U.S. patent application number 12/510203 was filed with the patent office on 2009-12-03 for blood clotting compositions and wound dressings.
Invention is credited to Francis X. Hursey.
Application Number | 20090299253 12/510203 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 34375268 |
Filed Date | 2009-12-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090299253 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hursey; Francis X. |
December 3, 2009 |
BLOOD CLOTTING COMPOSITIONS AND WOUND DRESSINGS
Abstract
In general, the basic material forming the wound dressing,
covering, and/or application system of the present invention for
use in blood coagulation comprises a combination of one or more
components selected from the group consisting of clay materials, a
molecular sieve material, principally zeolite, and inorganic oxide
materials. Although the actual process which enables the wound
dressing, covering, and/or application system of the present
invention to effectively coagulate flowing blood is unknown, it is
believed that the molecular sieve material selectively absorbs
small molecules, such as water, from the blood. Due to the
absorption of the water molecules, it is believed that the rate of
blood clotting is increased.
Inventors: |
Hursey; Francis X.; (West
Hartford, CT) |
Correspondence
Address: |
KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP
2040 MAIN STREET, FOURTEENTH FLOOR
IRVINE
CA
92614
US
|
Family ID: |
34375268 |
Appl. No.: |
12/510203 |
Filed: |
July 27, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10939869 |
Sep 13, 2004 |
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12510203 |
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60502571 |
Sep 12, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
602/48 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 33/00 20130101;
A61L 2400/04 20130101; A61L 26/0004 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
602/48 |
International
Class: |
A61F 13/00 20060101
A61F013/00 |
Claims
1. A method for promoting blood coagulation comprising: applying a
wound dressing, covering, or application system to a bleeding area,
wherein the wound dressing, covering, or application system
comprises: a clay material; and a gauze pad, a multiple layer
cover, or a permeable bandage.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the clay material comprises
kaolin or kaolinite.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the clay material consists
essentially of kaolin or kaolinite.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the clay material comprises
bentonite.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the clay material consists
essentially of bentonite.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the clay material comprises
montmorillonite.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the clay material consists
essentially of montmorillonite.
8. A method for promoting blood coagulation comprising: applying a
clay material to a bleeding area; and applying a gauze pad, a
multiple layer cover, or a permeable bandage to a bleeding
area.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the clay material comprises
kaolin or kaolinite.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the clay material consists
essentially of kaolin or kaolinite.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein the clay material comprises
bentonite.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein the clay material consists
essentially of bentonite.
13. The method of claim 8, wherein the clay material comprises
montmorillonite.
14. The method of claim 8, wherein the clay material consists
essentially of montmorillonite.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/939,869, filed Sep. 13, 2004, which claims
the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/502,571
filed Sep. 12, 2003, entitled "Blood Clotting Compositions and
Wound Dressings," to Francis X. Hursey, the contents of these
priority documents are incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to blood clotting devices
(also referred to as hemostatic agents) and methods of controlling
bleeding and, more particularly, to blood clotting materials and
compositions for use as bleeding control devices.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Blood is a liquid tissue that includes red cells, white
cells, corpuscles, and platelets dispersed in a liquid phase. The
liquid phase is plasma, which includes acids, lipids, solublized
electrolytes, and proteins. The proteins are suspended in the
liquid phase and can be separated out of the liquid phase by any of
a variety of methods such as filtration, centrifugation,
electrophoresis, and immunochemical techniques. One particular
protein suspended in the liquid phase is fibrinogen. When bleeding
occurs, the fibrinogen reacts with water and thrombin (an enzyme)
to form fibrin, which is insoluble in blood and polymerizes to form
clots.
[0004] In a wide variety of circumstances, animals, including
humans, can be wounded. Often bleeding is associated with such
wounds. In some instances, the wound and the bleeding are minor,
and normal blood clotting functions in addition to the application
of simple first aid are all that is required. Unfortunately,
however, in other circumstances, substantial bleeding can occur.
These situations usually require specialized equipment and
materials as well as personnel trained to administer appropriate
aid. If such aid is not readily available, excessive blood loss can
occur. When bleeding is severe, sometimes the immediate
availability of equipment and trained personnel is still
insufficient to stanch the flow of blood in a timely manner.
[0005] Moreover, severe wounds can often be inflicted in very
remote areas or in situations, such as on a battlefield, where
adequate medical assistance is not immediately available. In these
instances, it is important to stop bleeding, even in less severe
wounds, long enough to allow the injured person or animal to
receive medical attention.
[0006] In an effort to address the above-described problems,
materials have been developed for controlling excessive bleeding in
situations where conventional aid is unavailable or less than
optimally effective. Although these materials have been shown to be
somewhat successful, they are not effective enough for traumatic
wounds and tend to be expensive. Furthermore, these materials are
sometimes ineffective in all situations and can be difficult to
apply as well as remove from a wound. Additionally, or
alternatively, they can produce undesirable side effects.
[0007] Compositions for promoting the formation of clots in blood
have also been developed. Such compositions generally comprise
zeolites and binders. In a typical zeolite/binder composition, the
water content is estimated to be about 1.54% or less. The water
content is estimated by measuring the mass of material before and
after heating at 550 degrees C. (Loss on Ignition (LOI) at 550
degrees C.). Higher temperatures are sometimes used for LOI
calculations, but procedures that utilize these higher temperatures
increase the loss of chemical compounds other than water.
[0008] Based on the foregoing, it is a general object of the
present invention to provide a bleeding control device that
overcomes or improves upon the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] In general, the basic material forming the wound dressing,
covering, and/or application system of the present invention for
use in blood coagulation comprises a combination of one or more
components selected from the group consisting of clay materials, a
molecular sieve material, principally zeolite, and inorganic oxide
materials. Although the actual process which enables the wound
dressing, covering, and/or application system of the present
invention to effectively coagulate flowing blood is unknown, it is
believed that the molecular sieve material selectively absorbs
small molecules, such as water, from the blood. Due to the
absorption of the water molecules, it is believed that the rate of
blood clotting is increased.
[0010] According to one aspect of the present invention, a
composition for promoting the formation of clots in blood comprises
a zeolite and a binder. In such a composition, the moisture content
of the zeolite is adjusted by drying, re-hydrating, or a
combination of drying and re-hydrating such that the zeolite has a
specific moisture content. Alternatively, the composition may be
fully saturated with water and subsequently dried to a specific
water content. In the drying of the zeolite, the bound water is
removed to allow the crystalline structure of the zeolite to remain
intact. In the re-hydration of the zeolite, the most active
adsorption sites are hydrated first and then less active sites are
hydrated. As the zeolite's degree of hydration increases, the heat
of hydration decreases. More specifically, when the composition is
applied to the blood, water in the blood is adsorbed by the
zeolite. Upon adsorption of this water, heat is generated. At
higher levels of hydration (hydration of the zeolite prior to its
application to blood), less heat is generated when the composition
is applied to blood. Thus, when the composition is applied to blood
directly at a wound site, the amount of heat transferred to the
tissue surrounding the wound site is reduced.
[0011] According to another aspect of the present invention, a
method of forming a blood-clotting composition comprises the steps
of providing a zeolite in hydrated form and adjusting a moisture
content of the zeolite to have a specific moisture content such
that upon application of the composition to a wound, a heat of
hydration is reduced and a heat transferred to the wound is
reduced.
[0012] According to another aspect of the present invention, a
method of clotting blood flowing from a wound comprises the steps
of applying a zeolite to the wound and maintaining the zeolite in
contact with the wound for a predetermined amount of time, the
zeolite having an adjusted moisture content and being capable of
producing a controllable exothermic effect on the wound.
[0013] One advantage of the present invention is that it is easily
applied to an open wound. It can be readily removed from sterilized
packaging and deposited directly at the points from which blood
emanates to dress the wound.
[0014] Another advantage of the present invention is that the rate
of water adsorption is dramatically reduced as the degree of
hydration increases from about 0.1% to about 4%. After about 4%,
the rate of adsorption is slower. Also, after about 4%, the rate of
adsorption changes more slowly. In application of the composition
to promote the clotting of blood, slower water adsorption is
advantageous for two reasons. First, the humidity and temperature
of the packaging environment has less of an affect, thereby
allowing material to be exposed to the environment for a longer
period of time without significantly changing the pre-hydration
level. Second, the slower rate of water adsorption allows the heat
of hydration to be dissipated over a longer period of time.
Therefore, the composition is heated to a lower maximum
temperature. Thus, less heat is transferred to the tissue of a
wound without losing product efficacy (formation of clots in
blood).
[0015] The present invention is able to effectively clot traumatic
bleeding of wounds better than other available methods for treating
similar wounds. For example, in a lethal femoral swine model in
which several blood clotting materials were evaluated, the material
of the present invention was the only material proven to have a
morbidity rate of 0% including a standard pressure dressing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0016] By employing the present invention, all of the difficulties
and drawbacks found in the prior art have been eliminated, and a
highly effective, reasonably priced, easily used wound dressing,
covering, and/or application system is realized. In accordance with
the present invention, the wound dressing, covering, and/or
application system generally comprises, in its principal basic
form, a unique composition or formulation which is easily applied
to an open wound and rapidly and effectively promotes the clotting
rate of any flowing blood. In this way, blood emanating from the
open wound coagulates or clots in a rapid or accelerated
manner.
[0017] In its principal form, the wound dressing, coverings, and/or
application system of the present invention comprises a molecular
sieve material, which preferably consists of zeolite, in
combination with a suitable binder in a sterilized form enabling
its application directly to an open wound. Although the wound
treatment material may be applied directly to the open wound, as
the sole component for inducing blood coagulation, it is preferable
that the wound or opening is also treated with sterilized
dressings, such as gauze, pads, multiple layer covers, films,
permeable bandages, and the like. In this way, the rate of blood
clotting is increased and the rate of blood loss from the wound is
rapidly reduced.
[0018] In general, the basic material forming the wound dressing,
covering, and/or application system of the present invention for
use in blood coagulation comprises a combination of one or more
components selected from the group consisting of clay materials, a
molecular sieve material, principally zeolite, and inorganic oxide
materials. Although the actual process which enables the wound
dressing, covering, and/or application system of the present
invention to effectively coagulate flowing blood is unknown, it is
believed that the molecular sieve material selectively absorbs
small molecules, such as water, from the blood. Due to the
absorption of the water molecules, it is believed that the rate of
blood clotting is increased.
[0019] In addition, other factors such as the production of heat
and the presence of Ca ions in the inorganic oxide materials are
believed to contribute to the efficacy of the compositions of the
present invention in providing the desired rapid stoppage wound
bleeding and promotion of blood coagulation. Although the precise
mechanism or process by which the compositions of the present
invention provided the desired results, it has been found that the
compositions detailed herein provide a highly effective blood
coagulation product capable of being quickly and easily applied to
any desired wound site for achieving rapid termination of blood
flow.
[0020] In this regard, the present invention is capable of being
employed in a wide variety of applications and/or uses. One
principal use is in trauma situations, such as car accidents, where
large open wounds may be produced with excessive blood loss. In
addition, similar conditions are often found in military
applications, particularly during armed conflicts. Furthermore,
numerous other applications benefit from the use of the present
invention, such as use in a surgical environment as well as in
veterinary applications where animal bleeding occurs due to
accidents or surgical operations.
[0021] In order to provide the desired water absorption
capabilities, the molecular sieve material or zeolite forming a
part of the composition of this invention is typically dehydrated
in its final form, usually to a hydration level of about 0.5%. In
addition, the application of the dehydrated zeolite material to the
open wound produces an exothermic reaction, which often assists
with the promotion of the coagulation of the blood. However, in
some instances, the exothermic reaction is substantial, causing
damage to the surrounding tissue.
[0022] In order to eliminate any potential harm being caused to
surrounding tissue, as well assuring the creation of a wound
dressing, covering, and/or application system which achieves all of
the desired goals, it has been found that the efficacy provided by
the molecular sieve material/zeolite is enhanced by rehydrating the
molecular sieve material/zeolite to a hydration level ranging
between about 1% and 15%. In addition, it has been found that this
hydration level more preferably ranges between about 2% and 8%.
[0023] By rehydrating the molecular sieve material/zeolite to a
level ranging between about 1% and 15%, it has been found that the
exothermia cause by the reaction of the molecular sieve
material/zeolite with the blood flowing from an open wound is
reduced to a level which virtually eliminates any potential damage
to the surrounding tissue. In addition, the rate of blood
coagulation is substantially unaffected, continuing to provide the
desired rapid stoppage of blood flow by clotting the blood and
effectively cauterizing the wound area.
[0024] Disclosed herein are compositions and methods directed to
the clotting of blood and the forming of blood clotting
compositions. The compositions generally include molecular sieves
for minimizing or stopping bleeding by absorbing at least portions
of the liquid phases of blood, thereby promoting clotting. The
methods generally include the application of molecular sieves to
bleeding wounds to provide dressings and removing components of the
blood to facilitate the formation of clots.
[0025] In one embodiment of the present invention, a molecular
sieve comprises a zeolite and a binder. As used herein, the term
"zeolite" refers to a crystalline form of aluminosilicate that may
include several ionic species including sodium and calcium
moieties. The preferred molecular structure of the zeolite is
referred to as an "A-type" crystal. As used herein, the term
"A-type crystal" is intended to indicate a crystal having a cubic
crystalline structure and round holes. The zeolite may be
ion-exchanged to include a specific cation, for example, calcium,
sodium, potassium, silver, or magnesium, or any combination of the
foregoing. Suitable zeolites for use in the applications disclosed
herein are also preferably nanoporous so as to provide increased
surface areas. As used herein, the term "nanoporous" is intended to
indicate an average pore diameter of about 3 angstroms to about 5
angstroms.
[0026] In another embodiment of the present invention, the zeolite
comprises irregularly-shaped granular material that is prepared by
grinding larger particles and then selecting material that will
pass through a 16 mesh sieve screen but will not pass through a 40
mesh sieve screen. The resulting zeolite is a composition of
irregular granules that range in size from 0.4 millimeters (mm) in
diameter to 0.8 mm in diameter.
[0027] Zeolites for use in the disclosed applications may be
naturally occurring or synthetically produced. Numerous varieties
of naturally occurring zeolites are found as deposits in
sedimentary environments as well as in other places. Naturally
occurring zeolites that may be applicable to the compositions and
methods described herein include, but are not limited to, analcite,
chabazite, heulandite, natrolite, stilbite, and thomosonite.
Synthetically produced zeolites that may also find use in the
compositions and methods described herein are generally produced by
processes in which rare earth oxides are substituted by silicates,
alumina, or alumina in combination with alkali or alkaline earth
metal oxides.
[0028] The binder is preferably clay-based and may further include
fillers (e.g., aluminum sulfate) or thickening agents that
facilitate the selective application of the zeolite in various
forms (e.g., as a paste, gel, powder, or erodible solid member).
Natural clays that may provide suitable bases include, but are not
limited to, kaolin, kaolinite, bentonite, montmorillonite,
combinations of the foregoing clays, and the like. Modified clays
such as polyorganosilcate graft polymers may also provide suitable
bases.
[0029] In the preparation of the zeolite for a blood clotting
composition, the moisture content of the zeolite is adjusted by
drying, re-hydrating, or a combination of drying and re-hydrating
the zeolite such that the zeolite has a specific moisture content.
A fully hydrated zeolite has a moisture content of about 20 weight
percent (wt. %). Drying of the zeolite may be effected by the
application of heat. Upon heating, adsorbed water bound in the
crystalline structure is driven off without altering the structure
itself or detracting from its integrity. The dried zeolite may then
be re-hydrated. Upon drying or drying and re-hydrating, the zeolite
contains about 1.55 wt. % to about 10 wt. % moisture, and
preferably about 1.55 wt. % to about 4 wt. % moisture.
Alternatively, the drying process can be stopped before the
material is completely dehydrated. The final hydration of the
material can be controlled by monitoring and controlling the
temperature of zones of a drying apparatus in which the material is
dried.
[0030] The hydrated zeolite material also generates less heat upon
being fully-saturated with water in the application of the zeolite
to the blood. In particular, the heat of hydration is inversely
proportional to the moisture content. Therefore, a zeolite hydrated
to a moisture content of 4 wt. % will generate measurably less heat
than a zeolite that has been fully dehydrated to less than 0.1 wt.
%. Both materials, however, will be fully-saturated with water upon
application to a bleeding wound. Thus, when applied to a bleeding
wound under conditions of actual use, the exothermic effects and
heat transferred to the wound are reduced. Therefore, upon
application of the composition of the present invention to a
bleeding wound, less heat is transferred to the tissue of the
wound.
[0031] As stated above, upon treating wounds with the present
invention, the remaining blood, which includes cells, corpuscles,
platelets, and plasma, is concentrated. The platelets aggregate and
interact with collagen, phospholipids, and lipid-containing
proteins in the plasma. The aggregation of the platelets provide
nuclei upon which fibrin binds to form a clot. Cells from the blood
subsequently combine with the clot to form a mass. When blood
emanates from the wound, the formation of the mass from the clot
causes the flow of blood to cease, thereby eliminating further loss
of blood. The blood pressure will often noticeably increase upon
application of the present invention due to cessation of blood
loss.
EXAMPLE 1
Comparison of Supernatant Phase of Zeolite-Reacted Plasma With
Serum
[0032] A molecular sieve containing partially re-hydrated zeolite
was added to normal pooled plasma. Upon completion of the ensuing
reaction, the plasma was separated into two phases, namely, a heavy
phase and a supernatant phase. The heavy phase included the typical
blood plasma components as well as the reacted zeolite. The
supernatant phase was tested to determine the levels of PT, aPTT,
and fibrinogen, where "PT" is prothrombin time and "aPTT" is
activated partial thromboplastin time. As used herein, PT and aPPT
are assays that provide time values that are compared to other
samples or to a hemotological standard. The time values are used
indirectly to suggest the levels of clotting factors present in
pooled plasma. A control comprising serum was also tested to
determine the levels of the same components. In a comparison of the
supernatant phase to the control, it was noted that the PT, aPTT,
and fibrinogen levels were comparable, thereby suggesting that
factors indicative of the clotting of blood were depleted by the
addition of the molecular sieve containing partially re-hydrated
zeolite.
EXAMPLE 2
Determination of Exothermic Effect of Zeolite-Reacted Plasma
[0033] Varying amounts of a molecular sieve containing zeolite were
added to 1 milliliter (ml) samples of normal pooled plasma. In the
first sample, 200 milligram (mg) of the molecular sieve was added
and reacted, and a temperature increase of 9 centigrade (C.)
degrees was observed. In the second sample, about 3.8 mg of the
molecular sieve was added and reacted, and a temperature increase
of less than 1 C. degree was observed.
[0034] Although this invention has been shown and described with
respect to the detailed embodiments thereof, it will be understood
by those of skill in the art that various changes may be made and
equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without
departing from the scope of the invention. In addition,
modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or
material to the teachings of the invention without departing from
the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the
invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed in
the above detailed description, but that the invention will include
all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended
claims.
* * * * *