U.S. patent application number 12/548709 was filed with the patent office on 2009-12-17 for operation for backward-compatible transmission.
Invention is credited to Michael Lewis.
Application Number | 20090310702 12/548709 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 35054249 |
Filed Date | 2009-12-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090310702 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lewis; Michael |
December 17, 2009 |
OPERATION FOR BACKWARD-COMPATIBLE TRANSMISSION
Abstract
The disclosure relates to a transmitter in a transmission system
operable to optimize estimates of a quantity at a receiver for
improved operation. The transmission system includes a transmitting
means connected to a number of antennas (Txm), and to control
means. The control means controls the transmitting means to
initially transmit an initial training/quantity estimation sequence
during an initial training/quantity estimation phase and
subsequently transmit a sequence of data symbols such that the
information rate of the data symbols is progressively
increased.
Inventors: |
Lewis; Michael; (London,
GB) |
Correspondence
Address: |
SpryIP, LLC;IFX
5009 163rd PL SE
Bellevue
WA
98006
US
|
Family ID: |
35054249 |
Appl. No.: |
12/548709 |
Filed: |
August 27, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11089284 |
Mar 24, 2005 |
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12548709 |
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60558220 |
Mar 31, 2004 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
375/267 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 5/1446 20130101;
H04L 25/0226 20130101; H04L 25/025 20130101; H04L 1/0002 20130101;
H04L 5/0023 20130101; H04L 25/0204 20130101; H04L 5/0048 20130101;
H04L 1/0618 20130101; H04L 25/022 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
375/267 |
International
Class: |
H04B 7/02 20060101
H04B007/02 |
Claims
1. A transmitter in a transmission system operable to facilitate
optimization of estimates of a channel transfer functions at a
receiver for improved operation for backward-compatible multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN networks
comprising m number of transmitting antennas (Txm) and n number of
receiving antennas, wherein m and n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2,
wherein the transmissions on each transmitting antenna (Txm) during
an initial training/channel estimating phase are separated in
frequency, so that a given transmitting antenna (Txm) is the only
one transmitting on a given subcarrier at a given time, comprising:
a transmitting device operably coupled to a plurality of antennas
(Txm); and a control device operably coupled to the transmitting
device and operable to control the transmissions from the
transmitter to the receiver in such a way that a different
assignment of subcarriers to the transmitting antennas is made for
later portions of a training/estimation sequence than for an
initial portion of the training/estimation sequence containing a
11a/11g SIGNAL field therein.
2. The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the control device controls
the transmissions of the transmitting device in such a way that a
mapping of subcarriers to the transmit antennas follows a
predetermined sequence known at the receiver.
3. The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the control device controls
the transmissions of the transmitting device in such a way that a
mapping of subcarriers to the transmit antennas (Txm) optimizes a
possibility for the receiver to estimate the channel transfer
functions.
4. An optimization system operable to optimize estimates of a
channel transfer function at a receiver for improved operation for
backward-compatible multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
OFDM-based wireless LAN networks comprising m number of
transmitting antennas and n number of receiving antennas, wherein m
and n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2, wherein the transmissions on
each transmitting antenna during an initial training/channel
estimating phase are separated in frequency, so that a given
transmitting antenna is the only one transmitting on a given
subcarrier at a given time, comprising: a receiving device operably
coupled to the receiving antennas; and a control device operably
coupled to the receiving device and operable to adapt an estimate
updating process to a different subcarrier for transmit antenna
mapping during later portions of a training/estimation sequence
than for an initial portion of the training/estimation sequence
containing an 11a/11g SIGNAL field therein.
5. The optimization system of claim 4, further comprising: a first
estimating device operable to make an initial estimate of the
channel transfer function, based on the received symbols during the
initial training/channel estimation phase; an estimate updating
device operable to update the estimate of the channel transfer
function during the initial training/channel estimation phase,
wherein the control device controls the estimate updating process
in such a way that the mapping of subcarriers to the transmit
antennas follows a predetermined sequence used at the
transmitter.
6. The optimization system of claim 4, wherein the control device
controls the estimate updating process in such a way as to optimize
the estimate of the channel transfer functions.
7. A method for optimising estimates of channel transfer functions
at a receiver for improved operation for backward-compatible
multiple input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN
networks, comprising m number of transmitting antennas and n number
of receiving antennas, wherein m and n are integers and m,
n.gtoreq.2, comprising: receiving an initial portion of a
training/estimation sequence containing a 11a/11g SIGNAL field;
obtaining an initial estimate of the channel transfer function
during receipt of the initial portion of the training/estimation
sequence containing the 11a/11g SIGNAL field; receiving a
subsequent portion of the training/estimation sequence where a
mapping of subcarriers to the transmit antennae is changed; and
updating the initial estimate of the channel transfer function
based on the subsequent portion of the training/estimation
sequence.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising controlling the
updating of the channel transfer function estimates based on a
predetermined sequence of mappings of subcarriers to the transmit
antennae known to be used at the transmitter.
9. A receiver in a transmission system operable to optimize
estimates of channel transfer functions at said receiver for
improved operation for backward-compatible multiple input multiple
output (MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN networks, comprising m number
of transmitting antennas and n number of receiving antennas,
wherein m and n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2, comprising: a first
estimating device operable to make an initial estimate of the
channel transfer function, based on the received symbols during an
initial training/channel estimation phase; estimate updating device
operable to update the estimate of the channel transfer function;
and a pilot measuring device and control device connected to the
pilot measuring device and the estimate updating device, wherein
the control device is operable to control the pilot measuring
device such that the subcarriers used for a pilot tone reception is
changed from symbol to symbol.
10. The receiver of claim 9, wherein the control device is further
operable to decide in advance a pattern of which subcarriers and/or
transmitting antennas are used for pilot tones in each symbol.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a Continuation Application of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 11/089,284, which was filed on Mar. 24,
2005. The priority of the pending patent application is hereby
claimed and the entire contents thereof are hereby incorporated
herein by reference. The patent application Ser. No. 11/089,284
claimed priority benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/558,220,
filed on Mar. 31, 2004, the entire contents of which are hereby
herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standardization process
recently created the "high throughput" task group, which aims to
generate a new standard for wireless LAN systems with a measured
throughput of greater than 100 Mbit/s. The dominant technology that
promises to be able to deliver these increased speeds are so-called
MIMO (multiple-input, multiple-output) systems. MIMO systems are
defined by having multiple antennae used for both transmission and
reception. The maximum theoretical throughput of such a system
scales linearly with the number of antennae, which is the reason
that the technology is of great interest for high throughput
applications. An example of such a system is shown in FIG. 1, with
a laptop 2 transmitting to an access point where each device has
three antennae.
[0003] The reason why these systems can offer improved throughput
compared to single antenna systems, is that there is spatial
redundancy: each piece of information transmitted from each
transmitting antenna travels a different path to each receiving
antenna, and experiences distortion with different characteristics
(different channel transfer functions). In the example of FIG. 1,
there are three different channel transfer functions from each
antenna to each receiver: the transfer function from transmitting
antenna x to receiving antenna y is denoted by H.sub.xy. Greater
capacity is obtained by making use of the spatial redundancy of
these independent or semi-independent channels (perhaps in
conjunction with other coding techniques) to improve the chance of
successfully decoding the transmitted data. The examples given here
use three transmitting antennae. However, any arbitrary number of
transmit antennae can be used.
[0004] There are a wide range of published techniques for encoding
information over a MIMO channel set, for example, linear
beamforming with a Wiener filter receiver, space time block coding,
etc. In virtually all of the techniques, it is necessary to obtain
a reasonably accurate estimate of the channel transfer functions at
least at the receiver. In some of the techniques, channel transfer
function estimates must also be available at the transmitter: it is
possible to encode the estimated transfer function at the receiver
and send it back to the transmitter if the channel transfer
functions change sufficiently slowly with time.
[0005] An important criterion of the high-throughput WLAN
standardization activity is that the new systems can interoperate
with existing 802.11a and 802.11g OFDM WLAN systems. This means,
primarily, that the legacy systems can interpret sufficient
information from the transmission of the new system such that they
do not interact in a negative manner (e.g., making sure that legacy
systems remain silent during an ongoing transmission of the new
system). For this reason, it has been proposed that the new
high-throughput standard uses the same preamble structure as for
802.11a/g. The preamble is the information transmitted before the
data-carrying portion of a transmission, which allows the
transmission to be detected and allows estimation of, amongst other
things, the channel transfer function. The aim is that the
transmitted preambles will be sufficiently similar so that legacy
devices can determine the presence and duration of a
high-throughput transmission.
[0006] A representation of an IEEE 802.11a/g OFDM preamble is shown
in FIG. 2. The first portion of the preamble consists of 10
repetitions of a short 0.8 .mu.s long sequence known as the short
preamble symbol A. These are used to detect the presence of an
incoming signal and to perform initial estimations of, for example,
carrier frequency offset.
[0007] The second portion B of the preamble uses the same sort of
transmission as the OFDM symbols that are used to carry data in the
payload of the transmission. The symbols are 3.2 .mu.s long, and
are made up of 52 subcarriers with a spacing of 0.3125 MHz, as
shown in FIG. 3. The preamble consists of 2 repetitions of a known
3.2 .mu.s training symbol, preceded by a 1.6 .mu.s cyclic prefix (a
copy of the last half of a training symbol prepended to the
sequence). These OFDM training symbols are used to perform an
estimate of the channel transfer function from the transmitting
antenna to each receiving antenna. The cyclic prefix CP means that
each OFDM subcarrier experiences a flat fading channel (for
sufficiently short channel delay spreads). Flat fading means that
the channel transfer function for the signal on each subcarrier can
be represented purely by a phase rotation and a scaling of
amplitude. These amplitude and phase changes for each subcarrier
can readily be estimated when the received signal is transformed
into the frequency domain (e.g., via the FFT).
[0008] The final portion of the preamble, known as the SIGNAL field
C, is a single OFDM data symbol (3.2 .mu.s long with a 0.8 .mu.s
cyclic prefix) modulated using BPSK, the most robust transmission
mode defined in the standard. This contains details of what
modulation format is used for the rest of the transmission, as well
as the overall length of the transmission.
[0009] D represents the data symbols.
[0010] There are two primary difficulties in implementing a MIMO
system that is interoperable with legacy 11a/11g devices. Firstly,
it is necessary to be able to signal that the new MIMO transmission
methods are being used while also allowing legacy devices to gather
sufficient information of the transmission in progress. This can be
done in a straightforward manner: there are unused portions of the
802.11a/11g SIGNAL field, which are defined as reserved (not used
in transmission, and ignored on reception). These portions can be
used to flag the use of a new transmission mode, while the rate and
length information contained in the SIGNAL field can be used to
indicate the duration of the transmission. For MIMO devices, this
first signal field can then be followed by another signal field,
shown in FIG. 4 with the second signal field denoted as SIGNAL 2,
E.
[0011] These portions of the preamble structures in FIGS. 2 and 4,
which correspond to each other, have been denoted with the same
reference letter.
[0012] The legacy device will thereby interpret the SIGNAL C field
correctly (ignoring the reserved sections): the remainder of the
frame will not be correctly received, but the legacy device will
recognise that a transmission is underway and know what the
duration of the transmission is. A non-legacy device will interpret
both SIGNAL, C and SIGNAL 2, E, using the SIGNAL 2 field, E to
configure the operating mode for the remainder of the transmission
(perhaps in conjunction with information from the SIGNAL field
C).
[0013] A more complicated problem is the task of creating the
estimates of the channel transfer function from each transmitting
antenna to each receiving antenna. Techniques exist whereby the
transfer function at the receiver can be estimated with
transmission occurring on all antennae simultaneously; however,
these techniques are not compatible with the existing 11a/11g
preamble structure. The alternative is that transmissions on each
antenna are separated, in time and/or in frequency.
[0014] Probably the simplest way to generate channel estimates for
each transmit antenna is to separate the transmissions in time. The
initial preamble is transmitted on a single antenna. This will
allow legacy devices to receive the preamble, and will allow MIMO
devices to estimate the channel transfer function from the first
transmitting antenna to each receiving antenna. Subsequently, long
training symbols can be repeated on each of the other transmit
antennae, allowing the channel transfer functions to be estimated
from each of the remaining transmit antennae to each receive
antenna.
[0015] An example of one possible preamble structure using this
method is shown in FIG. 5. Here, everything up to the SIGNAL 2
field are transmitted on antenna 1, and antennae 2 and 3 then
transmit copies of the training sequence (the chosen order of the
training sequences and the SIGNAL 2 field is unimportant, as long
as it is standardized).
[0016] An alternative to separating the transmissions in time is to
separate the transmissions on each antenna in frequency, so that a
given antenna is the only one transmitting on a given subcarrier at
a given time, and to use the standard 802.11a/g preamble. An
example of a possible distribution is shown in FIG. 6. The
subcarrier/Tx antenna distribution can either be used for the whole
preamble, or can be used for the long training symbols and the
SIGNAL/SIGNAL 2 fields only. The channel spacing is 0.3125 MHz.
[0017] From the point of view of a legacy device, there is a unique
transfer function for each subcarrier that can be estimated that
remains constant through to the SIGNAL field and allows the
required information to be decoded.
[0018] For a MIMO device, the channel transfer functions are not
completely known for all subcarriers for each transmitting antenna.
It is therefore necessary to exploit the characteristics of the
physical channel, whereby nearby subcarriers have a channel
transfer function that is correlated with one another. It is
therefore possible to make an estimate of the unknown subcarriers
interpolated or extrapolated from the nearby subcarriers.
[0019] Multiple training symbols give an unambiguous and
good-quality estimate for the channel transfer functions. However,
they represent a significant overhead (an extra 20 .mu.s per
packet). Since the aim of the MIMO system is to provide very
greatly increased throughput, this overhead becomes the limiting
factor in determining the available transmission rate and fails to
meet the required target of 100 Mbps.
[0020] The use of the diagonal channel estimate offers a minimal
overhead. However, the requirement to interpolate/extrapolate the
channel transfer functions causes problems, particularly for
difficult channels, due to errors in the resulting estimates. Such
channel estimation errors are irreducible (increasing signal power
does not improve the situation), and are likely to be a limit to
the available data rate. The problem is particularly bad for the
subcarriers at the edge of the band, for which extrapolation must
be performed (since a known subcarrier channel transfer function
exists only on one side).
SUMMARY
[0021] The following presents a simplified summary in order to
provide a basic understanding of one or more aspects of the
invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the
invention, and is neither intended to identify key or critical
elements of the invention, nor to delineate the scope thereof.
Rather, the primary purpose of the summary is to present some
concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the
more detailed description that is presented later.
[0022] The present invention is directed to systems and methods
that solve the above-mentioned problems. A transmitter in a
transmission system according to the invention is operable to
optimize estimates of a quantity at a receiver for improved
operation. The transmission system comprises, in one example, a
transmitting means connected to a number of antennas, and a control
means. The control means controls the transmitting means to
initially transmit an initial training/quantity estimation sequence
during an initial training/quantity estimation phase and
subsequently transmit a sequence of data symbols such that the
information rate of the data symbols is progressively
increased.
[0023] One advantage of the transmitter according to the above
embodiment is that it provides an improved trade-off between
initial quantity estimation error and the amount of overhead
introduced, thereby allowing higher final rates for a given
probability of packet error at a receiver, which is able to update
the quantity estimates based on the received data.
[0024] In another embodiment of the invention, an optimization
system is provided. The optimization system is operable to optimize
estimates of a quantity at a receiver for improved operation. The
optimization system comprises a receiving means connected to a
number of receiving antennas, and to control means. The control
means controls the receiving means to initially receive an initial
training/quantity estimation sequence during an initial
training/quantity estimation phase and subsequently receive a
sequence of data symbols such that the information rate of the data
symbols is progressively increased.
[0025] One advantage of the optimization system according to one
embodiment of the invention is that it provides an improved
trade-off between initial quantity estimation error and the amount
of overhead introduced, thereby allowing higher final rates for a
given probability of packet error at a receiver, which is able to
update the quantity estimates based on the received data.
[0026] The invention also comprises a method at a transmitter that
facilitates an optimization of estimates of a quantity at a
receiver. In one embodiment, the method comprises transmitting an
initial training/quantity estimation sequence, and transmitting the
first few data symbols of the remainder of the transmission at a
low information rate and increasing the information rate
progressively with time.
[0027] One advantage of this method is that it provides an improved
trade-off between initial quantity estimation error and the amount
of overhead introduced, thereby allowing higher final rates for a
given probability of packet error at a receiver, which is able to
update the quantity estimates based on the received data.
[0028] In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, at
least one computer program product is provided, wherein the at
least one computer program product performs the transmissions in
the above-highlighted method and consequently achieves the same
advantage.
[0029] A method for optimization of estimates of a quantity at a
receiver is also provided and comprises receiving an initial
training/quantity estimation sequence during an initial
training/quantity estimation phase, and adapting the receiver to an
increasing information rate used at the transmitter.
[0030] One advantage of the above method is that it provides an
improved trade-off between initial quantity estimation error and
the amount of overhead introduced, thereby allowing higher final
rates for a given probability of packet error.
[0031] In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a
transmitter in a transmission system is provided, wherein the
transmitter is operable to optimize estimates of a channel transfer
function at a receiver for improved operation for
backward-compatible multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
OFDM-based wireless LAN networks. The transmission system comprises
m number of transmitting antennas and n number of receiving
antennas, wherein m an n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2. The
transmissions on each transmitting antenna during an initial
training/channel estimation phase are separated in frequency, so
that a given transmitting antenna is the only one transmitting on a
given subcarrier at a given time. The transmission system further
comprises a transmitting means connected to a number of antenna
means. The transmission system also comprises a control means
connected to said transmitting means and is operable to control the
transmissions in such a way that a different assignment of
subcarriers to transmitting antennas is made for later portions of
the training/estimation sequence than for the initial portion of
the training/estimation sequence containing the 11a/11g SIGNAL
field.
[0032] An advantage with the above transmission system according to
this exemplary embodiment of the present invention is that it
provides improved channel estimates without any overhead.
[0033] An optimization system according to another embodiment of
the invention is operable to optimize estimates of a channel
transfer function at a receiver for improved operation for
backward-compatible multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
OFDM-based wireless LAN networks. The optimization system comprises
m number of transmitting antennas and n number of receiving
antennas, wherein m an n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2. The
transmissions on each transmitting antenna during an initial
training/channel estimation phase are separated in frequency, so
that a given transmitting antenna is the only one transmitting on a
given subcarrier at a given time. The optimization system comprises
a receiving means connected to receiving antenna, and to a control
means operable to adapt an estimate updating process to a different
subcarrier to transmitting antenna mapping during later portions of
the training/estimation sequence than for the initial portion of
the training/estimation sequence containing the 11a/11g SIGNAL
field.
[0034] An advantage of the above optimization system embodiment is
that it provides improved channel estimates without any
overhead.
[0035] In accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention,
a method is disclosed for optimising estimates of channel transfer
functions at a receiver for improved operation for
backward-compatible multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
OFDM-based wireless LAN networks. The method comprises m number of
transmitting antennas and n number of receiving antennas, wherein m
an n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2, and comprises separating the
transmissions on each transmitting antenna in frequency during an
initial training/channel estimation phase, so that a given
transmitting antenna is the only one transmitting on a given
subcarrier at a time. The method further comprises applying a
different assignment of subcarriers to transmitting antennas for
the later portions of the training/channel estimation sequence than
for the initial portion containing the 11a/11g SIGNAL field. One
advantage with this method is that it provides improved channel
estimates without any overhead.
[0036] In still another embodiment, a method is disclosed for
optimising estimates of channel transfer functions at a receiver
for improved operation backward-compatible multiple input multiple
output (MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN networks. The method
comprises m number of transmitting antennas and n number of
receiving antennas, wherein m an n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2,
and comprises receiving an initial portion of the
training/estimation sequence containing the 11a/11g SIGNAL field,
and obtaining an initial estimate of the channel transfer function
during the initial portion of the training/estimation sequence
containing the 11a/11g SIGNAL field. The method further comprises
receiving a subsequent portion of the training/estimation sequence
where the mapping of subcarriers to transmit antennae is changed,
and updating the initial estimate of the channel transfer function.
One advantage with this method is that it provides improved channel
estimates without any overhead.
[0037] In another embodiment a transmitter in a transmission system
is provided and is operable to optimize estimates of channel
transfer functions at a receiver for improved operation for
backward-compatible multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
OFDM-based wireless LAN networks. The system comprises m number of
transmitting antennas and n number of receiving antennas, wherein m
an n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2. The transmitter comprises a
transmission means capable of transmitting on a number of antennas
and a control means, which is operable to control transmissions in
such a way that the subcarriers used for a pilot tone transmission
is changed from symbol to symbol.
[0038] One advantage with the above transmitter is that it allows
channel estimates to be improved without the risk of data decoding
errors, and gives the additional benefit of making pilot
transmission more robust to deep fading or interference on
particular subcarrier frequencies.
[0039] A receiver according to yet another embodiment of the
invention comprises a receiver in a transmission system that is
operable to optimize estimates of channel transfer functions at
said receiver for improved operation for backward-compatible
multiple input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN
networks. The system comprises m number of transmitting antennas
and n number of receiving antennas, wherein m an n are integers and
m, n.gtoreq.2. The receiver comprises a first estimating means
operable to make an initial estimate of said channel transfer
function, based on the received symbols during an initial
training/channel estimation phase. The receiver also comprises
estimate updating means operable to update said estimate of said
channel transfer function, and remodulating means operable to
duplicate the modulation function performed at the transmitter. The
receiver also comprises pilot measuring means and a control means
connected to said pilot measuring means, said estimate updating
means and said remodulating means, wherein the control means is
operable to control the pilot measuring means such that the
subcarriers used for a pilot tone reception are changed from symbol
to symbol.
[0040] An advantage with the above receiver is that it allows
channel estimates to be improved without the risk of data decoding
errors, and gives the additional benefit of making pilot
transmission more robust to deep fading or interference on
particular subcarrier frequencies.
[0041] According to still another embodiment of the invention, a
method at a transmitter is provided that facilitates optimized
estimates of channel transfer functions at a receiver for improved
operation for backward-compatible multiple input multiple output
(MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN networks. The method comprises
transmitting an initial training/channel estimating sequence during
an initial training/channel estimation phase, and controlling
transmissions in subsequent data symbols in such a way that the
subcarriers used for a pilot tone transmission are changed from
symbol to symbol.
[0042] An advantage with this method is that it allows channel
estimates to be improved without the risk of data decoding errors,
and gives the additional benefit of making pilot transmission more
robust to deep fading or interference on particular subcarrier
frequencies.
[0043] In another embodiment, a method at a receiver is disclosed
for producing optimized estimates of channel transfer functions for
improved operation in a multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
OFDM-based wireless LAN networks. The method comprises making an
initial estimate of said channel transfer function, based on the
received symbols during said initial training/channel estimating
phase, and receiving the transmitted pilot tones from the
subcarriers used at the transmitter. The method further comprises
duplicating the modulation function performed at the transmitter,
and updating the estimate of said channel transfer function using
the received pilot tones.
[0044] An advantage with this method is that it allows channel
estimates to be improved without the risk of data decoding errors,
and gives the additional benefit of making pilot transmission more
robust to deep fading or interference on particular subcarrier
frequencies.
[0045] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the
invention comprises the features hereinafter fully described and
particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description
and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative
aspects and implementations of the invention. These are indicative,
however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles
of the invention may be employed. Other objects, advantages and
novel features of the invention will become apparent from the
following detailed description of the invention when considered in
conjunction with the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0046] The detailed description is described with reference to the
accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a
reference number identifies the figure in which the reference
number first appears. The use of the same reference number in
different instances in the description and the figures may indicate
similar or identical items.
[0047] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a MIMO system illustrating
channel transfer functions between antennas.
[0048] FIG. 2 shows an IEEE 802.11a/g OFDM preamble structure.
[0049] FIG. 3 discloses an OFDM subcarrier (frequency domain)
structure.
[0050] FIG. 4 shows an OFDM preamble structure with a second SIGNAL
field (SIGNAL 2).
[0051] FIG. 5 discloses a 11a/g compatible OFDM-MIMO preamble with
replicated training sequences.
[0052] FIG. 6 shows a distribution of subcarriers over transmit
antennas for diagonal channel estimation.
[0053] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a first embodiment of a
transmitter according to the present invention.
[0054] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a first embodiment of an
optimization system according to the present invention.
[0055] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the optimization system
disclosed in FIG. 8 in more detail.
[0056] FIG. 10 is a flow chart of a first embodiment of a method at
a transmitter according to the present invention.
[0057] FIG. 11 is a flow chart of a first embodiment of a method
for optimization according to the present invention.
[0058] FIG. 12 is a flow chart of the method disclosed in FIG. 11
in more detail.
[0059] FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of a
transmitter according to the present invention.
[0060] FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of an
optimization system according to the present invention.
[0061] FIG. 15 is a block diagram of the optimization system
disclosed in FIG. 14 in more detail.
[0062] FIG. 16 is a flow chart of a second embodiment of a method
at a transmitter according to the present invention.
[0063] FIG. 17 is a flow chart of a second embodiment of a method
for optimising according to the present invention.
[0064] FIG. 18 is a block diagram of a third embodiment of a
transmitter according to the present invention.
[0065] FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a receiver according to the
present invention.
[0066] FIG. 20 is a flow chart of a third embodiment of a method at
a transmitter according to the present invention.
[0067] FIG. 21 is a flow chart of a method at a receiver according
to the present invention.
[0068] FIG. 22 is a flow chart of the method disclosed in FIG. 21
in more detail.
[0069] FIG. 23 shows the change of subcarrier/Tx antenna allocation
for the SIGNAL 2 field.
[0070] FIG. 24 show some examples of computer program products
according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0071] In FIG. 7 there is disclosed a block diagram of a first
embodiment of a transmitter 54 according to the present invention.
The transmitter 54 is included in a transmission system 50. The
transmission system 50 comprises a transmitting means 54 connected
to three transmitting antennas Tx 1, Tx 2, Tx 3, and to transmitter
control means 52. The control means 52 controls said transmitting
means 54 to initially transmit an initial training/quantity
estimation sequence during an initial training/quantity estimation
phase and subsequently transmit a sequence of data symbols such
that the information rate of the data symbols is progressively
increased. In FIG. 7 there is also disclosed three receiving
antennas Rx 1, Rx 2, Rx 3.
[0072] According to a preferred embodiment said transmitter is
implemented in a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmission
system, wherein the transmissions on each transmitting antenna
during an initial training/quantity estimation phase are separated
in frequency, so that a given transmitting antenna is the only one
transmitting on a given subcarrier at a given time.
[0073] In FIG. 8 there is disclosed a block diagram of a first
embodiment of an optimization system 100 according to the present
invention. The optimization system 100 is operable to optimize
estimates of a quantity at a receiver for improved operation. The
optimization system 100 comprises a receiving means 60 connected to
a number of receiving antennas Rx 1, Rx 2, Rx 3, and to receiver
control means 110. The control means 110 controls the receiving
means 60 to initially receive an initial training (quantity
estimation sequence during an initial training/quantity estimation
phase and subsequently receive a sequence of data symbols such that
the information rate of the data symbols is progressively
increased.
[0074] In FIG. 9 there is disclosed a block diagram of the
optimization system 100 disclosed in FIG. 8 in more detail. The
optimization system 100 comprises a first estimating means 102
operable to make an initial estimate of said quantity, based on the
received symbols during an initial training/quantity estimate
phase. The system 100 also comprises an estimate updating means 104
operable to store a current estimate of said quantity. The system
100 also comprises a decoding means 106 operable to decode the
received symbols. The system 100 also comprises a remodulating
means 108 connected to said decoding means 106 and said estimate
updating means 104, wherein said remodulating means 108 is operable
to duplicate the modulation function performed at the transmitter
to generate estimates of the transmitted symbols. The system 100
also comprises a control means 110 connected to the decoding means
106 and the remodulating means 108. In FIG. 9 there is also
disclosed a demodulating means 112 and an error correction means
114.
[0075] In a preferred embodiment the control means 110 is operable
to compare the received symbols and the estimated transmitted
symbols and to calculate an error vector, wherein said estimate
updating means 104 updates said estimate of the quantity based on
said error vector.
[0076] In a preferred embodiment the updating means 104 updates
said estimate of said quantity by using an RLS algorithm.
[0077] According to another embodiment the updating means 104
updates said estimate of said quantity by using an LMS
algorithm.
[0078] The quantity can be one of a channel transfer function from
a transmitting antenna to a receiving antenna, a frequency offset,
a timing offset, sampling rate offset or a measure of the spatial
position of the transmitter.
[0079] In a preferred embodiment the optimization system is
implemented in a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmission
system comprising m number of transmitting antennae and n number of
receiving antennae, wherein m and n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2,
wherein the transmissions on each transmitting antenna during an
initial training/quantity estimation phase are separated in
frequency, so that a given transmitting antenna is the only one
transmitting on a given subcarrier at a given time.
[0080] In FIG. 10 there is disclosed a flow chart of a first
embodiment of a method at a transmitter according to the present
invention. The method allows for optimization of estimates of a
quantity at a receiver. The method begins at block 140. The method
continues, at block 142, with the transmission of an initial
training/quantity estimation sequence. Thereafter the method
continues, at block 144, with the transmission of the first few
data symbols of the remainder of the transmission at a low
information rate and an increase in the information transmission
rate progressively with time. The method is completed at block
146.
[0081] In a preferred embodiment the above method also comprises
deciding upon in advance and signaling the manner in which the
information rate is to be changed, by using an agreed upon or
predetermined encoding during the initial training/quantity
estimation sequence.
[0082] In a preferred embodiment the transmission system is a
backward-compatible multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
transmission system comprising m number of transmitting antennas
and n number of receiving antennas, wherein m and n are integers
and m, n.gtoreq.2. In the above exemplary system, the transmissions
on each transmitting antenna are separated in frequency during the
initial training/quantity estimation phase, so that a given
transmitting antenna is the only one transmitting on a given
subcarrier at a given time.
[0083] In FIG. 11 there is disclosed a flow chart of a first
embodiment of a method for optimization according to the present
invention. The exemplary method comprises optimizing estimates of a
quantity at a receiver. The method begins at block 150, and
continues, at block 152, with the receiving of an initial
training/quantity estimation sequence during an initial
training/quantity estimation phase. Thereafter, the method
continues, at block 154, with the adapting of the receiver to an
increasing information rate used at the transmitter. The method is
completed at block 156.
[0084] In a preferred embodiment the above method also comprises
making an initial estimate of the quantity, based on the received
symbols during the initial training/quantity estimating phase, and
storing a current estimate of the quantity. The current quantity
estimate is then decoded. A data symbol is received and also
decoded and a duplication of the modulation function performed at
the transmitter is performed, and is used to update the quantity
estimate.
[0085] In another embodiment of the method, the received symbols
and the transmitted symbols are compared and the comparison is
employed to calculate an error vector. The error vector is then
used to update the quantity estimate.
[0086] In another embodiment the method comprises updating the
quantity estimates by using an RLS algorithm or an LMS
algorithm.
[0087] In yet another embodiment, the method also comprises using
an agreed upon or predetermined encoding technique received during
the initial training/quantity estimation sequence to determine the
manner in which the receiver is to be adapted to a changing
information rate.
[0088] In one embodiment the quantity comprises a channel transfer
function from a transmitting antenna to a receiving antenna.
[0089] Alternatively, the quantity may comprise a frequency offset,
a timing offset, a sampling rate offset, or the spatial position of
a transmitter.
[0090] In one exemplary embodiment the transmission system is a
backward-compatible multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
transmission systems comprising m number of transmitting antennas
and n number of receiving antennas, wherein m and n are integers
and m, n.gtoreq.2. In the system, the transmissions on each
transmitting antenna are separated in frequency during the initial
training/quantity estimation phase, so that a given transmitting
antenna is the only one transmitting on a given subcarrier at a
given time.
[0091] In FIG. 12 a flow chart of the method disclosed in FIG. 11
is illustrated in more detail. The method begins at block 120. The
method continues, at block 122, with a separating of the
transmissions on each transmitting antenna in frequency during an
initial training/quantity estimation phase, so that a given
transmitting antenna is the only one transmitting on a given
subcarrier at a given time. Thereafter, the method continues, at
block 124, with the making of an initial estimate of the quantity,
based on the received symbols during the initial training/quantity
estimating phase. The method continues, at block 126, with a
storing of a current estimate of the quantity. Thereafter the
method continues, at block 128, with the decoding of the current
quantity estimate. The method continues, at block 130, with the
duplicating of the modulation function performed at the
transmitter. Thereafter the method continues, at block 132, with
transmitting the first few data symbols at a low transmission rate.
The method continues, at block 134, with increasing the
transmission rate progressively with time. The method is completed
at block 136.
[0092] In FIG. 13 a block diagram illustrates a exemplary second
embodiment of a transmitter 252 according to the present invention.
The transmitter 252 in a transmission system 250 is operable to
optimize estimates of a channel transfer function at a receiver for
improved operation for backward-compatible multiple input multiple
output (MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN networks. For example, MIMO
networks that comprise m numbers of transmitting antennas Tx1-Txm,
and n number of receiving antennas, wherein m an n are integers and
m, n.gtoreq.2. The transmission system 250 comprises a transmitting
means 252 connected to a number of antenna means Tx1-Txm. The
transmission system 250 connected to the transmitting means 252 is
operable to control the transmissions in such a way that a
different assignment of subcarriers to the transmitting antenna is
made for later portions of the training/estimation sequence than
for the initial portion of the training/estimation sequence
containing the 11a/11g SIGNAL field.
[0093] In one embodiment, the control means 254 controls the
transmissions in such a way that the mapping of subcarriers to the
transmit antennas follows a predetermined sequence known at the
receiver.
[0094] In another embodiment the control means 254 controls the
transmissions in such a way that the mapping of subcarriers to
transmit antennas optimizes the possibility for the receiver to
estimate the channel transfer functions.
[0095] In FIG. 14 a block diagram is provided that illustrates a
second embodiment of an optimization system 300 according to the
present invention.
[0096] The optimization system 300 is operable to optimize
estimates of a channel transfer function at a receiver for improved
operation for backward-compatible multiple input multiple output
(MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN networks. For example, MIMO networks
that comprise m number of transmitting antennas and n number of
receiving antennas, wherein m and n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2,
and wherein the transmissions on each transmitting antenna during
an initial training/channel estimating phase are separated in
frequency, so that a given transmitting antenna is the only one
transmitting on a given subcarrier at a given time.
[0097] The optimization system 300 comprises a receiving means 350
connected to receiving antennas Rx 1, Rx 2, Rx 3, and to control
means 310. The control means 310 is operable to adapt an estimate
updating process to a different subcarrier to transmit antenna
mapping during later portions of the training/estimation sequence
than for the initial portion of the training/estimation sequence
containing the 11a/11g SIGNAL field.
[0098] In one exemplary embodiment the optimization system 300, see
FIG. 15, comprises a first estimating means 302 operable to make an
initial estimate of the channel transfer function, based on the
received symbols during the initial portion of the training/channel
estimation phase. In addition, an estimate updating means 304 is
operable to update the estimate of the channel transfer function
during the training/channel estimation phase. The estimate updating
means 304 is connected to the decoding means 306 which is operable
to decode the received symbols. The optimization system 300 also
comprises a remodulating means 308 connected to the decoding means
306 and the estimate updating means 304. The remodulating means 308
is operable to duplicate the modulation function performed at the
transmitter, wherein that control means 310 also is connected to
the decoding means 306 and the remodulating means 308.
[0099] In one embodiment the control means 310 controls the
estimate updating process in such a way that the mapping of
subcarriers to transmit antennas follows a predetermined sequence
used at the transmitter.
[0100] In another embodiment the control means 310 controls the
estimate updating process in such a way as to optimize the estimate
of the channel transfer functions.
[0101] In one embodiment the optimization system 300 also comprises
a demodulating means 312 connected to the estimate updating means
304 and to the decoding means 306, wherein the demodulating means
312 is operable to demodulate the received symbols.
[0102] In another embodiment the optimization system 300 also
comprises a correction means 314 connected to the decoding means
305, wherein the correction means 314 is operable to perform an
error correction on the decoded symbols.
[0103] In FIG. 16 a flow chart is provided, illustrating a second
embodiment of a method at a transmitter according to the present
invention. The method at a transmitter is for optimizing estimates
of channel transfer functions at a receiver for improved operation
for backward-compatible multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
OFDM-based wireless LAN networks, for example, networks comprising
m number of transmitting antennas and n number of receiving
antennas, wherein m an n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2. The method
begins at block 360, and continues at block 362, with separating
the transmissions on each transmitting antenna in frequency during
an initial training/channel estimation phase, so that only a single
given antenna is transmitting on a given subcarrier at a given
time. Thereafter, the method continues, at block 364, with the
application of a different assignment of subcarriers to the
transmitting antennas for the later portions of the
training/channel estimation sequence than for the initial portion
containing the 11a/11g SIGNAL field.
[0104] In one embodiment the method comprises controlling the
transmissions in such a way that the mapping of subcarriers to the
transmit antennas follows a predetermined sequence known at the
receiver.
[0105] In another embodiment the method also comprises controlling
the transmissions in such a way that the mapping of subcarriers to
the transmit antennas optimizes the possibility for the receiver to
estimate the channel transfer functions.
[0106] In FIG. 17 a flow chart is provided illustrating a second
exemplary embodiment of a method for optimizing according the
present invention. A method is provided for optimizing estimates of
channel transfer functions at a receiver for improved operation for
backward-compatible multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
OFDM-based wireless LAN networks, comprising m number of
transmitting antennas and n number of receiving antennas, wherein m
and n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2. The method begins at block
320, and continues at block 322, with the receiving of an initial
portion of the training/estimation sequence containing the 11a/11g
SIGNAL field. Thereafter, the method continues, at block 324, with
obtaining an initial estimate of the channel transfer function
during the initial portion of the training/estimation sequence
containing the 11a/11g SIGNAL field. The method continues, at block
326, with receiving a subsequent portion of the training/estimation
sequence where the mapping of subcarriers to the transmit antennas
is changed. Thereafter, the method continues, at block 328, with an
updating of the initial estimate of the channel transfer function.
The method is completed at block 330.
[0107] In one exemplary embodiment the method comprises controlling
the updating of the channel transfer function estimates based on a
predetermined sequence of mappings of subcarriers to the transmit
antennae known to be used at the transmitter.
[0108] In another embodiment the method comprises demodulating the
received symbols.
[0109] In another embodiment the method comprises performing an
error correction on the decoded symbols.
[0110] In FIG. 18 a block diagram is disclosed illustrating a third
exemplary embodiment of a transmitter 450 according to the present
invention. The transmitter 450 in a transmission system 460 is
operable to optimize estimates of channel transfers functions at a
receiver for improved operation for backward-compatible multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN networks. For
example, MIMO networks comprising m numbers of transmitting
antennas and n numbers of receiving antennas, wherein m and n are
integers and m, n.gtoreq.2. The transmission system 460 comprises a
transmission means 450 capable of transmitting on a number of
antennas Tx1-Txm, and a control means 452 operable to control
transmissions in such a way that the subcarriers used for a pilot
tone transmission is changed from symbol to symbol.
[0111] In one embodiment the control means 452 is further operable
to decide in advance the pattern of which subcarriers and/or
transmitting antennas are used for the pilot tones in each
symbol.
[0112] In another embodiment the control means 452 also is operable
to transmit known pilot tones on combinations of transmitting
antenna Tx1-Txm and on subcarriers that have not been used during
the initial training/channel estimating phase.
[0113] In FIG. 19 a block diagram is provided that discloses a
receiver 400 according to another embodiment of the present
invention. The receiver 400 in a transmission system 460 is
operable to optimize estimates of channel transfer functions at the
receiver for improved operation for backward-compatible multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN networks,
comprising m number of transmitting antennas and n number of
receiving antennas, wherein m and n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2.
The receiver 400 comprises a first estimating means 402 operable to
make an initial estimate of the channel transfer function, based on
the received symbols during an initial training/channel estimation
phase. The receiver 400 also comprises an estimate updating means
404 operable to update the estimate of the channel transfer
function, which is operably coupled to a remodulating means 406
operable to duplicate the modulation function performed at the
transmitter. The receiver 400 also comprises a pilot measuring
means 408 and a control means 410 connected to the pilot measuring
means 408, the estimate updating means 404, and the remodulating
means 406. The control means 410 is operable to control the pilot
measuring means such that the subcarriers used for a pilot tone
reception is changed from symbol to symbol.
[0114] In another embodiment, the control means 410 is also
operable to decide in advance the pattern of which subcarriers
and/or transmitting antennas are used for pilot tones in each
symbol.
[0115] In FIG. 20 a flow chart is provided, illustrating an
exemplary third embodiment of a method at a transmitter according
to the present invention. The method operates at a transmitter for
allowing optimized estimates of channel transfer functions at a
receiver for improved operation for backward-compatible multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN networks,
comprising m number of transmitting antennas and n number of
receiving antennas, wherein m and n are integers and m, n.gtoreq.2.
The method begins at block 470, and continues at block 472, with
transmitting an initial training/channel estimating sequence during
an initial training/channel estimation phase. Thereafter the method
continues, at block 474, with controlling transmissions in
subsequent data symbols in such a way that the subcarriers used for
a pilot tone transmission are changed from symbol to symbol. The
method is completed at block 476.
[0116] In one embodiment the method also comprises deciding in
advance the pattern of which subcarriers and/or transmitting
antennas are used for pilot tones in each symbol.
[0117] In another embodiment the method also comprises transmitting
known pilot tones on combinations of transmitting antenna and
subcarriers that not have been used during the initial
training/channel estimating phase.
[0118] In FIG. 21 a flow chart is provided that illustrates a
method at a receiver according to another embodiment of the present
invention. The method at a receiver for producing optimized
estimates of channel transfer functions for improved operation in a
multiple input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM-based wireless LAN
network, for example, a network comprising m number of transmitting
antennas and n number of receiving antennas, wherein m and n are
integers and m, n.gtoreq.2. The method begins at block 500, and
continues, at block 502, with making an initial estimate of the
channel transfer function, based on the received symbols during the
initial training/channel estimating phase. Thereafter, the method
continues, at block 504, with receiving the transmitted pilot tones
from the subcarriers used at the transmitter. The method continues,
at block 506, with duplicating the modulation function performed at
the transmitter. Thereafter, the method continues, at block 508,
with updating the estimate of the channel transfer function using
the received pilot tones. The method is completed at block 510.
[0119] In FIG. 22 a flow chart is disclosed, illustrating the
method disclosed of FIG. 21 in greater detail. The method begins at
block 420, and continues at blocks 422-430. The method comprises
separating the transmissions on each transmitting antenna in
frequency during an initial training/channel estimating phase, so
that a given transmitting antenna is the only one transmitting on a
given subcarrier at a time. An initial estimate of the channel
transfer function is then made, based on the received symbols
during the initial training/channel estimating phase. The estimate
of the channel transfer function is updated, and the modulation
function performed at the transmitter is duplicated. Transmissions
are then controlled in such a way that the subcarriers used for a
pilot tone transmission is changed from symbol to symbol. The
method is completed at block 432.
[0120] In FIG. 23 the change of subcarrier/Tx antenna allocation
for the SIGNAL 2 field is disclosed.
[0121] Typically, the SIGNAL 2 field will be transmitted using one
of the more robust modulation formats (for example, the most robust
mode). Since a significant amount of data is already encoded in the
11a/11g SIGNAL field, it is unlikely that a large amount of
information would be encoded in the SIGNAL 2 field, thereby
allowing such a robust, low data rate format. Since the data, in
one example, is transmitted using the most robust encoding,
data-based estimates of the channel transfer function are most
likely to be reliable. Thus, the SIGNAL 2 field can be treated in
some respects as an extension of the preamble before more complex
modulation formats are applied to the remainder of the data
section. According to the invention, a different assignment of
subcarriers to the transmit antennae is made for the SIGNAL 2
field, as shown in FIG. 23. This allows another set of channel
transfer functions to be directly estimated without the need for
interpolation or extrapolation. It may be the case, in one
embodiment, that the number of bits required to be transmitted in
the SIGNAL 2 field do not require the use of all of the available
subcarriers. In this case, it is advantageous to transmit a known
value on the remaining subcarriers. This allows a non
data-dependent estimate of the channel transfer function on those
subcarriers. It is particularly advantageous if the subcarriers at
the band edge (e.g., subcarrier numbers -26, +26) are assigned with
known values, since these are the values which will have the
greatest error in the channel transfer function estimates and for
which data-directed estimation is most likely to fail.
[0122] The above may pertain to the various embodiments of the
invention disclosed in FIGS. 13-17, for example.
[0123] In FIG. 24 a schematic diagram of some computer program
products according to the present invention is provided. There is
disclosed n different digital computers 200.sub.1, . . . ,
200.sub.n, wherein n is an integer. There is also disclosed n
different computer program products 202.sub.1, . . . , 202.sub.n,
here showed in the form of compact discs, for example. The
different computer program products 202.sub.1, . . . , 202.sub.n
are directly loadable into the internal memory of the n different
digital computers 200.sub.1, . . . , 200.sub.n. Each computer
program product 202.sub.1, . . . , 202.sub.n comprises software
code portions for performing some or all the steps of all the steps
of FIG. 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 20, 21 or 22 when the product(s)
202.sub.1, . . . , 202.sub.n is/are run on said computer(s)
200.sub.1, . . . , 200.sub.n or other type controller. Said
computer program products 202.sub.1, . . . , 202.sub.n can, for
example, be in the form of floppy disks, RAM disks, magnetic tapes,
opto magnetical disks or any other suitable products.
[0124] Although the invention has been illustrated and described
with respect to one or more implementations, alterations and/or
modifications may be made to the illustrated examples without
departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In
addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been
disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such
feature may be combined with one or more other features of the
other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any
given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that
the terms "including", "includes", "having", "has", "with", or
variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and
the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner
similar to the term "comprising".
* * * * *