U.S. patent application number 11/812256 was filed with the patent office on 2009-09-17 for electroluminescent devices with low work function anode.
Invention is credited to Jun-Gi Jang, Sang-Young Jeon, Kong-Kyeum Kim, Jae-Chol Lee, Se-Hwan Son, Seok-Hee Yoon.
Application Number | 20090230842 11/812256 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32501361 |
Filed Date | 2009-09-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090230842 |
Kind Code |
A9 |
Son; Se-Hwan ; et
al. |
September 17, 2009 |
Electroluminescent devices with low work function anode
Abstract
Disclosed are organic electroluminescent devices employing
materials of a low reduction potential in a layer functioning
hole-injection. The organic electroluminescent devices may employ
an anode material having a relatively low work function. Aluminum
may be used in anode. During the operation, the organic
electroluminescent devices may form a virtual electrode in their
internal area, which enhances injection of carriers from a nearby
electrode. Use of aluminum in the anode helps construction of
cathode-emission organic electroluminescent devices.
Inventors: |
Son; Se-Hwan; (Daejeon-city,
KR) ; Jang; Jun-Gi; (Daejeon-city, KR) ; Jeon;
Sang-Young; (Seoul, KR) ; Yoon; Seok-Hee;
(Daejeon-city, KR) ; Lee; Jae-Chol; (Daejeon-city,
KR) ; Kim; Kong-Kyeum; (Daejeon-city, KR) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MCKENNA LONG & ALDRIDGE LLP
1900 K STREET, NW
WASHINGTON
DC
20006
US
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Prior
Publication: |
|
Document Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20080001532 A1 |
January 3, 2008 |
|
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Family ID: |
32501361 |
Appl. No.: |
11/812256 |
Filed: |
June 15, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10722812 |
Nov 26, 2003 |
7560175 |
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11812256 |
Jun 15, 2007 |
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09914731 |
Aug 30, 2001 |
6720573 |
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PCT/KR00/01537 |
Dec 27, 2000 |
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10722812 |
Nov 26, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
313/504 ;
313/498 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L 51/0081 20130101;
H01L 51/5206 20130101; H01L 51/0072 20130101; C09K 11/06 20130101;
H05B 33/14 20130101; H01L 51/0067 20130101; H01L 2251/5315
20130101; Y10S 428/917 20130101; H01L 51/5203 20130101; H01L
51/5048 20130101; H01L 51/5218 20130101; C09K 2211/1044 20130101;
H01L 51/0058 20130101; H01L 51/5088 20130101; H01L 51/0059
20130101; H01L 51/0076 20130101; H01L 2251/554 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
313/504 ;
313/498 |
International
Class: |
H01J 1/62 20060101
H01J001/62 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 11, 2002 |
KR |
2002-78809 |
Dec 31, 1999 |
KR |
1999-67746 |
Dec 26, 2000 |
KR |
2000-82085 |
Claims
1-40. (canceled)
41. An electroluminescent device comprising: an anode comprising an
anode material; a cathodes comprising a cathode material; at least
one layer between the anode and the cathode; and wherein the anode
material has the work function less than or substantially equal to
the work function of the cathode material.
42. The device of claim 41, wherein the anode material and the
cathode material are the same.
43. The device of claim 41, wherein the at least one layer
comprises a chemical compound of Formula I: ##STR7## wherein R1-R6
are independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen,
halo, nitrile (--CN), nitro (--NO.sub.2), sulfonyl (--SO.sub.2R),
sulfoxide (--SOR), sulfonamide (--SO.sub.2NR), sulfonate
(--SO.sub.3R), trifluoromethyl (--CF.sub.3), ester (--CO--OR),
amide (--CO--NHR or --CO--NRR'), straight-chain or branched
(substituted or unsubstituted) C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy,
straight-chain or branched (substituted or unsubstituted)
C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, aromatic or non-aromatic (substituted or
unsubstituted) heterocyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,
mono- or di-(substituted or unsubstituted)aryl-amine, and
(substituted or unsubstituted)alkyl-(substituted or
unsubstituted)aryl-amine.
44. The device of claim 41, wherein the at least one layer
comprises a chemical compound of Formula Ia: ##STR8##
45. (canceled)
46. The device of claim 41, further comprising a functional layer,
wherein the functional layer comprising: an anode contacting layer
contacting the anode between the anode and cathode; a cathode
contacting layer contacting the cathode between the anode and
cathode; and means for forming a virtual electrode within at least
one of the anode contacting layer and the cathode contacting
layer.
47. The device of claim 41, further comprising a first buffer layer
contacting either the anode or cathode on a side thereof toward the
at least one light-emitting layer, wherein the anode comprises a
conductive material having a work function not greater than about
4.5 eV, and is configured to inject holes in a direction toward the
at least one light-emitting layer; the cathode comprises a
conductive material, and is configured to inject electrons in a
direction toward the at least light-emitting layer; the at least
one light-emitting layer located between the anode and cathode; and
the first buffer layer comprises a non-conductive material.
48. The device of claim 47, wherein the first buffer layer contacts
the anode.
49. The device of claim 48, wherein the anode comprises aluminum,
and the first buffer layer comprises aluminum oxide.
50. The device of claim 48, further comprising a hole-injecting
layer located between the first buffer layer and the at least one
light-emitting layer.
51. The device of claim 50, wherein the hole-injecting layer
comprises a chemical compound of Formula I: ##STR9## wherein R1-R6
are independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen,
halo, nitrile (--CN), nitro (--NO.sub.2), sulfonyl (--SO.sub.2R),
sulfoxide (--SOR), sulfonamide (--SO.sub.2NR), sulfonate
(--SO.sub.3R), trifluoromethyl (--CF.sub.3), ester (--CO--OR),
amide (--CO--NHR or --CO--NRR'), straight-chain or branched
(substituted or unsubstituted) C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy,
straight-chain or branched (substituted or unsubstituted)
C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, aromatic or non-aromatic (substituted or
unsubstituted) heterocyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,
mono- or di-(substituted or unsubstituted)aryl-amine, and
(substituted or unsubstituted)alkyl-(substituted or
unsubstituted)aryl-amine.
52. The device of claim 48, further comprising a second buffer
layer contacting the cathode and located between the cathode and
the at least one light-emitting layer.
53. The device of claim 47, wherein the first buffer layer has a
substantially small thickness sufficient to allow holes to pass
therethrough.
54. The device of claim 47, wherein the first buffer layer has a
thickness from about 5 .ANG. to about 40 .ANG..
55. The device of claim 47, wherein the first buffer layer has a
thickness from about 10 .ANG. to about 20 .ANG..
56. The device of claim 47, wherein the at least one substantially
non-conductive material is selected from the group consisting of
aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, ruthenium oxide, nickel
oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium
oxide, strontium oxide, vanadium oxide, yttrium oxide, lithium
oxide, cesium oxide, chromium oxide, silicon oxide, barium oxide,
manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, copper oxide, praseodymium oxide,
tungsten oxide, germanium oxide, potassium oxide, lithium fluoride,
magnesium fluoride, cesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, sodium
chloride, potassium chloride, lithium metaborate (BiBO.sub.2),
potassium silicate (K.sub.2SiO.sub.3), silicon-germanium oxides,
barium titanate, lithium tantalate (LiTaO.sub.3), silicon nitride
(Si.sub.3N.sub.4), boron nitride (BN), nitrides of elements in
Family III or IV of the Periodic Table of the Elements, zinc
sulfide (ZnS), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium selenide (CdSe),
gallium phosphide (GaP) and gallium nitride (GaN).
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 10/722,812 filed, Nov. 26, 2003, which claims foreign
priority based on Korean Patent Application No. 2002-78809, filed
Dec. 11, 2002, both of which are hereby incorporated herein by
reference in their entireties.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to display technology. More
particularly, the present invention relates to organic
electroluminescent devices.
[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0005] Organic luminescence or organic electroluminescence is an
instance in which electric current is converted into visible light
by internal processes of organic compounds. Organic compounds
having either fluorescent or phosphorescent characteristics
generate light emission upon the application of electric current.
Both organic fluorescent and phosphorescent molecules are referred
to as organic light-emitting compounds.
[0006] An organic luminescent or electroluminescent device is
generally composed of two opposing electrodes and at least one
layer interposed between the two electrodes. The at least one layer
between the electrodes contains at least one organic light-emitting
compound. Electrons and holes, collectively referred to as
carriers, are injected into the layer from the two electrodes,
which are a cathode and an anode. Upon application of appropriate
electric power, the cathode is to inject electrons toward the
interposed layer, while anode is to inject holes toward the same
layer.
[0007] Performance of organic electroluminescent devices depends
on, among many factors, the quantity of the carriers injected from
the electrodes. The more the carriers are injected, the more likely
to have high luminescence or brightness. To inject a large number
of carriers from the electrodes at a low driving voltage, materials
for the electrodes are chosen such that the carriers are easily
injected therefrom. The anode is generally made from materials
having a high work function. The cathode is generally made from
materials having a low work function. In a single
electroluminescent device, the work function of the anode material
is higher than that of the cathode material.
[0008] Further, to inject a larger number of carriers from the
electrodes at a low driving voltage, carrier-injecting layers may
be introduced. The carrier-injecting layers are to facilitate
injection of carriers from the electrodes. A hole-injecting layer
may be formed on the side of the anode, facing the cathode. An
electron-injecting layer may be formed on the side of the cathode,
facing the anode. Materials for the carrier-injecting layers are
also chosen such that the carrier-injecting layers easily receive
carriers from the electrodes. The hole-injecting layer is generally
made from materials having a low oxidation potential, which are
easily oxidized at a low electric potential applied. The
electron-injecting layer is generally made from materials having a
low reduction potential, which are easily reduced at a low electric
potential applied.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] One aspect of the present invention provides various
electroluminescent devices. According to one embodiment of the
present invention, an electroluminescent device comprises: a
cathode; an anode opposing the cathode, the anode comprises a
material having a work function not greater than about 4.5 eV; and
a functional layer located between the anode and cathode, the
functional layer comprises a chemical compound of Formula I:
##STR1##
[0010] In the formula, R1-R6 are independently chosen from the
group consisting of hydrogen, halo, nitrile (--CN), nitro
(--NO.sub.2), sulfonyl (--SO.sub.2R), sulfoxide (--SOR),
sulfonamide (--SO.sub.2NR), sulfonate (--SO.sub.3R),
trifluoromethyl (--CF.sub.3), ester (--CO--OR), amide (--CO--NHR'
or --CO--NRR'), straight-chain or branched (substituted or
unsubstituted) C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy, straight-chain or branched
(substituted or unsubstituted) C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, aromatic or
non-aromatic (substituted or unsubstituted) heterocyclic,
substituted or unsubstituted aryl, mono- or di-(substituted or
unsubstituted)aryl-amine, and (substituted or
unsubstituted)alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted)aryl-amine.
[0011] In the above described device, the work function of the
material in the anode ranges from about 3.5 eV to about 4.5 eV. The
chemical compound has a reduction potential ranged from about -0.6V
to about 0 V. The chemical compound is more stable in a reduced
state thereof than in a neutral state thereof. The chemical
compound has an electron mobility from about 10.sup.-10 cm/V.s to
about 10.sup.-5 cm/V.s. The chemical compound has a hole mobility
from about 10.sup.-4 cm/V.s to about 1 cm/V.s. The chemical
compound is Formula Ia: ##STR2##
[0012] Still in the above described device, the functional layer is
configured to facilitate movement of charge carriers from the anode
in a direction toward the cathode. The functional layer
substantially contacts the anode. The anode is made substantially
of one or more conductive materials, and wherein the device further
comprises an intervening layer between the functional layer and the
anode. The intervening layer comprises one or more metallic oxides.
The functional layer comprises the chemical compound of Formula I
in an amount ranging from 1 wt % to 100 wt %. The functional layer
has a thickness from 0.1 nm to 10,000 nm. The device further
comprises a light-emitting layer between the cathode and the
functional layer. The device further comprises a substrate, wherein
the anode is located between the substrate and the functional
layer. The anode comprises a transparent material. The anode
comprises a metal oxide material. The device further comprises a
substrate, wherein the cathode is located between the substrate and
the functional layer. The cathode comprises a transparent material.
The anode comprises an opaque material. The anode comprises a
reflective material having a reflectivity from about 0.3 to about
1. The reflective material is reflective to substantially all
wavelengths of visible light. The anode comprises at least one
material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, silver,
platinum, chromium and nickel. The anode comprises aluminum.
[0013] According to another embodiment, the electroluminescent
device comprises: a cathode; an anode opposing the cathode, the
anode comprises a substantially reflective material; and a
functional layer located between the anode and cathode, the
functional layer comprises a chemical compound of Formula I defined
above. The substantially reflective material has a reflectivity
from about 0.4 to about 1. The substantially reflective material is
selected from the group consisting of aluminum, silver, gold,
nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium, and zinc. The
substantially reflective material is reflective to substantially
all of the wavelength components of visible light.
[0014] According to another embodiment, the electroluminescent
device comprises: an anode formed substantially of a conductive
material having a work function not greater than about 4.5 eV; a
cathode electrode opposing the anode and formed substantially of a
conductive material; at least one light-emitting layer located
between the anode and cathode; wherein the anode is configured to
inject holes in a direction toward the at least one light-emitting
layer, whereas the cathode is configured to inject electrons in a
direction toward the at least light-emitting layer; a buffer layer
contacting either the anode or cathode on a side thereof toward the
at least one light-emitting layer; and wherein the buffer layer is
formed substantially of at least one substantially non-conductive
material. The buffer layer contacts the anode. The anode comprises
aluminum, and wherein the buffer layer comprises aluminum oxide.
The device further comprises a hole-injecting layer located between
the buffer layer and the at least one light-emitting layer, wherein
the hole-injecting layer comprises a chemical compound of Formula I
as defined above. The device further comprises another buffer layer
contacting the cathode and located between the cathode and the at
least one light-emitting layer. The buffer layer has a
substantially small thickness sufficient to allow holes to pass
therethrough. The buffer layer has a thickness from about 5 .ANG.
to about 40 .ANG.. The buffer layer has a thickness from about 10
.ANG. to about 20 .ANG..
[0015] In the above-described device, the at least one
substantially non-conductive material is selected from the group
consisting of aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, ruthenium
oxide, nickel oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, magnesium
oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, vanadium oxide, yttrium
oxide, lithium oxide, cesium oxide, chromium oxide, silicon oxide,
barium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, copper oxide,
praseodymium oxide, tungsten oxide, germanium oxide, potassium
oxide, lithium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, cesium fluoride,
calcium fluoride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium
metaborate (BiBO.sub.2), potassium silicate (K.sub.2SiO.sub.3),
silicon-germanium oxides, barium titanate, lithium tantalate
(LiTaO.sub.3), silicon nitride (Si.sub.3N.sub.4), boron nitride
(BN), nitrides of elements in Family III or IV of the Periodic
Table of the Elements, zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadmium sulfide (CdS),
cadmium selenide (CdSe), gallium phosphide (GaP) and gallium
nitride (GaN).
[0016] According to still another embodiment, the
electroluminescent device comprises: an anode comprises an anode
material; a cathodes comprises a cathode material; at least one
layer between the anode and the cathode; and wherein the anode
material has the work function less than or substantially equal to
the work function of the cathode material. The anode material and
the cathode material are the same. The at least one layer comprises
a chemical compound of Formula I as described above. The at least
one layer comprises a chemical compound of Formula Ia as defined
above.
[0017] According to still another embodiment, the
electroluminescent device comprises: an anode; a cathode; an anode
contacting layer contacting the anode between the anode and
cathode; a cathode contacting layer contacting the cathode between
the anode and cathode; and means for forming a virtual electrode
within at least one of the. anode contacting layer and the cathode
contacting layer.
[0018] Another aspect of the present invention provides various
electronic displays. The displays comprises the above-described
electroluminescent devices according to various embodiments. The
displays further comprises an electronic circuit connected to the
electroluminescent devices.
[0019] Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of
operating an electronic device, comprises: providing an electronic
device comprises an anode, a cathode and a functional layer between
the anode and cathode, the functional layer having an interface
with the anode or an intervening layer located between the anode
and the functional layer; applying a forward bias electric power
between the anode and cathode; and wherein electrons are injected
from the anode into the functional layer and substantially stay in
an area near the interface, thereby forming a virtual cathode.
[0020] In the above-described method, a continued application of
the forward bias electronic power facilitates injection of holes
from the anode into the functional layer. A continued application
of the forward bias electronic power facilitates transportation of
holes within the functional layer in a direction toward the
cathode. The functional layer comprises a material having a
reduction potential (low), electron mobility (low), hole mobility
(high). The functional layer comprises a chemical compound of
Formula I as described above. The functional layer comprises a
chemical compound of Formula Ia as defined above. The functional
layer comprises at least one chemical compound having a reduction
potential ranged from about -0.4V to about 0 V. The functional
layer comprises at least one chemical compound having a reduction
potential ranged from about -0.3V to about 0 V. The anode comprises
at least one material having a work function ranges from about 3.5
eV to about 4.5 eV. The functional layer comprises at least one
chemical compound having an electron mobility therein lower than
about 10.sup.-5 cm/V.s. The functional layer comprises at least one
chemical compound having an electron mobility therein from about
10.sup.-10 cm/V.s to about 10.sup.-6 cm/V.s. The functional layer
comprises at least one chemical compound having a hole mobility
therein higher than about 0 cm/V.s. The functional layer comprises
at least one chemical compound having a hole mobility therein from
about 10.sup.-4 cm/V.s to about 1 cm/V.s.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] FIGS. 1-6 illustrate simplified cross-sectional views of
organic EL devices in accordance with embodiments of the present
invention.
[0022] FIG. 7 illustrates formation of a virtual cathode in an
electronic device in accordance with an embodiment of the present
invention.
[0023] FIG. 8 illustrates a simplified cross-sectional view of an
active matrix driven organic EL device-in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention.
[0024] FIG. 9 illustrates a simplified cross-sectional view of an
organic EL device employing a non-conductive sublayer in its anode
in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0025] FIG. 10 illustrates voltage-current relationship in the
operation of the devices of Examples 7 and 8.
[0026] FIG. 11 illustrates voltage-current relationship in the
operation of the devices of Examples 9 and 10.
[0027] FIG. 12 illustrates voltage-current relationship in the
operation of the devices of Examples 11 and 12.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0028] Now the various aspects of the present invention will be
discussed in more detail in terms of embodiments. It is to be
understood at the outset of the description that persons of skill
in the appropriate arts may modify the invention described here
while still achieving the favorable results of this invention.
Accordingly, the following description is to be understood as being
a broad, teaching disclosure directed to persons of skill in the
appropriate arts, and not as limiting upon the present invention.
The headings used in the following description are merely to
generally refer to the contents of their following discussions, but
do not define or limit the contents of the discussions.
Constructions of Organic EL Devices
[0029] Organic EL devices in accordance with various embodiments of
the present invention can be constructed in various ways. General
construction of the organic EL devices includes two opposing
electrodes and one or more functional layers interposed between the
electrodes. The term "layer" refers to a deposit, coat or film of
one material or a mixture of two or more materials. FIGS. 1-6
illustrate exemplary cross-sectional constructions of the organic
EL devices that can embody various aspects of the present
invention. In these drawings, the same reference numbers are used
to indicate like layers or components among the constructions. It
should be noted that these constructions are not exhaustive
variants of the organic EL devices in accordance of the present
invention.
[0030] The illustrated organic EL devices 10 has a substrate 1, an
anode 3, a cathode 15 and one or more functional layers located
between the anode 3 and the cathode 15. The one or more intervening
functional layers include a hole-injecting layer 5, a
hole-transporting layer 7, a light-emitting layer 9, an
electron-transporting layer 11, an electron-injecting layer 13 and
multi-functional layers having functions of two or more of the
foregoing layers. A non-exhaustive list of the multi-functional
layers includes a layer with hole-injecting and hole-transporting
functions, a layer with hole-injecting and light-emitting
functions, a layer with hole-injecting, hole-transporting and light
emitting functions, a layer with electron-injecting and
electron-transporting functions, a layer with electron-transporting
and light-emitting functions, a layer with electron-injecting,
electron-transporting and light-emitting functions, and so
forth.
[0031] The substrate 1 (FIGS. 1-6) supports the laminated structure
of the organic EL device 10. Although the drawings show that the
substrate 1 is located on the side of the anode 3, the substrate 1
may be located on the side of the cathode 15. In either case, the
substrate 1 provides a support on which the laminated construction
of the organic EL device can be built during the manufacturing. The
anode 3 (FIGS. 1-6) and cathode 15 (FIGS. 1-6) are electrically
connected to an electric power source 17 (FIGS. 1-6) via a switch
19 (FIGS. 1-6), which is controlled by a controller (not shown).
Although not illustrated, either or both of the electrodes 3 and 15
may be formed in multiple layers, which may or may not include a
non-conductive layer, which is often called "a buffer layer". The
hole-injecting layer 5 (FIGS. 1-3) is to facilitate the injection
of holes from the anode 3 into the hole-transporting layer 7 (FIGS.
1-5). Similarly, the electron-injecting layer 13 (FIGS. 1 and 4) is
to facilitate the injection of electrons from the cathode 15 into
the electron-transporting layer 13. The hole-transporting layer 7
is to accelerate movement of holes away from the anode 3 and/or the
hole-injecting layer 5 toward the light-emitting layer 9 (FIGS.
1-6). The electron-transporting layer 11 (FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5) is
to accelerate movement of electrons away from the cathode 15 and/or
the electron-injecting layer 13 toward the light-emitting layer 9
(FIGS. 1-6). With regard. to the functional layers and other
features of organic EL devices, refer to U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. ______ of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/099,781, filed Mar. 14, 2002 and U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. ______ of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/431,349, filed May 6, 2003, the publications
[0032] When applying an appropriate electric voltage between the
electrodes 3 and 15, electrons and holes are injected from the
cathode 15 and anode 3, respectively, into intervening layer(s).
The holes and electrons travel to and recombine at light-emitting
molecules located in the intervening layer. Recombined pairs of
electrons and holes, namely excitons, transfer the energy of the
recombination to the light-emitting molecules where they
recombined. Alternatively, excitons move around for a short period
of time and transfer the recombination energy to other
light-emitting molecules, particularly to those having a smaller
band gap than the light-emitting molecules where they recombined.
The transferred energy is used to excite valence electrons of the
light-emitting molecules, which generates photons when the
electrons return. to their ground state.
Organic EL Devices Using Compound of Formula I
[0033] One aspect of the present invention provides organic EL
devices containing at least one compound represented by Formula I
in one or more of the functional layers between the two opposing
electrodes 3 and 15. ##STR3##
[0034] In Formula I, R1-R6 are independently chosen from the group
consisting of hydrogen, halo, nitrile (--CN), nitro (--NO.sub.2),
sulfonyl (--SO.sub.2R), sulfoxide (--SOR), sulfonamide
(--SO.sub.2NR), sulfonate (--SO.sub.3R), trifluoromethyl
(--CF.sub.3), ester (--CO--OR), amide (--CO--NHR or --CO--NRR'),
straight-chain or branched (substituted or unsubstituted)
C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy, straight-chain or branched (substituted or
unsubstituted) C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, aromatic or non-aromatic
(substituted or unsubstituted) heterocyclic, substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, mono- or di-(substituted or
unsubstituted)aryl-amine, and (substituted or
unsubstituted)alkyl-(substituted or unsubstituted)aryl-amine. In
the foregoing substituent groups, R and R' are, for example,
substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl, substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5-7 membered
heterocyclic. The substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl, aryl and
heterocyclic are optionally substituted with one or more of amine,
amide, ether and ester groups. Alternatively, R1-R6 are
independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted electron
withdrawing substituent groups, which are well understood by those
of ordinary skill in the art. The aryl group includes phenyl,
biphenyl, terphenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, tetracenyl,
pentacenyl, perylenyl and coronenyl, which are singly or multiply
substituted or unsubstituted.
[0035] Non-limiting examples of the Formula I compounds are shown
below as Formula Ia through Formula If. ##STR4## ##STR5##
[0036] Other examples of Formula I, synthesis of such compounds and
various features of the compounds are further disclosed in U.S.
Patent Application Publication No. US 2002/0158242 A1, and U.S.
Pat. Nos. 6,436,559 and 4,780,536, all of which are hereby
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0037] In an embodiment of the present invention, the organic EL
device 10 includes at least one of the compounds of Formulas Ia-If.
Optionally, at least one of the compound of Formulas Ia-If is
contained in any of the layers singly or in combination with one or
more compounds of Formula I or others. Still optionally, the
compound of Formula Ia is contained in at least one of the layers
of the organic EL device 10 singly or in combination with one or
more other compounds, which may or may not be compounds represented
by Formula I.
[0038] Generally, compounds of Formula I may be used in any of the
functional or multi-functional layers of the organic EL device 10.
Optionally, the compounds are those of Formula Ia-If. Optionally,
one or more compounds represented by Formula I are contained in any
of the layers contacting the anode 3. In one embodiment, the
organic EL device includes a hole-injecting layer 5 as illustrated
in FIGS. 1-3, and at least one of the compounds represented by
Formula I is contained in that hole-injecting layer 5. Optionally,
the hole-injecting layer is formed with at least one compound
represented by Formula I substantially free of other materials.
Alternatively, the hole-injecting layer is formed with at least one
of the compounds represented by Formula I in combination with one
or more other materials.
[0039] In another embodiment, the organic EL device includes a
hole-transporting layer 7 as illustrated in FIGS. 1-5, and at least
one of the compounds represented by Formula I is contained in the
hole-transporting layer 7. Optionally, the compounds are those of
Formula Ia-If. Optionally, the hole-transporting layer is formed
with at least one compound of Formula I either substantially free
of other materials or in combination with one or more other
materials. In another embodiment, the organic EL device includes a
layer for the functions including hole-injection and
hole-transportation, and this multi-functional layer contains at
least one compound represented by Formula I. This multi-functional
layer is formed with at least one compound of Formula I either
substantially free of other materials or in combination with one or
more other materials.
Virtual Electrode
[0040] Another aspect of the present invention relates to formation
of a virtual electrode in the operation of electronic devices
including organic EL devices. The term "virtual electrode" is to
refer to charge carrier accumulation in an internal area of an
electronic device when it is viewed like an electrode from the
perspective of a real electrode. The virtual electrode enhances or
facilitates injection of the carriers from the real electrode.
[0041] Now the formation of a virtual electrode is discussed with
reference to an exemplary organic EL device 16 construction of FIG.
7. Although the discussion is in the context of EL devices, the
virtual electrode is not a phenomenon unique only in organic EL
devices, but can occur in any other electronic devices. The organic
EL device 16 includes an anode 3 and a cathode 15 that are
opposingly located. Each electrode 3 and 15 is connected to the
power source 17 with a control switch 19. A first layer 21 and a
second layer 23 are interposed between the opposing electrodes 3
and 15. At least one of the first and second layers 21 and 23
contain a light emitting material.
[0042] Without wishing to be bound for any theory of why the
invention works, in one embodiment, the first layer 21 is made of a
material that is more stable in its reduced state than its neutral
state. Here, a material is more stable in its reduced state than
its neutral state if the material spontaneously turns to its
reduced state from its neutral state. Further suppose, for example,
that electrons have very low mobility in the material of the first
layer 21 while holes are high mobility therein. When the contact
between the anode 3 and the first layer 21 is formed, free
electrons of the anode 3 are transferred to the first layer 21 and
for reduction of the material of the first layer 21. Because of
poor electron mobility in the material, the transferred electrons
hardly travel within the first layer 21 after crossing over the
border 27 between the anode 3 and the first layer 21. Rather, the
transferred electrons stay near the border 27 on the side of the
first layer 21. Accordingly, the electrons transferred from the
anode 3 to the first layer 21 accumulate along the border 27 as
illustrated with referenced with number 25.
[0043] From the perspective of the anode 3, the accumulated
electrons or negative charges 25 along the border 27 are viewed as
if the source of electrons, that is, the cathode of the device, is
located very close to the border 27 because of the abundance of
negative charges. In that sense, the area of the accumulated
electrons 25 is called a virtual cathode. When applying a forward
bias between the electrodes 3 and 15 by the operation of the switch
19, the anode 3 injects holes toward the virtual cathode 25 and
therefore toward the first layer 21. The closeness of the negative
charges of the virtual cathode from the anode 3 facilitates the
injection of holes from the anode 3. The holes injected into the
first layer 21 moves forward in the direction toward the real
cathode 15 or the second layer 23 with the momentum of the
injection from the anode 3 and with the forward bias between the
two electrodes 3 and 15. The high hole mobility of the material for
the first layer 21 helps the transportation of the holes in the
direction toward the real cathode 15 or the second layer 23.
[0044] A similar phenomenon may occur in the second layer 23 to
form a virtual anode by accumulation of holes along the border 29
between the cathode 15 and the second layer 23. The material for
the second layer 23 are selected from those which are more stable
in its oxidized state than its neutral state, and have low hole
mobility and high electron inability therein. Holes are transferred
from the cathode 15 to the second layer 23 and accumulate near the
border between the cathode 15 and the second layer 23. The
accumulated holes are viewed as a virtual anode from the
perspective of cathode 15. Upon application of an appropriate
electric power in a forward bias, the cathode 15 will inject
electrons into the second layer 23.
[0045] In accordance with various embodiments of the present
invention, charge carriers accumulate in an internal area of the
device to form a virtual electrode. In the organic EL device 16
(FIG. 7), for example, the first layer 21 may constitute a
hole-injecting layer, a hole-transporting layer, a light-emitting
layer or a multi-functional layer with the functions of the
foregoing layers. Alternatively, the first layer 21 may not exist,
and the anode 3 contacts the second layer 23. The second layer 23
may constitute, for example, a hole-transporting layer, a
light-emitting layer, an electron-transporting layer, an
electron-injecting layer or a multi-functional layer with one or
more functions of the foregoing layers. Alternatively, the second
layer 23 may not exist, and the cathode 15 contacts the first layer
21. Although the phenomenon is discussed in terms of the organic EL
device having one or two of the layers 21 and 23, the same applies
in any other constructions of organic EL devices, for example,
having more than two layers interposed between the anode 3 and
cathode 15.
[0046] In the embodiment of the organic EL device forming a virtual
electrode, the first layer 21 contains a chemical compound which is
more stable in its reduced state than its neutral state.
Optionally, such a chemical compound is selected from the compounds
represented by Formula I. Preferably, the first layer contains the
compound of Formula Ia. In another embodiment, a chemical compound
for the first layer 21 has a reduction potential from about -0.6
Volts (V) to about 0 V, preferably, from about -0.2 V to about 0 V.
Alternatively, the reduction potential of the compound for the
first layer 21 is from about -0.3 V to about 0 V, optionally from
about -0.1 to about 0 V. The first layer 21 contains a chemical
compound, in which electrons have low mobility while holes have
high mobility.
[0047] The compound for the first layer 21 has electron mobility
equal to or lower than about 10.sup.-5 cm/V.s, preferably from
about 10.sup.-10 cm/V.s to about 10.sup.-6 cm/V.s. The compound for
the first layer 21 has hole mobility equal to or higher than about
10.sup.-4 cm/V.s, preferably from about 10.sup.-4 cm/V.s to about 1
cm/V.s.
[0048] In an embodiment of the organic EL device forming a virtual
electrode, the second layer 23 contains a chemical compound, which
is more stable in its oxidized state than its neutral state. In
another embodiment, the second layer 23 contains a chemical
compound for the second layer 23 has an oxidation potential equal
to or lower than about 0.5 V. Alternatively, the oxidation
potential of the compound is from about 0 to about 0.4 V,
preferably, from about 0 to about 0.3 V. The second layer 23
contains a chemical compound, in which holes have low mobility
while electrons have high mobility. The compound for the second
layer 23 has hole mobility equal to or lower than about 10.sup.-4
cm/V.s, preferably from about 10.sup.-10 cm/V.s to about 10.sup.-5
cm/V.s. The compound for the second layer 23 has electron mobility
equal to or higher than about 10.sup.-5 cm/V.s, preferably from
about 10.sup.-5 cm/V.s to about 1 cm/V.s.
Work-Function of Electrode Materials
[0049] Another aspect of the present invention relates to use of a
material having a low work function in the anode 3. It has been
general knowledge in the relevant art that materials for an anode
are selected from those having a relatively high work function; on
the other hand, materials for a cathode are selected from those
having a relatively low work function. In accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention, however, an organic EL device
has an anode, the material of which has a relatively low work
function. For example, the work function of the anode material is
below about 4.5 eV, preferably below about 4.3 eV. Alternatively,
the work function of the anode material. is from about 3.5 eV to
about, 4.5 eV, preferably from about 3.8 eV to about 4.3 eV. The
materials for use in an anode includes, for example, aluminum (Al,
4.28 eV), silver (Ag, 4.26 eV), zinc (Zn, 4.33 eV), niobium (Nb,
4.3 eV), zirconium (Zr, 4.05 eV), tin (Sn, 4.42 eV), tantalum (Ta,
4.25 eV), vanadium (V, 4.3 eV), mercury (Hg, 4.49 eV), gallium (Ga,
4.2 eV), indium (In, 4.12 eV), cadmium (Cd, 4.22 eV), boron (B, 4.4
eV), hafnium, (Hf, 3.9 eV), lanthanum (La, 3.5 eV), niobium (Nb,
4.3 eV), titanium (Ti, 4.3 eV) or alloys of one of above metals
with neodymium (Nd) or palladium (Pd).
[0050] One possible, but non-limiting explanation for the use of a
relatively low work-function material in an anode is that the low
work-function anode material helps formation of the above-described
virtual cathode. Referring back to FIG. 7, the low work-function
material of the anode 3 easily transfers electrons to the first
layer 21 upon formation of the contact between the anode 3 and the
first layer 21. The electron transfer from the anode 3 to the first
layer 21 is enhanced upon application of an appropriate voltage.
The electrons transferred into the first layer 21 form the virtual
cathode 25, which enhances the hole injection from the anode 3 into
the first layer 21 and in the direction toward the real cathode 15
as described above.
[0051] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the
work function of the cathode material is below about 4.5 eV. The
materials for use in the cathode 15 include, for example,
magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, titanium, indium, yttrium,
lithium, gadolinium, aluminum, silver, tin, lead, similar metals,
CsF, alloys containing one or more of the foregoing metals, or
multiple layers containing one or more of the foregoing metals
including LiF/Al and Li.sub.2O/Al. Either transparent or
non-transparent materials may be used for the cathode 15, depending
upon the construction of the light passage in the organic EL device
as discussed above. Those of ordinary skill in the art would
appreciate any other materials that can be used in the cathode 15
and also the selection of appropriate cathode materials.
[0052] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the
anode 3 has a single layered construction formed of a single
material, which can be a substantially pure elemental material or a
homogeneous or non-homogeneous alloy. In another embodiment, the
anode 3 may include multiple sublayers, which may or may not
include a non-conductive sublayer. Optionally, the discussion above
of the work function of anode materials apply only to conductive
part of the anode 3, not to a non-conductive sublayer or part
thereof. Optionally, the anode 3 may have one or more conductive
material sublayers. In the case of the anode construction including
multiple conductive material sublayers, the discussion above of the
work function of anode materials applies to at least one of the
conductive materials.
[0053] Another aspect of the present invention relates to use of a
material having a high work function in the cathode 15. Just like
the low work-function anode, the high work-function cathode
material helps formation of the above-described virtual anode. In
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an organic
EL device 10 has a cathode 15, the material of which has a high
work function. For example, the work function of the cathode
material is above about 3.5 eV, preferably above about 4 eV.
Alternatively, the work function of the cathode material is from
about 4.1 eV to about 5.0 eV, preferably from about 4.1 eV to about
4.8 eV.
Reflective Materials for Anode
[0054] Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use
of reflective material in the anode 3 of an organic EL device. In
an embodiment of the organic EL device according to the present
invention, the anode is formed with one or more materials having
high reflectivity. For example, the reflectivity as a ratio of a
reflected light intensity to an inputted light intensity is above
about 0.2, for example from about 0.4 to about 1. Reflective
materials for use in the anode 3 include, for example, aluminum,
silver, gold, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium, and
zinc. Optionally, the materials have the reflectivity to
substantially all of the wavelength components of visible light.
Optionally, the materials have substantially even reflectivity to
substantially all of the wavelength components of visible light.
Preferably, the reflective anode materials are, for example,
aluminum, silver, platinum, chromium and nickel.
[0055] In an embodiment of the present invention, the anode 3 may
include a plurality of sublayers. Optionally, the anode 3 may be
formed of at least one transparent sublayer and a reflective
sublayer. The at least one transparent sublayer may be formed with
transparent materials, for example, including ITO (indium tin
oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), and fluorinated tin oxide. The
reflective sublayer is formed with one or more reflective materials
as described above. As an alternative embodiment, the anode 3 is a
single layer made of a reflective material. The single layer
construction of the anode is advantageous over the multi-sublayer
construction in terms of the simplicity in the manufacturing
process.
Top Emission
[0056] In the constructions of FIGS. 1-6 where the anode 3, not the
cathode 15, contacts the substrate 1, the use of reflective
material in the anode 3 allows the generated light to emit through
the cathode 15 or in a direction other than through the anode 3. In
the same constructions of FIGS. 1-6, the emission through the
cathode 15 is referred to as top emission; on the other hand, the
emission through the anode 3 and substrate 1 is referred to as
bottom emission. Optionally, the organic EL device 10 may be
constructed in the top emission design. For top emission, the
cathode 15 is substantially transparent.
[0057] In one embodiment, the substantially transparent cathode 15
is formed in a single layer of one or more transparent conductive
materials. Examples of the transparent conductive materials include
ITO (indium tin oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide) and fluorinated tin
oxide. Alternatively, the substantially transparent cathode 15 is
formed in multiple layers (not shown). For example, the cathode 15
in the multiple layer construction may include a thin layer made of
a normally non-transparent material and a transparent material
layer. The thin layer of the normally non-transparent material is
formed in a thickness through which the visible light emitted from
an organic EL material can pass. Optionally, the thickness of the
thin layer is from about 10 .ANG. to about 500 .ANG., preferably
from about 10 .ANG. to about 200 .ANG.. The normally
non-transparent materials for use in the thin layer include, for
example, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), lithium (Li), aluminum (Al),
indium (In), potassium (K), yttrium (Y), strontium (St), europium
(Eu), sodium (Na), gallium (Ga), samarium (Sm) or an alloy or
mixture of two or more of the foregoing elements. The transparent
material layer is made of one or more materials, which are, for
example, indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO) and
fluorinated tin oxide. The thickness of the transparent material
layer is from about 100 .ANG. to about 5000 .ANG.. The cathode 15
in the multiple layer construction may further include one or more
additional layers.
Location and Kind of Control Circuits
[0058] The top emission design of organic EL devices is generally
more compatible with active matrix driving of the devices than the
bottom emission design. The active matrix driving requires a layer
31 for a transistor or an integrated circuit between the substrate
1 and the anode 3 as illustrated in FIG. 8. In organic EL devices
with the bottom emission design, the integrated circuit layer 31
will block at least some of the light emitted from the
light-emitting compound. However, the top emission design would not
be affected by the existence of the integrated circuit layer 31
below the anode 3. Nor would the top emission design be affected by
the technology of forming the integrated circuit layer 31, for
example use of amorphous silicon or polysilicon, which affects the
aperture ratio of the layer 31.
[0059] In the embodiment of top emission design, the organic EL
devices utilize either passive matrix or active matrix circuit
design. Optionally, the top emission design utilizes active matrix
circuit design. Still optionally, the integrated circuit for the
active matrix driving is formed between the substrate 1 and the
anode 3. Still optionally, the integrated circuit is formed with
the amorphous silicon technology.
Sealing Layer
[0060] In certain embodiments of organic EL devices, it is
advantageous to have a sealing layer between the substrate 1 and
the anode 3 to prevent moisture or other contaminating substances
from permeating into the intricate area of laminated structure.
Such a sealing layer is more important particularly when the
material for the substrate 1 is more permeable. The sealing layer
is often made with one or more substantially non-permeable or
semi-permeable materials. Such materials are, for example,
aluminum, aluminum oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, silicon
oxide, silicon nitride. The sealing layer may be constructed in
multiple layers including at least one organic sub-layer and at
least one inorganic sub-layer. An organic subs-layer may be formed
with, for example, polyphenylethylene, polymerized epoxy compounds
and/or polycyclicalkane. An inorganic sub-layer may be formed with,
for example, silicon nitride, silicon oxide and/or barium oxide. To
the extent that the substantially non-permeable or semi-permeable
material can also be used as an anode material, the anode 3 itself
forms the sealing layer. Thus, no separate sealing layer need to be
formed. In an embodiment of the present invention, the anode 3 is
made of aluminum, aluminum-neodymium alloy or aluminum-palladium
alloy, which functions as sealing layer as well. The anode 3 that
also functions as a sealing layer is used together with any
appropriate substrate materials with or without intervening
integrated circuit layer 31 between the substrate 1 and the anode
3.
Non-Conductive Sublayer of Anode
[0061] In any organic EL device embodiments of present invention,
either or both of the anode 3 and cathode 15 may be formed in
multiple sublayers. Referring to FIG. 9, for example, the anode 3
of the illustrated organic EL device includes a conductive sublayer
33 and a non-conductive sublayer 35. Although shown in two
sublayers, the anode 3 may have more than two sublayers. As
illustrated, the non-conductive sublayer 35 is located between the
conductive sublayer 33 and the hole-injecting layer 5, which
contacts the anode 3 on its side toward the cathode 15. The
hole-injecting layer 5 in this laminated anode construction can be
substituted for a hole-transporting layer 7 (FIGS. 4 and 5), a
light-emitting layer 9 (FIG. 6) or a multi-functional layer (not
shown). In the alternative, the non-conductive sublayer 35 may be
considered as a separate layer inserted between the anode 3 and the
layer 5, 7 or 9 contacting the anode 3.
[0062] Considered as a separate layer, the non-conductive sublayer
35 may be referred to as a buffer layer. Regardless of its name,
the non-conductive sublayer or buffer layer 35 is formed to improve
interfacial strength between the conductive sublayer 33 (or anode
3) and the layer 5, 7 or 9 contacting the anode 3. The
non-conductive sublayer or buffer layer 35 also help lowering the
energy barrier for the injection of holes from the conductive
sublayer 33 into the layer 5,7, or 9 contacting the non-conductive
sublayer 35. In an embodiment, the non-conductive sublayer or
buffer layer 35 is formed with one or more inorganic materials.
Optionally, the materials for the buffer layer include, for
example, aluminum oxides, titanium oxides, zinc oxides, ruthenium
oxides, nickel oxides, zirconium oxides, tantalum oxides, magnesium
oxides, calcium oxides, strontium oxides, vanadium oxides, yttrium
oxides, lithium oxides, cesium oxides, chromium oxides, silicon
oxides, barium oxides, manganese oxides, cobalt oxides, copper
oxides, praseodymium oxides, tungsten oxides, germanium oxides,
potassium oxides, lithium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, cesium
fluoride, calcium fluoride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,
lithium metaborate (BiBO.sub.2), potassium silicate
(K.sub.2SiO.sub.3), silicon-germanium oxides, barium titanate,
lithium tantalate (LiTaO.sub.3), silicon nitride (Si.sub.3N.sub.4),
boron nitride (BN), nitrides of elements in Family III or IV of the
Periodic Table of the Elements, zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadmium sulfide
(CdS), cadmium selenide (CdSe), gallium phosphide (GaP), gallium
nitride (GaN) and combinations of two or more of the foregoing
materials.
Manufacturing the Device
[0063] Various layers of the organic EL devices of the present
invention can be produced by utilizing any film forming techniques,
including sputtering, electron beam vapor deposition, other types
of physical vapor depositions (PVD), chemical vapor deposition
(CVD), spin coating, dip coating, doctor blading, inkjet printing,
screen-printing, roll-coating and thermal transfer. These
techniques are generally described in the following publications,
which are hereby incorporated herein by reference: Applied Physics
Letters, 73, 18, 1998, 2561-2563; Applied Physics Letters, 78, 24,
2001, 3905-3907. Persons of ordinary skill in the art would
appreciate the appropriate film forming techniques under the
conditions and circumstances for the formation of such layers.
EXAMPLES
[0064] Various aspects and features of the present invention will
be further discussed in terms of the examples. The following
examples are intended to illustrate various aspects and features of
the present invention but not to limit the scope of the present
invention.
Example 1
[0065] A glass substrate (Corning 7059) was coated with about 1300
.ANG. indium tin oxide (ITO) and was ultrasonically cleaned in an
aqueous solution of a cleaning agent from Fischer Co. The cleaned
ITO layered substrate was dried and transferred to a plasma
cleaning device. The substrate was further cleaned with
argon-oxygen (2:1) plasma at 50 W under 14 m ton for 5 minutes. The
substrate was then transferred to a vacuum vapor deposition
chamber.
[0066] About 100 .ANG. of aluminum layer is deposited on the ITO
layer by thermal vacuum vapor deposition to form a semitransparent
aluminum anode. The aluminum layer is exposed to oxygen gas under
atmospheric pressure for 5 minutes to form an aluminum oxide layer
of about 20 .ANG.. A hole-injecting layer of the compound of
Formula Ia (hexanitrile hexaazatriphenylene or HAT) was formed over
the aluminum oxide layer at about 500 .ANG. by thermal vacuum
deposition. Over the hole-injecting layer, a hole-transporting
layer was formed with NPB at about 400 .ANG. by thermal vacuum
deposition. Over the hole-transporting layer, a light-emitting
layer was formed with Alq3 at about 300 .ANG. by thermal vacuum
deposition. Over the light-emitting layer, an electron-transporting
layer was formed with the compound of Formula II
(2-[4-[(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl-9,10-bis(2-naphtyl)anthracene]
at about 200 .ANG. by thermal vacuum deposition. For the cathode, a
layer of about 10 .ANG. of lithium fluoride (LiF) was formed over
the electron-transporting layer, and then a layer of about 2500
.ANG. aluminum was further deposited. During the deposition, the
pressure within the deposition chamber was maintained at
5-8.times.10.sup.-7 torr. The organic materials were deposited at
the speed of 1 .ANG./sec. The lithium fluoride was deposited at the
speed of 0.3 .ANG./sec, and the aluminum was deposited at a speed
of 3-7 .ANG./sec. ##STR6##
[0067] The resulting laminated structure of the organic EL device
was represented as "Glass substrate/ITO(1300 .ANG.)/Al(100
.ANG.)/Al.sub.2O.sub.3(20 .ANG.)/HAT(500 .ANG.)/NPB(400
.ANG.)/Alq3(300 .ANG.)/Formula II(200 .ANG.)/LiF(10 .ANG.)/Al(2500
.ANG.)." When 5.17 V of forward bias was applied across the
resulting device, 500 nit of emission was observed through the
semitransparent aluminum layer. The color of the emission was
identified as x=0.460, y=0.550 in the 1931 CIE color coordination.
The current density during the operation was 50 mA/cm.sup.2.
Example 2
[0068] A device was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1
except that the ITO layer was not formed and that the
Al.sub.2O.sub.3 layer was not formed. The resulting structure was
represented as "Glass substrate/Al(100 .ANG.)/HAT(500
.ANG.)/NPB(400 .ANG.)/Alq3(300 .ANG.)/Formula II(200 .ANG.)/LiF(10
.ANG.)/Al(2500 .ANG.)."
[0069] When 5.0 V of forward bias was applied across the resulting
device, 1,010 nit of emission was observed through the
semitransparent aluminum layer. The color of the emission was
identified as x=0.417, y=0.534 in the 1931 CIE color coordination.
The current density during the operation was 50 mA/cm.sup.2.
Example 3
Comparative Example 1
[0070] A device was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1
except that the hole-injection layer of HAT was not formed. The
resulting structure of the device was represented as "Glass
substrate/ITO(1300 .ANG.)/Al(100 .ANG.)/Al.sub.2O.sub.3(20
.ANG.)NPB(400 .ANG.)/Alq3(300 .ANG.)/Formula II(200 .ANG.)/LiF(10
.ANG.)/Al(2500 .ANG.)." No emission was observed even when applying
over 20 V forward bias to the device. The current density during
the application of the forward bias was less than 0.1
mA/cm.sup.2.
Example 4
Comparative Example 2
[0071] A device was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1
except that the aluminum and aluminum oxide layers between the ITO
and NPB were not formed. The resulting structure was represented as
"Glass substrate/ITO(1300 .ANG.)/HAT(500 .ANG.)/NPB(400
.ANG.)/Alq3(300 .ANG.)/Formula II(200 .ANG.)/LiF(10 .ANG.)/Al(2500
.ANG.)." When 5.37 V of forward bias was applied across the
resulting device, green emission of the color x=0.345, y=0.553 of
the 1931 CIE color coordination was observed. The current density
during the operation was 50 mA/cm.sup.2. At 100 mA/cm.sup.2 of
constant DC current density, it took 23 hours until the brightness
drops to 80% level of the initial brightness of 3399 nit.
Example 5
[0072] A device was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1
except that 100 A thickness of silver was formed as a
semitransparent anode instead of aluminum and aluminum oxide. The
resulting structure of the device was represented as "Glass
substrate/ITO (1300 .ANG.)/Ag(100 .ANG.)/HAT(500 .ANG.)/NPB(400
.ANG.)/Alq3{300 .ANG.)/Formula II(200 .ANG.)/LiF(10 .ANG.)/Al(2500
.ANG.)." When 5.1 V of forward bias was applied across the
resulting device, observed was 800 nit of emission of the color
x=0.420, y=0.516 of the 1931 CIE color coordination. The current
density during the operation was 50 mA/cm.sup.2.
Example 6
[0073] A device is fabricated in the same mariner as in Example 5
except that the ITO layer is not formed. The resulting structure is
represented as "Glass substrate/Ag(100 .ANG.)/HAT(500
.ANG.)/NPB(400 .ANG.)/Alq3(300 .ANG.)/Formula II(200 .ANG.)/LiF(10
.ANG.)/Al(2500 .ANG.)." When a forward bias is applied across the
resulting device, visible light is observed.
Example 7
[0074] A glass substrate (Corning 7059) coated with about 1300
.ANG. indium tin oxide (ITO) was ultrasonically cleaned in an
aqueous solution of a cleaning agent from Fischer Co. The cleaned
ITO layered substrate was dried and transferred to a plasma
cleaning device. The substrate was further cleaned with
argon-oxygen (2:1) plasma at 50 W under 14 m tort for 5 minutes.
The substrate was then transferred to a vacuum vapor deposition
chamber.
[0075] The compound of Formula Ia (hexanitrile hexaazatriphenylene
or HAT) was formed over the ITO layer at about 2000 .ANG. by
thermal vacuum deposition. Over the compound layer, about 500 .ANG.
aluminum was deposited to form cathode. During the deposition, the
pressure within the deposition chamber was maintained at
5-8.times.10.sup.-7 torr.v. The organic materials were deposited at
the speed of 1 .ANG./sec and the aluminum was deposited at a speed
of 3-7 .ANG./sec.
[0076] The resulting laminated structure of the organic EL device
was represented as "Glass substrate/ITO(1300 .ANG.)/HAT(2000
.ANG.)/Al(500 .ANG.)." When a forward bias was applied across the
device, electric current was observed at a potential difference
just above 0 V. The voltage-current relationship was shown in FIG.
10.
Example 8
Comparative Example 3
[0077] A device was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 7
except that 1600 .ANG. thickness of NPB was formed instead of HAT.
The resulting structure of the device was represented as "Glass
substrate/ITO(1300 .ANG.)/NPB(1600 .ANG.)/Al(500 .ANG.)." When a
forward bias was applied across the device, electric current was
observed at. a potential difference about 1 V. The voltage-current
relationship was also shown in FIG. 10.
Example 9
[0078] A device was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 7
except that 500 .ANG. aluminum layer was formed as an anode in lieu
of the ITO layer. The resulting structure was represented as "Glass
substrate/Al(500 .ANG.)/HAT(2000 .ANG.)/Al(500 .ANG.)." When a
forward bias was applied across the device, electric current was
observed at a potential difference just above 0 V. The
voltage-current relationship was shown in FIG. 11.
Example 10
Comparative Example 4
[0079] A device was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 9
except that 2000 .ANG. thickness of NPB was formed instead of HAT.
The resulting structure of the device was represented as "Glass
substrate/Al(500 .ANG.)/NPB(2000 .ANG.)/Al(500 .ANG.)." When a
forward bias was applied across the device, no electric current was
observed even at a potential difference over 20 V. The
voltage-current relationship was also shown in FIG. 11.
Example 11
[0080] To the device fabricated in the Example 9 having the
construction of "Glass substrate/Al(500 .ANG.)/HAT(2000
.ANG.)/Al(500 .ANG.)," an electric potential was applied with the
opposite polarity to that of Example 9, in which the aluminum
located between the glass substrate and HAT layer acted as a
cathode, and the aluminum located above the HAT acted as an anode.
Upon the application of the forward bias, the current started to
flow just above 0 V. The voltage-current relationship was also
shown in FIG. 12. The result in combination with that of Example 9
indicate that the HAT layer enabled the aluminum layer to inject
holes into it whether the aluminum layer is deposited below or
above the HAT layer.
Example 12
Comparative Example 5
[0081] To the device fabricated in the Example 10 having the
construction of "Glass substrate/Al(500 .ANG.)/NPB(2000
.ANG.)/Al(500 .ANG.)," an electric potential was applied with the
opposite polarity to that of Example 10, in which the aluminum
located between the glass substrate and NPB layer acted as a
cathode, and the aluminum located above the HAT acted as an anode.
When the forward bias was applied, almost no current was observed
at a potential difference of above 20V. The voltage-current
relationship was also shown in FIG. 12.
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