U.S. patent application number 12/195794 was filed with the patent office on 2009-10-22 for multi-spectral, selectively reflective construct.
Invention is credited to Gregory D. Culler, Emmanuel Van Dyck, John D. Holcombe, William D. Kelsey.
Application Number | 20090263644 12/195794 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40524634 |
Filed Date | 2009-10-22 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090263644 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kelsey; William D. ; et
al. |
October 22, 2009 |
Multi-spectral, selectively reflective construct
Abstract
A selectively reflective construct, and a method for making the
construct, are described. In one embodiment reflectance,
transmission and absorption properties may be controlled in
multiple electromagnetic bands. A construct is described comprising
a) a thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate comprising a
polymeric material and a colorant, and b) a thermally reflective
layer comprising a low emissivity component.
Inventors: |
Kelsey; William D.; (Elkton,
MD) ; Culler; Gregory D.; (Nottingham, PA) ;
Dyck; Emmanuel Van; (Newark, DE) ; Holcombe; John
D.; (West Grove, PA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
GORE ENTERPRISE HOLDINGS, INC.
551 PAPER MILL ROAD, P. O. BOX 9206
NEWARK
DE
19714-9206
US
|
Family ID: |
40524634 |
Appl. No.: |
12/195794 |
Filed: |
August 21, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60986741 |
Nov 9, 2007 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/315.9 ;
250/515.1; 428/337; 428/461; 428/523 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10T 428/24998 20150401;
Y10T 428/31692 20150401; Y10T 428/249981 20150401; F41H 3/00
20130101; Y10T 428/31938 20150401; B32B 5/24 20130101; Y10T
428/249991 20150401; Y10T 428/249986 20150401; B32B 2307/416
20130101; Y10T 428/266 20150115; Y10T 428/24999 20150401; F41H 3/02
20130101; B32B 2307/4026 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
428/315.9 ;
428/523; 428/461; 428/337; 250/515.1 |
International
Class: |
G21F 3/00 20060101
G21F003/00; B32B 3/26 20060101 B32B003/26; B32B 15/085 20060101
B32B015/085; B32B 5/00 20060101 B32B005/00 |
Claims
1. A construct comprising: a front surface and a back surface, a
thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate comprising a
polymeric layer comprising a colorant, the thermally transparent,
visually opaque substrate having a first surface proximate the
front surface of the construct, and a second surface; and a
thermally reflective layer comprising a low emissivity component
adjacent the second surface of the substrate, the thermally
reflective layer proximate the back surface of the construct,
wherein the construct has an average reflection of i) <70% in
the wavelength range of 400 nm-600 nm, ii) <70% in the
wavelength range of 700 nm-1 000 nm, iii) >25% in the wavelength
range of 3 .mu.m-5 .mu.m, and iv) >25% in the wavelength range
of 9 .mu.m-12 .mu.m.
2. The construct of claim 1 wherein the first surface of the
thermally transparent, visible opaque substrate is the front
surface of the construct.
3. The construct of claim 1, wherein the average reflection of the
construct is measured from the front surface of the construct.
4. The construct of claim 1 wherein the colorant is a coating.
5. The construct of claim 1 wherein the colorant is a coating
disposed on the first surface.
6. The construct of claim 1 wherein the colorant is a filler.
7. The construct of claim 1 wherein the polymeric layer is a
microporous film.
8. The construct of claim 7, wherein the microporous film comprises
PTFE.
9. The construct of claim 1 wherein the polymeric layer comprises
polyethylene.
10. The construct of claim 1 wherein the polymeric layer comprises
polypropylene.
11. The construct of claim 1 wherein the polymeric layer comprises
one or more colorant.
12. The construct of claim 1 wherein the construct comprises a nIR
additive.
13. The construct of claim 1 wherein the thermally reflective layer
has an emissivity of less than 0.5.
14. The construct of claim 1 wherein the thermally reflective layer
comprises a metal.
15. The construct of claim 1 wherein the low emissivity component
comprises Al.
16. The construct of claim 1 wherein the thermally reflective layer
comprises a coating having an emissivity of less than 0.5.
17. The construct of claim 16 wherein the coating is on the second
surface of the thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate.
18. The construct of claim 1 wherein the low emissivity component
is a metal foil.
19. The construct of claim 1 wherein the thermally reflective layer
is a textile further comprising a low emissivity component.
20. The construct of claim 1 wherein the thermally reflective layer
comprises a pattern of multiple low emissivity components.
21. The construct of claim 1 wherein the thermally transparent,
visually opaque substrate is affixed to a low emissivity surface of
the thermally reflective layer by an adhesive layer.
22. The construct of claim 1 wherein the thermally transparent,
visually opaque substrate has a thickness of between about 5 um and
about 300 um.
23. The construct of claim 1 having an average reflection of
<50% in the wavelength range of 400 nm-600 nm.
24. The construct of claim 1 having an average reflection of
<50% in the wavelength range of 700 nm-1000 nm.
25. The construct of claim 1 having an average reflection of
>35% in the wavelength range of 9 nm-12 .mu.m.
26. The construct of claim 1, wherein the construct is a
laminate.
27. The construct of claim 26 wherein the construct further
comprises a textile layer adjacent the thermally reflective layer
on a side opposite the thermally transparent visually opaque
substrate.
28. The construct of claim 1 wherein the MVTR >1,000
g/m.sup.2/24 hr.
29. The construct of claim 1 provided in the form of a shaped
article.
30. An article comprising the construct of claim 1 further
comprising insulating sections.
31. A garment comprising the construct of claim 1.
32. A protective covering comprising the construct of claim 1.
33. The garment of claim 31 further comprising insulating sections
adjacent the back surface of the construct.
34. A protective cover comprising the construct of claim 32
comprising a plurality of plies of the construct wherein at least
one ply has a different average reflection value at at least one of
the wavelength ranges i), ii), iii), and iv).
35. The construct of claim 1 having a hand less than 1000 g.
36. A method for providing visible and thermal image suppression to
an object to be shielded from detection comprising A. providing an
object; B. forming a construct comprising the steps providing a
first component comprising a thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate having a first surface and a second surface comprising a
polymeric layer and a colorant applied to at least the first
surface; providing a second component comprising a thermally
reflective layer comprising a low emissivity component; positioning
the low emissivity component adjacent the second surface of the
thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate to form a
construct having an average reflection of i) <70% in the
wavelength range of 400 nm-600 nm, ii) <70% in the wavelength
range of 700 nm-1000 nm, iii) >25% in the wavelength range of 3
.mu.m-5 .mu.m, and iv) >25% in the wavelength range of 9
.mu.m-12 .mu.m; and C. disposing the construct so that the second
component is oriented toward the object.
37. A method for making a construct comprising a. providing a first
substrate comprising thermally transparent polymeric material
having a first surface and a second surface; b. providing a
colorant; c. applying the colorant to at least the first surface of
the thermally transparent polymeric material to form a thermally
transparent, visually opaque layer; d. providing a second substrate
comprising a polymeric material; e. applying a low emissivity
component to a surface of the second substrate to form a thermally
reflective layer; f. orienting the low emissivity component of the
second substrate towards the second surface of the first substrate;
g. adhering the first and second substrates to form a construct
having an average reflection of i) <70% in the wavelength range
of 400 nm-600 nm, ii) <70% in the wavelength range of 700
nm-1000 nm, iii) >25% in the wavelength range of 3 .mu.m-5
.mu.m, and iv) >25% in the wavelength range of 9 .mu.m-12
.mu.m.
38. A construct comprising a first component comprising a
microporous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) film
comprising a colorant, a first surface and a second surface, the
first component having an optical density greater than 0.30, and a
thermal transparency greater than 30% at the wavelength range of 3
.mu.m to 5 .mu.m and 9 .mu.m to 12 .mu.m; and a second component
comprising a thermally reflective layer comprising a metallized
microporous ePTFE adhered to the microporous ePTFE film of the
first component.
39. The construct of claim 38 wherein the metallized microporous
ePTFE comprises a metallized surface that is adhered to the
microporous film of the first component.
40. The construct of claim 39 wherein the metallized ePTFE
comprises a metal coating.
41. The construct of claim 38 wherein the metal comprises aluminum
(Al).
42. A construct comprising a first component comprising a
microporous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) film
comprising a colorant, a first surface and a second surface, the
first component having an optical density greater than 0.30, and a
thermal transparency greater than 30% at the wavelength range of 3
.mu.m to 5 .mu.m and 9 .mu.m to 12 .mu.m; and a second component
comprising a thermally reflective layer comprising a metallized
textile having a metallized surface that is adhered to the
microporous ePTFE film of the first component.
43. The construct of claim 42 wherein the metal comprises aluminum
(Al).
44. An article that provides visible and thermal image suppression
to an object or body to be shielded from detection comprising the
construct of claim 1, the article comprising an inner surface
oriented toward the object or body, and an outer surface oriented
away from the object or a body, wherein the thermally reflective
layer of the construct is proximate the inner surface of the
article, and the thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate
of the construct is proximate the outer surface of the article.
45. The article of claim 44, wherein the thermally transparent
visually, opaque substrate corresponds to the outer surface of the
article.
46. The article of claim 44, wherein the thermally reflective layer
is adhered to the second surface of the thermally transparent,
visually opaque substrate.
47. The article of claim 45, wherein the construct is a laminate.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED CASES
[0001] This application claims priority to provisional application
U.S. Ser. No. 60/986,741, filed Nov. 9, 2007.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates to a selectively reflective
construct, controlling reflectance and transmission in the visible,
nIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR bands of the EM spectrum.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Camouflage materials used by hunters and by the military
typically provide camouflage properties in the visible portion of
the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Recent improvements to military
camouflage have extended performance into the nIR portion and the
short wave infrared (SWIR). Due to the increased use of thermal
imaging sensors operating in the mid wave infrared (MWIR) and long
wave infrared (LWIR) EM bands, military users have sought enhanced
protection in these sensor bands.
[0004] Conventional means for achieving camouflage performance in
the thermal bands often creates higher reflectance in the visible
and nIR bands of the EM spectrum. Likewise, performance in the
visible and nIR bands often increases detection in the thermal
bands. Thus, an effective multi-spectral (visible, nIR, SWIR, MWIR,
LWIR) solution has not been available to control reflectance,
transmission and absorption properties in a single construct
throughout these distinct bands of the EM spectrum.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] A construct is described wherein reflectance, transmission
and absorption properties may be controlled in multiple EM bands
including visible, nIR, MWIR and LWIR. For the purposes of this
invention, visible is defined as 400-600 nm, nIR is defined to be
700-1000 nm, MWIR is defined to be 3-5 .mu.m, and LWIR is defined
to be 9-12 .mu.m. Methods described herein may also be suitable for
forming constructs having suitable properties in the 8-14 .mu.m
wavelength range.
[0006] In one embodiment, a construct is described comprising a) a
first component that is a thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate comprising a polymeric layer and colorant, and b) second
component that is a thermally reflective layer comprising a low
emissivity component adjacent a surface of the thermally
transparent, visually opaque substrate. The construct has an
average reflection of i) less than about 70% in the wavelength
range of 400-600 nm, ii) less than about 70% in the wavelength
range of 700-1000 nm, iii) greater than about 25% in the wavelength
range of 3-5 .mu.m, and iv) greater than about 25% in the
wavelength range of 9-12 .mu.m.
[0007] A method for multi-spectrally camouflaging a surface or
object is described which comprises the steps of a) providing a
thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate comprising a
polymeric material and a colorant; b) providing a thermally
reflective layer comprising a low emissivity surface; c) disposing
the low emissivity surface adjacent the thermally transparent,
visually opaque substrate to form a multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct; and d) positioning the multi-spectral,
selectively reflective construct between a detection means and an
object being viewed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF FIGURES
[0008] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a schematic of a
selectively reflective construct
[0009] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a schematic of a
selectively reflective construct.
[0010] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a schematic of a
selectively reflective construct.
[0011] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a schematic of a
selectively reflective construct.
[0012] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a schematic of a
selectively reflective construct.
[0013] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a schematic of a
selectively reflective construct.
[0014] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a schematic of a
selectively reflective construct.
[0015] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a schematic of a
selectively reflective construct.
[0016] FIG. 9 is a reflectance spectra of several examples of
constructs from 250 nm to 2,500 nm wavelengths.
[0017] FIG. 10 is a reflectance spectra of several example
constructs from 3.0 .mu.m to 5.0 .mu.m wavelengths.
[0018] FIG. 11 is a reflectance spectra of several example
constructs from 8.0 .mu.m to 12.0 .mu.m wavelengths.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0019] Multi-spectral, selectively reflective constructs are
described with reference to FIGS. 1-8. For the purposes of this
invention, visible is defined as 400 nm-600 nm, nIR is defined to
be 700 nm-1000 nm, MWIR is defined to be 3 .mu.m-5 .mu.m, and LWIR
is defined to be 9 .mu.m-12 .mu.m. MWIR and LWIR spectral response
represents the thermal region.
[0020] As exemplified by the cross-sectional view of the schematic
construct illustrated in FIG. 1, in one embodiment a construct (10)
comprises a first component comprising a thermally transparent,
visually opaque substrate (1) having a first surface (12) and a
second surface (13); and a second component comprising a thermally
reflective layer (30). The thermally reflective layer (30)
comprises a low emissivity component, and is adjacent the second
surface (13) of the thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate (1). The multi-spectral, selectively reflective construct
has an average reflection of: i) less than about 70% in the
wavelength range of 400 nm to 600 nm; ii) less than about 70% in
the wavelength range of 700 nm to 1000 nm; iii) greater than about
25% in the wavelength range of 3 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m; and iv) greater
than about 25% in the wavelength range of 9 to 12 .mu.m.
[0021] In a further embodiment, a multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct is made having an average reflection of: i)
less than about 50% in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 600 nm;
ii) less than about 70% in the wavelength range of 700 nm to 1000
nm; iii) greater than about 25% in the wavelength range of 3 .mu.m
to 5 .mu.m; and iv) greater than about 25% in the wavelength range
of 9 .mu.m to 12 .mu.m. Another construct may be prepared having an
average reflection of: i) less than about 70% in the wavelength
range of 400 nm to 600 nm; ii) less than about 50% in the
wavelength range of 700 nm to 1000 nm; iii) greater than about 25%
in the wavelength range of 3 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m; and iv) greater than
about 25% in the wavelength range of 9 .mu.m to 12 .mu.m. Further
embodiment may be prepared wherein the multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct has an average reflection of: i) less than
about 70% in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 600 nm; ii) less
than about 70% in the wavelength range of 700 nm to 1000 nm; iii)
greater than about 25% in the wavelength range of 3 .mu.m to 5
.mu.m; and iv) greater than about 35% in the wavelength range of 9
.mu.m to 12 .mu.m.
[0022] Further with regard to FIG. 1, the construct (10) comprises
a first component that is a thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate (1) that is optically colored. The thermally transparent,
visually opaque substrate (1) is comprised of a polymeric material
(2) and a colorant (60). To form a thermally transparent substrate,
the polymeric material (2) is comprised of a polymer having high
transmission in the 3 .mu.m-5 .mu.m and 9 .mu.m-12 .mu.m
bandwidths. The thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate
(1) will be considered thermally transparent if it has a average
transmission greater than about 30% at 3 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m (MWIR)
and 9 .mu.m to 12 .mu.m (LWIR). In some embodiments, constructs are
formed having a thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate
having an average transmission of greater than or equal to about
40%, 50%, 60% or 70% in the wavelength range of 3 to 5 .mu.m and/or
an average transmission of greater than or equal to about 40%, 50%,
60% or 70% in the wavelength range of 9 .mu.m to 12 .mu.m.
[0023] The polymeric material (2) of the thermally transparent,
visually opaque substrate (1) may include polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE), microporous expanded PTFE (ePTFE), fluorinated ethylene
propylene (FEP), perfluoroalkoxy copolymer resin (PFA), and
polyolefins, including polypropylene and polyethylene. The
polymeric material may be porous or microporous, or monolithic. The
polymeric materials may be a continuous or discontinuous polymeric
film. The polymeric material comprises a polymeric layer which may
comprise polymeric films or fibers. Material thickness, index of
refraction, and porosity of the polymeric material (2) may be
selected to achieve desired levels of visual opacity and thermal
transparency. Polymeric layers having thickness of greater than 5
microns may be suitable for certain applications. In other
embodiments, polymeric layers greater than about 20 .mu.m, greater
than about 40 .mu.m, or greater than about 100 .mu.m may be
suitable.
[0024] The first component comprising the thermally transparent,
visually opaque substrate will be considered visually opaque when
the optical density is greater than about 0.30 between 475 nm and
675 nm, when measured according to the method described herein. In
other embodiments constructs may have thermally transparent,
visually opaque substrates having optical densities greater than
about 0.70, greater than about 0.75, or greater than about 1.0,
between 475 nm and 675 nm. Embodiments wherein the thermally
transparent, visually opaque substrate has optical density greater
than about 1.5, greater than about 2, or greater than about 3,
between 475 nm and 675 nm, may also be considered useful. Specific
optical densities, thermal and nIR properties may be achieved by
the combination of polymeric material (2) and colorant (60).
[0025] Microporous polymeric films may be particularly suitable
where the porosity of the film is selected to contribute to the
desired level of visual opacity. In one embodiment exemplified by
FIG. 6, a first component is a thermally transparent, visually
opaque substrate (1) comprising a microporous polymeric material
(2). Microporous polymeric films having a thickness ranging from
about 5 .mu.m-300 .mu.m may be suitable for certain constructs used
herein. For example, a construct may comprise a thermally
transparent, visually opaque substrate that comprises a microporous
polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) film having a thickness less than
about 50 microns and having an optical density greater than about
0.50. In one particular embodiment, a thermally transparent,
visually opaque substrate comprises a microporous
polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) film approximately 35 microns thick
with an optical density of 0.77. Alternately, a construct may
comprise a thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate
comprising a microporous ePTFE film having a thickness less than
about 120 microns with an optical density greater than about 0.90.
In a particular embodiment, a thermally transparent, visually
opaque substrate comprises a microporous ePTFE film that is
approximately 110 microns thick with an optical density of about
1.1.
[0026] Colorant may be used to affect the visible, nIR, and SWIR
spectral response. The colorant (60) may be comprised of one or
more additives that absorb, refract, and/or reflect light. The
colorant (60) may be disposed on either the first surface (12) or
second surface (13) of the polymeric material (2), within the
polymeric material, or disposed on both the first and second
surfaces and within the polymeric material. The colorant may
comprise one or more dyes including, but not limited to acid dyes,
disperse dyes, mordant dyes, and solvent dyes. The colorant may
comprise one or more pigments including, but not limited to carbon
pigments, cadmium pigments, iron oxide pigments, zinc pigments,
arsenic pigments, and organic pigments. The colorant may be applied
as an ink, toner, or other appropriate print media to deliver the
dye or pigment onto or into the polymeric substrate. Ink suitable
for use in the present invention may be solid, aqueous, or solvent
based.
[0027] The colorant (60) may comprise a single colorant or the
colorant may be comprised of one or more colorants (60, 61, 62, and
63), for example, as a blend of more than one colorant. In a
further embodiment, the first component comprising the thermally
transparent, visually opaque substrate (1) may comprise multiple
colorants (61, 62, 63) and the multiple colorants may be applied in
discrete patterns as depicted in FIG. 3, or a pattern such as a
camouflage pattern. Where disposed on a surface of the first
component, such as the first surface (12) of the polymeric material
(2) as depicted in FIG. 4, the multiple colorants (61, 62, 63) may
be bonded to the polymeric material, for example, by the selection
of dyes with the appropriate bond sites, or by use of binders which
affix the colorant to the polymeric material. As used herein, the
first surface (12) of the polymeric material (2) refers to the
surface oriented outwardly, away from a wearer or object to be
shielded from detection, or the surface of the polymeric material
facing in the direction of an EM sensor or detector. As depicted in
FIG. 6, the colorant (60) may be imbibed into the polymeric
material (2), and may coat the pore walls of a porous polymeric
material. Alternately, colorant (60) may be added as a filler to
the polymeric material (2).
[0028] To obtain the desired visual opacity of the first component
comprising the thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate
(1), properties of the polymeric material (2), such as material
thickness, index of refraction, and porosity, are balanced. In
certain embodiments where thinner materials are preferred, for
example for added flexibility, thinner materials may be too
visually transparent to achieve the desired properties of the final
construct. Therefore, in some embodiments visual opacity may be
increased by increasing porosity. Visual opacity within a desired
range may also be achieved by the selection and concentration of
colorant (60) in combination with the selection of the polymeric
material (2). For example, where a polymeric material is selected
having an optical density less than about 0.30, a colorant may be
added to increase the optical density, so that the thermally
transparent, visually opaque substrate comprising the polymeric
material and colorant has an optical density greater than about
0.30. Both colorant type and concentration may be selected to
achieve the desired visual opacity of the first component
comprising the thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate
(1). In one embodiment a first component comprises a microporous
polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) layer approximately 35 microns
thick with an optical density of 0.77. In another embodiment a
first component comprises a microporous ePTFE layer approximately
110 microns thick with an optical density of about 1.1.
[0029] In one embodiment, a construct which comprises a first
component that is a thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate comprising a microporous ePTFE layer approximately 35
microns thick and a carbon colorant, has an optical density greater
than 1.5. In another embodiment, a construct is formed wherein the
thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate comprises a
microporous ePTFE and colorant, having an optical density greater
than 4.0; in an alternate embodiment comprising a similar colorant,
a thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate comprising a
visually transparent monolithic polyethylene polymeric layer has an
optical density of greater than 1.0.
[0030] In addition to providing performance in the visible region
of the EM spectrum, constructs may be formed having specific levels
of reflection and absorption in the near-infrared (nIR) region of
the EM spectrum. Preferred constructs have a reflectance of less
than 70% in the wavelength range of 700 .mu.m-1000 .mu.m. A
thermally transparent, visually opaque substrate comprising a
polymeric material may be formed having a desired level of nIR
reflection. To achieve a desired level of nIR reflection in the
final construct, the level of nIR reflection of the first component
may be adjusted to account for effects that result from the
addition of the other layers of the construct.
[0031] In some embodiments, the colorant (60) is selected to
achieve a particular nIR reflectance in addition to the desired
visible reflectance of the selectively reflective construct (10).
For example, reflecting and absorbing additives may be selected as
a colorant and applied to the polymeric material (2) of the first
component in a manner to achieve a desired level of both the color
(visible) and nIR reflectance. In one embodiment, a first component
comprising a microporous material, such as ePTFE, may be formed
comprising nIR additives, such as carbon. The polymeric material
used to form the microporous material may comprise one or more nIR
additives, and can then be formed into a thermally transparent
microporous film having a desired level of nIR reflection. nIR
additives (90, 91, 92, 93) such as but not limited to carbon,
metal, and TiO.sub.2 can be added to the thermally transparent,
visually opaque first substrate (1) to achieve specific nIR, SWIR,
MWIR, or LWIR reflectance properties as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and
4.
[0032] Specific reflectance properties of the construct in the
short wave infrared (SWIR) can also be obtained through the use of
infrared (IR) additives, adjusting the pore size of the polymeric
material, and/or adjusting the thickness of the polymeric material.
Suitable performance for constructs has less than 70% reflectance
in the SWIR (900 nm to 2500 nm).
[0033] Measurements of average thermal emissivity over broad
spectral bands such as 3 .mu.m-30 .mu.m, are suitable for
characterization of the thermally reflective layer. However, broad
band measurements do not adequately characterize the specific
performance of a construct in use. Constructs described herein are
designed to provide specific spectral performance in narrower
regions of interest, such as performance averaged over the
wavelength range of 3 .mu.m-5 .mu.m (MWIR) or averaged over the
wavelength range of 9 .mu.m-12 .mu.m average (LWIR). In some
embodiments, specific spectral performance can be tailored to
particular reflectances at specific wavelengths of interest within
these ranges. Reflectance or transmission within the narrower
ranges of 3 .mu.m-5 .mu.m and/or 9 .mu.m-12 .mu.m is considered
thermal performance.
[0034] In one embodiment a multi-spectral, selectively reflective
construct is provided having a thermal performance of an average
reflectance of greater than or equal to about 25%, in the
wavelength range of 3 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m, and/or an average
reflectance of greater than or equal to about 25% reflectance in
the 9 .mu.m to 12 .mu.m. In other embodiments, constructs are
formed having an average reflectance of greater than or equal to
about 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% in the wavelength range of 3 .mu.m to 5
.mu.m, and/or an average reflectance of greater than or equal to
about 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% in the wavelength range of 9 .mu.m to
12 .mu.m. In certain embodiments, multispectral, selectively
reflective constructs have a reflectance greater than 30% and less
than 98%, less than 90%, or less than 80% in the wavelength ranges
of 3 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m and/or 9 .mu.m to 12 .mu.m, when measured
according to the test methods described herein.
[0035] Further with regard to FIG. 1, the multi-spectral,
selectively reflective construct (10) comprises a second component
comprising thermally reflective layer (30) comprising a low
emissivity component (35) which imparts a high reflectance to the
construct in the wavelength ranges of 3 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m and 9
.mu.m to 12 .mu.m. The thermally reflective layer has an emissivity
of less than about 0.75, less than about 0.6, less than about 0.5,
less than about 0.4, less than about 0.3, or less than about 0.2,
when tested according to the Emissivity Measurement test method
described herein. The low emissivity component (35) may be a
coating or substrate with emissivity of less than about 0.75. Low
emissivity components comprise metals including, but not limited to
Ag, Cu, Au, Ni, Sn, Al, and Cr. Additionally, low emissivity
components may comprise non-metal materials having an emissivity of
less than about 0.75, less than about 0.6, less than about 0.5,
less than about 0.4, less than about 0.3, or less than about 0.2,
when tested according to the Emissivity Measurement test method
described herein. Non-metal materials which may be suitable for use
in the low emissivity component include indium-tin oxide, carbon
nanotubes, polypyrol, polyacetylene, polythiophene, polyfluorene,
and polyaniline. The thickness of the thermally reflective layer
(30) may be selected to achieve certain properties. In one
embodiment, where a flexible multi-spectral, selectively reflective
construct is desired, the thickness of the thermally reflective
layer (30) comprising a low emissivity component may be minimized,
and a thermally reflective layer having a thickness of less than
about 0.002 inch may be selected.
[0036] In one embodiment, the thermally reflective layer (30) may
be comprised of a low emissivity component applied to the second
surface (13) of the thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate (1) by metal vapor deposition or by a spray coating
containing metal particles, such as a metallic spray paint. In a
further embodiment, the thermally reflective layer (30) may be
formed by bonding a low emissivity component (35) to the second
surface (13) of the thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate (1), with an intervening layer (4), such as an adhesive
or spacer material, as exemplified in FIG. 1. The thermally
reflective layer (30) may comprise a low emissivity component, for
example, in the form of a transfer foil.
[0037] In an alternate embodiment, such as exemplified in FIGS. 6
and 7, a thermally reflective layer (30) may comprise a low
emissivity component (35) such as metal containing film, or a metal
spray painted film which may be disposed behind or adhered to the
second surface (13) of the thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate (1). The metallization of a suitable film can be
accomplished by electroless plating techniques, by vapor
deposition, or by the reduction of metal salts in or on the surface
of a film.
[0038] Alternatively, metal-containing films suitable for this
invention can be formed by metal-filled polymer extrusion, metal
surface impregnation, or the lamination or encapsulation of metal
films or particles. For example, as exemplified in FIG. 8, a
construct (10) may comprise a first component (80) comprising a
first substrate (81) that is the thermally transparent, visually
opaque substrate, and a second component (70) comprising a second
substrate (71). The second component (70) comprising a thermally
reflective layer comprises a substrate (71), for example, a film
such as expanded PTFE that has been metallized with a low
emissivity component (35) and is adhered by an intervening layer
(4) to the second surface (13) of the thermally transparent,
visually opaque first substrate (71). In another embodiment, the
second component (70) may comprise a metallized textile disposed
adjacent the second surface (13) of the thermally transparent,
visually opaque first substrate (71), and optionally attached to
the first substrate (81).
[0039] In one embodiment, where the thermally reflective layer (30)
is formed by affixing a low emissivity component to the second
surface (13) of the thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate (1), an intervening layer (4) that is either continuous
or discontinuous may be used. A multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct comprising a continuous thermally transparent
intervening layer (4), such as an adhesive or spacer material, is
exemplified in FIG. 1. Alternately, a discontinuous intervening
layer (4) having sufficient thermal transparency to achieve the
desired thermal properties of the multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct may be used. Multi-spectral, selectively
reflective constructs having a discontinuous intervening layer (4),
for example, are exemplified in FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8.
[0040] In another embodiment, a multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct is provided wherein a second component
comprising the thermally reflective layer (30) comprising a low
emissivity component is positioned adjacent the second surface of
the first component comprising the thermally transparent visually
opaque substrate (1) with little or no attachment to the thermally
transparent, visually opaque substrate. In one embodiment, a
construct may be formed similar to the construct illustrated in
FIG. 1, with no intervening layer (4). Adjacent, as used in the
context of the present invention, means either (a) located
immediately next to with no intervening layers, (b) adhered
directly to, (c) adhered to with intervening layers, or (d) located
on a particular side but separated from the other layer by
intervening layers of another material. Provided the desired
multi-spectral performance of the present invention is achieved, an
embodiment can be made having one or more intervening layers of
sufficiently thermally transparent material located between the
second surface (13) of the thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate (1) and the thermally reflective layer (30). These layers
can be either adhered to each other or not adhered to each other,
or any combination thereof.
[0041] The thermally reflective layer may comprise a low emissivity
component having a single emissivity over the entire surface of the
thermally reflective layer (30), or alternately, a range of
emissivities may be provided. In one embodiment, as exemplified in
FIG. 7, the thermally reflective layer (30) may comprise multiple
discrete low emissivity components (31, 32, 33) adjacent the second
surface (13) of the thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate (1). In one embodiment the thermally reflective layer
(30) may comprise a single continuous layer of a low emissivity
component, or in an alternate embodiment, the thermally reflective
layer (30) may comprise a discontinuous pattern of low emissivity
components.
[0042] For applications where properties are desired, such as
liquidproofness, flame retardancy, or chemical and biological agent
protection, the multi-spectral, selectively reflective construct
may comprise one or more substrate backers (5) adjacent the side of
the thermally reflective layer (30) that is the side opposite the
first substrate (1). As exemplified in FIG. 5, a porous substrate
backer (5) may optionally be provided to one side of the thermally
reflectively layer (30) of the multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct. This embodiment further enhances the utility
of the present invention by providing enhanced properties to the
construct independent of the visual, nIR and thermal reflection
properties. As illustrated in FIG. 5, a textile layer may serve as
a porous substrate backer (5), which may be attached by attachments
(8), such as by adhesive bonds to the of the thermally reflective
layer, for example, to improve abrasion resistance or tear
strength. Textiles are particularly suitable for use as a porous
substrate backer (5) and may be tailored to provide improved
durability, structural or dimensional stability, flame retardancy,
insulation, and the like, to the multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct while maintaining comfort and aesthetics.
Suitable textiles for such purposes include, but are not limited
to, wovens, knits, and non-wovens. In another embodiment of the
present invention, the porous substrate backer (5) may comprise a
porous or microporous film such as expanded PTFE. Porous or
microporous films can provide protection to the low emissivity
layer while maintaining breathability.
[0043] The construct breathability as measured by MVTR test method
described herein is desirably greater than 1,000 (g/m.sup.2/day).
Breathability of greater than 2,000 (g/m.sup.2/day), greater than
4,000 (g/m.sup.2/day), greater than 6,000 (g/m.sup.2/day), greater
than 8,000 (g/m.sup.2/day), and even greater than 10,000
(g/m.sup.2/day) can be achieved for constructs described
herein.
[0044] The multi-spectral, selectively reflective construct (10)
once assembled may be used in a wide variety of applications
including but not limited to garments, coverings, shelters, hides,
and netting. Articles comprising these constructs may be made using
a single ply of the multi-spectral, selectively reflective
construct or with a plurality of plyies to provide the appropriate
depth of view and reflectance characteristics. For example, in one
embodiment of a garment application, in which the wearer of a
garment is to be concealed, it may be advantageous to provide
multiple layers of narrowly cut multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct material (i.e. 1'.times.4' strips) on another
layer of the selectively reflective construct which forms the body
of the garment. This provides for greater visual disruption of the
wearer's silhouette while providing enhanced thermal reflective
performance. Articles comprising the multi-spectral selectively
reflective constructs are formed wherein the first component of the
construct comprising the thermally transparent, visually opaque
substrate is oriented away from the object or body to be shielded
from detection, and toward the source of detection. Thus, the
article comprises the construct wherein the second component
comprising the thermally reflective layer is oriented toward the
object or body to be shielded from detection, and away from the
source of detection. Therefore, where the article comprises, for
example, a tent, a garment, a shelter, or protective covering, the
first component of the construct corresponds to, or is proximate,
the outer surface of the article, and the second component of the
construct corresponds to, or is proximate, the inner surface of the
article and therefore, proximate the object or body to be shielded
from detection.
[0045] The thermal performance properties of articles comprising
the multi-spectral, selectively reflective constructs described
herein may be further enhanced by selectively applying insulating
materials or insulating composites between the wearer/equipment
being protected from thermal detection, and the multi-spectral,
selectively reflective construct layer. For example, in one
embodiment a garment is formed comprising the multi-spectral
selectively reflective composite that further comprises an
insulating material provided, for example, to areas of the garment
corresponding to the shoulder area, to minimize hot spots on the
garment, and reduce thermal signature. Where the need exists to
reduce thermal signature over long periods of time (e.g., in excess
of a 24 hour period), high performing insulation materials, such as
those taught in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,118,801, may be
preferred. These insulation materials may also be suitable to mask
hot portions of the equipment (such as the engine compartment) and
may be used in combination with a cover made from the
multi-spectral, selectively reflective construct material described
herein which will further mask thermal signature and provide visual
and nIR image suppression.
[0046] In alternate embodiments, the multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct of the present invention may have a thickness
less than about 20 mm, and preferably less than about 10 mm, and
more preferably less than about 7 mm, and even more preferably less
than about 5 mm.
[0047] In alternate embodiments, the multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct of the present invention may have a weight
less than about 20 oz/yd.sup.2, and preferably less than about 15
oz/yd.sup.2, and more preferably less than about 10 oz/yd.sup.2,
and even more preferably less than about 7 oz/yd.sup.2.
[0048] In alternate embodiments, the multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct of the present invention may have a hand less
than about 3,000 gm, and preferably less than about 2,000 gm, and
more preferably less than about 1,000 gm, and even more preferably
less than about 500 gm.
TEST METHODS
Liquidproof Test
[0049] Liquidproof testing was conducted as follows. Material
constructions were tested for liquidproofness by using a modified
Suter test apparatus with water serving as a representative test
liquid. Water is forced against a sample area of about 41/4-inch
diameter sealed by two rubber gaskets in a clamped arrangement. For
samples incorporating one or more textile layers, a textile layer
is oriented opposite the face against which water is forced. When a
non-textile sample (i.e., film not laminated to a textile layer) is
Suter tested, a scrim is placed on the upper face of the sample
(i.e., face opposite the face against which water is forced) to
prevent abnormal stretching of the sample when subjected to water
pressure. The sample is open to atmospheric conditions and is
visible to the testing operator. The water pressure on the sample
is increased to about 1 psi by a pump connected to a water
reservoir, as indicated by an appropriate gauge and regulated by an
in-line valve. The test sample is at an angle, and the water is
recirculated to assure water contact and not air against the
sample's lower surface. The upper face of the sample is visually
observed for a period of 3 minutes for the appearance of any water
which would be forced through the sample. Liquid water seen on the
surface is interpreted as a leak. If no liquid water is visible on
the sample surface within 3 minutes the sample is considered as
having passed the Liquidproof test (Suter test). A sample passing
this test is defined as "liquidproof" as used herein.
Hand Test
[0050] Hand was tested on test samples using a Thwing-Albert
Handle-O-Meter (model #211-5 from Thwing Albert Instrument Company,
Philadelphia, Pa.). A set, beam load was used to force test
specimens through a 1/4 inch slot. A load of 1000 grams was used
when testing laminate samples. The instrument measures the
resistance force which is related to the bending stiffness of the
sample and displays the peak resistance digitally. In order to
adequately quantify the directionality and the asymmetry of the
samples, different samples are cut for bending against the
X-direction and Y-direction, respectively. Four inch squares are
cut from the material to be tested.
[0051] In a typical test, a X-direction sample is placed on the
equipment such that the X-direction runs perpendicular to the slot.
With the sample construct face up, the test is initiated, causing
the beam to lower and the sample to be forced through the slot on
the test table. A peak resistance number is displayed and recorded
as "sample construct face up". The same sample is subsequently
turned over and rotated 180 degrees to bend a different site. In
this new configuration, again the test is initiated causing the
sample to be forced through the slot. The second resistance number
is recorded as "sample construct face down". The procedure is
repeated for a Y-direction sample (in which the Y-direction is
oriented perpendicular to the slot), generating two more numbers:
"sample construct face up" and "sample construct face down".
[0052] The resultant four numbers (X-direction and Y-direction,
sample construct face up and sample construct face down) are added
to provide a total hand number which characterizes the stiffness of
the sample (taking into account asymmetry and directionality). At
least two such total hand numbers were generated and averaged to
arrive at the reported hand number.
Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR)
[0053] A description of the test employed to measure moisture vapor
transmission rate (MVTR) is given below. The procedure has been
found to be suitable for testing films, coatings, and coated
products.
[0054] In the procedure, approximately 70 ml of a saturated salt
solution consisting of 35 parts by weight of potassium acetate and
15 parts by weight of distilled water was placed into a 133 ml
polypropylene cup, having an inside diameter of 6.5 cm at its
mouth. An expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane having a
minimum MVTR of approximately 85,000 g/m.sup.2/24 hrs. as tested by
the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,862,730 (to Crosby), was
heat sealed to the lip of the cup to create a taut, leakproof,
microporous barrier containing the solution.
[0055] A similar expanded PTFE membrane was mounted to the surface
of a water bath. The water bath assembly was controlled at
23.degree. C. plus 0.2.degree. C., utilizing a temperature
controlled room and a water circulating bath.
[0056] The sample to be tested was allowed to condition at a
temperature of 23.degree. C. and a relative humidity of 50% prior
to performing the test procedure. Samples were placed so the first
substrate was oriented away from the waterbath, and the opposing
surface was in contact with the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene
membrane mounted to the surface of the water bath and allowed to
equilibrate for at least 15 minutes prior to the introduction of
the cup assembly. The cup assembly was weighed to the nearest
1/1000 g and was placed in an inverted manner onto the center of
the test sample.
[0057] Water transport was provided by the driving force between
the water in the water bath and the saturated salt solution
providing water flux by diffusion in that direction. The sample was
tested for 15 minutes and the cup assembly was then removed,
weighed again within 1/1000 g.
[0058] The MVTR of the sample was calculated from the weight gain
of the cup assembly and was expressed in grams of water per square
meter of sample surface area per 24 hours.
Reflectance Test Method for Visible and Near Infrared Spectra
[0059] The spectral near normal-hemispherical reflectance of the
samples (for example, the colored side of the first substrate of a
construct) in the visible and near infrared (nIR) spectral range
was measured using UV/VIS/nIR spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer
Lambda 950) fitted with a 150 mm diameter, integrating sphere
coated with Spectralon.RTM. (Labsphere DRA 2500) that collects both
specular and diffuse radiation. The reflectance measurements are
made with double beam mode of operation and Spectralon.RTM.
materials were used as references from 250 nm to 2500 nm at 20 nm
intervals.
[0060] The samples were measured as a single layer with a backer.
The backers used were dull black coated polymer sheets.
Measurements were taken on a minimum of three different areas and
the data of the measured areas was averaged. In this work, all the
measurements were performed for near normal incidence, i.e. the
sample was viewed at an angle no greater than 10 degrees from the
normal, with the specular component included. The Photometric
accuracy of the spectrophotometer was calibrated to within 1
percent and wavelength accuracy within 2 nm with a standard
aperture size used in the measurement device. To compensate for the
signal loss due to the backer material, the sample reflectance was
calculated according to ASTM:E903-96 standard test method for
Reflectance of materials using integrating sphere.
[0061] The results from the spectrophotometer measurement in the
visible and near infrared ranges are reported in Table 1 in terms
of average hemispherical reflectance for a particular wavelength
range. of all data points collected.
Test method for Hemispherical Reflectance and Transmittance over
the Thermal Infrared Spectral Range
[0062] Spectral near normal-hemispherical transmittance and
reflectance in the thermal infrared spectrum is of great importance
for the design and evaluation of this invention. The measured
hemispherical reflectance and transmittance spectra can be used to
compute directional emissivity via Kirchhoff's law
(.epsilon.=1-R-T; for opaque substrates, .epsilon.=1-R [where
.epsilon. is emittance, R is reflectance, & T is
transmittance).
[0063] To measure the direction-hemispherical transmittance and
reflection, the samples were viewed at an angle no greater than 10
degrees from the normal, with the specular component included.
Measurements were made of the spectral hemispherical transmittance
and reflectance of the samples over the range 600 cm.sup.-1 to 5000
cm.sup.-1, with a spectral resolution of 8 cm.sup.-1. The optical
radiation source and wavenumber selectivity were provided by a
Bio-Rad FTS-6000 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR)
spectrophotometer, which was configured with a ceramic-coated
globar source and a Ge-coated KBr beam splitter. The hemispherical
measurement geometry is implemented by using a diffuse-gold coated
150 mm diameter integrating sphere (Mid-IR IntegratIR-Pike
Technologies), with the samples mounted on a port cut into the
surface of the sphere. A liquid-nitrogen-cooled MCT detector is
mounted on top of the sphere with its field of view restricted to a
portion of the bottom surface of the sphere. The Mid-IR Integral IR
features an 8 degree illumination of the sample and reflectance
samples are placed directly onto the sample port of the
upward-looking sphere or over a thin infrared transmitting
window.
[0064] For reflectance measurement, square sections of samples
approximately 40 mm.sup.2 were cut and mounted onto an 18 mm
horizontal reflectance sampling port on the integrating sphere. A
diffuse gold reference standard was used in the measurement and all
the samples were placed on a backer material made of dull black
paint coated polymer. The spectrum of each sample was collected
with a rapid scan mode and 200 scans per sample. Three readings
were taken for each sample and the resulting data averaged. To
compensate for the signal loss due to the backer material, the
sample reflectance was calculated according to ASTM:E903-96
standard test method for Reflectance of materials using integrating
sphere.
[0065] Transmittance of transparent or translucent materials in the
region from 2 .mu.m to 17 .mu.m was measured by placing the sample
at the transmission station accommodating a standard 2'.times.3'
sample holder. The instrument was then set in the absolute
measurement (100%) position, and the 100% signal without the sample
in the measurement position is recorded. The sample was then placed
into position and the transmitted reading is recorded. The
transmitted signal divided by the 100% signal equals the
transmittance.
[0066] Table 1 contains the directional-hemispherical transmittance
and reflectance data of all data points collected, averaged over
the spectral ranges 3 .mu.m-5 .mu.m and 9 .mu.m-12 .mu.m.
Transmission Optical Density Test Method
[0067] For the purpose of this patent, visual opacity will be
measured in terms of optical density (OD).
[0068] The transmission optical density at room temperature of the
samples was measured with a desktop densitometer model TRX-N
instrument supplied by the Tobias Associates, Inc., Ivyland Pa.
U.S.A. The device consists of a light source and a silicon
photodetector with a spectral response of greater than 20% between
475 nanometers and 675 nanometers. This device is capable of
measuring the optical density of films in both transmission and
reflection modes. Transmission mode was used for all
measurements.
[0069] Optical density is a measurement that approximates the
response of the human eye. Optical density is defined by the
following equation:
OD=Log 1/T
where, OD=optical density, and T=transmission.
[0070] The instrument requires around 10 minutes of warm up time.
The test area is approximately 3 mm in diameter, and the samples to
be measured were large enough to completely cover the test area.
The test procedure is as follows [0071] 1. Place 0.0075 inch thick
PET film standard over sample port. [0072] 2. Zero is set by
lowering the detector arm to the light port and pressing the
control button. [0073] 3. The digital readout should read zero.
[0074] 4. Record the result. [0075] 5. Place the test sample on the
light table so that it covers the light port. [0076] 6. Lower the
detector arm to the sample covering the light port and press the
control button. [0077] 7. Read and record cord the result from the
LED display. [0078] 8. Repeat steps 5 through 8 for the remaining
samples.
[0079] The optical density measurement is displayed on three 7
segment light emitting diode display units, one for each digit. For
the purpose of this patent, a material will be considered visibly
opaque when the OD is greater than 0.30 between 475 and 675 nm.
Emissivity Measurement Test Method
[0080] The infrared emittance near room temperature of the samples
was measured with a portable emissometer model AE instrument
supplied by the Devices & Services Company, (Texas,U.S.A). This
emittance device determines the total thermal emittance, in
comparison with standard high and low emittance materials.
[0081] The Devices & Services emissometer, model AE, consists
of a measuring head and a scaling digital voltmeter. The measuring
head is designed so that its radiation detector is heated to 355K,
allowing the test samples to remain at ambient temperature during
measurement. The radiation detector is a differential thermopile
with two high-.epsilon. and two low-.epsilon., and thus responds
only to heat transferred by radiation between itself and the
sample. The detector has a near-constant response to wavelengths of
infrared radiation and views a 50-mm diameter area of a sample from
a distance of 4.3 mm. The manufacturer specifies that the output
voltage of the detector is linear with .epsilon. to within .+-.0.01
units and is proportional to T.sup.4.sub.d-T.sup.4.sub.s, where
T.sub.d and T.sub.s are the absolute temperatures of the detector
and test sample, respectively. Two "standards", each 66.7 mm in
diameter and 4 mm thick, are supplied with the emissometer and have
.epsilon.'s of 0.06 and 0.90. The instrument requires around 60
minutes of warm up time. Because the emissometer is comparative, it
must be calibrated before use. The two standards are placed on the
heat sink so that both of them attain the ambient temperature.
[0082] The detector head is then placed over the high emissivity
standard and the gain of the voltmeter is adjusted so that it reads
0.90, after allowing about 90 seconds for equilibration. The
detector head then placed over the low emissivity standard and the
offset trimmer is adjusted such that the voltmeter reads 0.06. The
adjustments are repeated until the emissometer may be moved from
one standard and the other and the voltmeter readings indicate the
two values without any adjustment.
[0083] To determine emissivity, a sample is cut in form and size
similar to the standards and then placed on the heat sink and
allowed to equilibrate with it. The detector head is placed over it
and the reading of the voltmeter directly gives the hemispherical
emittance of the test surface. The emissometer model AE instrument
measures the hemispherical emittance approximately in the 3-30
.mu.m wavelength ranges.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0084] A sample of a construct was prepared comprising
carbon-coated ePTFE and metallized ePTFE, in the following
manner.
[0085] A first component comprising carbon-coated ePTFE
representing the first substrate was prepared as described in
Example 3 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No/ 2007/0009679
with the following exceptions. The ePTFE membrane used had a
thickness of about 30 .mu.m, a weight of about 9 grams per square
meter, and an average pore size of about 0.2 .mu.m. The amount of
carbon black used was about 0.9% by weight of ePTFE membrane.
Optical density and thermal reflection properties of the first
substrate of the first component were measured according to the
test methods herein, and reported in Table 1.
[0086] A second component comprising metallized ePTFE was prepared
in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,175, representing the
thermally reflective layer. Emissivity was measured on the
metallized side according to the test methods herein, and reported
in Table 1.
[0087] The first component was then placed against the metallized
side of the second component, and a 0.5 mil layer of polyethylene
film was placed in between. The layers were bonded together using a
Geo Knight and Co. Model 178SU Heat Press at about 350.degree. F.
for about 10 seconds to form a construct. Multi-spectral test
results for sample constructs prepared according to this example,
and measured from the carbon-coated ePTFE side of the sample, are
shown in Table 1 and shown in FIGS. 9, 10, and 11. The constructs
had a visible reflection of approximately 8%, a nIR reflection of
approximately 12%, a MWIR reflection of approximately 28%, and a
LWIR reflection of approximately 50% as reported in Table 1.
[0088] The spectral response curves in FIGS. 9, 10, and 11, show
the variability of reflectance and transmission over the broad
range of wavelengths tested. The average results reported are
calculated from the data in these figures over the specific
wavelength ranges reported in Table 1. FIG. 11 additionally
includes reflectance data on constructs from about 8 um-9 um.
Example 2
[0089] A sample of a construct was prepared comprising a layer of
carbon-coated ePTFE, Al foil, and a textile backer as follows.
[0090] A first component of carbon-coated ePTFE was prepared as
described in Example 1, representing the first substrate. Optical
density and thermal transmission properties of the first substrate
were measured according to the test methods herein, and reported in
Table 1.
[0091] A second component was prepared comprising a discontinuous
layer of foil adhered to a textile backer, representing the
thermally reflective layer. The second component was formed by
perforating a layer of Al transfer foil from Crown Roll Leaf, Inc
(part #MG39-100 G) to provide approximately 30% open area to form a
discontinuous layer of transfer foil. The discontinuous layer of
transfer foil was adhered to a textile backer using a continuous
thermoplastic polyurethane adhesive (8) to form the second
component, representing the thermally reflective layer. The layers
were bonded together using a Geo Knight and Co. Model 178SU Heat
Press at about 280.degree. F. for about 8 seconds. Emissivity was
measured on the discontinuous aluminum transfer foil side according
to the test methods herein, and reported in Table 1.
[0092] The first component was then placed on top of the foil side
of the second component and bonded together using a heat press as
described in Example 1, and portions of the polyurethane adhesive
corresponding to the open areas of the discontinuous layer of
transfer foil adhered directly to the first component to form the
construct. Multi-spectral test results for the construct samples
prepared according to this example, and measured from the first
component side, are shown in Table 1. The constructs had a visible
reflection of approximately 7%, a nIR reflection of approximately
11%, a MWIR reflection of approximately 31%, and a LWIR reflection
of approximately 43%. The hand for this sample was measured by the
hand test method described herein to be 186 gm.
Example 3
[0093] A sample of a construct was prepared comprising a layer of
colored ePTFE, Al foil and a textile backer as follows.
[0094] A first component was prepared by coloring a layer of 1.2
mil ePTFE (about 0.2 micron average pore size, and about 18 grams
per square meter) with a single substantially continuous coating of
black Sharpie.RTM. permanent marker to comprise the first substrate
of the construct. Optical density and thermal transmission
properties of the first substrate were measured according to the
test methods herein, and reported in Table 1.
[0095] A second component was prepared by perforating a layer of Al
transfer foil from Crown Roll Leaf, Inc (part #MG39-100 G) to
provide approximately 30% open area to form a discontinuous layer
of transfer foil to comprise the thermally reflective layer. This
discontinuous layer of transfer foil was adhered to a textile
backer using a continuous thermoplastic polyurethane adhesive. The
foil and textile backer layers were bonded together using a Geo
Knight and Co. Model 178SU Heat Press at about 280.degree. F. for
about 8 seconds. Emissivity was measured on the discontinuous
aluminum transfer foil side according to the test methods herein,
and reported in Table 1.
[0096] The uncolored side of first component was placed on top of
the foil side of the second component, and the first and second
components were bonded together using a heat press as described in
Example 1 to form a construct. Portions of the polyurethane
adhesive corresponding to the open areas of the discontinuous layer
of transfer foil adhered directly to the first component.
[0097] Multi-spectral test results for samples of constructs
prepared according to this example, and measured from the first
component side, are shown in Table 1. The constructs had a visible
reflection of approximately 5%, a nIR reflection of approximately
11 %, a MWIR reflection of approximately 48%, and a LWIR reflection
of approximately 43%.
Example 4
[0098] A sample of a construct was prepared comprising printed
ePTFE and metallized ePTFE in the following manner.
[0099] A first component of 1.2 mil ePTFE film (about 0.2 micron
average pore size, and about 18 grams per square meter) was coated
with an aqueous solution of about 13% Rhodapex ES-2 from Rhodia,
Inc. and about 6% hexanol, and allowed to dry. A color image was
printed on the coated ePTFE film using an HP Designjet 110 plus
printer to create the first substrate. Optical density and thermal
transmission properties of the first substrate of the first
component were measured according to the test methods herein, and
reported in Table 1.
[0100] A second component of metallized ePTFE was prepared in
accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,175 using gold as the metal and
omitting the oleophobic coating to create the thermally reflective
layer. Emissivity was measured on the metallized side according to
the test methods herein, and reported in Table 1.
[0101] The unprinted side of the first component was bonded to the
metallized side of the second component using a 0.5 mil layer of
polyethylene as described in Example 1.
[0102] Multi-spectral test results for samples of constructs
prepared according to this example and measured from the first
component side, are shown in Table 1 and shown in FIGS. 9, 10, and
11. The constructs had a visible reflection of approximately 38%, a
nIR reflection of approximately 62%, a MWIR reflection of
approximately 60%, and a LWIR reflection of approximately 47%, as
reported in Table 1. The spectral response shown in FIG. 11 shows
that constructs having printing on the ePTFE first component
effects the reflectance in the visible wavelength region primarily
between 250 nm to 600 nm.
Example 5
[0103] A sample of a construct was prepared substantially according
to Example 1 with the following exceptions.
[0104] In place of a carbon-coated ePTFE layer, a first component
was prepared by coloring a layer of 1.2 mil ePTFE (about 0.2 micron
average pore size, and about 18 grams per square meter) with a
single substantially continuous coating of black Sharpie.RTM.
permanent marker to create the first substrate of the first
component. Optical density and thermal transmission properties of
the first substrate were measured according to the test methods
herein, and reported in Table 1.
[0105] Emissivity was measured on the metallized side of a second
component prepared and tested as in Example 1 according to the test
methods herein, and reported in Table 1.
[0106] The uncolored side of the first component was then bonded to
the metallized side of the second component using a discontinuous
polyurethane adhesive. A textile was then laminated to the
non-metallized side of the second component using a discontinuous
polyurethane adhesive to form a construct. Multi-spectral test
results for samples prepared according to this example were
measured from the first component side, and are shown in Table 1
and shown in FIGS. 9, 10, and 11. The constructs had a visible
reflection of approximately 5%, a nIR reflection of approximately
12%, a MWIR reflection of approximately 53%, and a LWIR reflection
of approximately 54%, as reported in Table 1.
Example 6
[0107] A sample of a construct comprising two layers of a
carbon-coated ePTFE, joined by a metal coating was prepared in the
following manner.
[0108] A sample of carbon-coated ePTFE prepared as described in
Example 1, representing the first substrate of the first component.
Optical density and thermal transmission properties of the first
substrate were measured according to the test methods herein, and
reported in Table 1.
[0109] The carbon-coated ePTFE first substrate of the first
component was divided into two roughly equal sections. One section
was painted with Krylon Interior/exterior gold metallic spray paint
(Part No.1510-H597) in accordance with the directions on the can to
create the thermally reflective layer. The non-carbon coated side
of the remaining non-painted section was placed over the wet paint
of the other section and smoothed by hand to remove wrinkles,
allowing the paint to act both as an adhesive and low emissivity
component to form a composite sample. The sample was allowed to dry
for about 10 minutes, and the emissivity was measured using a
Devices and Services, Inc. (10290 Monroe Drive #202, Dallas, Tex.
75229) model AE emissometer.
[0110] Multi-spectral test results for samples of constructs
prepared according to this example were measured from the first
specimen side, and are shown in Table 1. The constructs had a
visible reflection of approximately 9%, a nIR reflection of
approximately 13%, a MWIR reflection of approximately 31%, and a
LWIR reflection of approximately 41%.
Example 7
[0111] A sample of a construct comprising polypropylene and metal
was prepared in the following manner.
[0112] A first substrate of the first component was prepared by
coloring one side of a layer of 2.5 mil polypropylene film with a
substantially continuous coating of black Sharpie.RTM. permanent
marker. Optical density and thermal transmission properties of the
first substrate were measured according to the test methods herein,
and reported in Table 1.
[0113] A thermally reflective layer was prepared comprising a
metallized ePTFE material substantially in accordance with U.S.
Pat. No. 5,955,175. Emissivity was measured on the metallized side
according to the test methods herein, and reported in Table 1.
[0114] The uncolored side of the first substrate was then bonded to
the metallized side of the thermally reflective layer using a Geo
Knight and Co. Model 178SU Heat Press at about 350.degree. F. for
about 10 seconds to form a construct.
[0115] Multi-spectral test results for samples of constructs
prepared according to this example as measured from the colored
side are shown in Table 1 and shown in FIGS. 9, 10, and 11. The
constructs had a visible reflection of approximately 7%, a nIR
reflection of approximately 16%, a MWIR reflection of approximately
43%, and a LWIR reflection of approximately 78%, as reported in
Table 1.
Example 8
[0116] A sample of a construct of metallized polyurethane was
prepared in the following manner.
[0117] A first substrate comprising a sample of 1 mil polyurethane
film (Deerfield Urethanes, Part No. 1710S, Deerfield, Mass.), was
metallized using physical vapor deposition. Approximately 300 nm of
aluminum was deposited on the second surface of the first substrate
by physical vapor deposition. This sample was then colored on the
non-metallized side with a single substantially continuous coating
of black Sharpie.RTM. permanent marker.
[0118] The first substrate sample properties were measured
utilizing a non-metallized portion of the substantially
Sharpie.RTM. marker coated PU film. Optical density and thermal
transmission properties of this substrate were measured according
to the test methods herein, and reported in Table 1 as a "first
component".
[0119] Multi-spectral test results for samples of constructs
prepared according to this example were measured from the colored
side, and are shown in Table 1. The constructs had a visible
reflection of approximately 7%, a nIR reflection of approximately
13%, a MWIR reflection of approximately 54%, and a LWIR reflection
of approximately 18%.
Example 9
[0120] A sample of a construct was prepared comprising a
polyethylene film and aluminum foil in the following manner.
[0121] A first component was prepared by coloring a layer of 2.0
mil polyethylene film with a single substantially continuous
coating of black Sharpie.RTM. permanent marker to comprise the
first substrate of a first component. Optical density and thermal
transmission properties of the first substrate were measured
according to the test methods herein, and reported in Table 1.
[0122] A second component comprising Stor-It.TM. brand aluminum
foil was used as the thermally reflective layer. Emissivity was
measured according to the test methods herein, and reported in
Table 1.
[0123] The uncolored side of the PE film was placed adjacent to the
aluminum foil, and utilized as the multi-spectral, selectively
reflective construct. Multi-spectral test results for samples of
the construct prepared according to this example were measured from
the colored side, and are shown in Table 1 and shown in FIGS. 9,
10, and 11. The constructs had a visible reflection of
approximately 7%, a nIR reflection of approximately 23%, a MWIR
reflection of approximately 70%, and a LWIR reflection of
approximately 73%, as reported in Table 1.
Example 10
[0124] A sample of a construct was prepared substantially according
to Example 5 with the following exception. In place of the
discontinuous polyurethane adhesive, the first and second
components were bonded together using a continuous coating of 3M
Super 77.TM. adhesive multipurpose adhesive. The textile backer was
also omitted.
[0125] Optical density and thermal transmission properties of the
first substrate of the first component as prepared in Example 5,
were measured according to the test methods herein, and reported in
Table 1.
[0126] Emissivity of the second component was measured on the
metallized side as in Example 5 according to the test methods
herein, and reported in Table 1.
[0127] Multi-spectral test results for samples of constructs were
measured from the colored side, and are shown in Table 1. This
embodiment of the present invention had a visible reflection of
approximately 4%, a nIR reflection of approximately 9%, a MWIR
reflection of approximately 34%, and a LWIR reflection of
approximately 16%.
Example 11
[0128] A sample of a construct was prepared substantially according
to Example 8, substituting 1.5 mil polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
film for the polyurethane film. Emissivity was measured from the
non-metallized side, and the values are reported in Table 1 for the
thermally reflective layer.
[0129] As in Example 8, the first substrate properties were
measured utilizing a non-metallized portion of the substantially
Sharpie.RTM. marker coated PET film. Optical density and thermal
transmission properties of this substrate were measured according
to the test methods herein, and reported in Table 1 as the "first
component".
[0130] Multi-spectral test results for samples of constructs
prepared according to this example were measured from the colored
side, and are shown in Table 1. The constructs had a visible
reflection of approximately 7%, a nIR reflection of approximately
17%, a MWIR reflection of approximately 63%, and a LWIR reflection
of approximately 5%.
Example 12
[0131] A sample of a construct was prepared comprising ePTFE and a
metallized ePTFE in the following manner.
[0132] A first component of 1.2 mil ePTFE film (about 0.2 micron
average pore size, and about 18 grams per square meter) was
measured for optical density and thermal transmission properties
according to the test methods herein, and reported in Table 1.
[0133] A second component comprising metallized ePTFE was prepared
in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,175, representing the
thermally reflective layer. Emissivity was measured on the
metallized side according to the test methods herein, and reported
in Table 1.
[0134] The first component was then placed against the metallized
side of the second component, and a 0.5 mil layer of polyethylene
film was placed in between. The layers were bonded together using a
Geo Knight and Co. Model 178SU Heat Press at about 350.degree. F.
for about 10 seconds to form the construct. Multi-spectral test
results for samples of the construct prepared according to this
example, and measured from the carbon-coated ePTFE side of the
sample, are shown in Table 1 and shown in FIGS. 9, 10, and 11.
[0135] The constructs had a visible reflection of approximately
86%, a nIR reflection of approximately 73%, a MWIR reflection of
approximately 56%, and a LWIR reflection of approximately 83%, as
reported in Table 1.
Example 13
[0136] A sample of a construct was prepared comprising
carbon-coated ePTFE and metallized polyester in the following
manner.
[0137] A sample was prepared by providing a first component of
carbon-coated ePTFE as in Example 1 as the first substrate. A
second component of Ni/Cu metallized polyester taffeta from Laird
Co. (Product #3027-217) representing the thermally reflective layer
(30) was then placed loosely against the first substrate.
Multi-spectral test results for samples of the construct prepared
according to this example were measured from the first component
side, and are shown in Table 1, and shown in FIGS. 9, 10, and 11.
The constructs had a visible reflection of approximately 10%, a nIR
reflection of approximately 15%, a MWIR reflection of approximately
44%, and a LWIR reflection of approximately 61%, as reported in
Table 1.
Example 14
[0138] Gore part #WJIX102108 HZ was obtained to measure the
multi-spectral reflective properties of the composite. The Gore
part is representative of a military specification compliant fabric
with acceptable visual and nIR performance, but no requirement of
thermal reflectance properties. The fabric is a camouflage printed
textile laminated to a bicomponent film with a backer textile. Each
color of the 4 color pattern--Light tan, Urban tan, Light Coyote,
and Highland--was measured as 14a, 14b, 14c, and 14d, respectively.
The multi-spectral test results are given in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Measurements of Sample Properties. First
Component Thermally Total Total Reflective Optical Transmission
Transmission Layer Construct Total Reflection Example Density (3-5
.mu.m) (9-12 .mu.m) Emissivity Vis NIR 3-5 .mu.m 9-12 .mu.m 1 1.95
62.7 73.4 0.12 7.8 11.7 28.4 50.0 2 1.95 62.7 73.4 0.38 6.8 10.5
30.9 42.5 3 4.15 74.3 71.3 0.38 4.8 11.1 48.3 42.8 4 2.53 81.1 67.2
0.08 38.1 61.5 59.8 47.0 5 4.15 74.3 71.3 0.12 5.4 12.1 53.0 53.7 6
1.95 62.7 73.4 0.34 9.4 13.4 30.8 41.1 7 1.08 67.0 85.7 0.12 7.4
16.4 42.5 77.7 8 1.19 55.0 22.1 0.04 6.9 12.6 54.2 17.9 9 1.07 70.2
77.6 0.02 6.9 23.4 70.2 72.9 10 4.15 74.3 71.3 0.12 4.2 8.9 34.2
16.3 11 1.09 60.8 18.7 0.02 7.0 17.1 62.5 5.1 12 0.75 90.8 86.1
0.12 86.1 72.6 56.4 82.9 13 1.95 62.7 73.4 0.15 9.8 14.8 43.8 61.3
14 a -- -- -- -- 28.9 52.1 11.9 3.9 14 b -- -- -- -- 23.6 47.9 9.7
7.1 14 c -- -- -- -- 13.8 35.0 9.7 7.0 14 d -- -- -- -- 8.9 35.9
9.9 6.8
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate Measured
For Samples. Example MVTR (g/m.sup.2/day) 5 >14000 6 >8000 13
>21000
* * * * *