FIGS. 17, 18 and 19, the stud fastening
system 180 in this embodiment is particularly suitable for heavy
duty use. In this embodiment, pin 182 having groove 184 and cap 186
is adapted to be received in aperture 188 of main body 190.
Received in main body 190 is shuttle 192. Shuttle 192 is adapted to
rotate within main body 190 when a shape memory alloy wire (not
shown) wound in grooves 194 contracts. Activation of the shape
memory alloy wire causes shuttle 192 to rotate in a direction which
allows unlocking of fastening system 180.
[0283] Shuttle 192 includes projections 196 which are designed to
engage feet 198 of teeth 200. Projections 196 may be inclined as
shown in FIG. 17 or may be set an angle of approximately 45 degrees
as shown in FIG. 19.
[0284] Washer 202 rests at the base of feet 198 when fastening
system 180 is assembled. Small coil springs (not shown) are mounted
in apertures 204 and bear against washer 202 to apply pressure
against teeth 200. Apertures 204 are formed in centre plug 206.
Aperture 208 is designed to receive a further bias spring (not
shown), which assists in returning that the shape memory alloy wire
(not shown) to its relaxed configuration, when no longer
activated.
[0285] Electronics module 210 is shown in this embodiment as being
hard wired through cable 212 and controls unlocking of fastening
system 180. End cap 214 completes the assembly.
[0286] In the variation shown in FIGS. 20 and 21, main body 190 is
shown with a screw thread 216 on which is received a nut 218. The
purpose of nut 218 is to allow an element, such as a panel (not
shown), to be received in gap 220.
[0287] End cap 214 has a central aperture (not shown) through which
it is possible to insert an appropriate tool to rotate shuttle 192
manually in the event that there is some malfunction of the
fastening system.
[0288] It will be noted from FIG. 21 that washer 202 has been
omitted and that teeth 200 are of a slightly different
configuration to those in FIG. 19.
[0289] Reference is now made to FIGS. 22 to 25. These illustrate a
stud fastener which can be substituted for the ring clip fastener
of FIGS. 10 to 13. The stud fastener of FIGS. 22 to 25 can be
regarded as more robust and can carry a higher load compared to the
ring fastener of the previous FIGS. 10 to 13.
[0290] Peg 98 of FIG. 10 is substituted by peg 98a shown in FIGS.
24 and 25.
[0291] Fastening system 230 of FIGS. 22 to 25 has a plurality of
teeth 222 adapted to engage groove 104a in peg 98a. Teeth 222 are
biased towards the locked position by tension spring 424. Tension
spring 424 also serves to keep teeth 222 in position. Peg 98a can
be pushed into aperture 102. Ramp 110a on peg 98a will push against
teeth 222 and against the tension of spring 424. As peg 98a is
pushed into aperture 102, teeth 222 will spring back into groove
104a to lock peg 98a into fastening system 230.
[0292] Fastening system 230 includes engagement sensor 112. When
contacted by base 114a of peg 98a, engagement sensor 112 can report
connection of peg 98a in fastening system 230 and hence connection
of elements to be fastened, such as an instrumentation panel in a
panel housing.
[0293] Fastening system 230 includes shape memory alloy wires 426.
These are wound around shuttle 428 which is rotatable within body
432 of fastening system 230. Shape memory alloy wires 426 are
fastened at each end to a non-rotatable part of fastening system
230 (not illustrated). When shape memory alloy wires 426 are caused
to contract by the application of suitable energy to reach the
necessary temperature, shuttle 428 rotates to the position shown in
FIG. 25. Shuttle 428 includes camming surface 434. As can be seen
by FIG. 25, camming surface 434 ramps down on tail 436 of tooth
222, pushing tail 436 against the bias provided by tension spring
424 and drawing each tooth 222 out of engagement with groove 104a.
Thus peg 98a is freed from fastening system 230. Tension spring 424
may also bias shape memory alloy wires 426 to their relaxed
configuration.
[0294] Included in fastening system 230 are lock status sensors 438
and 440. When these are separated as shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, the
sensors report that fastening system 230 is in the locked state.
When the sensors make contact, as shown in FIG. 25, the sensors
report that fastening system 230 is in the unlocked state. Sensors
438 and 440 may act as a reed switch, for example, or their contact
may enable completion of an electrical circuit, to signal the
unlocked state. Other configurations and means of sensing may of
course be applicable.
[0295] Reference is now made to the embodiment of the second aspect
of the invention in FIGS. 26 to 33. Fastening system 260 includes
stud 254 having a locking cavity being circumferential groove 256
(refer FIGS. 31 and 33). Fastening system 260 includes aperture 258
into which stud 254 can be received by a push-fit.
[0296] Fastening system 260 includes eight teeth 262, each having a
tongue 264 which can engage groove 256.
[0297] Shuttle 266 is mounted for rotation within body 268 between
two positions. The first position is that shown in FIG. 28 where
locking protrusions 270 maintains teeth 262 in the locking position
into aperture 258 (and groove 256 of stud 254 when stud 254 is in
aperture 258). The second position is that shown in FIG. 29, in
which shuttle 266 has rotated sufficiently so that teeth 262 are
located in spaces 272 between locking protrusions 270. In this
configuration, teeth 262 are no longer maintained in the locked
position in aperture 258 (and groove 256 in stud 258 when
present).
[0298] Shuttle 266 is rotated from one position to the other
through shape memory alloy wires 274 and 276, one being used to
rotate shuttle 266 to the locking position and the other to rotate
it to the unlocking position.
[0299] As shown in FIG. 26, fastening system 260 includes rear cap
278. Power is supplied via electrical wires 280.
[0300] In FIG. 27, in which rear cap 278 has been removed, shape
memory alloy wire 274 can be seen. Also shown is shuttle position
sensor 282. This senses whether shuttle 266 is in the locking or
unlocking position and can report to an external source (not
shown).
[0301] FIG. 27 also shows wire temperature sensor 284. This senses
the temperature of shape memory alloy wire 274 and 276 and can
enable the calculation of the amount of power to be delivered to
raise wire 274 or 276 to the desired temperature at which it
contracts. Temperature sensor 84 can prevent overheating of wires
274 and 276 and can also minimise the amount of electrical energy
required to be delivered to wires 274 and 276.
[0302] As best shown in FIGS. 31 and 33, fastening system 260
includes in this embodiment sliding plug 286. In the locked
position (FIG. 31), sliding plug 286 is in contact with stud
detector switch 288, because stud 254 has pushed sliding plug 286
down into contact with stud detector switch 288. This enables
fastening system 260 to report on whether stud 254 is engaged.
[0303] Also shown in FIGS. 31 and 33 are bias spring 290 and
ejector spring 292. Bias spring 290 biases fastening system 260 to
the locking position. Ejector spring 292 facilitates ejection of
stud 254 when teeth 262 are no longer engaged in groove 256, as
shown in FIG. 33.
[0304] Shape memory alloy wires 274 and 276 are attached via crimps
294 and 295 as shown in FIGS. 31 and 33. Shuttle detector switch
297 detects whether shuttle 266 is in the locked or unlocked
position.
[0305] FIG. 30 shows rear cap 278 with manual release 296. This can
be operated, for example by hand, to manually rotate shuttle 266
from the locking to the unlocking position, as shown in FIG.
32.
[0306] Referring now to FIGS. 34 to 37, these show a fastening
system 260a similar to fastening system 260 in conjunction with a
manual override. Another suitable fastening system could be
substituted for fastening system 260a. Manual override 400 has
manual actuator 298 and drawing means being rod 402. Manual
actuator 400 is joined to fastening system 260a and to rod 402 via
protrusion 704 which engages manual actuator 298 through slot
706.
[0307] Rod 402 is attached to knob 708 which has engagement ledge
710. Engagement ledge 710 is shown in FIG. 34 in engagement with
catch 712. Spring 714 biases towards the locking position.
[0308] In order to operate manual override 400, knob 708 must be
rotated by hand until ledge 710 is no longer in engagement with
catch 712. Knob 708 is then drawn upwardly (FIG. 34) against the
bias of spring 714, to rotate manual actuator 298 upwardly, through
engagement of protrusion 704 in slot 706. Thus shuttle 266 is
rotated from the locking position shown in FIG. 35 to the unlocking
position shown in FIG. 37, manual actuator 298 being in the
position shown in FIG. 36. At this stage, stud 254 is ejected as
shown in FIG. 37 because of ejector spring 292.
[0309] Also shown in FIG. 37 is actuator linkage 716. This links
rod 402 with a second fastening system 260b, travelling through
conduit 718, as shown in FIG. 38. As shown by the detail in FIGS.
39 and 40, when knob 708 is rotated free of catch 712 and drawn
upwardly against the bias of spring 714, actuator linkage 716
ensures that both fastening system 260a and 260b are manually
released.
[0310] As can be seen in more detail in FIGS. 39 and 40, in this
embodiment fastening system 260a is situated under cover 720 and
partly within mechanism casing 722, mounted on bracket 724.
[0311] FIGS. 41 to 46 show an embodiment of an in-line fastener,
according to the second aspect of the invention.
[0312] As shown in FIGS. 41 to 46, fastening system 510 is
contained within fastener mounting box 512 attached to an external
power source through conduit 514. Fastening system 510, contained
within box 512, is inserted into a panel (not shown) and secured in
position by screws 516 attaching face plate 518 to flange 520 of
fastener case 522, contained within box 512. Electrical connection
via conduit 514 is continued into fastener case 522 by means of
cable connector 526. Spring clip 528 is inserted beneath flange
520.
[0313] Fastening system 510 is intended to engage projection 524
(as shown in FIGS. 41 to 43), projection 524 protruding from a
panel or door (not shown). In fastening system 510, the engaging
means includes latch arms 530, shuttle 532 and pawl 534. Spring 536
biases shuttle 532 towards the locking position shown in FIG. 41.
Spring 540 urges ejector plug 542 towards the unlocked position.
Shuttle 532 includes Teflon pad 544 to facilitate sliding of
shuttle 532 within fastener case 522.
[0314] Fastening system 510 also includes shape memory alloy wire
546 which loops over pin 548 on pawl 534. Activation of wire 546 is
controlled though printed circuit board sub-assembly 550. Spring
538 is for urging shape memory alloy wire 546 to the locked
position shown in FIG. 41.
[0315] Sensor switches 552 contact extension 554 of shuttle 532 in
order to provide an indication of the locked or unlocked status of
fastening system 510. As shown in FIG. 43, only one sensor switch
552 is in contact with extension 554 and assembly 510 can therefore
indicate that the system is in the locked position. When both
sensor switches 552 make contact with extension 554 as shown, for
example, in FIG. 46, the indication is that assembly 510 is in the
unlocked state.
[0316] As shown in FIGS. 41 and 42, assembly 510 also includes
spring 560 to relieve strain on shape memory alloy wire 546 should
it be unable to draw pawl 534 away from the locking position.
[0317] Referring now to FIG. 43, this shows fastening system 510 in
the locked position. In this position, projection 556 on pawl 534
bears against pin 558 and ramp 562 engages shoulder 564 of shuttle
532.
[0318] Ends 566 of shuttle 532 bear against ends 568 of latch arms
530, ensuring engagement of ends 568 with recess 570 in projection
524 (see FIG. 44).
[0319] When sufficient electrical energy is applied through the
electrical connection via cable connector 526, wire 546 contracts,
drawing pawl 534 away from the locking position, as shown in FIG.
44. In this position, ramp 562 of pawl 534 has pushed against
shoulder 564 until projection 556 has encountered travel limit pin
572, which has pivoted ramp 562 away from full contact with
shoulder 564, as shown in FIG. 44. At this stage, wire 546 is still
contracted. The withdrawal of shuttle 532 has moved ends 566 of
shuttle 532 out of contact with ends 568 of latch arms 530. Latch
arms 530 pivot around pivot points 574 and move out of engagement
with recess 570 of projection 524. Ejector spring 540 pushing
against ejector plug 542 has caused partial ejection of projection
524 from fastening system 510.
[0320] It will be appreciated that if travel limit pin 572 is
removed, pawl 534 will pivot so that there is no contact with
shoulder 564 at all. Shuttle 532 will then be free to move towards
the locking position under the influence of spring 536. Projection
524 can then be engaged with fastening system 510. However,
unlocking will not be possible until wire 546 has cooled
sufficiently.
[0321] In the next stage shown in FIG. 45, projection 524 has been
ejected completely from fastening system 510. Wire 546 has
elongated to some extent while cooling and so pawl 534 has been
able to move out of contact with pin 572.
[0322] In the configuration shown in FIG. 46, wire 546 has
completed elongation through cooling, pawl 534 has moved
sufficiently away from pin 572 so that projection 556 has contacted
pin 558, causing pawl 534 to pivot so that ramp 562 is in position
to engage shoulder 564.
[0323] If projection 524 is pushed into fastening system 510 at
this point, ejector plug 542 will be compressed against spring 540,
ends 568 of latch arms 530 will snap into place into recess 570,
ends 566 of shuttle 532 will be able to move into position against
ends 568 of latch arms 530, spring 536 will move shuttle 532 to the
left in FIG. 46 and ramp 562 will engage shoulder 564 of shuttle
532, ready for unlocking if wire 546 is activated.
[0324] Aperture 576 though projection 524 is available for use as a
light pipe--for example, for indication of locked or unlocked
state. In addition, a suitable tool can be inserted though aperture
576, through an aperture (not shown) in ejector plug 542 and though
gap 578 (see FIG. 43) between latch arms 530. The tool can then
exert pressure on shuttle 532 to manually move shuttle 532 towards
the unlocked position, whereupon the contact between ends 566 and
ends 568 will be removed, allowing ejection of projection 524 out
of fastening system 510.
[0325] Reference was made above to the fastening system of the
invention including sensors for temperature, for example. In FIG.
41 these are shown at 580. Sensing is not limited to temperature
sensing. As will be apparent to one skilled in the art, the
fastening system of the invention can sense or control various
other functions, such as lights, heaters, fans and so on. Thus the
fastening system 510 of the invention may have multiple functions
and may be involved in control of lighting, for example, control of
lights within a compartment, the door of which is fastened by
fastening system 510.
[0326] FIG. 47 is an example of integration of the fastening
systems of the invention in a typical vehicle CAN network,
specifically showing a car door. This illustration is largely
self-explanatory. Some of the fasteners of the invention are
referred to in FIG. 47 as part of the "Intelligent Fastener
network". These perform the primary functions of the fastener of
the invention, namely to attach components within the vehicle.
[0327] Other fasteners referred to in FIG. 47 as "Fastener nodes"
are performing a secondary function, namely control of the relevant
component, such as the window motor, the rear vision mirror, etc.
Connection to the CAN bus is also shown.
[0328] It is to be appreciated that the component layout and wiring
harness in FIG. 47 is merely an example and not limiting on the
scope of the invention.
[0329] FIG. 48 is a diagrammatic illustration of part of the system
in FIG. 47. Some of the fasteners of the invention, referred to as
"TZ Intelligent Fasteners" are carrying out the primary function
discussed above and some are carrying out the secondary
function.
[0330] The primary and secondary functions referred to can be
expanded to control or fasten several other vehicle components,
such as those shown in FIG. 49. This Figure is
self-explanatory.
[0331] FIG. 50 shows how the fasteners of the invention may be
arranged to reduce the number of sub-network wiring components
through direct connection into the CAN bus. FIG. 50 should be
compared with FIG. 48 in this regard. In effect, each fastener of
the invention may be able to act as its own multiplex
module/communications gateway or node on the CAN bus. This network
structure may also enable the fasteners of the invention to extend
their function into control of components switching.
[0332] With reference to FIG. 51, this illustrates an example of
the architecture of a fastening system of the invention in a motor
vehicle. At the bottom of the chain is a fastener of the invention,
which fastens a component to the vehicle. This fastener (the
"Intelligent Fastener") is connected to the vehicle computer via
the CAN bus. The vehicle computer transmits data and/or
instructions between the Intelligent Fastener and an "Intelligent
Tool" such as a personal digital assistant (hand-held
computer).
[0333] The master control resides at the top level of the
hierarchy, providing Intelligent Fastener identity and security
information to the Intelligent Tool and logging diagnostic and
historical fastener function information.
[0334] As before, the Intelligent Fastener may have a primary
function of attaching a component to the vehicle and a secondary
function of control of switching.
[0335] Reference is now made to FIGS. 52 to 55, which illustrate an
embodiment of the invention in the third aspect. In FIGS. 52 to 55,
fastening system 610 has engagement means 612 movable between the
locking position shown in FIG. 54 and the unlocking position shown
in FIG. 52.
[0336] Engagement means 612 includes a pair of jaws 614 pivotable
at pivot point 616.
[0337] Block 618 includes cavity 620 defined by arms 622, base 624
and stop 626.
[0338] When engagement means 612 is in the locking position as
illustrated in FIG. 54, pivot point 616 lies as close to base 624
as possible and stop 626 does not prevent the closing of jaws 614,
as illustrated. In contrast, when engagement means 612 is in the
unlocking position shown in FIG. 52, pivot point 616 is spaced from
base 624 and stop 626 forces apart jaws 614, as illustrated.
[0339] Block 618 is urged towards engagement means 612, in the
locking position, by coil spring 628 which is positioned between
block 618 and tube 630.
[0340] Block 618 includes projection 632 containing aperture 634 to
which is attached smart memory alloy wire 642. Smart memory alloy
wire 642 is connected electrically to printed circuit board 638
which in turn is hard wired via wires 640 to an energy source (not
shown). Electrical wire 636 completes the circuit for smart memory
alloy wire 642.
[0341] Fastening system 610 is intended to be inserted into the
edge of a panel through a round hole or bore in the panel, with
wires 640 projecting from the rear of the panel. Jaws 614 engage
latch 644 on external element 646, in order to secure the panel
(not shown) to the external element 646.
[0342] To attach the panel to the external element 646, smart
memory alloy wire 642 is energised by the external energy source
via wires 640 to cause smart memory alloy wire 642 to heat and
contract to the position shown in FIG. 52. In this position, block
618 has been drawn back so that stop 626 forces jaws 614 apart. The
panel is positioned so that jaws 614 are poised around latch 644.
At this stage, power to smart memory alloy wire 642 is cut off and
smart memory alloy wire 642 cools and elongates to the
configuration shown in FIG. 54. Coil spring 628 pushes block 618 to
the left (towards latch 644). Stop 626 is no longer bearing against
the base of jaws 614 and accordingly jaws 614 close as shown in
FIGS. 54 and 55, engaging latch 644. In this way, the panel is
fastened to the external element 646.
[0343] To remove the panel, smart memory alloy wire 642 is again
energised so that it heats and contracts and fastening system 610
assumes the position shown in FIG. 52, releasing jaws 614 from
latch 644.
[0344] As will be apparent to one skilled in the art, the design of
engagement means 612 can be varied considerably from that shown in
FIGS. 52 to 55, as can latch 644. Engagement means 612 and block
618 may be provided as a module, replaceable by a different module
with a different engagement mechanism.
[0345] Fastening system 610 as illustrated in FIGS. 52 to 55 is a
type of "inline" fastener.
[0346] Fastening system 650 illustrated in FIG. 56 is another type
of "inline" fastener. In this second embodiment, fastening system
650 is shown as suitable for use in connection with a fuel filler
cap. The engagement means in FIG. 56 may be substituted for
engagement means 612 in FIGS. 52 to 55. In FIG. 56, the same parts
will be given the same numbers as in FIGS. 52 to 55.
[0347] Fastening system 650 has engagement means 652 which includes
rod 654 (circular in cross section) integral with block 656. Rubber
grommet 658 ensures a liquid and gas-tight seal between rod 654 and
the mechanism of fastening system 650.
[0348] Fastening system 650 is shown with engagement means 652 in
the locking position, so that rod 654 is engaging a fuel filler cap
(not shown). Rod 654 may have a squared off end 660 as shown in
FIG. 56 or a ramped end 662 as shown in dotted outline. The
configuration in this regard will depend on the type of engagement
between rod 654 and the fuel filler cap.
[0349] Coil spring 628 urges engagement means 652 towards the
locking position. Shape memory alloy wire 642, activatable as
described above, can contract to draw engagement means 652 to the
unlocking position, through attachment of shape memory alloy wire
642 in aperture 634 of projection 632 from block 656.
[0350] Locking and unlocking generally takes place as described in
relation to the embodiment in FIGS. 52 to 55, in relation to
contraction of smart memory wire 642.
[0351] It is intended that fastening system 650 will be located
within or close to the fuel filler cavity of a vehicle, activation
taking place as the result of pressing a button on the vehicle
dashboard or pressing a button on the vehicle key fob.
[0352] The embodiment shown in FIG. 57 is a fastening system for a
fuel filler cap which differs from that in FIG. 56 in two respects.
Firstly, the embodiment in FIG. 57 permits a longer "travel" for
the fuel filler catch. Secondly, the embodiment in FIG. 57 includes
a manual override in case there is some malfunction of the
activation system from the vehicle dashboard or from the vehicle
key fob.
[0353] In FIG. 57, fastening system 670 has engagement means 672
which includes tongue 674. Engagement means 672 is biased towards
the locking position, as shown in FIG. 57, by coil spring 628,
which in this embodiment is positioned between block 676 and
housing portion 678.
[0354] Shape memory alloy wire 642 is attached at both ends to
printed circuit board (PCB) 680 retained in channels 682 within
housing 684. Shape memory alloy wire 642 travels from panel 680,
where it is fixed through stop 686, over spindle 688, from there to
spindle 690 and then to block 676 and returns to pcb 680. This
greatly increased the length of shape memory alloy wire 642 which
in turn enables a greater distance of travel for engagement means
672.
[0355] The embodiment in FIG. 57 includes manual override pull 692,
which is attached to block 676 by wires 694. Wires 694 are not of
shape memory alloy wire and simply provide a mechanical connection
between pull 692 and block 676. In case of failure of shape memory
alloy wire 642 to be activated through power provided by an
external source (not shown) through wires 640, pull 692 may be used
to mechanically draw engagement means 672 to the right of the
position shown in FIG. 57, disengaging tongue 674 from the fuel
filler cap (not shown).
[0356] Referring to the embodiment of the next aspect of the
invention, in FIGS. 58 to 61, fastening system 600 has first
engagement means, being arms 594 and protrusion 596, and second
engagement means, being complementary cavity 598 in cap 602.
Fastening system 600 is intended to hold cap 602 onto base 604.
[0357] Locking element 606 is in strip form and is slidable
vertically between arms 594, as can be seen from comparing FIGS. 58
and 59 to FIGS. 60 and 61. Lugs 607 which assist location of
locking element 606 between arms 594 are located in slots 609 in
locking element 606.
[0358] Locking element 606 is attached to shape memory alloy wire
40. The tension in wire 40 can be adjusted by tension screw
1110.
[0359] Spring 1112 assists in maintaining fastening system 600 in
the locked state when no power is applied and also assists in
returning spring 40 to its original, elongated status when it cools
after contraction.
[0360] Batteries 37 are activated by switch 39 to provide power to
fastening system 600. Printed circuit board 1108 programs the
amount of power fed to wire 40. For example, printed circuit board
1108 can permit power to be fed to wire 40 in a series of steps
until the desired temperature has been reached, at which stage
printed circuit board 1108 can switch off the power to allow wire
40 to relax. Printed circuit board 1108 can also provide reports on
the status, history, etc of fastening system 600.
[0361] The embodiment of the aspect of the invention in FIG. 62
does not show a strip form of locking element as in the previous
embodiment. However, generally, the same numerals will be used for
convenience. In the FIG. 62 embodiment, fastening system 600 has
first engagement means including arms 594 and protrusions 596.
Second engagement means is comprised by cavity 598 in cap 602. As
shown, cap 602 is locked to base 604 when protrusions 96 are
engaged in cavity 98 by brass slug 1114, which in this embodiment
is the locking element. Brass slug 1114 is attached to smart memory
alloy wire 40 as shown. Spring 1112 urges brass slug 1114 to its
locking position between protrusions 96. When switch 39 is
activated, printed circuit board 1118 ensures that batteries 37
provide the appropriate power to wire 40 to heat wire 40 to the
temperature at which it contracts, drawing slug 1114 out of
position between protrusions 596. At this stage, protrusions 596,
which are biased inwardly on arms 594, can clear cavities 598 and
allow cap 602 to be released from base 604.
[0362] Charging contact 49 is provided for recharging batteries 37.
Charging contact 49 may take the form of a socket or plug to be
mated with a corresponding plug or socket (not shown).
[0363] Turning now to FIGS. 63 to 68, framing system 10 (only part
of which can be seen in this Figure) has several attachment nodes
12 which are hidden from view in most cases by the fairings and
cowlings attached to frame 10. The fastener at attachment node 12a
is preferably of the type illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3 and the
fastener at attachment node 12b is preferably of the type
illustrated in FIGS. 5 to 7.
[0364] Individual attachments are shown in FIGS. 64 and 65, where
pannier 14 is to be attached to framing system 10. Pannier 14 has
two fasteners 16 for insertion in attachment nodes 12. Fasteners 16
preferably are the type illustrated in FIGS. 14 to 16, described
above. FIG. 65 shows pannier 14 mounted securely in place. As can
be seen in FIG. 65, fasteners 16 are hidden when pannier 14 is
mounted. Pannier 14 cannot be removed without authority, without
damage to pannier 14 and this can enhance security.
[0365] Turning now to FIG. 66, frame 10 has attachment nodes 12 for
two alternate versions of seat 18a and 18b. Seat 18a is a single
seat whilst 18b is a double seat with a luggage carrier 20. This
Figure illustrates the versatility of the framing system of the
invention when applied to a motor cycle. When touring, seat 18a can
be removed and replaced by seat 18b, for example.
[0366] FIG. 68 shows in diagrammatic form the attachment of
windscreen 22 to framing system 10 by suitable fasteners (not
shown). Windscreen 22 can be removed when not required.
[0367] In FIG. 68, GPS system 24 is shown as attachable to
handlebars 23. In the same Figure, fuel filler cap 28 can be
included in the framing system of the invention. This can help to
prevent theft of fuel since fuel filler cap 28 cannot be removed
without authorisation or without considerable damage.
[0368] In FIG. 69, shape memory alloy wire 40 is shown encased in
elastomeric material 144. In FIG. 69, SMA wire 40 is in the
relaxed, uncontracted state. In FIG. 70, wire 40 has contracted,
causing elastomeric material 144 to be compressed vertically.
Elastomeric material 144 retains the tendency to return to the
original configuration in FIG. 69. Consequently, as soon as wire 40
has been allowed to cool to the required temperature, it relaxes
and returns to the configuration in FIG. 69 under the influence of
elastomeric material 144.
[0369] In the FIG. 71 and FIG. 72 embodiment, there are three SMA
wires, 40a, 40b and 40c. When wires 40a and 40b are heated to
contract, elastomeric material 144 bends to the left side as shown
in FIG. 72. When wires 40a and 40b relax, elastomeric material 144,
with its tendency to restore itself to the original shape, will
stretch out wires 40a and 40b to the configuration shown in FIG.
71.
[0370] It will be appreciated that wire 40c, if activated, will
bend elastomeric material 144 to the right.
[0371] In FIGS. 73 and 74, SMA wire 40 is wrapped around
elastomeric material 144 to form a spiral. When wire 40 is
activated to contract, it compresses elastomeric material 144 which
thus elongates as shown in FIG. 74. The tendency of elastomeric
material 144 to return to its original shape will urge wire 40 to
extend, when it has cooled sufficiently, to return the assembly to
the FIG. 73 configuration.
[0372] In FIGS. 75, 76 and 77, the SMA wires are shown as forming
the sides of a series of triangles. Together, these are situated on
the surface of a three dimensional body of elastomeric material
144. Contraction of alternate wires 40 causes elastomeric material
144 to twist as shown by arrow 146 in FIG. 77. Once again, the
restoring force of elastomeric material 144 can return the body to
the original configuration.
[0373] Contraction of all wires 40 together will cause the three
dimensional body to elongate, as in the FIGS. 73 and 74
embodiment.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0374] It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the
invention in its various aspects has wide industrial applicability,
providing fasteners, fastening systems and other aspects for a
plurality of industries.
* * * * *