U.S. patent application number 12/496719 was filed with the patent office on 2009-12-31 for antibody vaccine conjugates and uses therefor.
Invention is credited to Michael ENDRES, Lizhen HE, Tibor KELER, Venky RAMAKRISHNA.
Application Number | 20090324622 12/496719 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36647929 |
Filed Date | 2009-12-31 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090324622 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
KELER; Tibor ; et
al. |
December 31, 2009 |
ANTIBODY VACCINE CONJUGATES AND USES THEREFOR
Abstract
The present invention provides novel antibody vaccine conjugates
and methods of using the same to induce a cytotoxic T cell (CTL)
response. In a particular, embodiment, the vaccine conjugate
includes a human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit (.beta.hCG)
antigen linked to an anti-mannose receptor (MR) antibody.
Inventors: |
KELER; Tibor; (Ottsville,
PA) ; ENDRES; Michael; (Painesville, OH) ; HE;
Lizhen; (Allentown, PA) ; RAMAKRISHNA; Venky;
(Riegelsville, PA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
LAHIVE & COCKFIELD, LLP;FLOOR 30, SUITE 3000
ONE POST OFFICE SQUARE
BOSTON
MA
02109
US
|
Family ID: |
36647929 |
Appl. No.: |
12/496719 |
Filed: |
July 2, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10903191 |
Jul 30, 2004 |
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12496719 |
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10769144 |
Jan 30, 2004 |
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10903191 |
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60443979 |
Jan 31, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/182.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K 2317/73 20130101;
A61P 33/02 20180101; C07K 2317/565 20130101; C07K 2317/77 20130101;
A61K 2039/5154 20130101; C07K 14/59 20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101;
C07K 2319/33 20130101; A61K 39/0006 20130101; A61P 31/04 20180101;
A61K 2039/572 20130101; C07K 2317/56 20130101; C07K 2318/10
20130101; A61K 39/0011 20130101; C07K 16/2851 20130101; A61K
2039/6056 20130101; C07K 2317/21 20130101; C07K 2319/00 20130101;
A61P 31/12 20180101; C07K 16/28 20130101; C07K 2317/33 20130101;
Y02A 50/30 20180101; C07K 2317/622 20130101; A61P 37/04
20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/182.1 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/44 20060101
A61K039/44; A61P 35/00 20060101 A61P035/00 |
Claims
1. A method of inducing or enhancing a T cell mediated immune
response against an antigen comprising contacting antigen
presenting cells (APCs) with (a) a molecular conjugate comprising
an antigen and a monoclonal antibody which binds to the human
macrophage mannose receptor (MMR); and (b) a toll receptor agonist
or a combination of toll receptor agonists, such that the antigen
is internalized, processed and presented to T cells in a manner
which induces or enhances a T cell mediated immune response against
an antigen.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the toll receptor agonist is
selected from the group consisting of flagellin, MALP-2 (macrophage
activating lipopeptide-2), LPS, R837, R848, polyI:C
(inosine:cytosine polynucleotide), ssRNA, and dsRNA.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the combination of toll receptor
agonists comprises R848 and polyI:C.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the antigen is a bacterial, viral
or tumor antigen.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the antigen is a tumor-associated
antigen selected from .beta.hCG, gp100 or Pmel17, HER2/neu, CEA,
gp100, MART1, TRP-2, melan-A, NY-ESO-1, MN (gp250), MAGE-1, MAGE-3,
Tyrosinase, Telomerase, and MUC-1 antigens.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the antigen is a viral antigen
selected from HIV-1 gag, HIV-1 env, HIV-1 nef, HBV core, FAS,
HSV-1, HSV-2, p17, ORF2 and ORF3 antigens.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein the antigen is a bacterial
antigen selected from the group consisting from Toxoplasma gondii,
Treponema pallidum, Anthrax, Botulism, Tetanus, Chlamydia, Cholera,
Diptheria, Lyme Disease, Syphilis, and Tuberculosis antigens.
8. The method of claim 5, wherein the antigen is a .beta.hCG
antigen.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the APCs are dendritic cells.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the T cell response is induced
through both MHC Class I and MHC Class II pathways.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the T cell response is mediated
by cytotoxic T cells and/or helper T cells.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the T cell response is induced
by cross-presentation of the antigen to T cells through both MHC
Class I and MHC Class II pathways.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody is selected from
the group consisting of human, humanized and chimeric
antibodies.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody is selected from
the group consisting of a whole antibody, an Fab fragment and a
single chain antibody.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy
chain variable region comprising FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3
and FR4 sequences and a light chain variable region comprising FR1,
CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3 and FR4 sequences, wherein: (a) the
heavy chain variable region CDR3 sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 15;
and (b) the light chain variable region CDR3 sequence comprises SEQ
ID NO: 18; (c) the heavy chain variable region CDR2 sequence
comprises SEQ ID NO: 14; (d) the light chain variable region CDR2
sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 17; (e) the heavy chain variable
region CDR1 sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:13; and (f) the light
chain variable region CDR1 sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 16.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy
chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence shown in
SEQ ID NO:4 and a light chain variable region comprising the amino
acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:8, or an antibody that competes
for binding with the foregoing antibody.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the molecular conjugate and the
toll receptor agonist or combination of toll receptor agonists, are
linked.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the molecular conjugate and the
toll-receptor agonist are expressed together as a single
recombinant fusion protein.
19. The method of claim 1, further comprising administration of a
colony-stimulating factor.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the toll receptor agonist or
combination of toll receptor agonists, is administered
simultaneously with the molecular conjugate.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein the toll receptor agonist or
combination of toll receptor agonists, is administered prior to
administration of the molecular conjugate.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the toll receptor agonist or
combination of toll receptor agonists, is administered subsequent
to administration of the molecular conjugate.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 10/903,191 (filed Jul. 30, 2004), entitled "Antibody Vaccine
Conjugates and Uses Therefor", which is a continuation-in-part
application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/769,144 (filed Jan. 30,
2004), entitled "Antibody Vaccine Conjugates and Uses Therefor",
which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
60/443,979 (filed Jan. 31, 2003), entitled "Antibody Vaccine
Conjugates and Uses Therefor". The contents of each of these
applications is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The immune response is initiated at the level of
professional antigen presenting cells (APC), which include
dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mg), that reside in tissues
throughout the body. DCs express high levels of cell surface
molecules and complementary receptors that interact with T
lymphocytes and, therefore, induce potent immune responses. DCs
also secrete cytokines, chemokines and proteases which initiate
immune responses and culminate in the amplification of both
cellular and humoral immunity.
[0003] DCs express on their surface major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) molecules that bind fragments of antigens. T cells
which express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize such
antigen-MHC complexes become activated and initiate the immune
cascade. In general, there are two types of MHC molecules, MHC
class I and MHC class II molecules. MHC class I molecules present
antigen to specific CD8.sup.+ T cells and MHC class II molecules
present antigen to specific CD4.sup.+ T cells.
[0004] For effective treatment of many diseases, particularly
cancers, vaccines must elicit a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
response, also referred to as a cytotoxic T cell response.
Cytotoxic T cells predominantly include CD8.sup.+ T cells which
recognize antigen in the context of MHC class I. The processing of
antigens in the context of MHC class I molecules differs
significantly from that of MHC class II molecules. Antigens
delivered exogenously to APCs are processed primarily for
association with MHC class II molecules. In contrast, due to the
intracellular location of MHC class I molecules, antigens delivered
endogenously to APCs are processed primarily for association with
MHC class I molecules. This is not only true for APCs, as all
nucleated cells express MHC class I molecules, and are continuously
displaying on their surface endogenously produced antigens in
association with MHC class I molecules.
[0005] For this reason, cells infected with virus or tumor cells
expressing unique proteins can be targeted by CTLs when viral or
tumor antigens are displayed as a peptide bound to MHC class I
molecules. However, DCs, under specific conditions, have the unique
capacity also to allow exogenous antigens access to internal
compartments for binding to MHC class I molecules, so that they are
presented to T cells via both MHC class I and class II pathways.
This process is called cross-priming or cross-presentation.
[0006] Accordingly, while antibody-mediated responses have
demonstrated impressive protective or therapeutic efficacy for
specific diseases when directed against particular secreted or cell
surface antigens, the most effective immunotherapy for many
diseases appears to require T cell-mediated immune responses,
particularly CTL responses. Since effective CTL responses are not
limited to extracellular antigens, there exist possibilities for
developing antigen-based therapeutic vaccines that are not
effective antibody targets. Therefore, new methods for generating
CTLs in response to disease-associated antigens have been of great
interest, as these cells are thought to be critical for the
efficacy of many vaccines in general, and essential to most
therapeutic cancer vaccines.
[0007] One vaccine approach which has been tested to date employs
immunizing with antigenic peptides. This method of immunization
bypasses the need for antigen uptake and processing and relies on
the ability of the peptide to bind directly to MHC class I
molecules already expressed on the surface of the APC. Although
this method has clearly shown evidence of CTL induction in
patients, the method has several limitations. The antigenic peptide
must be pre-established, different peptides are required for
individuals with different MHC haplotypes, and peptides are
short-lived in vivo.
[0008] Another approach which has been tested employs
antibody-antigen complexes. Paul et al. (62) showed that antibodies
specific for a given antigen could enhance humoral immune responses
against the antigen in mice, presumably by delivering the immune
complexes to Fc receptors for IgG (Fc.gamma.R) expressed on APCs.
Wernersson and colleagues (63) studied the role of individual
Fc.gamma.Rs in the enhancement of immune responses using immune
complexes in vivo. Their studies demonstrated that Fc.gamma.RI is
sufficient to mediate enhanced immune responses. However, such
immune complexes do not target APCs specifically, as they also bind
to Fc receptors on many cells that are not involved in antigen
presentation, thereby, decreasing the efficiency of antigen
delivery.
[0009] Subsequent studies have used antibodies to selectively
target antigens to a variety of receptors on APCs, and have
demonstrated that such selective delivery is capable of inducing
humoral responses (66,67). In addition, it has been shown that
immune complexes bound to FcR on DCs are processed and presented in
context of MHC class I (64,65). Moreover, many such FcR-targeting
approaches are limited because FcR are expressed on many non-APC
such as platelets and neutrophils. Ideally, a vaccine that targets
APC specifically and is capable of inducing an effective MHC class
I-restricted CTL response, as well as an effective MHC class
II-restricted TH response could offer improved efficacy in treating
certain diseases.
[0010] Similarly, mannosylated antigens have been shown to induce
humoral immune responses and T cell-mediated immune responses, such
as CTL responses. However, mannosylated antigens do not target APC
specifically due to the significant abundance of other mannose
binding proteins. Furthermore, mannosylated proteins are
internalized by immature DCs through macropinocytic mechanisms.
Therefore, the mechanisms and nature of immune responses generated
by mannosylation of antigens differs greatly from that generated by
specific targeting of antigens to mannose receptors using
antibodies.
[0011] Since current methods do not efficiently and specifically
target APCs, many therapeutic vaccines require the purification of
DC from patients, which are reinfused after exposure to the
antigen.
[0012] Accordingly, the need exists for improved vaccines capable
of efficiently targeting APCs and generating antigen-specific T
cell-mediated immune responses, including antigen-specific CTL
responses, required for effective treatment of many diseases.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The present invention provides antibody-based vaccines and
methods for generating antigen-specific T cell-mediated immune
responses required for effective treatment of many diseases. In
particular, a potent antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
response is induced by targeting one or more protein antigens to
antigen presenting cells (APCs), using antibodies which bind to
particular receptors expressed on APCs. Preferred receptors include
C-lectins, particularly the human mannose receptor, which are
expressed on both dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. As
demonstrated by way of the present invention, targeting the mannose
receptor using antibody-antigen conjugates results in processing of
the antigen through both MHC class I and class II pathways. Thus,
antigen-specific CTLs (e.g., CD8.sup.+ T cells) are induced, as
well as other important effector T cells, including helper T cells
(e.g., CD4.sup.+ T cells). Accordingly, in one aspect, the present
invention provides a method for inducing or enhancing a CTL
response against an antigen by forming a conjugate of the antigen
and a monoclonal antibody which binds to a human APC, e.g., a
monoclonal antibody which binds to the human mannose receptor
expressed on human APC. The conjugate is then contacted, either in
vivo or ex vivo, with APCs such that the antigen is internalized,
processed and presented to T cells in a manner which induces or
enhances a CTL response (e.g., a response mediated by CD8.sup.+
cytotoxic T cells) against the antigen. In a preferred embodiment,
this serves also to induce a helper T cell response (e.g., a
response mediated by CD4.sup.+ helper T cells) against the antigen.
Thus, the immune response is induced through both MHC class I and
MHC class II pathways. The APCs can also be contacted with an
adjuvant or an immunostimulatory agent, such as a cytokine, which
stimulates proliferation of dendritic cells to further enhance the
immune response. Such agents can be contacted separately from the
molecular conjugate or linked to the molecular conjugate.
[0014] Accordingly, in a particular embodiment, the invention
provides a vaccine conjugate comprising a monoclonal antibody which
binds to a human APC linked to an antigen and to an
immunostimulatory agent. The immunostimulatory agent can be linked
to the conjugate either covalently or non-covalently.
Alternatively, the immunostimulatory agent can be genetically fused
to the conjugate (e.g., expressed together with the conjugate as a
single fusion protein). A variety of suitable immunostimulatory
agents can be employed including, but not limited to: CD40 ligand;
cytokines, such as IFN-.alpha., IFN-.beta., IFN-.gamma. and IL-2;
colony-stimulating factors, such as G-CSF (granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor) and GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor); an anti-CTLA-4 antibody; toll receptor
agonists (e.g., flagellin and MALP-2 (macrophage activating
lipopeptide-2); LPS (endotoxin); R837 (3M Pharmaceuticals, St.
Paul, Minn.); R848 (3M Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, Minn.); polyI:C
(inosine:cytosine polynucleotide); ssRNA; dsRNA; Bacille
Calmette-Guerin (BCG); Levamisole hydrochloride; and intravenous
immune globulins.
[0015] A variety of suitable antibodies can be employed in the
conjugates of the present invention including, but not limited to
those derived from any species (e.g., human, murine, rabbit etc.)
and/or those engineered and expressed recombinantly (e.g.,
chimeric, humanized and human antibodies). Preferred antibodies
include human monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies used in the
invention also can include any antibody isotype, such as IgG1,
IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgAsec, IgD, or IgE, although
preferred antibodies are of the IgG isotype. The antibodies can be
whole antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof including,
for example, Fab, F(ab').sub.2, Fv and single chain Fv
fragments.
[0016] Preferred antibodies for use in the present invention
include human monoclonal antibodies that bind to the human mannose
receptor. In one embodiment, the antibody is encoded by human heavy
chain and human kappa light chain nucleic acids comprising
nucleotide sequences in their variable regions as set forth in SEQ
ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:7, respectively, or a nucleotide sequence
that is sufficiently homologous to SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:7 such
that the antibody retains the ability to bind to dendritic
cells.
[0017] Still other preferred human antibodies include those
characterized as binding to the human mannose receptor and having a
human heavy chain and human kappa light chain variable regions
comprising the amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 and
SEQ ID NO:8, respectively, or an amino acid sequence that is
sufficiently homologous to SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:8 such that the
antibody retains the ability to bind to dendritic cells.
[0018] Still other particular human antibodies of the invention
include those which comprise a complementarity determining region
(CDR) domain having a human heavy and light chain CDR1 region, a
human heavy and light chain CDR2 region, and a human heavy and
light chain CDR3 region, wherein
[0019] (a) the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of the human heavy chain
regions comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group
consisting of the amino acid sequences of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3
regions shown in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NOs:13, 14, or 15), and
conservative sequence modifications thereof, and
[0020] (b) the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of the human light chain
regions comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group
consisting of the amino acid sequences of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3
regions shown in FIG. 9 (SEQ ID NOs:16, 17, or 18), and
conservative sequence modifications thereof.
[0021] Antibodies derived from a particular germline sequence, for
example, antibodies obtained from a system using human
immunoglobulin sequences, e.g., by immunizing a transgenic mouse
carrying human immunoglobulin genes or by screening a human
immunoglobulin gene library, are also included in the present
invention.
[0022] Human antibodies for use in the invention can be produced
recombinantly in a host cell, such as a transfectoma (e.g., a
transfectoma consisting of immortalized CHO cells or lymphocytic
cells) containing nucleic acids encoding the heavy and light chains
of the antibody, or be obtained directly from a hybridoma which
expresses the antibody (e.g., which includes a B cell obtained from
a transgenic nonhuman animal, e.g., a transgenic mouse, having a
genome comprising a human heavy chain transgene and a human light
chain transgene that encode the antibody, fused to an immortalized
cell). In a particular embodiment, the antibodies are produced by a
hybridoma, or by a host cell (e.g., a CHO cell) transfectoma
containing human heavy chain and human light chain nucleic acids
which comprise nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NOs:3 and 7,
respectively, and conservative modifications thereof.
[0023] Suitable antigens for use in the present invention include
any antigen, or antigenic portion thereof, against which a
protective or therapeutic immune responses is desired including,
for example, a variety of tumor and infectious disease antigens.
Particular antigens can be selected from, among others, human
chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit (.beta.hCG), Gp100, prostate
associated antigen (PSA), Pmel-17, colon, lung, pancreas, breast,
ovary, and germ cell derived tumor cell antigens, viral proteins,
bacterial proteins, carbohydrates, and fungal proteins. In
accordance with the invention, such antigens are linked to
antibodies to form highly effective antibody vaccine
conjugates.
[0024] In another aspect, the present invention provides a
particular antibody vaccine conjugate that includes .beta.hCG
linked to an antibody which binds to the human mannose receptor. In
one embodiment, the conjugate comprises a human heavy chain which
is linked to .beta.hCG, such as the B11-.beta.hCG conjugate
described herein having a heavy chain comprising the amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:10. A single chain version of the
B11-.beta.hCG conjugate is also provided, comprising the amino acid
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0025] The present invention further provides compositions (e.g.,
pharmaceutical compositions) containing one or more antibody
vaccine conjugates of the invention. The compositions can
additionally include one or more adjuvants or other agents known to
enhance immune responses and/or increase the activity of APCs.
[0026] Other features and advantages of the instant invention will
be apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0027] FIG. 1 shows a map of the molecular conjugate (SEQ ID NOs:11
and 12) encoding a fusion protein containing the single chain B11
antibody linked to .beta.hCG antigen (pB11sfv-.beta.hCG).
[0028] FIG. 2 shows a map of the molecular conjugate (SEQ ID NOs:9
and 10) encoding a fusion protein containing the whole B11 antibody
linked to .beta.hCG antigen (.beta.hCG-B11 construct).
[0029] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a molecular conjugate.
The antigen is genetically fused to the heavy chains of the intact
antibody.
[0030] FIG. 4 is a graph based on flow cytometry studies which
shows that the .beta.hCG-B11 construct binds specifically to
cultured human DC expressing MR.
[0031] FIG. 5 is a graph showing that the .beta.hCG-B11 construct
induces .beta.hCG-specific cytotoxic T cells.
[0032] FIG. 6 is a graph showing that the .beta.hCG-B11 construct
induces .beta.hCG-specific cytotoxic T cells.
[0033] FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing that the .beta.hCG-B11
construct induces T helper response.
[0034] FIG. 8 shows the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) and
corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) of the heavy chain
V region of human monoclonal antibody B11 with CDR regions
designated (SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15).
[0035] FIG. 9 shows the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) and
corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:8) of the light
(kappa) chain V region of human monoclonal antibody B11 with CDR
regions designated (SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, and 18).
[0036] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the predicted T cell epitopes
of the .beta.hCG-B11 construct as analyzed using web-based
predictive algorithms (BIMAS & SYFPEITHI). T cell epitopes were
found for potential binding to HLA-A2, HLA-B7 and HLA-DR molecules.
Several epitopes were also predicted from the B11 segment of
.beta.hCG-B11. No T cell epitope was identified in the 37 aa long
C-terminal peptide.
[0037] FIG. 11 is a graph showing CTL specific for the
.beta.hCG-B11 construct recognize the scFv form of the antigen, B11
sfv-.beta.hCG presented by DCs.
[0038] FIG. 12 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) of the
heavy chain V region of human monoclonal antibody B11 compared to
the germline sequence (SEQ ID NO:30), VH5-51 germline.
[0039] FIG. 13 shows the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) of the
heavy chain V region of human monoclonal antibody B11 compared to
the germline sequence (SEQ ID NO:29), VH5-51 germline.
[0040] FIG. 14 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:8) of the
light (kappa) chain V region of human monoclonal antibody B11 with
CDR regions designated compared to the germline sequence (SEQ ID
NO:32), Vk-L15 germline.
[0041] FIG. 15 shows the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) of the
light (kappa) chain V region of human monoclonal antibody B11 with
CDR regions designated compared to the germline sequence (SEQ ID
NO:31), Vk-L15 germline.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0042] The present invention is based on the discovery that
important T cell-mediated immune responses can be generated by
targeting antigens to antigen presenting cells (APCs) using
antibodies directed against particular cellular receptors.
Specifically, for effective treatment of many diseases, such as
cancers and infectious diseases, vaccines must elicit a potent
antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, primarily
mediated by CD8+ T cells which recognize antigen in the context of
MHC class I. For optimal immunization, this is preferably
accompanied by other important effector T cell functions, including
induction of antigen-specific helper T cells, such as CD4+ T cells,
which recognize antigen in the context of the MHC class II pathway.
Thus, effective vaccines should induce antigen-specific CTLs,
preferably in combination with other T cell-mediated immune
responses, through multiple MHC pathways.
[0043] Accordingly, the present invention provides novel
antibody-based vaccine conjugates and methods for inducing or
enhancing antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses.
Therapies of the invention employ molecular conjugates comprising
antibodies which bind to antigen presenting cells (APC), such as
dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages, linked to an antigen. The
molecular conjugates can be administered alone or with other
immunostimulatory agents and/or adjuvants that further enhance the
immune response against the antigen. In one embodiment, the
immunostimulatory agent is co-administered with the molecular
conjugate. In another embodiment, the immunostimulatory agent is
administered prior to or after administration of the molecular
conjugate. In yet another embodiment, the immunostimulatory agent
is linked (e.g., covalently, non-covalently or recombinantly) to
the molecular conjugate. For example, the immunostimulatory agent
can be genetically fused or chemically linked to the molecular
conjugate via, e.g., the heavy and/or light chain of the antibody
portion of the conjugate.
[0044] Antibodies which target APCs are known in the art and
include, for example, antibodies which target Class I or Class II
major histocompatibility (MHC) determinants on APC (78, 79, 81,
83). Other antibodies include those which target Fc receptors on
APCs (77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83), as well as surface immunoglobulins
on B cells (84).
[0045] In a particular embodiment exemplified herein, the molecular
conjugate includes an antibody which binds to the mannose receptor
(MR) on human DCs, linked to the .beta.hCG antigen. Such conjugates
can be contacted with APCs either in vivo or ex vivo to generate
desired CTL responses.
[0046] In order that the present invention may be more readily
understood, certain terms are first defined. Additional definitions
are set forth throughout the detailed description.
[0047] As used herein, the term "antigen presenting cell (APC)"
refers to a class of immune cells capable of internalizing and
processing an antigen, so that antigenic determinants are presented
on the surface of the cell as MHC-associated complexes, in a manner
capable of being recognized by the immune system (e.g., MHC class I
restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes and/or MHC class II restricted
helper T lymphocytes). The two requisite properties that allow a
cell to function as an APC are the ability to process endocytosed
antigens and the expression of MHC gene products. Examples of APCs
include dendritic cells (DC), mononuclear phagocytes (e.g.,
macrophages), B lymphocytes, Langerhans cells of the skin and, in
humans, endothelial cells.
[0048] The term "dendritic cell (DC)" as used herein, includes
immature and mature DCs and related myeloid progenitor cells that
are capable of differentiating into DCs or related antigen
presenting cells (e.g., monocytes and macrophages). DCs express
high levels of cell surface molecules and complementary receptors
that interact with T lymphocytes (e.g., C-type lectins, such as the
mannose receptor) and, therefore, are capable of inducing induce
potent immune responses. DCs also secrete cytokines, chemokines and
proteases which initiate an immune response and culminates in the
amplification of both cellular and humoral immunity. DCs also
express on their surface major histocompatibilty complex (MHC)
molecules that bind fragments of antigens. T cells which recognize
these antigen-MHC complexes become activated and initiate the
immune cascade. In a preferred embodiment, binding of an antibody
portion of the molecular conjugate of the invention to a dendritic
cell results in internalization of the conjugate by the dendritic
cell.
[0049] The term "macrophage mannose receptor" or "MR" refers to a
member of a family of C-type lectin receptors characterized by
repeated carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRD) in the
extracellular portion and a short cytoplasmic tail containing two
putative clathrin targeting sequences (34,35,37). In addition, the
MR contains N-terminal cysteine rich and fibronectin domains. The
different domains of the mannose receptor have specific binding
capacity for various ligands including lysosomal enzymes,
micro-organisms, pituitary hormones, glycosoaminoglycans, and
sulfated blood group antigens (38-40).
[0050] "MHC molecules" include two types of molecules, MHC class I
and MHC class II. MHC class I molecules present antigen to specific
CD8.sup.+ T cells and MHC class II molecules present antigen to
specific CD4.sup.+ T cells. Antigens delivered exogenously to APCs
are processed primarily for association with MHC class II. In
contrast, antigens delivered endogenously to APCs are processed
primarily for association with MHC class I. However, under specific
conditions, DCs have the unique capacity to allow exogenous
antigens access to internal compartments for binding to MHC class I
molecules, in addition to MHC class II molecules. This process is
called "cross-priming" or "cross-presentation."
[0051] As used herein, the term "immunostimulatory agent" refers to
compounds capable of stimulating APCs, such as DCs and macrophages.
For example, suitable immunostimulatory agents for use in the
present invention are capable of stimulating APCs so that the
maturation process of the APCs is accelerated, the proliferation of
APCs is increased, and/or the recruitment or release of
co-stimulatory molecules (e.g., CD80, CD86, ICAM-1, MHC molecules
and CCR7) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1.beta., IL-6,
IL-12, IL-15, and IFN-.gamma.) is upregulated. Suitable
immunostimulatory agents are also capable of increasing T cell
proliferation. Such immunostimulatory agents include, but are not
be limited to, CD40 ligand; cytokines, such as IFN-.alpha.,
IFN-.beta., IFN-.gamma. and IL-2; colony-stimulating factors, such
as G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) and GM-CSF
(granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor); an anti-CTLA-4
antibody; toll receptor agonists (e.g., flagellin and MALP-2
(macrophage activating lipopeptide-2); LPS (endotoxin); R837 (3M
Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, Minn.); R848 (3M Pharmaceuticals, St.
Paul, Minn.); polyI:C (inosine:cytosine polynucleotide); ssRNA;
dsRNA; Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG); Levamisole hydrochloride; and
intravenous immune globulins.
[0052] As used herein, the term "linked" refers to the association
of two or more molecules. The linkage can be covalent or
non-covalent. The linkage also can be genetic (i.e., recombinantly
fused). Such linkages can be achieved using a wide variety of art
recognized techniques, such as chemical conjugation and recombinant
protein production.
[0053] As used herein, the term antigen "cross-presentation" refers
to presentation of exogenous protein antigens to T cells via MHC
class I and class II molecules on APCs.
[0054] As used herein, the term "T cell-mediated response" refers
to any response mediated by T cells, including effector T cells
(e.g., CD8.sup.+ cells) and helper T cells (e.g., CD4.sup.+ cells).
T cell mediated responses include, for example, T cell cytotoxicity
and proliferation.
[0055] As used herein, the term "cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
response" refers to an immune response induced by cytotoxic T
cells. CTL responses are mediated primarily by CD8.sup.+ T
cells.
[0056] As used herein, the term "antibody" includes whole
antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof including, for
example, Fab, F(ab').sub.2, Fv and single chain Fv fragments.
Suitable antibodies include any form of antibody, e.g., murine,
human, chimeric, or humanized and any type antibody isotype, such
as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgAsec, IgD, or IgE
isotypes. As used herein, "isotype" refers to the antibody class
that is encoded by heavy chain constant region genes.
[0057] Whole antibodies contain at least two heavy (H) chains and
two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy
chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated
herein as HCVR or V.sub.H) and a heavy chain constant region. The
heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2
and CH3. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable
region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or V.sub.L) and a light chain
constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of
one domain, CL. The V.sub.H and V.sub.L regions can be further
subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed
"complementarity determining regions (CDR)", interspersed with
regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
Each V.sub.H and V.sub.L is composed of three CDRs and four FRs,
arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following
order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions
of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that
interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies
may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or
factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g.,
effector cells) and the first component (Clq) of the classical
complement system.
[0058] Preferred antibodies of the invention include human
antibodies, e.g., a human antibody having an IgG1 (e.g., IgG1k)
heavy chain and a kappa light chain. Other preferred antibodies of
the invention bind human DCs, such as antibodies which bind a
C-type lectin receptor on a human DC, e.g., the MR on human DCs. In
a particular embodiment, the antibody is a human monoclonal
antibody that binds to the human macrophage mannose receptor (also
referred to herein as "human B11 antigen") having an approximate
molecular weight of 180 kD as measured by SDS-PAGE. Protocols for
generating such antibodies are described in WO 01/085798, the
contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Particular
human antibodies include those which comprise heavy and light chain
variable regions amino acid sequences as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2 and
6, respectively, or an amino acid sequence that is sufficiently
homologous to SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:6 such that the antibody
retains the ability to bind to dendritic cells
[0059] The term "antigen-binding portion" of an antibody (or simply
"antibody portion"), as used herein, refers to one or more
fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically
bind to an antigen (e.g., an antigen on a dendritic cell). It has
been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be
performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. Examples of
binding fragments encompassed within the term "antigen-binding
portion" of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent
fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) a
F(ab').sub.2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab
fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a
Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv
fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an
antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature
341:544-546), which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated
complementarity determining region (CDR). Furthermore, although the
two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH, are coded for by
separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a
synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein
chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent
molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al.
(1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883). Such single chain antibodies are also
intended to be encompassed within the term "antigen-binding
portion" of an antibody. These antibody fragments are obtained
using conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art,
and the fragments are screened for utility in the same manner as
are intact antibodies.
[0060] The term "human antibody," as used herein, is intended to
include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived
from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. The human antibodies
of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by
human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced
by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic
mutation in vivo). However, the term "human antibody", as used
herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR
sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species,
such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework
sequences.
[0061] The terms "monoclonal antibody" or "monoclonal antibody
composition," as used herein, refer to a preparation of antibody
molecules of single molecular composition. A monoclonal antibody
composition displays a single binding specificity and affinity for
a particular epitope. Accordingly, the term "human monoclonal
antibody" refers to antibodies displaying a single binding
specificity which have variable and constant regions derived from
human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In one embodiment, the
human monoclonal antibodies are produced by a hybridoma which
includes a B cell obtained from a transgenic non-human animal,
e.g., a transgenic mouse, having a genome comprising a human heavy
chain transgene and a light chain transgene, fused to an
immortalized cell.
[0062] The term "recombinant human antibody," as used herein,
includes all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created
or isolated by recombinant means, such as (a) antibodies isolated
from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic or
transchromosomal for human immunoglobulin genes or a hybridoma
prepared therefrom, (b) antibodies isolated from a host cell
transformed to express the antibody, e.g., from a transfectoma, (c)
antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human
antibody library, and (d) antibodies prepared, expressed, created
or isolated by any other means that involve splicing of human
immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences. Such
recombinant human antibodies have variable and constant regions
derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In certain
embodiments, however, such recombinant human antibodies can be
subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic
for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and
thus the amino acid sequences of the VH and VL regions of the
recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and
related to human germline VH and VL sequences, may not naturally
exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.
[0063] As used herein, "specific binding" refers to antibody
binding to a predetermined antigen. Typically, the antibody binds
with a dissociation constant (K.sub.D) of 10.sup.7 M or less, and
binds to the predetermined antigen with a K.sub.D that is at least
two-fold less than its K.sub.D for binding to a non-specific
antigen (e.g., BSA, casein) other than the predetermined antigen or
a closely-related antigen. The phrases "an antibody recognizing an
antigen" and "an antibody specific for an antigen" are used
interchangeably herein with the term "an antibody which binds
specifically to an antigen."
[0064] As used herein, the term "high affinity" for an IgG antibody
refers to an antibody having a K.sub.D of 10.sup.-8 M or less, more
preferably 10.sup.-9 M or less and even more preferably 10.sup.-10
M or less. However, "high affinity" binding can vary for other
antibody isotypes. For example, "high affinity" binding for an IgM
isotype refers to an antibody having a K.sub.D of 10.sup.-7 M or
less, more preferably 10.sup.-8 M or less.
[0065] The term "K.sub.assoc" or "K.sub.a", as used herein, is
intended to refer to the association rate of a particular
antibody-antigen interaction, whereas the term "K.sub.dis" or
"K.sub.d," as used herein, is intended to refer to the dissociation
rate of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. The term
"K.sub.D", as used herein, is intended to refer to the dissociation
constant, which is obtained from the ratio of K.sub.d to K.sub.a
(i.e., K.sub.d/K.sub.a) and is expressed as a molar concentration
(M).
[0066] As used herein, the term ".beta.hCG" refers to the beta
subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and includes the whole
antigen, antigenic fragments thereof, allelic variants thereof, and
any polymorphisms, derived from the .beta.hCG sequence (SEQ ID
NO:20). .beta.hCG is a hormone necessary for the establishment of a
successful pregnancy. Aside from pregnancy, the expression of this
antigen is primarily restricted to germ cell tumors, as well as a
significant number of adenocarcinomas.
[0067] The term "nucleic acid molecule", as used herein, is
intended to include DNA molecules and RNA molecules. A nucleic acid
molecule may be single-stranded or double-stranded, but preferably
is double-stranded DNA.
[0068] The term "isolated nucleic acid molecule," is used herein in
reference to nucleic acids encoding the molecular conjugates of the
invention or portions thereof, e.g., SEQ ID NOs:9 and 11 or
portions thereof, such as the antigen or antibody portions (i.e.,
the V.sub.H, V.sub.L, or CDRs). Isolated nucleic acid molecules
refer to a nucleic acid molecule in which the nucleotide sequences
encoding the molecular conjugates are free of other contaminating
nucleotide sequences, e.g., a nucleotide sequence which does not
encode any part of the molecular conjugate.
[0069] As disclosed and claimed herein, the sequences set forth in
SEQ ID NOs: 1-28 can include "conservative sequence modifications,"
i.e., nucleotide and amino acid sequence modifications which do not
significantly affect or alter the functional characteristics of the
molecular conjugate, e.g., the binding properties of the antibody
portion of the construct or the immunogenic properties of the
antigen portion, encoded by the nucleotide sequence or containing
the amino acid sequence. Such conservative sequence modifications
include nucleotide and amino acid substitutions, additions and
deletions. Modifications can be introduced into SEQ ID NOs: 1-28 by
standard techniques known in the art, such as site-directed
mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Conservative amino acid
substitutions include ones in which the amino acid residue is
replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain.
Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have
been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with
basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side
chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side
chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine,
tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan), nonpolar side chains (e.g.,
alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine,
methionine), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine,
isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine,
phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, a predicted
nonessential amino acid residue in a human anti-DCs antibody is
preferably replaced with another amino acid residue from the same
side chain family.
[0070] Alternatively, in another embodiment, mutations can be
introduced randomly along all or part of a molecular conjugate
coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the
resulting modified molecular conjugates can be screened for
appropriate functional activity.
[0071] Accordingly, molecular conjugates encoded by the nucleotide
sequences disclosed herein and/or containing the amino acid
sequences disclosed herein (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 1-28) include
substantially similar conjugates encoded by or containing similar
sequences which have been conservatively modified. In particular,
discussion as to how substantially similar antibodies can be
generated for use in the molecular conjugates based on the partial
(i.e., heavy and light chain variable regions) sequences (SEQ ID
NOs: 3, 4, 7, and 8) is provided below.
[0072] For nucleic acids, the term "substantial homology" indicates
that two nucleic acids, or designated sequences thereof, when
optimally aligned and compared, are identical, with appropriate
nucleotide insertions or deletions, in at least about 80% of the
nucleotides, usually at least about 90% to 95%, and more preferably
at least about 98% to 99.5% of the nucleotides. Alternatively,
substantial homology exists when the segments will hybridize under
selective hybridization conditions, to the complement of the
strand.
[0073] The percent identity between two sequences is a function of
the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., %
homology=# of identical positions/total # of positions.times.100),
taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap,
which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two
sequences. The comparison of sequences and determination of percent
identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a
mathematical algorithm, as described in the non-limiting examples
below.
[0074] The percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be
determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package
(available at http://www.gcg.com), using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and
a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, or 6. The percent identity between two nucleotide or amino
acid sequences can also determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers
and W. Miller (Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4:11-17 (1988)) which has
been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a
PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap
penalty of 4. In addition, the percent identity between two amino
acid sequences can be determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J.
Mol. Biol. 48:444-453 (1970)) algorithm which has been incorporated
into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at
http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250
matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length
weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
[0075] The nucleic acid and protein sequences of the present
invention can further be used as a "query sequence" to perform a
search against public databases to, for example, identify related
sequences. Such searches can be performed using the NBLAST and
XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (1990) J. Mol.
Biol. 215:403-10. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with
the NBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide
sequences homologous to the nucleic acid molecules of the
invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST
program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences
homologous to the protein molecules of the invention. To obtain
gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be
utilized as described in Altschul et al, (1997) Nucleic Acids Res.
25(17):3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs,
the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., XBLAST and
NBLAST) can be used. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
[0076] The nucleic acids may be present in whole cells, in a cell
lysate, or in a partially purified or substantially pure form. A
nucleic acid is "isolated" or "rendered substantially pure" when
purified away from other cellular components or other contaminants,
e.g., other cellular nucleic acids or proteins, by standard
techniques, including alkaline/SDS treatment, CsCl banding, column
chromatography, agarose gel electrophoresis and others well known
in the art. See, F. Ausubel, et al., ed. Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New
York (1987).
[0077] A nucleic acid is "operably linked" when it is placed into a
functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For
instance, a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding
sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence. With
respect to transcription regulatory sequences, operably linked
means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous and, where
necessary to join two protein coding regions, contiguous and in
reading frame. For switch sequences, operably linked indicates that
the sequences are capable of effecting switch recombination.
[0078] The term "vector," as used herein, is intended to refer to a
nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid
to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a "plasmid",
which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which
additional DNA segments may be ligated. Another type of vector is a
viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligated into
the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous
replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g.,
bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and
episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal
mammalian vectors) can be integrated into the genome of a host cell
upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated
along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable
of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively
linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as "recombinant
expression vectors" (or simply, "expression vectors"). In general,
expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are
often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification,
"plasmid" and "vector" may be used interchangeably as the plasmid
is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is
intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as
viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses,
adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent
functions.
[0079] The term "recombinant host cell" (or simply "host cell"), as
used herein, is intended to refer to a cell into which a
recombinant expression vector has been introduced. It should be
understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the
particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Because
certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to
either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not,
in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included
within the scope of the term "host cell" as used herein.
Recombinant host cells include, for example, CHO cells and
lymphocytic cells.
[0080] As used herein, the term "subject" includes any human or
nonhuman animal. The term "nonhuman animal" includes all
vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as nonhuman
primates, sheep, dog, cow, chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc.
[0081] Various aspects of the invention are described in further
detail in the following subsections.
I. Antigens
[0082] Suitable antigens for use in the present invention include,
for example, infectious disease antigens and tumor antigens,
against which protective or therapeutic immune responses are
desired, e.g., antigens expressed by a tumor cell or a pathogenic
organism or infectious disease antigens. For example, suitable
antigens include tumor-associated antigens for the prevention or
treatment of cancers. Examples of tumor-associated antigens
include, but are not limited to, .beta.hCG, gp100 or Pmel17,
HER2/neu, CEA, gp100, MART1, TRP-2, melan-A, NY-ESO-1, MN (gp250),
idiotype, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, Tyrosinase, Telomerase, MUC-1 antigens,
and germ cell derived tumor antigens. Tumor associated antigens
also include the blood group antigens, for example, Le.sup.a,
Le.sup.b, LeX, LeY, H-2, B-1, B-2 antigens. Alternatively, more
than one antigen can be included within the antigen-antibody
constructs of the invention. For example, a MAGE antigen can be
combined with other antigens such as melanin A, tyrosinase, and
gp100 along with adjuvants such as GM-CSF or IL-12, and linked to
an anti-APC antibody.
[0083] Other suitable antigens include viral antigens for the
prevention or treatment of viral diseases. Examples of viral
antigens include, but are not limited to, HIV-1 gag, HIV-1 env,
HIV-1 nef, HBV core, FAS, HSV-1, HSV-2, p17, ORF2 and ORF3
antigens. Examples of bacterial antigens include, but are not
limited to, Toxoplasma gondii or Treponema pallidum. The
antibody-bacterial antigen conjugates of the invention can be in
the treatment or prevention of various bacterial diseases such as
Anthrax, Botulism, Tetanus, Chlamydia, Cholera, Diptheria, Lyme
Disease, Syphilis and Tuberculosis.
[0084] In a particular embodiment exemplified herein, the present
invention employs an antigen comprising .beta.hCG. This includes
the entire .beta.hCG sequence (SEQ ID NO:20) or any immunogenic
(e.g., T cell epitope containing) portion of the sequence. As
described below, such immunogenic portions can be identified using
techniques known in the art for mapping T cell epitopes, including
algorithms and known T cell epitope mapping techniques. Examples of
particular immunogenic peptides from .beta.hCG include those
comprising SEQ ID NOs:21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28, and
conservative modifications thereof. Additional immunogenic peptides
from .beta.hCG, and methods for identifying such peptides, are
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,096,318 and 6,146,633, the contents
of which are incorporated by reference herein.
[0085] Antigenic peptides of proteins (i.e., those containing T
cell epitopes) can be identified in a variety of manners well known
in the art. For example, T cell epitopes can be predicted by
analyzing the sequence of the protein using web-based predictive
algorithms (BIMAS & SYFPEITHI) to generate potential MHC class
I and II-binding peptides that match an internal database of 10,000
well characterized MHC binding peptides previously defined by CTLs.
High scoring peptides can be ranked and selected as "interesting"
on the basis of high affinity to a given MHC molecule. As shown in
FIG. 10 and using the sequence of the .beta.hCG-B11 conjugate (SEQ
ID NO:10), both algorithms were used to identify antigenic peptides
from the .beta.hCG portion (mustard) from which synthetic versions
could be made and tested for their capacity to elicit T cell
responses in vitro. Thus, T cell epitopes were found for potential
binding to HLA-A2, HLA-B7 and HLA-DR molecules. Several epitopes
were also predicted from the antibody (B11) segment of the
.beta.hCG-B11 conjugate (results not shown). Further, no T cell
epitope was identified in the 37 amino acid long C-terminal peptide
(CTP).
[0086] Another method for identifying antigenic peptides containing
T cell epitopes is by dividing the protein into non-overlapping
peptides of desired length or overlapping peptides of desired
lengths which can be produced recombinantly, synthetically, or in
certain limited situations, by chemical cleavage of the protein and
tested for immunogenic properties, e.g., eliciting a T cell
response (i.e., proliferation or lymphokine secretion).
[0087] In order to determine precise T cell epitopes of the protein
by, for example, fine mapping techniques, a peptide having T cell
stimulating activity and thus comprising at least one T cell
epitope, as determined by T cell biology techniques, can be
modified by addition or deletion of amino acid residues at either
the amino or carboxy terminus of the peptide and tested to
determine a change in T cell reactivity to the modified peptide. If
two or more peptides which share an area of overlap in the native
protein sequence are found to have human T cell stimulating
activity, as determined by T cell biology techniques, additional
peptides can be produced comprising all or a portion of such
peptides and these additional peptides can be tested by a similar
procedure. Following this technique, peptides are selected and
produced recombinantly or synthetically. Peptides are selected
based on various factors, including the strength of the T cell
response to the peptide (e.g., stimulation index). The physical and
chemical properties of these selected peptides (e.g., solubility,
stability) can then be examined to determine whether the peptides
are suitable for use in therapeutic compositions or whether the
peptides require modification.
II. Antibody Vaccine Conjugates
[0088] The present invention provides a variety of therapeutic
vaccine conjugates which include an antigen, such as a tumor or
viral antigen, linked to an antibody that binds to an APC, e.g.,
via the mannose receptor (MR). This allows for targeting of the
antigen to APCs (e.g., dendritic cells) to enhance processing,
presentation and, ultimately, an immune response against the
antigen(s), e.g., a CTL response.
[0089] In addition, the vaccine conjugate can include one or more
immunostimulatory agents that also enhance the immune response
against the antigen. Antibody-antigen vaccine conjugates of the
invention can be made genetically or chemically. In either case,
the antibody portion of the conjugate may consist of the whole
antibody or a portion of the antibody, such as the Fab fragment or
single-chain Fv. In addition, more than one antigen and/or
immunostimulatory agent can be included in the conjugate.
[0090] In one embodiment, the vaccine conjugate comprises a human
antibody heavy chain that binds to human APCs and a human antibody
light chain that binds to human APCs, wherein either or both chains
are linked to the antigen and to an immunostimulatory agent. In
another embodiment, the antigen and the immunostimulatory agent are
separately linked to either chain. In a particular embodiment, the
antigen is .beta.hCG.
[0091] Genetically constructed anti-dendritic antibody-antigen
conjugates (e.g., those expressed as a single recombinant fusion
protein) can be made by linking an antigen of choice and/or an
immunostimulatory agent (in the case of protein and peptide
immunostimulatory agents) to the antibody at a variety of
locations. Particular genetically produced conjugates (fusion
constructs) of the invention include, for example, the
.beta.hCG-B11 construct, shown in FIG. 2. The .beta.hCG-B11
construct comprises human anti-dendritic cell antibody B11 fused to
.beta.hCG, a tumor-associated antigen. The nucleotide sequence
encoding this construct is shown in SEQ ID NO:9.
[0092] For example, in one embodiment, the .beta.hCG antigen and/or
the immunostimulatory agent can be fused to the end of the CH.sub.3
domain of the human antibody heavy chain. The antigen and/or
immunostimulatory agent also can be fused at the hinged region of
the antibody heavy chain in Fab-fusion constructs, or in sequence
with the variable light and heavy chains (V.sub.H and V.sub.L) in
single chain fusion constructs (ScFv constructs). Alternatively,
the antigen and/or immunostimulatory agent can be fused to the
antibody light chain instead of the antibody heavy chain. Other
points of fusion among the immunostimulatory agent, the antigen and
the antibody can be used provided the genetic fusion construct can
elicit a CTL response. A detailed map of the intact .beta.hCG-B11
construct and the single chain B11 construct (pB11sfv-.beta.hCG)
are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Such genetic fusion
conjugates can include an antigen and an immunostimulatory agent
linked to the antibody in either order (e.g., an
antibody-antigen-immunostimulatory conjugate or an
antibody-immunostimulatory agent-antigen conjugate).
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 .beta.hCG-B11 Feature Map CDS (3 total)
BUsfr-bHCG Start: 921 End: 2153 neo Start 3375 End: 4169 neomycin
resistance gene Amp Start: 5671 End: 6531 (Complementary)
Ampicillin resistance gene Misc. Feature (5 total) promoter Start:
863 End: 882 promoter signal sequence Start 921 End: 977 B11 VL
Start: 978 End: 1296 B11VH Start: 1344 End: 1691 beta HCG Start:
1712 End: 2164 PolyA Signal (2 total) poly A Start: 2267 End: 2491
poly A poly A Start: 4343 End: 4473 SV40 poly A signal Promoter
Eukaryotic (1 total) promoter Start: 232 End: 819 eukaryotic
promoter Promoter Prokaryotic (1 total) promoter Start 6566 End:
6572 (Complementary) promoter Replication Origin (3 total) SV40
promoter and origin Start 1 End: 1 origin of replication F1 origin
Start: 2537 End: 2965 origin of replication pUC origin Start 4856
End: 5526 (Complementary) origin
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 pB11sfv-.beta.hCG Feature Map CDS (4 total)
Light Chain Start 735 End: 1433 B11 Light Chain C kappa Start: 1113
End: 1433 AMP Start: 7810 End: 8670 (Complementary) amp Original
Location Description: complemented 1 ..6871) DHFR Start: 8921 End:
9484 dhfr Original Location Description: 7122-7685 Misc. Feature (9
total) B11 VL Start: 792 End: 1112SV40 Promoter/Ori Start 2298 End:
2622 SV40 promoter and origan of replication Neo Start: 2658 End:
3452 Neomicin Resistance Gene beta HCG Start: 4015 End: 4467
(Complementary) bHCG CHS Start: 4470 End: 4790 (Complementary)
Heavy chain constant region 3 CH2 Start: 4791 End: 5120
(Complementary) Heavy chain constant region 2 CH1 Start 5166 End:
5459 (Complementary) heavy chain constant region 1 B11 VH Start:
5460 End: 5807 (Complementary) Promoter Start: 5905 End: 6559
(Complementary) PolyA Signal (3 total) Poly A Start: 1526 End: 1757
PolyA Start: 3744 End: 3975 (Complementary) PolyA_Signal_2 Start
10282 End: 10411 SV40 poly A Original Location Description:
8483..8612 Promoter Eukaryotic (1 total) Promoter Start 9 End:
655
[0093] Chemically constructed antibody-antigen conjugates can be
made using a variety of well known and readily available
cross-linking reagents. These cross-linking reagents can be
homofunctional or heterofunctional compounds, such as
N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP),
N-succinimidyl-S-acetyl-thioacetate (SATA), sulfosuccinimidyl
4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohaxane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC),
5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), that form covalent
linkages with different reactive amino acid or carbohydrate side
chains on the anti-dendritic antibody and selected antigen. Other
coupling and cross-linking agents also can be used to generate
covalent linkages, such as protein A, carbodiimide, and
o-phenylenedimaleimide (oPDM); (see e.g., Karpovsky et al. (1984)
J. Exp. Med. 160:1686; Liu, MA et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 82:8648). Other methods include those described by Paulus
(Behring Ins. Mitt. (1985) No. 78, 118-132); Brennan et al.
(Science (1985) 229:81-83), and Glennie et al. (J. Immunol. (1987)
139: 2367-2375). Preferred conjugating agents are SATA and
sulfo-SMCC, both available from Pierce Chemical Co. (Rockford,
Ill.). Immunostimulatory agents can also be chemically linked to
the molecular conjugates of the present invention using the same
linking methods described above.
[0094] Immunostimulatory agents and molecular conjugates can also
be linked via non-covalent methods, for example, using binding
molecules such as streptavidin and biotin. Other suitable binding
molecules for use in the present invention are well-known in the
art. In one aspect of the invention, the nucleotide sequence
encoding a streptavidin molecule is incorporated into the sequence
encoding the molecular conjugate which, in turn, is linked to a
biotinylated immunostimulatory agent.
[0095] Any antigen that can be cloned and expressed or purified can
be selected for use in the present invention. Techniques for
obtaining such antigens are well-known in the art. For example,
tumor-associated antigens can be directly purified from cancer
cells and identified by physiochemical techniques such as tandem
mass spectrometry. Alternatively, tumor-specific T-cell clones can
be tested against antigen-negative cells that have acquired antigen
by being transfected with plasmid DNA clones to isolate the clone
expressing the antigen. Synthetic peptides can then be constructed
to precisely identify the antigenic site or epitope.
[0096] As discussed above, the molecular vaccine conjugates of the
invention can be administered together with, or include, one or
more immunostimulatory agents. The immunostimulatory agent can be
administered separately or can be linked to the conjugate, either
covalently, non-covalently, genetically, or a combination thereof,
according to the linking techniques discussed above. Alternatively,
the immunostimulatory agent can be co-administered separately, for
example, the agent can be administered simultaneously with the
molecular conjugate, or prior to administration of the molecular
conjugate, or subsequent to administration of the molecular
conjugate. A variety of suitable immunostimulatory agents are well
known in the art and include, for example, CD40 ligand; cytokines,
such as IFN-.alpha., IFN-.beta., IFN-.gamma. and IL-2;
colony-stimulating factors, such as G-CSF (granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor) and GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor); an anti-CTLA-4 antibody; toll receptor
agonists (e.g., flagellin and MALP-2 (macrophage activating
lipopeptide-2); LPS (endotoxin); R837 (3M Pharmaceuticals, St.
Paul, Minn.); R848 (3M Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, Minn.); polyI:C
(inosine:cytosine polynucleotide); ssRNA; dsRNA; Bacille
Calmette-Guerin (BCG); Levamisole hydrochloride; and intravenous
immune globulins.
[0097] In another aspect of the invention, partial antibody
sequences from the vaccine construct can be used to express intact
antibodies. Antibodies, such as the anti-APC antibodies (e.g., B11)
encompassed by the vaccine conjugates of the present invention,
interact with target antigens (e.g., C-type lectin receptors, such
as the MR) predominantly through amino acid residues that are
located in the six heavy and light chain complementarity
determining regions (CDRs). For this reason, the amino acid
sequences within CDRs are more diverse between individual
antibodies than sequences outside of CDRs. Because CDR sequences
are responsible for most antibody-antigen interactions, it is
possible to express recombinant antibodies that mimic the
properties of specific naturally occurring antibodies by
constructing expression vectors that include CDR sequences from the
specific naturally occurring antibody grafted onto framework
sequences from a different antibody with different properties (see,
e.g., Riechmann, L. et al. (1998) Nature 332:323-327; Jones, P. et
al. (1986) Nature 321:522-525; and Queen, C. et al. (1989) Proc.
Natl. Acad. See. U.S.A. 86:10029-10033). Such framework sequences
can be obtained from public DNA databases that include germline
antibody gene sequences. These germline sequences will differ from
mature antibody gene sequences because they will not include
completely assembled variable genes, which are formed by V(D)J
joining during B cell maturation. Germline gene sequences will also
differ from the sequences of a high affinity secondary repertoire
antibody at individual evenly across the variable region. For
example, somatic mutations are relatively infrequent in the
amino-terminal portion of framework region. For example, somatic
mutations are relatively infrequent in the amino terminal portion
of framework region 1 and in the carboxy-terminal portion of
framework region 4. Furthermore, many somatic mutations do not
significantly alter the binding properties of the antibody. For
this reason, it is not necessary to obtain the entire DNA sequence
of a particular antibody in order to recreate an intact recombinant
antibody having binding properties similar to those of the original
antibody (see WO 99/45962, which is herein incorporated by
referenced for all purposes). Partial heavy and light chain
sequence spanning the CDR regions is typically sufficient for this
purpose. The partial sequence is used to determine which germline
variable and joining gene segments contributed to the recombined
antibody variable genes. The germline sequence is then used to fill
in missing portions of the variable regions. Heavy and light chain
leader sequences are cleaved during protein maturation and do not
contribute to the properties of the final antibody. For this
reason, it is necessary to use the corresponding germline leader
sequence for expression constructs. To add missing sequences,
cloned cDNA sequences can be combined with synthetic
oligonucleotides by ligation or PCR amplification. Alternatively,
the entire variable region can be synthesized as a set of short,
overlapping, oligonucleotides and combined by PCR amplification to
create an entirely synthetic variable region clone. This process
has certain advantages such as elimination or inclusion or
particular restriction sites, or optimization of particular
codons.
[0098] The nucleotide sequences of heavy and light chain
transcripts from hybridomas are used to design an overlapping set
of synthetic oligonucleotides to create synthetic V sequences with
identical amino acid coding capacities as the natural sequences.
The synthetic heavy and kappa chain sequences can differ from the
natural sequences in three ways: strings of repeated nucleotide
bases are interrupted to facilitate oligonucleotide synthesis and
PCR amplification; optimal translation initiation sites are
incorporated according to Kozak's rules (Kozak (1991) J. Biol.
Chem. 266:19867-19870); and HindIII sites are engineered upstream
of the translation initiation sites.
[0099] For both the heavy and light chain variable regions, the
optimized coding, and corresponding non-coding, strand sequences
are broken down into 30-50 nucleotide approximately the midpoint of
the corresponding non-coding oligonucleotide. Thus, for each chain,
the oligonucleotides can be assembled into overlapping double
stranded sets that span segments of 150-400 nucleotides. The pools
are then used as templates to produce PCR amplification products of
150-400 nucleotides. Typically, a single variable region
oligonucleotide set will be broken down into two pools which are
separately amplified to generate two overlapping PCR products.
These overlapping products are then combined by PCR amplification
to form the complete variable region. It may also be desirable to
include an overlapping fragment of the heavy or light chain
constant region (including the BbsI site of the kappa light chain,
or the Agel site of the gamma heavy chain) in the PCR amplification
to generate fragments that can easily be cloned into the expression
vector constructs.
[0100] The reconstructed heavy and light chain variable regions are
then combined with cloned promoter, translation initiation,
constant region, 3' untranslated, polyadenylation, and
transcription termination, sequences to form expression vector
constructs. The heavy and light chain expression constructs can be
combined into a single vector, co-transfected, serially
transfected, or separately transfected into host cells which are
then fused to form a host cell expressing both chains.
[0101] Plasmids for use in construction of expression vectors for
human IgG.kappa. are described below. The plasmids were constructed
so that PCR amplified V heavy and V kappa light chain cDNA
sequences could be used to reconstruct complete heavy and light
chain minigenes. These plasmids can be used to express completely
human, or chimeric IgG.sub.1.kappa. or IgG.sub.4.kappa. antibodies.
Similar plasmids can be constructed for expression of other heavy
chain isotypes, or for expression of antibodies comprising lambda
light chains.
[0102] Thus, in another aspect of the invention, the structural
features of the antibody portion of the vaccine conjugates
described herein, e.g., B11, are used to create structurally
related antibodies that retain at least one functional property of
the B11 antibody of the invention, such as binding to APCs. More
specifically, one or more CDR regions of B11 can be combined
recombinantly with known human framework regions and CDRs to create
additional, recombinantly-engineered, anti-APC antibodies for use
in the vaccine conjugates of the invention.
[0103] Accordingly, in another embodiment, the invention provides a
method for preparing a vaccine conjugate comprising an anti-DC
antibody comprising: preparing an antibody comprising (1) human
heavy chain framework regions and human heavy chain CDRs, wherein
at least one of the human heavy chain CDRs comprises an amino acid
sequence selected from the amino acid sequences of CDRs shown in
FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NOs:13, 14, or 15); and (2) human light chain
framework regions and human light chain CDRs, wherein at least one
of the human light chain CDRs comprises an amino acid sequence
selected from the amino acid sequences of CDRs shown in FIG. 9 (SEQ
ID NO:16, 17, or 18); wherein the antibody retains the ability to
bind to APCs.
[0104] The ability of the antibody to bind APCs can be determined
using standard binding assays, such as those set forth in the
Examples (e.g., an ELISA). Since it is well known in the art that
antibody heavy and light chain CDR3 domains play a particularly
important role in the binding specificity/affinity of an antibody
for an antigen, the recombinant antibodies of the invention
prepared as set forth above preferably comprise the heavy and light
chain CDR3s of B11. The antibodies further can comprise the CDR2s
of B11. The antibodies further can comprise the CDR1s of B11.
Accordingly, the invention further provides anti-APC antibodies
comprising: (1) human heavy chain framework regions, a human heavy
chain CDR1 region, a human heavy chain CDR2 region, and a human
heavy chain CDR3 region, wherein the human heavy chain CDR3 region
is the CDR3 of B11 as shown in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:15); and (2) human
light chain framework regions, a human light chain CDR1 region, a
human light chain CDR2 region, and a human light chain CDR3 region,
wherein the human light chain CDR3 region is the CDR3 of B11 as
shown in FIG. 9 (SEQ ID NO: 18), wherein the antibody binds DC. The
antibody may further comprise the heavy chain CDR2 and/or the light
chain CDR2 of B11. The antibody may further comprise the heavy
chain CDR1 and/or the light chain CDR1 of B11.
[0105] Preferably, the CDR1, 2, and/or 3 of the engineered
antibodies described above comprise the exact amino acid
sequence(s) as those of B11 disclosed herein. However, the
ordinarily skilled artisan will appreciate that some deviation from
the exact CDR sequences of B11 may be possible while still
retaining the ability of the antibody to bind DC effectively (e.g.,
conservative substitutions). Accordingly, in another embodiment,
the engineered antibody may be composed of one or more CDRs that
are, for example, at least 90%, 95%, 98% or 99.5% identical to one
or more CDRs of B11.
[0106] In addition or alternatively to simply binding APCs,
engineered antibodies such as those described above may be selected
for their retention of other functional properties of antibodies of
the invention, such as:
[0107] (1) high affinity binding to APCs;
[0108] (2) binding to a unique epitope on an APC (to eliminate the
possibility that monoclonal antibodies with complimentary
activities when used in combination would compete for binding to
the same epitope);
[0109] (3) induces a T cell-mediated immune response which is
generated against the antigen; and/or
[0110] (4) induces a T cell response which comprises both CD4.sup.+
and CD8.sup.+ T cell-mediated responses.
[0111] In another embodiment, a whole cell expressing the antigen
of interest, e.g., .beta.hCG, is transformed to express an anti-APC
antibody, e.g., an anti-MR antibody, so that the antigen and the
antibody are co-expressed by the cell. This can be done, for
example, by transfecting the target cell with a nucleic acid
encoding a fusion protein containing a transmembrane domain and an
anti-APC antibody. The cell expressing the vaccine conjugate can
then be used to target APCs, e.g., DCs, to induce a CTL
response.
[0112] Methods for generating such nucleic acids, fusion proteins,
and cells expressing such fusion proteins are described, for
example, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/203,958,
incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
Alternatively, the antibody can be bound to a cell or a pathogen by
the use of chemical linkers, lipid tags, or other related methods
(deKruif, J. et al. (2000) Nat. Med. 6:223-227; Nizard, P. et al.
(1998) FEBS Lett. 433:83-88). Cells which express the antigen of
interest and with surface-anchored antibodies may be used to induce
specific immune responses, e.g., a CTL response, against the cell,
e.g., a tumor cell or microbial pathogen.
III. Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0113] In another aspect, the present invention provides
therapeutic compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions,
containing one or a combination of vaccine conjugates of the
present invention formulated together with an immunostimulatory
agent. In one embodiment, the immunostimulatory agent is linked to
the vaccine conjugate. The compositions of the present invention
may further include one or more adjuvants and/or pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier. The vaccine conjugate of the present invention
is administered for delivery into the subject's bloodstream for
interaction with the subject's T cells. Such targeting of T cells
can be accomplished either in vivo or ex vivo by directly using the
conjugate or by using cells which have been previously been
targeted with vaccine conjugates.
[0114] The compositions of the present invention can additionally
include other therapeutic reagents, such as other antibodies,
cytotoxins or drugs (e.g., immunosuppressants), and can be
administered alone or in combination with other therapies, such as
radiation. For example, a vaccine conjugate that is rapidly
internalized by APCs can be combined with a monoclonal antibody
that enhances antigen presenting cell activities of dendritic
cells, e.g., release of immunostimulatory cytokines.
[0115] As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier"
includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings,
antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption
delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible.
Preferably, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular,
subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g.,
by injection or infusion). Depending on the route of
administration, the vaccine conjugate may be coated in a material
to protect the compound from the action of acids and other natural
conditions that may inactivate the compound.
[0116] A "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a salt that
retains the desired biological activity of the parent compound and
does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (see e.g.,
Berge, S. M., et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19). Examples of
such salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts.
Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic
acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric,
hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous and the like, as well as from
nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic
acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids,
aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids and the like.
Base addition salts include those derived from alkaline earth
metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like,
as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such as
N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, chloroprocaine,
choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the
like.
[0117] Compositions of the present invention can be administered by
a variety of methods known in the art. As will be appreciated by
the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will
vary depending upon the desired results. The active compounds can
be prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against
rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including
implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable,
biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate,
polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and
polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such
formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in
the art. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery
Systems, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York,
1978.
[0118] To administer a vaccine conjugate of the invention by
certain routes of administration, it may be necessary to coat the
compound with, or co-administer the compound with, a material to
prevent its inactivation. For example, the compound may be
administered to a subject in an appropriate carrier, for example,
liposomes, or a diluent. Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents
include saline and aqueous buffer solutions. Liposomes include
water-in-oil-in-water CGF emulsions as well as conventional
liposomes (Strejan et al. (1984) J. Neuroimmunol. 7:27).
[0119] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous
solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous
preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use
of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is
known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent
is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the
pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is contemplated.
Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the
compositions.
[0120] Therapeutic compositions typically must be sterile and
stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The
composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion,
liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug
concentration. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium
containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example,
glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the
like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be
maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin,
by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of
dispersion and by the use of surfactants. In many cases, it will be
preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars,
polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the
composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions
can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that
delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
[0121] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by
incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an
appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients
enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization
microfiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared by
incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that
contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other
ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile
powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the
preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and
freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active
ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously
sterile-filtered solution thereof.
[0122] Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimum desired
response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single
bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be
administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or
increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic
situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral
compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and
uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to
physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the
subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity
of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic
effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The
specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are
dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique
characteristics of the active compound and the particular
therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent
in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment
of sensitivity in individuals.
[0123] Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants
include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid,
cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite,
sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as
ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol,
and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid,
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid,
phosphoric acid, and the like.
[0124] For the therapeutic compositions, formulations of the
present invention include those suitable for oral and/or parenteral
administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in
unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods known in the
art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be
combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form
will vary depending upon the subject being treated, and the
particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient
which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single
dosage form will generally be that amount of the composition which
produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred
percent, this amount will range from about 0.01 percent to about
ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 0.1
percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 1 percent
to about 30 percent.
[0125] The phrases "parenteral administration" and "administered
parenterally" as used herein means modes of administration other
than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and
includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular,
intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital,
intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal,
subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular,
subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and
infusion.
[0126] Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which
may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention
include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene
glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures
thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic
esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained,
for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by
the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of
dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
[0127] These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as
preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing
agents. Prevention of presence of microorganisms may be ensured
both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of
various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben,
chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be
desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium
chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition,
prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be
brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption
such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0128] When the compounds of the present invention are administered
as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given alone
or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.01 to
99.5% (more preferably, 0.1 to 90%) of active ingredient in
combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0129] Regardless of the route of administration selected, the
compounds of the present invention, which may be used in a suitable
hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the
present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable
dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the
art.
[0130] Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the
pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be varied
so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is
effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a
particular patient, composition, and mode of administration,
without being toxic to the patient. The selected dosage level will
depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the
activity of the particular compositions of the present invention
employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of
administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion
of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the
treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in
combination with the particular compositions employed, the age,
sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of
the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the
medical arts.
[0131] A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art
can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the
pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or
veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention
employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than
that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect
and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is
achieved. In general, a suitable daily dose of a compositions of
the invention will be that amount of the compound which is the
lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an
effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described
above. It is preferred that administration be intravenous,
intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous, preferably
administered proximal to the site of the target. If desired, the
effective daily dose of a therapeutic compositions may be
administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses
administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the
day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. While it is possible for a
compound of the present invention to be administered alone, it is
preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceutical
formulation (composition).
[0132] Therapeutic compositions can be administered with medical
devices known in the art. For example, in a preferred embodiment, a
therapeutic composition of the invention can be administered with a
needleless hypodermic injection device, such as the devices
disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,163; 5,383,851; 5,312,335;
5,064,413; 4,941,880; 4,790,824; or 4,596,556. Examples of
well-known implants and modules useful in the present invention
include: U.S. Pat. No. 4,487,603, which discloses an implantable
micro-infusion pump for dispensing medication at a controlled rate;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,194, which discloses a therapeutic device for
administering medicants through the skin; U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,233,
which discloses a medication infusion pump for delivering
medication at a precise infusion rate; U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,224,
which discloses a variable flow implantable infusion apparatus for
continuous drug delivery; U.S. Pat. No. 4,439,196, which discloses
an osmotic drug delivery system having multi-chamber compartments;
and U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,196, which discloses an osmotic drug
delivery system. These patents are incorporated herein by
reference. Many other such implants, delivery systems, and modules
are known to those skilled in the art.
[0133] The composition must be sterile and fluid to the extent that
the composition is deliverable by syringe. In addition to water,
the carrier can be an isotonic buffered saline solution, ethanol,
polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid
polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by use of coating
such as lecithin, by maintenance of required particle size in the
case of dispersion and by use of surfactants. In many cases, it is
preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars,
polyalcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol, and sodium chloride in
the composition. Long-term absorption of the injectable
compositions can be brought about by including in the composition
an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum
monostearate or gelatin.
[0134] When the active compound is suitably protected, as described
above, the compound may be orally administered, for example, with
an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier.
IV. Uses and Methods of the Invention
[0135] Vaccine conjugates of the present invention can be used to
treat and/or prevent (e.g., immunize against) a variety of diseases
and conditions.
[0136] One of the primary disease indications is cancer. This
includes, but is not limited to, colon cancer, melanoma, lymphoma,
prostate carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, bladder carcinoma,
fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, mastocytoma, mammary
adenocarcinoma, leukemia, or rheumatoid fibroblastsoma. Another
primary disease indication is infectious diseases including, but
not limited to, HIV, Hepatitis (e.g., A, B, & C), Influenza,
Herpes, Giardia, Malaria, Leishmania, Staphylococcus Aureus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Another primary disease indication is
autoimmune diseases.
[0137] In a particular embodiment, the vaccine conjugates are used
to treat or prevent diseases and conditions mediated by .beta.hCG
or cells expressing .beta.hCG, which is a member of the
cysteine-loop growth factor superfamily. Evidence suggests that
.beta.hCG plays a role in the establishment or progression of
cancers either as a growth factor, as an angiogenesis and/or
metastasis-promoting agent, or as a suppressor of immune function
(73). Accordingly, the present invention can be used to treat the
progression of cancers and other diseases involving angiogenesis.
The invention also can be used to prevent or terminate unwanted
pregnancy by inhibiting the role of .beta.hCG and/or cells
expressing .beta.hCG in pregnancy.
[0138] For use in therapy, vaccine conjugates of the invention can
be administered to a subject directly (i.e., in vivo), either alone
or with an immunostimulatory agent. In one aspect, the
immunostimulatory agent is linked to the conjugate. Alternatively,
the conjugates can be administered to a subject indirectly by first
contacting the conjugates (e.g., by culturing or incubating) with
APCs, such as dendritic cells, and then administering the cells to
the subject (i.e., ex vivo). The contacting and delivering of the
conjugates to APCs, such that they are processed and presented by
the APCs prior to administration, is also referred to as antigen or
cell "loading." Techniques for loading antigens to APCs are well
known in the art and include, for example, Gunzer and Grabbe, Crit
Rev Immunol 21 (1-3):133-45 (2001) and Steinman, Exp Hematol 24(8):
859-62 (1996).
[0139] In all cases, the vaccine conjugates and the
immunostimulatory agents are administered in an effective amount to
exert their desired therapeutic effect. The term "effective amount"
refers to that amount necessary or sufficient to realize a desired
biologic effect. For example, an effective amount could be that
amount necessary to eliminate a tumor, cancer, or bacterial, viral
or fungal infection. The effective amount for any particular
application can vary depending on such factors as the disease or
condition being treated, the particular conjugate being
administered, the size of the subject, or the severity of the
disease or condition. One of ordinary skill in the art can
empirically determine the effective amount of a particular
multispecific molecule without necessitating undue
experimentation.
[0140] Preferred routes of administration for the vaccine
conjugates include, for example, injection (e.g., subcutaneous,
intravenous, parenteral, intraperitoneal, intrathecal). The
injection can be in a bolus or a continuous infusion. Other routes
of administration include oral administration.
[0141] Vaccine conjugates of the invention also can be
coadministered with adjuvants and other therapeutic agents, such as
immunostimulatory agents. The conjugates are typically formulated
in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier alone or in combination
with such agents. Examples of such carriers include solutions,
solvents, dispersion media, delay agents, emulsions and the like.
The use of such media for pharmaceutically active substances are
well known in the art. Any other conventional carrier suitable for
use with the molecules falls within the scope of the instant
invention.
[0142] Suitable agents for coadministration with the vaccine
conjugates include other antibodies, cytotoxins and/or drugs. In
one embodiment, the agent is a anti-CTLA-4 antibody which are known
to aid or induce immune responses. In another embodiment, the agent
is a chemotherapeutic agent. The vaccine conjugates also can be
administered in combination with radiation.
[0143] The present invention is further illustrated by the
following examples which should not be construed as further
limiting. The contents of all figures and all references, patents
and published patent applications cited throughout this application
are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
EXAMPLES
Methods and Materials
[0144] Generation of DCs from whole blood or leukopak: Human
peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained by density
gradient centrifugation of heparinized whole blood or apheresis
preparations with Ficoll-Paque. Monocytes were then isolated by
adherence to plastic culture dishes or elutriation and
differentiated into immature DCs by addition of cytokines (10 ng/ml
GM-CSF and 2 ng/ml IL-4) to the culture medium. DCs were harvested
between day 5 and 7 and analyzed by flow cytometry. The DCs
prepared in this fashion were CD14.sup.-, HLA-DR.sup.+, CD11c.sup.+
mannose receptor.sup.+ and expressed high levels of MHC Class I and
II, CD80 and CD86.
[0145] Selection of tumor antigen .beta.hCG: .beta.hCG is a subunit
of human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone necessary for the
establishment of a successful pregnancy. This glycoprotein subunit
has a number of features that make it an attractive antigen for
cancer immunotherapy (reviewed in Triozzi P. L. and Stevens V.
(1999) Oncology Reports 6:7-17). First, aside from pregnancy, the
expression of this antigen is primarily restricted to germ cell
tumors, as well as a significant number of adenocarcinomas (Table
3). Also, hCG is a member of the cysteine-loop growth factor
superfamily and may play a role in the a establishment or
progression of cancers either as a growth factor, an angiogenesis
and/or metastasis-promoting agent, or as a suppressor of immune
function. Immunotherapy that limits the expression of functional
hCG may therefore offer added therapeutic benefit.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Percent of tumors positive for .beta.hCG by
immunohistochemistry (Triozzi P. L. and Stevens V. (1999)). Colon
(52%) Lung (34%) Pancreas (31%) Esophagus (28%) Breast (24%)
Bladder (21%) Ovary (19%) Cervix (18%) Gastric (18%)
[0146] Proliferation Assay: Effector T cells (5.times.10.sup.4)
were co-cultured with autologous DCs (5.times.10.sup.3) loaded with
or without antigen (MDX-1307 or other) in 96 well flat bottomed
microplates in 0.2 ml final volume. The mixture was cocultured at
37.degree. C. On day 4, cultures were pulsed with .sup.3H-thymidine
(1 .mu.Ci/well) and 18 hours later, cells were harvested directly
on filters (Millipore). Filters were washed three times with water
followed by one wash in ethanol and allowed to dry under the hood
for 5-10 min. Scintillation fluid (Packard, 20 .mu.l/well) was then
added to the filters. Filter-bound radioactivity was determined by
counting on the Wallac beta counter. The results are expressed as
stimulation index (S.I.) values in cpm of CTL stimulated with
antigen versus stimulation with no antigen or control antigen. For
MHC blocking analysis, labeled targets were preincubated with
HLA-specific mAbs, W6/32 for blocking all class I and L243 for
blocking all class II HLA molecules (20 .mu.g/ml), for 30 min. at
RT. Unbound mAb was removed by centrifugation.
[0147] Flow cytometry: Human DCs were prepared from monocytes by
culture in GM-CSF and IL-4 for 5 days. DCs were incubated on ice
with 10 .mu.g/ml of the .beta.hCG antigen/anti-MR antibody vaccine
conjugate or an isotype control. Vaccine conjugates were either
directly FITC-labeled or detected with an FITC-labeled
anti-.beta.hCG secondary monoclonal antibody. The cell associated
fluorescence was determined using an LSR flow cytometer.
[0148] Cytotoxicity Assay: Target cells (3.times.10.sup.6), control
and antigen loaded (.beta.hCG-B11), were washed twice in RPMI
medium and the pellet was resuspended in 200 .mu.l medium and
labeled with 100 .mu.Ci .sup.51Na.sub.2CrO.sub.4 for 60 min at
37.degree. C. Labeled targets were washed 3 times in RPMI medium
and the pellet resuspended to yield a cell concentration of
3.times.10.sup.4 cells/ml. Antigen-specific CTL were titrated in a
96 well V-bottomed plate to give ratios of 100:1 (effector T cell,
E: target, T) through to 12.5:1 or lower. A constant number of
labeled targets were added (100 .mu.l/well or 3,000 target
cells/well) and the plates were spun down at low speed
(180.times.g) and incubated at 37.degree. C. After 4 hours, 100-120
.mu.l supernatant was harvested and the radioactivity released was
determined in a .gamma.-counter counting (Wallac Instruments,
Perkin-Elmer). CTL activity was calculated and expressed as %
Specific Lysis (killing) using the following equation:
Specific Lysis ( % ) = Experimental Release ( cpm ) - Spontaneous
Release ( cpm ) Maximal Release ( cpm ) - Spontaneous Release ( cpm
) .times. 100 ; ##EQU00001##
where Experimental (cpm) refers to radioactivity (chromium
released) from wells containing CTL (E) and target (T); Spontaneous
(cpm) refers to the radioactivity from wells with targets in 0.1 ml
medium alone (i.e. no CTL added) while Maximal release refers to
radioactivity from wells with targets in the presence of 0.1 ml
detergent solution (Igepal CA 630; syn. NP-40; 5% solution in RPMI
medium). Under well-controlled experimental conditions, Spontaneous
release values should be 10% of Maximal release or less. For MHC
blocking analysis, labeled targets were preincubated with
HLA-specific mAbs, W6/32 for blocking all class I and L243 for
blocking all class II HLA molecules (20 .mu.g/ml) for 30 min. at
RT. Unbound mAb was removed by centrifugation and mAb-coated
targets were added to CTL. An isotype-matched mAb was used as a
control.
[0149] Yet another way to look at cell-mediated immune responses is
to investigate the proliferative capacity of antigen-driven T
cells. Antigen-sensitized T cells tend to proliferate
preferentially when previously exposed antigens are presented in
the context of MHC class II and to a lesser extent, class I
molecules. Thus, the enumeration of dividing cells by uptake of a
radioactive tracer provides a measure of stimulation.
Example 1
Production of .beta.hCG-B11
[0150] Design of vaccine conjugate: This construct was generated by
linking the .beta.hCG antigen to B11, a fully human antibody which
binds to the human macrophage mannose receptor on dendritic cells.
Linkage was accomplished by covalently attaching the antigen to the
heavy chain of the antibody by way of a genetic fusion, as shown in
FIG. 3.
[0151] Recombinant Expression of .beta.hCG-B11 Vaccine Conjugate:
As shown in FIG. 2, a plasmid containing neomycin and dihydrofolate
reductase genes was generated containing the .beta.hCG coding
sequence fused to antibody B11 at the CH.sub.3 domain of the heavy
chain (SEQ ID NOs:9 and 10). The resulting plasmid construct was
transfected into CHO cells using a standardized protocol (Qiagen
Inc, Valencia, Calif.). Transfected cells were selected in media
containing the antibiotic G418. Expression was further amplified by
growing cells in increasingly higher concentrations of
methatrexate. After amplification, the cells were cloned by
limiting dilution, and stable clonal lines were used to generate
cell banks for further studies. To confirm expression of the
.beta.hCG-B11 constructs, Western Blot analysis of proteins run on
SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions was performed. This fusion
protein was observed to be of the expected molecular weight and to
be properly assembled (i.e., to contain both the heavy chain fusion
and the light chain). Specifically, the vaccine conjugate and the
antibody alone were analyzed by SDS-PAGE using denaturing
conditions and detected by Western blot analysis. The blot was then
probed separately using goat anti-human IgG heavy and light, and
with a mAb (Sigma) specific to the .beta.hCG C-terminal peptide.
The results confirmed that the transformed CHO cells specifically
expressed the B11-.beta.hCG vaccine conjugate as evidenced by the
appropriate size and composition of the fusion product.
Example 2
Production of B11 scfv-.beta.hCG
[0152] Design of vaccine conjugate: A second construct was
generated by linking the .beta.hCG antigen to a B11 single chain
fusion (ScFv), which is a single chain antibody that binds to the
human macrophage mannose receptor on dendritic cells and contains
the V.sub.L and V.sub.H fragments of the fully human B11 antibody.
Linkage was accomplished by covalently attaching the antigen to the
carboxy terminus of the B11 ScFv by way of a genetic fusion, as
shown in FIG. 1 (referred to as the B11sfv-hCG construct).
[0153] Recombinant Expression of B11sfv-.beta.hCG Vaccine
Conjugate: As shown in FIG. 1, a plasmid was generated containing
the B11sfv-.beta.hCG construct (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12). The
resulting plasmid construct was transfected into mammalian cells
using a standardized protocol (Qiagen Inc, Valencia, Calif.).
Transfected cells were selected in media containing the antibiotic
G418. An ELISA was performed to confirm expression of the
B11sfv-.beta.hCG construct.
Example 3
Functional Characterization of Vaccine Conjugates
[0154] Antibody-targeted vaccine recognition of its cognate
receptor on the APC surface is the first step in this delivery
platform. Flow cytometry studies have been used to demonstrate that
the .beta.hCG-B11 and B11 sfv-.beta.hCG constructs bind
specifically to cultured human DC expressing MR (FIG. 4).
[0155] Using the anti-MR antibody as a probe, in situ staining of
MR on human dermal DCs and macrophages in section of various human
tissues was examined. Human tissue cryosections were stained with
anti-MR human antibody B11. DCs present in the dermal layer of the
skin were clearly labeled (data not shown) with the B11 antibody.
It is noted that there was binding to DCs in the dermal layer of
skin. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry performed with the anti-MR
B11 HuMAb stained dendritic cells in all tissues tested and showed
no unexpected cross-reactivity (results not shown). These studies
have been repeated with the .beta.hCG-B11 with identical
results.
Example 4
Cross-Presentation of the .beta.hCG Antigen/Anti-MR Antibody
Vaccine Conjugate to T Cells
[0156] The capacity of the .beta.hCG-B11 construct to be processed
by DCs for presentation of .beta.hCG antigen to T cells via MHC
class I and class II molecules on DCs (cross-presentation) was
evaluated. In particular, the .beta.hCG-B11 construct was used to
elicit antigen-specific T cells by culturing a pool of normal T
cells with DCs that were exposed to the vaccine. The resulting
"sensitized" T cells were then analyzed for their activity
(proliferation and killing) and specificity. Specificity of the T
cells can be demonstrated by comparing the T cell activity in
response to target cells that have the .beta.hCG antigen to
antigen-negative controls. Cytotoxic T cells (CTL), if present,
should kill only those targets that present .beta.hCG related
antigen but spare control targets that are either lacking the
antigen or presenting an unrelated antigen. Since CTL-mediated
antigen recognition always occurs in the context of a given MHC
molecule bearing the peptide, blocking the MHC:peptide-CTL
interaction with an MHC-specific mAb confirms the class I or class
II presentation.
[0157] Induction of antigen-specific effector T cells: Dendritic
cells were generated from normal donor peripheral blood mononuclear
cells (PBMC) by culturing adherent monocytes with 25 ng/ml
recombinant human GM-CSF (R&D systems, MN) and 100 ng/ml of
recombinant human IL-4 for 5 days. On day 5, DCs were harvested
(immature) and resuspended in AIM-V (serum-free) medium. The
.beta.hCG-B11 immunoconjugate (20 .mu.g/ml) was added to
1.2.times.10.sup.6 DC and incubated for 45 min at 37.degree. C.
Antigen-loaded DCs was allowed to mature in the presence of CD40L
(Peprotech, N.J.; 20 ng/ml) for at least 24 hours. Mature DC
(1.times.10.sup.6) were washed once and added to T cells
(2.times.10.sup.7; bulk) previously seeded in 24 well plates at
1.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml (ratio of DC: T cells, 20). The following
culture conditions were employed: addition of 10 ng/ml IL-7 on day
0, followed by 10 ng/ml of IL-10 on day 1 (at 24 hours), and 20
U/ml IL-2 on day 2 (at 48 hours). Restimulation was carried out on
days 7, 14 and 21 as before, except that .beta.hCG-B11
concentration was cut by half (10, 5 and 2.5 .mu.g/ml,
respectively). T cells were tested for reactivity (either in bulk
or with purified T cell sub populations) against .sup.51Cr-labeled
DC loaded with nothing, .beta.hCG-B11, B11 sfv-.beta.hCG, or B11.
MHC-specificity was ascertained in the presence of HLA-specific
mAbs.
[0158] As illustrated in FIG. 5, the .beta.hCG-B11 construct
induced .beta.hCG-specific cytotoxic T cells. No killing ensued if
the T cells were cultured with targets that do not present
.beta.hCG. The target cells used in these experiments were
HLA-matched DC treated with the .beta.hCG-B11 construct or control
antigens. Target cells treated only with the anti-MR antibody (B11)
were not susceptible to the cytotoxic activity, demonstrating that
only the antigen portion of the vaccine was able to elicit CTL
activity. These results show that the .beta.hCG-B11 construct
induces efficient CTL activity and, specifically, the CTL activity
is directed towards the .beta.hCG antigen but not the targeting
antibody (B11).
[0159] Furthermore, the potent killing of targets presenting
.beta.hCG antigen was reproduced with purified CD8.sup.+ T cells,
which killing was blocked in the presence of anti-MHC class I
antibodies (FIG. 6). In particular, the .beta.hCG-B11 construct was
used to generate .beta.hCG-specific T cells from peripheral blood
mononuclear cells of two donors. CD8.sup.+ and CD4.sup.+ T cells
were purified from bulk cultures using immunomagnetic beads.
Cytotoxicity assays were carried out as described above with the
effector:target ratio set at 40:1. The target cells (immature DC)
were untreated (control) or loaded with the .beta.hCG-B11
construct. To demonstrate MHC Class I specificity, target cell
killing was blocked by preincubation with an HLA-specific antibody
(W6/32).
[0160] Collectively, these data (FIGS. 6 and 7) confirm the ability
of the .beta.hCG-B11 construct to induce potent .beta.hCG-specific
CTL, and additionally demonstrate that the CTL activity is mediated
by CD8.sup.+ T cells in an HLA-dependent manner. No killing
activity was observed with the purified CD4.sup.+ T cells.
[0161] As shown in FIG. 7, the .beta.hCG-B11 construct-elicited T
cells proliferate in response to the .beta.hCG-B11 construct
targeted DC. In particular, DC were treated with the .beta.hCG-B11
construct to generate .beta.hCG-specific T cells from peripheral
blood mononuclear cells. T cells from bulk cultures (CD4.sup.+ and
CD8.sup.+ T cells) were tested for proliferation in response to
antigen stimulation. T cells were co-cultured with untreated DC
(control) or DC loaded with the .beta.hCG-B11 construct with or
without HLA blocking antibodies. To measure proliferation, DNA
synthesis was analyzed after 5 days of culture using
.sup.3H-thymidine. The data were expressed as the fold-increase in
proliferation (stimulation index) over control. As seen with the
CTL activity, no appreciable response was found when the T cells
were stimulated by DC alone (i.e., no antigen). DC targeted with
only the unconjugated antibody (anti-MR B11 mAb) did not induce
proliferation of T cells elicited by the .beta.hCG-B11 construct.
The proliferative capacity of the T cells was significantly blocked
in the presence of both anti-MHC class I as well as class
II-specific mAbs, demonstrating that both CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T
cells were responding. These data show that the uptake of the
.beta.hCG-B11 construct by DC enables the vaccine to gain access to
MHC class I and class II processing pathways, which is consistent
with co-localization of MR with MHC compartments.
Example 5
Internalization by DCs of Anti-MR Antibody B11 vs. Internalization
by DCs of a Mannosylated Antigen (Inhibition of Clathrin Mediated
Internalization)
[0162] Immature DCs can take up soluble antigens by pinocytic or
receptor mediated endocytic mechanisms (55). The mechanism of
antigen internalization determines its intracellular fate and may
effect the quality of immune response to it (54, 55, 56).
Internalization through the MR has been described as a rapid,
clathrin mediated internalization event (57, 58). The MR itself has
two putative clathrin targeting sequences within its cytoplasmic
tail, and internalization of mannosylated gold particles have
localized to clathrin-coated pits by EM (58, 59). Clathrin
dependant endocytosis can be specifically disrupted by brief
hypertonic shock or K+depletion (61).
In order to determine if mannosylated antigens or B11 bound to the
mannose receptor were internalized via clathrin-coated pits,
immature DCs were incubated on ice in AIM5 media with or without
400 mM sucrose for 30 min in the presence of either B11 mAb or
mannosylated BSA. Cells were then warmed to 37.degree. C. and
allowed to internalize for 20 minutes. After being washed and
fixed, cells were analyzed by confocal microscopy (data not shown).
When B11 was bound to the MR, its uptake was inhibited by
hypertonic shock, indicating that its mechanism of internalization
was through clathrin coated-pits. Uptake of mannosylated BSA, in
contrast, was not inhibited by hypertonic shock, indicating that
its mechanism of internalization was not dependent on clathrin
coated-pit formation. Even at concentration 20 fold higher than
that of B11, surface staining by mannosylated BSA FITC was
relatively weak. Subsequent studies revealed that internalized
mannosylated BSA FITC co-localized with non-specific, fluid phase
tracers, where as vesicles containing internalized B11 excluded the
non-specific tracer (data not shown). In contrast to B11-FITC the
uptake of both mannosylated BSA-FITC and the fluid phase tracer was
largely blocked by pretreatment with the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin
(data not shown). These results indicate that the vast majority of
mannosylated BSA was taken up by the immature dendritic cell was
through non-specific macropinocytic mechanisms, suggesting that the
quality of immune response to the mannosylated antigen may differ
greatly from antigen specifically targeted to the MR.
Example 6
Binding of B11sfv-.beta.hCG to DCs
[0163] Monocyte-derived DCs were exposed either to B11
sfv-.beta.hCG or .beta.hCG-B11 in PBS-BSA buffer for 45 minutes at
37.degree. C. and allowed to mature overnight in the presence of
CD40L. Harvested DCs were then washed and stained with mouse
anti-.beta.hCG followed by goat anti-hu IgG (F.sub.c)-PE conjugate.
Stained cells were analyzed on a flow cytometer (BD-LSR).
Approximately, 10,000 events were collected for each sample.
Background autofluorescence and isotype matched antibody staining
served as controls. Based on the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)
(data not shown), B11 sfv-.beta.hCG binding to MR expressed on DC
is similar to that of .beta.hCG-B11.
Example 7
CTLs Specific for the .beta.hCG-B11 Construct Recognize the scFv
Form of the Antigen (B11sfv-.beta.hCG) Presented by DCs
[0164] CTL raised to DC-presented .beta.hCG-B11 were tested against
autologous DC targets that were exposed to .beta.hCG-B11 and B11
sfv-.beta.hCG, while untreated DC or DC exposed to B11 served as
controls. Following antigen exposure, targets were labeled with
.sup.51chromium and mixed with CTL in a 4 hour assay that measures
release of radioactivity in the supernatant. In this experiment,
.beta.hCG-B11-specific T cells recognize two of four targets that
present the antigen on MHC class I molecules. No killing of targets
ensues when DC lack antigen (FIG. 11). Thus, the uptake of
.beta.hCG-B11 by DC likely results in a .beta.hCG-derived T cell
epitope recognized by CTL.
EQUIVALENTS
[0165] Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to
ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, many
equivalents of the specific embodiments of the invention described
herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the
following claims.
Incorporation by Reference
[0166] All patents, pending patent applications and other
publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in
their entirety.
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Sequence CWU 1
1
3211407DNAHomo sapiens 1atgggatgga gctgtatcat cctgttcctc gtggccacag
caaccggtgt ccactctgag 60gtgcagctgg tgcagtctgg agcagaggtg aaaaagcccg
gggagtctct gaggatctcc 120tgtaagggtt ctggagacag ttttaccacc
tactggatcg gctgggtgcg ccagatgccc 180gggaaaggcc tggagtggat
ggggatcatc tatcctggtg actctgatac catatacagc 240ccgtccttcc
aaggccaggt caccatctca gccgacaagt ccatcagcac cgcctacctg
300cagtggagca gcctgaaggc ctcggacacc gccatgtatt actgtacgag
aggggaccgg 360ggcgttgact actggggcca gggaaccctg gtcaccgtct
cctcagctag caccaagggc 420ccatcggtct tccccctggc accctcctcc
aagagcacct ctgggggcac agcggccctg 480ggctgcctgg tcaaggacta
cttccccgag ccggtgacgg tgtcgtggaa ctcaggcgcc 540ctgaccagcg
gcgtgcacac cttcccggct gtcctacagt cctcaggact ctactccctc
600agcagcgtgg tgaccgtgcc ctccagcagc ttgggcaccc agacctacat
ctgcaacgtg 660aatcacaagc ccagcaacac caaggtggac aagaaagttg
agcccaaatc ttgtgacaaa 720actcacacat gcccaccgtg cccagcacct
gaactcctgg ggggaccgtc agtcttcctc 780ttccccccaa aacccaagga
caccctcatg atctcccgga cccctgaggt cacatgcgtg 840gtggtggacg
tgagccacga agaccctgag gtcaagttca actggtacgt ggacggcgtg
900gaggtgcata atgccaagac aaagccgcgg gaggagcagt acaacagcac
gtaccgtgtg 960gtcagcgtcc tcaccgtcct gcaccaggac tggctgaatg
gcaaggagta caagtgcaag 1020gtctccaaca aagccctccc agcccccatc
gagaaaacca tctccaaagc caaagggcag 1080ccccgagaac cacaggtgta
caccctgccc ccatcccggg atgagctgac caagaaccag 1140gtcagcctga
cctgcctggt caaaggcttc tatcccagcg acatcgccgt ggagtgggag
1200agcaatgggc agccggagaa caactacaag accacgcctc ccgtgctgga
ctccgacggc 1260tccttcttcc tctacagcaa gctcaccgtg gacaagagca
ggtggcagca ggggaacgtc 1320ttctcatgct ccgtgatgca tgaggctctg
cacaaccact acacgcagaa gagcctctcc 1380ctgtctccgg gtaaaggctc gagctga
14072468PRTHomo sapiens 2Met Gly Trp Ser Cys Ile Ile Leu Phe Leu
Val Ala Thr Ala Thr Gly1 5 10 15Val His Ser Glu Val Gln Leu Val Gln
Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys 20 25 30Pro Gly Glu Ser Leu Arg Ile Ser
Cys Lys Gly Ser Gly Asp Ser Phe 35 40 45Thr Thr Tyr Trp Ile Gly Trp
Val Arg Gln Met Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu 50 55 60Glu Trp Met Gly Ile Ile
Tyr Pro Gly Asp Ser Asp Thr Ile Tyr Ser65 70 75 80Pro Ser Phe Gln
Gly Gln Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser 85 90 95Thr Ala Tyr
Leu Gln Trp Ser Ser Leu Lys Ala Ser Asp Thr Ala Met 100 105 110Tyr
Tyr Cys Thr Arg Gly Asp Arg Gly Val Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly 115 120
125Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe
130 135 140Pro Leu Ala Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala
Ala Leu145 150 155 160Gly Cys Leu Val Lys Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro
Val Thr Val Ser Trp 165 170 175Asn Ser Gly Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val
His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu 180 185 190Gln Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser
Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser 195 200 205Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr
Gln Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro 210 215 220Ser Asn Thr
Lys Val Asp Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys Asp Lys225 230 235
240Thr His Thr Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro
245 250 255Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Asp Thr Leu Met
Ile Ser 260 265 270Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys Val Val Val Asp Val
Ser His Glu Asp 275 280 285Pro Glu Val Lys Phe Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp
Gly Val Glu Val His Asn 290 295 300Ala Lys Thr Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu
Gln Tyr Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val305 310 315 320Val Ser Val Leu Thr
Val Leu His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu 325 330 335Tyr Lys Cys
Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Ile Glu Lys 340 345 350Thr
Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro Gln Val Tyr Thr 355 360
365Leu Pro Pro Ser Arg Asp Glu Leu Thr Lys Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr
370 375 380Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu
Trp Glu385 390 395 400Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr
Thr Pro Pro Val Leu 405 410 415Asp Ser Asp Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr
Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys 420 425 430Ser Arg Trp Gln Gln Gly Asn
Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu 435 440 445Ala Leu His Asn His
Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly 450 455 460Lys Gly Ser
Ser4653348DNAHomo sapiens 3gaggtgcagc tggtgcagtc tggagcagag
gtgaaaaagc ccggggagtc tctgaggatc 60tcctgtaagg gttctggaga cagttttacc
acctactgga tcggctgggt gcgccagatg 120cccgggaaag gcctggagtg
gatggggatc atctatcctg gtgactctga taccatatac 180agcccgtcct
tccaaggcca ggtcaccatc tcagccgaca agtccatcag caccgcctac
240ctgcagtgga gcagcctgaa ggcctcggac accgccatgt attactgtac
gagaggggac 300cggggcgttg actactgggg ccagggaacc ctggtcaccg tctcctca
3484116PRTHomo sapiens 4Glu Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val
Lys Lys Pro Gly Glu1 5 10 15Ser Leu Arg Ile Ser Cys Lys Gly Ser Gly
Asp Ser Phe Thr Thr Tyr 20 25 30Trp Ile Gly Trp Val Arg Gln Met Pro
Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45Gly Ile Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asp Ser
Asp Thr Ile Tyr Ser Pro Ser Phe 50 55 60Gln Gly Gln Val Thr Ile Ser
Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr65 70 75 80Leu Gln Trp Ser Ser
Leu Lys Ala Ser Asp Thr Ala Met Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95Thr Arg Gly Asp
Arg Gly Val Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val 100 105 110Thr Val
Ser Ser 1155702DNAHomo sapiens 5atgggatgga gctgtatcat cctgttcctc
gtggccacag caaccggtgt ccactccgac 60atccagatga cccagtctcc atcctcactg
tctgcatctg taggagacag agtcaccatc 120acttgtcggg cgagtcaggg
tattagcagg tggttagcct ggtatcagca gaaaccagag 180aaagccccta
agtccctgat ctatgctgca tccagtttgc aaagtggggt cccatcaagg
240ttcagcggca gtggatctgg gacagatttc actctcacca tcagcggcct
gcagcctgaa 300gattttgcaa cttattactg ccaacagtat aatagttacc
ctcggacgtt cggccaaggg 360accaaggtgg aaatcaaacg tacggtggcg
gcgccatctg tcttcatctt cccgccatct 420gatgagcagt tgaaatctgg
aactgcctct gttgtgtgcc tgctgaataa cttctatccc 480agagaggcca
aagtacagtg gaaggtggat aacgccctcc aatcgggtaa ctcccaggag
540agtgtcacag agcaggacag caaggacagc acctacagcc tcagcagcac
cctgacgctg 600agcaaagcag actacgagaa acacaaagtc tacgcctgcg
aagtcaccca tcagggcctg 660agctcgcccg tcacaaagag cttcaacagg
ggagagtgtt ag 7026233PRTHomo sapiens 6Met Gly Trp Ser Cys Ile Ile
Leu Phe Leu Val Ala Thr Ala Thr Gly1 5 10 15Val His Ser Asp Ile Gln
Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala 20 25 30Ser Val Gly Asp Arg
Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Gly Ile 35 40 45Ser Arg Trp Leu
Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Glu Lys Ala Pro Lys 50 55 60Ser Leu Ile
Tyr Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Gln Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg65 70 75 80Phe
Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Gly 85 90
95Leu Gln Pro Glu Asp Phe Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Tyr Asn Ser
100 105 110Tyr Pro Arg Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys
Arg Thr 115 120 125Val Ala Ala Pro Ser Val Phe Ile Phe Pro Pro Ser
Asp Glu Gln Leu 130 135 140Lys Ser Gly Thr Ala Ser Val Val Cys Leu
Leu Asn Asn Phe Tyr Pro145 150 155 160Arg Glu Ala Lys Val Gln Trp
Lys Val Asp Asn Ala Leu Gln Ser Gly 165 170 175Asn Ser Gln Glu Ser
Val Thr Glu Gln Asp Ser Lys Asp Ser Thr Tyr 180 185 190Ser Leu Ser
Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu Ser Lys Ala Asp Tyr Glu Lys His 195 200 205Lys
Val Tyr Ala Cys Glu Val Thr His Gln Gly Leu Ser Ser Pro Val 210 215
220Thr Lys Ser Phe Asn Arg Gly Glu Cys225 2307321DNAHomo sapiens
7gacatccaga tgacccagtc tccatcctca ctgtctgcat ctgtaggaga cagagtcacc
60atcacttgtc gggcgagtca gggtattagc aggtggttag cctggtatca gcagaaacca
120gagaaagccc ctaagtccct gatctatgct gcatccagtt tgcaaagtgg
ggtcccatca 180aggttcagcg gcagtggatc tgggacagat ttcactctca
ccatcagcgg cctgcagcct 240gaagattttg caacttatta ctgccaacag
tataatagtt accctcggac gttcggccaa 300gggaccaagg tggaaatcaa a
3218107PRTHomo sapiens 8Asp Ile Gln Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu
Ser Ala Ser Val Gly1 5 10 15Asp Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Arg Ala Ser
Gln Gly Ile Ser Arg Trp 20 25 30Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Glu
Lys Ala Pro Lys Ser Leu Ile 35 40 45Tyr Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Gln Ser
Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly 50 55 60Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe
Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Gly Leu Gln Pro65 70 75 80Glu Asp Phe Ala Thr
Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Tyr Asn Ser Tyr Pro Arg 85 90 95Thr Phe Gly Gln
Gly Thr Lys Val Glu Ile Lys 100 10591842DNAHomo sapiens 9atgggatgga
gctgtatcat cctgttcctc gtggccacag caaccggtgt ccactctgag 60gtgcagctgg
tgcagtctgg agcagaggtg aaaaagcccg gggagtctct gaggatctcc
120tgtaagggtt ctggagacag ttttaccacc tactggatcg gctgggtgcg
ccagatgccc 180gggaaaggcc tggagtggat ggggatcatc tatcctggtg
actctgatac catatacagc 240ccgtccttcc aaggccaggt caccatctca
gccgacaagt ccatcagcac cgcctacctg 300cagtggagca gcctgaaggc
ctcggacacc gccatgtatt actgtacgag aggggaccgg 360ggcgttgact
actggggcca gggaaccctg gtcaccgtct cctcagctag caccaagggc
420ccatcggtct tccccctggc accctcctcc aagagcacct ctgggggcac
agcggccctg 480ggctgcctgg tcaaggacta cttccccgag ccggtgacgg
tgtcgtggaa ctcaggcgcc 540ctgaccagcg gcgtgcacac cttcccggct
gtcctacagt cctcaggact ctactccctc 600agcagcgtgg tgaccgtgcc
ctccagcagc ttgggcaccc agacctacat ctgcaacgtg 660aatcacaagc
ccagcaacac caaggtggac aagaaagttg agcccaaatc ttgtgacaaa
720actcacacat gcccaccgtg cccagcacct gaactcctgg ggggaccgtc
agtcttcctc 780ttccccccaa aacccaagga caccctcatg atctcccgga
cccctgaggt cacatgcgtg 840gtggtggacg tgagccacga agaccctgag
gtcaagttca actggtacgt ggacggcgtg 900gaggtgcata atgccaagac
aaagccgcgg gaggagcagt acaacagcac gtaccgtgtg 960gtcagcgtcc
tcaccgtcct gcaccaggac tggctgaatg gcaaggagta caagtgcaag
1020gtctccaaca aagccctccc agcccccatc gagaaaacca tctccaaagc
caaagggcag 1080ccccgagaac cacaggtgta caccctgccc ccatcccggg
atgagctgac caagaaccag 1140gtcagcctga cctgcctggt caaaggcttc
tatcccagcg acatcgccgt ggagtgggag 1200agcaatgggc agccggagaa
caactacaag accacgcctc ccgtgctgga ctccgacggc 1260tccttcttcc
tctacagcaa gctcaccgtg gacaagagca ggtggcagca ggggaacgtc
1320ttctcatgct ccgtgatgca tgaggctctg cacaaccact acacgcagaa
gagcctctcc 1380ctgtctccgg gtaaaggctc gagctccaag gagccgcttc
ggccacggtg ccgccccatc 1440aatgccaccc tggctgtgga gaaggagggc
tgccccgtgt gcatcaccgt caacaccacc 1500atctgtgccg gctactgccc
caccatgacc cgcgtgctgc agggggtcct gccggccctg 1560cctcaggtgg
tgtgcaacta ccgcgatgtg cgcttcgagt ccatccggct ccctggctgc
1620ccgcgcggcg tgaaccccgt ggtctcctac gccgtggctc tcagctgtca
atgtgcactc 1680tgccgccgca gcaccactga ctgcgggggt cccaaggacc
accccttgac ctgtgatgac 1740ccccgcttcc aggactcctc ttcctcaaag
gcccctcccc ccagccttcc aagtccatcc 1800cgactcccgg ggccctcgga
caccccgatc ctcccacaat aa 184210613PRTHomo sapiens 10Met Gly Trp Ser
Cys Ile Ile Leu Phe Leu Val Ala Thr Ala Thr Gly1 5 10 15Val His Ser
Glu Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys 20 25 30Pro Gly
Glu Ser Leu Arg Ile Ser Cys Lys Gly Ser Gly Asp Ser Phe 35 40 45Thr
Thr Tyr Trp Ile Gly Trp Val Arg Gln Met Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu 50 55
60Glu Trp Met Gly Ile Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asp Ser Asp Thr Ile Tyr Ser65
70 75 80Pro Ser Phe Gln Gly Gln Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile
Ser 85 90 95Thr Ala Tyr Leu Gln Trp Ser Ser Leu Lys Ala Ser Asp Thr
Ala Met 100 105 110Tyr Tyr Cys Thr Arg Gly Asp Arg Gly Val Asp Tyr
Trp Gly Gln Gly 115 120 125Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr
Lys Gly Pro Ser Val Phe 130 135 140Pro Leu Ala Pro Ser Ser Lys Ser
Thr Ser Gly Gly Thr Ala Ala Leu145 150 155 160Gly Cys Leu Val Lys
Asp Tyr Phe Pro Glu Pro Val Thr Val Ser Trp 165 170 175Asn Ser Gly
Ala Leu Thr Ser Gly Val His Thr Phe Pro Ala Val Leu 180 185 190Gln
Ser Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ser Leu Ser Ser Val Val Thr Val Pro Ser 195 200
205Ser Ser Leu Gly Thr Gln Thr Tyr Ile Cys Asn Val Asn His Lys Pro
210 215 220Ser Asn Thr Lys Val Asp Lys Lys Val Glu Pro Lys Ser Cys
Asp Lys225 230 235 240Thr His Thr Cys Pro Pro Cys Pro Ala Pro Glu
Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro 245 250 255Ser Val Phe Leu Phe Pro Pro Lys Pro
Lys Asp Thr Leu Met Ile Ser 260 265 270Arg Thr Pro Glu Val Thr Cys
Val Val Val Asp Val Ser His Glu Asp 275 280 285Pro Glu Val Lys Phe
Asn Trp Tyr Val Asp Gly Val Glu Val His Asn 290 295 300Ala Lys Thr
Lys Pro Arg Glu Glu Gln Tyr Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg Val305 310 315
320Val Ser Val Leu Thr Val Leu His Gln Asp Trp Leu Asn Gly Lys Glu
325 330 335Tyr Lys Cys Lys Val Ser Asn Lys Ala Leu Pro Ala Pro Ile
Glu Lys 340 345 350Thr Ile Ser Lys Ala Lys Gly Gln Pro Arg Glu Pro
Gln Val Tyr Thr 355 360 365Leu Pro Pro Ser Arg Asp Glu Leu Thr Lys
Asn Gln Val Ser Leu Thr 370 375 380Cys Leu Val Lys Gly Phe Tyr Pro
Ser Asp Ile Ala Val Glu Trp Glu385 390 395 400Ser Asn Gly Gln Pro
Glu Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Val Leu 405 410 415Asp Ser Asp
Gly Ser Phe Phe Leu Tyr Ser Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Lys 420 425 430Ser
Arg Trp Gln Gln Gly Asn Val Phe Ser Cys Ser Val Met His Glu 435 440
445Ala Leu His Asn His Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ser Leu Ser Leu Ser Pro Gly
450 455 460Lys Gly Ser Ser Ser Lys Glu Pro Leu Arg Pro Arg Cys Arg
Pro Ile465 470 475 480Asn Ala Thr Leu Ala Val Glu Lys Glu Gly Cys
Pro Val Cys Ile Thr 485 490 495Val Asn Thr Thr Ile Cys Ala Gly Tyr
Cys Pro Thr Met Thr Arg Val 500 505 510Leu Gln Gly Val Leu Pro Ala
Leu Pro Gln Val Val Cys Asn Tyr Arg 515 520 525Asp Val Arg Phe Glu
Ser Ile Arg Leu Pro Gly Cys Pro Arg Gly Val 530 535 540Asn Pro Val
Val Ser Tyr Ala Val Ala Leu Ser Cys Gln Cys Ala Leu545 550 555
560Cys Arg Arg Ser Thr Thr Asp Cys Gly Gly Pro Lys Asp His Pro Leu
565 570 575Thr Cys Asp Asp Pro Arg Phe Gln Asp Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys
Ala Pro 580 585 590Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly
Pro Ser Asp Thr 595 600 605Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 610111325DNAHomo
sapiens 11aagcttcacc atgggatgga gctgtatcat cctcttcttg gtggccacag
ctaccggtgt 60ccactccgac atccagatga cccagtctcc atcctcactg tctgcatctg
taggagacag 120agtcaccatc acttgtcggg cgagtcaggg tattagcagg
tggttagcct ggtatcagca 180gaaaccagag aaagccccta agtccctgat
ctatgctgca tccagtttgc aaagtggggt 240cccatcaagg ttcagcggca
gtggatctgg gacagatttc actctcacca tcagcggcct 300gcagcctgaa
gattttgcaa cttattactg ccaacagtat aatagttacc ctcggacgtt
360cggccaaggg accaaggtgg aaatcaaagg agggggcggt tccggaggag
gcggcagcgg 420gggaggaggt agcgaggtgc agctggtgca gtctggagca
gaggtgaaaa agcccgggga 480gtctctgagg atctcctgta agggttctgg
agacagtttt accacctact ggatcggctg 540ggtgcgccag atgcccggga
aaggcctgga gtggatgggg atcatctatc ctggtgactc 600tgataccata
tacagcccgt ccttccaagg ccaggtcacc atctcagccg acaagtccat
660cagcaccgcc tacctgcagt ggagcagcct gaaggcctcg gacaccgcca
tgtattactg 720tacgagaggg gaccggggcg ttgactactg gggccaggga
accctggtca ccgtctcctc 780aggctctacc ggtgggggag
gctcgagctc caaggagccg cttcggccac ggtgccgccc 840catcaatgcc
accctggctg tggagaagga gggctgcccc gtgtgcatca ccgtcaacac
900caccatctgt gccggctact gccccaccat gacccgcgtg ctgcaggggg
tcctgccggc 960cctgcctcag gtggtgtgca actaccgcga tgtgcgcttc
gagtccatcc ggctccctgg 1020ctgcccgcgc ggcgtgaacc ccgtggtctc
ctacgccgtg gctctcagct gtcaatgtgc 1080actctgccgc cgcagcacca
ctgactgcgg gggtcccaag gaccacccct tgacctgtga 1140tgacccccgc
ttccaggact cctcttcctc aaaggcccct ccccccagcc ttccaagtcc
1200atcccgactc ccggggccct cggacacccc gatcctccca caataagcgg
ccgcagaaca 1260gaaactcatc tcagaagagg atctgaatgg cgccgcacat
caccatcatc accattgatt 1320ctaga 132512411PRTHomo sapiens 12Met Gly
Trp Ser Cys Ile Ile Leu Phe Leu Val Ala Thr Ala Thr Gly1 5 10 15Val
His Ser Asp Ile Gln Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala 20 25
30Ser Val Gly Asp Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Gly Ile
35 40 45Ser Arg Trp Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Glu Lys Ala Pro
Lys 50 55 60Ser Leu Ile Tyr Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Gln Ser Gly Val Pro
Ser Arg65 70 75 80Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu
Thr Ile Ser Gly 85 90 95Leu Gln Pro Glu Asp Phe Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys
Gln Gln Tyr Asn Ser 100 105 110Tyr Pro Arg Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr
Lys Val Glu Ile Lys Gly Gly 115 120 125Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly
Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Glu Val Gln 130 135 140Leu Val Gln Ser Gly
Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Glu Ser Leu Arg145 150 155 160Ile Ser
Cys Lys Gly Ser Gly Asp Ser Phe Thr Thr Tyr Trp Ile Gly 165 170
175Trp Val Arg Gln Met Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Met Gly Ile Ile
180 185 190Tyr Pro Gly Asp Ser Asp Thr Ile Tyr Ser Pro Ser Phe Gln
Gly Gln 195 200 205Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala
Tyr Leu Gln Trp 210 215 220Ser Ser Leu Lys Ala Ser Asp Thr Ala Met
Tyr Tyr Cys Thr Arg Gly225 230 235 240Asp Arg Gly Val Asp Tyr Trp
Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser 245 250 255Ser Gly Ser Thr Gly
Gly Gly Gly Ser Ser Ser Lys Glu Pro Leu Arg 260 265 270Pro Arg Cys
Arg Pro Ile Asn Ala Thr Leu Ala Val Glu Lys Glu Gly 275 280 285Cys
Pro Val Cys Ile Thr Val Asn Thr Thr Ile Cys Ala Gly Tyr Cys 290 295
300Pro Thr Met Thr Arg Val Leu Gln Gly Val Leu Pro Ala Leu Pro
Gln305 310 315 320Val Val Cys Asn Tyr Arg Asp Val Arg Phe Glu Ser
Ile Arg Leu Pro 325 330 335Gly Cys Pro Arg Gly Val Asn Pro Val Val
Ser Tyr Ala Val Ala Leu 340 345 350Ser Cys Gln Cys Ala Leu Cys Arg
Arg Ser Thr Thr Asp Cys Gly Gly 355 360 365Pro Lys Asp His Pro Leu
Thr Cys Asp Asp Pro Arg Phe Gln Asp Ser 370 375 380Ser Ser Ser Lys
Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu385 390 395 400Pro
Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu Pro Gln 405 410135PRTHomo sapiens
13Thr Tyr Trp Ile Gly1 51417PRTHomo sapiens 14Ile Ile Tyr Pro Gly
Asp Ser Asp Thr Ile Tyr Ser Pro Ser Phe Gln1 5 10 15Gly157PRTHomo
sapiens 15Gly Asp Arg Gly Val Asp Tyr1 51611PRTHomo sapiens 16Arg
Ala Ser Gln Gly Ile Ser Arg Trp Leu Ala1 5 10177PRTHomo sapiens
17Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Gln Ser1 5189PRTHomo sapiens 18Gln Gln Tyr
Asn Ser Tyr Pro Arg Thr1 519143PRTHomo sapiens 19Ser Lys Glu Pro
Leu Arg Pro Arg Cys Arg Pro Ile Asn Ala Thr Leu1 5 10 15Ala Val Glu
Lys Glu Gly Cys Pro Val Cys Ile Thr Val Asn Thr Thr 20 25 30Ile Cys
Ala Gly Tyr Cys Pro Thr Met Thr Arg Val Leu Gln Gly Val 35 40 45Leu
Pro Ala Leu Pro Gln Val Val Cys Asn Tyr Arg Asp Val Arg Phe 50 55
60Glu Ser Ile Arg Leu Pro Gly Cys Pro Arg Gly Val Asn Pro Val Val65
70 75 80Ser Tyr Ala Val Ala Leu Ser Cys Gln Cys Ala Leu Cys Arg Arg
Ser 85 90 95Thr Thr Asp Cys Gly Gly Pro Lys Asp His Pro Leu Thr Cys
Asp Asp 100 105 110Pro Arg Phe Gln Asp Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ala Pro
Pro Pro Ser Leu 115 120 125Pro Ser Pro Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser
Asp Thr Pro Ile Leu 130 135 140209PRTHomo sapiens 20Asp Val Arg Phe
Glu Ser Ile Arg Leu1 5219PRTHomo sapiens 21Tyr Arg Asp Val Arg Phe
Glu Ser Ile1 5229PRTHomo sapiens 22Leu Arg Pro Arg Cys Arg Pro Ile
Asn1 5239PRTHomo sapiens 23Ser Arg Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr1
5249PRTHomo sapiens 24Cys Arg Pro Ile Asn Ala Thr Leu Ala1
5259PRTHomo sapiens 25Leu Pro Gly Pro Ser Asp Thr Pro Ile1
5269PRTHomo sapiens 26Cys Pro Arg Gly Val Asn Pro Val Val1
5279PRTHomo sapiens 27Arg Pro Ile Asn Ala Thr Leu Ala Val1
5289PRTHomo sapiens 28Val Ala Leu Ser Cys Gln Cys Ala Leu1
529294DNAHomo sapiens 29gaggtgcagc tggtgcagtc tggagcagag gtgaaaaagc
ccggggagtc tctgaagatc 60tcctgtaagg gttctggata cagctttacc agctactgga
tcggctgggt gcgccagatg 120cccgggaaag gcctggagtg gatggggatc
atctatcctg gtgactctga taccagatac 180agcccgtcct tccaaggcca
ggtcaccatc tcagccgaca agtccatcag caccgcctac 240ctgcagtgga
gcagcctgaa ggcctcggac accgccatgt attactgtgc gaga 2943098PRTHomo
sapiens 30Glu Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro
Gly Glu1 5 10 15Ser Leu Lys Ile Ser Cys Lys Gly Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe
Thr Ser Tyr 20 25 30Trp Ile Gly Trp Val Arg Gln Met Pro Gly Lys Gly
Leu Glu Trp Met 35 40 45Gly Ile Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asp Ser Asp Thr Arg
Tyr Ser Pro Ser Phe 50 55 60Gln Gly Gln Val Thr Ile Ser Ala Asp Lys
Ser Ile Ser Thr Ala Tyr65 70 75 80Leu Gln Trp Ser Ser Leu Lys Ala
Ser Asp Thr Ala Met Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95Ala Arg31285DNAHomo sapiens
31gacatccaga tgacccagtc tccatcctca ctgtctgcat ctgtaggaga cagagtcacc
60atcacttgtc gggcgagtca gggtattagc agctggttag cctggtatca gcagaaacca
120gagaaagccc ctaagtccct gatctatgct gcatccagtt tgcaaagtgg
ggtcccatca 180aggttcagcg gcagtggatc tgggacagat ttcactctca
ccatcagcag cctggagcct 240gaagattttg caacttatta ctgccaacag
tataatagtt accct 2853295PRTHomo sapiens 32Asp Ile Gln Met Thr Gln
Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Val Gly1 5 10 15Asp Arg Val Thr Ile
Thr Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Gly Ile Ser Ser Trp 20 25 30Leu Ala Trp Tyr
Gln Gln Lys Pro Glu Lys Ala Pro Lys Ser Leu Ile 35 40 45Tyr Ala Ala
Ser Ser Leu Gln Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly 50 55 60Ser Gly
Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Gln Pro65 70 75
80Glu Asp Phe Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Tyr Asn Ser Tyr Pro 85 90
95
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References