U.S. patent application number 12/151232 was filed with the patent office on 2009-11-05 for stackable or nestable shelf with reinforced platform.
Invention is credited to Michael L. Gusdorf.
Application Number | 20090272706 12/151232 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 41256414 |
Filed Date | 2009-11-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090272706 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Gusdorf; Michael L. |
November 5, 2009 |
Stackable or nestable shelf with reinforced platform
Abstract
A particularly styled shelf of a simplified design has a unique
structure and appearance from a minimum of components. The shelf
may be both stackable, one shelf upon the other, for the storage of
goods, and can be easily nested into a compact state, when shelves
are desired to be stored or shipped. Each of the shelves has a
platform with spaced apart planks upon transverse ribs, and the
platform provides a smooth transition for ready storage of goods.
Each shelf has two closed loop wire legs, at each end, and the legs
elevate the shelf when upon another shelf or a surface. The
downward end of each leg has a foot portion of less width than the
handle. The foot portions may be inserted through the handle to
furnish interconnection of stacked shelves, even when subject to a
lifting force.
Inventors: |
Gusdorf; Michael L.; (Creve
Coeur, MO) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Paul M. Denk
763 S. New Ballas Rd., Ste 170
St. Louis
MO
63141
US
|
Family ID: |
41256414 |
Appl. No.: |
12/151232 |
Filed: |
May 5, 2008 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
211/153 ;
211/134 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A47B 55/02 20130101;
A47F 5/13 20130101; A47B 87/0207 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
211/153 ;
211/134 |
International
Class: |
A47F 5/16 20060101
A47F005/16 |
Claims
1. A device for separating and storing items vertically, a
plurality of said devices being capable of stacking, comprising: a
generally planar platform, horizontal, having a perimeter frame and
a grill within said frame; said perimeter frame having a height
substantially greater than its thickness to add to its strength;
and two spaced apart and opposed legs, each of said legs joining to
said frame, each of said legs having a handle proximate and above
said platform, an opposite foot, and at least one side connecting
said handle to said foot.
2. The storing device of claim 1 wherein the plurality of devices
are nested.
3. The storing device of claim 2 further comprising: said handle of
each of said legs being inclined towards said frame, the incline of
which terminating at a shoulder where said handle connects to said
side; said side of each of said legs continuing downwardly from
said shoulder, generally perpendicular to said frame; said foot of
each of said legs extending perpendicular to said side and
generally outwardly from said frame.
4. The storing device of claim 3 further comprising: each of said
legs forming a closed loop having said handle integral with two of
said shoulders, said shoulders integral with two of said sides,
said sides integral with said foot.
5. The storing device of claim 4 wherein each of said sides bends
inwardly, said foot of each leg has less width than said handle,
and said handle of each leg is located above an end of said
platform.
6. The storing device of claim 3 further comprising: each of said
legs forming a closed loop having said handle integral with two of
said shoulders, said shoulders integral with two of said sides,
said sides integral with said foot and said sides bent inwardly,
said foot of each leg has less width than said handle, and said
handle of each leg is located above an end of said platform; said
foot of each leg of an upper device fitting into a gap between said
handle of each leg of a lower device and said frame of a lower
device, thus locating the upper device in a spaced apart stacked
relationship with the lower device as during usage; and, said foot
of each leg of the upper device passing said handle of each leg of
the lower device and within said sides of each leg of the lower
device so said feet of the upper device and the lower device are
spaced apart and parallel, thus locating the upper device in a
compact nesting relationship with the lower device as during
non-usage.
7. The storing device of claim 3 further comprising: said grill
having planks extending parallel to the longitudinal axis of said
device and a plurality of ribs laterally beneath said planks; said
perimeter frame having sufficient thickness to conceal said planks;
and, said ribs connecting beneath said perimeter frame.
8. The storing device of claim 3 further comprising: said grill
having planks extending parallel to the longitudinal axis of said
device and a plurality of ribs laterally beneath said planks; said
ribs connecting within said perimeter frame; and, said perimeter
frame having sufficient thickness to conceal said planks and said
ribs.
9. The storing device of claim 3 wherein said ribs have a height
substantially greater than their thickness to add to their
strength.
10. A stackable and nestable shelf for use for temporarily stacking
and storing items, vertically, a plurality of said shelves being
capable of stacking, one on top of the other, comprising: a
generally planer platform, horizontally disposed, and including a
series of longitudinally and parallel arranged bars along it
length; two spaced apart opposed legs; a pair of horizontal ribs,
one being arranged at least at each end of the platform, and
securing the longitudinal bars thereon; the legs been secured to a
respective horizontal rib to complete the integrated structure of
each shelf; and each of the legs having a handle proximate and
above said platform, and an opposite foot arranged downwardly
thereof, and a pair of sides connecting said handle to each foot,
to complete the leg structure for each shelf.
11. The shelf of claim 10 wherein a series of said shelves may be
stacked one upon the other, with the foot of one shelf locating
within the handle of the shelf arranged therebelow.
12. The shelf of claim 11 wherein a series of said shelves may be
nested, for storage.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This non-provisional patent application claims priority to
the design patent application having Ser. No. 29/255,646, which was
filed on Mar. 10, 2006.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The stackable and nestable shelf with reinforced platform
relates to light duty shelving in general, and more specifically,
to stackable racks with interlocking legs. Unique aspects of the
present invention are legs with feet that rest upon a platform and
within the handle of a leg below when two adjacent shelves are
stacked vertically.
[0003] Various styles of racks are available in the prior art and
many of them relate to types of racks that have industrial
applications, such as for holding bottles, letters, or other
components in a stacked relationship. Domestically, stackable and
nestable racks have been available of a particular design, such as
can be seen in the U.S. patents to Massoudnia, et al., U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,035,335 and 5,152,407. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 6,318,570
shows related structure. These patents are owned by an assignee
affiliated with the applicant herein.
[0004] In these prior patents, the shown racks are stackable and
nestable. One on top of the other, the racks can be erected into
multiple heights. When not in use, the racks nest, one on top of
the other, so as to reduce their size when undergoing shipment,
placement in storage, or display for sale. The essence of these
previous racks is to provide an upstanding handle, proximate each
end of the rack, that furnishes clearance between the upper part of
the handle, and the platform or surface formed of the rack, so that
the turned foot of the supra-adjacent rack may engage in some
manner with the raised handle, to secure the racks while holding
fast, when two or more spaced apart racks are lifted, but likewise,
to secure the racks together, when stacked.
[0005] More particularly, the U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,335 patent shows
a shelf with a wire grid bounded by a perimeter wire. The grid is
generally located upon the upper edge of the perimeter wire. And
the U.S. Pat. No. 5,152,407 patent describes a shelf of a wire grid
bounded by a perimeter wire. The grid is generally located upon the
upper edge of the perimeter wire. And the U.S. Pat. No. 5,152,407
patent describes a shelf of a wire grid where the racks can be
stacked together.
[0006] Various other prior art embodiments for miscellaneous types
of racks are available in the art, to provide for stacking of one
rack upon the other, such as can be seen in the previous United
States patents to Barbier, U.S. Pat. No. 2,814,390; von Stein, et
al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,079,836; Beach, U.S. Pat. No. 2,600,191;
Pfeifer, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,805,785; Ondrasick, U.S. Pat. No.
4,821,885; Cassel, U.S. Pat. No. 4,915,238; Chesley, U.S. Pat. No.
3,435,958; and, vanDerTog, U.S. Pat. No. 2,975,906. The shelves and
racks in these prior patents exceed the complexity of construction
of this current invention, and in many instances, were designed for
specific industrial purposes, and just do not serve well for
domestic storage, for use in dormitories, stacking of household
goods, or for organizing closets.
[0007] The United States patent to Chap, U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,320,
discloses a stackable shelf unit, not identified as a nestable type
shelf, but it discloses how the bottom of the legs unit are bent
inwardly, and downwardly, so as to locate through the surface of
the shown shelf. But, while this shelf unit may stack, it is not
identified as one which may be nested, and furthermore, even when a
plurality of such shelf units are stacked, they will not hold
together, because the bent leg portions will simply separate from
any subjacent unit, by sliding free of the same when lifted.
[0008] Thus, prior art devices do not provide for both stacking and
nesting of platforms for installation and shipping
respectively.
[0009] The present art overcomes the limitations of the prior art.
The present invention has a platform with two parallel and spaced
apart legs on the ends of the platform. The legs have a handle
above the platform and an opposite foot. Between the bar and the
foot, the legs taper in width, narrowing in the direction of the
foot. Differing from the prior art, the present invention, a
stackable and/or nestable shelf with reinforced platform, provides
legs that nest between each other when a plurality of shelves are
stacked and legs that rest upon a platform in a spaced
relationship.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] This invention contemplates the formation of a particularly
styled shelf, formed of a simplified design, but yet is quite
unique in structure, appearance, and in affording a minimum of
components to provide for its fabrication. The shelf furnishes an
attractive appearance and may be both stackable, one shelf upon the
other, for assistance in organizing the storage of household or
other goods, and at the same time, can be easily nested into a
compact state, when a plurality of the shelves are desired to be
stored or shipped. Each of the shelves is formed having a platform,
of uniform planar dimension with spaced apart planks supported upon
transverse ribs, and the platform provides a smooth transition from
end to end, and likewise widthwise, without any further elevated
components or protrusion, so as to assure that goods may be easily
moved upon and stored thereon, as desired.
[0011] Each of the shelves is formed having two closed loop wire
legs, at each end, and generally opposite one another. The legs of
the formed platform provide elevation for the shelf when stood upon
a surface. The downward end of each shelf incorporates an out
turned foot portion, that has width less than the width of the
handle opposite the foot. The foot portions may be inserted through
the handle of another proximate leg of a lower shelf, to furnish
interconnection of stacked shelves together, even when a plurality
of them are stacked, and are subject to a lifting force.
[0012] Another unique aspect of this invention is the method for
formation of the described shelves. The shelves may generally be
fabricated as two components, a platform and adjacent legs, where
the platform has spaced apart planks upon at least two transverse
ribs with a perimeter frame enclosing the platform, similar to a
grill, and where the handles of each pair of legs are welded in
place upon the narrow ends of the platform. The platform may have
the ribs extending below the planks and below the edge of the ribs.
Alternatively, the ribs and planks are located within the height of
the frame.
[0013] Where the surface of the platform for the shelf includes
longitudinal wires or planks, the shelves, when stacked one upon
the other, may not remain elevated, because the legs will simply
flare out and then slide outwards from the upper edge of the
platform and the shelf will not remain suspended in its desired
elevated position, when stacked one upon the other. Hence, it is
intended that various types of protrusions, particularly a handle,
may be provided proximate the upper end of the leg portions of each
shelf, and these protrusions may either be configured from an
integral bending of the wires forming the legs, or have welded
components fabricated thereto. The protrusions extend laterally and
then engage the sides of the legs, forming the sides for the
elevated surface platform, for the shelf, and contain a foot from
an upper leg within the handle of a lower leg, thus preventing the
further descent of the legs once they are inserted and installed as
when a pair of shelves are stacked one upon the other.
[0014] This particular method and style for manufacture and
assembly of shelves of this design, particularly because of the
simplified design with a minimum of components is especially suited
for initial fabrication by a manufacturer overseas, then shipped to
a final assembly plant at another destination, and then finally
welded, coated, painted, or otherwise treated for final appearance,
and then shipped nested in bulk to a vendor for display, marketing,
and sale to customers.
[0015] Therefore, it is the principal object of this invention to
provide a stackable and nestable shelf, which affords a partially
open platform, similar to a grill, entirely across the top of the
formed shelf, and at the same time, providing interlocking means
that hold one or more of the shelves together, when stacked one
upon the other, so that all of the shelves may be lifted
simultaneously, without separation.
[0016] It is another object of this invention to provide a shelf of
the foregoing design, and which may be also nestable.
[0017] Still another object of this invention is to provide a shelf
which is both stackable and nestable, and fabricated from a minimum
of components.
[0018] Yet another object of this invention is to provide a shelf
that is of simplified design, but yet very sturdy of structure,
providing components that inter-engage, when a pair or more of the
shelves are stacked vertically, but yet can be easily disassembled,
and nested together, into a minimum of space.
[0019] Still another object of this invention is to provide a shelf
that has a surface platform that has few if any elevated or
protruding components upon its upper platform within the legs and
handles, thus the shelf is ready for placement of goods
thereon.
[0020] Still another object of this invention is to provide a
shelf, which is both stackable and nestable, and which is
inexpensive of manufacture, and easy of usage, thereby allowing the
owner to assemble the shelves in minutes, and to use the shelves of
this design for domestic usage, for organizing closets, or the
like.
[0021] Yet another object of this invention is to provide a
stackable and nestable shelf that can easily be used commercially,
at a business, in a student's room, or even in industrial
plants.
[0022] Another object of this invention is to provide a stackable
and nestable shelf wherein its reinforced platform includes a
series of parallel aligned and longitudinally arranged bars, rods,
or planks, to add reinforcement to the shelf.
[0023] These and other objects may become more apparent to those
skilled in the art upon review of the invention as described
herein, and upon undertaking a study of the description of its
preferred embodiment, when viewed in conjunction with the
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] In referring to the drawings,
[0025] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a stackable and nestable
shelf of this invention;
[0026] FIG. 2 is a side view thereof, the opposite side view being
a mirror image;
[0027] FIG. 3 is an end view, the opposite end view being a mirror
image;
[0028] FIG. 4 is a top view;
[0029] FIG. 5 is a bottom view;
[0030] FIG. 6 is a side view of a modification to the stackable and
nestable shelf;
[0031] the opposite side view being a mirror image thereof;
[0032] FIG. 7 is an end view of the shelf in FIG. 6, the opposite
end view being a mirror image thereof;
[0033] FIG. 8 is a bottom view;
[0034] FIG. 9 is a side view of a pair of the shelves in a
stackable setting;
[0035] FIG. 9A is a detailed view of the connection of an upper leg
upon a lower leg, particularly the foot upon the frame; and,
[0036] FIG. 10 is a side view of a series of the shelves being
nested together.
[0037] The same reference numerals refer to the same parts
throughout the various figures.
[0038] FIG. 11 shows an isometric view of a modification to the
stackable and nestable shelf of this invention;
[0039] FIG. 12 is a side view, of the opposite side view being a
mere image thereof;
[0040] FIG. 13. is an end view, the opposite end view being a mere
image thereof;
[0041] FIG. 14. is a top plan view; and
[0042] FIG. 15 is a bottom view.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0043] The present art overcomes the prior art limitations by
providing a stackable and nestable shelf 1 with a grill like
platform 5. The platform has interior planks 3 surrounded by a
perimeter frame 2 with two spaced apart opposite legs 6. One
platform of this invention stacks upon another by engaging the
legs.
[0044] In particular FIGS. 1 through 3, the stackable and nestable
shelf 1 of this invention is disclosed. The shelf includes a
perimeter frame 2, here shown as rectangular in plan and in
section, having at least longitudinally arranged rods or planks 3,
and may also include lateral ribs 4, although it is just as likely
that the planks forming the surface platform 5, if they are sturdy
enough, can form these particular components for the structured
shelf. At each end of the shelf there are provided down-turned
legs, as at 6, and at the bottom of each leg is formed an outwardly
extending foot, as at 7. The single foot shown in the preferred
embodiment extends laterally towards each corner of the shown
shelf. Opposite the foot 7, each leg 6 has a handle 8, generally
parallel to the foot but included, or offset, inwards of the foot,
the perimeter frame is of a height substantially greater than its
thickness to add to its strength.
[0045] As can be seen in FIG. 2, the legs have handle proximate the
lateral ends of the frame. Each handle joins to a side 6a of a leg
6 at a shoulder 9. Above the shoulder, the side 6a deflects towards
the frame 2. Below the shoulder, the side of a leg proceeds
downward vertically to the foot. The foot 7 extends perpendicular
from the side 6a and generally outwards from the frame and the
handle. In the platform shown in this Figure, the ribs 4 terminate
beneath the frame 2 here shown as rounded ends and the ribs may be
of wire. As previously described in FIG. 1, the planks rest upon
their edges on the ribs. Where the planks have the same height as
the frame, the ribs will extend beneath the frame. Here the ribs
are located below the frame but contiguous to the lower edge of the
frame preferably for a welded connection.
[0046] FIG. 3 describes the shelf 1 of this invention from the
side. The platform is shown horizontal with the ribs 4 extending
laterally and beneath the frame. Upon this side, a leg 7 joins to
the lateral end of the platform 5. As before, the leg has a handle
8 above the platform and generally parallel to the lateral end of
the platform. Below the handle, the leg 6 has two sides 6a that
descend to the foot 7. The sides have a slight taper, generally
inwards, as they connect the wider handle to the narrower foot. The
taper of the legs eases the nesting of a pair of shelves together,
when arranged one upon the other, as can later be seen in FIG. 10.
In addition, because of the slight inward disposition for the
handles 6, as previously explained, when a pair or more of the
shelves are stacked one upon the other, as can later be seen in
FIG. 9, after the foot 7 at one end of the shelf are inserted
through the handles 8 forming one end for the shelf, the foot 7 at
the opposite end of the shelf, having its legs 6 biased or forced
inwardly, against their inherent resiliency, may then be located
outwardly through the handle for the subjacent shelf, as later
shown in FIG. 9a, to provide for a very sturdy mount of a pair of
shelves together, when assembled.
[0047] Rotating the invention from FIG. 3, FIG. 4 shows a top view
of the invention. The platform has a generally rectangular shape
with the frame 2 containing the planks 3 within it and orienting
the planks longitudinally. The ribs 4 extend laterally, here shown
as three ribs. Upon each lateral end of the frame, the handle of
each leg bends inwards from the shoulder and appears to partially
cover the lateral end of the frame. Outwards from the shoulder, the
leg descends into the foot oriented away from the frame.
[0048] FIG. 5 shows the invention rotated upside down. Here, the
platform has three ribs 4, spaced apart and parallel, that span
laterally and support the planks 3. Each rib connects to the
longitudinal sides of the frame upon the lower edge. In this view,
the lateral ends of the frame are shown with the handle 8 as a
thickened line behind the lateral ends. The shoulders of each leg
adjoin the lateral ends, generally near each corner. The shoulders
extend the legs slightly outwards from the frame and the sides of
the legs extend to the feet shown here. As before, the feet extend
outwards from the frame, generally perpendicular to the legs. In
this view as in FIG. 4, the feet 7 have a lesser width than the
handles 8. The lesser width of the feet permits nesting of the
shelves when they are stacked in a tight vertical bundle.
[0049] Similar to FIG. 2, FIG. 6 shows an alternate embodiment. As
before, the invention has a platform 5, generally rectangular with
a frame 2 upon the perimeter. Within the frame, a plurality of
longitudinal and spaced apart planks rest upon ribs 4. Here, the
invention has three ribs that span laterally between the
longitudinal sides of the frame. The height of the frame is
established so that the planks 3 and the ribs 4 fit within the
frame 2 and no protrusions interfere with items placed upon the
platform and with sub-adjacent shelves when stacked tightly. The
alternate embodiment has two spaced apart legs upon each lateral
end of the frame. Each of the legs 6 have a handle 8, also spanning
laterally above the lateral end of the frame 2 and connecting to a
shoulder 9. The shoulder has a bend that locates the handle above
the lateral end of the frame. Beneath the shoulder, each leg
descends to a foot, bent perpendicular to the plane of the leg and
generally parallel to the plane of the platform.
[0050] Turning the alternate embodiment, FIG. 7 shows a side view
of the platform and legs. The platform has a frame 2 upon the
perimeter that has sufficient height to conceal both the planks 3
and the ribs 4 from viewing the frame. As in FIG. 3, each of the
legs has a handle 8 parallel to the lateral end of the platform and
generally above the lateral end. The handle joins to shoulders at
each end. The shoulders join to legs descending vertically towards
a foot. The legs descend at a taper that reaches the foot where it
has a narrower width than the handle for ease of nesting when
shelves are stacked tightly.
[0051] Similar to FIG. 5, FIG. 8 shows the alternate embodiment
from below. The platform has a perimeter frame that receives the
ribs 4. In this view, the ribs are contained within the
longitudinal sides of the frame 2. Each end of a rib generally
abuts the inside face of a longitudinal side. The handles 8 are
shown as a thickened line upon the lateral ends of the platform.
From the handles, shoulders 9 supply a bend to each leg 6 that
moves each leg slightly away from the platform and begins a
tapering of each leg towards a foot 7. The foot is bent generally
perpendicular to the sides of the leg and away from the
platform.
[0052] In use, FIG. 9 shows two shelves of the present invention in
a vertically stacked and spaced apart relationship. As before, each
shelf has two spaced apart legs upon each lateral end. Here the
upper shelf has two legs extending below the platform that reach
the handles of the lower shelf. Upon reaching the lower shelf, the
sides of the legs are deflected inwardly so that each foot from the
upper shelf enters the gap beneath the handle and above the lower
shelf. As the sides are deflected, the resiliency of the leg
material urges the feet outwardly through the handle until the
sides of the legs abut or engage the handle. When the legs engage
the handle, the feet come to rest upon the lateral ends of the
lower shelf, particularly the frame. The upper shelf is now stacked
upon the lower shelf and ready for items to be placed upon the
upper shelf. The upper shelf is also ready for additional shelves
to stack vertically thereupon as desired by the owner of the
shelves. The connection of legs between the shelves follows the
engagement of feet through handles as described.
[0053] The connection of an upper shelf to a lower shelf appears in
FIG. 9A. The upper shelf has a leg with a side 6A that descends to
a foot 7. The foot passes beneath, through, and out of the handle 8
of the lower leg, and comes to rest upon the upper edge of the
frame 2 of the lower shelf. In this view the longitudinal planks 3
are perpendicular to the frame 2 and below its top edge. The handle
continues to each side 6a of the lower leg along an angle to the
lower leg 6. The lower leg straightens at the shoulder 9 and then
proceeds downwards to the foot below, not shown. The connection of
a foot from an upper leg beneath a handle of a lower leg and upon
the frame of the lower shelf permits shelves of the present
invention to stack and bias the legs against collapsing
outwardly.
[0054] For shipment between locations or storage at the owner's
location, FIG. 10 shows the present invention in a tightly nested
relationship. As the alternate embodiment differs from the
preferred embodiment by the height of the frame, the description of
stacking the shelves also applies to the alternate embodiment. Here
in a stacked relationship, an upper shelf has its foot located
outside of a handle. The taper of an upper leg fits the upper leg
within a lower leg in a nesting arrangement. A plurality of shelves
can be stacked in this way as the handle of a lower shelf offsets
an upper shelf vertically so that the feet of stacked shelves are
spaced apart vertically. The legs of stacked shelves remain
straight and without deflection in contrast to FIG. 9.
[0055] FIG. 11 shows an isometric view of the stackable and
nestable shelf of this invention. The shelf 10 includes a series of
longitudinal and parallel lined bars, rods, or planks 11, that are
affixed to the lateral ribs 12, with the end ribs 12 being secured
with the end frames or legs 13 as can be seen. These legs are
constructed similarly to those as previously described at 6 with
respect to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 1. The parallel bars 11
have greater height and width, and therefore, add significantly to
the reinforcement of the platform formed for the shelf as
shown.
[0056] FIG. 12 provides a side view of the said reinforced
platform, and the height of the bars 11 can be noted. The same can
be seen from the end view as shown in FIG. 13.
[0057] FIGS. 14 and 15 provide top and bottom views for the
reinforced platform for this particular stackable and nestable
shelf. It can also be seen that the lateral ribs 12 have
significant diameter, and therefore, add further structure to the
reinforced shelf.
[0058] From the aforementioned description, a stackable and
nestable shelf with a reinforced platform has been described. The
stackable and nestable shelf is uniquely capable of engaging the
feet and the handles of legs for stacking and separating the feet
and handles of the legs for nesting a plurality of shelves
vertically, or, optionally, certain of the shelves may be stacked,
but may be made so that they will not necessarily nest. The
stackable and nestable shelf and its various components may be
manufactured from many materials including but not limited to
polymers, high density polyethylene HDPE, polypropylene PP,
polyethylene terephalate ethylene PETE, polyvinyl chloride PVC,
polystyrene PS, nylon, steel, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, their
alloys, and composites.
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