U.S. patent application number 12/308037 was filed with the patent office on 2009-12-10 for diketopyrrolopyrrole polymers as organic semiconductors.
Invention is credited to Mathias Duggeli, Rene Albert Johan Janssen, Hans Jurg Kirner, Bernd Tieke, Mathieu G.R. Turbiez, Martinus Maria Wienk, Yu Zhu.
Application Number | 20090302311 12/308037 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38521350 |
Filed Date | 2009-12-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090302311 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Turbiez; Mathieu G.R. ; et
al. |
December 10, 2009 |
Diketopyrrolopyrrole polymers as organic semiconductors
Abstract
The present invention relates to polymers comprising a repeating
unit of the formula (I) and their use as organic semiconductor in
organic devices, especially a diode, an organic field effect
transistor and/or a solar cell, or a device containing a diode
and/or an organic field effect transistor, and/or a solar cell. The
polymers according to the invention have excellent solubility in
organic solvents and excellent film-forming properties. In
addition, high efficiency of energy conversion, excellent
field-effect mobility, good on/off current ratios and/or excellent
stability can be observed, when the polymers according to the
invention are used in semiconductor devices or organic photovoltaic
(PV) devices (solar cells). ##STR00001##
Inventors: |
Turbiez; Mathieu G.R.;
(Rixheim, FR) ; Janssen; Rene Albert Johan;
(Heeze, NL) ; Wienk; Martinus Maria; (Tilburg,
NL) ; Kirner; Hans Jurg; (Pratteln, CH) ;
Duggeli; Mathias; (Basel, CH) ; Tieke; Bernd;
(Bruhl, DE) ; Zhu; Yu; (koln, DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
JoAnn Villamizar;Ciba Corporation/Patent Department
540 White Plains Road, P.O. Box 2005
Tarrytown
NY
10591
US
|
Family ID: |
38521350 |
Appl. No.: |
12/308037 |
Filed: |
June 20, 2007 |
PCT Filed: |
June 20, 2007 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP2007/056102 |
371 Date: |
December 5, 2008 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
257/40 ;
257/E51.028; 438/99; 528/326 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L 51/0545 20130101;
H01L 51/0043 20130101; H01L 51/0035 20130101; H01L 51/5088
20130101; C08G 61/122 20130101; C08G 61/124 20130101; H01L 51/5012
20130101; H01L 51/0036 20130101; H01L 51/0037 20130101; C07D 487/04
20130101; H01L 51/4253 20130101; H01L 51/0003 20130101; H01L
51/0053 20130101; H01L 51/0558 20130101; H01L 51/44 20130101; H01L
51/0047 20130101; B82Y 10/00 20130101; Y02E 10/549 20130101; C08G
61/02 20130101; C08G 61/00 20130101; C08G 61/126 20130101; C09B
69/109 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
257/40 ; 438/99;
528/326; 257/E51.028 |
International
Class: |
H01L 51/30 20060101
H01L051/30; C08G 69/14 20060101 C08G069/14 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jun 30, 2006 |
EP |
06116391.1 |
Aug 21, 2006 |
EP |
06119228.2 |
Claims
1. A polymer comprising repeating unit(s) of the formula
##STR00086## wherein a, b, c, d, e and f are 0 to 200; Ar.sup.1 and
Ar.sup.1' are independently of each other a group of formula
##STR00087## Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.2', Ar.sup.3, Ar.sup.3', Ar.sup.4 and
Ar.sup.4' are independently of each other a group of formula
##STR00088## p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, if possible, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2
may be the same or different and are selected from hydrogen, a
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group,
which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
an allyl group, which can be substituted one to three times with
C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl; a cycloalkyl group, which can be substituted
one to three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.8thioalkoxy, or C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, or a
cycloalkyl group, which can be condensed one or two times by
phenyl, which can be substituted one to three times with
C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl, halogen, nitro or cyano; a cycloalkenyl
group, a ketone or aldehyde group, an ester group, a carbamoyl
group, a silyl group, a siloxanyl group, Ar.sup.10 or
--CR.sup.5R.sup.6--(CH.sub.2).sub.9--Ar.sup.10, wherein R.sup.5 and
R.sup.6 independently from each other are hydrogen, fluorine, cyano
or C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl, which can be substituted by fluorine,
chlorine or bromine, or phenyl, which can be substituted one to
three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl, Ar.sup.10 is aryl or
heteroaryl, which may optionally be substituted by G, in particular
phenyl or 1- or 2-naphthyl which can be substituted one to three
times with C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.8thioalkoxy, and/or
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, and g is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, R.sup.3 may be the
same or different within one group and is selected from
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by E
and/or interrupted by D, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl, which may optionally
be substituted by G, C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl, which may
optionally be substituted by G, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, which may
optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C.sub.7-C.sub.25aralkyl, wherein ar (=aryl) of aralkyl may
optionally be substituted by G, or --CO--R.sup.28, or two or more
groups R.sup.3 which are adjacent to each other, form a ring;
R.sup.4, R.sup.4', R.sup.7 and R.sup.7' independently from each
other are hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be
substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl,
which may optionally be substituted by G,
C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl, which may optionally be substituted by
G, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E
and/or interrupted by D, C.sub.7-C.sub.25aralkyl, wherein ar
(=aryl) of aralkyl may optionally be substituted by G, or
--CO--R.sup.28; or R.sup.4and R.sup.4' form a ring; D is --CO--;
--COO--; --S--; --SO--; --SO.sub.2--; --O--; --NR.sup.25--;
--CR.sup.23.dbd.CR.sup.24--; or --C--C--; and E is --OR.sup.29;
--SR.sup.29; --NR.sup.25R.sup.26; --COR.sup.28; --COOR.sup.27;
--CONR.sup.25R.sup.26; --CN; or halogen; G is E,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, which may be interrupted by D, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy which is substituted by E and/or interrupted
by D, wherein R.sup.23, R.sup.24, R.sup.25 and R.sup.26 are
independently of each other H; C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl;
C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl which is substituted by C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl,
or C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy; C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl; or
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is interrupted by --O--; R.sup.27 and
R.sup.28 are independently of each other H; C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl;
C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl which is substituted by C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl,
or C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy; C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl; or
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is interrupted by --O--, R.sup.29 is H;
C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl; C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl, which is substituted by
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, or C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy;
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl; or C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is
interrupted by --O--, R.sup.109 and R.sup.110 are independently of
each other H, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is
substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl,
C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl which is substituted by G,
C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl which is
substituted by G, C.sub.2-C.sub.18alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.18alkynyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy which is substituted
by E and/or interrupted by D, or C.sub.7-C.sub.25aralkyl, or
R.sup.109 and R.sup.110 together form a group of formula
.dbd.CR.sup.100R.sup.101, wherein R.sup.100 and R.sup.101 are
independently of each other H, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted
by D, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl which is
substituted by G, or C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl which is substituted by G, or R.sup.109
and R.sup.110 together form a five or six membered ring, which
optionally can be substituted by C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted
by D, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl which is
substituted by G, C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl which is substituted by G,
C.sub.2-C.sub.18alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.18alkynyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy which is substituted
by E and/or interrupted by D, C.sub.7-C.sub.25aralkyl, or
--C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.18, R.sup.111 is H, a C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl
group, a C.sub.4-C.sub.18cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkoxy
group, in which one or more carbon atoms which are not adjacent to
each other could be replaced by --O--, --S--, or --C(.dbd.O)--O--,
and/or wherein one or more hydrogen atoms can be replaced by F, a
C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryloxy group,
wherein one or more carbon atoms can be replaced by O, S, or N,
and/or which can be substituted by one or more non-aromatic groups
R.sup.111; m can be the same or different at each occurrence and is
0, 1, 2, or 3; X.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom, or a cyano group, with
the proviso that, if Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1' are a group of formula
##STR00089## and a and d are both 1 and Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.2' are
different from a group of formula ##STR00090## with the proviso
that, if Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1' are a group of formula ##STR00091##
a and d are not 0; and with the proviso, that a polymer of the
formula ##STR00092## is excluded.
2. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2
are independently from each other hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl,
which can optionally be interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms,
C.sub.5-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl which can be substituted one to three
times with C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl and/or C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, or
C.sub.5-C.sub.12cycloalkyl, which can be condensed one or two times
by phenyl, which can be substituted one to three times with
C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl, halogen, nitro or cyano, phenyl or 1- or
2-naphthyl which can be substituted one to three times with
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl and/or C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, or
--CR.sup.5R.sup.6--(CH.sub.2).sub.g--Ar.sup.10 wherein R.sup.5 and
R.sup.6 are hydrogen, Ar.sup.10 is for phenyl or 1- or 2-naphthyl,
which can be substituted one to three times with
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl and/or C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, and g stands for
0 or 1.
3. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1'
are the same and are a group of formula ##STR00093## and Ar.sup.2,
Ar.sup.2', Ar.sup.3, Ar.sup.3', Ar.sup.4 and Ar.sup.4' are
independently of each other a group of formula ##STR00094## wherein
p stands for 0, 1, or 2, R.sup.3 may be the same or different
within one group and is selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl, which
may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E
and/or interrupted by D; R.sup.4 is C.sub.6-C.sub.25alkyl, which
may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C.sub.6-C.sub.14aryl which may optionally be substituted by G,
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E
and/or interrupted by D, or C.sub.7-C.sub.15aralkyl, wherein ar may
optionally be substituted by G, D is --CO--, --COO--, --S--,
--SO--, --SO.sub.2--, --O--, --NR.sup.25--, wherein R.sup.25 is
C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl; E is --OR.sup.29; --SR.sup.29;
--NR.sup.25R.sup.25; --COR.sup.28; --COOR.sup.27;
--CONR.sup.25R.sup.25; or --CN; wherein R.sup.25, R.sup.27,
R.sup.28 and R.sup.29 are independently of each other
C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl or C.sub.6-C.sub.14 aryl, G has the same
preferences as E, or is C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl.
4. The polymer according to claim 3, wherein ##STR00095## may be
different or are the same and are a group of formula ##STR00096##
indicates the bond to the diketopyrrolopyrrole skeleton, and
R.sup.4 is as defined in claim 3 and R.sup.4' has the meaning of
R.sup.4.
5. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises
repeating units of the formula ##STR00097## wherein a, b, c, d, e,
f, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.1', A.sup.2, A.sup.2',
Ar.sup.3, Ar.sup.3', Ar.sup.4 and Ar.sup.4' are as defined in claim
1, h is 1, and Ar.sup.5 is a group of formula ##STR00098## wherein
R.sup.7 and R.sup.7' are as defined in claim 1; or the polymer has
the structure of formula ##STR00099## wherein the First Repeating
Unit is a repeating unit of formula I according to claim 1, the
Branching Unit is a unit having more than two linkage sites, and q
and t are integers.
6. The polymer according to claim 1, comprising repeating units of
the formula ##STR00100## ##STR00101## ##STR00102## ##STR00103##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2' are independently from each other
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.3' are independently
from each other C.sub.6-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be
interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms, R.sup.4 and R.sup.4' are
independently from each other C.sub.6-C.sub.25alkyl, which may
optionally be interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms, and
R.sup.7and R.sup.7' are independently from each other
C.sub.6-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be interrupted by one
or more oxygen atoms.
7. A semiconductor device, comprising a polymer of the formula I
according to claim 1.
8. A process for the preparation of an organic semiconductor
device, wherein said process comprises applying a solution and/or
dispersion of a polymer of the formula I according to claim 1 in an
organic solvent to a suitable substrate and removing the
solvent.
9. A monomer of the formula ##STR00104## wherein B and C are
independently of each other an optionally condensed aromatic, or
heteroaromatic ring, a, b, c, d, e, f, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, Ar.sup.1,
Ar.sup.1', Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.2', Ar.sup.3, Ar.sup.3', Ar.sup.4 and
Ar.sup.4' are as defined in claim 1 and X is ZnX.sup.12,
--SnR.sup.207R.sup.208R.sup.209, wherein R.sup.207, R.sup.208 and
R.sup.209 are identical or different and are H or
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, wherein two radicals optionally form a common
ring and these radicals are optionally branched or unbranched and
X.sup.12 is a halogen atom or --OS(O).sub.2CF.sub.3,
--OS(O).sub.2-aryl, ##STR00105## --OS(O).sub.2CH.sub.3,
--B(OH).sub.2, --B(OY.sup.1).sub.2, ##STR00106## BF.sub.4Na, or
--BF.sub.4K, wherein Y.sup.1 is independently in each occurrence a
C.sub.1-C.sub.10alkyl group and Y.sup.2 is independently in each
occurrence a C.sub.2-C.sub.10alkylene group, such as
--CY.sup.3Y.sup.4--CY.sup.5Y.sup.6--, or
--CY.sup.7Y.sup.8--CY.sup.9Y.sup.10--CY.sup.11Y.sup.12--, wherein
Y.sup.3, Y.sup.4, Y.sup.5, Y.sup.6, Y.sup.7, Y.sup.8, Y.sup.9,
Y.sup.10, Y.sup.11 and Y.sup.12 are independently of each other
hydrogen, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10alkyl group,
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--, or
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--, with the proviso
that, if Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1' are a group of formula ##STR00107##
a and d are not 0 and Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.2' are different from a
group of formula ##STR00108## with the further proviso that, if
Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1' are a group of formula ##STR00109## a and d
are not 0.
10. A method for the manufacture of a semiconductor device
containing a semiconductor layer wherein said method comprises
incorporating into said semiconductor layer an effective amount of
the polymer of formula I according to claim 1.
11. A polymer according to claim 1 wherein a, b, c, d, e and f are
0, 1, 2, or 3.
12. A polymer according to claim 1 wherein m is 0, 1, or 2.
13. A polymer according to claim 12 wherein m is 0 or 1.
14. The polymer according to claim 3, wherein R.sup.4 is phenyl,
naphthyl, or biphenylyl.
15. The polymer according to claim 3, wherein R.sup.25, R.sup.27,
R.sup.28 and R.sup.29 are independently of each other methyl,
ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, hexyl,
octyl, 2-ethyl-hexyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or biphenylyl.
16. The polymer according to claim 3, wherein G is methyl, ethyl,
n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, hexyl, octyl,
or 2-ethyl-hexyl.
17. The semiconductor device according to claim 7 wherein said
semiconductor device is selected from the group consisting of
diode, photodiode, organic field effect transistor, solar cell, and
a device containing a diode and/or a photodiode and/or an organic
field effect transistor, and/or a solar cell.
18. The method according to claim 10 wherein said semiconductor
device or semiconductor layer is selected from the group consisting
of charge-transport material, electrical conducting material,
photoconducting material, light emitting material,
surface-modifying material, electrode materials in batteries,
alignment layers, organic field effect transistors, intergrated
circuits, thin-film transistors, displays, RFITD tags,
electroluminescent devices, photoluminescent devices, backlights of
displays, photovoltaic devices, sensor devices, charge injection
layers, Schottky diodes, memory devices, FeFET devices, planarising
layers, antistatics, conductive substrates or patterns,
photoconductors, and electrophotographic applications.
Description
[0001] The present invention relates to polymers comprising a
repeating unit of the formula (I) and their use as organic
semiconductor in organic devices, especially a diode, an organic
field effect transistor and/or a solar cell, or a device containing
a diode and/or an organic field effect transistor, and/or a solar
cell. The polymers according to the invention have excellent
solubility in organic solvents and excellent film-forming
properties. In addition, high efficiency of energy conversion,
excellent field-effect mobility, good on/off current ratios and/or
excellent stability can be observed, when the polymers according to
the invention are used in semiconductor devices or organic
photovoltaic (PV) devices (solar cells).
[0002] M. Smet et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 42 (2001) 6527-6530
describe the preparation of rod-like diketopyrrolopyrrole oligomers
by a stepwise sequence of Suzuki couplings using brominated
1,4-dioxo-3,6-diphenylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (DPP) derivatives and
1,4-dibromo-2,5-di-n-hexylbenzene as the monomers.
[0003] M. Horn et. al, Eur. Polymer J. 38 (2002) 2197-2205 describe
the synthesis and characterisation of thermomesogenic polysiloxanes
with 2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole units in the main chain.
[0004] EP-A-787,730 describes a polyacrylate and a polyurethane
obtained by the polymerization of a DPP of formula Ia
##STR00002##
wherein Q.sub.1 and Q.sub.4 independently of each other stand for a
polymerizable reactive group, and Q.sub.2 and Q.sub.3 independently
of each other stand for hydrogen, C.sub.12-C.sub.24alkyl,
C.sub.6-C.sub.24alkyl which is interrupted one or more times by O
or S, or are a group of the formula
##STR00003##
in which Q.sub.5 is C.sub.4-C.sub.18alkyl or
C.sub.5-C.sub.10cycloalkyl.
[0005] Though it is mentioned that compounds la can be used for the
preparation of photo- and electroconductive polymers, no
corresponding examples are given. Further, no teaching is given of
how to prepare EL devices comprising DPP-based polymers and of how
to select the appropriate DPP-monomers resp. DPP-polymers.
[0006] Macromol. Chem. Phys. 200 (1999) 106-112 describes
fluorescent DPP-polymers obtainable by the copolymerization of
bifunctional monomeric DPP-derivatives, wherein the functional
groups are attached to the N-atoms of the DPP-molecule, with
diisocyanates or di-ols or di-acids.
[0007] J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (1995) 12426-12435 relates to the
exploration of the palladium catalysed Stille coupling reaction for
the synthesis of functional polymers. In Scheme 7 the synthesis of
the following polymers is presented:
##STR00004##
[0008] No teaching is given whether the described polymers can be
used in EL devices.
[0009] J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 (1993) 11735-11743 describes
DPP-polymers demonstrating photorefractivity, i.e. exhibiting
photoconductivity and second order non-linear-optical activity. In
this device, photoconductive properties are determined by
irradiating the device with a laser beam and then measuring the
current resulting from this irradiation, no measurements were
carried out with regard to electroluminescence.
[0010] Further, no teaching is given of how to select other
DPP-polymers.
[0011] In Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 (1994) 2489-2491 further studies,
i.e. two-beam coupling experiments, using polymers disclosed in J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 115 (1993) 11735-11743 are performed to study
photorefractivity. The two-beam coupling experiments demonstrated
asymmetric energy exchange under zero field, i.e. photorefractivity
of the polymers disclosed in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 (1993)
11735-11743.
[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,459 (cf. B. Tieke et al., Synth. Met.
130 (2002) 115-119; Macromol. Rapid Commun. 21 (4) (2000) 182-189)
describes diketopyrrolopyrrole based polymers and copolymers
comprising the following units
##STR00005##
wherein x is chosen in the range of from 0.005 to 1, preferably
from 0.01 to 1, and y from 0.995 to 0, preferably 0.99 to 0, and
wherein x+y=1, and
[0013] wherein Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 independently from each other
stand for
##STR00006##
and m, n being numbers from 1 to 10, and
[0014] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently from each other stand for
H, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, --C(O)O--C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl,
perfluoro-C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.12aryl
or one to three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkoxy, or halogen substituted
C.sub.6-C.sub.12aryl, C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl-C.sub.6-C.sub.12aryl,
or C.sub.6-C.sub.12aryl-C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl,
[0015] R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 preferably stand for hydrogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkoxy, unsubstituted
C.sub.6-C.sub.12aryl or one to three times with
C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkoxy, or halogen
substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.12aryl or
perfluoro-C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl, and
[0016] R.sup.5 preferably stands for C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkoxy, unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.12aryl or one
to three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkoxy,
or halogen substituted C.sub.6-C.sub.12aryl, or
perfluoro-C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl, and their use in EL devices. The
following polymer
##STR00007##
is explicitly disclosed in Tieke et al., Synth. Met. 130 (2002)
115-119. The following polymers
##STR00008##
are explicitly disclosed in Macromol. Rapid Commun. 21 (4) (2000)
182-189.
[0017] WO05/049695 discloses diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) based
polymers and their use in PLEDs, organic integrated circuits
(O-ICs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), organic thin
film transistors (OTFTs), organic solar cells (O-SCs), or organic
laser diodes, but fails to disclose the specific DPP based polymers
of formula I. In Example 12 the preparation of the following
polymer is described:
##STR00009##
[0018] The object of the present invention is to provide novel
polymers which show excellent performance when used, for example,
in semiconductor devices, photodiodes or organic photovoltaic (PV)
devices (solar cells), such as high efficiency of energy
conversion, excellent field-effect mobility, good on/off current
ratios and/or excellent stability.
[0019] Said object is achieved by polymers comprising repeating
units of the formula
##STR00010##
(I), wherein
[0020] a, b, c, d, e and f are 0 to 200, especially 0, 1, 2, or
3;
[0021] Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1 are independently of each other a
group of formula
##STR00011##
[0022] Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.3, Ar.sup.3, Ar.sup.4 and
Ar.sup.4 are independently of each other a group of formula
##STR00012##
[0023] p stands for 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, if possible,
[0024] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may be the same or different and are
selected from hydrogen, a C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl group, an alkenyl
group, an alkynyl group, which may optionally be substituted by E
and/or interrupted by D, an allyl group, which can be substituted
one to three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl; a cycloalkyl group,
which can be substituted one to three times with
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.8thioalkoxy, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, or a cycloalkyl group, which can be
condensed one or two times by phenyl, which can be substituted one
to three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl, halogen, nitro or cyano;
a cycloalkenyl group, a ketone or aldehyde group, an ester group, a
carbamoyl group, a silyl group, a siloxanyl group, Ar.sup.10 or
--CR.sup.5R.sup.6--(CH.sub.2).sub.g--Ar.sup.10, wherein
[0025] R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 independently from each other stand for
hydrogen, fluorine, cyano or C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl, which can be
substituted by fluorine, chlorine or bromine, or phenyl, which can
be substituted one to three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl,
[0026] Ar.sup.10 stands for aryl or heteroaryl, which may
optionally be substituted by G, in particular phenyl or 1- or
2-naphthyl which can be substituted one to three times with
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.8thioalkoxy, and/or
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, and g stands for 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
[0027] R.sup.3 may be the same or different within one group and is
selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be
substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl,
which may optionally be substituted by G,
C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl, which may optionally be substituted by
G, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E
and/or interrupted by D, C.sub.7-C.sub.25aralkyl, wherein ar
(=aryl) of aralkyl may optionally be substituted by G, or
--CO--R.sup.28, or two or more groups R.sup.3 which are in the
neighbourhood to each other, form a ring;
[0028] R.sup.4, R.sup.4', R.sup.7 and R.sup.7' independently from
each other stand for hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl, which may
optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl, which may optionally be substituted by G,
C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl, which may optionally be substituted by
G, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E
and/or interrupted by D, C.sub.7-C.sub.25aralkyl, wherein ar
(=aryl) of aralkyl may optionally be substituted by G, or
--CO--R.sup.28; or R.sup.4 and R.sup.4' form a ring;
[0029] D is --CO--; --COO--; --S--; --SO--; --SO.sub.2--; --O--;
--NR.sup.25--; --CR.sup.23'CR.sup.24--; or --C.ident.C--; and
[0030] E is --OR.sup.29; --SR.sup.29; --NR.sup.25R.sup.26;
--COR.sup.28; --COOR.sup.27; --CONR.sup.25R.sup.26; --CN; or
halogen; G is E, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, which may be interrupted by
D, or C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy which is substituted by E and/or
interrupted by D, wherein
[0031] R.sup.23, R.sup.24, R.sup.25 and R.sup.26 are independently
of each other H; C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl; C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl which
is substituted by C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, or C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy;
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl; or C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is
interrupted by --O--;
[0032] R.sup.27 and R.sup.28 are independently of each other H;
C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl; C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl which is substituted by
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, or C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy;
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl; or C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is
interrupted by --O--,
[0033] R.sup.29 is H; C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl; C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl,
which is substituted by C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy; C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl; or
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is interrupted by --O--,
[0034] R.sup.109 and R.sup.110 are independently of each other H,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is substituted
by E and/or interrupted by D, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl,
C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl which is substituted by G,
C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl which is
substituted by G, C.sub.2-C.sub.18alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.18alkynyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy which is substituted
by E and/or interrupted by D, or C.sub.7-C.sub.25aralkyl, or
R.sup.109 and R.sup.110 together form a group of formula
.dbd.CR.sup.100R.sup.101, wherein
[0035] R.sup.100 and R.sup.101 are independently of each other H,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is substituted
by E and/or interrupted by D, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl,
C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl which is substituted by G, or
C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl, or C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl which is
substituted by G, or
[0036] R.sup.109 and R.sup.110together form a five or six membered
ring, which optionally can be substituted by C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted
by D, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl, C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl which is
substituted by G, C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.20heteroaryl which is substituted by G,
C.sub.2-C.sub.18alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.18alkynyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy which is substituted
by interrupted by D, C.sub.7-C.sub.25aralkyl, or
--C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.18,
[0037] R.sup.111 is H, a C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl group, a
C.sub.4-C.sub.18cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkoxy group,
in which one or more carbon atoms which are not in neighbourhood to
each other could be replaced by --O--, --S--, or --C(.dbd.O)--O--,
and/or wherein one or more hydrogen atoms can be replaced by F, a
C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryloxy group,
wherein one or more carbon atoms can be replaced by O, S, or N,
and/or which can be substituted by one or more non-aromatic groups
R.sup.111;
[0038] m can be the same or different at each occurrence and is 0,
1, 2, or 3, especially 0, 1, or 2, very especially 0 or 1;
[0039] X.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom, or a cyano group,
[0040] with the proviso that, if Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1 are a group
of formula
##STR00013##
and a and d are both 1 and Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.2' are different
from a group of formula
##STR00014##
##STR00015##
with the proviso that, if Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1' are a group of
formula
##STR00016##
a and d are not 0; and with the proviso, that a polymer of the
formula
##STR00017##
is excluded.
[0041] The polymers, wherein R.sup.1 and/or R.sup.2 are hydrogen
can be obtained by using a protecting group which can be removed
after polymerization (see, for example, EP-A-0 648 770, EP-A-0 648
817, EP-A-0 742 255, EP-A-0 761 772, WO98/32802, WO98/45757,
WO98/58027, WO99/01511, WO00/17275, WO00/39221, WO00/63297 and
EP-A-1 086 984). Conversion of the pigment precursor into its
pigmentary form is carried out by means of fragmentation under
known conditions, for example thermally, optionally in the presence
of an additional catalyst, for example the catalysts described in
WO00/36210.
[0042] An example of such a protecting group is group of
formula
##STR00018##
wherein L is any desired group suitable for imparting
solubility.
[0043] L is preferably a group of formula
##STR00019##
wherein Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2 and Y.sup.3 are independently of each
other C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
[0044] Y.sup.4 and Y.sup.8 are independently of each other
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl interrupted by oxygen,
sulfur or N(Y.sup.12).sub.2, or unsubstituted or
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl-, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkoxy-, halo-, cyano- or
nitro-substituted phenyl or biphenyl,
[0045] Y.sup.5, Y.sup.6 and Y.sup.7 are independently of each other
hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl,
[0046] Y.sup.9 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl or a group of
formula
##STR00020##
[0047] Y.sup.10 and Y.sup.11 are each independently of the other
hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkoxy, halogen,
cyano, nitro, N(Y.sup.12).sub.2, or unsubstituted or halo-, cyano-,
nitro-, C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl- or C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkoxy-substituted
phenyl,
[0048] Y.sup.12 and Y.sup.13 are C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, Y.sup.14 is
hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, and Y.sup.15 is hydrogen,
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, or unsubstituted or
C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl-substituted phenyl,
[0049] Q is p,q-C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkylene unsubstituted or mono- or
poly-substituted by C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkoxy,
[0050] C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkylthio or C.sub.2-C.sub.12dialkylamino,
wherein p and q are different position numbers,
[0051] X is a hetero atom selected from the group consisting of
nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, m being the number 0 when X is oxygen
or sulfur and m being the number 1 when X is nitrogen, and
[0052] L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 are independently of each other
unsubstituted or mono- or poly-C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkoxy-,
--C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkylthio-, --C.sub.2-C.sub.24dialkylamino-,
--C.sub.6-C.sub.12aryloxy-, --C.sub.6-C.sub.12arylthio-,
--C.sub.7-C.sub.24alkylarylamino- or
--C.sub.12-C.sub.24diarylamino-substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl or
[-(p',q'-C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkylene)-Z-].sub.n'-C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl ,
n' being a number from 1 to 1000, p' and q' being different
position numbers, each Z independently of any others being a hetero
atom oxygen, sulfur or C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl-substituted nitrogen,
and it being possible for C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkylene in the repeating
[--C.sub.2-C.sub.6alkylene-Z-] units to be the same or
different,
[0053] and L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 may be saturated or unsaturated from
one to ten times, may be uninterrupted or interrupted at any
location by from 1 to 10 groups selected from the group consisting
of --(C.dbd.O)-- and --C.sub.6H.sub.4--, and may carry no further
substituents or from 1 to 10 further substituents selected from the
group consisting of halogen, cyano and nitro. Most preferred L is a
group of formula
##STR00021##
[0054] The polymers of the present invention can be used as
charge-transport, semiconducting, el. conducting, photoconducting,
light emitting material, surface-modifying material, electrode
materials in batteries, alignment layers, or in OFETs, ICs, TFTs,
displays, RFITD tags, electro- or photoluminescent devices,
backlights of displays, photovoltaic or sensor devices, charge
injection layers, Schottky diodes, memory devices (e.g. FeFET),
planarising layers, antistatics, conductive substrates or patterns,
photoconductors, or electrophotographic applications
(recording).
[0055] The polymers of the present invention can comprise one, or
more (different) repeating units of formula I, such as, for
example, repeating units of formula Ia and Id.
[0056] The repeating unit of formula I can have an asymmetric
structure, but has preferably a symmetric structure: a=d; b=e; c=f;
Ar.sup.1=Ar.sup.1'; Ar.sup.2=Ar.sup.2'; Ar.sup.3=Ar.sup.3';
Ar.sup.4=Ar.sup.4'.
[0057] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may be the same or different and are
preferably selected from hydrogen, a C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl group,
which can optionally be interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms, a
C.sub.1-C.sub.25perfluoroalkyl group, an allyl group, which can be
substituted one to three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl; a
cycloalkyl group, which can be substituted one to three times with
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.8thioalkoxy, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, or a cycloalkyl group, which can be
condensed one or two times by phenyl, which can be substituted one
to three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl, halogen, nitro or cyano,
an alkenyl group, a cycloalkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a
haloalkyl group, a haloalkenyl group, a haloalkynyl group, a ketone
or aldehyde group, an ester group, a carbamoyl group, a ketone
group, a silyl group, a siloxanyl group, Ar.sup.10 or
--CR.sup.5R.sup.6--(CH.sub.2).sub.g--Ar.sup.10, wherein
[0058] R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 independently from each other stand for
hydrogen, fluorine, cyano or C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl, which can be
substituted by fluorine, chlorine or bromine, or phenyl, which can
be substituted one to three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl,
[0059] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are more preferably selected from
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl, which can optionally be interrupted by one
or more oxygen atoms, C.sub.5-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, especially
cyclohexyl, which can be substituted one to three times with
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl and/or C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, or
C.sub.5-C.sub.12cycloalkyl, especially cyclohexyl, which can be
condensed one or two times by phenyl, which can be substituted one
to three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl, halogen, nitro or cyano,
phenyl or 1- or 2-naphthyl which can be substituted one to three
times with C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl and/or C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, or
--CR.sup.5R.sup.6--(CH.sub.2).sub.g--Ar.sup.10 wherein R.sup.3 and
R.sup.4 stand for hydrogen, Ar.sup.10 stands for phenyl or 1- or
2-naphthyl, which can be substituted one to three times with
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl and/or C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, and g stands for
0 or 1. An alkyl group which is interrupted one or more times by
--O-- is understood to be a straight-chain or branched
C.sub.2-C.sub.25alkyl radical, which may be interrupted one or more
times by --O--, for example one, two or three times by --O--,
resulting in structural units such as, for example,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.2OCH.sub.3,
--(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--O--CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--CH.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2,
--[CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O].sub.Y1--CH.sub.3 wherein Y1=1-10,
--CH.sub.2--CH(CH.sub.3)--O--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2CH.sub.3 and
--CH.sub.2--CH(CH.sub.3)--O--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.3.
[0060] Most preferred R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are a
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl group, especially a C.sub.4-C.sub.25alkyl
group, such as n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl,
n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl,
n-heptyl, n-octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl,
n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl,
pentadecyl, hexadecyl, 2-hexyldecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl,
eicosyl, heneicosyl, docosyl, tetracosyl or pentacosyl, wherein
advantageous groups can be represented by formula
##STR00022##
wherein m1=n1+4 and m1+n1.ltoreq.22.
[0061] Chiral side chains, such as R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, can either
be homochiral, or racemic, which can influence the morphology of
the polymers.
[0062] The present invention does not comprise polymers of formula
I, wherein
[0063] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently of each other a
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl group, especially a C.sub.4-C.sub.12alkyl
group, which can be interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms,
[0064] Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1 are a group of formula
##STR00023##
wherein R.sup.6 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, and R.sup.32 is methyl, Cl, or OMe,
[0065] a=b=c=f=0; d=e=1;
[0066] Ar.sup.2' is selected from
##STR00024##
wherein
[0067] R.sup.6 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, and
[0068] Ar.sup.3' is selected from
##STR00025##
wherein
[0069] X.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom, or a cyano group.
[0070] Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1' can be different, but are preferably
the same and are a group of formula
##STR00026##
and
[0071] Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.2', Ar.sup.3, Ar.sup.3', Ar.sup.4 and
Ar.sup.4' are independently of each other a group of formula
##STR00027##
wherein
[0072] p stands for 0, 1, or 2, R.sup.3 may be the same or
different within one group and is selected from
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by E
and/or interrupted by D, or C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, which may
optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D; R.sup.4 is
C.sub.6-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by E
and/or interrupted by D, C.sub.6-C.sub.14aryl, such as phenyl,
naphthyl, or biphenylyl, which may optionally be substituted by G,
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E
and/or interrupted by D, or C.sub.7-C.sub.15aralkyl, wherein ar may
optionally be substituted by G,
[0073] D is --CO--, --COO--, --S--, --SO--, --SO.sub.2--, --O--,
--NR.sup.25--, wherein R.sup.25 is C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl, such as
methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, or
sec-butyl;
[0074] E is --OR.sup.29; --SR.sup.29; --NR.sup.25R.sup.25;
--COR.sup.28; --COOR.sup.27; --CONR.sup.25R.sup.25; or --CN;
wherein R.sup.25, R.sup.27, R.sup.28 and R.sup.29 are independently
of each other C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl,
n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, hexyl, octyl,
or 2-ethyl-hexyl, or C.sub.6-C.sub.14 aryl, such as phenyl,
naphthyl, or biphenylyl,
[0075] G has the same preferences as E, or is
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, especially C.sub.1-C.sub.12alkyl, such as
methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl,
hexyl, octyl, or 2-ethyl-hexyl.
[0076] The units
##STR00028##
may be different, but are preferably the same and are a group of
formula
##STR00029##
indicates the bond to the diketopyrrolopyrrole skeleton, and
R.sup.4 is as defined above and R.sup.4 has the meaning of
R.sup.4.
[0077] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the
units
##STR00030##
may be different, but are preferably the same and are a group of
formula
##STR00031##
wherein R.sup.4 is C.sub.6-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be
interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms.
[0078] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the
polymer comprises repeating units of the formula
##STR00032##
wherein a, b, c, d, e, f, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.1',
Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.2', Ar.sup.3, Ar.sup.3', Ar.sup.4 and Ar.sup.4'
are as defined above, h is 1, and
[0079] Ar.sup.5 is a group of formula
##STR00033##
wherein R.sup.7 and R.sup.7' are as defined above; or
[0080] the polymer has the structure of formula
##STR00034##
wherein the First "Repeating Unit" is a repeating unit of formula
I,
[0081] the "Branching Unit" is a unit having more than two linkage
sites, and
[0082] q and t are integers, wherein q/t is the ratio of the
repeating unit of formula I to the "Branching Unit".
[0083] The repeating unit of formula II has advantageously a
symmetric structure: a=d; b=e; c=f; Ar.sup.1=Ar.sup.1';
Ar.sup.2=Ar.sup.2'; Ar.sup.3=Ar.sup.3'; Ar.sup.4=Ar.sup.4'.
[0084] The "Branching Unit" is a unit having more than two linkage
sites. Examples of branching units are, for example, described in
Dendrimers and Other Dendritic Polymers, D. A. Tomalia, J. M. J.
Frechet (Eds), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2002; Star and
Hyperbranched Polymers, M. K. Mishra and S. Kobayashi (Eds), Marcel
Dekker 2000.
[0085] Examples of especially suitable "Branching" Units are shown
below:
##STR00035##
wherein B and C are independently of each other an optionally
condensed aromatic, or heteroaromatic ring, such as
##STR00036##
is the bonding to the DPP backbone,
##STR00037##
wherein R.sup.200, R.sup.201 and R.sup.202 are independently of
each other H, or C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl,
##STR00038## ##STR00039##
The use of a multi-functional unit ("Branching Unit") results in
branched polymeric materials, as illustrated below (for exemplary
purposes only) for two multi-functional units:
##STR00040##
(A is a repeating unit of formula I, o, q, r and t are 0 to 500),
or
##STR00041##
[0086] The "Branching Unit" of formula
##STR00042##
and polymers derived therefrom are new and form further aspects of
the present invention.
[0087] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the
polymers comprise repeating units of the formula
##STR00043## ##STR00044## ##STR00045## ##STR00046##
wherein
[0088] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2' are independently from each other
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl, and
[0089] R.sup.3 and R.sup.3' are independently from each other
C.sub.6-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be interrupted by one
or more oxygen atoms,
[0090] R.sup.4and R.sup.4' are independently from each other
C.sub.6-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be interrupted by one
or more oxygen atoms, and
[0091] R.sup.7and R.sup.7' are independently from each other
C.sub.6-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be interrupted by one
or more oxygen atoms.
[0092] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the
polymer is a polymer of the formula
##STR00047##
wherein
[0093] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently from each other H, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl, and
[0094] R.sup.4 is C.sub.6-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be
interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms.
[0095] In one embodiment, the polymers according to the invention
consist only of one or more type of repeating units of formula I.
In a preferred embodiment, the polymers according to the invention
consist of precisely one type of repeating unit of formula I
(homopolymers).
[0096] According to the present invention the term "polymer"
comprises polymers as well as oligomers, wherein a polymer is a
molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which
essentially comprises the repetition of units derived, actually or
conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass and an
oligomer is a molecule of intermediate molecular mass, the
structure of which essentially comprises a small plurality of units
derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of lower relative
molecular mass. A molecule is regarded as having a high relative
molecular mass if it has properties which do not vary significantly
with the removal of one or a few of the units. A molecule is
regarded as having an intermediate molecular mass if it has
properties which do vary significantly with the removal of one or a
few of the units.
[0097] According to the present invention a homopolymer is a
polymer derived from one species of (real, implicit, or
hypothetical) monomer. Many polymers are made by the mutual
reaction of complementary monomers. These monomers can readily be
visualized as reacting to give an "implicit monomer", the
homopolymerisation of which would give the actual product, which
can be regarded as a homopolymer. Some polymers are obtained by
chemical modification of other polymers, such that the structure of
the macromolecules that constitute the resulting polymer can be
thought of having been formed by the homopolymerisation of a
hypothetical monomer.
[0098] Accordingly a copolymer is a polymer derived from more than
one species of monomer, e.g. bipolymer, terpolymer, quaterpolymer,
etc.
[0099] The oligomers of this invention have a weight average
molecular weight of <2,000 Daltons. The polymers of this
invention preferably have a weight average molecular weight of
2,000 Daltons or greater, especially 2,000 to 2,000,000 Daltons,
more preferably 10,000 to 1,000,000 and most preferably 10,000 to
750,000 Daltons. Molecular weights are determined according to gel
permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards.
[0100] In a preferred embodiment the polymers of the present
invention are homopolymers, comprising repeating units of the
formula I, which can be represented by the formula
##STR00048##
wherein A is a repeating unit of formula I. In said aspect the
polymer comprises preferably one of the repeating units of formula
Ia to Ii, wherein repeating units of the formula Ie, Id, Ih and Ii
are especially preferred.
[0101] Copolymers of formula VII, involving repeating units of
formula I and COM.sup.1 or COM.sup.2 (v=0.995 to 0.005, w=0.005 to
0.995), can also be obtained by coupling reactions, such as nickel
coupling reactions:
##STR00049##
wherein A is as defined above and --COM.sup.1- is selected from
repeating units of formula:
##STR00050##
wherein R.sup.7 and R.sup.7' are as defined above,
[0102] R.sup.44 and R.sup.41 are hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl,
or C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, and
[0103] R.sup.45 is H, C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted
by D, especially C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl which is interrupted by
--O--, wherein D and E are as defined above, and --COM.sup.2- is a
group of formula
##STR00051##
wherein
[0104] R.sup.116 and R.sup.117 are independently of each other H,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, which can optionally be interrupted by O, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkoxy, which can optionally be interrupted by
O,
[0105] R.sup.119 and R.sup.120 are independently of each other H,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, which can optionally be interrupted by O,
or
[0106] R.sup.119 and R.sup.120 together form a group of formula
.dbd.CR.sup.100R.sup.101, wherein
[0107] R.sup.100 and R.sup.101 are independently of each other H,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, or
[0108] R.sup.119 and R.sup.120 together form a five or six membered
ring, which optionally can be substituted by
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl.
[0109] In said embodiment the polymer is a polymer of formula
##STR00052##
wherein
[0110] A, COM.sup.1 and COM.sup.2 are as defined above,
[0111] o is 1,
[0112] p is 0, or 1,
[0113] q is 0.005 to 1,
[0114] r is 0, or 1,
[0115] s is 0, or 1, wherein e is not 1, if d is 0,
[0116] t is 0.995 to 0, wherein the sum of c and f is 1.
[0117] Homopolymers of formula VII are, for example, obtained by
nickel coupling reactions, especially the Yamamoto reaction:
##STR00053##
wherein A is a repeating unit of formula I.
[0118] Polymerization processes involving only dihalo-functional
reactants may be carried out using nickel coupling reactions. One
such coupling reaction was described by Colon et al. in J. Pol.
Sci., Part A, Polymer Chemistry Edition 28 (1990) 367, and by Colon
et al. in J. Org. Chem. 51 (1986) 2627. The reaction is typically
conducted in a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., dimethylacetamide) with
a catalytic amount of nickel salt, a substantial amount of
triphenylphosphine and a large excess of zinc dust. A variant of
this process is described by Ioyda et al. in Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn,
63 (1990) 80 wherein an organo-soluble iodide was used as an
accelerator.
[0119] Another nickel-coupling reaction was disclosed by Yamamoto
in Progress in Polymer Science 17 (1992) 1153 wherein a mixture of
dihaloaromatic compounds were treated with an excess amount of
nickel (1,5-cyclooctadiene) complex in an inert solvent. All
nickel-coupling reactions when applied to reactant mixtures of two
or more aromatic dihalides yield essentially random copolymers.
Such polymerization reactions may be terminated by the addition of
small amounts of water to the polymerization reaction mixture,
which will replace the terminal halogen groups with hydrogen
groups. Alternatively, a monofunctional aryl halide may be used as
a chain-terminator in such reactions, which will result in the
formation of a terminal aryl group.
[0120] Nickel-coupling polymerizations yield essentially
homopolymers or random copolymers comprising DPP group-containing
units and units derived from other co-monomers.
[0121] Homopolymers of formula VIId, or VIIe can be obtained, for
example, by the Suzuki reaction:
##STR00054##
wherein A, COM.sup.1 and COM.sup.2 are as defined above. Examples
of preferred homopolymers of formula VIId, or VIIe are shown
below:
##STR00055##
[0122] Another example of a homopolymer of formula VIId is the
polymer of the formula
##STR00056##
wherein
[0123] R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently from each other H, or
C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl, and
[0124] R.sup.4 is C.sub.6-C.sub.25alkyl, which may optionally be
interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms.
[0125] The condensation reaction of an aromatic boronate and a
halogenide, especially a bromide, commonly referred to as the
"Suzuki reaction", is tolerant of the presence of a variety of
organic functional groups as reported by N. Miyaura and A. Suzuki
in Chemical Reviews, Vol. 95, pp. 457-2483 (1995). Preferred
catalysts are
2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-di-alkoxybiphenyl/palladium(II)acetates.
An especially preferred catalyst is
2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-di-methoxybiphenyl
(sPhos)/palladium(II)acetate. This reaction can be applied to
preparing high molecular weight polymers and copolymers.
[0126] To prepare polymers corresponding to formula VIId, or VIIe a
dihalogenide, such as a dibromide or dichloride, especially a
dibromide corresponding to formula Br-A-Br is reacted with an
equimolar amount of a diboronic acid or diboronate corresponding to
formula
##STR00057##
wherein X.sup.11 is independently in each occurrence --B(OH).sub.2,
--B(OY.sup.1).sub.2 or
##STR00058##
wherein Y.sup.1 is independently in each occurrence a
C.sub.1-C.sub.10alkyl group and Y.sup.2 is independently in each
occurrence a C.sub.2-C.sub.10alkylene group, such as
--CY.sup.3Y.sup.4--CY.sup.5Y.sup.6--, or
--CY.sup.7Y.sup.8--CY.sup.9Y.sup.10--CY.sup.11Y.sup.12--, wherein
Y.sup.3, Y.sup.4, Y.sup.5, Y.sup.6, Y.sup.7, Y.sup.8, Y.sup.9,
Y.sup.10, Y.sup.11 and Y.sup.12 are independently of each other
hydrogen, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.10alkyl group, especially
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--, or
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--, under the catalytic
action of Pd and triphenylphosphine. The reaction is typically
conducted at about 70.degree. C. to 180.degree. C. in an aromatic
hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene. Other solvents such as
dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran can also be used alone, or in
mixtures with an aromatic hydrocarbon. An aqueous base, preferably
sodium carbonate or bicarbonate, is used as the HBr scavenger.
Depending on the reactivities of the reactants, a polymerization
reaction may take 2 to 100 hours. Organic bases, such as, for
example, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, and phase transfer
catalysts, such as, for example TBAB, can promote the activity of
the boron (see, for example, Leadbeater & Marco; Angew. Chem.
Int. Ed. Eng. 42 (2003) 1407 and references cited therein). Other
variations of reaction conditions are given by T. I. Wallow and B.
M. Novak in J. Org. Chem. 59 (1994) 5034-5037; and M. Remmers, M.
Schulze, and G. Wegner in Macromol. Rapid Commun. 17 (1996)
239-252.
[0127] If desired, a monofunctional aryl halide or aryl boronate
may be used as a chain-terminator in such reactions, which will
result in the formation of a terminal aryl group.
[0128] It is possible to control the sequencing of the monomeric
units in the resulting copolymer by controlling the order and
composition of monomer feeds in the Suzuki reaction.
[0129] The polymers of the present invention can also be
synthesized by the Stille coupling (see, for example, Babudri et
al, J. Mater. Chem., 2004, 14, 11-34; J. K. Stille, Angew. Chemie
Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 508). To prepare polymers corresponding to
formula VIId, or VIIe a dihalogenide, such as a dibromide or
dichloride, especially a dibromide corresponding to formula Br-A-Br
is reacted with a compound of formula
##STR00059##
wherein X.sup.11 is a group --SnR.sup.207R.sup.208 R.sup.209, in an
inert solvent at a temperature in range from 0.degree. C. to
200.degree. C. in the presence of a palladium-containing catalyst.
It must be ensured here that the totality of all monomers used has
a highly balanced ratio of organotin functions to halogen
functions. In addition, it may prove advantageous to remove any
excess reactive groups at the end of the reaction by end-capping
with monofunctional reagents. In order to carry out the process,
the tin compounds and the halogen compounds are preferably
introduced into one or more inert organic solvents and stirred at a
temperature of from 0 to 200.degree. C., preferably from 30 to
170.degree. C. for a period of from 1 hour to 200 hours, preferably
from 5 hours to 150 hours. The crude product can be purified by
methods known to the person skilled in the art and appropriate for
the respective polymer, for example repeated re-precipitation or
even by dialysis.
[0130] Suitable organic solvents for the process described are, for
example, ethers, for example diethyl ether, dimethoxyethane,
diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane,
dioxolane, diisopropyl ether and tert-butyl methyl ether,
hydrocarbons, for example hexane, isohexane, heptane, cyclohexane,
benzene, toluene and xylene, alcohols, for example methanol,
ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethylene glycol, 1-butanol,
2-butanol and tert-butanol, ketones, for example acetone, ethyl
methyl ketone and isobutyl methyl ketone, amides, for example
dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide and N-methylpyrrolidone,
nitriles, for example acetonitrile, propionitrile and
butyronitrile, and mixtures thereof.
[0131] The palladium and phosphine components should be selected
analogously to the description for the Suzuki variant.
[0132] Alternatively, the polymers of the present invention can
also be synthesized by the Negishi reaction using zinc reagents
(A-(ZnX.sup.12).sub.2, wherein X.sup.12 is halogen) and halides or
triflates (COM.sup.1-(X.sup.11).sub.2, wherein X.sup.11 is halogen
or triflate). Reference is, for example, made to E. Negishi et al.,
Heterocycles 18 (1982) 117-22.
[0133] In addition, halogen derivatives of the DPPs can be
polymerized oxidatively (for example using FeCl.sub.3, see, inter
alia, P. Kovacic et al., Chem. Ber. 87 (1987) 357 to 379; M. Wenda
et al., Macromolecules 25 (1992) 5125) or electrochemically (see,
inter alia, N. Saito et al., Polym. Bull. 30 (1993) 285).
[0134] The monomers of the formula
##STR00060##
are new and form a further aspect of the present invention, Wherein
B and C are independently of each other an optionally condensed
aromatic, or heteroaromatic ring,
[0135] a, b, c, d, e, f, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.1', Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.2',
Ar.sup.3, Ar.sup.3', Ar.sup.4and Ar.sup.4' are as defined in claim
1 and X is ZnX.sup.12, --SnR.sup.207R.sup.208R.sup.209, wherein
R.sup.207, R.sup.208 and R.sup.209 are identical or different and
are H or C.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, wherein two radicals optionally form
a common ring and these radicals are optionally branched or
unbranched and X.sup.12 is a halogen atom, very especially I, or
Br; or --OS(O).sub.2CF.sub.3, --OS(O).sub.2-aryl, especially
##STR00061##
--OS(O).sub.2CH.sub.3, --B(OH).sub.2, --B(OY.sup.1).sub.2,
##STR00062##
[0136] BF.sub.4Na, or --BF.sub.4K, wherein Y.sup.1 is independently
in each occurrence a C.sub.1-C.sub.10alkyl group and Y.sup.2 is
independently in each occurrence a C.sub.2-C.sub.10alkylene group,
such as --CY.sup.3Y.sup.4--CY.sup.5Y.sup.6--, or
--CY.sup.7Y.sup.8--CY.sup.9Y.sup.10--CY.sup.11Y.sup.12--, wherein
Y.sup.3, Y.sup.4, Y.sup.5, Y.sup.6, Y.sup.7, Y.sup.8, Y.sup.9,
Y.sup.10, Y.sup.11 and Y.sup.12 are independently of each other
hydrogen, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.10alkyl group, especially
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2C(CH.sub.3).sub.2--, or
--C(CH.sub.3).sub.2CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3).sub.2-- with the proviso
that, if Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1' are a group of formula
##STR00063##
a and d are not 0 and Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.2' are different from a
group of formula
##STR00064##
with the further proviso that, if Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.1' are a
group of formula
##STR00065##
a and d are not 0.
[0137] A further aspect of the invention relates to both the
oxidised and reduced form of the polymers and materials according
to this invention. Either loss or gain of electrons results in
formation of a highly delocalised ionic form, which is of high
conductivity. This can occur on exposure to common dopants.
Suitable dopants and methods of doping are known to those skilled
in the art, e. g., from EP0528662, U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,153, or WO
96/21659.
[0138] The doping process typically implies treatment of the
semiconductor material with an oxidating or reducing agent in a
redox reaction to form delocalised ionic centres in the material,
with the corresponding counterions derived from the applied
dopants. Suitable doping methods comprise for example exposure to a
doping vapor in the atmospheric pressure or at a reduced pressure,
electrochemical doping in a solution containing a dopant, bringing
a dopant into contact with the semiconductor material to be
thermally diffused, and ion-implantantion of the dopant into the
semiconductor material.
[0139] When electrons are used as carriers, suitable dopants are
for example halogens (e. g., I.sub.2, Cl.sub.2, Br.sub.2, ICl,
ICl.sub.3, IBr and IF), Lewis acids (e.g., PF.sub.5, AsF.sub.5,
SbF.sub.5, BF.sub.3, BCl.sub.3, SbCl.sub.5, BBr.sub.3 and
SO.sub.3), protonic acids, organic acids, or amino acids (e. g.,
HF, HCl, HNO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, HClO.sub.4, FSO.sub.3H and
ClSO.sub.3H), transition metal compounds (e.g., FeCl.sub.3, FeOCl,
Fe(ClO.sub.4).sub.3, Fe(4-CH.sub.3C.sub.6H.sub.4SO.sub.3).sub.3,
TiCl.sub.4, ZrCl.sub.4, HfCl.sub.4, NbF.sub.5, NbCl.sub.5,
TaCl.sub.5, MoF.sub.5, MoCl.sub.5, WF.sub.5, WCl.sub.6, UF.sub.6
and LnCl.sub.3 (wherein Ln is a lanthanoid), anions (e. g.,
Cl.sup.-, Br.sup.-, I.sup.-, I.sup.3-, HSO.sub.4.sup.-, SO.sup.2-,
NO.sup.-3, ClO.sup.4-, BF.sup.4-, PF.sup.6-, AsF.sup.6-,
SbF.sup.6-, FeCl.sup.4-, Fe(CN).sub.6.sup.3-, anions of various
sulfonic acids, such as aryl-SO.sub.3.sup.-).
[0140] When holes are used as carriers, examples of dopants are
cations (e.g., H.sup.+, Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Rb.sup.+ and
Cs.sup.+), alkali metals (e.g., Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs),
alkaline-earth metals (e.g., Ca, Sr, and Ba), O.sub.2, XeOF.sub.4,
(NO.sub.2.sup.+)(SbF.sub.6.sup.-),
(NO.sub.2.sup.+)(SbCl.sub.6.sup.-),
(NO.sub.2.sup.+)(BF.sub.4.sup.-), AgClO.sub.4, H.sub.2IrCl.sub.6,
La(NO.sub.3).sub.3.6 H.sub.2O, FSO.sub.2OOSO.sub.2F, Eu,
acetylcholine, R.sub.4N.sup.+, (R is an alkyl group),
R.sub.4P.sup.+ (R is an alkyl group), R.sub.6As.sup.+ (R is an
alkyl group), and R.sub.3S.sup.+ (R is an alkyl group).
[0141] The conducting form of the compounds and materials of the
present invention can be used as an organic "metal" in
applications, for example, but not limited to, charge injection
layers and ITO planarising layers in organic light emitting diode
applications, films for flat panel displays and touch screens,
antistatic films, printed conductive substrates, patterns or tracts
in electronic applications such as printed circuit boards and
condensers.
[0142] Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
[0143] C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl is typically linear or branched, where
possible. Examples are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,
sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl,
2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, n-hexyl,
1-methylhexyl, 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethylhexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl,
1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylheptyl, 3-methylheptyl, n-octyl,
1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, decyl, undecyl,
dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl,
octadecyl, eicosyl, heneicosyl, docosyl, tetracosyl or pentacosyl.
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl is typically methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,
isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl,
2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-propyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl,
n-octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl.
C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl is typically methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,
isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl.
[0144] C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkoxy groups are straight-chain or branched
alkoxy groups, e.g. methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy,
n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, amyloxy, isoamyloxy or
tert-amyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, isooctyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy,
undecyloxy, dodecyloxy, tetradecyloxy, pentadecyloxy, hexadecyloxy,
heptadecyloxy and octadecyloxy. Examples of C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy
are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec.-butoxy,
isobutoxy, tert.-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 2-pentoxy, 3-pentoxy,
2,2-dimethylpropoxy, n-hexoxy, n-heptoxy, n-octoxy,
1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutoxy and 2-ethylhexoxy, preferably
C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkoxy such as typically methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy,
isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec.-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert.-butoxy. The
term "alkylthio group" means the same groups as the alkoxy groups,
except that the oxygen atom of the ether linkage is replaced by a
sulfur atom.
[0145] C.sub.2-C.sub.25alkenyl groups are straight-chain or
branched alkenyl groups, such as e.g. vinyl, allyl, methallyl,
isopropenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-penta-2,4-dienyl,
3-methyl-but-2-enyl, n-oct-2-enyl, n-dodec-2-enyl, isododecenyl,
n-dodec-2-enyl or n-octadec-4-enyl.
[0146] C.sub.2-24alkynyl is straight-chain or branched and
preferably C.sub.2-8alkynyl, which may be unsubstituted or
substituted, such as, for example, ethynyl, 1-propyn-3-yl,
1-butyn-4-yl, 1-pentyn-5-yl, 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-yl,
1,4-pentadiyn-3-yl, 1,3-pentadiyn-5-yl, 1-hexyn-6-yl,
cis-3-methyl-2-penten-4-yn-1-yl, trans-3-methyl-2-penten-4-yn-1
-yl, 1,3-hexadiyn-5-yl, 1-octyn-8-yl, 1-nonyn-9-yl, 1-decyn-10-yl,
or 1-tetracosyn-24-yl.
[0147] The terms "haloalkyl, haloalkenyl and haloalkynyl" mean
groups given by partially or wholly substituting the
above-mentioned alkyl group, alkenyl group and alkynyl group with
halogen, such as trifluoromethyl etc. The "aldehyde group, ketone
group, ester group, carbamoyl group and amino group" include those
substituted by an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group,
an aralkyl group or a heterocyclic group, wherein the alkyl group,
the cycloalkyl group, the aryl group, the aralkyl group and the
heterocyclic group may be unsubstituted or substituted. The term
"silyl group" means a group of formula
--SiR.sup.62R.sup.63R.sup.64, wherein R.sup.62, R.sup.63 and
R.sup.64 are independently of each other a C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl
group, in particular a C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group, a
C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl group or a C.sub.7-C.sub.12aralkylgroup, such
as a trimethylsilyl group.
[0148] The term "cycloalkyl group" is typically
C.sub.5-C.sub.12cycloalkyl, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,
cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl,
cyclododecyl, preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or
cyclooctyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted. The term
"cycloalkenyl group" means an unsaturated alicyclic hydrocarbon
group containing one or more double bonds, such as cyclopentenyl,
cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl and the like, which may be
unsubstituted or substituted. The cycloalkyl group, in particular a
cyclohexyl group, can be condensed one or two times by phenyl which
can be substituted one to three times with C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl,
halogen and cyano. Examples of such condensed cyclohexyl groups
are:
##STR00066##
in particular
##STR00067##
wherein R.sup.51, R.sup.52, R.sup.53, R.sup.54, R.sup.55 and
R.sup.56 are independently of each other C.sub.1-C.sub.8-alkyl,
C.sub.1-C.sub.8-alkoxy, halogen and cyano, in particular
hydrogen.
[0149] The term "aryl group" is typically C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl,
such as phenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl,
as-indacenyl, s-indacenyl, acenaphthylenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthryl,
fluoranthenyl, triphenlenyl, chrysenyl, naphthacen, picenyl,
perylenyl, pentaphenyl, hexacenyl, pyrenyl, or anthracenyl,
preferably phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl,
9-phenanthryl, 2- or 9-fluorenyl, 3- or 4-biphenyl, which may be
unsubstituted or substituted. Examples of C.sub.6-C.sub.12aryl are
phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 3- or 4-biphenyl, 2- or 9-fluorenyl
or 9phenanthryl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted.
[0150] The term "aralkyl group" is typically
C.sub.7-C.sub.24aralkyl, such as benzyl, 2-benzyl-2-propyl,
.beta.-phenyl-ethyl, .alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl,
.omega.-phenyl-butyl,
.omega.,.omega.-dimethyl-.omega.-phenyl-butyl,
.omega.-phenyl-dodecyl, .omega.-phenyl-octadecyl,
.omega.-phenyl-eicosyl or .omega.-phenyl-docosyl, preferably
C.sub.7-C.sub.18aralkyl such as benzyl, 2-benzyl-2-propyl,
.beta.-phenyl-ethyl, .alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl,
.omega.-phenyl-butyl,
.omega.,.omega.-dimethyl-.omega.-phenyl-butyl,
.omega.-phenyl-dodecyl or .omega.-phenyl-octadecyl, and
particularly preferred C.sub.7-C.sub.12aralkyl such as benzyl,
2-benzyl-2-propyl, .beta.-phenyl-ethyl,
.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl, .omega.-phenyl-butyl, or
.omega.,.omega.-dimethyl-.omega.-phenyl-butyl, in which both the
aliphatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic hydrocarbon group may be
unsubstituted or substituted.
[0151] The term "aryl ether group" is typically a C.sub.6-24aryloxy
group, that is to say O--C.sub.6-24aryl, such as, for example,
phenoxy or 4-methoxyphenyl. The term "aryl thioether group" is
typically a C.sub.6-24arylthio group, that is to say
S--C.sub.6-24aryl, such as, for example, phenylthio or
4-methoxyphenylthio. The term "carbamoyl group" is typically a
C.sub.1-18carbamoyl radical, preferably C.sub.1-8carbamoyl radical,
which may be unsubstituted or substituted, such as, for example,
carbamoyl, methylcarbamoyl, ethylcarbamoyl, n-butylcarbamoyl,
tert-butylcarbamoyl, dimethylcarbamoyloxy, morpholinocarbamoyl or
pyrrolidinocarbamoyl.
[0152] The terms "aryl" and "alkyl" in alkylamino groups,
dialkylamino groups, alkylarylamino groups, arylamino groups and
diarylgroups are typically C.sub.1-C.sub.25alkyl and
C.sub.6-C.sub.24aryl, respectively.
[0153] Alkylaryl refers to alkyl-substituted aryl radicals,
especially C.sub.7-C.sub.12alkylaryl. Examples are tolyl, such as
3-methyl-, or 4-methylphenyl, or xylyl, such as 3,4-dimethylphenyl,
or 3,5-dimethylphenyl.
[0154] Heteroaryl is typically C.sub.2-C.sub.26heteroaryl, i.e. a
ring with five to seven ring atoms or a condensed ring system,
wherein nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur are the possible hetero atoms,
and is typically an unsaturated heterocyclic group with five to 30
atoms having at least six conjugated .pi.-electrons such as
thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, dibenzo[b,d]thienyl, thianthrenyl, furyl,
furfuryl, 2H-pyranyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl,
dibenzofuranyl, phenoxythienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl,
pyridyl, bipyridyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl,
indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl,
chinolyl, isochinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, chinoxalinyl,
chinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl,
benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl,
pyrimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, isothiazolyl,
phenothiazinyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl or phenoxazinyl, which can be
unsubstituted or substituted.
[0155] Possible substituents of the above-mentioned groups are
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group,
C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkylthio, halogen,
halo-C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkyl, a cyano group, an aldehyde group, a
ketone group, a carboxyl group, an ester group, a carbamoyl group,
an amino group, a nitro group or a silyl group.
[0156] As described above, the aforementioned groups may be
substituted by E and/or, if desired, interrupted by D.
Interruptions are of course possible only in the case of groups
containing at least 2 carbon atoms connected to one another by
single bonds; C.sub.6-C.sub.18aryl is not interrupted; interrupted
arylalkyl or alkylaryl contains the unit D in the alkyl moiety.
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl substituted by one or more E and/or
interrupted by one or more units D is, for example,
(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.1-9-R.sup.x, where R.sup.x is H or
C.sub.1-C.sub.10alkyl or C.sub.2-C.sub.10alkanoyl (e.g.
CO--CH(C.sub.2H.sub.5)C.sub.4H.sub.9),
CH.sub.2--CH(OR.sup.y')--CH.sub.2--O--R.sup.y, where R.sup.y is
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, C.sub.5-C.sub.12cycloalkyl, phenyl,
C.sub.7-C.sub.15phenylalkyl, and R.sup.y' embraces the same
definitions as R.sup.y or is H;
[0157] C.sub.1-C.sub.8alkylene-COO--R.sup.z, e.g.
CH.sub.2COOR.sub.z CH(CH.sub.3)COOR.sup.z,
C(CH.sub.3).sub.2COOR.sup.z, where R.sup.z is H,
C.sub.1-C.sub.18alkyl, (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.1-9--R.sup.x, and
R.sup.x embraces the definitions indicated above;
[0158] CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--O--CO--CH.dbd.CH.sub.2;
CH.sub.2CH(OH)CH.sub.2--O--CO--C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2.
[0159] The polymers of the invention can be used as the
semiconductor layer in semiconductor devices. Accordingly, the
present invention also relates to semiconductor devices, comprising
a polymer of the formula I. The semiconductor device is especially
a diode, an organic field effect transistor and/or a solar cell, or
a device containing a diode and/or an organic field effect
transistor, and/or a solar cell. There are numerous types of
semiconductor devices. Common to all is the presence of one or more
semiconductor materials. Semiconductor devices have been described,
for example, by S. M. Sze in Physics of Semiconductor Devices,
2.sup.nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1981). Such
devices include rectifiers, transistors (of which there are many
types, including p-n-p, n-p-n, and thin-film transistors), light
emitting semiconductor devices (for example, organic light emitting
diodes in display applications or backlight in e.g. liquid crystal
displays), photoconductors, current limiters, solar cells,
thermistors, p-n junctions, field-effect diodes, Schottky diodes,
and so forth. In each semiconductor device, the semiconductor
material is combined with one or more metals and/or insulators to
form the device. Semiconductor devices can be prepared or
manufactured by known methods such as, for example, those described
by Peter Van Zant in Microchip Fabrication, Fourth Edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York (2000). In particular, organic electronic
components can be manufactured as described by D. R. Gamota et al.
in Printed Organic and Molecular Electronics, Kluver Academic
Publ., Boston, 2004.
[0160] A particularly useful type of transistor device, the
thin-film transistor (TFT), generally includes a gate electrode, a
gate dielectric on the gate electrode, a source electrode and a
drain electrode adjacent to the gate dielectric, and a
semiconductor layer adjacent to the gate dielectric and adjacent to
the source and drain electrodes (see, for example, S. M. Sze,
Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2.sup.nd edition, John Wiley and
Sons, page 492, New York (1981)). These components can be assembled
in a variety of configurations. More specifically, an organic
thin-film transistor (OTFT) has an organic semiconductor layer.
[0161] Typically, a substrate supports the OTFT during
manufacturing, testing, and/or use. Optionally, the substrate can
provide an electrical function for the OTFT. Useful substrate
materials include organic and inorganic materials. For example, the
substrate can comprise silicon materials inclusive of various
appropriate forms of silicon, inorganic glasses, ceramic foils,
polymeric materials (for example, acrylics, polyester, epoxies,
polyamides, polycarbonates, polyimides, polyketones,
poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene)
(sometimes referred to as poly(ether ether ketone) or PEEK),
polynorbornenes, polyphenyleneoxides, poly(ethylene
naphthalenedicarboxylate) (PEN), poly(ethylene terephthalate)
(PET), poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS)), filled polymeric materials
(for example, fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP)), and coated metallic
foils.
[0162] The gate electrode can be any useful conductive material.
For example, the gate electrode can comprise doped silicon, or a
metal, such as aluminum, chromium, gold, silver, nickel, palladium,
platinum, tantalum, and titanium. Conductive oxides, such as indium
tin oxide, or conducting inks/pastes comprised of carbon
black/graphite or colloidal silver dispersions, optionally
containing polymer binders can also be used. Conductive polymers
also can be used, for example polyaniline or
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate)
(PEDOT:PSS). In addition, alloys, combinations, and multilayers of
these materials can be useful. In some OTFTs, the same material can
provide the gate electrode function and also provide the support
function of the substrate. For example, doped silicon can function
as the gate electrode and support the OTFT.
[0163] The gate dielectric is generally provided on the gate
electrode. This gate dielectric electrically insulates the gate
electrode from the balance of the OTFT device. Useful materials for
the gate dielectric can comprise, for example, an inorganic
electrically insulating material.
[0164] The gate dielectric (insulator) can be a material, such as,
an oxide, nitride, or it can be a material selected from the family
of ferroelectric insulators (e.g. organic materials such as
poly(vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene or poly(m-xylylene
adipamide)), or it can be an organic polymeric insulator (e.g.
poly(methacrylate)s, poly(acrylate)s, polyimides, benzocyclobutenes
(BCBs), parylenes, polyvinylalcohol, polyvinylphenol (PVP),
polystyrenes, polyester, polycarbonates) as for example described
in J. Veres et al. Chem. Mat. 2004, 16, 4543 or A. Facchetti et al.
Adv. Mat. 2005, 17, 1705. Specific examples of materials useful for
the gate dielectric include strontiates, tantalates, titanates,
zirconates, aluminum oxides, silicon oxides, tantalum oxides,
titanium oxides, silicon nitrides, barium titanate, barium
strontium titanate, barium zirconate titanate, zinc selenide, and
zinc sulphide, including but not limited to
PbZr.sub.xTi.sub.1-xO.sub.3 (PZT), Bi.sub.4Ti.sub.3O.sub.12,
BaMgF.sub.4, Ba(Zr.sub.1-xTi.sub.x)O.sub.3 (BZT). In addition,
alloys, hybride materials (e.g. polysiloxanes or
nanoparticle-filled polymers) combinations, and multilayers of
these materials can be used for the gate dielectric. The thickness
of the dielectric layer is, for example, from about 10 to 1000 nm,
with a more specific thickness being about 100 to 500 nm, providing
a capacitance in the range of 0.1-100 nanofarads (nF).
[0165] The source electrode and drain electrode are separated from
the gate electrode by the gate dielectric, while the organic
semiconductor layer can be over or under the source electrode and
drain electrode. The source and drain electrodes can be any useful
conductive material favourably providing a low resistance ohmic
contact to the semiconductor layer. Useful materials include most
of those materials described above for the gate electrode, for
example, aluminum, barium, calcium, chromium, gold, silver, nickel,
palladium, platinum, titanium, polyaniline, PEDOT:PSS, other
conducting polymers, alloys thereof, combinations thereof, and
multilayers thereof. Some of these materials are appropriate for
use with n-type semiconductor materials and others are appropriate
for use with p-type semiconductor materials, as is known in the
art.
[0166] The thin film electrodes (that is, the gate electrode, the
source electrode, and the drain electrode) can be provided by any
useful means such as physical vapor deposition (for example,
thermal evaporation or sputtering) or (ink jet) printing methods.
The patterning of these electrodes can be accomplished by known
methods such as shadow masking, additive photolithography,
subtractive photolithography, printing, microcontact printing, and
pattern coating.
[0167] The present invention further provides a thin film
transistor device comprising a plurality of electrically conducting
gate electrodes disposed on a substrate; a gate insulator layer
disposed on said electrically conducting gate electrodes; a
plurality of sets of electrically conductive source and drain
electrodes disposed on said insulator layer such that each of said
sets is in alignment with each of said gate electrodes; an organic
semiconductor layer disposed in the channel between source and
drain electrodes on said insulator layer substantially overlapping
said gate electrodes; wherein said organic semiconductor layer
comprise a polymer of the formula I, or a mixture containing a
polymer of formula I.
[0168] The present invention further provides a process for
preparing a thin film transistor device comprising the steps
of:
[0169] depositing a plurality of electrically conducting gate
electrodes on a substrate;
[0170] depositing a gate insulator layer on said electrically
conducting gate electrodes;
[0171] depositing a plurality of sets of electrically conductive
source and drain electrodes on said layer such that each of said
sets is in alignment with each of said gate electrodes;
[0172] depositing a layer of a polymer of the formula I on said
insulator layer such that said layer of the compound of formula I,
or a mixture containing a polymer of formula I, substantially
overlaps said gate electrodes; thereby producing the thin film
transistor device.
[0173] A mixture containing a polymer of formula I results in a
semi-conducting layer comprising a polymer of formula I (typically
5% to 99.9999% by weight, especially 20 to 85 % by weight) and at
least another material. The other material can be, but is not
restricted to a fraction of the same polymer of formula I with
different molecular weight, another polymer of formula I, a
semi-conducting polymer, organic small molecules, carbon nanotubes,
a fullerene derivative, inorganic particles (quantum dots, quantum
rods, quantum tripods, TiO.sub.2, ZnO etc.), conductive particles
(Au, Ag etc.), insulator materials like the ones described for the
gate dielectric (PET, PS etc.).
[0174] For heterojunction solar cells the active layer comprises
preferably a mixture of a polymer of formula I and a fullerene,
such as [60]PCBM (=6,6-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester), or
[70]PCBM, in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 1:3.
[0175] Any suitable substrate can be used to prepare the thin films
of the polymers of the present invention. Preferably, the substrate
used to prepare the above thin films is a metal, silicon, plastic,
paper, coated paper, fabric, glass or coated glass.
[0176] Alternatively, a TFT is fabricated by, for example, by
solution deposition of a polymer on a highly doped silicon
substrate covered with a thermally grown oxide layer followed by
vacuum deposition and patterning of source and drain
electrodes.
[0177] In yet another approach, a TFT is fabricated by deposition
of source and drain electrodes on a highly doped silicon substrate
covered with a thermally grown oxide and then solution deposition
of the polymer to form a thin film.
[0178] The gate electrode could also be a patterned metal gate
electrode on a substrate or a conducting material such as, a
conducting polymer, which is then coated with an insulator applied
either by solution coating or by vacuum deposition on the patterned
gate electrodes.
[0179] Any suitable solvent can be used to dissolve, and/or
disperse the polymers of the present application, provided it is
inert and can be removed partly, or completely from the substrate
by conventional drying means (e.g. application of heat, reduced
pressure, airflow etc.). Suitable organic solvents for processing
the semiconductors of the invention include, but are not limited
to, aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated such as
chlorinated or fluorinated hydrocarbons, esters, ethers amides,
such as chloroform, tetrachloroethane, tetrahydrofuran, toluene,
tetraline, anisole, xylene, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone,
dimethyl formamide, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, propylene
glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) and mixtures thereof. The
solution, and/or dispersion is then applied by a method, such as,
spin-coating, dip-coating, screen printing, microcontact printing,
doctor blading or other solution application techniques known in
the art on the substrate to obtain thin films of the semiconducting
material.
[0180] The term "dispersion" covers any composition comprising the
semiconductor material of the present invention, which is not fully
dissolved in a solvent. The dispersion can be done selecting a
composition including at least a polymer of formula I, or a mixture
containing a polymer of formula I, and a solvent, wherein the
polymer exhibits lower solubility in the solvent at room
temperature but exhibits greater solubility in the solvent at an
elevated temperature, wherein the composition gels when the
elevated temperature is lowered to a first lower temperature
without agitation;
[0181] dissolving at the elevated temperature at least a portion of
the polymer in the solvent; lowering the temperature of the
composition from the elevated temperature to the first lower
temperature; agitating the composition to disrupt any gelling,
wherein the agitating commences at any time prior to, simultaneous
with, or subsequent to the lowering the elevated temperature of the
composition to the first lower temperature; depositing a layer of
the composition wherein the composition is at a second lower
temperature lower than the elevated temperature; and drying at
least partially the layer.
[0182] The dispersion can also be constituted of (a) a continuous
phase comprising a solvent, a binder resin, and optionally a
dispersing agent, and (b) a disperse phase comprising a polymer of
formula I, or a mixture containing a polymer of formula I of the
present invention. The degree of solubility of the polymer of
formula I in the solvent may vary for example from 0% to about 20%
solubility, particularly from 0% to about 5% solubility.
[0183] Preferably, the thickness of the organic semiconductor layer
is in the range of from about 5 to about 1000 nm, especially the
thickness is in the range of from about 10 to about 100 nm.
[0184] The polymers of the invention can be used alone or in
combination as the organic semiconductor layer of the semiconductor
device. The layer can be provided by any useful means, such as, for
example, vapor deposition (for materials with relatively low
molecular weight) and printing techniques. The compounds of the
invention may be sufficiently soluble in organic solvents and can
be solution deposited and patterned (for example, by spin coating,
dip coating, ink jet printing, gravure printing, flexo printing,
offset printing, screen printing, microcontact (wave)-printing,
drop or zone casting, or other known techniques).
[0185] The polymers of the invention can be used in integrated
circuits comprising a plurality of OTFTs, as well as in various
electronic articles. Such articles include, for example,
radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, backplanes for flexible
displays (for use in, for example, personal computers, cell phones,
or handheld devices), smart cards, memory devices, sensors (e.g.
light-, image-, bio-, chemo-, mechanical- or temperature sensors),
especially photodiodes, or security devices and the like. Due to
its ambi-polarity the material can also be used in Organic Light
Emitting Transistors (OLET).
[0186] The invention provides organic photovoltaic (PV) devices
(solar cells) comprising a polymer according to the present
invention.
[0187] The PV device comprise in this order:
[0188] (a) a cathode (electrode),
[0189] (b) optionally a transition layer, such as an alkali
halogenide, especially lithium fluoride,
[0190] (c) a photoactive layer,
[0191] (d) optionally a smoothing layer,
[0192] (e) an anode (electrode),
[0193] (f) a substrate.
[0194] The photoactive layer comprises the polymers of the present
invention. Preferably, the photoactive layer is made of a
conjugated polymer of the present invention, as an electron donor
and an acceptor material, like a fullerene, particularly a
functionalized fullerene PCBM, as an electron acceptor.
[0195] The fullerenes useful in this invention may have a broad
range of sizes (number of carbon atoms per molecule). The term
fullerene as used herein includes various cage-like molecules of
pure carbon, including Buckminsterfullerene (C.sub.60) and the
related "spherical" fullerenes as well as carbon nanotubes.
Fullerenes may be selected from those known in the art ranging
from, for example, C.sub.20-C.sub.1000. Preferably, the fullerene
is selected from the range of C.sub.60 to C.sub.96. Most preferably
the fullerene is C.sub.60 or C.sub.70, such as [60]PCBM, or
[70]PCBM. It is also permissible to utilize chemically modified
fullerenes, provided that the modified fullerene retains
acceptor-type and electron mobility characteristics. The acceptor
material can also be a material selected from the group consisting
of another polymer of formula I or any semi-conducting polymer
provided that the polymers retain acceptor-type and electron
mobility characteristics, organic small molecules, carbon
nanotubes, inorganic particles (quantum dots, quantum rods, quantum
tripods, TiO.sub.2, ZnO etc.).
[0196] The electrodes are preferably composed of metals or "metal
substitutes". Herein the term "metal" is used to embrace both
materials composed of an elementally pure metal, e.g., Mg, and also
metal alloys which are materials composed of two or more
elementally pure metals, e.g., Mg and Ag together, denoted Mg:Ag.
Here, the term "metal substitute" refers to a material that is not
a metal within the normal definition, but which has the metal-like
properties that are desired in certain appropriate applications.
Commonly used metal substitutes for electrodes and charge transfer
layers would include doped wide-bandgap semiconductors, for
example, transparent conducting oxides such as indium tin oxide
(ITO), gallium indium tin oxide (GITO), and zinc indium tin oxide
(ZITO). Another suitable metal substitute is the transparent
conductive polymer polyanaline (PANI) and its chemical relatives,
or PEDOT:PSS. Metal substitutes may be further selected from a wide
range of non-metallic materials, wherein the term "non-metallic" is
meant to embrace a wide range of materials provided that the
material is free of metal in its chemically uncombined form. Highly
transparent, non-metallic, low resistance cathodes or highly
efficient, low resistance metallic/non-metallic compound cathodes
are, for example, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,420,031 and U.S.
Pat. No. 5,703,436.
[0197] The substrate can be, for example, a plastic (flexible
substrate), or glass substrate.
[0198] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, a
smoothing layer is situated between the anode and the photoactive
layer. A preferred material for this smoothing layer comprises a
film of 3,4-polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), or
3,4-polyethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene-sulfonate
(PEDOT:PSS).
[0199] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the
photovoltaic cell comprises, as described for example, in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,933,436 a transparent glass carrier, onto which an electrode
layer made of indium/tin oxide (ITO) is applied. This electrode
layer generally has a comparatively rough surface structure, so
that it is covered with a smoothing layer made of a polymer,
typically PEDOT, which is made electrically conductive through
doping. The photoactive layer is made of two components, has a
layer thickness of, for example, 100 nm to a few .mu.m depending on
the application method, and is applied onto this smoothing layer.
Photoactive layer is made of a conjugated polymer of the present
invention, as an electron donor and a fullerene, particularly
functionalized fullerene PCBM, as an electron acceptor. These two
components are mixed with a solvent and applied as a solution onto
the smoothing layer by, for example, the spin-coating method, the
casting method, the Langmuir-Blodgett ("LB") method, the ink jet
printing method and the dripping method. A squeegee or printing
method could also be used to coat larger surfaces with such a
photoactive layer. Instead of toluene, which is typical, a
dispersion agent such as chlorobenzene is preferably used as a
solvent. Among these methods, the vacuum deposition method, the
spin-coating method, the ink jet printing method and the casting
method are particularly preferred in view of ease of operation and
cost.
[0200] In the case of forming the layer by using the spin-coating
method, the casting method and ink jet printing method, the coating
can be carried out using a solution and/or dispersion prepared by
dissolving, or dispersing the composition in a concentration of
from 0.01 to 90% by weight in an appropriate organic solvent such
as benzene, toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofurane,
methyltetrahydrofurane, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone,
acetonitrile, anisole, dichloromethane, dimethylsulfoxide,
chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene and mixtures thereof.
[0201] Before a counter electrode is applied, a thin transition
layer, which must be electrically insulating, having a layer
thickness of, for example, 0.6 nm, is applied to photoactive layer
4. In this exemplary embodiment, this transition layer is made of
an alkali halogenide, namely a lithium fluoride, which is vapor
deposited in a vacuum of 210.sup.-6 torr at a rate of 0.2
nm/minute.
[0202] If ITO is used as a hole-collecting electrode, aluminum,
which is vapor deposited onto the electrically insulating
transition layer, is used as an electron-collecting electrode. The
electric insulation properties of the transition layer obviously
prevent influences which hinder the crossing of the charge carrier
from being effective, particularly in the transition region from
the photoactive layer to the transition layer.
[0203] In a further embodiment on the invention, one or more of the
layers may be treated with plasma prior to depositing the next
layer. It is particularly advantageous that the PEDOT:PSS layer be
subject to a mild plasma treatment prior to deposition of the next
layer.
[0204] The photovoltaic (PV) device can also consist of multiple
junction solar cells that are processed on top of each other in
order to absorb more of the solar spectrum. Such structures are,
for example, described in App. Phys. Let. 90, 143512 (2007), Adv.
Funct. Mater. 16, 1897-1903 (2006) and WO2004/112161.
[0205] A so called `tandem solar cell` comprise in this order:
[0206] (a) a cathode (electrode),
[0207] (b) optionally a transition layer, such as an alkali
halogenide, especially lithium fluoride,
[0208] (c) a photoactive layer,
[0209] (d) optionally a smoothing layer,
[0210] (e) a middle electrode (such as Au, Al, ZnO, TiO.sub.2
etc.)
[0211] (f) optionally an extra electrode to match the energy
level,
[0212] (g) optionally a transition layer, such as an alkali
halogenide, especially lithium fluoride,
[0213] (h) a photoactive layer,
[0214] (i) optionally a smoothing layer,
[0215] (j) an anode (electrode),
[0216] (k) a substrate.
[0217] The PV device can also be processed on a fiber as described,
for example, in US20070079867 and US 20060013549.
[0218] Due to their excellent self-organising properties the
inventive compounds, materials or films can also be used alone or
together with other materials in or as alignment layers in LCD or
OLED devices, as described for example in US2003/0021913.
[0219] The following examples are included for illustrative
purposes only and do not limit the scope of the claims. Unless
otherwise stated, all parts and percentages are by weight.
[0220] Weight-average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and polydispersity
(M.sub.w/M.sub.n=PD) are determined by Gel Permeation
Chromatography (GPC) [Apparatus: GPC.sub.max+TDA 302 from Viscotek
(Houston, Tex., USA) yielding the responses form refractive index
(RI), low angle light scattering (LALS), right angle light
scattering (RALS) and differential viscosity (DP) measurements.
Chromatographic conditions: Column: PL.sub.gel mixed C
(300.times.7.5 mm, 5 .mu.m particles) covering the molecular weight
range from about 1.times.10.sup.3 to about 2.5.times.10.sup.6 Da
from Polymer Laboratories (Church Stretton, UK); Mobile phase:
tetrahydrofuran containing 5 g/l of sodium trifluoroacetate; Mobile
phase flow: either 0.5 or 0.7 ml/min; Solute concentration: about
1-2 mg/ml; Injection volume: 100 .mu.l; Detection: RI, LALS, RALS,
DP. Procedure of molecular weight calibration: Relative calibration
is done by use of a set of 10 polystyrene calibration standards
obtained from Polymer Laboratories (Church Stretton, UK) spanning
the molecular weight range from 1,930,000 Da-5,050 Da, i. e., PS
1,930,000, PS 1,460,000, PS 1,075,000, PS 560,000, PS 330,000, PS
96,000, PS 52,000, PS 30,300, PS 10,100, PS 5,050 Da. Absolute
calibration is done on the base of the responses of LALS, RALS and
DP. As experienced in a large number of investigations this
combination provides optimum calculation of molecular weight data.
Usually PS 96,000 is used as the molecular weight calibration
standard, but in general every other PS standard lying in the
molecular weight range to be determined can be chosen for this
purpose.
[0221] All polymer structures given in the examples below are
idealized representations of the polymer products obtained via the
polymerization procedures described. If more than two components
are copolymerized with each other sequences in the polymers can be
either alternating or random depending on the polymerisation
conditions.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
##STR00068##
[0223] a) A solution of 4.5 g of DPP 1, 6.23 g of K.sub.2CO.sub.3
and 8.68 g of 1-bromo-2-ethyl-hexyl in 60 ml of
N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) is heated to 140.degree. C. for 6 h. The
mixture is washed with water and extracted with dichloromethane.
The organic phase is then dried and filtered on a double layer of
silica gel and Hyflo.RTM. (CAS 91053-39-3; Fluka 56678) before it
is concentrated. The residue is dissolved in 100 ml of chloroform,
cooled down to 0.degree. C. and 2 equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide
are then added portion wise over a period of 1 h. After the
reaction has been completed, the mixture is washed with water. The
organic phase is extracted, dried and concentrated. The compound is
then purified over a silica gel column to give 1.90 g of a violet
powder of DPP 2.
##STR00069##
[0224] b) A solution of 500 mg of the dibrominated DPP 2, 990 mg of
the tin derivative and 85 mg of Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 in 30 ml of dry
toluene is refluxed overnight under inert conditions. After cooling
down, the mixture is filtrated on a double layer silica
gel/Hyflo.RTM., concentrated and precipitated with methanol. The
precipitate is filtrated and rinsed with methanol to give 530 mg of
a blue solid of DPP 3.
##STR00070##
[0225] c) A solution of 2.55 g of the corresponding monomer 3 in
chlorobenzene is degassed with argon over 15 min at 50.degree. C.
Then 1.6 g of FeCl.sub.3 are added in nitromethane and the mixture
is stirred while degassing for 4 hours at 50.degree. C. The
solution is then poured into methanol and the blue precipitate is
then filtrated and washed with methanol. The solid is then purified
by soxhlet extraction, using methanol and hexane to purify and
chloroform to extract 2 g of the polymer fraction (4).
[0226] M.sub.w=13301
[0227] Fe content=75 ppm
[0228] Photophysical Properties:
[0229] UV spectra of spin coated films on glass substrates are made
from hot chlorobenzene solutions and annealed at different
temperatures:
TABLE-US-00001 Annealing Conditions UV/Vis-absorption Room
temperature 680 nm 20 minutes at 100.degree. C. 720 nm, 800 nm 20
minutes at 150.degree. C. 720 nm, 800 nm Growing of the band at 800
nm shows the appearance of strong aggregation behaviour while
annealing.
Application Example 1a
DPP-Polymers Based Field-Effect Transistors
[0230] a) Experimental:
[0231] Bottom-gate thin-film transistor (TFT) structures with p-Si
gate were used for all experiments. A high-quality thermal
SiO.sub.2 layer served as gate-insulator of C.sub.i=32.6
nF/cm.sup.2 capacitance per unit area. Source and drain electrodes
were patterned by photolithography directly on the gate-oxide
(bottom-contact configuration). On each substrate 16 transistors
are present with Au source/drain electrodes defining channels of
different length. Prior to the deposition of the organic
semiconductor the SiO.sub.2 surface was derivatized with
hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) or octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). The
films are prepared either by spin casting or drop casting the
polymer obtained in example 1 in different solvents. The transistor
behaviour is measured on an automated tester elaborated by CSEM,
Transistor Prober TP-10.
[0232] b) Transistor Performance:
[0233] The thin-film transistors showed clear p-type transistor
behavior. From a linear fit to the square root of the saturated
transfer characteristics a field-effect mobility of 0.15
cm.sup.2/Vs could be determined. The transistors showed a threshold
voltage of about 0 V to 5 V. The transistors showed good on/off
current ratios of 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.7.
[0234] Annealing of the sample results in a drastic increase of the
performances (especially mobility), which can be correlated to a
better aggregation of the polymer in the solid state. Testing of a
set of OFETs after 2 months exposed in air conditions shows
remarkable stability as the mobility is almost constant. The on/off
ratio, which usually suffers the most, is only reduced by a factor
of 10.
Application Example 1b
[0235] DPP-Polymer Based Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell
[0236] a) Experimental:
[0237] The solar cell has the following structure: Al electrode/LiF
layer/organic layer, including polymer of the
invention/[poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene)
(PEDOT)/poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS)]/ITO electrode/glass
substrate. The solar cells are made by spin-coating a layer of
PEDOT-PSS on a pre-patterned ITO on glass substrate. Then a 1:4
mixture of the polymer of example 1 (0.5 % by weight): [60]PCBM (a
substituted C.sub.60 fullerene:
##STR00071##
is spin coated (organic layer). LiF and Al are sublimed under high
vacuum through a shadow-mask.
[0238] b) Solar Cell Performance:
[0239] The solar cell is measured under a solar light simulator.
Then with the External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) graph the current
is estimated under AM1.5 conditions.
[0240] This leads to value of J.sub.sc=4.1 mA/cm.sup.2, FF=0.539
and V.sub.oc=0.733 V for an estimated overall efficiency of 1.62%
measured before annealing. After 10 min at 100.degree. C. the
estimated efficiency grows to 2%. After optimisation of the
morphology of the active layer by varying the deposition solvent,
the polymer/[60]PCBM ratio etc. the performance of the device can
be pushed up to 3.06 % (J.sub.sc=9.5 mA/cm.sup.2, FF=0.46 and
V.sub.oc=0.7 V).
Example 2
##STR00072##
[0242] A solution of 25 g of DPP 1, 46.07 g of K.sub.2CO.sub.3 and
75 g of 1-bromo-2-hexyl-decyl in 300 ml of N-methyl-pyrrolidone
(NMP) is heated to 140.degree. C. for 6 h. The mixture is washed
with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase is
then dried and filtered on a double layer of silica gel and
Hyflo.RTM. before it is concentrated. The residue is dissolved in
100 ml of chloroform, cooled down to 0.degree. C. and 2 equivalents
of N-bromosuccinimide are then added portion wise over a period of
1 h. After the reaction has been completed, the mixture is washed
with water. The organic phase is extracted, dried and concentrated.
The compound is then purified over a silica gel column to give 19 g
of a violet powder of DPP 5.
##STR00073##
[0243] b) A solution of 18.5 g of the dibrominated DPP 5, 27.47 g
of the tin derivative and 2.36 g of Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 in 250 ml
of dry toluene is refluxed overnight under inert conditions. After
cooling down, the mixture is purified on a silica gel column
(CHCl.sub.3/hexane 3/7) to give 20.2 g of a blue solid of DPP
6.
##STR00074##
[0244] c) A solution of 10 g of the DPP derivative 6 is dissolved
in 300 ml of chloroform, cooled down to 0.degree. C. and 2
equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide are then added portion wise over
a period of 1 h. After the reaction is completed, the mixture is
washed with water. The organic phase is extracted, dried,
concentrated and precipitated with methanol. The precipitate is
filtrated and rinsed with methanol to give 10 g of a blue solid of
DPP 7.
##STR00075##
[0245] In a shlenk tube, a solution of 240 mg of Ni(COD).sub.2 and
140 mg bipyridine in 10 ml of toluene is degassed for 15 min. 1 g
of the corresponding dibrominated monomer 7 is added to this
solution and then the mixture is heated to 80.degree. C. and
stirred vigorously overnight. The solution is poured on 100 ml of a
1/1/1 methanol/HCl/acetone mixture and stirred for 1 h. The
precipitate is then filtrated, dissolved in CHCl.sub.3 and stirred
vigorously at 60.degree. C. with an aqueous solution of
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tetrasodium salt for one
additional hour. The organic phase is washed with water,
concentrated and precipitated in methanol. The residue is purified
by soxhlet extraction using methanol and hexane and the polymer is
then extracted with CHCl.sub.3 to give 250 mg of purple fibres.
[0246] M.sub.w=77465
[0247] Ni content=65 ppm
[0248] Solubility>10% by weight in toluene
[0249] Photophysical Properties:
[0250] UV of spin coated film on glass substrate is made from a hot
chlorobenzene solution and annealed at different temperatures:
TABLE-US-00002 Annealing Conditions UV/Vis-absorption Room
temperature 680 nm 20 minutes at 100.degree. C. 720 nm, 800 nm
Growing of the band at 800 nm shows the appearance of strong
aggregation behaviour while annealing.
Application Example 2a
DPP-Polymers Based Field-Effect Transistors
[0251] a) Experimental:
[0252] Application Example 1a is repeated, except that instead of
the polymer obtained in example 1 the polymer obtained in example 2
is used.
[0253] b) Transistor Performance:
[0254] The thin-film transistors showed clear p-type transistor
behavior. From a linear fit to the square root of the saturated
transfer characteristics a field-effect mobility up to 0.013
cm.sup.2/Vs could be determined. The transistors showed a threshold
voltage of about 0 V to 4 V. The transistors showed good on/off
current ratios of 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.7. Testing of a set of OFETs
after 7 days exposed in air conditions shows remarkable stability
as the mobility is almost constant even better, on/off ratio which
usually suffers the most is only reduced by a factor of 5.
[0255] This compound shows an electron mobility up to 10.sup.-3
cm.sup.2/Vs on the normal setup. After optimisation of this setup
using top contact transistors, the ambi-polarity of this polymer is
even more pronounced with similar mobilites for holes and electrons
up to 0.1 cm.sup.2/Vs.
Example 3
##STR00076##
[0257] a) A solution of 25 g of DPP 1, 46.07 g of K.sub.2CO.sub.3
and 55 g of 1-bromo-2-butyl-hexyl in 300 ml of N-methyl-pyrrolidone
(NMP) is heated to 140.degree. C. for 6 h. The mixture is washed
with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase is
then dried and filtered on a double layer of silica gel and
Hyflo.RTM. before it is concentrated. The residue is dissolved in
100 ml of chloroform, cooled down to 0.degree. C. and 2 equivalents
of N-bromosuccinimide are then added portion wise over a period of
1 h. After the reaction has been completed, the mixture is washed
with water. The organic phase is extracted, dried and concentrated.
The compound is then purified over a silica gel column to give 9.5
g of a violet powder of DPP 8.
##STR00077##
[0258] b) A solution of 2.24 g of the dibrominated DPP 8, 4.11 g of
the tin derivative and 351 mg of Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 in 50 ml of
dry toluene is refluxed overnight under inert conditions. After
cooling down, the mixture is purified on a silica gel column
(CHCl.sub.3/hexane 3/7) to give 2.37 g of a blue solid of DPP
9.
##STR00078##
[0259] c) A solution of 1.27 g of the DPP derivative 9 is dissolved
in 60 ml of chloroform, cooled down to 0.degree. C. and 2
equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide are then added portion wise over
a period of 1 h. After the reaction is completed, the mixture is
washed with water. The organic phase is extracted, dried,
concentrated and precipitated with methanol. The precipitate is
filtrated and rinsed with methanol to give 1.32 g of a blue solid
of DPP 10.
##STR00079##
[0260] d) In a Schlenk tube, a solution of 244 mg of Ni(COD).sub.2
and 142 mg bipyridine in 10 ml of toluene is degassed for 15 min. 1
g of the corresponding dibrominated monomer 10 is added to this
solution and then the mixture is heated to 80.degree. C. and
stirred vigorously overnight. The solution is poured on 100 ml of a
1/1/1 methanol/HCl/acetone mixture and stirred for 1 h. The
precipitate is then filtrated, dissolved in CHCl.sub.3 and stirred
vigorously at 60.degree. C. with an aqueous solution of
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tetrasodium salt for one
additional hour. The organic phase is washed with water,
concentrated and precipitated in methanol. The residue is purified
by soxhlet extraction using methanol and hexane and the polymer is
then extracted with CHCl.sub.3 to give 650 mg of purple fibres.
[0261] M.sub.w=30000
[0262] Ni content=52 ppm
[0263] Solubility=0.5% by weight in CHCl.sub.3
[0264] Photophysical Properties:
[0265] UV of spin coated film on glass substrate is made from a hot
chlorobenzene solution and annealed at different temperatures:
TABLE-US-00003 Annealing Conditions UV/Vis-absorption Room
temperature 720 nm, 810 nm The band at 810 nm is attributed to the
aggregation behaviour.
Application Example 3
DPP-Polymers Based Field-Effect Transistors
[0266] a) Experimental:
[0267] Application Example 1a is repeated, except that instead of
the polymer obtained in example 1 the polymer obtained in example 3
is used.
[0268] b) Transistor Performance:
[0269] The thin-film transistors showed clear p-type transistor
behaviour. From a linear fit to the square root of the saturated
transfer characteristics a field-effect mobility up to 0.1
cm.sup.2/Vs could be determined. The transistors showed a threshold
voltage of about 6 V. The transistors showed good on/off current
ratios of 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.5.
Example 4
##STR00080##
[0271] a) A solution of 3.5 g of DPP 11, 3.04 g of K.sub.2CO.sub.3
and 4.13 g of 1-bromo-2-hexyl-decyl in 60 ml of
N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) is heated to 140.degree. C. for 6 h. The
mixture is washed with water and extracted with dichloromethane.
The organic phase is then dried and filtered on a double layer of
silica gel and Hyflo.RTM. before it is concentrated. The residue is
dissolved in 100 ml of chloroform, cooled down to 0.degree. C. and
2 equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide are then added portion wise
over a period of 1 h. After the reaction has been completed, the
mixture is washed with water. The organic phase is extracted, dried
and concentrated. The compound is then purified over a silica gel
column to give 1.7 g of a violet powder of DPP 12.
##STR00081##
[0272] b) A solution of 1.6 g of the dibrominated DPP 12, 0.65 g of
the tin derivative and 150 mg of Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 in 60 ml of
dry toluene is refluxed overnight under inert conditions. After
cooling down, the mixture is purified on a silica gel column
(CHCl3/hexane 3/7) to give 1.27 g of a blue solid of DPP 13.
##STR00082##
[0273] c) A solution of 1.27 g of the DPP derivative 13 is
dissolved in 50 ml of chloroform, cooled down to 0.degree. C. and 2
equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide are then added portion wise over
a period of 1 h. After the reaction is completed, the mixture is
washed with water. The organic phase is extracted, dried,
concentrated and precipitated with methanol. The precipitate is
filtrated and rinsed with methanol to give 1.22 g of a blue solid
of DPP 14.
##STR00083##
[0274] d) In a Schlenk tube, a solution of 292 mg of Ni(COD).sub.2
and 170 mg bipyridine in 10 ml of toluene is degassed for 15 min.
1.2 g of the corresponding dibrominated monomer 14 is added to this
solution and then the mixture is heated to 65.degree. C. and
stirred vigorously for 41 h. The solution is poured on 100 ml of a
1/1/1 methanol/HCl/acetone mixture and stirred for 1 h. The
precipitate is then filtrated, dissolved in CHCl.sub.3 and stirred
vigorously at 60.degree. C. with an aqueous solution of
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tetrasodium salt for one
additional hour. The organic phase is washed with water,
concentrated and precipitated in methanol. The residue is purified
by soxhlet extraction using methanol and hexane and the polymer is
then extracted with CHCl.sub.3 to give 730 mg of purple fibres.
[0275] M.sub.w=30000
[0276] Ni content=14 ppm
[0277] Solubility=0.5% by weight in CHCl.sub.3
[0278] Photophysical Properties:
[0279] UV of spin coated film on glass substrate is made from a hot
chlorobenzene solution and annealed at different temperatures:
TABLE-US-00004 Annealing Conditions UV/Vis-absorption Room
temperature 720 nm, 800 nm The band at 800 nm is attributed to the
aggregation behaviour.
Application Example 4
DPP-Polymers Based Field-Effect Transistors
[0280] a) Experimental:
[0281] Application Example 1a is repeated, except that instead of
the polymer obtained in example 1 the polymer obtained in example 4
is used.
[0282] b) Transistor Performance:
[0283] The thin-film transistors showed clear p-type transistor
behaviour. From a linear fit to the square root of the saturated
transfer characteristics a field-effect mobility up to 0.013
cm.sup.2/Vs could be determined. The transistors showed a threshold
voltage of about 4 V to 8 V. The transistors showed good on/off
current ratios of 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.5. Testing of a set of OFETs
after 2 months exposed in air conditions shows remarkable stability
as the mobility is even better (up to 0.028 cm.sup.2/Vs), on/off
ratio which usually suffer the most is also increased by a factor
of 5 to 10 and threshold voltage in the range of 0 V to 4 V.
Example 5
##STR00084##
[0285] In a three neck-flask, a degassed solution of 5 g of 7,
1.185 g of 1,4-benzenediboronic acid bis(pinacol) ester, 3.773 g of
K.sub.3PO.sub.4, 88.5 mg of sPhos
(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-dimethoxyphenybiphenyl) and 80.6 mg
of palladium acetate in 60 ml of toluene, 20 ml of dioxane and 10
ml of water are heated to 90.degree. C. and stirred vigorously
overnight. An excess of bromobenzene is then added and after 2
hours at the same temperature an excess of phenylboronic acid
pinacol ester is then added to end cap the polymer. After 2 hours
to complete the end-capping, 100 mL of NaCN (1% by weight) in water
is added and the mixture is stirred at 90.degree. C. for 3 hours.
The organic phase is extracted and precipitated in methanol. The
residue is redissolved in tolueneand resubmitted to NaCN treatment
and the organic phase is precipitated in methanol. The residue is
purified by soxhlet extraction using acetone and Et.sub.2O and the
polymer is then extracted with CHCl.sub.3 to give 2.5 g of purple
fibres.
[0286] M.sub.w=27000
[0287] Pd content=30 ppm
[0288] Solubility=1% by weight in CHCl.sub.3
[0289] Photophysical Properties:
[0290] UV of spin coated film on glass substrate is made from a hot
chlorobenzene solution and annealed at different temperatures:
TABLE-US-00005 Annealing Conditions UV/Vis-absorption Room
temperature 630 nm, 680 nm The band at 680 nm is attributed to the
aggregation behaviour.
Example 6
##STR00085##
[0292] 1 g of 7, 82 mg of Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 (10 mol %) and 13.5
mg of copper iodide (10 mol %) are dissolved in diethylamine, (0.85
ml) and THF (2 ml) in a dry, nitrogen flushed flask. The flask is
then set under vacuum, flushed with nitrogen, this is repeated
three times. 328 mg of the diacetylenique derivative is then added,
the flask is sealed under nitrogen, heated up to 85.degree. C. and
stirred over night. The reaction mixture is dissolved in 50 ml
CHCl.sub.3, triturated in 500 ml MeOH, and filtrated. This action
is repeated once. The solid is then purified via soxhlet extraction
using MeOH, acetone and heptane and the polymer is then extracted
with CHCl.sub.3 to give 0.5 g of purple fibres.
[0293] M.sub.w=38000
[0294] Solubility=0.5% by weight in CHCl.sub.3
[0295] Photophysical Properties:
[0296] UV of spin coated film on glass substrate is made from a hot
chlorobenzene solution and annealed at different temperatures:
TABLE-US-00006 Annealing Conditions UV/Vis-absorption Room
temperature 650 nm, 700 nm The band at 700 nm is attributed to the
aggregation behaviour.
* * * * *