U.S. patent application number 12/058402 was filed with the patent office on 2009-09-17 for compositions and methods for controlling insects.
This patent application is currently assigned to TyraTech, Inc.. Invention is credited to Essam Enan.
Application Number | 20090232918 12/058402 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33457017 |
Filed Date | 2009-09-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090232918 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Enan; Essam |
September 17, 2009 |
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS
Abstract
The present invention comprises compositions, methods and cell
lines related to controlling insects. An embodiment of a
composition comprises a plant essential oil and targets at least
one receptor of insects chosen from tyramine receptor, Or83b
olfactory receptor, and Or43a olfactory receptor, resulting in a
change in the intracellular levels of cAMP, Ca2+, or both in the
insects.
Inventors: |
Enan; Essam; (Nashville,
TN) |
Correspondence
Address: |
DAVIS WRIGHT TREMAINE LLP - San Francisco
505 MONTGOMERY STREET, SUITE 800
SAN FRANCISCO
CA
94111
US
|
Assignee: |
TyraTech, Inc.
Melbourne
FL
|
Family ID: |
33457017 |
Appl. No.: |
12/058402 |
Filed: |
March 28, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10832022 |
Apr 26, 2004 |
7541155 |
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12058402 |
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60465320 |
Apr 24, 2003 |
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60532503 |
Dec 24, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/757 ;
424/725 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02A 50/326 20180101;
A01N 37/44 20130101; A01N 27/00 20130101; A01N 65/08 20130101; A01N
65/44 20130101; A01N 31/08 20130101; A01N 35/02 20130101; A01N
49/00 20130101; A01N 65/22 20130101; A01N 65/10 20130101; G01N
33/566 20130101; A01N 43/30 20130101; A01N 31/04 20130101; A01N
31/16 20130101; G01N 33/5085 20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A01N
35/06 20130101; Y02A 50/336 20180101; A01N 37/18 20130101; Y02A
50/348 20180101; G01N 2333/43552 20130101; A01N 49/00 20130101;
A01N 27/00 20130101; A01N 31/04 20130101; A01N 31/08 20130101; A01N
31/16 20130101; A01N 35/02 20130101; A01N 37/18 20130101; A01N
49/00 20130101; A01N 43/30 20130101; A01N 27/00 20130101; A01N
31/04 20130101; A01N 43/30 20130101; A01N 37/18 20130101; A01N
27/00 20130101; A01N 31/04 20130101; A01N 31/08 20130101; A01N
31/16 20130101; A01N 35/02 20130101; A01N 27/00 20130101; A01N
31/04 20130101; A01N 31/16 20130101; A01N 31/16 20130101; A01N
27/00 20130101; A01N 31/04 20130101; A01N 31/08 20130101; A01N
27/00 20130101; A01N 31/08 20130101; A01N 31/04 20130101; A01N
27/00 20130101; A01N 27/00 20130101; A01N 27/00 20130101; A01N
27/00 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N 31/04 20130101; A01N
2300/00 20130101; A01N 31/08 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N
31/16 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N 35/02 20130101; A01N
2300/00 20130101; A01N 37/18 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N
43/30 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N 49/00 20130101; A01N
2300/00 20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N
49/00 20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A01N 31/08 20130101; A01N
25/02 20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A01N 27/00 20130101; A01N
31/08 20130101; A01N 31/16 20130101; A01N 35/02 20130101; A01N
37/18 20130101; A01N 49/00 20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A01N
65/08 20130101; A01N 65/10 20130101; A01N 65/22 20130101; A01N
65/44 20130101; A01N 65/44 20130101; A01N 27/00 20130101; A01N
31/08 20130101; A01N 31/16 20130101; A01N 35/02 20130101; A01N
37/18 20130101; A01N 49/00 20130101; A01N 65/08 20130101; A01N
65/10 20130101; A01N 65/22 20130101; A01N 65/22 20130101; A01N
27/00 20130101; A01N 31/08 20130101; A01N 31/16 20130101; A01N
35/02 20130101; A01N 37/18 20130101; A01N 49/00 20130101; A01N
65/08 20130101; A01N 65/10 20130101; A01N 65/10 20130101; A01N
27/00 20130101; A01N 31/08 20130101; A01N 31/16 20130101; A01N
35/02 20130101; A01N 37/18 20130101; A01N 49/00 20130101; A01N
65/08 20130101; A01N 65/10 20130101; A01N 65/08 20130101; A01N
27/00 20130101; A01N 31/08 20130101; A01N 31/16 20130101; A01N
35/02 20130101; A01N 37/18 20130101; A01N 49/00 20130101; A01N
65/32 20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A01N 27/00 20130101; A01N
37/18 20130101; A01N 53/00 20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A01N
65/08 20130101; A01N 65/10 20130101; A01N 65/22 20130101; A01N
65/32 20130101; A01N 65/36 20130101; A01N 65/44 20130101; A01N
27/00 20130101; A01N 27/00 20130101; A01N 49/00 20130101; A01N
37/44 20130101; A01N 35/06 20130101; A01N 35/02 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/757 ;
424/725 |
International
Class: |
A01N 63/00 20060101
A01N063/00; A01P 7/04 20060101 A01P007/04 |
Claims
1. A method of pest control, comprising: providing a composition
comprising at least two active ingredients; and contacting a pest
with the composition, wherein the contacting results in a change in
intracellular levels of cAMP, Ca.sup.2+, or both in said pest, and
said change results in synergistic pest control.
2. A method of pest control, comprising: providing a composition
comprising at least two active ingredients, wherein at least one
active ingredient is a ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor in a
target pest; and contacting the pest with the composition, wherein
the contacting results in synergistic pest control.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein only one active ingredient is a
ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one active
ingredient is a ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor selected
from the group consisting of a pest tyramine receptor, and pest
Or43a receptor, and a pest Or83b receptor.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein only one active ingredient is a
ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one active
ingredient is a ligand of at least two G-protein-coupled receptors
selected from the group consisting of a pest tyramine receptor, and
pest Or43a receptor, and a pest Or83b receptor.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein only one active ingredient is a
ligand of the at least two G-protein-coupled receptors.
8. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least two active
ingredients are selected from the group consisting of: black seed
oil, camphene, carvacrol, d-carvone, l-carvone, 1,8-cineole,
p-cymene, diethyl phthalate, geraniol, isopropyl citrate, lemon
grass oil, lilac flower oil, lime oil, d-limonene, linalyl
anthranilate, linalool, lindenol, methyl citrate, methyl
di-hydrojasmonate, myrcene, perillyl alcohol, phenyl acetaldehyde,
.alpha.-pinene, .beta.-pinene, piperonal, piperonyl, piperonyl
acetate, piperonyl alcohol, piperonyl amine, quinone, sabinene,
.alpha.-terpinene, terpinene 900, gamma-terpineol,
2-tert-butyl-p-quinone, .alpha.-thujone, allyl sulfide, allyl
trisulfide, allyl-disulfide, anethole, artemisia alcohol acetate,
benzyl acetate, bergamotene, .beta.-bisabolene, bisabolene oxide,
.alpha.-bisabolol, bisabolol oxide, bisobolol oxide .beta., bornyl
acetate, .beta.-bourbonene, .alpha.-cadinol, .alpha.-campholene,
.alpha.-campholene aldehyde, camphor, caryophyllene oxide,
chamazulene, cinnamaldehyde, cis-verbenol, citral A, citral B,
citronellol, citronellyl acetate, citronellyl formate,
.alpha.-copaene, commint oil, .beta.-costol, cryptone, curzerenone,
davanone, diallyl tetrasulfide, dihydropyrocurzerenone,
.beta.-elemene, gamma-elemene, elmol, estragole,
2-ethyl-2-hexen-1-ol, eugenol acetate, .alpha.-farnesene,
(Z,E)-.alpha.-farnesene, E-.beta.-farnesene, fenchone, furanodiene,
furanoeudesma-1,3-diene, furanoeudesma-1,4-diene, furano germacra
1,10(15)-diene-6-one, furanosesquiterpene, geraniol acetate,
germacrene D, germacrene B, .alpha.-gurjunene, .alpha.-humulene,
.alpha.-ionone, .beta.-ionone, isoborneol, isofuranogermacrene,
iso-menthone, iso-pulegone, jasmone, limonene, linalyl acetate,
lindestrene, methyl-allyl-trisulfide, menthol, 2-methoxy
furanodiene, menthone, menthyl acetate, methyl cinnamate, myrtenal
neraldimethyl acetate, nerolidol, nonanone, 1-octanol, E ocimenone,
Z ocimenone, 3-octanone, ocimene, octyl acetate, peppermint oil,
.alpha.-phellandrene, .beta.-phellandrene, prenal, pulegone,
sabinyl acetate, .alpha.-santalene, santalol, sativen,
.delta.-selinene, .beta.-sesquphelandrene, spathulenol, tagetone,
4-terpineol, .alpha.-terpinolene, .alpha.-terpinyl acetate,
.alpha.-thujene, thymyl methyl ether, trans-caryophyllene,
trans-pinocarveol, trans-verbenol, verbenone, yomogi alcohol,
zingiberene, and dihydrotagentone.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said synergistic pest control
comprises a repellent effect.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein said synergistic pest control
comprises a pesticidal effect.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said composition further
comprises at least one fixed oil.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one fixed oil
selected from the group consisting of castor oil, corn oil, cumin
oil, mineral oil, olive oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil,
and soy bean oil.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two active
ingredients comprise geraniol and thyme oil.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least two active
ingredients additionally comprise d-limonene.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least two active
ingredients additionally comprise piperonal.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least two active
ingredients additionally comprise linalool.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least two active
ingredients additionally comprise lime oil.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two active
ingredients comprise lilac flower oil and d-limonene.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the at least two active
ingredients further comprise thyme oil.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the at least two active
ingredients further comprise lime oil.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two active
ingredients comprise d-limonene, linalool, piperonal, and
geraniol.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two active
ingredients comprise linalool, thymol, .alpha.-pinene, and
p-cymene.
23. The method of claim 23, wherein the at least two active
ingredients further comprise t-anethole.
Description
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a divisional of commonly assigned and
co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/832,022 filed Apr.
26, 2004, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application
Ser. No. 60/465,320 filed Apr. 24, 2003 and U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 60/532,503 filed Dec. 24, 2003, which are both
incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference. The entire
disclosures contained in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/832,022 and
U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 60/465,320 and 60/532,503
are incorporated herein by this reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to compositions, methods, cell
lines and reports related to controlling insects.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Animals have chemosensory and mechanosensory systems that
recognize a large array of environmental stimuli, generating
behavioral responses. Behavioral studies have been conducted to
understand the genetics of these systems. The olfactory system
plays a role in the survival and maintenance of species, including
insects.
[0004] Drosophila is one of the models for studying the sensory
system, as it is amenable to mutant analysis using molecular
techniques, behavioral analysis, and electrophysiological analysis,
and because its olfactory system is comparable to the mammalian
counterpart.
[0005] Various chemicals and mixtures have been studied for
pesticidal activity for many years with a goal of obtaining a
product which is selective for invertebrates such as insects and
has little or no toxicity to vertebrates such as mammals, fish,
fowl and other species and does not otherwise persist in and damage
the environment.
[0006] Most of the previously known and commercialized products
having sufficient pesticidal activity to be useful also have toxic
or deleterious effects on mammals, fish, fowl or other species
which are not the target of the product. For example,
organophosphorus compounds and carbamates inhibit the activity of
acetylcholinesterase in insects as well as in all classes of
animals. Chlordimeform and related formamidines are known to act on
octopamine receptors of insects but have been removed from the
market because of cardiotoxic potential in vertebrates and
carcinogenicity in animals and a varied effect on different
insects. Other compounds, which may be less toxic to mammals and
other non-target species, are sometimes difficult to identify.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention comprises compositions for controlling
insects and methods for using these compositions. The present
invention comprises compositions for controlling insects, which
comprise one or more plant essential oils and methods for using
these compositions. The plant essential oils, when combined, may
have a synergistic effect. The compositions may include a fixed
oil, which is a non-volitile non-scented plant oil. Additionally,
it is contemplated that these compositions may be made up of
generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compounds.
[0008] The present invention comprises compositions comprising one
or more plant essential oils and an insect control agent, and
methods for using these compositions. Examples of insect control
agent include, DEET and D-allethrin. The plant essential oil and
the insect control agent, when combined, may have a synergistic
effect. For example, the insect control activity of 29% DEET may be
achieved with 5% DEET when included in a combination of the present
invention.
[0009] The present invention comprises a method for screening
compositions for insect control activity. The present invention
comprises cell lines stably transfected with tyramine receptor
(TyrR), Or83b Olfactory Receptor (Or83b), or Or43a Olfactory
Receptor, which may be used to screen compositions for insect
control activity.
[0010] The present invention comprises a method for generating a
report identifying one or more compositions having insect control
activity. The term "report" refers to statements or descriptions
contained in a printed document, a database, a computer system, or
other medium.
[0011] For purposes of simplicity, the term "insect" shall be used
through out this application; however, it should be understood that
the term "insect" refers, not only to insects, but also to
arachnids, larvae, and like invertebrates. Also for purposes of
this application, the term "insect control" shall refer to having a
repellant effect, a pesticidal effect, or both. "Repellant effect"
is an effect, wherein more insects are repelled away from a host or
area that has been treated with the composition than a control host
or area that has not been treated with the composition. In some
embodiments, repellant effect is an effect wherein at least about
75% of insects are repelled away from a host or area that has been
treated with the composition. In some embodiments, repellant effect
is an effect wherein at least about 90% of insects are repelled
away from a host or area that has been treated with the
composition. "Pesticidal effect" is an effect, wherein treatment
with a composition causes at least about 1% of the insects to die.
In this regard, an LC1 to LC100 (lethal concentration) or an LD1 to
LD100 (lethal dose) of a composition will cause a pesticidal
effect. In some embodiments, the pesticidal effect is an effect,
wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about 5% of
the exposed insects to die. In some embodiments, the pesticidal
effect is an effect, wherein treatment with a composition causes at
least about 10% of the exposed insects to die. In some embodiments,
the pesticidal effect is an effect, wherein treatment with a
composition causes at least about 25% of the insects to die. In
some embodiments the pesticidal effect is an effect, wherein
treatment with a composition causes at least about 50% of the
exposed insects to die. In some embodiments the pesticidal effect
is an effect, wherein treatment with a composition causes at least
about 75% of the exposed insects to die. In some embodiments the
pesticidal effect is an effect, wherein treatment with a
composition causes at least about 90% of the exposed insects to
die. In some embodiments of the invention, treatment with such
concentrations or doses will result in a knockdown of the insects
occurring within a few seconds to a few minutes.
[0012] The compositions of the present invention may be used to
control insects by either treating a host directly, or treating an
area in which the host will be located, for example, an indoor
living space, outdoor patio or garden. For purposes of this
application, host is defined as a plant, human or other animal.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] FIG. 1 shows the receptor-specific binding in Schneider
cells transfected with the tyramine receptor;
[0014] FIG. 2 shows the saturation binding curve of
.sup.3H-tyramine in membranes prepared from Schneider cells
expressing the tyramine receptor after incubation with
.sup.3H-tyramine at various concentrations in the presence or
absence of unlabeled tyramine;
[0015] FIG. 3 shows the inhibition binding curve of
.sup.3H-tyramine to membranes prepared from Schneider cells
expressing the tyramine receptor after incubation with
.sup.3H-tyramine in the presence and absence of different
concentrations of the unlabeled tyramine;
[0016] FIG. 4 shows the inhibition binding curve of
.sup.3H-tyramine to membranes prepared from Schneider cells
expressing the tyramine receptor in the presence and absence of
different concentrations of the unlabeled ligands: tyramine (TA),
octopamine (OA), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (SE);
[0017] FIG. 5 shows the Inhibition binding curve of
.sup.3H-tyramine to membranes prepared from Schneider cells
expressing the tyramine receptor after incubation with
.sup.3H-tyramine in the presence and absence of different
concentrations of Lilac Flower Oil (LFO) and Black Seed Oil
(BSO);
[0018] FIG. 6 shows the inhibition binding of .sup.3H-tyramine
(3H-TA) to membranes prepared from Schneider cells expressing the
tyramine receptor after incubation with .sup.3H-tyramine in the
presence and absence of either LFO or BSO or in combination with
different concentrations of unlabeled tyramine (TA);
[0019] FIG. 7 shows tyramine dependent changes in cAMP levels in
Schneider cells expressing the tyramine receptor in the presence
and absence of forskolin and tyramine;
[0020] FIG. 8 shows tyramine dependent changes in cAMP levels in
Schneider cells expressing the tyramine receptor treated with Lilac
Flower Oil and Black Seed Oil in the presence and absence of
forskolin and tyramine;
[0021] FIG. 9 shows tyramine dependent changes in cAMP levels in
Schneider cells expressing the tyramine receptor after treatment
with forskolin in the presence and absence of tyramine, Lilac
Flower Oil and Black Seed Oil;
[0022] FIG. 10 shows the saturation binding curve of
.sup.3H-tyramine to membranes prepared from Schneider cells
expressing the Or83b receptor;
[0023] FIG. 11 shows the saturation binding curve of
.sup.3H-tyramine to membranes prepared from Schneider cells
expressing the Or 43a receptor;
[0024] FIG. 12 shows the forskolin-dependent changes in cAMP levels
in Schneider cells expressing the Or83b receptor;
[0025] FIG. 13 shows the ionomycin-dependent changes in
intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels in Schneider cells expressing the
Or83b receptor;
[0026] FIG. 14 shows the ionomycin-dependent changes in
intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels in Schneider cells expressing the
Or43a receptor;
[0027] FIG. 15 shows the tyramine-dependent changes in
intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels in control Schneider cells,
Schneider cells expressing the Or83b receptor, and Schneider cells
expressing the Or 43a receptor;
[0028] FIG. 16 shows the interaction of various plant essential
oils, including, LFO, piperonal, diethyl phthalate, and
.alpha.-terpineol, with the Or83b and Or43a receptors in Schneider
cells expressing the olfactory receptors after incubation with
.sup.3H-tyramine;
[0029] FIG. 17 shows the interaction of various plant essential
oils, including, BSO, quinine, sabinene, .alpha.-thujone,
.alpha.-pinene, d-limonene, and p-cymene with the Or43a receptors
in Schneider cells expressing the olfactory receptors after
incubation with .sup.3H-tyramine;
[0030] FIG. 18 shows the interaction of various plant essential
oils, including, BSO, quinine, sabinene, .alpha.-thujone,
.alpha.-pinene, d-limonene, and p-cymene with the Or83b receptors
in Schneider cells expressing the olfactory receptors after
incubation with .sup.3H-tyramine;
[0031] FIG. 19 shows the interaction of various plant essential
oils, including, geraniol, linalyl anthranilate, phenyl
acetaldehyde, linalool, .alpha.-terpineol, t-anethole, terpinene
900, lindenol, and eugenol, with the Or83b and Or43a receptors in
Schneider cells expressing the olfactory receptors after incubation
with .sup.3H-tyramine;
[0032] FIG. 20 shows the interaction of various plant essential
oils, including, thyme oil, carvacrol, and thymol, with the Or83b
and Or43a receptors in Schneider cells expressing the olfactory
receptors after incubation with .sup.3H-tyramine;
[0033] FIG. 21 shows the interaction of various plant essential
oils, including, piperonal, piperonyl alcohol, piperonyl acetate,
and piperonyl amine, with the Or83b and Or43a receptors in
Schneider cells expressing the olfactory receptors after incubation
with .sup.3H-tyramine;
[0034] FIG. 22 shows the effect of ionomycin, tyramin, and linalyl
anthranilate on intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels in Schneider cells
expressing the Or43a receptor;
[0035] FIG. 23 shows the effect of linalool, perillyl alcohol,
t-anethole, geraniol, phenyl acetaldehyde, and eugenol on
intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels in Schneider cells expressing the
Or43a receptor;
[0036] FIG. 24 shows the effect of piperonyl, piperonyl alcohol,
piperonyl acetate, and piperonyl amine on intracellular Ca.sup.2+
levels in Schneider cells expressing the Or43a receptor;
[0037] FIG. 25 shows the effect of .alpha.-termineol, lindenol, and
terpinene 900 on intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels in Schneider cells
expressing the Or43a receptor;
[0038] FIG. 26 shows the effect of thyme oil, thymol, and carvacrol
on intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels in Schneider cells expressing the
Or43a receptor;
[0039] FIG. 27 shows the effect of LFO on intracellular Ca.sup.2+
levels in Schneider cells expressing the Or43a receptor or the
Or83b receptor;
[0040] FIG. 28 shows the effect of BSO, .alpha.-pinene, p-cymene,
d-limonene, sabinene, quinine, l-carvone, d-carvone, and
.alpha.-thujone on intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels in Schneider
cells expressing the Or43a receptor or the Or83b receptor;
[0041] FIG. 29 shows tyramine dependent changes in cAMP levels in
Schneider cells expressing Or83b receptor in the presence and
absence of tyramine, LFO and BSO;
[0042] FIG. 30 shows the tyramine dependent changes in cAMP levels
in Schneider cells expressing Or83b receptor treated with LFO and
BSO in the presence and absence of tyramine and forskolin;
[0043] FIGS. 31A and 31B show the nucleic acid sequence and the
peptide sequence of tyramine receptor;
[0044] FIGS. 32A and 32B show the nucleic acid sequence and the
peptide sequence of Or43a olfactory receptor; and
[0045] FIGS. 33A and 33B show the nucleic acid sequence and the
peptide sequence of Or 83b olfactory receptor.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0046] The present invention relates to compositions, methods, cell
lines and reports related to controlling insects. The insect
control may be related to one or more of the receptors, comprising
tyramine receptor (TyrR), Or83b Olfactory receptor (Or83b), and
Or43a olfactory receptor (Or43a).
[0047] The present invention comprises a method for screening
compositions for insect control activity. The present invention
comprises Drosophila Schneider cell lines stably transfected with
TyrR, Or43a, or Or83b, which may be used to screen compositions for
insect control activity. The nucleic acid sequence and the peptide
sequence of TyrR are set forth in FIGS. 31A and 31B. The nucleic
acid sequence and the peptide sequence of Or43a are set forth in
FIGS. 32A and 32B. The nucleic acid sequence and the peptide
sequence of Or83b are set forth in FIGS. 33A and 33B.
[0048] The potential for insect control activity may be identified
by measuring the affinity of the test compositions for the receptor
in the cell lines expressing TyrR, Or83b, and/or Or43a. The
potential for insect control activity may also be identified by
measuring the change in intracellular cAMP and/or Ca.sup.2+ in the
cell lines expressing TyrR, Or83b, and/or Or43a following treatment
with the test compositions. The gene sequences of the TyrR
receptor, the Or 83b receptor and the Or 43a receptor have
substantial similarity between various insect species. As such, the
Drosophila Schneider cell lines expressing these receptors may be
used to screen for compositions having insect control activity in
various insect species.
[0049] The present invention comprises compositions for controlling
insects and methods for using these compositions. The present
invention comprises compositions for controlling insects, which
comprise one or more plant essential oils and methods for using
these compositions. The plant essential oils, when combined, may
have a synergistic effect. The compositions of the present
invention may include any of the following oils, or mixtures
thereof:
TABLE-US-00001 t-anthole lime oil piperonyl Black seed oil (BSO)
d-limonene piperonyl acetate camphene linalyl anthranilate
piperonyl alcohol carvacrol linalool piperonyl amine d-carvone
lindenol quinone 1-carvone methyl citrate sabinene 1,8-cineole
methyl .alpha.-terpinene di-hydrojasmonate p-cymene myrcene
terpinene 900 diethyl phthalate perillyl alcohol .alpha.-terpineol
eugenol phenyl acetaldehyde gamma-terpineol geraniol .alpha.-pinene
2-tert-butyl-p-quinone isopropyl citrate .beta.-pinene
.alpha.-thujone lemon grass oil piperonal thyme oil lilac flower
oil (LFO) thymol
[0050] The compositions of the present invention may also include
any of the following oils, or mixtures thereof:
TABLE-US-00002 Allyl sulfide .beta.-elemene Menthyl salicylate
Allyl trisulfide gamma-elemene Myrtenal Allyl-disulfide Elmol
Neraldimethyl acetate Anethole Estragole Nerolidol Artemisia
alcohol 2-ethyl-2-hexen-1-ol Nonanone acetate Benzyl acetate
Eugenol acetate 1-octanol Benzyl alcohol .alpha.-farnesene E
ocimenone Bergamotene (Z,E)-.alpha.-farnesene Z ocimenone
.beta.-bisabolene E-.beta.-farnesene 3-octanone Bisabolene oxide
Fenchone Ocimene .alpha.-bisabolol Furanodiene Furanoeudesma- Octyl
acetate Bisabolol oxide 1,3-diene Peppermint oil Bisobolol oxide
.beta. Furanoeudesma-1,4-diene .alpha.-phellandrene Bornyl acetate
Furano germacra 1,10(15)- .beta.-phellandrene .beta.-bourbonene
diene-6-one piperonal .alpha.-cadinol Furanosesquiterpene Prenal
Camphene Geraniol Pulegone .alpha.-campholene Geraniol acetate
Sabinene .alpha.-campholene Germacrene D Sabinyl acetate aldehyde
camphor Germacrene B .alpha.-santalene Caryophyllene oxide
.alpha.-gurjunene Santalol Chamazulene .alpha.-humulene Sativen
Cinnamaldehyde .alpha.-ionone .delta.-selinene Cis-verbenol
.beta.-ionone .beta.-sesquphelandrene Citral A Isoborneol
Spathulenol Citral B Isofuranogermacrene Tagetone Citronellal
Iso-menthone .alpha.-terpinene Citronellol Iso-pulegone 4-terpineol
Citronellyl acetate Jasmone .alpha.-terpinolene Citronellyl formate
Lilac flower oil .alpha.-terpinyl acetate .alpha.-copaene Limonene
.alpha.-thujene cornmint oil Linalool Thymyl methyl ether
.beta.-costol Linalyl acetate Trans-caryophyllene Cryptone
Lindestrene Trans-pinocarveol Curzerenone Methyl-allyl-trisulfide
Trans-verbenol d-Carvone Menthol Verbenone l-Carvone 2-methoxy
furanodiene Yomogi alcohol Davanone menthone Zingiberene Diallyl
tetrasulfide Menthyl acetate Dihydrotagentone dihydro- Methyl
cinnamate pyrocurzerenone
[0051] In those compositions including more than one oil, each oil
may make up between about 1% to about 99%, by weight, of the
composition mixture. For example, one composition of the present
invention comprise about 1% thymol and about 99% geraniol.
Optionally, the compositions may additionally comprise a fixed oil,
which is a non-volitile non-scented plant oil. For example, the
composition could include one or more of the following fixed
oils:
TABLE-US-00003 castor oil mineral oil safflower oil corn oil olive
oil sesame oil cumin oil peanut oil soy bean oil
For example, one composition of the present invention includes
about 1% thymol, about 50% geraniol and about 49% mineral oil.
Additionally, it is contemplated that these compositions may be
made up of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compounds, for
example: thyme oil, geraniol, lemon grass oil, lilac flower oil,
black seed oil, lime oil, eugenol, castor oil, mineral oil, and
safflower oil.
[0052] The present invention comprises compositions comprising one
or more plant essential oils and an insect control agent, for
example, DEET, and D-allethrin, and methods for using these
compositions. The plant essential oil and the insect control agent,
when combined, may have a synergistic effect. For example, the
insect control activity of 29% DEET may be achieved with 5% DEET
when included in a combination of the present invention.
[0053] The compositions of the present invention may comprise, in
admixture with a suitable carrier and optionally with a suitable
surface active agent, two or more plant essential oil compounds
and/or derivatives thereof, natural and/or synthetic, including
racemic mixtures, enantiomers, diastereomers, hydrates, salts,
solvates and metabolites, etc.
[0054] A suitable carrier may include any carrier in the art known
for plant essential oils so long as the carrier does not adversely
effect the compositions of the present invention. The term
"carrier" as used herein means an inert or fluid material, which
may be inorganic or organic and of synthetic or natural origin,
with which the active compound is mixed or formulated to facilitate
its application to the container or carton or other object to be
treated, or its storage, transport and/or handling. In general, any
of the materials customarily employed in formulating repellents,
pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides, are suitable. The
compositions of the present invention may be employed alone or in
the form of mixtures with such solid and/or liquid dispersible
carrier vehicles and/or other known compatible active agents such
as other repellants, pesticides, or acaricides, nematicides,
fungicides, bactericides, rodenticides, herbicides, fertilizers,
growth-regulating agents, etc., if desired, or in the form of
particular dosage preparations for specific application made
therefrom, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders,
pastes, and granules which are thus ready for use. The compositions
of the present invention can be formulated or mixed with, if
desired, conventional inert pesticide diluents or extenders of the
type usable in conventional insect control agents, e.g.
conventional dispersible carrier vehicles such as gases, solutions,
emulsions, suspensions, emulsifiable concentrates, spray powders,
pastes, soluble powders, dusting agents, granules, foams, pastes,
tablets, aerosols, natural and synthetic materials impregnated with
active compounds, microcapsules, coating compositions for use on
seeds, and formulations used with burning equipment, such as
fumigating cartridges, fumigating cans and fumigating coils, as
well as ULV cold mist and warm mist formulations, etc.
[0055] The compositions of the present invention may further
comprise surface-active agents. Examples of surface-active agents,
i.e., conventional carrier vehicle assistants, that may be employed
with the present invention, comprise emulsifying agents, such as
non-ionic and/or anionic emulsifying agents (e.g. polyethylene
oxide esters of fatty acids, polyethylene oxide ethers of fatty
alcohols, alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates,
albumin hydrolyzates, etc. and especially alkyl arylpolyglycol
ethers, magnesium stearate, sodium oleate, etc.); and/or dispersing
agents such as lignin, sulfite waste liquors, methyl cellulose,
etc.
[0056] The compositions of the present invention may be used to
control insects by either treating a host directly, or treating an
area in which the host will be located. For example, the host may
be treated directly by using a cream or spray formulation, which
may be applied externally or topically, e.g., to the skin of a
human. A composition could be applied to the host, for example, in
the case of a human, using formulations of a variety of personal
products or cosmetics for use on the skin or hair. For example, any
of the following could be used: fragrances, colorants, pigments,
dyes, colognes, skin creams, skin lotions, deodorants, talcs, bath
oils, soaps, shampoos, hair conditioners and styling agents.
[0057] In the case of an animal, human or non-human, the host may
also be treated directly by using a formulation of a composition
that is delivered orally. For example, a composition could be
enclosed within a liquid capsule and ingested.
[0058] An area may be treated with a composition of the present
invention, for example, by using a spray formulation, such as an
aerosol or a pump spray, or a burning formulation, such as a candle
or a piece of incense containing the composition. Of course,
various treatment methods may be used without departing from the
spirit and scope of the present invention. For example,
compositions may be comprised in household products such as: air
fresheners (including "heated" air fresheners in which insect
repellent substances are released upon heating, e.g. electrically,
or by burning); hard surface cleaners; or laundry products (e.g.
laundry detergent-containing compositions, conditioners).
[0059] The present invention is further illustrated by the
following specific but non-limiting examples. The following
examples are prophetic, notwithstanding the numerical values,
results and/or data referred to and contained in the examples.
Examples 1 through 5 relate to the preparation of a cell line
expressing the tyramine receptor (TyrR) and screening of
compositions using this cell line. Examples 6 through 11 relate to
the preparation of a cell line expressing the Or83b receptor,
preparation of a cell line expressing the Or43a receptor, and
screening of compositions using these cell lines. Examples 12
through 34 relate to the determination of the repellant effect
and/or a pesticidal effect of compositions.
Example 1
Preparation of Stably Transfected Schneider Cell Lines with
Tyramine Receptor (TyrR)
A. PCR Amplification and Subcloning Drosophila Melanogaster
Tyramine Receptor
[0060] Tyramine receptor is amplified from Drosophila melanogaster
head cDNA phage library GH that is obtained through the Berkeley
Drosophila Genome Project (Baumann, A., 1999, Drosophila
melanogaster mRNA for octopamine receptor, splice variant 1B NCBI
direct submission, Accession AJ007617). The nucleic acid sequence
and the peptide sequence of TyrR are set forth in FIGS. 31A and
31B. Phage DNA is purified from this library using a liquid culture
lysate. (Baxter, et al., 1999, Insect Biochem Mol Biol 29,
461-467). Briefly, oligonucleotides that are used to amplify the
open reading frame of the Drosophila tyramine receptor (TyrR) (Han,
et al., 1998, J Neurosci 18, 3650-3658; von Nickisch-Rosenegk, et
al., 1996. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 26, 817-827) consist of the 5'
oligonucleotide: 5' gccgaattgccaccATGCCATCGGCAGATCAGATCCTG 3' and
3' oligonucleotide: 5' taatctagaTCAATTCAGGCCCAGAAGTCGCTTG 3'.
Capitalized letters match the tyramine receptor sequence. An added
Kozak sequence (Grosmaitre, X., Jacquin-Joly, E., 2001 Mamestra
brassicae putative octopamine receptor (OAR) mRNA, complete cds.
NCBI direct submission, Accession AF43878) is indicated by
underlined nucleotides. The 5' oligonucleotide also contains an
EcoR I site and the 3' oligonucleotide a Xba I site. The PCR is
performed using Vent polymerase (New England Biolabs) with the
following conditions: about 95.degree. C., about 5 min for about 1
cycle; about 95.degree. C., about 30 sec; and about 70.degree. C.,
about 90 sec for about 40 cycles; and about 70.degree. C., about 10
min for about 1 cycle.
[0061] The PCR product is digested with EcoR I and Xba I, subcloned
into pcDNA 3 (Invitrogen) and sequenced on both strands by
automated DNA sequencing (Vanderbilt Cancer Center). When this open
reading frame is translated to protein, it is found to correctly
match the published tyramine receptor sequence (Saudou, et al., The
EMBO Journal vol 9 no 1, 6-617). For expression in Drosophila
Schneider cells, the TyrR ORF is excised from pcDNA3 and inserted
into pAC5.1/V5-His(B) [pAc5(B)] using the Eco RI and Xba I
restriction sites.
[0062] For transfection, Drosophila Schneider cells are stably
transfected with pAc5(B)-TyrR ORF using the calcium phosphate-DNA
coprecipitation protocol as described by Invitrogen Drosophila
Expression System (DES) manual. The precipitation protocol is the
same for either transient or stable transfection except for the use
of an antibiotic resistant plasmid for stable transfection. At
least about ten clones of stably transfected cells are selected and
separately propagated. Stable clones expressing the receptors are
selected by whole cell binding/uptake using .sup.3H-tyramine. For
this assay, cells are washed and collected in insect saline (170 mM
NaCl, 6 mM KCl, 2 mM NaHCO.sub.3, 17 mM glucose, 6 mM
NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4, 2 mM CaCl.sub.2, and 4 mM MgCl.sub.2). About 3
million cells in about 1 mL insect saline are incubated with about
4 nM .sup.3H-tyramine at about 23.degree. C. for about 5 minutes.
Cells are centrifuged for about 30 seconds and the binding solution
is aspirated. The cell pellets are washed with about 500 .mu.L
insect saline and the cells are resuspended and transferred to
scintillation fluid. Nonspecific binding is determined by including
about 50 .mu.M unlabeled-tyramine in the reaction. Binding is
quantified counting radioactivity using a using a Liquid
Scintillation .beta.-counter (Beckman, Model LS1801).
B. Selection of Clones Having the Highest Level of Functionally
Active Tyramine Receptor Protein
[0063] Tyramine receptor binding/uptake is performed to determine
which of the transfected clones have the highest levels of
functionally active tyramine receptor protein. There are about 10
clonal lines for tyramine receptor and about 2 pAc(B) for control.
.sup.3H-tyramine (about 4 nM/reaction) is used as a tracer, with
and without about 50 .mu.M unlabeled tyramine as a specific
competitor. For this assay, cells are grown in plates and are
collected in about 3 ml of medium for cell counting and the number
of cells is adjusted to about 3.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml. About two
pAcB clones are used in parallel as controls. About 1 ml cell
suspension is used per reaction. Based on specific binding, about 3
clones express a high level of active tyramine receptor protein.
The clone having the highest specific tyramine receptor binding
(about 90%), is selected for further studies. The selected clone is
propagated and stored in liquid nitrogen. Aliquot of the selected
clone are grown for whole cell binding and for plasma membrane
preparation for kinetic and screening studies. The control pAcB
does not demonstrate any specific binding for the tyramine
receptor.
C. Efficacy of Schneider Cells Transfected with Tyramine Receptor
for Screening Compositions for Tyramine Receptor Interaction
[0064] Cells transfected with the tyramine receptor (about
1.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml) are cultured in each well of a
multi-well plate. About 24 hours after plating the cells, the
medium is withdrawn and replaced with about 1 ml insect saline
(about 23.degree. C.). Different concentrations of .sup.3H-tyramine
(about 0.1-10 nM) are added with and without about 10 .mu.M
unlabeled tyramine and incubated at room temperature (RT). After
about a 20 minute incubation, the reaction is stopped by rapid
aspiration of the saline and at least one wash with about 2 ml
insect saline (about 23.degree. C.). Cells are solubilized in about
300 .mu.l 0.3M NaOH for about 20 min at RT. Solubilized cells are
transferred into about 4 ml Liquid Scintillation Solution (LSS) and
vigorously vortexed for about 30 sec before counting the
radioactivity using a Liquid Scintillation .beta.-counter (Beckman,
Model LS1801) (LSC).
[0065] With reference to FIG. 1, receptor specific binding data is
expressed as fmol specific binding per 1.times.10.sup.6 cells and
measured as a function of .sup.3H-tyramine concentration. Specific
binding values are calculated as the difference between values in
the absence of and values in the presence of about 10 .mu.M
unlabeled tyramine. As shown in FIG. 1, the maximum specific
binding occurs at about 5 nM .sup.3H-tyramine. Untransfected cells
do not respond to tyramine at concentration as high as about 100
.mu.M.
[0066] To study the kinetics of the tyramine receptor in stably
transfected cells with pAcB-TyrR, crude membrane fractions are
prepared from the transfected cells and used to calculate the
equilibrium dissociation constant (K.sub.d), Maximum Binding
Capacity (B.sub.max), equilibrium inhibitor dissociation constant
(K.sub.i) and EC.sub.50 (effective concentration at which binding
is inhibited by 50%). A preliminary study to determine the optimum
concentration of membrane protein for receptor binding activity is
performed. In this study, different concentrations of protein
(about 10-50 .mu.g/reaction) are incubated in about 1 ml binding
buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 5 mM MgCl.sub.2 and 2 mM ascorbic
acid). The reaction is initiated by the addition of about 5 nM
.sup.3H-tyramine with and without about 10 .mu.M unlabeled
tyramine. After about 1 hr incubation at room temperature,
reactions are terminated by filtration through GF/C filters (VWR),
which have been previously soaked in about 0.3% polyethyleneimine
(PEI). The filters are washed one time with about 4 ml ice cold
Tris buffer and air dried before the retained radioactivity is
measured using LSC. Binding data is analyzed by curve fitting
(GraphPad software, Prism). The data demonstrates no differences
between about 10, 20, 30 and 50 .mu.g protein/reaction in tyramine
receptor specific binding. Therefore, about 10 .mu.g
protein/reaction is used.
[0067] To determine B.sub.max and K.sub.d values for tyramine
receptor (TyrR) in membranes expressing TyrR, saturation binding
experiments are performed. Briefly, about 10 .mu.g protein is
incubated with .sup.3H-tyramine at a range of concentrations (about
0.2-20 nM). Binding data is analyzed by curve fitting (GraphPad
software, Prism) and the K.sub.d for tyramine binding to its
receptor is determined.
[0068] To determine the affinities of several ligands for TyrR,
increasing concentration of several compounds are tested for their
ability to inhibit binding of about 2 nM .sup.3H-tyramine. For both
saturation and inhibition assays total and non-specific binding is
determined in the absence and presence of about 10 .mu.M
unlabeled-tyramine, respectively. Receptor binding reactions are
incubated for about 1 hr at room temperature (RT) in restricted
light. Reactions are terminated by filtration through GF/C filters
(VWR), which have been previously soaked in about 0.3%
polyethyleneimine (PEI). The filters are washed one time with about
4 ml ice cold Tris buffer and air dried before retained
radioactivity is measured using LSC. Binding data is analyzed by
curve fitting (GraphPad software, Prism).
[0069] With reference to FIG. 2, depicting a saturation binding
curve of .sup.3H-tyramine (.sup.3H-TA) to membranes prepared from
Schneider cells expressing tyramine receptor, H-tyramine has a high
affinity to tyramine receptor in the stably transfected cells with
pAcB-TyrR with K.sub.d determined to be about 1.257 nM and
B.sub.max determined to be about 0.679 pmol/mg protein.
[0070] With reference to FIG. 3, depicting the inhibition binding
of .sup.3H-tyramine (.sup.3H-TA) to membranes prepared from
Schneider cells expressing tyramine receptor in the presence and
absence of various concentrations of unlabeled tyramine (TA), the
EC.sub.50 and the K.sub.i for tyramine against its receptor in
Schneider cells expressing tyramine receptor are about 0.331 .mu.M
and 0.127 .mu.M, respectively.
[0071] In order to determine the pharmacological profile of
tyramine receptor (TyrR), the ability of a number of putative
Drosophila neurotransmitters to displace .sup.3H-tyramine
(.sup.3H-TA) binding from membranes expressing tyramine receptor is
tested. With reference to FIG. 4, depicting inhibition binding of
.sup.3H-Tyramine to membranes prepared from Schneider cells
expressing tyramine receptor in the presence and absence of
different concentrations of unlabeled ligands (including Tyramine
(TA), Octopamine (OA), Dopamine (DA), and Serotonin (SE)), tyramine
displays the highest affinity (K.sub.i of about 0.127 .mu.M,
EC.sub.50 of about 0.305 .mu.M) for the Drosophila TyrR.
Octopamine, dopamine and serotonin were less efficient than
tyramine at displacing .sup.3H-tyramine binding.
[0072] With reference to Table A, setting forth the K.sub.i and
EC.sub.50 of the ligands, the rank order of potency is as follows:
tyramine>octopamine>dopamine>serotonin, showing the
likelihood that the stably transfected Schneider cells are
expressing a functionally active tyramine receptor.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE A Ligand K.sub.i (.mu.M) EC.sub.50 (.mu.M)
Tyramine (TA) 0.127 0.305 Octopamine (OA) 2.868 7.456 Dopamine (DA)
5.747 14.940 Serotonin (SE) 8.945 23.260
As such, Schneider cells expressing tyramine receptor are effective
as a model for studies and screening for compositions that interact
with the tyramine receptor.
Example 2
Treatment of Cells Expressing the Tyramine Receptor and Effect of
Compositions on Intracellular [cAMP]
[0073] Cells are grown on dishes and the media changed the day
before the treatment. When cells are approximately 95% confluent,
media is aspirated and the cells are washed one time with about 5
mL of about 27.degree. C. insect saline (170 mM NaCl, 6.0 mM KCl,
2.0 mM NaHCO.sub.3, 17.0 mM glucose, 6.0 mM NaH2PO4, 2.0 mM CaCl2,
4.0 mM MgCl2; pH 7.0). About 20 mL of insect saline is added, and
cells are harvested by gentle scraping. An aliquot of the cells is
counted by hemocytometer, and the cells are then centrifuged for
about 5 minutes at about 1000 RPM. Cells are resuspended to give
about 3.times.10.sup.6 cells per mL. IBMX is added to about 200
.mu.M. Then about 1 mL of cell suspension is aliquoted for
treatment. Forskolin (cAMP inducing agent), tyramine or different
composition candidates are added, and the cells are incubated at
about 27.degree. C. for about 10 minutes.
[0074] Treated cells are centrifuged at about 13000 g for about 10
seconds. The solution is aspirated and about 1 mL of about
-20.degree. C. 70% ethanol is added. The cell pellet is disrupted
by vortexing and the samples placed at about -20.degree. C.
overnight. Following the ethanol extraction, cellular debris is
pelleted by centrifugation at about 13000 g for about 5 minutes.
The supernatant is transferred to a tube and lyophilized to dryness
in a rotary speed-vac. The resulting extract is resuspended in
about 100 .mu.L TE and used for the cAMP assay.
[0075] The cAMP assay is based on competition binding between
endogenous cAMP and .sup.3H-cAMP to a cAMP binding protein. The
.sup.3H-cAMP Biotrak system (Amersham Biosciences) is used for this
assay as per the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, about 50
.mu.L of the cellular extract is incubated with about 50 .mu.L
.sup.3H-cAMP and about 100 .mu.L cAMP binding protein in an ice
bath for about 2-4 hours. Charcoal (about 100 .mu.L) is then added
and the solution centrifuged for about 3 minutes at about 4.degree.
C. About 200 .mu.L of the reaction mixture is removed and levels of
.sup.3H-cAMP are determined by scintillation counting. Levels of
endogenous cAMP from the cells are calculated using a standard
curve with cold cAMP ranging from about 0 to 16 pmol per
reaction.
Example 3
Treatment of Cells Expressing the Tyramine Receptor and Effect of
Compositions on Intracellular [Ca.sup.2+]
[0076] Intracellular calcium ion concentrations ([Ca.sup.2+]i) are
measured by using the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester of the fluorescent
indicator fura-2 (Enan, et al., Biochem. Pharmacol vol 51,
447-454). In this study, cells expressing tyramine receptor are
grown under standard conditions. A cell suspension is prepared in
assay buffer (140 mM NaCL, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, 5 mM KCl, 1
mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2) and cell number adjusted to about
2.times.10.sup.6 cells per ml. Briefly, about 1.0 ml cell
suspension (about 2.times.10.sup.6 cells) is incubated with about 5
.mu.M Fura 2/AM for about 30 min at about 28.degree. C. After
incubation, the cells are pelleted at about 3700 rpm for about 10
sec at room temperature and then resuspended in about 1.5 ml assay
buffer. [Ca.sup.2+]i changes are analyzed in spectrofluorometer in
the presence and absence of test chemicals. Excitation wave lengths
are about 340 nm (generated by Ca.sup.2+-bound fura-2) and about
380 nm (corresponding to Ca.sup.2+-free fura-2). The fluorescence
intensity is monitored at an emission wave length of about 510 nm.
No absorbance of fluorescence artifacts are observed with any of
the compounds used. The ratio of about 340/380 nm is calculated and
plotted as a function of time.
Example 4
Effect of Lilac Flower Oil and Black Seed Oil on Tyramine Receptor
Binding Activity in Cells Expressing the Tyramine Receptor
[0077] To determine whether specific oils, namely, Lilac Flower Oil
(LFO) and Black seed Oil (BSO), interact and regulate the
functional expression of tyramine receptor, membranes from stably
transfected and untransfected Schneider cells are analyzed for
.sup.3H-Tyramine binding.
[0078] For the interaction with .sup.3H-Tyramine at the receptor
sites, the same binding protocol as described above is used. A
dose-response of LFO and BSO (about 1-100 .mu.g/ml) is performed to
determine their effect on the inhibition binding of
.sup.3H-Tyramine to membranes prepared from Schneider cells
expressing the tyramine receptor. With reference to FIG. 5,
depicting the inhibition binding of .sup.3H-Tyramine to membranes
prepared from Schneider cells expressing tyramine receptor in the
presence and absence of different concentrations of LFO and BSO,
the inhibition of .sup.3H-Tyramine to its receptor is demonstrated
in response to treatment with LFO and BSO in a dose-dependent
manner. The EC.sub.50 values for LFO and BSO are approximately in
the neighborhood of 10 .mu.g/ml and 20 .mu.g/ml, respectively.
[0079] Turning now to FIG. 6, depicting the inhibition binding of
.sup.3H-tyramine to membranes prepared from Schneider cells
expressing tyramine receptor in the presence and absence of either
LFO or BSO or in combination with about 1 and 10 .mu.M unlabeled
Tyramine, LFO (about 25 .mu.g/ml) by itself inhibits the binding of
.sup.3H-Tyramine to its receptor. This effect is equivocal to the
effect of about 10 .mu.M (about 1.74 .mu.g/ml) unlabeled tyramine.
In addition, LFO potentiates the potency of unlabeled Tyramine
against .sup.3H-Tyramine binding only when unlabeled tyramine is
used at about 1 .mu.M. On the other hand, BSO (about 25 .mu.g/ml)
is less efficacious against .sup.3H-Tyramine binding than LFO. BSO,
however, significantly increases the potency of unlabeled-Tyramine
against .sup.3H-Tyramine binding regardless the concentration of
unlabeled Tyramine. The two oils do not show any effect on
.sup.3H-Tyramine binding in untransfected Schneider cells.
[0080] As such, it appears that LFO and BSO interact with the
tyramine receptor differently. Not wishing to be bound by theory or
mechanism, it is likely that LFO and tyramine compete at the same
binding sites, while BSO acts at different sites of the receptor
than the endogenous ligand (tyramine). Certain other oils,
including those expressly set forth in this application, also
interact with the tyramine receptor.
Example 5
Effect of Lilac Flower Oil and Black Seed Oil on Intracellular
[cAMP] in Cells Expressing the Tyramine Receptor
[0081] To examine test chemical-dependent coupling of the tyramine
receptor, pAcB-TyrR is stably expressed in Schneider cells.
Transfected and untransfected cells are treated with tyramine
(about 10 .mu.M), LFO (about 25 .mu.g/ml) and BSO (about 25
.mu.g/ml) in the presence and absence of forskolin (FK) (about 10
.mu.M). cAMP production is measured using the .sup.3H-cAMP assay
kit (Amersham) as described above.
[0082] To ensure that the cAMP cascade in this cell model is
functionally active, forskolin, a cAMP inducer, is used as standard
agent. As shown in FIGS. 7 through 9, which depict
tyramine-dependent changes in cAMP levels in Schneider cells
expressing tyramine receptor following treatment with LFO (about 25
.mu.g/ml) and BSO (about 25 .mu.g/ml) in the presence and absence
of tyramine (about 10 .mu.M) and forskolin (about 10 .mu.M), there
is about a 19-fold increase in the cAMP levels only in transfected
cells in response to treatment with forskolin as compared to the
basal level of cAMP in cells treated only with the solvent
(ethanol).
[0083] Tyramine, on the other hand, induces a slight decrease
(about 10%) in cAMP production. Tyramine, however, significantly
antagonizes forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels in cells expressing
tyramine receptor, suggesting that tyramine receptor couples to
G.sub..alpha.i/o in the presence of tyramine, as shown in FIG. 7.
About a 34% and 25% decrease in cAMP level are found only in
transfected cells in response to treatment with LFO and BSO
respectively (FIG. 8). While tyramine potentiates the effect of LFO
on cAMP production in the tyramine-receptor transfected cells,
co-treatment of BSO and tyramine does not induce any changes in
cAMP level beyond the effect of BSO by itself, as shown in FIG. 8.
The LFO- and BSO-decreased cAMP levels in Schneider cells
expressing tyramine receptor is diminished in the presence of
forskolin, as shown in FIG. 9.
[0084] Treatment with certain other plant essential oils, including
those expressly set forth in the application, also result in
changes in intracellular cAMP levels in cells expressing tyramine
receptor.
Example 6
Preparation of Stably Transfected Schneider Cell Lines with
Olfactory receptors (Or83b and Or43a)
[0085] A. RT-PCR Amplification and Subcloning Drosophila
Melanogaster Olfactory Receptors Or83b and Or43a
[0086] Total RNA is prepared from the head and antenna of wild type
Drosophila melanogaster using Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen). They are
homogenized in the Trizol using a motor driven teflon pestle and
glass homogenizer. RNA is then prepared as per the manufacturer's
instructions and includes removal of proteoglycans and
polysaccharides by precipitation. The total RNA is reverse
transcribed using oligo-dT as a primer and MuLV reverse
transcriptase (Applied Biosystems). To PCR amplify the open reading
frames, the following oligonucleotides are used: Or83b Sense 5'
taagcggccgcATGACAACCTCGATGCAGCCGAG 3'; Or83b Antisense 5'
ataccgcggCTTGAGCTGCACCAGCACCATAAAG 3'; Or43a Sense 5'
taagcggccgcATGACAATCGAGGATATCGGCCTGG 3'; and Or43a Antisense 5'
ataccgcggTTTGCCGGTGACGCCACGCAGCATGG 3'. Capitalized letters match
the Or83b and Or43a receptors sequence. The Sense oligonucleotides
contain Not I sites and the antisense oligonucleotides contain Sac
II sites. Both restriction sites are indicated by underlined
nucleotide. The antisense oligonucleotides do not contain stop
codons so the V5 epitope from the pAC 5.1 plasmid will be in frame
with the translated proteins. For PCR amplification of Or83b, Vent
polymerase (New England Biolabs) is used with the following
conditions: about 95.degree. C., about 5 min for about 1 cycle;
about 95.degree. C., about 30 sec; and about 70.degree. C., about
90 sec for about 40 cycles; and about 70.degree. C., about 10 min
for about 1 cycle. For PCR amplification of Or43a, the Failsafe PCR
premix selection kit (Epicentre Technologies) is used with the
following conditions: about 95.degree. C., about 5 min for about 1
cycle; about 95.degree. C., about 30 sec; about 60.degree. C.,
about 30 sec and about 70.degree. C., about 90 sec for about 50
cycles; and about 70.degree. C., about 10 min for about 1 cycle.
The Failsafe premix buffer F yields the correctly sized product.
The PCR products are digested with Sac II and Not I, gel purified
and ligated into pAC 5.1/V5 His B (Invitrogen). Inserts are
sequenced on both strands by automated flourescent sequencing
(Vanderbilt Cancer Center). Both the Or83b open reading frame and
Or43a open reading frame code for identical proteins as compared to
sequence information on PubMed and found in the genomic sequence on
the Web site. The nucleic acid sequence and the peptide sequence of
Or43a are set forth in FIGS. 32A and 32B. The nucleic acid sequence
and the peptide sequence of Or83b are set forth in FIGS. 33A and
33B.
[0087] For transfection, Drosophila Schneider cells are stably
transfected with pAc5(B)-Or83b ORF or pAc5(B)-Or43a ORF using the
calcium phosphate-DNA coprecipitation protocol as described by
Invitrogen Drosophila Expression System (DES) manual as described
above. At least about ten clones of stably transfected cells with
either Or83b or Or43a are selected and separately propagated.
Stable clones are analyzed to test whether they express
corresponding mRNA using RT-PCR method. RNA is prepared from cells
using Trizol as per the manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA is
reverse transcribed with MuLV Reverse Transcriptase. PCR is
performed using Vent polymerase and the following primers: Or83b
sense and Or83b antisense; Or43a sense and Or43a antisense. PCR
products are analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and compared
to control Schneider cell RNA used for RT-PCR. A clone that highly
expresses Or83b-mRNA or Or43a-mRNA is used in further studies to
address protein expression (Western blot), and signaling (cAMP
production and [Ca2+]) in response to treatment with tyramine and
certain plant essential oils.
[0088] RT-PCR is used to determine which clones expressed the Or83b
and Or43a genes. Agarose gel analysis indicates that for Or83b,
about 4 clones out of about 10 clones yield the correct size
product of about 1.46 kb. Likewise, for Or43a, about 2 clones yield
the correct size product of about 1.1 kb. Neither of these products
is obtained when PCR is performed on the control Schneider cells.
Clones expressing the mRNA are chosen for additional studies with
the receptor.
[0089] B. Efficacy of Schneider Cell Lines Transfected with Or83b
Receptor or Or43a Receptor for Screening Compositions for Or83b and
Or43a Receptor Interaction
[0090] To address whether Or83b receptor and Or43a receptor contain
a specific binding site for tyramine, membranes expressing Or83b
receptor or Or43a receptor are prepared from cells expressing
either receptor, as described above, and used for competitive
binding with .sup.3H-tyramine. The binding assay protocol is
exactly as described for cells expressing TyrR, as described above.
As shown in FIG. 10, depicting a saturation binding curve of
.sup.3H-tyramine to membranes prepared from Schneider cells
expressing the Or83b receptor in the presence or absence of about
20 .mu.M unlabeled tyramine, and FIG. 11, depicting the same
information for the cells expressing the Or43a receptor,
.sup.3H-Tyramine binds specifically to the Or83b and the Or43a
receptors. As set forth in Table B, Tyramine binds to the Or83b
receptor with Kd of approximately 96.90 nM and B.sub.max of
approximately 4.908 pmol/mg protein. For Or43a the corresponding
values are Kd of approximately 13.530 nM and Bmax of approximately
1.122 pmol/mg protein.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE B Receptor type K.sub.i (nM) B.sub.max
(pmol/mg protein) TyrR 1.257 0.679 Or83b 96.900 4.908 Or43a 13.530
1.122
Example 7
Production of cAMP in Cells Expressing Olfactory Receptors
[0091] To ensure that the cAMP cascade in this cell model is
functionally active, forskolin, a cAMP inducer, is used as standard
agent. Cyclic-AMP levels are measured using the cAMP assay
described above in Example 2. As shown in FIG. 12, depicting
forskolin-dependent changes in cAMP levels in the cells expressing
Or83b receptor, there is approximately a 13-fold increase from the
basel cAMP levels in cells treated with about 10 .mu.M forskolin
for about 10 min at room temperature. Similar results are obtained
with cells expressing Or43a receptor. As such, the cells expressing
olfactory receptors have a functionally active cAMP cascade.
Example 8
Intracellular mobilization of Ca.sup.2+ in Cells Expressing
Olfactory Receptors
[0092] Intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels are measured using the method
described above in Example 3. Calcium mobilization occurs in cells
expressing either Or83b or Or43a receptor in response to treatment
with ionomycin (a Ca.sup.2+ inducing agent) and tyramine.
Specifically, with reference to FIGS. 13 and 14, in which
fluorescence ratio determined from excitation with 340 nm and 380
nm correlates to intracellular calcium levels when about 2 .mu.M
ionomycin is added to the Or83b or Or43a expressing cells, a marked
increase in intracellular calcium is detected.
[0093] Approximately 3.8-fold and 7-fold increases in calcium are
found in cells expressing Or83b and Or43a, respectively, in
response to treatment with ionomycin. With reference to FIG. 15,
testing of the tyramine at about 10 .mu.M can also induce
approximately a 1.18-fold increase and 3.5-fold increase in
intracellular calcium in cells expressing Or83b and Or43a,
respectively.
[0094] Collectively, the pharmacological analysis data confirm that
these cell models that were transfected with either Or83b receptor
gene or Or43a receptor gene are expressing functioning protein
receptors.
Example 9
Effect of Various Plant Essential Oils on the Binding Activity of
Olfactory Receptors and Signaling Pathways Down Stream to the
Receptors
[0095] The cells expressing one of the olfactory receptors are used
to investigate the interaction of plant essential oils with these
receptors and the signaling cascade downstream of each
receptor.
[0096] For the binding activity, membranes are prepared from each
cell model and used to investigate the interaction of plant
essential oil with the receptor binding site. With reference to
FIG. 16, the following oils interact with the olfactory receptors:
lilac flower oil (LFO), diethyl phthalate, .alpha.-terpineol, and
piperonal.
[0097] Likewise, with reference to FIGS. 17 and 18, the following
oils interact with the olfactory receptors: black seed oil (BSO),
.alpha.-pinene, quinone, p-cymene, sabinene, .alpha.-thujone and
d-limonene.
[0098] Similarly, with reference to FIGS. 19 through 21, the
following oils also interact with the olfactory receptors:
geraniol, linalyl anthranilate, phenyl acetaldehyde, linalool,
.alpha.-terpineol, t-anethole, terpinene 900, lindenol, eugenol,
thyme oil, carvacrol, thymol, piperonal, piperonyl alcohol,
piperonyl acetate, and piperonyl amine.
[0099] Certain other oils, including those expressly set forth in
this application, also interact with the olfactory receptors.
Example 10
[0100] Effect of Various Plant Essential Oils on Intracellular
Mobalization of Ca.sup.2+ in Cells Expressing the Or43a
Receptor
[0101] To determine the effect of various plant essential oils on
intracellular calcium mobilization, intact cells from each cell
model are used in the assay as described above. Changes in
intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels are calculated based on the
difference between the 340/380 fluorescence ratios before and after
approximately 150 seconds of the treatment. As shown in FIG. 22,
treatment with ionomycin and tyramine, which induce mobilization of
Ca.sup.2+ in control cells, increases the intracellular Ca.sup.2+
levels only negligibly in cells expressing the Or43a receptor.
[0102] With reference to FIGS. 22 through 28, the following oils
result in calcium mobilization in cells expressing the Or43a
receptor: linalyl anthranilate, linalool, perillyl alcohol,
t-anethole, geraniol, phenyl acetaldehyde, eugenol, piperonyl
alcohol, piperonyl acetate, piperonyl amine, .alpha.-terpineol,
lindenol, terpinene 900, thyme oil, tmymol, carvacrol, LFO, BSO,
.alpha.-pinene, p-cymene, d-limonene, sabinen, quinine, l-carvone,
d-carvone, and .alpha.-thujone. Finally, as shown in FIG. 24,
treatment of piperonal decreases the intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels
in cells expressing the Or43a receptor.
[0103] Treatment with certain other plant essential oils, including
those expressly set forth in the application, also cause changes in
intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels in cells expressing the Or43a
receptor.
[0104] Additionally, treatment with certain other plant essential
oils, including those expressly set forth in the application, cause
changes in intracellular Ca.sup.2+ levels in cells expressing the
Or83b receptor.
Example 11
Effect of Various Plant Essential Oils on Camp Production in Cells
Expressing Olfactory Receptors
[0105] To determine the effect of various plant essential oils on
intracellular cAMP production and the tyramine-dependent changes of
cAMP in cells expressing one of the olfactory receptors, cells from
each cell model are treated with LFO (about 50 .mu.g/ml) and BSO
(about 50 .mu.g/ml) in the presence and absence of tyramine (about
20 .mu.M) and forskolin (about 10 .mu.M) and intracellular cAMP is
thereafter qualified using the cAMP assay described above in
Example 2.
[0106] As shown in FIGS. 29 and 30, treatment with the following
oils result in an increase in cAMP levels in cells expressing Or43a
receptor: tyramine; LFO; BSO; LFO and tyramine; BSO and tyramine;
forskolin; tyramine and forskolin; LFO and forskolin; LFO,
forskolin and tyramine; BSO; and BSO, tyramine and forskolin.
[0107] Still referring to FIGS. 29 and 30, approximately 34%, 32%
and 64% increases in cAMP production in cells expressing Or83b
receptor are produced in response to treatment with about 20 .mu.M
tyramine, about 50 .mu.g LFO/ml and about 50 .mu.g BSO/ml,
respectively. An antagonistic effect (about 24%) on cAMP production
is found in response to co-treatment with tyramine and LFO, as
compared to the effect of each one by itself. On the other hand, a
synergistic effect (about 300% increases) of cAMP production is
found in response to co-treatment with BSO and tyramine.
[0108] In the presence of forskolin (about 10 .mu.M), approximately
a 3000-fold increase in the production of cAMP is found. When
forskolin-pretreated cells administered with either tyramine or
LFO, only approximately a 10-13% increase of cAMP production is
found beyond the effect of forskolin by itself. The addition of BSO
to forskolin-pretreated cells induces about 22% more increase in
the cAMP levels beyond the forskolin-induced cAMP production in
these cells.
[0109] Additionally, treatment with certain other plant essential
oils, including those expressly set forth in this application,
result in changes in the intracellular cAMP levels in cells
expressing either the Or43a or the Or83b receptor.
Example 12
Toxicity of Compositions on Drosophila Melanogaster Fly
[0110] Two acetonic solutions (about 1% and 10%) from a test
composition are prepared. Test concentration in acetone are then
added to the inside of glass vials (about 5 mL) that are marked to
about 3 cm above the bottom. The vials are rotated such that the
inner surfaces of the vials, except the area between the marks to
the neck, are left with a film of test composition. All vials are
aerated for about 10 sec to ensure complete evaporation of acetone
before introducing the flies to the treated vials. After complete
evaporation of acetone, about 10 adult sex mixed flies are added to
each vial and the vials are stoppered with cotton plugs. Mortality
is observed about 24 hr after exposure.
Example 13
Toxicity of Lilac Flower Oil (LFO) and Black Seed Oil (BSO) on
Wild-Type Fruit Fly and Tyramine-Receptor Mutant Fly
[0111] Wild-type Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly) and
tyramine-receptor mutant fruit fly are used as a model to determine
the toxicity of LFO and BSO. The toxicity of these oils is studied
using the method described above in Example 12. With reference to
Tables C and D below, both chemicals are toxic to wild type fruit
flies. LFO is about 300-fold more toxic to the fruit flies than
BSO. The LC.sub.50 for LFO is in the neighborhood of about 25-30
ng/mm.sup.2 and the corresponding value for BSO is about 94
.mu.g/cm.sup.2. On the other hand, LFO is at least about 1000-fold
less toxic against the tyramine receptor mutant fly than BSO. The
toxicity of both chemicals against the fruit fly is mediated
through the tyramine receptor. While the mutation of tyramine
receptor significantly reduces LFO toxicity against the fruit fly,
the same mutation develops a more susceptible strain of fruit fly
to BSO.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE C Tyramine receptor [LFO] Wild/type flies
[LFO] mutant flies ng/cm.sup.2 Dead/alive % mortality
.mu.g/cm.sup.2 Dead/alive % mortality 10 0/30 0.00 20 0/30 0.00 15
8/30 26.66 24 0/30 0.00 20 10/30 33.33 26 5/30 16.66 25 13/30 43.33
30 11/30 36.66 30 18/30 60.00 35 22/30 73.33 35 25/30 83.33 38
28/30 93.33 40 30/30 100.00 40 30/30 100.00
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE D Tyramine receptor [BSO] Wild/type flies
[BSO] mutant flies .mu.g/cm.sup.2 Dead/alive % mortality
.mu.g/cm.sup.2 Dead/alive % mortality 18.90 0/30 00.00 18.90 5/20
25 37.74 3/30 10.00 37.74 8/20 40 56.60 8/30 26.66 56.60 15/20 75
94.34 15/30 50.00 94.34 18/20 90 141.51 21/30 70.00 141.51 20/20
100 188.68 30/30 100.00
Example 14
Repellent Effect of Compositions on Farm Ants
[0112] Adult insect are randomly selected for testing the repellent
effect of compositions and are not individually marked. About 5
insects per replicate are used. About 3 replicates are used for
each treatment. Untreated control tests are included with only
solvent (acetone) application to an equal sized
population/replications, held under identical conditions. A filter
paper (about 80 cm.sup.2) is treated with the composition (about
100 mg in 300 ml acetone). After about 3 min of air drying, the
filter paper is placed in a dish and repellency against insects is
performed. Insects are released to the dish, one insect at a time
at the far end of the dish. Using one or more stopwatches, the time
spent on either the filter paper or the untreated surface of the
dish is recorded up to about 300 seconds. Repellency ratio (RR) is
calculated as follows: RR=[(time on control surface-time on treated
surface)/total time of test]. If RR>0 then the composition is
considered to have a repellant effect, that is to say, an effect,
wherein more insects are repelled away from treated surface than
the control surface; if RR<0 then the composition is considered
not to have a repellant effect.
Example 15
Repellent Effect of Lilac Flower Oil (LFO) and Black Seed Oil (BSO)
on Farm Ants
[0113] The repellent effect of LFO (about 1.4 mg/cm.sup.2) and BSO
(about 1.4 mg/cm.sup.2) against farm ants is studied using the
method described above in Example 14. As shown in Tables E and F,
BSO demonstrates more repellency against farm ants than LFO.
Approximately 90% and 100% repellency against farm ants is provided
by LFO and BSO, respectively. Additionally, LFO and BSO also induce
100% mortality against farm ants within 24 hr of exposure.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE E Replicate Time on LFO test surface (sec)
number Treated surface Untreated surface Repellency % R1 26.4 273.6
82.4 R2 10.8 289.2 92.8 R3 9.4 290.6 93.7 X .+-. SD 15.53 .+-. 7.7
284.47 .+-. 7.7 89.63 .+-. 5.1
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE F Replicate Time on BSO test surface (sec)
number Treated surface Untreated surface Repellency % R1 0 300 100
R2 0 300 100 R3 0 300 100 X .+-. SD 0 .+-. 0 300 .+-. 0 100 .+-.
0
[0114] A dish treated with BSO is also used to address the residual
effect of BSO on repellency against ants. Five ants are used per
day according to the repellency protocol described above. In
parallel, time-course toxicity for BSO is determined. In the
toxicity experiment, an ant is exposed to the same treated surface
for about 10 sec, and then transferred to a fresh container.
Mortality data is recorded about 24 hr after exposure. Five ants
are used per day. As shown in Table G, BSO provides repellency
against farm ants up to about 4 days.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE G Time elapsed after surface treatment, days
Repellency % Day 1 100 Day 2 100 Day 3 100 Day 4 100
Example 16
Repellent Effect of d-Limonene, .alpha.-Pinene, and p-Cymene, Alone
and in Combination, on Farm Ants
[0115] The repellent effect of various plant essential oils is
tested by treating a filter paper with the test oils. After about
five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and
ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as
described above, in Example 14. Oils are tested alone.
Additionally, oils are mixed to form compositions, which are then
tested.
[0116] With reference to Table H, d-limonene, .alpha.-pinene, and
p-cymene each demonstrate repellency alone. However, when the oils
are mixed to form Composition A, a composition including about one
third each of d-limonene, .alpha.-pinene and p-cymene, there is a
synergistic effect and the percent repellency is greatly
increased.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE H Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % d-limonene 55.7 62.9 136.2 27.6
.alpha.-pinene 77.4 48.4 139.2 07.2 p-cymene 86.2 42.5 133.6 10.9
Composition A 0.2 99.9 0.0 100.0 0.0 100 NO
[0117] Likewise, and with reference to Table I, d-limonene and
.alpha.-pinene each demonstrate repellency alone. However, when the
oils are mixed to form Composition B, a composition including about
half each d-limonene and .alpha.-pinene, there is a synergistic
effect and the percent repellency is greatly increased.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE I Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % d-limonene 55.7 62.9 136.2 27.6
.alpha.-pinene 77.4 48.4 139.2 07.2 Composition B 1.0 99.3 1.0 99.3
NO
Example 17
Repellent Effect of Linalool, d-Limonene, .alpha.-Pinene, p-Cymene
and Thyme Oil, Alone and in Combination, on Farm Ants
[0118] The repellent effect of various plant essential oils is
tested by treating a filter paper with the test oils. After about
five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and
ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as
described above, in Example 14. Oils are tested alone.
Additionally, oils are mixed to form compositions, which are then
tested.
[0119] As shown in Table J, although d-limonene, .alpha.-pinene,
p-cymene and thyme oil each display repellency, Composition C, a
composition including about 25% of each of the oils, demonstrates
repellency which exceed that of any of its component oils being
used alone.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE J Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % d-limonene 55.7 62.9 136.2 27.6
.alpha.-pinene 77.4 48.4 139.2 07.2 p-cymene 86.2 42.5 133.6 10.9
thyme oil 58.0 61.3 Composition C 0.4 99.7 3.0 98.0 1.8 98.8 2.4
98.4
[0120] Likewise, as shown in Table K, although linalool,
.alpha.-pinene, p-cymene and thyme oil each display repellency,
Composition D, a composition including about 25% of each of the
oils, demonstrates repellency which exceed that of any of its
component oils being used alone.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE K Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % linalool 59.0 60.7 111.2 25.9
.alpha.-pinene 77.4 48.4 139.2 07.2 p-cymene 86.2 42.5 133.6 10.9
thyme oil 58.0 61.3 Composition D 8.2 97.3 3.0 98.0
[0121] Similarly, as shown in Table L, although linalool,
.alpha.-pinene, and p-cymene each display repellency, Composition
E, a composition including about one third of each of the oils,
demonstrates repellency which exceed that of any of its component
oils being used alone.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE L Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % linalool 59.0 60.7 111.2 25.9
.alpha.-pinene 77.4 48.4 139.2 07.2 p-cymene 86.2 42.5 133.6 10.9
Composition E 12.8 95.7 0.2 99.9 1.3 99.1 3.8 97.5
Example 18
Repellent Effect of .alpha.-Pinene, Thyme Oil, .alpha.-Thujone,
Sabinene, Alone and in Combination, on Farm Ants
[0122] The repellent effect of various plant essential oils is
tested by treating a filter paper with the test oils. After about
five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and
ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as
described above, in Example 14. Oils are tested alone.
Additionally, oils are mixed to form compositions, which are then
tested.
[0123] Although .alpha.-pinene, thyme oil, .alpha.-thujone, and
sabinene each display repellency, as shown in Table M, Composition
F, a composition including about 25% of each of the oils,
demonstrates enhanced repellency.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE M Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % .alpha.-pinene 77.4 48.4 139.2 07.2 thyme
oil 58.0 61.3 Composition F 3.2 98.9 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
100.0
Example 19
[0124] Repellent Effect of d-Limonene, p-Cymene, Thymol, Carvacrol
and Geraniol, Alone and in Combination, on Farm Ants
[0125] The repellent effect of various plant essential oils is
tested by treating a filter paper with the test oils. After about
five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and
ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as
described above, in Example 14. Oils are tested alone.
Additionally, oils are mixed to form compositions, which are then
tested.
[0126] As shown in Table N, although d-limonene, p-cymene, thymol
and carvacrol each display repellency, Composition G, a composition
including about 25% of each of the oils, demonstrates repellency
which exceed that of any of its component oils being used
alone.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE N Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % d-limonene 55.7 62.9 136.2 27.6 p-cymene
86.2 42.5 133.6 10.9 thymol 62.6 58.3 104.4 30.4 carvacrol ND NO
Composition G 2.5 99.2 7.6 94.9 0.0 100.0 4.0 94.0
[0127] Likewise, as shown in Table O, although d-limonene,
p-cymene, and thymol each display repellency, Composition H, a
composition including about one third of each of the oils,
demonstrates repellency which exceed that of any of its component
oils being used alone.
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE O Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % d-limonene 55.7 62.9 136.2 27.6 p-cymene
86.2 42.5 133.6 10.9 thymol 62.6 58.3 104.4 30.4 Composition H 0.83
99.7 9.8 93.5 6.0 96 1.3 99.1
[0128] Similarly, as shown in Table P, although d-limonene,
p-cymene, thymol, and geraniol each display repellency, Composition
I, a composition including about 25% of each of the oils,
demonstrates repellency which exceed that of any of its component
oils being used alone.
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE P Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % d-limonene 55.7 62.9 136.2 27.6 p-cymene
86.2 42.5 133.6 10.9 thymol 62.6 58.3 104.4 30.4 geraniol 69 54.0
129.0 14.0 Composition I 1.6 98.7 0.2 99.9 6.3 95.8 4.25 97.2
Example 20
Repellent Effect of Linalyl Anthranilate, .alpha.-Pinene,
d-Limonene, p-Cymene, and Geraniol, Alone and in Combination, on
Farm Ants
[0129] The repellent effect of various plant essential oils is
tested by treating a filter paper with the test oils. After about
five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and
ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as
described above, in Example 14. Oils are tested alone.
Additionally, oils are mixed to form compositions, which are then
tested.
[0130] As shown in Table Q, although geraniol, d-limonene, p-cymene
and linalyl anthranilate each display repellency, Composition J, a
composition including about 40% geraniol, about 30% d-limonene,
about 10% p-cymene, about 10% .alpha.-pinene and about 10% linalyl
anthranilate, demonstrates repellency which exceed that of any of
its component oils being used alone.
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE Q Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % geraniol 69.0 54.0 129.0 14.0 d-limonene
55.7 62.9 136.2 10.9 .alpha.-pinene 77.4 48.4 139.2 07.2 p-cymene
86.2 42.5 133.6 10.9 linalyl anthranilate 46.2 69.2 104.6 30.7
Composition J 0.0 100 0.0 100 0.2 99.9 0.0 100
Example 21
Repellent Effect of d-Limonene, Thymol, .alpha.-Terpineol,
Piperonyl Acetate, Piperonyl Amine, and Piperonal, Alone and in
Combination, on Farm Ants
[0131] The repellent effect of various plant essential oils is
tested by treating a filter paper with the test oils. After about
five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and
ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as
described above, in Example 14. Oils are tested alone.
Additionally, oils are mixed to form compositions, which are then
tested.
[0132] As shown in Table R, although d-limonene, thymol,
.alpha.-terpineol, piperonyl acetate, piperonyl amine and piperonal
each display repellency, Composition K, a composition including
about 20% d-limonene, about 30% thymol, about 20%
.alpha.-terpineol, about 10% piperonyl acetate, about 10% piperonyl
amine and about 10% piperonal, demonstrates repellency which exceed
that of any of its component oils being used alone.
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE R Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % d-limonene 55.7 62.9 136.4 75.9 NO thymol
62.0 58.3 104.4 30.4 .alpha.-terpineol 109.6 26.9 piperonylacetate
52.4 65.1 106.6 28.9 piperonylamine 77.6 48.3 111.2 25.9 piperonal
93.6 37.6 125.8 16.1 Composition K 0.0 100 1.2 99.4 1.2 99.4 0.3
99.8
Example 22
Repellent Effect of Geraniol, d-Limonene, Eugenol, Lindenol and
Phenylacetaldehyde, Alone and in Combination, on Farm Ants
[0133] The repellent effect of various plant essential oils is
tested by treating a filter paper with the test oils. After about
five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and
ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as
described above, in Example 14. Oils are tested alone.
Additionally, oils are mixed to form compositions, which are then
tested.
[0134] As shown in Table S, although geraniol, d-limonene, eugenol,
lindenol, and phenylacetaldehyde each display repellency,
Composition L, a composition including about 50% geraniol, about
20% d-limonene, about 10% eugenol, about 10% lindenol, and about
10% phenylacetaldehyde, demonstrates repellency which exceed that
of any of its component oils being used alone.
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE S Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % geraniol 69.0 54.0 129.4 14.0 d-limonene
55.7 62.9 133.6 10.9 eugenol 76.8 48.8 139.0 07.3 lindenol 144.2
04.0 phenyl-acetaldehyde 144.8 03.5 Composition L 0.0 100 0.0 100
0.2 99.9 0.0 100
Example 23
Repellent Effect Geraniol, Lemon Grass Oil, Eugenol and Mineral
Oil, Alone and in Combination, on Carpenter Ants
[0135] The repellent effect of various plant essential oils is
tested by treating a filter paper with the test oils. After about
five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and
ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as
described above, in Example 14. Oils are tested alone.
Additionally, oils are mixed to form compositions, which are then
tested.
[0136] As shown in Table T, although geraniol, lemon grass oil and
eugenol, each display repellency, Composition M, a composition
including about 50% geraniol, about 40% lemon grass oil, and about
10% eugenol, demonstrates repellency which exceed that of any of
its component oils being used alone. Geraniol, lemon grass oil and
eugenol are all generally regarded as safe (GRAS compounds) by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), and, as such, are exempt from EPA pesticide
registration requirements.
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE T Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % Geraniol 69.0 129.0 129.0 14.0 Lemongrass
oil 47.0 68.7 79.8 46.8 eugenol 76.8 48.8 139.0 7.3 Composition M
0.6 99.6 0.6 99.6 1.0 99.3 1.2 99.4
[0137] Likewise, as shown in Table U, although geraniol and lemon
grass oil each display repellency, Composition N, a composition
including about 70% geraniol and about 30% lemon grass oil,
demonstrates repellency which exceed that of any of its component
oils being used alone.
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE U Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % Geraniol 69.0 54.0 129.0 14.0 Lemongrass
oil 47.0 68.7 79.8 46.8 Composition N 0.67 99.6 0.80 99.5
[0138] Additionally, as shown in Table V, the addition of mineral
oil, to form Composition O, a composition including about 60%
geraniol, about 30% lemon grass oil, and about 10% mineral oil,
does not effect the synergism of geraniol and lemongrass oil.
Mineral oil alone does not demonstrate repellency, but serves to
stabilize the composition, limiting the evaporation of the active
components. Mineral oil, like geraniol and lemongrass oil, is a
GRAS compound.
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE V Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % Geraniol 69.0 54.0 129.0 14.0 Lemongrass
oil 47.0 68.7 79.8 46.8 Mineral oil NO Composition O 0.33 99.8 2.2
98.5 3.0 98.0
Example 24
Repellent Effect Geraniol, Thymol, Lemon Grass Oil and Mineral Oil,
Alone and in Combination, on Carpenter Ants
[0139] The repellent effect of various plant essential oils is
tested by treating a filter paper with the test oils. After about
five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and
ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as
described above, in Example 14. Oils are tested alone.
Additionally, oils are mixed to form compositions, which are then
tested.
[0140] As shown in Table W, although geraniol, thymol and lemon
grass oil, each display repellency, Composition P, a composition
including about 50% geraniol, about 20% thymol, about 20% lemon
grass oil, and about 10% mineral oil, demonstrates repellency which
exceed that of any of its component oils being used alone.
Geraniol, thymol, lemon grass oil, eugenol and mineral oil are all
generally regarded as safe (GRAS compounds) by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
and, as such, are exempt from EPA pesticide registration
requirements.
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE W Repellency % Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 sec. on
T sec. on T sec. on T sec. on T Test chemical surface R % surface R
% surface R % surface R % Geraniol 69.0 54.0 129.0 14.0 thymol 62.0
58.3 104.4 30.4 lemongrass oil 47.0 68.7 79.8 46.8 mineral oil NO
Composition P 0.0 100 0.0 100 0.2 99.9 3.8 97.5
Example 25
Repellent Effect Black Seed Oil (BSO), Lilac Flower Oil (LFO),
Geraniol, Thymol, Lemon Grass Oil and Mineral Oil, Alone and in
Combination, on Carpenter Ants
[0141] The repellent effect of various plant essential oils is
tested by treating a filter paper with the test oils. After about
five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a dish and
ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is determined as
described above, in Example 14. Oils are tested alone.
Additionally, oils are mixed to form compositions, which are then
tested.
[0142] As shown in Table X, geraniol, thymol and thyme oil, each
display repellency. As shown in Table Y, Compositions Q through V,
containing various combinations of a BSO, LFO, geraniol, thymol,
thyme oil, mineral oil, safflower oil and castor oil, demonstrate
enhanced repellency.
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE X Day 0 Test chemical sec. on T surface
Repellency % geraniol 69 54.0 thymol 62 58.3 thyme oil 58 61.3
mineral oil NO safflower oil NO castor oil NO
TABLE-US-00028 TABLE Y Day 0 sec. on T Test chemicals surface
Repellency % Composition Q 0.2 99.9 about 25% geraniol and about
75% BSO Composition R 1.0 99.3 about 25% geraniol, about 50% BSO,
and about 25% mineral oil Composition S 1.0 99.3 about 25%
geraniol, about 50% BSO, and about 25% safflower oil Composition T
1.6 98.9 about 25% geraniol, about 25% thymol, and about 50% BSO
Composition U 2.3 98.5 about 25% thyme oil, about 50% BSO, and
about 25% castor oil Composition V 0.4 99.7 about 50% geraniol and
about 50% LFO
Example 26
Repellent Effect of Commercial Repellent 29% DEET on Carpenter
Ants
[0143] For purposes of comparison to the repellent effect of
various compositions made of various plant essential oils, the
repellency of an insect control agent, the commercial repellent 29%
DEET, which may be purchased under the name, REPEL.RTM. (Wisconsin
Pharmacal Company, Inc, Jackson, Wyo.), is measured against
Carpenter ants by treating a filter paper with the 29% DEET. After
about five minutes at room temperature, the paper is placed in a
dish and ants are introduced one at a time. The repellency is
determined as described above, in Example 14. As shown in Table Z,
29% DEET has a percent repellency at day 0 of about 98.4 percent.
The percent repellency of LFO, BSO, and the compositions of the
present invention are comparable, and in some cases higher, than
the percent repellency of 29% DEET.
TABLE-US-00029 TABLE Z Repellency % Day 0 sec. on Test chemical T
surface R % DEET 29% 02.4 98.4
Example 27
Repellent Effect of Commercial Repellent DEET, Alone and in
Combination with Geraniol, Thymol, and Lemon Grass Oil or Geraniol,
d-Limonene, Eugenol, Lindenol, and Phyenylacetaldehyde, on
Carpenter Ants
[0144] The repellent effect of commercial repellent DEET and
various plant essential oils is tested by treating a filter paper
with the test oils. After about five minutes at room temperature,
the paper is placed in a dish and ants are introduced one at a
time. The repellency is determined as described above, in Example
14. Oils are tested alone. Additionally, oils are mixed to form
compositions, which are then tested.
[0145] As shown in Tables AA and BB, treatment with DEET in
concentrations of about 5 to 10% displays no signs of repellency.
However, as shown in Table AA, when combined with Composition W, a
composition comprising about 25% geraniol, 10% thymol, 10% lemon
grass oil and mineral oil (from 45 to 55% depending on the final
concentration of DEET), percent repellency approaches 100.
Likewise, as shown in Table BB, when combined with Composition X, a
composition comprising about 25% geraniol, 10% d-limonene, 5%
eugenol, 5% lindenol, 5% phenylacetaldehyde and mineral oil (from
40 to 50% depending on the final concentration of DEET), percent
repellency is approximately 97 to 98 percent. Also, as shown in
Tables AA and BB, enhanced repellency is shown when the various
oils are combined with DEET.
TABLE-US-00030 TABLE AA % Repellency Day 0 Day 1 Chemicals Sec on T
% Repellency Sec on T % Repellency 5% DEET 282 (10) NO 10% DEET 260
(6) NO Composition W 50 (6) 67% 174 (6) NO 5% DEET 2.6 (1.9) 98% 10
(2) 93% plus Composition W 10% DEET 0.2 (0.4) 99% 2.4 (1.8) 98%
plus Composition W
TABLE-US-00031 TABLE BB % Repellency Day 0 Day 1 Chemicals Sec on T
% Repellency Sec on T % Repellency 5% DEET 282 (10) NO 10% DEET 260
(6) NO Composition X 40 (5) 74% 145 (10) 2 5% DEET 4 (2) 97% 8.8
(4.0) 94% plus Composition X 10% DEET 2.6 (2.0) 98% 7.2 (4.1) 95%
plus Composition X
Example 28
Pesticidal Effect of Compositions on Head Lice
[0146] Live adult head lice Pediculus humanus capitus are collected
from female and male children between the age of about 4 and 11
living in the Karmos area, Alexandria, Egypt. The insects are
collected using fine-toothed louse detector comb and pooled
together. The collected lice are kept in dishes and used in the
studies within about 30 minutes of their collection.
[0147] Various concentrations of the compositions being tested are
prepared in water To allow the pesticidal effect of these
compositions to be compared to that of a commercially available
lice-killing agent, ivermectin, is dissolved in water. About 1 ml
of each concentration of the compositions are applied to a dish,
about 1 ml of the ivermectin solution is applied to a dish, and
about 1 ml of water is applied to a control dish. About 10 adult
head lice are introduced to each dish.
[0148] Treated and control dishes are kept under continuous
observation and LT.sub.100 is observed. LT refers to the time
required to kill a given percentage of insects; thus, LT.sub.100
refers to the time required to kill 100% of the lice. Head lice is
considered dead if no response to a hard object is found.
Example 29
Pesticidal Effect of Compositions Including Geraniol, d-Limonene,
Benzyl Alcohol, P-Cymene, and Lilac Flower Oil on Head Lice
[0149] The pesticidal effect of Composition Y, a composition
including about 20% p-cymene, about 40% Lilac Flower Oil (LFO),
about 30% benzyl alcohol, and about 10% mineral oil are studied
using the method described above in Example 28. The LT.sub.100 of
this composition is compared to that of a commercially available
lice-killing agent, ivermectin. As shown in Table CC, the lice
treated with Composition Y are all killed more quickly than the
lice treated with ivermectin.
TABLE-US-00032 TABLE CC Treatment LT.sub.100 (minutes) Composition
Y 3 Ivermectin 5
Example 30
Repellent Effect of Compositions to Mosquitoes
A. Oral Delivery
[0150] Hairless or shaved mice and guinea pigs are used to test the
repellent effect of compositions delivered orally. The test oil
(e.g., lilac flower oil (LFO) or black seed oil (BSO)) or test
composition (e.g., a composition containing geraniol, d-linonene,
eugenol, and lindenol) is administered orally to about 10 rodents.
A control substance, such as mineral oil, is administered orally to
about 10 rodents. After approximately 30 minutes, each rodent is
placed in an enclosed container. About 20 mosquitoes are introduced
to each container. Each container is observed for approximately 1
hour. The time that each insect spends on the rodent is recorded
and number of lesions caused by the insect on the skin of the
rodent is recorded. The insects spend less time on rodents
receiving the test compositions than on the rodents receiving the
control substance. The rodents receiving the test compositions
receive fewer lesions than the rodents receiving the control
substances.
B. Topical Delivery
[0151] Hairless or shaved mice and guinea pigs are used to test the
repellent effect of compositions delivered topically. The test oil
(e.g., lilac flower oil (LFO) or black seed oil (BSO)) or test
composition (e.g., a composition containing geraniol, d-linonene,
eugenol, and lindenol) is administered topically to the skin of
about 10 rodents. A control substance, such as mineral oil, is
administered topically to the skin of about 10 rodents. After
approximately 30 minutes, each rodent is placed in an enclosed
container. About 20 mosquitoes are introduced to each container.
Each container is observed for approximately 1 hour. The time that
each insect spends on the rodent is recorded and number of lesions
caused by the insect on the skin of the rodent is recorded. The
insects spend less time on rodents receiving the test compositions
than on the rodents receiving the control substance. The rodents
receiving the test compositions receive fewer lesions than the
rodents receiving the control substances.
Example 31
Repellent Effect of Compositions to Mosquitoes
[0152] About three cages are each stocked with about 100, southern
house mosquitoes (culex quinquefasciatus), which are about 7 to 10
days-old. The mosquitoes are starved for about 12 hours. Each cage
is supplied with four containers, each filled with cotton that has
been soaked with sugar water.
[0153] Three of the four containers are treated randomly with about
1000 ppm (about 1 mg/l) of the composition being tested, while the
remaining container serves as an untreated control. The containers
are positioned in the four opposing corners of each cage and
landing counts are conducted at about 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hour
intervals following addition of the compositions being tested to
the respective containers. The containers are removed from the cage
between exposure intervals. Each exposure interval lasts for about
5 minutes.
[0154] The repellent effect of the compositions described in Table
DD are tested using this method.
TABLE-US-00033 TABLE DD Ingredients Composition (% expressed by
weight) EE 10% DEET, 45% LFO, 45% cumin oil AA 50% geraniol, 40%
thyme oil, 10% lemon grass oil BB 50% LFO, 50% cumin oil
[0155] LFO, cumin oil, geraniol, thyme oil, and lemon grass oil are
regarded as safe (GRAS compounds) by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and, as
such, are exempt from EPA pesticide registration requirements.
[0156] The landing counts are conducted at about 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6
hour intervals following addition of the compositions, set forth in
Table DD, to the respective containers. The landing counts are set
forth in Table EE. Percent repellency is calculated using this data
and is expressed in Table FF. At each exposure interval, the
Compositions EE, AA and BB display almost 100% repellency. Even
after 6 hours, the Compositions display 100% repellency against
mosquitoes.
TABLE-US-00034 TABLE EE Landing Counts During Exposure Interval
Exposure Time (hrs) 0 1 2 4 6 Total Control 36 26 30 13 6 111
Composition EE 0 1 1 0 0 2 Composition AA 0 0 0 1 0 1 Composition
BB 0 0 0 0 0 0
TABLE-US-00035 TABLE FF % Repellency ((control - composition)/
control) .times. 100 Exposure Time (hrs) 0 1 2 4 6 Composition EE
100 96.2 96.7 100 100 Composition AA 100 100 100 92.3 100
Composition BB 100 100 100 100 100
Example 32
Methods of Testing Repellent Effect and Pesticidal Effect of
Compositions Containing Plant Essential Oils on Red Ants
[0157] Pesticidal effect of various compositions containing plant
essential oils on red ants is tested in the following manner. A
paper disk is treated with about 20 .mu.l of each of the
composition being tested and the treated disks are each placed in a
vial. An untreated paper disk is placed in a control vial. Also, a
paper disk is treated with about 20 .mu.l 100% DEET and placed in a
vial to compare the pesticidal effect of the compositions to that
of DEET, a known commercial insect control agent. About three red
ants are introduced into each vial and the opening to the vials are
closed with cotton to prevent the insects from escaping. The insect
is exposed to the compositions for about one hour or less and
mortality is recorded.
[0158] Repellent effect of various compositions containing plant
essential oils on red ants is tested in the following manner. A
paper disk is treated with about 200 .mu.l of each composition and
placed in a dish. An untreated paper disk is placed in a control
dish. Also, a paper disk is treated with about 200 .mu.l 100% DEET
and placed in a dish to compare the repellant effect of the
compositions to that of DEET. Red ants are introduced into each
dish. Insect behavior and number of visits to the treated paper
disk are monitored for about 5 minutes. The number of visits by a
red ant to the paper disk is recorded.
[0159] Residuality, with regard to pesticidal effect and repellent
effect, is tested by treating a paper disk with the composition
being tested, keeping the treated paper disk under laboratory
conditions for a predetermined period of time (e.g., 0 min, 6
hours, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days), and exposing red ants to the
treated paper disk in the above described manners.
Example 33
Repellent Effect and Pesticidal Effect of Compositions Containing
Plant Essential Oils on Red Ants
[0160] The pesticidal effect and repellent effect of the
compositions described in Table GG are tested using the methods
described in Example 32. The untreated disks are neither toxic to
nor do they repel red ants.
TABLE-US-00036 TABLE GG Ingredients Composition (% expressed by
weight) Z 20% d-limonene, 10% lindenol, 10% eugenol, 10%
phenylacetaldehyde, 50% geraniol AA 50% geraniol, 40% thyme oil,
10% lemon grass oil BB 50% LFO, 50% cumin oil CC 20% d-limonene,
20% thyme oil, 20% geraniol, 20% a- pinene, 20% p-cymene DD 10%
DEET, 18% d-limonene, 18% thyme oil, 18% geraniol, 18% a-pinene,
18% p-cymene EE 10% DEET, 45% LFO, 45% cumin oil FF 44% LFO 44%
cumin oil, 10% geraniol, 2% thyme oil
[0161] Each of the compositions results in 100% mortality,
equivalent to that of DEET, when exposed to the paper disks about 0
min, 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, or 7 days after the paper
disks are treated with the composition.
[0162] As shown in Table HH, red ants are repelled by the
compositions used to treat the paper disks. Additionally, with
regard to residuality, the compositions outperform DEET by
retaining their potency for at least a week after being applied to
the paper disks, while DEET begins to loose potency after 1 day.
Table HH shows the number of trips by the red ants to the treated
paper disks. The time periods set forth in the chart, 0 min, 6
hours, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, or 7 days, refer to the approximate
time elapsed between treatment of the paper disk with the
composition and exposure of the red ants to the treated paper
disk
TABLE-US-00037 TABLE HH 0 min 6 hours 1 day 3 days 5 days 7 days
Composition Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 Composition AA 0 0 0 0 0 0 Composition BB
0 0 0 0 0 0 Composition CC 0 0 0 0 0 0 Composition DD 0 0 0 0 0 0
Composition EE 0 0 0 0 0 0 Composition FF 0 0 0 0 0 1 DEET (100%) 0
0 1 2 2 2
Example 34
Repellent Effect and Pesticidal Effect of Compositions Containing
Plant Essential Oils on Red Ants
[0163] The pesticidal effect and repellent effect of the
compositions described in Table JJ were tested using the methods
described in Example 32. Treatment with each of the compositions
caused a repellent effect and a pesticidal effect.
TABLE-US-00038 TABLE JJ Ingredients Composition (% expressed by
weight) GG 10% d-limonene, 30% thyme oil, 35% geraniol, 10% a-
pinene, 10% p-cymene, 5% phenylacetaldehyde HH 15% d-limonene, 50%
geraniol, 15% a-pinene, 15% p- cymene, 5% phenylacetaldehyde JJ 50%
d-limonene, 50% p-cymene KK 33.3% d-limonene, 33.3% p-cymene, 33.3%
a-pinene LL 50% d-limonene, 50% thyme oil MM 50% thyme oil, 50%
a-pinene NN 33.3% thyme oil, 33.3% a-pinene, 33.3% p-cymene OO 50%
a-pinene, 50% p-cymene PP 25% linalool, 25% a-pinene, 25% p-cymene,
25% thyme oil QQ 33.3% linalool, 33.3% a-pinene, 33.3% p-cymene RR
33.3% d-limonene, 33.3% p-cymene, 33.3% thymol SS 25% d-limonene,
25% p-cymene, 25% thymol, 25% geraniol
[0164] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various
modifications and variations can be made in the present invention
without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. It is
intended that the Specification and Example be considered as
exemplary only, and not intended to limit the scope and spirit of
the invention. The references and publications cited herein are
incorporated herein by this reference.
[0165] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing
quantities of ingredients, properties such as reaction conditions,
and so forth used in the Specification, Examples, and Claims are to
be understood as being modified in all instances by the term
"about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the
numerical parameters set forth in the Specification, Example, and
Claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired
properties sought to be determined by the present invention.
Sequence CWU 1
1
6139DNADrosophila melanogaster 1gccgaattcg ccaccatgcc atcggcagat
cagatcctg 39234DNADrosophila melanogaster 2taatctagat caattcaggc
ccagaagtcg cttg 34334DNADrosophila melanogaster 3taagcggccg
catgacaacc tcgatgcagc cgag 34434DNADrosophila melanogaster
4ataccgcggc ttgagctgca ccagcaccat aaag 34536DNADrosophila
melanogaster 5taagcggccg catgacaatc gaggatatcg gcctgg
36635DNADrosophila melanogaster 6ataccgcggt ttgccggtga cgccacgcag
catgg 35
* * * * *