U.S. patent application number 12/492226 was filed with the patent office on 2009-12-10 for multilayer golf ball.
Invention is credited to HERBERT C. BOEHM, DIOMAR CORREIA, MICHAEL MCNAMARA, WILLIAM E. MORGAN, DONALD A. SERINO.
Application Number | 20090305816 12/492226 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 41400831 |
Filed Date | 2009-12-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090305816 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
MORGAN; WILLIAM E. ; et
al. |
December 10, 2009 |
MULTILAYER GOLF BALL
Abstract
The present invention encompasses a golf ball having a diameter
and being comprised of a core and a cover, wherein the core is
further comprised of a fluid mass at the center of the ball, and a
first, solid, non-wound mantle layer surrounding the fluid mass,
wherein the first mantle layer comprises a copolymer or terpolymer
of ethylene and an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid, the
acid being neutralized at least 80% by a salt of an organic acid, a
cation source, or a suitable base of the organic acid, and wherein
the cover comprises polyurethane, polyurea, or a
polyurea/polyurethane hybrid. Preferably, the rate of spin decay is
at least 10% of an initial spin rate of the golf ball over the
entire ball flight.
Inventors: |
MORGAN; WILLIAM E.;
(BARRINGTON, RI) ; BOEHM; HERBERT C.; (NORWELL,
MA) ; MCNAMARA; MICHAEL; (FAIRHAVEN, MA) ;
CORREIA; DIOMAR; (ACUSHNET, MA) ; SERINO; DONALD
A.; (PLYMOUTH, MA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
ACUSHNET COMPANY
333 BRIDGE STREET, P. O. BOX 965
FAIRHAVEN
MA
02719
US
|
Family ID: |
41400831 |
Appl. No.: |
12/492226 |
Filed: |
June 26, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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12275615 |
Nov 21, 2008 |
7591742 |
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12492226 |
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11353563 |
Feb 14, 2006 |
7458904 |
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12275615 |
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10670514 |
Sep 26, 2003 |
7041007 |
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11353563 |
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09482336 |
Jan 14, 2000 |
6635133 |
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10670514 |
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09312480 |
May 17, 1999 |
6575846 |
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09482336 |
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08902351 |
Jul 29, 1997 |
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09312480 |
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08615346 |
Mar 11, 1996 |
5683312 |
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08902351 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
473/354 ;
156/146; 473/375; 473/376; 473/378 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B 37/0039 20130101;
A63B 37/0052 20130101; B29C 66/73756 20130101; B29C 2043/023
20130101; B29K 2021/00 20130101; B29L 2031/54 20130101; B29C
66/1142 20130101; B29C 66/12461 20130101; B29C 66/7392 20130101;
A63B 2037/085 20130101; B29C 66/124 20130101; B29C 66/221 20130101;
B29C 66/83221 20130101; B29C 43/146 20130101; B29C 66/12443
20130101; B29C 66/71 20130101; B29D 99/0042 20130101; A63B 37/0075
20130101; A63B 37/08 20130101; B29L 2031/545 20130101; A63B 37/0045
20130101; B29C 33/0022 20130101; A63B 37/0078 20130101; B29C
66/73774 20130101; B29C 65/48 20130101; A63B 37/0064 20130101; A63B
37/0066 20130101; B29C 66/1142 20130101; B29C 66/73776 20130101;
B29C 66/73921 20130101; B29C 66/71 20130101; B29C 63/22 20130101;
B29D 22/04 20130101; B29K 2009/06 20130101; B29C 43/027 20130101;
B29C 66/8322 20130101; A63B 37/0003 20130101; B29C 43/00 20130101;
B29C 66/71 20130101; B29C 66/12461 20130101; B29C 66/1248 20130101;
B29C 66/124 20130101; B29C 66/71 20130101; B29C 66/54 20130101;
B29C 66/73755 20130101; B29C 66/7394 20130101; B29C 65/02 20130101;
B29C 65/485 20130101; B29C 66/71 20130101; A63B 45/00 20130101;
B29C 66/73941 20130101; B29K 2067/00 20130101; B29K 2023/12
20130101; A63B 37/0076 20130101; B29C 65/483 20130101; A63B 37/0056
20130101; B29C 66/71 20130101; B29C 65/4835 20130101; A63B 37/0033
20130101; B29K 2075/02 20130101; B29K 2071/00 20130101; B29C 65/00
20130101; B29C 65/00 20130101; B29K 2075/00 20130101; B29C 65/00
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
473/354 ;
473/376; 473/375; 473/378; 156/146 |
International
Class: |
A63B 37/08 20060101
A63B037/08; A63B 37/02 20060101 A63B037/02 |
Claims
1. A golf ball having a diameter and being comprised of a core and
a cover, wherein the core is further comprised of a fluid mass at
the center of the ball, a shell encompassing the fluid mass, and a
first, solid, non-wound mantle layer surrounding the shell, wherein
the first mantle layer comprises a copolymer or terpolymer of
ethylene and an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid, the
acid being neutralized at least 80% by a salt of an organic acid or
a suitable base of the organic acid, and a less hydrophilic cation
source, wherein the shell comprises a material selected from the
group of polyolefin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurea,
ionomer, acid copolymer, thermoplastic polyetherester,
thermoplastic polyetheramide, thermoplastic polyurethane, styrene
butadiene copolymer, polycarbonate, polyester elastomer, polyamide
elastomer, dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer,
metallocene catalyzed polyolefinic copolymers, fluoropolymer,
functionalized fluoropolymer, and thermoplastic polyester, and
wherein the liquid center shell has an inner diameter of about 0.25
to 1.5 inches and the mantle layer has an outer diameter of about
1.3 to 1.65 inches.
2. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the inner diameter is about
0.5 to 1.35 inches and the outer diameter is about 1.45 to 1.62
inches.
3. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the shell comprises an inner
surface having a texture.
4. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the cover comprises
polyurethane, polyurea, or a polyurea/polyurethane hybrid.
5. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the polymer composition acid
being neutralized by contacting one or more acid polymer(s) with an
organic acid or a metal salt of an organic acid and a sufficient
amount of a less hydrophilic cation source such that at least 90%
of all acid functionalities present in the polymer composition are
neutralized.
6. The golf ball of claim 5, wherein about 100% of all acid
functionalities present in the polymer composition are
neutralized.
7. The golf ball of claim 5, wherein the acid polymer is partially
neutralized prior to contacting with the less hydrophilic cation
source.
8. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the less hydrophilic cation
source is selected from metal ions and compounds of potassium,
cesium, calcium, barium, manganese, copper, zinc, and tin;
silicone, silane, and silicate derivatives and complex ligands; and
metal ions and compounds of rare earth elements.
9. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the first mantle layer has a
thickness of about 0.04 to 0.35 inches.
10. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the first mantle layer
further comprises polybutadiene.
11. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the fluid mass is a gas,
liquid, gel, paste or a combination thereof.
12. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the specific gravity of the
fluid mass is about 1.3 to 1.55.
13. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the fluid
mass is about 100 to 1500 cps.
14. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the golf ball has a rate of
spin decay of at least 10% of the initial spin rate over the entire
ball flight.
15. The golf ball of claim 14, wherein the golf ball has a rate of
spin decay of at least 15% of the initial spin rate over the entire
ball flight.
16. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the cover comprises an inner
cover layer and a thin outer cover layer, wherein the outer cover
layer comprises a thermoset material formed from a castable,
reactive liquid and the inner cover layer comprises a high flexural
modulus material.
17. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the core has a compression of
87 or less.
Description
[0001] This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 11/353,563, filed Feb. 14, 2006, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 7,041,007, filed on Sep. 26,
2003, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,133,
which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,575,846, which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/902,351, filed
on Jul. 29, 1997, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of
U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,312. These applications are hereby incorporated
herein by reference in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention is directed to a multilayered golf
ball having a plurality of core parts arranged around a center and
bound to each other by an adhesive. Particularly, the present
invention encompasses a golf ball having a core comprised of a
fluid mass at the center of the ball, and a non-wound first mantle
layer surrounding the fluid mass.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Generally, golf balls have been classified as two piece
balls or three piece balls. Two piece balls are comprised of a
solid polymeric core and a cover. These balls are generally easy to
manufacture, but are regarded as having limited playing
characteristics. Three piece balls are comprised of a solid or
liquid-filled center surrounded by tensioned elastomeric material
and a cover. Three piece balls generally have a good "click" and
"feel" when struck by a golf club, but are more difficult to
manufacture than two piece balls.
[0004] The prior art is comprised of various golf balls that have
been designed to provide optimal playing characteristics. These
characteristics are generally the initial velocity and spin of the
golf ball, which can be optimized for various players. For
instance, certain players prefer to play a ball that has a high
spin rate for playability. Other players prefer to play a ball that
has a low spin rate to maximize distance. However, these balls tend
to be hard feeling and difficult to control around the greens.
[0005] The prior art is comprised of liquid filled golf balls.
Wound golf balls have been made with liquid filled centers for many
years. Both U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,568,513 and 1,904,012 are directed to
wound golf balls with liquid filled centers. U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,150,906 and 5,480,155, are directed to a hollow spherical shell
of a polymeric material which is filled with a liquid or unitary,
non-cellular material that is a liquid when introduced into the
shell. The shell is disclosed as being the outer cover or an inner
layer with the outer cover formed to the external surface thereof.
The shell varies in thickness from about 0.060 to 0.410 inches in
thickness.
[0006] Other known attempts to mold layers around a solid center
entail placing a preformed center between two blocks of core
material in a spherical compression mold, and closing the mold.
This is done in the manufacture of golf balls sold by Kamatari.
This process, however, provides little control over the ultimate
placement of the center within the golf ball core. Large variations
in center eccentricities can result.
[0007] The prior art also provides for the manufacture of double
cover golf balls. This is generally accomplished by injection
molding a first and then a second cover layer around a core. This
system, however, requires complex injection molds, usually with
retractable pins within the mold to properly position the core.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention relates to a golf ball having a
diameter and being comprised of a core and a cover, wherein the
core is further comprised of a fluid mass at the center of the
ball, a first mantle layer surrounding the fluid mass and a second,
solid, non-wound mantle layer surrounding and abutting the first
mantle layer, wherein the first mantle layer comprises a polymer
material selected from the group consisting of a thermoset rubber,
plastic and thermoplastic elastomeric material and the second
mantle layer comprises a polymer material selected from the group
consisting of a thermoset rubber material and thermoplastic
elastomeric material, and wherein the cover comprises polyurethane,
polyurea, or a polyurea/polyurethane hybrid.
[0009] In one embodiment, the fluid mass in the core is a gas,
liquid, gel, paste or a combination thereof. In another embodiment,
the fluid mass is a liquid having a low coefficient of thermal
expansion or high boiling point. In a preferred embodiment, the
fluid mass is a liquid having a low coefficient of thermal
expansion or high boiling point that is selected from the group
consisting of an oil, a polyol and mixtures thereof. In yet another
embodiment, the fluid mass is a gas, wherein the gas is selected
from the group consisting of air, nitrogen, helium, argon, neon,
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and mixtures thereof.
[0010] In one embodiment, the first mantle layer comprises
dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer, functionalized
styrene-butadiene elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane,
thermoplastic polyetherester or polyetheramide, thermoplastic
ionomer resin, thermoplastic polyester, metallocene polymer or
blends thereof. In another embodiment, the cover comprises an inner
cover layer and a thin outer cover layer, wherein the outer cover
layer comprises a thermoset material formed from a castable,
reactive liquid and the inner cover layer comprises a high flexural
modulus material.
[0011] In yet another embodiment, the core, cover, first mantle
layer or second mantle layer comprises a polymer containing an acid
group that is neutralized by an organic acid or a salt thereof, the
organic acid or salt thereof being present in an amount sufficient
to neutralize the polymer by at least about 70%. In a preferred
embodiment, the polymer comprises ionomeric copolymers and
terpolymers, ionomer precursors, thermoplastics, thermoplastic
elastomers, polybutadiene rubber, balata, grafted
metallocene-catalyzed polymers, non-grafted metallocene-catalyzed
polymers, single-site polymers, high-crystalline acid polymers,
cationic ionomers, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred
embodiment, the organic acid is selected from the group consisting
of aliphatic organic acids, aromatic organic acids, saturated
mono-functional organic acids, unsaturated mono-functional organic
acids, and multi-unsaturated mono-functional organic acids. In yet
another preferred embodiment, the salt of organic acids comprise
barium, lithium, sodium, zinc, bismuth, chromium, cobalt, copper,
potassium, strontium, titanium, tungsten, magnesium, cesium, iron,
nickel, silver, aluminum, tin, and calcium salts of stearic acid,
behenic acid, erucic acid, oleic acid, linoelic acid, dimerized
derivatives, and mixtures thereof.
[0012] In one embodiment, the golf ball diameter is at least 1.68
inches. In another embodiment, the first mantle layer has an inner
diameter of about 0.75 to 1.1 inches. In yet another embodiment,
the core diameter is about 1.590 inches or greater. In another
embodiment, the cover has a thickness of from about 0.015 to 0.12
inches.
[0013] In another embodiment, the first mantle layer or second
mantle layer further comprises a halogenated thiophenol.
Preferably, the halogenated thiophenol is zinc
pentachlorothiophenol.
[0014] In yet another embodiment, the cover comprises polyether
polyester thermoplastic urethane, thermoset polyurethane, polyurea,
or polyurethane/polyurea hybrid that is formed from an isocyanate
prepolymer. Preferably, the isocyanate prepolymer is paraphenylene
diisocyanate.
[0015] In one embodiment, the golf ball has a moment of inertia of
greater than 0.460 oz-in.sup.2. In another embodiment, the golf
ball has a moment of inertia of less than 0.450 oz-in.sup.2.
[0016] The present invention also encompasses a golf ball having a
diameter and being comprised of a core and a cover, wherein the
core is further comprised of a fluid mass at the center of the
ball, a first mantle layer surrounding the fluid mass and a second,
solid, non-wound mantle layer surrounding and abutting the first
mantle layer, wherein the first mantle layer comprises a polymer
material selected from the group consisting of a thermoset rubber,
plastic and thermoplastic elastomeric material and the second
mantle layer comprises a polymer material selected from the group
consisting of a thermoset rubber material and thermoplastic
elastomeric material, and wherein the cover comprises material
selected from the group consisting of polyether and polyester
thermoplastic urethane, thermoset polyurethane, ionomer resins, low
modulus ionomers, high modulus ionomers and blends thereof. In one
embodiment, the cover comprises a thermoset polyurethane.
[0017] In one embodiment, the fluid mass a liquid having a low
coefficient of thermal expansion or high boiling point. In a
preferred embodiment, the fluid mass is a liquid having a low
coefficient of thermal expansion or high boiling point that is
selected from the group consisting of an oil, a polyol and mixtures
thereof. In yet another embodiment, the fluid mass is a gas,
wherein the gas is selected from the group consisting of air,
nitrogen, helium, argon, neon, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and
mixtures thereof.
[0018] In one embodiment, the first mantle layer comprises
dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer, functionalized
styrene-butadiene elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane,
thermoplastic polyetherester or polyetheramide, thermoplastic
ionomer resin, thermoplastic polyester, metallocene polymer or
blends thereof. In another embodiment, the cover comprises an inner
cover layer and a thin outer cover layer, wherein the outer cover
layer comprises a thermoset material formed from a castable,
reactive liquid and the inner cover layer comprises a high flexural
modulus material.
[0019] In yet another embodiment, the core, cover, first mantle
layer or second mantle layer comprises a polymer containing an acid
group that is neutralized by an organic acid or a salt thereof, the
organic acid or salt thereof being present in an amount sufficient
to neutralize the polymer by at least about 70%. In a preferred
embodiment, the polymer comprises ionomeric copolymers and
terpolymers, ionomer precursors, thermoplastics, thermoplastic
elastomers, polybutadiene rubber, balata, grafted
metallocene-catalyzed polymers, non-grafted metallocene-catalyzed
polymers, single-site polymers, high-crystalline acid polymers,
cationic ionomers, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred
embodiment, the organic acid is selected from the group consisting
of aliphatic organic acids, aromatic organic acids, saturated
mono-functional organic acids, unsaturated mono-functional organic
acids, and multi-unsaturated mono-functional organic acids. In yet
another preferred embodiment, the salt of organic acids comprise
barium, lithium, sodium, zinc, bismuth, chromium, cobalt, copper,
potassium, strontium, titanium, tungsten, magnesium, cesium, iron,
nickel, silver, aluminum, tin, and calcium salts of stearic acid,
behenic acid, erucic acid, oleic acid, linoelic acid, dimerized
derivatives, and mixtures thereof.
[0020] In one embodiment, the golf ball diameter is at least 1.68
inches. In another embodiment, the first mantle layer has an inner
diameter of about 0.75 to 1.1 inches. In yet another embodiment,
the core diameter is about 1.590 inches or greater. In another
embodiment, the cover has a thickness of from about 0.015 to 0.12
inches.
[0021] In another embodiment, the first mantle layer or second
mantle layer further comprises a halogenated thiophenol.
Preferably, the halogenated thiophenol is zinc
pentachlorothiophenol.
[0022] In one embodiment, the golf ball has a moment of inertia of
greater than 0.460 oz-in.sup.2. In another embodiment, the golf
ball has a moment of inertia of less than 0.450 oz-in.sup.2.
[0023] The present invention further encompasses a golf ball having
a diameter and being comprised of a core and a cover, wherein the
core is further comprised of a fluid mass at the center of the
ball, a first mantle layer surrounding the fluid mass and a second,
solid, non-wound mantle layer surrounding and abutting the first
mantle layer, wherein the first mantle layer comprises a polymer
material selected from the group consisting of a thermoset rubber,
plastic and thermoplastic elastomeric material and the second
mantle layer comprises two or more layers, each made from material
that comprises a polymer material selected from the group
consisting of a thermoset rubber material and thermoplastic
elastomeric material. In a preferred embodiment, the thermoset
rubber material is selected from the group consisting of
polyisoprene, styrene butadiene, polybutadiene and mixtures
thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the thermoplastic
elastomeric material is selected from the group consisting of
copolymers of methyl-methacrylate with butadiene and styrene,
copolymers of methyl-acrylate with butadiene and styrene,
acrylonitrile styrene copolymers, polyether-ester, polyether-amide,
polyurethane, propylene/ethylene-propylene-diene rubber,
styrene-butadiene elastomers, metallocene polymers,
polyetheresters, polyetheramides, ionomer resins, polyesters, and
blends thereof
[0024] In one embodiment, the fluid mass in the core is a liquid
having a low coefficient of thermal expansion or high boiling
point. In a preferred embodiment, the fluid mass is a liquid having
a low coefficient of thermal expansion or high boiling point that
is selected from the group consisting of an oil, a polyol and
mixtures thereof. In yet another embodiment, the fluid mass is a
gas, wherein the gas is selected from the group consisting of air,
nitrogen, helium, argon, neon, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and
mixtures thereof.
[0025] In one embodiment, the first mantle layer comprises
dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer, functionalized
styrene-butadiene elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane,
thermoplastic polyetherester or polyetheramide, thermoplastic
ionomer resin, thermoplastic polyester, metallocene polymer or
blends thereof. In another embodiment, the cover comprises an inner
cover layer and a thin outer cover layer, wherein the outer cover
layer comprises a thermoset material formed from a castable,
reactive liquid and the inner cover layer comprises a high flexural
modulus material.
[0026] In yet another embodiment, the core, cover, first mantle
layer or second mantle layer comprises a polymer containing an acid
group that is neutralized by an organic acid or a salt thereof, the
organic acid or salt thereof being present in an amount sufficient
to neutralize the polymer by at least about 70%. In a preferred
embodiment, the polymer comprises ionomeric copolymers and
terpolymers, ionomer precursors, thermoplastics, thermoplastic
elastomers, polybutadiene rubber, balata, grafted
metallocene-catalyzed polymers, non-grafted metallocene-catalyzed
polymers, single-site polymers, high-crystalline acid polymers,
cationic ionomers, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred
embodiment, the organic acid is selected from the group consisting
of aliphatic organic acids, aromatic organic acids, saturated
mono-functional organic acids, unsaturated mono-functional organic
acids, and multi-unsaturated mono-functional organic acids. In yet
another preferred embodiment, the salt of organic acids comprise
barium, lithium, sodium, zinc, bismuth, chromium, cobalt, copper,
potassium, strontium, titanium, tungsten, magnesium, cesium, iron,
nickel, silver, aluminum, tin, and calcium salts of stearic acid,
behenic acid, erucic acid, oleic acid, linoelic acid, dimerized
derivatives, and mixtures thereof.
[0027] In one embodiment, the golf ball diameter is at least 1.68
inches. In another embodiment, the first mantle layer has an inner
diameter of about 0.75 to 1.1 inches. In yet another embodiment,
the core diameter is about 1.590 inches or greater. In another
embodiment, the cover has a thickness of from about 0.015 to 0.12
inches.
[0028] In another embodiment, the first mantle layer or second
mantle layer further comprises a halogenated thiophenol.
Preferably, the halogenated thiophenol is zinc
pentachlorothiophenol.
[0029] In one embodiment, the golf ball has a moment of inertia of
greater than 0.460 oz-in.sup.2. In another embodiment, the golf
ball has a moment of inertia of less than 0.450 oz-in.sup.2.
[0030] In another embodiment, a golf ball having a diameter and
being comprised of a core and a cover is provided. The core is
further comprised of a fluid mass at the center of the ball, and a
first, solid, non-wound layer surrounds the fluid mass. The first
layer comprises a copolymer or terpolymer of ethylene and an
.alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid, the acid being
neutralized at least 80% by a salt of an organic acid, a cation
source, or a suitable base of the organic acid. The cover comprises
polyurethane, polyurea, or a polyurea/polyurethane hybrid.
[0031] According to another embodiment, a golf ball having a
diameter and being comprised of a core and a cover is provided. The
core is further comprised of a fluid mass at the center of the
ball, a shell encompassing the fluid mass, and a first, solid,
non-wound mantle layer surrounding the shell. The first mantle
layer comprises a copolymer or terpolymer of ethylene and an
.alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid, the acid being
neutralized at least 80% by a salt of an organic acid, a cation
source, or a suitable base of the organic acid. The cover comprises
polyurethane, polyurea, or a polyurea/polyurethane hybrid.
[0032] In yet another embodiment, a golf ball having a diameter and
being comprised of a core and a cover is provided. The core is
comprised of a fluid mass at the center of the ball, and a first,
solid, non-wound mantle layer surrounding the fluid mass. The first
mantle layer comprises a copolymer or terpolymer of ethylene and an
.alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid, the acid being
neutralized at least 80% by a salt of an organic acid, a cation
source, or a suitable base of the organic acid. The cover comprises
polyurethane, polyurea, or a polyurea/polyurethane hybrid. The rate
of spin decay for the golf ball is at least 10% of an initial spin
rate of the golf ball over the entire ball flight.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0033] Further features and advantages of the invention can be
ascertained from the following detailed description that is
provided in connection with the drawings described below:
[0034] FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a ball of the present
invention;
[0035] FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a ball according to the
present invention with the liquid center shell and multiple mantle
and cover layers around an inner sphere;
[0036] FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a mold preforming a single
cup;
[0037] FIG. 4 is a sectional view of molds preforming a mantle
layer's cups according to the present invention;
[0038] FIG. 5 is a sectional view of molds joining cups of a golf
ball mantle layer;
[0039] FIG. 6 is a sectional view of the mold joining cups of a
golf ball mantle layer around an inner sphere of frozen fluid;
[0040] FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a ball according to the
invention having adhesive joining the cups;
[0041] FIG. 8 illustrates a compression mold forming a cover around
a golf ball core;
[0042] FIG. 9 shows an injection mold forming a cover around a
core;
[0043] FIGS. 10 and 11 are sectional views of cups with nonplanar
mating surfaces that mesh with one another;
[0044] FIG. 12 is a sectional view of a ball according to another
embodiment of the invention;
[0045] FIGS. 13A-13D are sectional views of the liquid centers of
balls according to embodiments of the invention having an inner
surface that is modified with an increased surface area;
[0046] FIGS. 14A-D are graphs depicting spin decay rates for the
present invention and prior art golf balls.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0047] The golf balls of the present invention encompass any type
of ball construction. For example, the golf ball may have at least
a three-piece design, a multi-layer core, a multi-layer cover, one
or more mantle or intermediate layers. As used herein, the term
"multi-layer" means at least two layers. As used herein, the term
"layer" includes any generally spherical portion of a golf ball,
i.e., a golf ball core or center, mantle layer, and or a golf ball
cover.
[0048] Referring to FIG. 1, ball 10 includes a cover 11 and a core
12. As used herein, the term "core" means the innermost portion of
a golf ball, and may include one or more layers. When a multi-layer
core is contemplated, the core is the innermost component with one
or more additional core layers disposed thereon. At least a portion
of the core, typically the center, is solid, semi-solid, hollow,
powder-filled or fluid-filled, preferably fluid-filled. As used
herein, the term "fluid" means a gas, liquid, gel, paste, or the
like, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the core 12 has
an inner sphere 13 that is disposed concentrically therein and
which preferably comprises a fluid center 18 in a cavity within a
liquid center shell 20.
[0049] In one embodiment, the core 12 also has a first mantle layer
22, which surrounds the inner sphere 13. Together, the liquid
center shell 20 and the first mantle layer 22 are part of a mantle
portion 16 of the ball. The mantle portion 16 of FIG. 2 has an
additional second mantle layer 40. The liquid center shell 20 and
mantle layers 22 and 40 are preferably elastomers.
[0050] A "mantle layer" (also known as inner layer or intermediate
layer) is defined herein as a portion of the golf ball that
occupies a volume between the cover and the core. Such a mantle
layer may be distinguished from a cover or a core by some
difference between the golf ball layers, e.g., hardness,
compression, thickness, and the like. A mantle layer may be used,
if desired, with a multilayer cover or a multilayer core, or with
both a multilayer cover and a multilayer core. Accordingly, a
mantle layer is also sometimes referred to in the art as an inner
cover layer, as an outer core layer or as an intermediate layer,
i.e., any layer(s) disposed between the inner core and the outer
cover of a golf ball, this layer may be incorporated, for example,
with a single layer or a multilayer cover, with a one-piece core or
a multilayer core, with both a single layer cover and core, or with
both a multilayer cover and a multilayer core. As with the core,
the mantle layer may also include a plurality of layers. It will be
appreciated that any number or type of mantle layers may be used,
as desired.
[0051] The cover 11 provides the interface between the ball 10 and
a club and other objects such as trees, cart paths, and grass.
Properties that are desirable for the cover are good flowability,
high abrasion resistance, high tear strength, high resilience, and
good mold release, among others. The golf ball can comprise one
cover layer, or two or more cover layers, such as those disclosed
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,172, the entire disclosure of which is
incorporated herein by reference. For example, golf balls having
multilayer covers can comprise an inner cover layer and a thin
outer cover layer, wherein the outer cover layer comprises a
thermoset material formed from a castable, reactive liquid and the
inner cover layer comprises a high flexural modulus material.
Preferably, the cover 11 is comprised of one or more layers that
are injection molded, compression molded, cast or reaction
injection molded.
[0052] The cover 11 can be comprised of polymeric materials such as
ionic copolymers of ethylene and an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
which are available under the trademark "SURLYN.RTM." of E.I.
DuPont De Nemours & Company of Wilmington, Del. or "IOTEK.RTM."
or "ESCOR.RTM." from Exxon of Houston, Tex. These are copolymers of
ethylene and methacrylic acid or acrylic acid partially neutralized
with zinc, sodium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, calcium,
manganese, nickel or the like.
[0053] In accordance with the various embodiments of the present
invention, the cover 11 has a thickness to generally provide
sufficient strength, good performance characteristics and
durability. Preferably, the cover 11 is of a thickness from about
0.015 inches to about 0.12 inches. More preferably, the cover 11 is
about 0.020 to 0.09 inches in thickness and, most preferably, is
about 0.025 to 0.085 inches in thickness.
[0054] In accordance with a preferred embodiment of this invention,
the cover 11 can be formed from mixtures or blends of zinc,
magnesium, calcium, potassium, lithium and/or sodium ionic
copolymers. The SURLYN.RTM. resins for use in the cover 11 are
ionic copolymers in which sodium, lithium or zinc salts are the
reaction product of an olefin having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms and
an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid having 3 to 8 carbon atoms. The
carboxylic acid groups of the copolymer may be totally or partially
neutralized and might include acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic,
maleic, fumaric or itaconic acid.
[0055] The golf balls and components (e.g., cover layers, mantle
layers, and/or core layers) encompassed by this invention can
likewise be used in conjunction with homopolymeric and copolymeric
materials, such as:
[0056] (1) Vinyl resins such as those formed by the polymerization
of vinyl chloride, or by the copolymerization of vinyl chloride
with vinyl acetate, acrylic esters or vinylidene chloride;
[0057] (2) Polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene,
polybutylene and copolymers such as ethylene methylacrylate,
ethylene ethylacrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene
methacrylic or ethylene acrylic acid or propylene acrylic acid and
copolymers and homopolymers produced using single-site
catalyst;
[0058] (3) Polyurethanes such as those prepared from polyols and
diisocyanates or polyisocyanates and those disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,334,673;
[0059] (4) Polyureas such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
5,484,870;
[0060] (5) Polyamides such as poly(hexamethylene adipamide) and
others prepared from diamines and dibasic acids, as well as those
from amino acids such as poly(caprolactam), and blends of
polyamides with SURYLN.RTM., polyethylene, ethylene copolymers,
ethyl-propylene-non-conjugated diene terpolymer, and the like;
[0061] (6) Acrylic resins and blends of these resins with poly
vinyl chloride, elastomers, and the like;
[0062] (7) Thermoplastics such as the urethanes, olefinic
thermoplastic rubbers such as blends of polyolefins with
ethylene-propylene-non-conjugated diene terpolymer, block
copolymers of styrene and butadiene, isoprene or ethylene-butylene
rubber, or copoly(ether-amide), such as PEBAX.RTM. sold by Atofina
of Philadelphia, Pa.;
[0063] (8) Polyphenylene oxide resins, or blends of polyphenylene
oxide with high impact polystyrene as sold under the trademark
"NORYL.RTM." by General Electric Company of Pittsfield, Mass.;
[0064] (9) Thermoplastic polyesters, such as polyethylene
terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene
terephthalate/glycol modified and elastomers sold under the
trademarks "HYTREL.RTM." by E.I. DuPont De Nemours & Company of
Wilmington, Del. and "LOMOD.RTM." by General Electric Company,
Pittsfield, Mass.;
[0065] (10) Blends and alloys, including polycarbonate with
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polybutylene terephthalate,
polyethylene terephthalate, styrene maleic anhydride, polyethylene,
elastomers, etc. and polyvinyl chloride with acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene or ethylene vinyl acetate or other elastomers;
and
[0066] (11) Blends of thermoplastic rubbers with polyethylene,
propylene, polyacetal, nylon, polyesters, cellulose esters, and the
like.
[0067] Additional materials may be included in the compositions of
the cover layers, mantle layers, and/or core layers outlined above.
For example, reaction enhancers, catalysts, coloring agents,
optical brighteners, crosslinking and co-crosslinking agents,
whitening agents such as TiO.sub.2 and ZnO, UV absorbers, hindered
amine light stabilizers, defoaming agents, processing aids,
surfactants, and other conventional additives may be added to the
compositions. In addition, antioxidants, stabilizers, softening
agents, plasticizers, including internal and external plasticizers,
impact modifiers, foaming agents, density-adjusting fillers,
reinforcing materials, and compatibilizers may also be added to any
of the cover and/or mantle layer compositions. One of ordinary
skill in the art should be aware of the requisite amount for each
type of additive to realize the benefits of that particular
additive.
[0068] In a preferred embodiment, the cover 11 is comprised of
polymers such as ethylene, propylene, butene-1 or hexane-1 based
homopolymers and copolymers including functional monomers such as
acrylic and methacrylic acid and fully or partially neutralized
ionomer resins and their blends, methyl acrylate, methyl
methacrylate homopolymers and copolymers, imidized, amino group
containing polymers, polycarbonate, reinforced polyamides,
polyphenylene oxide, high impact polystyrene, polyether ketone,
polysulfone, poly(phenylene sulfide), acrylonitrile-butadiene,
acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile, poly(ethylene terephthalate),
poly(butylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol),
poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and their copolymers including functional
comonomers and blends thereof. Still further, the cover 11 is
preferably comprised of a polyether or polyester thermoplastic
urethane, a thermoset polyurethane, a low modulus ionomer such as
acid-containing ethylene copolymer ionomers, including E/X/Y
copolymers where E is ethylene, X is an acrylate or
methacrylate-based softening comonomer present in 0-50 weight
percent and Y is acrylic or methacrylic acid present in 5-35 weight
percent. More preferably, in a low spin rate embodiment designed
for maximum distance, the acrylic or methacrylic acid is present in
15-35 weight percent, making the ionomer a high modulus ionomer. In
a high spin embodiment, the acid is present in 10-15 weigh percent
or a blend of a low modulus ionomer with a standard ionomer is
used.
[0069] In another preferred embodiment, the cover 11 is comprised
of polyurea or a polyurethane/polyurea hybrid, such as those
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,835,794. The polyurea or a
polyurethane/polyurea hybrid may be aliphatic, aromatic or a
combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the cover 11 is
formed from a polyurea composition including at least one light
stable or saturated polyurea. Light stability may be accomplished
in a variety of ways, such as by utilizing polyurea compositions
that include only saturated components, i.e., saturated prepolymers
and saturated curing agents, or include a light stabilizer to
improve light stability when using aromatic components. The light
stable or saturated polyurea includes from about 1 to about 100
weight percent of the cover, with the remainder of the cover, if
any, including one or more compatible, resilient polymers such as
would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[0070] The polyurea compositions may be prepared from at least one
isocyanate, at least one polyether amine, and at least one curing
agent. Preferably the at least one curing agent is a diol or
secondary diamine curing agent.
[0071] In another embodiment, the polyether or polyester
thermoplastic urethane, thermoset polyurethane, polyurea, or
polyurethane/polyurea hybrid is formed from an isocyanate
prepolymer (also referred to herein as "isocyanate"). Any
isocyanate available to one of ordinary skill in the art is
suitable for use according to the invention. Isocyanates for use
with the present invention include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic,
araliphatic, aromatic, any derivatives thereof, and combinations of
these compounds having two or more isocyanate (NCO) groups per
molecule. The isocyanates may be organic polyisocyanate-terminated
prepolymers, low free isocyanates, and mixtures thereof. The
isocyanate-containing reactable component may also include any
isocyanate-functional monomer, dimer, trimer, or multimeric adduct
thereof, prepolymer, quasi-prepolymer, or mixtures thereof.
Isocyanate-functional compounds may include monoisocyanates or
polyisocyanates that include any isocyanate functionality of two or
more.
[0072] The compositions of the present invention also encompass
polyurethanes formed from a blend of diisocyanate prepolymers, such
as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,034 to Dewanjee et al,
the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The compositions of the present invention also encompass
polyurethanes formed from paraphenylene diisocyanate-based
polyurethane prepolymer, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,024 to
Dewanjee et al, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated
herein by reference.
[0073] In a preferred embodiment, the isocyanate is a saturated or
unsaturated diisocyanate including, for example, diisocyanates
having the generic structure: O.dbd.C.dbd.N--R--N.dbd.C.dbd.O,
where R is a cyclic, aromatic, aliphatic, linear, branched, or
substituted hydrocarbon moiety containing from about 1 to 20 carbon
atoms, such as arylenes, aralkylenes, alkylenes, or cycloalkylenes.
When multiple cyclic or aromatic groups are present, linear,
branched, or substituted hydrocarbons containing from about 1 to 10
carbon atoms can be present as spacers between the cyclic or
aromatic groups. In some cases, the cyclic or aromatic group(s) may
be substituted at the 2-, 3-, and/or 4-positions, respectively.
Substituted groups may include, but are not limited to, halogens,
cyano groups, amine groups, silyl groups, hydroxyl groups, acid
groups, alkoxy groups, primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrocarbon
groups, or a mixture thereof.
[0074] Examples of saturated (aliphatic) diisocyanates that can be
used in the polyurethane prepolymer include, but are not limited
to, ethylene diisocyanate; propylene-1,2-diisocyanate;
tetramethylene diisocyanate; 1,4-tetramethylene diisocyanate;
1,5-pentamethylene diisocyanate; 2-methyl-1,5-pentamethylene
diisocyanate; 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI); HDI biuret
prepared from HDI; octamethylene diisocyanate; decamethylene
diisocyanate; 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate;
2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate; 1,7-heptamethylene
diisocyanate; 1,8-octamethylene diisocyanate; 1,9-novamethylene
diisocyanate; 1,10-decamethylene diisocyanate; 1,12-dodecane
diisocyanate; 1,3-cyclobutane diisocyanate; 1,2-cyclohexane
diisocyanate; 1,3-cyclohexane diisocyanate; 1,4-cyclohexane
diisocyanate; methylcyclohexylene diisocyanate (HTDI);
2,4-methylcyclohexane diisocyanate; 2,6-methylcyclohexane
diisocyanate; 4,4'-dicyclohexane diisocyanate; 2,4'-dicyclohexane
diisocyanate; 1,3,5-cyclohexane triisocyanate;
isocyanatomethylcyclohexane isocyanate;
1-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane;
isocyanatoethylcyclohexane isocyanate;
bis(isocyanatomethyl)-cyclohexane diisocyanate;
4,4'-bis(isocyanatomethyl)dicyclohexane;
2,4'-bis(isocyanatomethyl)dicyclohexane; isophorone diisocyanate
(IPDI); triisocyanate of HDI; triisocyanate of
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexane diisocyanate (TMDI);
4,4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (H.sub.12MDI);
2,4-hexahydrotoluene diisocyanate; 2,6-hexahydrotoluene
diisocyanate; aromatic aliphatic isocyanate, such as 1,2-, 1,3-,
and 1,4-xylene diisocyanate; meta-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate
(m-TMXDI); para-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (p-TMXDI); saturated
trimerized isocyanurates, such as isocyanurates of hexamethylene
diisocyanate, isocyanurates of isophorone diisocyanate, HDI biurets
prepared from HDI, isocyanurates of trimethyl-hexamethylene
diisocyanate, and mixtures thereof; uretdione of hexamethylene
diisocyanate, and mixtures thereof; modified polyisocyanate derived
from the above isocyanates and polyisocyanates; and mixtures
thereof.
[0075] Unsaturated diisocyanates, i.e., aromatic compounds, may
also be used with the present invention, although the use of
unsaturated compounds in the prepolymer is preferably coupled with
the use of a light stabilizer or pigment as discussed below.
Examples of unsaturated diisocyanates include, but are not limited
to, substituted and isomeric mixtures including 2,2'-, 2,4'-, and
4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI); 2,2'-, 2,4'-, and
4,4'-biphenylene diisocyanate; 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-biphenyl
diisocyanate (TODI); 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diphenylmethane
diisocyanate; toluene diisocyanate (TDI); polymeric MDI (PMDI, a
brown liquid composed of approximately 50% methylene diisocyanate
with the remainder comprised of oligomers of MDI);
carbodimide-modified liquid 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate;
para-phenylene diisocyanate (PPDI); meta-phenylene diisocyanate
(MPDI); ortho-phenylene diisocyanate; 4-chloro-1,3-phenylene
diisocyanate; triphenylmethane-4,4'-, and
triphenylmethane-4,4''-triisocyanate; 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate;
1,5-tetrahydronaphthalene diisocyanate; anthracene diisocyanate;
tetracene diisocyanate; dimerized uretdiones of any diisocyanate or
polyisocyanate, such as uretdione of toluene diisocyanate,
uretdione of diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and mixtures thereof;
unsaturated trimerized isocyanurates, such as trimers of
diphenylmethane diisocyanate, trimers of tetramethylxylene
diisocyanate, isocyanurates of toluene diisocyanate, and mixtures
thereof; monomeric triisocyanates such as 2,4,4'-diphenylene
triisocyanate, 2,4,4'-diphenylmethane triisocyanate,
4,4',4''-triphenylmethane triisocyanate, and mixtures thereof; and
mixtures thereof.
[0076] Any polyether amine available to one of ordinary skill in
the art is suitable for use according to the invention. As used
herein, "polyether amines" refer to at least polyoxyalkyleneamines
containing primary amino groups attached to the terminus of a
polyether backbone. Due to the rapid reaction of isocyanate and
amine, and the insolubility of many urea products, however, the
selection of diamines and polyether amines is limited to those
allowing the successful formation of the polyurea prepolymers. In
one embodiment, the polyether backbone is based on tetramethylene,
propylene, ethylene, trimethylolpropane, glycerin, and mixtures
thereof.
[0077] The polyurea composition can be formed by crosslinking the
polyurea prepolymer with a blend or mixture of curing agents.
Curing agents for use with the present invention include, but are
not limited to, hydroxy terminated curing agents, amine-terminated
curing agents, and mixtures thereof. In one preferred embodiment,
the curing agents are amine-terminated curing agents, and more
preferably secondary diamine curing agents. If desired, however,
the polyurea composition may be formed with a single curing agent.
Polyurea prepolymers cured with a secondary diamine with 1:1
stoichiometry in the absence of moisture are thermoplastic in
nature, while thermoset polyurea compositions, on the other hand,
are generally produced from a polyurea prepolymer cured with a
primary diamine or polyfunctional glycol.
[0078] The use of light stabilizing components also may assist in
preventing cover surface fractures due to photodegredation.
Suitable UV absorbers and light stabilizers include, but are not
limited to, TINUVIN.RTM. 292, TINUVIN.RTM. 328, TINUVIN.RTM. 213,
TINUVIN.RTM. 765, TINUVIN.RTM. 770 and TINUVIN.RTM. 622. The
preferred UV absorber for aromatic compounds is TINUVIN.RTM. 328,
and the preferred hindered amine light stabilizer is TINUVIN.RTM.
765. A preferred light stabilizer for the saturated (aliphatic)
compounds is TINUVIN.RTM. 292. TINUVIN.RTM. products are available
from Ciba-Geigy. Dyes, as well as optical brighteners and
fluorescent pigments may also be included in the golf ball covers
produced with polymers formed according to the present invention.
Such additional ingredients may be added in any amounts that will
achieve their desired purpose.
[0079] The compositions of the present invention may be selected
from among both castable thermoset and thermoplastic materials,
which is determined by the curing agent used to cure the
prepolymer. For example, castable thermoplastic compositions of the
invention include linear polymers and are typically formed curing
the prepolymer with a diol or secondary diamine. Thermoset
compositions of the invention, on the other hand, are cross-linked
polymers and are typically produced from the reaction of a
diisocyanate and a polyol cured with a primary diamine or
polyfunctional glycol.
[0080] The polyurea compositions preferably include from about 1
percent to about 100 percent polyurea, however, the polyurea
compositions may be blended with other materials. In one
embodiment, the composition contains about 10 percent to about 90
percent polyurea, preferably from about 10 percent to about 75
percent polyurea, and contains about 90 percent to 10 percent, more
preferably from about 90 percent to about 25 percent other polymers
and/or other materials as described below.
[0081] Other polymeric materials suitable for blending with the
compositions of the invention include castable thermoplastic or
thermoset polyurethanes, cationic and anionic urethane ionomers and
urethane epoxies, polyurethane/polyurea ionomers, epoxy resins,
polyethylenes, polyamides and polyesters, polycarbonates,
polyacrylin, and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable urethane
ionomers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,692,974, the entire
disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Other
examples of suitable polyurethanes are described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,334,673, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by
reference herein. Examples of suitable polyureas used to form the
polyurea ionomer listed above are discussed in U.S. Pat. No.
5,484,870, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by
reference herein. In particular, the polyureas of U.S. Pat. No.
5,484,870 are prepared by reacting a polyisocyanate and a polyamine
curing agent to yield polyurea, which are distinct from the
polyureas mentioned above, which are formed from a polyurea
prepolymer and curing agent. Examples of suitable polyurethanes
cured with epoxy group containing curing agents are disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,358, the entire disclosure of which is
incorporated by reference herein.
[0082] Thus in a preferred embodiment, polyurea compositions are
blended with polyurethane to form a polyurea/polyurethane hybrid.
Polyurethanes suitable for use in the invention are the product of
a reaction between at least one polyurethane prepolymer and at
least one curing agent. The polyurethanes used in the compositions
of the present invention may be selected from among both castable
thermoset and thermoplastic polyurethanes. Thermoplastic
polyurethanes are linear polymers and are typically formed from the
reaction of a diisocyanate and a polyol cured with a diol or a
secondary diamine with 1:1 stoichiometry in the absence of
moisture. Thermoset polyurethanes, on the other hand, are
crosslinked polymers and are typically produced from the reaction
of a diisocyanate and a polyol cured with a primary diamine or
polyfunctional glycol.
[0083] Additionally, suitable cover materials include a nucleated
reaction injection molded polyurethane, polyurea or
polyurea/polyurethane hybrids, where a gas, typically an inert or
non-reactive gas such as nitrogen, argon, helium and air, is
essentially vigorously mixed into at least one component of the
polyurethane, typically, the pre-polymer, prior to component
injection into a closed mold where full reaction takes place
resulting in a cured polymer having reduced specific gravity. The
materials are referred to as reaction injection molded ("RIM")
materials. Examples of RIM materials, as well as the RIM process,
are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,548,618, 6,533,566 and 6,290,614,
the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by
reference.
[0084] In the mantle portion 16, the liquid center shell 20, and
first and second mantle layers 22 and 40 are preferably made of
elastomers, such as thermoset rubber, including polyisoprene,
styrene butadiene, polybutadiene and combinations thereof; plastic,
such as polypropylene; or thermoplastic elastomeric material such
as copolymers of methyl-methacrylate with butadiene and styrene,
copolymers of methyl-acrylate with butadiene and styrene,
acrylonitrile styrene copolymers, polyether-ester, polyether-amide,
polyurethane and/or blends thereof. Most preferably, the first and
second mantle layers 22 and 40 are made of thermoset rubber or
thermoplastic elastomeric materials.
[0085] In another embodiment, highly-neutralized polymers ("HNP's")
and blends thereof, such as those described in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/118,719, filed Apr. 9, 2002, now U.S. Pat.
No. 6,756,436, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/959,751,
filed Oct. 6, 2004, now U.S. Publication No. 2005/0049367, the
entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein,
as well as low melting thermoplastics, may be used in ball cores,
mantle layers, and/or covers. HNP's include polymers containing one
or more acid groups that are neutralized by an organic acid or a
salt thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the first and second
mantle layers 22 and 40 are made of such highly-neutralized
polymers and/or low melting thermoplastics. In one embodiment, the
low melting thermoplastics have a resilience of a thermoset rubber.
For example, such low melting thermoplastics having a resilience of
a thermoset rubber include, but are not limited to, HNP's and
blends of HNP's with compatible thermoplastics, such as partially
or fully neutralized ionomers including those neutralized by a
metal ion source wherein the metal ion is the salt of an organic
acid, polyolefins including polyethylene, polypropylene,
polybutylene, and copolymers thereof including polyethylene acrylic
acid or methacrylic acid copolymers, or a terpolymer of ethylene, a
softening acrylate class ester such as methyl acrylate,
n-butyl-acrylate or iso-butyl-acrylate, and a carboxylic acid such
as acrylic acid or methacrylic acid (e.g., terpolymers including
polyethylene-methacrylic acid-n or iso-butyl acrylate and
polyethylene-acrylic acid-methyl acrylate, polyethylene ethyl or
methyl acrylate, polyethylene vinyl acetate, polyethylene glycidyl
alkyl acrylates).
[0086] The acid moieties of the HNP's, typically ethylene-based
ionomers, are neutralized greater than about 70%, preferably
greater than about 80%, more preferably greater than about 90%, and
most preferably at least about 100%. The HNP's can be also be
blended with a second polymer component, which, if containing an
acid group, may be neutralized in a conventional manner, by the
organic fatty acids, or both. The second polymer component, which
may be partially or fully neutralized, preferably comprises
ionomeric copolymers and terpolymers, ionomer precursors,
thermoplastics, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyesters,
polyurethanes, polyureas, thermoplastic elastomers, polybutadiene
rubber, balata, metallocene-catalyzed polymers (grafted and
non-grafted), single-site polymers, high-crystalline acid polymers,
cationic ionomers, and the like. HNP polymers typically have a
material hardness of between about 20 and about 80 Shore D, and a
flexural modulus of between about 3,000 psi and about 200,000
psi.
[0087] In one embodiment, the organic acid is selected from the
group consisting of aliphatic organic acids, aromatic organic
acids, saturated mono-functional organic acids, unsaturated
mono-functional organic acids, and multi-unsaturated
mono-functional organic acids. Preferably, the salt of organic
acids comprise the salts of barium, lithium, sodium, zinc, bismuth,
chromium, cobalt, copper, potassium, strontium, titanium, tungsten,
magnesium, cesium, iron, nickel, silver, aluminum, tin, calcium,
stearic, behenic, erucic, oleic, linoelic, dimerized derivatives,
and mixtures thereof.
[0088] Additionally, HNP's, such as those described in U.S.
application Ser. No. 11/270,066, filed Nov. 9, 2005, the entire
disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, may be
used in the ball cores, mantle layers and/or covers. For example,
it has been found that when an acid polymer or a partially
neutralized acid polymer is neutralized to 70% or higher using a
cation source which is less hydrophilic than magnesium-based cation
sources traditionally used to produce HNPs, the resulting inventive
HNP provides for compositions having improved moisture vapor
transmission properties. For example, a polymer composition
comprising an HNP, wherein the HNP is produced using a less
hydrophilic cation source, can have a moisture vapor transmission
rate of 8 g-mil/100 in.sup.2/day or less, or 5 g-mil/100
in.sup.2/day or less, or 3 g-mil/100 in.sup.2/day or less, or 2
g-mil/100 in.sup.2/day or less, or 1 g-mil/100 in.sup.2/day or
less, or less than 1 g-mil/100 in.sup.2/day. As used herein,
moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) is given in g-mil/100
in.sup.2/day, and is measured at 20.degree. C., and according to
ASTM F1249-99.
[0089] "Less hydrophilic" is used herein to refer to cation sources
which are less hydrophilic than conventional magnesium-based cation
sources. Examples of suitable less hydrophilic cation sources
include, but are not limited to, silicone, silane, and silicate
derivatives and complex ligands; metal ions and compounds of rare
earth elements; and less hydrophilic metal ions and compounds of
alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals; and
combinations thereof. Particular less hydrophilic cation sources
include, but are not limited to, metal ions and compounds of
potassium, cesium, calcium, barium, manganese, copper, zinc, tin,
and rare earth metals. Potassium-based compounds are a preferred
less hydrophilic cation source, and particularly Oxone.RTM.,
commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
Oxone.RTM. is a monopersulfate compound wherein potassium
monopersulfate is the active ingredient present as a component of a
triple salt of the formula 2KHSO.sub.5.KHSO.sub.4.K.sub.2SO.sub.4
[potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfate sulfate (5:3:2:2)]. The
amount of less hydrophilic cation source used is readily determined
based on the desired level of neutralization.
[0090] In one embodiment, the first and second mantle layers 22 and
40 each independently can include a crosslinker, such as a metal
salt of unsaturated carboxylic acid. In particular, the metal salt
of unsaturated carboxylic acid is blended as a co-crosslinking
agent in at least one of the first and second mantle layer 22 and
40. Examples include magnesium, calcium, zinc, aluminum, sodium,
lithium, or nickel salts of unsaturated fatty acids having 3 to 8
carbon atoms, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid,
and fumaric acid, with the zinc salts of acrylic and methacrylic
acid being most preferred. Preferred metal salts of unsaturated
fatty acids include zinc acrylate, zinc diacrylate, zinc
methacrylate, zinc dimethacrylate, and mixtures thereof. The
unsaturated carboxylic acid metal salt may be blended in a rubber
either as a preformed metal salt or by introducing an
.alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid and a metal oxide or
hydroxide into the rubber composition and allowing them to react in
the rubber composition to form a metal salt. The unsaturated
carboxylic acid metal salt may be blended in any desired amount,
but preferably in amounts of about 25 to about 40 parts and more
preferably between about 30 to about 35 by weight per 100 parts by
weight of the base rubber.
[0091] The composition of the first or second mantle layer (22 or
40) may also contain an organosulfur compound or a metal salt
thereof in addition to the base rubber and the unsaturated
carboxylic acid metal salt, such as those disclosed in copending
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/951,963 (now U.S. Pat. No.
6,635,716), the entirety of which is incorporated herein by
reference. The addition of such organosulfur compounds to base
rubber compositions exhibit increased COR, decreased compression,
or both. The organosulfur compound or metal salt thereof is
preferably a halogenated organosulfur compound, and more preferably
a halogenated thiophenol, including, but not limited to,
pentafluorothiophenol; 2-fluorothiophenol; 3-fluorothiophenol;
4-fluorothiophenol; 2,3-fluorothiophenol; 2,4-fluorothiophenol;
3,4-fluorothiophenol; 3,5-fluorothiophenol 2,3,4-fluorothiophenol;
3,4,5-fluorothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorothiophenol;
2,3,5,6-tetrafluorothiophenol; 4-chlorotetrafluorothiophenol;
pentachlorothiophenol; 2-chlorothiophenol; 3-chlorothiophenol;
4-chlorothiophenol; 2,3-chlorothiophenol; 2,4-chlorothiophenol;
3,4-chlorothiophenol; 3,5-chlorothiophenol; 2,3,4-chlorothiophenol;
3,4,5-chlorothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorothiophenol;
2,3,5,6-tetrachlorothiophenol; pentabromothiophenol;
2-bromothiophenol; 3-bromothiophenol; 4-bromothiophenol;
2,3-bromothiophenol; 2,4-bromothiophenol; 3,4-bromothiophenol;
3,5-bromothiophenol; 2,3,4-bromothiophenol; 3,4,5-bromothiophenol;
2,3,4,5-tetrabromothiophenol; 2,3,5,6-tetrabromothiophenol;
pentaiodothiophenol; 2-iodothiophenol; 3-iodothiophenol;
4-iodothiophenol; 2,3-iodothiophenol; 2,4-iodothiophenol;
3,4-iodothiophenol; 3,5-iodothiophenol; 2,3,4-iodothiophenol;
3,4,5-iodothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetraiodothiophenol;
2,3,5,6-tetraiodothiophenoland; and their zinc salts. Preferably,
the halogenated thiophenol is pentachlorothiophenol ("PCTP"), which
is commercially available in neat form or under the tradename
STRUKTOL.RTM., a clay-based carrier containing the sulfur compound
pentachlorothiophenol loaded at 45 percent (correlating to 2.4
parts PCTP). STRUKTOL.RTM. is commercially available from Struktol
Company of America of Stow, Ohio. PCTP is commercially available in
neat form from eChinachem of San Francisco, Calif. and in the salt
form from eChinachem of San Francisco, Calif. Most preferably, the
halogenated thiophenol is the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol,
which is commercially available from eChinachem of San Francisco,
Calif. The organosulfur compounds of the present invention are
present in any amount, preferably in an amount greater than about 2
parts or less than 40 parts by weight per 100 parts of base rubber
("pph"). In one embodiment, the organosulfur compound is present
between about 2.2 pph and about 30 pph, and preferably between
about 2.3 and about 20 pph. In another embodiment, the organosulfur
compound is present from about 2.5 pph to about 15 pph, preferably
between about 5 pph to about 10 pph. The upper and lower limits of
the ranges disclosed herein are interchangeable to form new ranges.
For example, the amount of organosulfur compound may be present
between about 2.2 pph to about 15, or between about 10 pph and
about 40 pph, or between about 2 pph to about 5 pph.
[0092] The composition of the first or second mantle layer (20 or
40) may further contain a co-crosslinking initiator. Preferred
examples of the co-crosslinking initiator include organic
peroxides, such as dicumyl peroxide, t-butylperoxybenzoate,
di-t-butylperoxide, 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5
trimethyl-cyclohexane, n-butyl-4,4-bis(t-butylperoxy)valerate,
2,2,-bis(t-butylperoxy-isopropyl)benzene, and
2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexene, with the dicumyl peroxide
being most preferred. The initiator may be blended in amounts of
about 0.5 to about 3 parts by weight, preferably about 1 to about
2.5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber.
[0093] A composite or metal layer may also be utilized for the
first or second mantle layer (22 or 40) as described in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,899,642, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by
reference herein. For example, the composite material may include a
filament material embedded in a matrix or binder material.
[0094] The filament material may be a single fiber or formed of
more than one fiber or a plurality of fibers (i.e., multi-fiber tow
or bundle). The filament material may be formed of fibers of
polymeric materials, glass materials, or metal fibers, among
others. The filament material may also be comprised of strands or
fibers having different physical properties to achieve desired
stretch and elongation characteristics. The matrix material may be
molded about the filament material so that the filament material is
embedded in the matrix material, as discussed above. The matrix
material may be a thermoset or a thermoplastic polymer. Preferred
thermoset polymeric materials are, for example, unsaturated
polyester resins, vinyl esters, epoxy resins, phenolic resins,
polyurethanes, polyurea, polyimide resins, and polybutadiene
resins. Preferred thermoplastics are, for example, polyethylene,
polystyrene, polypropylene, thermoplastic polyesters, acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene (ABS), acetal, polyamides including
semicrystalline polyamide, polycarbonate (PC), shape memory
polymers, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane,
trans-polybutadiene, liquid crystalline polymers, polyether ketone
(PEEK), bio(maleimide), and polysulfone resins.
[0095] The matrix material can also be a silicone material, such as
a silicone polymer, a silicone elastomer, a silicone rubber,
silicone resins, or a low molecular weight silicone fluid,
thermoplastic silicone urethane copolymers and variations, and the
likes.
[0096] In one embodiment, preferably, the first mantle layer 22 is
comprised of polybutadiene material that has high specific gravity
for a low spin rate ball and a low specific gravity for a high spin
rate ball. The specific gravity of the polybutadiene material can
be varied by adding fillers known to those skilled in the art.
[0097] In another embodiment, the mantle portion 16 is relatively
thick and is comprised of a highly neutralized ionomer or a
crosslinked polybutadiene rubber.
[0098] In one embodiment, the mantle portion 16 preferably has an
outside diameter d3 in the range of 80 to 98% of the finished ball
diameter D and an inner diameter d1 in the range of 30 to 70% of
the finished ball diameter. Preferably, mantle portion 16 and the
liquid center shell 20 have an inner diameter of approximately 0.5
to 1.18 inches and, more preferably, an inner diameter of
approximately 0.75 to 1.1 inches. Preferably, the mantle portion 16
and liquid center shell 20 have an inner diameter of approximately
0.9 to 0.95 inches. The first mantle layer 22 preferably has an
inner diameter d2 in the range of 0.55 to 1.45 inches and, more
preferably, approximately 0.8 to 1.3 inches. Yet further still, the
mantle portion 16 has an outside diameter d3 in the range of 1.3 to
1.65 inches and, more preferably, approximately 1.45 to 1.62
inches.
[0099] In another embodiment, preferably, the mantle portion 16 and
the liquid center shell 20 have an inner diameter d1 of
approximately 0.25 to 1.5 inches and, more preferably, an inner
diameter of approximately 0.5 to 1.35 inches. Preferably, the
mantle portion 16 and the liquid center shell 20 have an inner
diameter of approximately 0.65 to 1.25 inches. The mantle portion
16 preferably has a thickness of 0.04 to 0.35 inches, and more
preferably 0.07 to 0.3 inches and may comprise one or more layers
or plys of the same or different materials.
[0100] A golf ball incorporating these measurements can be designed
with the various attributes discussed below, such as specific
gravity, resiliency and hardness, to provide the desired playing
characteristics, such as spin rate and initial velocity. More
particularly, by using a liquid center shell to surround the fluid
center, in an inner sphere, and at least a first mantle layer, the
specific gravities and other properties can be tailored to provide
optimum playing characteristics. More particularly, by constructing
a ball according to these dimensions, the first mantle layer 22 is
made with a significant volume compared to the fluid center 18.
Preferably, the volume of the first mantle layer 22 is greater than
the volume of the fluid center 18. More preferably, the volume of
the first layer 22 is about 2 to 4 times the volume of the fluid
center 18. Thus, the properties of the first mantle layer can
effect the playing characteristics of the ball.
[0101] The hardness and resiliency of the mantle portion 16 can be
varied to achieve certain desired parameters such as spin rate,
compression and initial velocity.
[0102] Preferably, the mantle portion 16 has a hardness of
approximately 30 to 95 Shore C, and more preferably, 45 to 90 Shore
C. Still further, the mantle portion 16 has a resiliency greater
than 40 Bashore.
[0103] In a most preferred embodiment, the liquid center shell 20
is comprised of a plastic material having high temperature
resistance, such as those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 10/008,013, filed Nov. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,616,549.
In particular, the liquid center shell 20 and/or the first mantle
layer 22 comprises dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer;
functionalized styrene-butadiene elastomer; thermoplastic
polyurethane; thermoplastic polyetherester or polyetheramide;
thermoplastic ionomer resin; fluoro-polymers, such as
perfluoroalkylenes (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene,
polyhexafluoropropylene), and functionalized fluoropolymer resins
that are sulfonated, carboxylated, epoxidized, maleated, amined or
hydroxylized as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,140, the entirety
of which is incorporated by reference herein; thermoplastic
polyester; metallocene polymer or blends thereof and/or thermoset
materials.
[0104] It will be appreciated that the wall material may be any
material known the in art, including thermoplastic-ionomer,
polypropylene, polyethylene, acid copolymer, polyolefin, polyurea,
metallocene catalyzed polyolefinic copolymers, polyvinyl chloride,
polytetra fluoro ethylene, polyester elastomer, polyamide
elastomer, polycarbonate, polyester, styrene-butadiene and SEBS
block copolymers, silicone or thermoset crosslinked diene rubbers,
including butyl rubber, natural rubber, and acrylonitrile.
[0105] Suitable dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers
include SANTOPRENE.RTM., SARLINK.RTM., VYRAM.RTM., DYTRON.RTM. and
VISTAFLEX.RTM.. SANTOPRENE.RTM. is the trademark for a dynamically
vulcanized PP/EPDM (polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene rubber).
SANTOPRENE.RTM. 203-40 is an example of a preferred SANTORPENE.RTM.
and is commercially available from Advanced Elastomer Systems,
Akron, Ohio. Examples of suitable functionalized styrene-butadiene
elastomers include KRATON.RTM. FG-1901x and KRATON.RTM. FG-1921x,
which are available from the Shell Corporation. Examples of
suitable thermoplastic polyurethanes include ESTANE.RTM. 58133,
ESTANE.RTM. 58134 and ESTANE.RTM. 58144, which are commercially
available from the B.F. Goodrich Company. Suitable metallocene
polymers whose melting points are higher than the cover materials
can also be employed in the mantle layer of the present invention.
Further, the materials for the mantle layer described above may be
in the form of a foamed polymeric material. For example, suitable
metallocene polymers include foams of thermoplastic elastomers
based on metallocene single-site catalyst-based foams. Such
metallocene-based foam resins are commercially available from
Sentinel Products of Hyannis, Mass.
[0106] Suitable thermoplastic polyetheresters include HYTREL.RTM.
3078, HYTREL.RTM. 3548, HYTREL.RTM. 4078, HYTREL.RTM. 4069,
HYTREL.RTM. 6356, HYTREL.RTM. 7246, and HYTREL.RTM. 8238 which are
commercially available from DuPont, Wilmington, Del. Suitable
thermoplastic polyetheramides include PEBAX.RTM. 2533, PEBAX.RTM.
3533, PEBAX.RTM. 4033, PEBAX.RTM. 5533, PEBAX.RTM. 6333, and
PEBAX.RTM. 7033 which are available from Atofina, Philadelphia, Pa.
Suitable thermoplastic ionomer resins include any number of
olefinic based ionomers including SURLYN.RTM. and IOTEK.RTM., which
are commercially available from DuPont and Exxon, respectively. The
flexural moduli for these ionomers are about 1000 psi to about
200,000 psi. Suitable thermoplastic polyesters include polybutylene
terephthalate. Likewise, the dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic
elastomers, functionalized styrene-butadiene elastomers,
thermoplastic polyurethane or metallocene polymers identified above
are also useful as the second thermoplastic in such blends.
Further, the materials of the second thermoplastic described above
may be in the form of a foamed polymeric material.
[0107] Preferably, the shell 20 is a thin layer of a polyolefin,
ionomer or acid copolymer. Alternatively, the shell 20 may be made
of a conventional wound envelope material. In yet another
embodiment, the shell 20 material may include a HNP material, as
described above. Preferably, this HNP would be selected from those
disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/270,066, filed Nov. 9,
2005, the entire disclosure of which previously was incorporated by
reference herein.
[0108] As illustrated in FIG. 12, the fluid center 18 may be
enclosed by the mantle portion 16, without a shell 20. One or more
cover layers may enclose the mantle portion 16 as described above.
It will be appreciated that the mantle portion 16 may be comprised
of one or more plys of the same or different materials. The fluid
center 18 has a diameter d1 of approximately 0.25 to 1.5 inches
and, more preferably, a diameter of approximately 0.5 to 1.35
inches. The mantle portion 16 preferably has a thickness of 0.4 to
0.8 inches, and more preferably 0.4 to 0.56 inches. The mantle
portion 16 has an outside diameter d3 in the range of 1.3 to 1.65
inches and, more preferably, approximately 1.45 to 1.62 inches. The
mantle portion may be made of any material discussed previously.
Preferably, the mantle portion 16 comprises HNP. Preferably, this
HNP would be selected from those disclosed in U.S. application Ser.
No. 11/270,066, filed Nov. 9, 2005, the entire disclosure of which
previously was incorporated by reference herein.
[0109] The fluid center 18 can be a wide variety of materials or
fluids, including solutions and gases, as well as liquids having
low coefficient of thermal expansion and/or high boiling points. In
particular, the fluid center 18 may be comprised of a gas (and may
be pressurized and/or non-reactive), such as air, nitrogen, helium,
argon, neon, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and mixtures thereof;
water; polyols, such as glycerine, ethylene glycol and the like;
paste; foams; oils; water solutions, such as salt in water, corn
syrup, salt in water and corn syrup, or glycol and water; or
mixtures thereof. The fluid can also include pastes, colloidal
suspensions, such as clay, barytes, carbon black in water or other
liquid, or salt in water/glycol mixtures; gels, such as gelatin
gels, hydrogels, water/methyl cellulose gels and gels comprised of
copolymer rubber based materials such a styrene-butadiene-styrene
rubber and paraffinic and/or naphthenic oil; or melts including
waxes and hot melts. Hot-melts are materials which at or about
normal room temperatures are solid but at elevated temperatures
become liquid. The fluid center 18 can also be a reactive liquid
system which combine to form a solid. Examples of suitable reactive
liquids are silicate gels, agar gels, peroxide cured polyester
resins, two part epoxy resin systems and peroxide cured liquid
polybutadiene rubber compositions. It is understood by one skilled
in the art that other reactive liquid systems can likewise be
utilized depending on the physical properties of the liquid center
shell and the physical properties desired in the resulting finished
golf balls. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,200,230, 5,683,312, and 5,150,906
contain disclosures of preferred liquids for use in the shell 20,
and their entire disclosures are incorporated by reference
herein.
[0110] The fluid center 18 can be varied to modify the performance
parameters of the ball, such as the moment of inertia. Preferably,
the fluid center 18 is comprised of a material that has a high
specific gravity for high spin rate golf balls and a material that
has a low specific gravity for a low spin rate golf ball.
Preferably, the specific gravity of the fluid is below or equal to
1.2 for low specific gravity centers and above 1.2 for high
specific gravity centers. Preferably, the specific gravity is
approximately 0.90-1.2, more preferably 1.15-1.2 for low specific
gravity centers and approximately 1.21-1.70, and more preferably
1.3-1.55 for high specific gravity centers. Still further, the
fluid is preferably comprised of a material with a low viscosity
for a golf ball having a high spin rate and a material having a
high viscosity for a golf ball having a low spin rate. Preferably,
the viscosity of the fluid center 18 is less than 100 cps for low
viscosity centers and greater than or equal to 100 cps for high
viscosity centers. More preferably, the viscosity of the fluid
center 18 is less than or equal to 10 cps for low viscosity centers
and is between 100 and 1500 cps for high viscosity centers. Most
preferably, the fluid center 18 viscosity is approximately 500 cps
for high viscosity centers.
[0111] The core 12 is preferably 60 to 95% of the total ball weight
and more preferably, 75 to 86% of the ball weight. As stated above,
the weight distribution within the core 12 can be varied to achieve
certain desired parameters such as spin rate, compression and
initial velocity.
[0112] For example, by increasing the diameter of the fluid center
18, and increasing the specific gravity of the mantle portion 16,
the weight distribution of the core 12 is moved toward the outer
diameter for a lower spin rate ball. In contrast, the diameter of
the fluid center 18 can be decreased and the specific gravity of
the mantle layer 16 decreased to move the weight distribution of
the ball towards the ball center for a high spin rate ball.
[0113] Similarly, the specific gravity of the fluid center 18 can
be decreased and the specific gravity of the mantle portion 16
increased for a low spin rate ball. Alternatively, the specific
gravity of the fluid center 18 can be increased and the specific
gravity of the mantle portion 16 decreased for a high spin rate
ball.
[0114] Optionally, the core may have an inner surface of the shell
20 that is modified to increase surface area and thereby change the
rate of spin decay by altering the decoupling of the liquid from
the shell wall at some point following impact, as described in U.S.
Pat. No. 6,238,304, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated
by reference herein. The modified inner surface allows modification
of the fluid dynamic properties in the liquid filled center by a
means other then changing the type of fluid filling in the core.
More particularly, this includes use of a modified inner surface of
the shell. Frictional drag between the shell and fluid is adjusted
by modification of the inner surface next to the fluid.
[0115] Many techniques may be used to modify the frictional drag of
the fluid inside the liquid center shell. A texture may be added to
the inner surface of the shell. The texture could be in the form of
dimples, nubs, paddles or fingers extending into the center of the
core of the golf ball or grooves cut or molded into the inner
surface of the shell. Individual textures can themselves be
modified by increasing or decreasing their size or depth, or
alternating their placement or number. Further, protrusions of
varying sizes or shapes could be used on the inner surface of the
shell.
[0116] FIGS. 13A-D illustrate examples of shells 20 having modified
inner surfaces. The shells 20 have an inner surface 80 with a
texture 82 added. For example, in FIG. 13A, protrusions 84 are
provided on the inner surface 80 of the shell 20 to increase the
surface area. These protrusions 84 are shown being regularly
shaped, sized and spaced. It will be appreciated that one or more
of the shape, size and spacing of the protrusions may be varied. In
FIG. 13B, the inner surface 80 of the shell 20 has been modified to
a wavy surface to increase the surface area. The wavy surface may
be regular or irregular. FIG. 13C illustrates the inner surface 80
of the shell 20 having both projections 86 and dimples 88 on the
inner surface 80 to increase the surface area. Finally, in FIG.
13D, the protrusions 84 are shown to be triangular protrusions that
extend from the inner surface 80 of the shell 20. It will be
appreciated that numerous variations will be apparent to one of
skill in the art. Additionally, it will be appreciated that
although these modified inner surfaces 80 are illustrated on the
shell 20, they could be provided on the inner surface of any other
layer provided adjacent the fluid center 18.
[0117] The modified inner surface of the shell may be used to
modify the spin decay during the balls flight. Preferably, the rate
of spin decay is greater than 4% of initial spin, more preferably
at least 10% of initial spin, and still more preferably at least
15% of initial spin. The rate of spin decay is preferably the rate
of spin decay over the entire ball flight. For example, if a golf
ball has an initial spin rate of 3500 rpm, a spin decay of 10% of
initial spin will result in a spin rate of 3150 rpm at the end of
the ball's flight.
[0118] FIGS. 14A-D illustrate the slope of a regression line
quantifying the rate of spin decay during the first 0.4 seconds of
a ball's flight and compare it to a similar regression quantifying
the rate of spin decay for the complete ball flight. Golf ball spin
rate decay measurements were taken on shots hit by a skilled human
golfer. Measurements were made on two wound, liquid center
construction balls (Titleist Tour Balata and Titleist Tour
Professional), known in the prior art for their spin decay
properties. These constructions are compared to the Titleist
ProV1x, a modern solid construction ball known to feature a
different spin decay profile than a liquid center ball. Data was
acquired by means of a "Trackman", a proprietary phased array radar
golf ball tracking device manufactured by ISG Denmark (www.isg.dk).
This tracking device has recently been used for in-tournament
player data acquisition by the USGA
(http://www.usopen.com/2005/news/test_center.html). Among other
data, Trackman provides continual real-time measurements of golf
ball spin rate throughout the ball's flight. With this information,
a golf ball's spin rate can be plotted as a function of flight time
and comparative measurements of downrange spin performance can be
evaluated.
[0119] As shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B, the spin decay for a Titleist
Professional golf ball hit by a driver is illustrated. As discussed
above, the Titleist Professional has a wound construction with a
liquid center. This golf ball results in a regression line for the
first 0.4 seconds of flight having a slope of -186.83, while for
the whole flight the regression line has a slope of -87.304. Thus,
the difference in slope for the two regression lines is about 100
units.
[0120] Referring now to FIG. 14C, the spin decay for a Titleist
Tour Balata golf ball hit by a driver is illustrated. As discussed
above, the Titleist Tour Balata also has a wound construction with
a liquid center. This golf ball results in a regression line for
the first 0.4 seconds of flight having a slope of -340.18, while
the regression line for the whole flight has a slope of about
-131.15. Thus, the difference in slope for the two regression lines
is about 200 units.
[0121] In comparison, FIG. 14D illustrates the spin decay for a
current Titleist ProV1x golf ball hit by a driver. As discussed
above, the Titleist ProV1x has a non-wound, solid construction.
This golf ball results in a regression line for the first 0.4
seconds of flight having a slope of -65.108, while the regression
line for the whole flight has a slope of about -75.11. Thus, the
difference in slope for the two regression lines is about 10
units.
[0122] Preferably, a golf ball made according to the invention will
have a rate of spin decay, such that the difference in slopes
between the regression lines of the first 0.4 seconds of golf ball
flight and the whole golf ball flight will be at least 20 units.
More preferably, the difference in slopes will be from about 30 to
250 units. Applicants expect that a golf ball made with a liquid
center, having a non-wound mantle portion comprising HNP will
result in a spin decay, such that the difference in slope for the
two regression lines will be more similar to prior art golf balls
having a wound construction with a liquid center than current solid
non-wound golf balls, such as the ProV1x.
[0123] A prophetic example of a non-wound golf ball construction
possessing desirable spin rate decay properties similar to a wound
golf ball, such as the Titleist Professional, could be achieved by
providing a golf ball having a liquid center with a diameter of
1.125 inches. The liquid center may have a specific gravity of
approximately 1.3 and a viscosity of approximately 1000 cps. The
liquid center would be enclosed with a mantle portion having a
diameter of 1.580 inches and the mantle portion would be comprised
of a HNP, in a manner similar to that discussed above and
illustrated in FIG. 12.
[0124] The distance that a golf ball would travel upon impact is a
function of the coefficient of restitution (COR) and the
aerodynamic characteristics of the ball. The COR is defined as the
ratio of the relative velocity of two colliding objects after the
collision to the relative velocity of the two colliding objects
prior to the collision. The COR varies from 0 to 1.0. A COR value
of 1.0 is equivalent to a perfectly elastic collision, and a COR
value of 0.0 is equivalent to a perfectly inelastic collision. For
golf balls, COR has been approximated as a ratio of the velocity of
the golf ball after impact to the velocity of the golf ball prior
to impact. Preferably, a golf ball according to the invention has a
COR of at least 0.78, more preferably, at least 0.80.
[0125] In another embodiment, a reduced flight golf ball according
to the invention may be made. Preferably, the mantle portion 16 and
the liquid center shell 20 have an inner diameter of approximately
0.25 to 1.5 inches and, more preferably, an inner diameter of
approximately 0.5 to 1.35 inches. The mantle portion 16 preferably
has a thickness of 0.05 to 0.35 inches, and more preferably 0.07 to
0.3 inches and may comprise one or more layers or plys of the same
or different materials. Preferably, the mantle portion is comprised
of HNP, as discussed previously, and more preferably the HNP would
be selected from those disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No.
11/270,066, filed Nov. 9, 2005, the entire disclosure of which
previously was incorporated by reference herein. The shell 20 and
the fluid center 18 may be comprised of any materials previously
described herein. Alternatively, and as discussed previously, the
fluid center 18 may be enclosed by the mantle portion 16, without a
shell 20. Preferably, a reduced flight golf ball made according to
these embodiments will have a COR of at most 0.75, more preferably
at most 0.725, and most preferably at most 0.70.
[0126] According to one aspect of the present invention, the golf
ball is formulated to have a compression of between about 70 and
about 120.
[0127] Dimensions of golf ball components, i.e., thickness and
diameter, may vary depending on the desired properties. For the
purposes of the invention, any layer thickness may be employed.
Non-limiting examples of the various embodiments outlined above are
provided here with respect to layer dimensions.
[0128] In one embodiment, the liquid core 12 comprises an aqueous
sugar solution housed in a polyethylene or polypropylene shell 20.
The shell 20 has a wall thickness of 0.03 inches and an outer
diameter of 1.25 inches. A mantle layer 22 covers the shell and is
comprised of an HNP, such as DuPont HPF 2000. The mantle layer 22
has a thickness of 0.15 inches. An inner cover layer is placed over
the mantle layer and comprises an ionomer having a flexural modulus
of at least 60,000 psi. The inner cover layer has a thickness of
0.35 inches. An outer cover layer is provided over the inner cover
layer and is comprised of polyurethane or polyurea having a
flexural modulus of less than 40,000 psi. Preferably, the golf ball
preferably has a COR of greater than 0.78, and more preferably,
greater than 0.8, and a compression of 70 to 120. Preferably, the
golf ball has a rate of spin decay of at least 10% of initial spin,
and more preferably at least 15% of initial spin.
[0129] In another embodiment, the liquid core 12 comprises a low
viscosity naphthenic oil housed in a crosslinked acrylonitrile
rubber shell 20. The shell 20 has an outer diameter of 1 inch. The
shell 20 is encased by a mantle layer 22 of a crosslinked
polybutadiene rubber. The mantle layer 22 has a thickness of 0.29
inches. A single cover layer 11 is provided on the mantle layer 22.
The cover 11 is comprised of an ionomer or polyurethane having a
thickness of 0.05 inches and a modulus of about 40,000 to 70,000
psi. Preferably, the golf ball has a COR of at least 0.8 and a
compression of 80 to 100. Preferably, the golf ball has a rate of
spin decay of at least 10% of initial spin, and more preferably at
least 15% of initial spin.
[0130] In another embodiment, the mantle layer 22 is comprised of a
HNP having a specific gravity of 0.9. An inner cover layer is
provided on the mantle layer 22. The inner cover layer may be a
thin dense layer as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,123, the
entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
[0131] The present invention relates to golf balls of any size.
While "The Rules of Golf" by the USGA dictate specifications that
limit the size of a competition golf ball to more than 1.680 inches
in diameter, golf balls of any size can be used for leisure golf
play. The preferred diameter of the golf balls is from about 1.680
inches to about 1.900 inches. The more preferred diameter is from
about 1.680 inches to about 1.760 inches. A diameter of from about
1.680 inches to about 1.740 inches is most preferred; however,
diameters anywhere in the range of from 1.680 to about 1.950 inches
can be used. Preferably, the overall diameter of the core and all
mantle or intermediate layers is about 80 percent to about 98
percent of the overall diameter of the finished ball.
[0132] The core may have a diameter ranging from about 0.090 inches
to about 1.650 inches. In one embodiment, the diameter of the core
of the present invention is about 1.200 inches to about 1.630
inches. In another embodiment, the diameter of the core is about
1.300 inches to about 1.600 inches, preferably from about 1.390
inches to about 1.600 inches, and more preferably from about 1.500
inches to about 1.600 inches. In yet another embodiment, the core
has a diameter of about 1.550 inches to about 1.650 inches.
[0133] The core of the golf ball may also be extremely large in
relation to the rest of the ball. For example, in one embodiment,
the core makes up about 90 percent to about 98 percent of the ball,
preferably about 94 percent to about 96 percent of the ball. In
this embodiment, the diameter of the core is preferably about 1.540
inches or greater, preferably about 1.550 inches or greater. In one
embodiment, the core diameter is about 1.590 inches or greater. In
another embodiment, the diameter of the core is about 1.640 inches
or less. Thus one embodiment encompasses golf balls having a single
layer cover and a large core having a diameter of about 1.540
inches or greater. Another embodiment encompasses golf balls having
more than one cover layers and a large core having a diameter of
about 1.540 inches or greater.
[0134] Another embodiment encompasses a golf ball having various
weight distributions of its components. Such golf balls comprise a
core and a cover wherein the weight or mass of the ball is
allocated radially relative to the centroid, thereby dictating the
moment of inertia of the ball. When the weight is allocated
radially toward the centroid, the moment of inertia is decreased,
and when the weight is allocated outward away from the centroid,
the moment of inertia is increased.
[0135] The present invention also encompasses golf balls comprising
a core and a cover wherein the weight or mass of the ball is
allocated radially relative to the centroid, thereby dictating the
moment of inertia of the ball and the golf ball may have an
additional intermediate mantle and/or a cover. Distributing the
weight or mass of the ball either toward the outer surface of the
ball changes the dynamic characteristics of the ball at impact and
in flight. In particular, then the weight is allocated radially
toward the centroid, the moment of inertia is decreased, and the
initial spin rate of the ball as it leaves the golf club would
increase due to lower resistance from the ball's moment of inertia.
Conversely, the weight is allocated outward away from the centroid,
the moment of inertia is increased, and the initial spin rate of
the ball as it leaves the golf club would decrease due to the
higher resistance from the ball's moment of inertia. Accordingly,
the radial distance from the center of the ball or from the outer
cover, where the moment of inertia switches from being increased
and to being decreased as a result of the redistribution of weight
or mass density, is an important factor in golf ball design.
[0136] The moment of inertia for a one piece ball that is 1.62
ounces and 1.68 inches in diameter is approximately 0.4572
oz-in.sup.2, which is the baseline moment of inertia value. The
present invention encompasses golf balls having a light center and
heavy cover and mantle layers and having a moment of inertia of
greater than 0.460 oz-in.sup.2. Also contemplated are golf balls
having a heavy core (including center and mantle layers) and light
cover layer and having a moment of inertia of less than 0.450
oz-in.sup.2.
[0137] When the core includes an inner core layer and an outer core
layer, the inner core layer is preferably about 0.9 inches or
greater and the outer core layer preferably has a thickness of
about 0.1 inches or greater. In one embodiment, the inner core
layer has a diameter from about 0.09 inches to about 1.2 inches and
the outer core layer has a thickness from about 0.1 inches to about
0.8 inches. In yet another embodiment, the inner core layer
diameter is from about 0.095 inches to about 1.1 inches and the
outer core layer has a thickness of about 0.20 inches to about 0.03
inches.
[0138] The cover typically has a thickness to provide sufficient
strength, good performance characteristics, and durability. In one
embodiment, the cover thickness is from about 0.02 inches to about
0.35 inches. The cover preferably has a thickness of about 0.02
inches to about 0.12 inches, preferably about 0.1 inches or less.
The cover may have a thickness of about 0.1 inches or less,
preferably about 0.07 inches or less. In one embodiment, the outer
cover has a thickness from about 0.02 inches to about 0.07 inches.
In another embodiment, the cover thickness is about 0.05 inches or
less, preferably from about 0.02 inches to about 0.05 inches. In
yet another embodiment, the outer cover layer is between about 0.02
inches to about 0.045 inches. In still another embodiment, the
outer cover layer is about 0.025 to about 0.04 inches thick. In one
embodiment, the outer cover layer is about 0.03 inches thick.
[0139] The range of thicknesses for a mantle layer of a golf ball
is large because of the vast possibilities when using a mantle
layer, i.e., as an outer core layer, an inner cover layer, a wound
layer, a moisture/vapor barrier layer. When used in a golf ball of
the invention, the mantle layer, or inner cover layer, may have a
thickness about 0.3 inches or less. In one embodiment, the
thickness of the mantle layer is from about 0.002 inches to about
0.1 inches, preferably about 0.01 inches or greater. In one
embodiment, the thickness of the mantle layer is about 0.09 inches
or less, preferably about 0.06 inches or less. In another
embodiment, the mantle layer thickness is about 0.05 inches or
less, more preferably about 0.01 inches to about 0.045 inches. In
one embodiment, the mantle layer, thickness is about 0.02 inches to
about 0.04 inches. In another embodiment, the mantle layer
thickness is from about 0.025 inches to about 0.035 inches. In yet
another embodiment, the thickness of the mantle layer is about
0.035 inches thick. In still another embodiment, the inner cover
layer is from about 0.03 inches to about 0.035 inches thick.
Varying combinations of these ranges of thickness for the mantle
and outer cover layers may be used in combination with other
embodiments described herein.
[0140] The ratio of the thickness of the mantle layer to the outer
cover layer is preferably about 10 or less, preferably from about 3
or less. In another embodiment, the ratio of the thickness of the
mantle layer to the outer cover layer is about 1 or less.
[0141] The core and optional mantle layer(s) together form an inner
ball preferably having a diameter of about 1.48 inches or greater
for a 1.68-inch ball. In one embodiment, the inner ball of a
1.68-inch ball has a diameter of about 1.52 inches or greater. In
another embodiment, the inner ball of a 1.68-inch ball has a
diameter of about 1.66 inches or less. In yet another embodiment,
the inner ball of a 1.68-inch ball has a diameter of about 1.59
inches or less. In yet another embodiment, a 1.72-inch (or more)
ball has an inner ball diameter of about 1.50 inches or greater. In
still another embodiment, the diameter of the inner ball for a
1.72-inch ball is about 1.70 inches or less.
[0142] Turning to the preferred method for making the ball of the
present invention, the inner sphere is produced by forming the
liquid center shell 20 to create a central cavity, and filling the
cavity with the fluid center 18. A first cup is made by compression
molding cup material 31, preferably polybutadiene, between a first
substantially hemispherical concave mold part 32 and a protrusive
mold part 34. The protrusive mold part 34 has a first substantially
hemispherical protrusion 35 that faces the first concave mold part
32. A second cup is then made in the same manner.
[0143] Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 4, the two cups 30 are
simultaneously compression molded about a single protrusive mold
part 36 that has first and second protrusions 35 and 37. First and
second hemispherical molds 32 and 33 are positioned opposite each
other and protrusive mold part 36 is placed between the
hemispherical molds 32 and 33.
[0144] FIG. 5 shows two concave mold parts 32 and 33 after cups 30
have been molded. Each hemispherical cup 30 has a hemispherical
cavity 44. Disposed around the cavities 44, the cups 30 have mating
surfaces 46, which are substantially flat in this embodiment.
[0145] At this point in the process, the inner sphere 13 is placed
in the cups 30, and the two cups 30 are joined. Cups 30 are
preferably kept in their respective hemispherical molds 32 and 33
during this step. The preferred method for joining the cups 30 is
to place adhesive 42 between the cups by applying the adhesive to
one of the cups 30 as shown in FIG. 5. The cups 30 are then brought
together, squeezing the adhesive evenly across the mating surfaces
of the cups 30. The adhesive 42 then sets and bonds the cups 30 to
one another. The adhesive is also preferably applied such that it
bonds the inner sphere 13 to the cups 30 by placing adhesive 42
within the cavities. As with the adhesive 42 placed between cups,
the adhesive 42 placed between the cups 30 and the inner sphere 13
is spread evenly upon joining the cups 30 to one another. The
hemispherical cavities 44 of the joined cups together form a
spherical cavity, occupied by the inner sphere 12.
[0146] Another method for joining the cups 30 is to compress them
together at an elevated temperature to cause crosslinking between
the elastomeric cup material of each cup 30. In the embodiment
shown in FIG. 4, this may be achieved by removing protrusive mold
part 36, and running the compression mold through a second cycle,
heating and compressing the cups 30 together.
[0147] FIG. 6 shows the inner sphere 13 and the cups 30 prior to
their being joined. In this embodiment, the inner sphere is merely
a sphere of frozen fluid 18 that placed between the cups 30, and
around which the cups 30 are joined, preferably before the fluid 18
begins to melt.
[0148] Once the cups 30 are joined, the cover 11 is formed around
the core 12, as seen in FIG. 8. FIG. 8 illustrates a step of
compression molding two halves 70 of a cover 11 around the core 12
in a dimpled mold 68. FIG. 9 shows a step of injection molding the
cover 11 around the core 12 in a dimpled mold 60 with pins 62 that
position the core 12 within the dimpled mold 60 and retract before
the cover 11 cures completely.
[0149] The golf ball of FIG. 7 has been formed by adhesively
joining the cups 30. Adhesive 42 extends between the cups in the
first mantle layer 22, and between the each cup 30 and the inner
sphere 13. The adhesive 42 preferably has an adhesive strength that
is greater than the cohesive strength of the elastomeric cup
material. Thus, a ball can be manufactured that is at least as
strong as a ball in which the mantle layer is made from a single
piece of cup material, because the elastomer forming the cups 30
will fail under a lighter load than the adhesive 42. Ideally, the
adhesive 42 is flexible in its cured state and has physical
properties similar to those of the cup material employed.
[0150] A preferred adhesive for use with polybutadiene cups 30 is
an epoxy, formed by blending low viscosity liquid resins, and
formulated to be flexible in its cured state. A suitable epoxy is
formed by mixing an approximately 1:1 volume ratio of about 83
parts by weight of AB-82 hardener into 100 parts by weight of Epoxy
Resin #1028, both of which are sold by RBC Industries, Inc. In its
liquid state, the epoxy is ideal for use in metering, mixing, and
dispensing equipment. This epoxy is preferably cured at 77.degree.
F. for 18 to 24 hours, at 95.degree. F. for 6 hours, at 120.degree.
F. for 3 hours, or at 150.degree. F. for 1 hour. The cured
adhesive's physical properties resemble those of elastomeric
urethane. It exhibits an Izod impact strength of 5.50 ft. lbs./in.
of notch, a tensile strength at 25.degree. C. of 2,200 psi, a
compressive strength at 25.degree. C. of 6,000 psi, and a shore D
hardness of 45. Preferably, the shore D of the cured adhesive is
within 20 shore D of the hardness of the elastomeric cup
material.
[0151] Other preferred adhesives are those adhesives containing
cyanoacrylate.
[0152] FIGS. 10 and 11 show alternative embodiments of cups 48 and
54. Instead of having flat mating surfaces, cups 48 and 54 have
nonplanar mating surfaces 50 and 52, and 56 and 58. These surfaces
50 and 52, and 56 and 58 each have a circular pattern of ridges
that is preferably symmetrical about the cavity 44 of each cup 48
and 54; the patterns shown are concentric with the cups 48 and 54.
In ball 53, surface 58 has a tongue that engages a groove of
surface 56. In the finished golf balls 47 and 53, nonplanar
surfaces 50 and 52 are arranged to mesh with each other, as are
nonplanar surfaces 56 and 58. These nonplanar mating surfaces 50
and 52 are preferably formed by molding the cups 48 or 54 with
protrusive mold parts that have nonplanar surfaces surrounding
their protrusions, such as the protrusive mold part 36 with
nonplanar surfaces 64 and 66, as shown in FIG. 4.
[0153] The liquid center shell and mantle layers in the mantle
portion 16 of golf balls with nonplanar mating surfaces retain more
of the properties of the elastomers that form the cups, when the
cups are forced in shear with respect to each other, as compared to
a golf ball with flat mating surfaces. Nonplanar mating surfaces
are thus advantageous when an adhesive is used that has an adhesive
strength lower than the cohesive strength of the elastomeric cup
material. This is because the meshed portions of the cups 48 and 54
aid in resisting shearing forces between the two cups 48 and
54.
[0154] While it is apparent that the illustrative embodiments of
the invention herein disclosed fulfills the objectives stated
above, it will be appreciated that numerous modifications and other
embodiments may be devised by those skilled in the art, for
example, a series of progressively larger diameter cups can be
formed and joined by the methods disclosed. Therefore, it will be
understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such
modifications and embodiments which come within the spirit and
scope of the present invention.
[0155] The invention described and claimed herein is not to be
limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed,
since these embodiments are intended as illustrations of several
aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended
to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various
modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and
described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art
from the foregoing description. For example, the compositions of
the present invention may be used in a variety of golf equipment,
for example, golf shoes for sole applications, as well as in
inserts for golf putters. Such modifications are also intended to
fall within the scope of the appended claims.
[0156] Various examples of golf ball cores according to the
invention are set forth below.
Examples
[0157] The following examples are illustrative of the
invention:
Example 1
[0158] A core according to the present invention was created having
a liquid center, a liquid center shell surrounding the liquid
center and a first mantle layer surrounding the liquid center
shell.
[0159] The liquid was a salt, water and corn syrup solution
comprised of 40% salt, 30% water and 30% corn syrup. The liquid
center had an outside diameter of approximately 0.965 inches.
[0160] The liquid center shell was created from a thermoplastic
elastomer. The liquid center shell had an outside diameter of
approximately 1.125 inches.
[0161] The first mantle layer was created from crosslinked
polybutadiene. The first mantle layer had an outside diameter of
approximately 1.51 inches.
[0162] The core weighed 38.9 g and had a PGA compression of less
than 60.
Example 2
[0163] A core according to the present invention was created having
a liquid center, liquid center shell surrounding the liquid center
and a first mantle layer surrounding the liquid center shell.
[0164] The liquid was a salt, water and corn syrup solution
comprised of 40% salt, 30% water and 30% corn syrup. The liquid
filled center had an outside diameter of approximately 0.938
inches.
[0165] The liquid center shell was created from polypropylene. The
liquid center shell had an outside diameter of approximately 1.0625
inches.
[0166] The first mantle layer was created from crosslinked
polybutadiene. The first mantle layer had an outside diameter of
approximately 1.51 inches.
[0167] The core weighted 33.4 g and had a PGA compression of
approximately 60.
Example 3
[0168] A core according to the present invention was created having
a fluid center, a liquid center shell surrounding the fluid center
and a first mantle layer surrounding the liquid center shell.
[0169] The fluid was air. The fluid center had an outside diameter
of approximately 0.938 inches.
[0170] The liquid center shell was created from polypropylene. The
liquid center shell had an outside diameter of approximately 1.0625
inches.
[0171] The first mantle layer was created from crosslinked
polybutadiene. The first mantle layer had an outside diameter of
approximately 1.51 inches.
[0172] The core weighed 26 g and had a PGA compression of
approximately 87.
* * * * *
References