Recombinant Vwf Formulations

Abstract

The present invention provides long-term stable pharmaceutical formulations of recombinant von-Willebrand Factor (rVWF) and methods for making and administering said formulations.

Description

[0001] This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/017,418, filed Dec. 28, 2007, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/017,881 filed Dec. 31, 2007, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Generally, the invention relates to formulations of recombinant VWF and methods for making a composition comprising recombinant VWF.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a glycoprotein circulating in plasma as a series of multimers ranging in size from about 500 to 20,000 kD. Multimeric forms of VWF are composed of 250 kD polypeptide subunits linked together by disulfide bonds. VWF mediates initial platelet adhesion to the sub-endothelium of the damaged vessel wall. Only the larger multimers exhibit hemostatic activity. It is assumed that endothelial cells secrete large polymeric forms of VWF and those forms of VWF which have a low molecular weight (low molecular weight VWF) arise from proteolytic cleavage. The multimers having large molecular masses are stored in the Weibel-Pallade bodies of endothelial cells and liberated upon stimulation.

[0004] VWF is synthesized by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes as prepro-VWF that consists to a large extent of repeated domains. Upon cleavage of the signal peptide, pro-VWF dimerizes through disulfide linkages at its C-terminal region. The dimers serve as protomers for multimerization, which is governed by disulfide linkages between the free end termini. The assembly to multimers is followed by the proteolytic removal of the propeptide sequence (Leyte et al., Biochem. J. 274 (1991), 257-261).

[0005] The primary translation product predicted from the cloned cDNA of VWF is a 2813-residue precursor polypeptide (prepro-VWF). The prepro-VWF consists of a 22 amino acid signal peptide and a 741 amino acid propeptide, with the mature VWF comprising 2050 amino acids (Ruggeri Z. A., and Ware, J., FASEB J., 308-316 (1993)).

[0006] Defects in VWF are causal to Von Willebrand disease (VWD), which is characterized by a more or less pronounced bleeding phenotype. VWD type 3 is the most severe form in which VWF is completely missing, and VWD type 1 relates to a quantitative loss of VWF and its phenotype can be very mild. VWD type 2 relates to qualitative defects of VWF and can be as severe as VWD type 3. VWD type 2 has many sub forms, some being associated with the loss or the decrease of high molecular weight multimers. Von Willebrand syndrome type 2a (VWS-2A) is characterized by a loss of both intermediate and large multimers. VWS-2B is characterized by a loss of highest-molecular-weight multimers. Other diseases and disorders related to VWF are known in the art.

[0007] US. Pat. Nos. 6,531,577, 7,166,709, and European Patent Application No. 04380188.5, describe plasma-derived VWF formulations. However, in addition to quantity and purity issues with plasma-derived VWF, there is also a risk of blood-born pathogens (e.g., viruses and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).

[0008] Thus there exists a need in the art to develop a stable pharmaceutical formulation comprising recombinant VWF.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The present invention provides formulations useful for compositions comprising recombinant VWF, resulting in a highly stable pharmaceutical composition. The stable pharmaceutical composition is useful as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of individuals suffering from disorders or conditions that can benefit from the administration of recombinant VWF.

[0010] In one embodiment, the invention provides a stable liquid pharmaceutical formulation of a recombinant von Willebrand Factor (rVWF) comprising: (a) a rVWF; (b) a buffering agent; (c) one or more salts; (d) optionally a stabilizing agent; and (e) optionally a surfactant; wherein the rVWF comprises a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: a) the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 3; b) a biologically active analog, fragment or variant of a); c) a polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide set out in SEQ ID NO: 1; d) a biologically active analog, fragment or variant of c); and e) a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes to the polynucleotide set out in SEQ ID NO: 1 under moderately stringent hybridization conditions; wherein the buffer is comprised of a pH buffering agent in a range of about 0.1 mM to about 500 mM and wherein the pH is in a range of about 2.0 to about 12.0; wherein the salt is at a concentration of about 1 to 500 mM; wherein the stabilizing agent is at a concentration of about 0.1 to 1000 mM; and wherein the surfactant is at a concentration of about 0.01 g/L to 0.5 g/L.

[0011] In another embodiment, the aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the rVWF comprises the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 3. In another embodiment, an aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the buffering agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium citrate, glycine, histidine, Tris and combinations of these agents. In yet another embodiment, an aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the buffering agent is citrate. In still another embodiment of the invention, the aforementioned formulation is provided wherein pH is in the range of 6.0-8.0, or 6.5-7.3. In a related embodiment, the aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the pH is 7.0. In another embodiment, an aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the buffering agent is citrate and the pH is 7.0.

[0012] In still another embodiment, an aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, sodium chloride and magnesium chloride. In another embodiment, the aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the salt is at a concentration range of 0.5 to 300 mM. In another embodiment, the aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the salt is calcium chloride at a concentration of 10 mM.

[0013] In another embodiment, an aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the rVWF comprises the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 3; wherein the buffering agent is citrate and the pH is 7.0; and wherein the salt is calcium chloride at a concentration of 10 mM. In still another embodiment, an aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the rVWF comprises the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 3; wherein the buffering agent is sodium citrate and the pH is 7.0; and wherein the salt is calcium chloride at a concentration of 10 mM and NaCl at a concentration of 100 mM.

[0014] Other formulations are also contemplated by the instant invention. For example, in one embodiment, an aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the one or more buffering agents is histidine and Tris at a concentration of 3.3 mM each. In another embodiment, the aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the pH is 7.0. In yet another embodiment, an aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the first salt is sodium chloride at a concentration of 30 mM and the second salt is calcium chloride at a concentration of 0.56 mM.

[0015] In still another embodiment of the invention, an aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the stabilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of mannitol, lactose, sorbitol, xylitol, sucrose, trehalose, mannose, maltose, lactose, glucose, raffinose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, isomaltose, arabinose, glucosamine, fructose and combinations of these stabilizing agents. In another embodiment, the aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the stabilizing agents are trehalose at a concentration of 7.8 mM and mannitol at a concentration of 58.6 mM.

[0016] In another embodiment, an aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of digitonin, Triton X-100, Triton X-114, TWEEN-20, TWEEN-80 and combinations of these surfactants. In another embodiment, the aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the surfactant is TWEEN-80 at 0.03 g/L.

[0017] In one embodiment of the invention, an aforementioned formulation is provided wherein the rVWF comprises amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 3; wherein the buffering agents are histidine at a concentration of 3.3 mM and Tris at a concentration of 3.3 mM at pH 7.0; wherein the first salt is sodium chloride at a concentration of 30 mM and the second salt is calcium chloride at a concentration of 0.56 mM; wherein the stabilizing agents are trehalose at a concentration of 7.8 mM mannitol at a concentration of 58.6 mM; and wherein the surfactant is TWEEN-80 at 0.03 g/L.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0018] FIG. 1 shows that rVWF is not stable in Advate buffer after 26 weeks, due to the presence of glutathione.

[0019] FIG. 2 shows that rVWF is stable in Advate 1:3 buffer for up to 12 weeks at 4.degree. C.

[0020] FIG. 3 shows that the stability of a citrate-based formulation is better than Advate 1:3 buffer formulation containing 0.1M glutathione.

[0021] FIG. 4 shows that rVWF concentration is stable over 26 weeks in Advate buffer.

[0022] FIG. 5 shows that rVWF concentration is stable over time in Advate 1:3 buffer.

[0023] FIG. 6 shows that rVWF concentration is stable over time in citrate-based buffer.

[0024] FIG. 7 shows that most excipients increase the unfolding temperature of rVWF by about 1 or 2.degree. C.

[0025] FIG. 8 shows that 10 mM CaCl.sub.2 increases unfolding temperature of rVWF by about 8.degree. C. to about 67.degree. C.

[0026] FIG. 9 shows that the effect of CaCl.sub.2 is similar at pH 7.3 and pH 6.5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definition of Terms

[0027] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The following references provide one of skill with a general definition of many of the terms used in this invention: Singleton, et al., DICTIONARY OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2d ed. 1994); THE CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (Walker ed., 1988); THE GLOSSARY OF GENETICS, 5TH ED., R. Rieger, et al. (eds.), Springer Verlag (1991); and Hale and Marham, THE HARPER COLLINS DICTIONARY OF BIOLOGY (1991).

[0028] Each publication, patent application, patent, and other reference cited herein is incorporated by reference in its entirety to the extent that it is not inconsistent with the present disclosure.

[0029] It is noted here that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0030] As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to them unless specified otherwise.

[0031] The term "comprising," with respect to a peptide compound, means that a compound may include additional amino acids at either or both amino and carboxy termini of the given sequence. Of course, these additional amino acids should not significantly interfere with the activity of the compound. With respect to a composition of the instant invention, the term "comprising" means that a composition may include additional components. These additional components should not significantly interfere with the activity of the composition.

[0032] The term "pharmacologically active" means that a substance so described is determined to have activity that affects a medical parameter (e.g., but not limited to blood pressure, blood cell-count, cholesterol level) or disease state (e.g., but not limited to cancer, autoimmune disorders).

[0033] As used herein the terms "express," "expressing" and "expression" mean allowing or causing the information in a gene or DNA sequence to become manifest, for example, producing a protein by activating the cellular functions involved in transcription and translation of a corresponding gene or DNA sequence. A DNA sequence is expressed in or by a cell to form an "expression product" such as a protein. The expression product itself, e.g. the resulting protein, may also be said to be "expressed." An expression product can be characterized as intracellular, extracellular or secreted. The term "intracellular" means inside a cell. The term "extracellular" means outside a cell, such as a transmembrane protein. A substance is "secreted" by a cell if it appears in significant measure outside the cell, from somewhere on or inside the cell.

[0034] As used herein a "polypeptide" refers to a polymer composed of amino acid residues, structural variants, related naturally-occurring structural variants, and synthetic non-naturally occurring analogs thereof linked via peptide bonds. Synthetic polypeptides can be prepared, for example, using an automated polypeptide synthesizer. The term "protein" typically refers to large polypeptides. The term "peptide" typically refers to short polypeptides.

[0035] As used herein a "fragment" of a polypeptide is meant to refer to any portion of a polypeptide or protein smaller than the full-length polypeptide or protein expression product.

[0036] As used herein an "analog" refers to any of two or more polypeptides substantially similar in structure and having the same biological activity, but can have varying degrees of activity, to either the entire molecule, or to a fragment thereof. Analogs differ in the composition of their amino acid sequences based on one or more mutations involving substitution of one or more amino acids for other amino acids. Substitutions can be conservative or non-conservative based on the physico-chemical or functional relatedness of the amino acid that is being replaced and the amino acid replacing it.

[0037] As used herein a "variant" refers to a polypeptide, protein or analog thereof that is modified to comprise additional chemical moieties not normally a part of the molecule. Such moieties may modulate the molecule's solubility, absorption, biological half-life, etc. The moieties may alternatively decrease the toxicity of the molecule and eliminate or attenuate any undesirable side effect of the molecule, etc. Moieties capable of mediating such effects are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1980). Procedure for coupling such moieties to a molecule are well known in the art. For example, the variant may be a blood clotting factor having a chemical modification which confers a longer half-life in vivo to the protein. In various aspects, polypeptides are modified by glycosylation, pegylation, and/or polysialylation.

[0038] Recombinant VWF

[0039] The polynucleotide and amino acid sequences of prepro-VWF are set out in SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2, respectively, and are available at GenBank Accession Nos. NM.sub.--000552 and NP.sub.--000543, respectively. The amino acid sequence corresponding to the mature VWF protein is set out in SEQ ID NO: 3 (corresponding to amino acids 764-2813 of the full length prepro-VWF amino acid sequence).

[0040] One form of useful rVWF has at least the property of in vivo-stabilizing, e.g. binding, of at least one Factor VIII (FVIII) molecule and having optionally a glycosylation pattern which is pharmacologically acceptable. Specific examples thereof include VWF without A2 domain thus resistant to proteolysis (Lankhof et al., Thromb. Haemost. 77: 1008-1013, 1997), and the VWF fragment from Val 449 to Asn 730 including the glycoprotein lb-binding domain and binding sites for collagen and heparin (Pietu et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 164: 1339-1347, 1989). The determination of the ability of a VWF to stabilize at least one FVIII molecule can be carried out in VWF-deficient mammals according to methods known in the state in the art.

[0041] The rVWF of the present invention may be produced by any method known in the art. One specific example is disclosed in WO86/06096 published on Oct. 23, 1986 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/559,509, filed on Jul. 23, 1990, which is incorporated herein by reference with respect to the methods of producing recombinant VWF. Thus, methods are known in the art for (i) the production of recombinant DNA by genetic engineering, e.g. via reverse transcription of RNA and/or amplification of DNA, (ii) introducing recombinant DNA into procaryotic or eucaryotic cells by transfection, e.g. via electroporation or microinjection, (iii) cultivating said transformed cells, e.g. in a continuous or batchwise manner, (iv) expressing VWF, e.g. constitutively or upon induction, and (v) isolating said VWF, e.g. from the culture medium or by harvesting the transformed cells, in order to (vi) obtain purified rVWF, e.g. via anion exchange chromatography or affinity chromatography. A recombinant VWF may be made in transformed host cells using recombinant DNA techniques well known in the art. For instance, sequences coding for the polypeptide could be excised from DNA using suitable restriction enzymes.

[0042] Alternatively, the DNA molecule could be synthesized using chemical synthesis techniques, such as the phosphoramidate method. Also, a combination of these techniques could be used.

[0043] The invention also provides vectors encoding polypeptides of the invention in an appropriate host. The vector comprises the polynucleotide that encodes the polypeptide operatively linked to appropriate expression control sequences. Methods of effecting this operative linking, either before or after the polynucleotide is inserted into the vector, are well known. Expression control sequences include promoters, activators, enhancers, operators, ribosomal binding sites, start signals, stop signals, cap signals, polyadenylation signals, and other signals involved with the control of transcription or translation. The resulting vector having the polynucleotide therein is used to transform an appropriate host. This transformation may be performed using methods well known in the art.

[0044] Any of a large number of available and well-known host cells may be used in the practice of this invention. The selection of a particular host is dependent upon a number of factors recognized by the art, including, for example, compatibility with the chosen expression vector, toxicity of the peptides encoded by the DNA molecule, rate of transformation, ease of recovery of the peptides, expression characteristics, bio-safety and costs. A balance of these factors must be struck with the understanding that not all host cells are equally effective for the expression of a particular DNA sequence. Within these general guidelines, useful microbial host cells include bacteria, yeast and other fungi, insects, plants, mammalian (including human) cells in culture, or other hosts known in the art.

[0045] Next, the transformed host is cultured and purified. Host cells may be cultured under conventional fermentation conditions so that the desired compounds are expressed. Such fermentation conditions are well known in the art. Finally, the polypeptides are purified from culture by methods well known in the art.

[0046] Depending on the host cell utilized to express a compound of the invention, carbohydrate (oligosaccharide) groups may conveniently be attached to sites that are known to be glycosylation sites in proteins. Generally, O-linked oligosaccharides are attached to serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr) residues while N-linked oligosaccharides are attached to asparagine (Asn) residues when they are part of the sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr, where X can be any amino acid except proline. X is preferably one of the 19 naturally occurring amino acids not counting proline. The structures of N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides and the sugar residues found in each type are different. One type of sugar that is commonly found on both is N-acetylneuraminic acid (referred to as sialic acid). Sialic acid is usually the terminal residue of both N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides and, by virtue of its negative charge, may confer acidic properties to the glycosylated compound. Such site(s) may be incorporated in the linker of the compounds of this invention and are preferably glycosylated by a cell during recombinant production of the polypeptide compounds (e.g., in mammalian cells such as CHO, BHK, COS). However, such sites may further be glycosylated by synthetic or semi-synthetic procedures known in the art.

[0047] Alternatively, the compounds may be made by synthetic methods. For example, solid phase synthesis techniques may be used. Suitable techniques are well known in the art, and include those described in Merrifield (1973), Chem. Polypeptides, pp. 335-61 (Katsoyannis and Panayotis eds.); Merrifield (1963), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85: 2149; Davis et al. (1985), Biochem. Intl. 10: 394-414; Stewart and Young (1969), Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis; U.S. Pat. No. 3,941,763; Finn et al. (1976), The Proteins (3rd ed.) 2: 105-253; and Erickson et al. (1976), The Proteins (3rd ed.) 2: 257-527. Solid phase synthesis is the preferred technique of making individual peptides since it is the most cost-effective method of making small peptides.

[0048] Fragments, Variants and Analogs of VWF

[0049] Methods for preparing polypeptide fragments, variants or analogs are well-known in the art.

[0050] Fragments of a polypeptide are prepared using, without limitation, enzymatic cleavage (e.g., trypsin, chymotrypsin) and also using recombinant means to generate a polypeptide fragments having a specific amino acid sequence. Polypeptide fragments may be generated comprising a region of the protein having a particular activity, such as a multimerization domain or any other identifiable VWF domain known in the art.

[0051] Methods of making polypeptide analogs are also well-known. Amino acid sequence analogs of a polypeptide can be substitutional, insertional, addition or deletion analogs. Deletion analogs, including fragments of a polypeptide, lack one or more residues of the native protein which are not essential for function or immunogenic activity. Insertional analogs involve the addition of, e.g., amino acid(s) at a non-terminal point in the polypeptide. This analog may include insertion of an immunoreactive epitope or simply a single residue. Addition analogs, including fragments of a polypeptide, include the addition of one or more amino acids at either of both termini of a protein and include, for example, fusion proteins.

[0052] Substitutional analogs typically exchange one amino acid of the wild-type for another at one or more sites within the protein, and may be designed to modulate one or more properties of the polypeptide without the loss of other functions or properties. In one aspect, substitutions are conservative substitutions. By "conservative amino acid substitution" is meant substitution of an amino acid with an amino acid having a side chain of a similar chemical character. Similar amino acids for making conservative substitutions include those having an acidic side chain (glutamic acid, aspartic acid); a basic side chain (arginine, lysine, histidine); a polar amide side chain (glutamine, asparagine); a hydrophobic, aliphatic side chain (leucine, isoleucine, valine, alanine, glycine); an aromatic side chain (phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine); a small side chain (glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, methionine); or an aliphatic hydroxyl side chain (serine, threonine).

[0053] Analogs may be substantially homologous or substantially identical to the recombinant VWF from which they are derived. Preferred analogs are those which retain at least some of the biological activity of the wild-type polypeptide, e.g. blood clotting activity.

[0054] Polypeptide variants contemplated include polypeptides chemically modified by such techniques as ubiquitination, glycosylation, including polysialation, conjugation to therapeutic or diagnostic agents, labeling, covalent polymer attachment such as pegylation (derivatization with polyethylene glycol), introduction of non-hydrolyzable bonds, and insertion or substitution by chemical synthesis of amino acids such as ornithine, which do not normally occur in human proteins. Variants retain the same or essentially the same binding properties of non-modified molecules of the invention. Such chemical modification may include direct or indirect (e.g., via a linker) attachment of an agent to the VWF polypeptide. In the case of indirect attachment, it is contemplated that the linker may be hydrolyzable or non-hydrolyzable.

[0055] Preparing pegylated polypeptide analogs will generally comprise the steps of (a) reacting the polypeptide with polyethylene glycol (such as a reactive ester or aldehyde derivative of PEG) under conditions whereby the binding construct polypeptide becomes attached to one or more PEG groups, and (b) obtaining the reaction product(s). In general, the optimal reaction conditions for the acylation reactions will be determined based on known parameters and the desired result. For example, the larger the ratio of PEG: protein, the greater the percentage of poly-pegylated product. In some embodiments, the binding construct will have a single PEG moiety at the N-terminus. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) may be attached to the blood clotting factor to provide a longer half-life in vivo. The PEG group may be of any convenient molecular weight and may be linear or branched. The average molecular weight of the PEG ranges from about 2 kiloDalton ("kD") to about 100 kDa, from about 5 kDa to about 50 kDa, or from about 5 kDa to about 10 kDa. The PEG groups are attached to the blood clotting factor via acylation or reductive alkylation through a natural or engineered reactive group on the PEG moiety (e.g., an aldehyde, amino, thiol, or ester group) to a reactive group on the blood clotting factor (e.g., an aldehyde, amino, or ester group) or by any other technique known in the art.

[0056] Methods for preparing polysialylated polypeptide are described in United States Patent Publication 20060160948, Fernandes et Gregoriadis; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1341: 26-34, 1997, and Saenko et al., Haemophilia 12:42-51, 2006. Briefly, a solution of colominic acid containing 0.1 M NaIO.sub.4 is stirred in the dark at room temperature to oxidize the CA. The activated CA solution is dialyzed against, e.g., 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 in the dark and this solution was added to a rVWF solution and incubated for 18 h at room temperature in the dark under gentle shaking. Free reagents can then be separated from the rVWF-polysialic acid conjugate by ultrafiltration/diafiltration. Conjugation of rVWF with polysialic acid may also be achieved using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking reagent (Migneault et al., Biotechniques 37: 790-796, 2004).

[0057] It is further contemplated that a polypeptide of the invention may be a fusion protein with a second agent which is a polypeptide. In one embodiment, the second agent which is a polypeptide, without limitation, is an enzyme, a growth factor, an antibody, a cytokine, a chemokine, a cell-surface receptor, the extracellular domain of a cell surface receptor, a cell adhesion molecule, or fragment or active domain of a protein described above. In a related embodiment, the second agent is a blood clotting factor such as Factor VIII, Factor VII, Factor IX. The fusion protein contemplated is made by chemical or recombinant techniques well-known in the art.

[0058] It is also contemplated that prepro-VWF and pro-VWF polypeptides may provide a therapeutic benefit in the formulations of the present invention. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,005,502 describes a pharmaceutical preparation comprising substantial amounts of pro-VWF that induces thrombin gerneation in vitro. In addition to recombinant, biologically active fragments, variants, or analogs of the naturally-occurring mature VWF, the present invention contemplates the use of recombinant biologically active fragments, variants, or analogs of the prepro-VWF (set out in SEQ ID NO:2) or pro-VWF polypeptides (amino acid residues 23 to 764 of SEQ ID NO: 2) in the formulations described herein.

[0059] Polynucleotides encoding fragments, variants and analogs may be readily generated by a worker of skill to encode biologically active fragments, variants, or analogs of the naturally-occurring molecule that possess the same or similar biological activity to the naturally-occurring molecule. These polynucleotides can be prepared using PCR techniques, digestion/ligation of DNA encoding molecule, and the like. Thus, one of skill in the art will be able to generate single base changes in the DNA strand to result in an altered codon and a missense mutation, using any method known in the art, including, but not limited to site-specific mutagenesis. As used herein, the phrase "moderately stringent hybridization conditions" means, for example, hybridization at 42.degree. C. in 50% formamide and washing at 60.degree. C. in 0.1.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS. It is understood by those of skill in the art that variation in these conditions occurs based on the length and GC nucleotide base content of the sequences to be hybridized. Formulas standard in the art are appropriate for determining exact hybridization conditions. See Sambrook et al., 9.47-9.51 in Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989).

[0060] Formulations and Excipients in General

[0061] Excipients are additives that are included in a formulation because they either impart or enhance the stability and delivery of a drug product. Regardless of the reason for their inclusion, excipients are an integral component of a drug product and therefore need to be safe and well tolerated by patients. For protein drugs, the choice of excipients is particularly important because they can affect both efficacy and immunogenicity of the drug. Hence, protein formulations need to be developed with appropriate selection of excipients that afford suitable stability, safety, and marketability.

[0062] The principal challenge in developing formulations for therapeutic proteins is stabilizing the product against the stresses of manufacturing, shipping and storage. The role of formulation excipients is to provide stabilization against these stresses. Excipients may also be employed to reduce viscosity of high concentration protein formulations in order to enable their delivery and enhance patient convenience. In general, excipients can be classified on the basis of the mechanisms by which they stabilize proteins against various chemical and physical stresses. Some excipients are used to alleviate the effects of a specific stress or to regulate a particular susceptibility of a specific protein. Other excipients have more general effects on the physical and covalent stabilities of proteins. The excipients described herein are organized either by their chemical type or their functional role in formulations. Brief descriptions of the modes of stabilization are provided when discussing each excipient type.

[0063] Given the teachings and guidance provided herein, those skilled in the art will know what amount or range of excipient can be included in any particular formulation to achieve a biopharmaceutical formulation of the invention that promotes retention in stability of the biopharmaceutical (e.g., a polypeptide). For example, the amount and type of a salt to be included in a biopharmaceutical formulation of the invention can be selected based on the desired osmolality (i.e., isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic) of the final solution as well as the amounts and osmolality of other components to be included in the formulation. Similarly, by exemplification with reference to the type of polyol or sugar included in a formulation, the amount of such an excipient will depend on its osmolality.

[0064] By way of example, inclusion of about 5% sorbitol can achieve isotonicity while about 9% of a sucrose excipient is needed to achieve isotonicity. Selection of the amount or range of concentrations of one or more excipients that can be included within a biopharmaceutical formulation of the invention has been exemplified above by reference to salts, polyols and sugars. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the considerations described herein and further exemplified by reference to specific excipients are equally applicable to all types and combinations of excipients including, for example, salts, amino acids, other tonicity agents, surfactants, stabilizers, bulking agents, cryoprotectants, lyoprotectants, anti-oxidants, metal ions, chelating agents and/or preservatives.

[0065] Further, where a particular excipient is reported in molar concentration, those skilled in the art will recognize that the equivalent percent (%) w/v (e.g., (grams of substance in a solution sample/mL of solution).times.100%) of solution is also contemplated.

[0066] Of course, a person having ordinary skill in the art would recognize that the concentrations of the excipients described herein share an interdependency within a particular formulation. By way of example, the concentration of a bulking agent may be lowered where, e.g., there is a high polypeptide concentration or where, e.g., there is a high stabilizing agent concentration. In addition, a person having ordinary skill in the art would recognize that, in order to maintain the isotonicity of a particular formulation in which there is no bulking agent, the concentration of a stabilizing agent would be adjusted accordingly (i.e., a "tonicifying" amount of stabilizer would be used). Common excipients are known in the art and can be found in Powell et al., Compendium of Excipients fir Parenteral Formulations (1998), PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technology, 52:238-311.

[0067] Buffers and Buffering Agents

[0068] The stability of a pharmacologically active polypeptide formulation is usually observed to be maximal in a narrow pH range. This pH range of optimal stability needs to be identified early during pre-formulation studies. Several approaches, such as accelerated stability studies and calorimetric screening studies, have been demonstrated to be useful in this endeavor (Remmele R. L. Jr., et al., Biochemistry, 38(16): 5241-7 (1999)). Once a formulation is finalized, the drug product must be manufactured and maintained throughout its shelf-life. Hence, buffering agents are almost always employed to control pH in the formulation.

[0069] Organic acids, phosphates and Tris have been employed routinely as buffers in protein formulations. The buffer capacity of the buffering species is maximal at a pH equal to the pKa and decreases as pH increases or decreases away from this value. Ninety percent of the buffering capacity exists within one pH unit of its pKa. Buffer capacity also increases proportionally with increasing buffer concentration.

[0070] Several factors need to be considered when choosing a buffer. First and foremost, the buffer species and its concentration need to be defined based on its pKa and the desired formulation pH. Equally important is to ensure that the buffer is compatible with the polypeptide and other formulation excipients, and does not catalyze any degradation reactions. A third important aspect to be considered is the sensation of stinging and irritation the buffer may induce upon administration. For example, citrate is known to cause stinging upon injection (Laursen T, et al., Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol., 98(2): 218-21 (2006)). The potential for stinging and irritation is greater for drugs that are administered via the subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular (IM) routes, where the drug solution remains at the site for a relatively longer period of time than when administered by the IV route where the formulation gets diluted rapidly into the blood upon administration. For formulations that are administered by direct IV infusion, the total amount of buffer (and any other formulation component) needs to be monitored. One has to be particularly careful about potassium ions administered in the form of the potassium phosphate buffer, which can induce cardiovascular effects in a patient (Hollander-Rodriguez J C, et al., Am. Fam. Physician., 73(2): 283-90 (2006)).

[0071] The buffer system present in the compositions is selected to be physiologically compatible and to maintain a desired pH of the pharmaceutical formulation. In one embodiment, the pH of the solution is between pH 2.0 and pH 12.0. For example, the pH of the solution may be 2.0, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.5, 3.7, 4.0, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7, 5.0, 5.3, 5.5, 5.7, 6.0, 6.3, 6.5, 6.7, 7.0, 7.3, 7.5, 7.7, 8.0, 8.3, 8.5, 8.7, 9.0, 9.3, 9.5, 9.7, 10.0, 10.3, 10.5, 10.7, 11.0, 11.3, 11.5, 11.7, or 12.0.

[0072] The pH buffering compound may be present in any amount suitable to maintain the pH of the formulation at a predetermined level. In one embodiment, the pH buffering concentration is between 0.1 mM and 500 mM (1 M). For example, it is contemplated that the pH buffering agent is at least 0.1, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 500 mM.

[0073] Exemplary pH buffering agents used to buffer the formulation as set out herein include, but are not limited to glycine, histidine, glutamate, succinate, phosphate, acetate, citrate, Tris and amino acids or mixtures of amino acids, including, but not limited to aspartate, histidine, and glycine.

[0074] Salts

[0075] Salts are often added to increase the ionic strength of the formulation, which can be important for protein solubility, physical stability, and isotonicity. Salts can affect the physical stability of proteins in a variety of ways. Ions can stabilize the native state of proteins by binding to charged residues on the protein's surface. Alternatively, salts can stabilize the denatured state by binding to peptide groups along the protein backbone (--CONH--). Salts can also stabilize the protein native conformation by shielding repulsive electrostatic interactions between residues within a protein molecule. Salts in protein formulations can also shield attractive electrostatic interactions between protein molecules that can lead to protein aggregation and insolubility. In formulations provided, the salt concentration is between 0.1, 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 80, 100, 120, 150, 200, 300, and 500 mM.

[0076] Stabilizers and Bulking Agents

[0077] In the present pharmaceutical formulations, a stabilizer (or a combination of stabilizers) may be added to prevent or reduce storage-induced aggregation and chemical degradation. A hazy or turbid solution upon reconstitution indicates that the protein has precipitated or at least aggregated. The term "stabilizer" means an excipient capable of preventing aggregation or other physical degradation, as well as chemical degradation (for example, autolysis, deamidation, oxidation, etc.) in an aqueous state. Stabilizers that are conventionally employed in pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, sucrose, trehalose, mannose, maltose, lactose, glucose, raffinose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, isomaltose, arabinose, glucosamine, fructose, mannitol, sorbitol, glycine, arginine HCL, poly-hydroxy compounds, including polysaccharides such as dextran, starch, hydroxyethyl starch, cyclodextrins, N-methylpyrollidene, cellulose and hyaluronic acid, sodium chloride, [Carpenter et al., Develop. Biol. Standard 74:225, (1991)]. In the present formulations, the stabilizer is incorporated in a concentration of about 0.1, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 500, 700, 900, or 1000 mM.

[0078] If desired, the formulations also include appropriate amounts of bulking and osmolarity regulating agents. Bulking agents include, for example, mannitol, glycine, sucrose, polymers such as dextran, polyvinylpyrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose, lactose, sorbitol, trehalose, or xylitol. In one embodiment, the bulking agent is mannitol. The bulking agent is incorporated in a concentration of about 0.1, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 500, 700, 900, or 1000 mM.

[0079] Surfactants

[0080] Protein molecules have a high propensity to interact with surfaces making them susceptible to adsorption and denaturation at air-liquid, vial-liquid, and liquid-liquid (silicone oil) interfaces. This degradation pathway has been observed to be inversely dependent on protein concentration and results in either the formation of soluble and insoluble protein aggregates or the loss of protein from solution via adsorption to surfaces. In addition to container surface adsorption, surface-induced degradation is exacerbated with physical agitation, as would be experienced during shipping and handling of the product.

[0081] Surfactants are commonly used in protein formulations to prevent surface-induced degradation. Surfactants are amphipathic molecules with the capability of out-competing proteins for interfacial positions. Hydrophobic portions of the surfactant molecules occupy interfacial positions (e.g., air/liquid), while hydrophilic portions of the molecules remain oriented towards the bulk solvent. At sufficient concentrations (typically around the detergent's critical micellar concentration), a surface layer of surfactant molecules serve to prevent protein molecules from adsorbing at the interface. Thereby, surface-induced degradation is minimized. The most commonly used surfactants are fatty acid esters of sorbitan polyethoxylates, i.e. polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80. The two differ only in the length of the aliphatic chain that imparts hydrophobic character to the molecules, C-12 and C-18, respectively. Accordingly, polysorbate-80 is more surface-active and has a lower critical micellar concentration than polysorbate-20.

[0082] Detergents can also affect the thermodynamic conformational stability of proteins. Here again, the effects of a given detergent excipient will be protein specific. For example, polysorbates have been shown to reduce the stability of some proteins and increase the stability of others. Detergent destabilization of proteins can be rationalized in terms of the hydrophobic tails of the detergent molecules that can engage in specific binding with partially or wholly unfolded protein states. These types of interactions could cause a shift in the conformational equilibrium towards the more expanded protein states (i.e. increasing the exposure of hydrophobic portions of the protein molecule in complement to binding polysorbate). Alternatively, if the protein native state exhibits some hydrophobic surfaces, detergent binding to the native state may stabilize that conformation.

[0083] Another aspect of polysorbates is that they are inherently susceptible to oxidative degradation. Often, as raw materials, they contain sufficient quantities of peroxides to cause oxidation of protein residue side-chains, especially methionine. The potential for oxidative damage arising from the addition of stabilizer emphasizes the point that the lowest effective concentrations of excipients should be used in formulations. For surfactants, the effective concentration for a given protein will depend on the mechanism of stabilization. It has been postulated that if the mechanism of surfactant stabilization is related to preventing surface-denaturation the effective concentration will be around the detergent's critical micellar concentration. Conversely, if the mechanism of stabilization is associated with specific protein-detergent interactions, the effective surfactant concentration will be related to the protein concentration and the stoichiometry of the interaction (Randolph T. W., et al., Pharm Biotechnol., 13:159-75 (2002)).

[0084] Surfactants may also be added in appropriate amounts to prevent surface related aggregation phenomenon during freezing and drying [Chang, B, J. Pharm. Sci. 85:1325, (1996)]. Exemplary surfactants include anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, and amphoteric surfactants including surfactants derived from naturally-occurring amino acids. Anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, sodium lauryl sulfate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and dioctyl sodium sulfonate, chenodeoxycholic acid, N-lauroylsarcosine sodium salt, lithium dodecyl sulfate, 1-octanesulfonic acid sodium salt, sodium cholate hydrate, sodium deoxycholate, and glycodeoxycholic acid sodium salt. Cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Zwitterionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, CHAPS, CHAPSO, SB3-10, and SB3-12. Non-ionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, digitonin, Triton X-100, Triton X-114, TWEEN-20, and TWEEN-80. Surfactants also include, but are not limited to lauromacrogol 400, polyoxyl 40 stearate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 10, 40, 50 and 60, glycerol monostearate, polysorbate 40, 60, 65 and 80, soy lecithin and other phospholipids such as dioleyl phosphatidyl choline (DOPC), dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol (DMPG), dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline (DMPC), and (dioleyl phosphatidyl glycerol) DOPG; sucrose fatty acid ester, methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. Compositions comprising these surfactants, either individually or as a mixture in different ratios, are therefore further provided. In the present formulations, the surfactant is incorporated in a concentration of about 0.01 to about 0.5 g/L.

[0085] Other Common Excipient Components

[0086] Amino Acids

[0087] Amino acids have found versatile use in protein formulations as buffers, bulking agents, stabilizers and antioxidants. Histidine and glutamic acid are employed to buffer protein formulations in the pH range of 5.5-6.5 and 4.0-5.5 respectively. The imidazole group of histidine has a pKa=6.0 and the carboxyl group of glutamic acid side chain has a pKa of 4.3 which makes these amino acids suitable for buffering in their respective pH ranges. Glutamic acid is particularly useful in such cases (e.g., Stemgen.RTM.). Histidine is commonly found in marketed protein formulations (e.g., Xolair.RTM., Herceptin.RTM., Recombinate.RTM.), and this amino acid provides an alternative to citrate, a buffer known to sting upon injection. Interestingly, histidine has also been reported to have a stabilizing effect, as observed in formulations with ABX-IL8 (an IgG2 antibody), with respect to aggregation when used at high concentrations in both liquid and lyophilized presentations (Chen B, et al., Pharm Res., 20(12): 1952-60 (2003)). Histidine (up to 60 mM) was also observed to reduce the viscosity of a high concentration formulation of this antibody. However, in the same study, the authors observed increased aggregation and discoloration in histidine containing formulations during freeze-thaw studies of the antibody in stainless steel containers. The authors attributed this to an effect of iron ions leached from corrosion of steel containers. Another note of caution with histidine is that it undergoes photo-oxidation in the presence of metal ions (Tomita M, et al., Biochemistry, 8(12): 5149-60 (1969)). The use of methionine as an antioxidant in formulations appears promising; it has been observed to be effective against a number of oxidative stresses (Lam X M, et al., J Pharm Sci., 86(11): 1250-5 (1997)).

[0088] The amino acids glycine, proline, serine and alanine have been shown to stabilize proteins by the mechanism of preferential exclusion. Glycine is also a commonly used bulking agent in lyophilized formulations (e.g., Neumega.RTM., Genotropin.RTM., Humatrope.RTM.). Arginine has been shown to be an effective agent in inhibiting aggregation and has been used in both liquid and lyophilized formulations (e.g., Activase.RTM., Avonex.RTM., Enbrel.RTM. liquid). Furthermore, the enhanced efficiency of refolding of certain proteins in the presence of arginine has been attributed to its suppression of the competing aggregation reaction during refolding.

[0089] Antioxidants

[0090] Oxidation of protein residues arises from a number of different sources. Beyond the addition of specific antioxidants, the prevention of oxidative protein damage involves the careful control of a number of factors throughout the manufacturing process and storage of the product such as atmospheric oxygen, temperature, light exposure, and chemical contamination. The most commonly used pharmaceutical antioxidants are reducing agents, oxygen/free-radical scavengers, or chelating agents. Antioxidants in therapeutic protein formulations are water-soluble and remain active throughout the product shelf-life. Reducing agents and oxygen/free-radical scavengers work by ablating active oxygen species in solution. Chelating agents such as EDTA are effective by binding trace metal contaminants that promote free-radical formation. For example, EDTA was utilized in the liquid formulation of acidic fibroblast growth factor to inhibit the metal ion catalyzed oxidation of cysteine residues. EDTA has been used in marketed products like Kineret.RTM. and Ontak.RTM..

[0091] In addition to the effectiveness of various excipients to prevent protein oxidation, the potential for the antioxidants themselves to induce other covalent or physical changes to the protein is of concern. For example, reducing agents can cause disruption of intramolecular disulfide linkages, which can lead to disulfide shuffling. In the presence of transition metal ions, ascorbic acid and EDTA have been shown to promote methionine oxidation in a number of proteins and peptides (Akers M J, and Defelippis M R. Peptides and Proteins as Parenteral Solutions. In: Pharmaceutical Formulation Development of Peptides and Proteins. Sven Frokjaer, Lars Hovgaard, editors. Pharmaceutical Science. Taylor and Francis, UK (1999)); Fransson J. R., J. Pharm. Sci. 86(9): 4046-1050 (1997); Yin J, et al., Pharm Res., 21(12): 2377-83 (2004)). Sodium thiosulfate has been reported to reduce the levels of light and temperature induced methionine-oxidation in rhuMab HER2; however, the formation of a thiosulfate-protein adduct was also reported in this study (Lam X M, Yang J Y, et al., J Pharm Sci. 86(11): 1250-5 (1997)). Selection of an appropriate antioxidant is made according to the specific stresses and sensitivities of the protein.

[0092] Metal Ions

[0093] In general, transition metal ions are undesired in protein formulations because they can catalyze physical and chemical degradation reactions in proteins. However, specific metal ions are included in formulations when they are co-factors to proteins and in suspension formulations of proteins where they form coordination complexes (e.g., zinc suspension of insulin). Recently, the use of magnesium ions (10-120 mM) has been proposed to inhibit the isomerization of aspartic acid to isoaspartic acid (WO 2004039337).

[0094] Two examples where metal ions confer stability or increased activity in proteins are human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase, Pulmozyme.RTM.), and Factor VIII. In the case of rhDNase, Ca.sup.+2 ions (up to 100 mM) increased the stability of the enzyme through a specific binding site (Chen B, et al., J Pharm Sci., 88(4): 477-82 (1999)). In fact, removal of calcium ions from the solution with EGTA caused an increase in deamidation and aggregation. However, this effect was observed only with Ca.sup.+2 ions; other divalent cations Mg.sup.+2, Mn.sup.+2 and Zn.sup.+2 were observed to destabilize rhDNase. Similar effects were observed in Factor VIII. Ca.sup.+2 and Sr.sup.+2 ions stabilized the protein while others like Mg.sup.+2, Mn.sup.+2 and Zn.sup.+2, Cu.sup.+2 and Fe.sup.+2 destabilized the enzyme (Fatouros, A., et al., Int. J. Pharm., 155, 121-131 (1997). In a separate study with Factor VIII, a significant increase in aggregation rate was observed in the presence of Al.sup.+3 ions (Derrick T S, et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 93(10): 2549-57 (2004)). The authors note that other excipients like buffer salts are often contaminated with Al.sup.+3 ions and illustrate the need to use excipients of appropriate quality in formulated products.

[0095] Preservatives

[0096] Preservatives are necessary when developing multi-use parenteral formulations that involve more than one extraction from the same container. Their primary function is to inhibit microbial growth and ensure product sterility throughout the shelf-life or term of use of the drug product. Commonly used preservatives include benzyl alcohol, phenol and m-cresol. Although preservatives have a long history of use, the development of protein formulations that includes preservatives can be challenging. Preservatives almost always have a destabilizing effect (aggregation) on proteins, and this has become a major factor in limiting their use in multi-dose protein formulations (Roy S, et al., J Pharm Sci., 94(2): 382-96 (2005)).

[0097] To date, most protein drugs have been formulated for single-use only. However, when multi-dose formulations are possible, they have the added advantage of enabling patient convenience, and increased marketability. A good example is that of human growth hormone (hGH) where the development of preserved formulations has led to commercialization of more convenient, multi-use injection pen presentations. At least four such pen devices containing preserved formulations of hGH are currently available on the market. Norditropin.RTM. (liquid, Novo Nordisk), Nutropin AQ.RTM. (liquid, Genentech) & Genotropin (lyophilized--dual chamber cartridge, Pharmacia & Upjohn) contain phenol while Somatrope.RTM. (Eli Lilly) is formulated with m-cresol.

[0098] Several aspects need to be considered during the formulation development of preserved dosage forms. The effective preservative concentration in the drug product must be optimized. This requires testing a given preservative in the dosage form with concentration ranges that confer anti-microbial effectiveness without compromising protein stability. For example, three preservatives were successfully screened in the development of a liquid formulation for interleukin-1 receptor (Type I), using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The preservatives were rank ordered based on their impact on stability at concentrations commonly used in marketed products (Remmele R L Jr., et al., Pharm Res., 15(2): 200-8 (1998)).

[0099] Some preservatives can cause injection site reactions, which is another factor that needs consideration when choosing a preservative. In clinical trials that focused on the evaluation of preservatives and buffers in Norditropin, pain perception was observed to be lower in formulations containing phenol and benzyl alcohol as compared to a formulation containing m-cresol (Kappelgaard A. M., Horm Res. 62 Suppl 3:98-103 (2004)). Interestingly, among the commonly used preservative, benzyl alcohol possesses anesthetic properties (Minogue S C, and Sun D A., Anesth Analg., 100(3): 683-6 (2005)).

[0100] Lyophilization

[0101] It is also contemplated that the formulations comprising a VWF polypeptide of the invention may be lyophilized prior to administration. Lyophilization is carried out using techniques common in the art and should be optimized for the composition being developed [Tang et al., Pharm Res. 21:191-200, (2004) and Chang et al., Pharm Res. 13:243-9 (1996)].

[0102] A lyophilization cycle is, in one aspect, composed of three steps: freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying [A. P. Mackenzie, Phil Trans R Soc London, Ser B, Biol 278:167 (1977)]. In the freezing step, the solution is cooled to initiate ice formation. Furthermore, this step induces the crystallization of the bulking agent. The ice sublimes in the primary drying stage, which is conducted by reducing chamber pressure below the vapor pressure of the ice, using a vacuum and introducing heat to promote sublimation. Finally, adsorbed or bound water is removed at the secondary drying stage under reduced chamber pressure and at an elevated shelf temperature. The process produces a material known as a lyophilized cake. Thereafter the cake can be reconstituted with either sterile water or suitable diluent for injection.

[0103] The lyophilization cycle not only determines the final physical state of the excipients but also affects other parameters such as reconstitution time, appearance, stability and final moisture content. The composition structure in the frozen state proceeds through several transitions (e.g., glass transitions, wettings, and crystallizations) that occur at specific temperatures and can be used to understand and optimize the lyophilization process. The glass transition temperature (Tg and/or Tg') can provide information about the physical state of a solute and can be determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tg and Tg' are an important parameter that must be taken into account when designing the lyophilization cycle. For example, Tg' is important for primary drying. Furthermore, in the dried state, the glass transition temperature provides information on the storage temperature of the final product.

[0104] Methods of Preparation

[0105] The present invention further contemplates methods for the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations. A variety of aqueous carriers, e.g., sterile water for injection, water with preservatives for multi dose use, or water with appropriate amounts of surfactants (for example, polysorbate-20), 0.4% saline, 0.3% glycine, or aqueous suspensions may contain the active compound in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. In various aspects, such excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyl-eneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate.

[0106] Administration

[0107] To administer compositions to human or test animals, in one aspect, the compositions comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The phrases "pharmaceutically" or "pharmacologically" acceptable refer to molecular entities and compositions that are stable, inhibit protein degradation such as aggregation and cleavage products, and in addition do not produce allergic, or other adverse reactions when administered using routes well-known in the art, as described below. "Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers" include any and all clinically useful solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like, including those agents disclosed above.

[0108] The pharmaceutical formulations may be administered orally, topically, transdermally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, vaginally, rectally, or by intracranial injection. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intracisternal injection, or infusion techniques. Administration by intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular, intramammary, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, retrobulbar, intrapulmonary injection and or surgical implantation at a particular site is contemplated as well. Generally, compositions are essentially free of pyrogens, as well as other impurities that could be harmful to the recipient.

[0109] Single or multiple administrations of the compositions can be carried out with the dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating physician. For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate dosage will depend on the type of disease to be treated, as defined above, the severity and course of the disease, whether drug is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the drug, and the discretion of the attending physician.

[0110] Kits

[0111] As an additional aspect, the invention includes kits which comprise one or more pharmaceutical formulations packaged in a manner which facilitates their use for administration to subjects. In one embodiment, such a kit includes pharmaceutical formulation described herein (e.g., a composition comprising a therapeutic protein or peptide), packaged in a container such as a sealed bottle or vessel, with a label affixed to the container or included in the package that describes use of the compound or composition in practicing the method. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation is packaged in the container such that the amount of headspace in the container (e.g., the amount of air between the liquid formulation and the top of the container) is very small. Preferably, the amount of headspace is negligible (i.e., almost none). In one embodiment, the kit contains a first container having a therapeutic protein or peptide composition and a second container having a physiologically acceptable reconstitution solution for the composition. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical formulation is packaged in a unit dosage form. The kit may further include a device suitable for administering the pharmaceutical formulation according to a specific route of administration. Preferably, the kit contains a label that describes use of the pharmaceutical formulations.

[0112] Dosages

[0113] The dosage regimen involved in a method for treating a condition described herein will be determined by the attending physician, considering various factors which modify the action of drugs, e.g. the age, condition, body weight, sex and diet of the patient, the severity of any infection, time of administration and other clinical factors. By way of example, a typical dose of a recombinant VWF of the present invention is approximately 50 U/kg, equal to 500 .mu.g/kg.

[0114] Formulations of the invention may be administered by an initial bolus followed by a continuous infusion to maintain therapeutic circulating levels of drug product. As another example, the inventive compound may be administered as a one-time dose. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily optimize effective dosages and administration regimens as determined by good medical practice and the clinical condition of the individual patient. The frequency of dosing will depend on the pharmacokinetic parameters of the agents and the route of administration. The optimal pharmaceutical formulation will be determined by one skilled in the art depending upon the route of administration and desired dosage. See for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. (1990, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 18042) pages 1435-1712, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Such formulations may influence the physical state, stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance of the administered agents. Depending on the route of administration, a suitable dose may be calculated according to body weight, body surface area or organ size. Appropriate dosages may be ascertained through use of established assays for determining blood level dosages in conjunction with appropriate dose-response data. The final dosage regimen will be determined by the attending physician, considering various factors which modify the action of drugs, e.g. the drug's specific activity, the severity of the damage and the responsiveness of the patient, the age, condition, body weight, sex and diet of the patient, the severity of any infection, time of administration and other clinical factors. As studies are conducted, further information will emerge regarding the appropriate dosage levels and duration of treatment for various diseases and conditions.

[0115] The following examples are not intended to be limiting but only exemplary of specific embodiments of the invention.

Example 1

Shaking Experiments

[0116] In order to determine the amount of precipitation of rVWF in various formulations, the percent recovery of rVWF following turbulent shaking was tested under a variety of conditions.

[0117] rVWF in Advate buffer (90 mM NaCl, 1.68 mM CaCl.sub.2, 10 mM L-histidine, 1 mM tris, 0.26 mM glutathione, 23.4 mM trehalose, 175.7 mM mannitol, and 0.1 g/L TWEEN-80, pH 7.0) or Advate 1:3 buffer (Advate buffer diluted 3-fold in water) was subjected to turbulent shaking on a shaker at room temperature (RT) for 0 min, 1 min, 2.5 hrs, or 4 days, and percent recovery of the rVWF was measured relative to the starting material prior to shaking. As shown in Table 1, losses of about 40-80% were observed in the Advate buffer while losses of about 20-30% were observed in the Advate 1:3 buffer. VWF antigen VWF:Ag corresponds to the amount of VWF which can be detected in an VWF-specific ELISA using polyclonal anti-VWF antibody, while VWF:RCo corresponds to the amount of VWF which causes agglutination of stabilized platelets in the presence of ristocetin. In both cases human reference plasma calibrated against the actual WHO standard was used as standard (1 ml of reference plasma usually contains 1U VWF).

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Influence of turbulent shaking time on rVWF recovery Turbulent shaking at VWF:Ag Recovery VWF:RCo Recovery RCo/VWF:Ag rVWF RT [U/ml] [%] [U/ml] [%] [U/U] Advate 0 min 213 100% 104 100% 0.49 1 min 120 56% 2.5 hr 139 65% 4 d 37 17% 7 7% 0.19 Advate 0 min 206 100% 134 100% 0.65 1:3 1 min 152 74% 2.5 hr 170 82% 4 d 138 67% 131 98% 0.95

[0118] The effect of freeze/thawing and lyophilization was also tested in the shaking experiments. Freezing was performed at -20.degree. C. in an -20.degree. C. cold room or on dry ice, thawing in both cases at RT and both started from the liquid formulations. As for lyophilization, the formulated VWF samples described herein were frozen within a pilot scale lyophilizer at <=-40.degree. C. and were lyophilized using a standard Iyo program. Shaking was performed directly with the liquid formulations (2 ml in 5 ml vials). As shown in Table 2, percent recovery of rVWF was higher in Advate 1:3 buffer compared to Advate buffer.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 VWF:Ag VWF:RCo VWF:Ag recovery VWF:RCo recovery RCo:Ag RVWF [U/ml] [%] [U/ml] [%] [U/U] Advate Frozen 213 100% 104 100% 0.49 Frozen - 3x 229 107% 84 81% 0.37 at -20.degree. C. Frozen - 3x 231 108% 72 69% 0.31 with dry ice Lyo 242 113% 61 59% 0.25 Starting 213 100% 104 100% 0.49 material Heavily 37.0 17% 7.2 6.9% 0.19 shaken for 4 days at RT Advate Frozen 206 100% 134 100% 0.65 1:3 Frozen - 3x 184 89% 132 99% 0.72 at -20.degree. C. Frozen - 3x 195 94% 128 96% 0.66 with dry ice Lyo 195 94% 107 80% 0.55 Starting 206 100% 134 100% 0.65 material Heavily 138 67% 131 98% 0.95 shaken for 4 days at RT

[0119] Percent recovery was also measured in the shaking experiments with rVWF being stored in syringes with headspace and without headspace. Interestingly, when rVWF is stored in syringes without headspace and shaken as described above, no rVWF precipitation was observed. In contrast, when rVWF is stored in syringes with headspace, some precipitation was observed.

[0120] In summary, turbulent shaking resulted in at least 30% loss of rVWF in Advate buffer or Advate 1:3 buffer, with Advate buffer showing higher loss of recovery compared to Advate 1:3 buffer. Interestingly, the same precipitates observed in the turbulent shaking experiments were not observed when rVWF was stored and transported .about.5000 km in an automobile (representing the expected shaking during transport). Precipitation of rVWF could be eliminated by storage in syringes without headspace.

Example 2

Stability of Recombinant VWF

[0121] The stability of rVWF was tested by assessing the activity level of rVWF present in a various formulations.

[0122] As shown in FIG. 1, rVWF is not stable in Advate buffer after 26 weeks due to the presence of 0.3 mM glutathione. As shown in FIG. 2, however, rVWF is more stable in Advate 1:3 buffer (e.g., for up 12 weeks at 4.degree. C.)

[0123] As shown in FIG. 3, the stability of a citrate-based formulation (15 mM sodium citrate, 10 mM CaCl.sub.2, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.0) is better than Advate 1:3 buffer formulation containing 0.1M glutathione.

[0124] Likewise, the concentration of rVWF was measured over time in various buffers. As shown in FIG. 4, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, rVWF concentration is stable over time in Advate buffer, Advate 1:3 buffer, and citrate-based buffer, respectively.

Example 4

Characterization of the Liquid Formulations

[0125] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to assess the extent of protein (rVWF) unfolding in various buffers. As shown in Table 3, Advate buffer pH 7.0 is the optimum for stabilization.

[0126] DSC is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and references are measured as a function of temperature. The result of a DSC experiment is a curve of heat flux versus temperature or versus time.

[0127] The Differential Scanning Calorimeter can scan through a range of temperatures while heating and cooling and it determines a phase transition, i.e. melting, crystallization, or glass transition, by measuring the amount of heat needed to reach a set temperature. The calorimeter was calibrated with a set of pure metals (zinc, indium, and tin) that have a known heat capacity, Cp and melting point, Tm. The respective reference buffer was placed into the reference capillary and the rVWF sample was placed into the sample capillary of the instrument.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Unfolding temperature in various buffers Lot Buffer pH T unfold [.degree. C] rVWF161A Advate 7.0 66.0 rVWF161B Immunate 6.8 64.5 rVWF161C Citrate 6.8 61.2 rVWF161D NovoSeven 6.8 64.9 rVWF158 Hepes 7.4 61.3

Buffer components and concentrations:

TABLE-US-00004 A) Advate: 5.26 g/l NaCl pH = 7.0 0.248 g/l CaCl2 32 g/l D-Mannitol 8 g/l Trehalose 1.56 g/l L-Histidine 1.2 g/l Tris 0.08 g/l Glutadione red. B) Immunate: 5.25 g/l Glycin pH = 6.8 2.2 g/l NaCl 5.25 g/l NaCit3 5.25 g/l Lysin-HCl 0.62 g/l CaCl2 C) Citrat: 3 g/l Glycin pH = 6.8 2.92 g/l NaCl 2.5 g/l NaCit3 30 g/l D-Mannitol 10 g/l Trehalose D) NovoSeven: 0.75 g/l Glycin pH = 6.8 2.92 g/l NaCl 1.47 g/l CaCl2 30 g/l D-Mannitol

[0128] rVWF158: 20 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl, 5 g/L sucrose, pH 7.4

[0129] Further, as shown in FIG. 7, most formulation excipients increase the unfolding temperature by about 1-2.degree. C. FIG. 8 shows that 10 mM CaCl.sub.2 increases the unfolding temperature by .about.8.degree. C. to .about.67.degree. C., an unfolding temperature which can also be reached by Advate buffer. This effect of CaCl.sub.2 is similar at pH 7.3 and 6.5, as shown in FIG. 9. Finally, the effect of trehalose and sucrose were analyzed on the unfolding temperature. Compared to citrate alone, neither trehalose nor sucrose increased the unfolding temperature of rVWF. A summary of the unfolding temperature (Tmax) data for rVWF in the presence of various excipients is set out in Table 4.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 15 mM Sodium 15 mM 50 mM Citrate buffer -- 15 mM Tris Glycine NaCl .DELTA.H [kJ/mol] 128494.3 656259.7 157352.2 124985.8 Unfolding T 58.6 59.1 61 [.degree. C.] - Peak 1 Peak 2 65.2 68.5 65.5 Peak 3 80.4 80.1 81 Peak 4 15 mM Sodium 15 mM 20.52 g/L 10.26 g/L Citrate buffer Histidine Mannitol Trehalose .DELTA.H [kJ/mol] 134044.5 1588590.1 612235.9 Unfolding T 59.2 58.5 58.5 [.degree. C.] - Peak 1 Peak 2 65.2 65.5 71.3 Peak 3 79.3 78.2 81.5 Peak 4 88.5 92.7 0.25 mM 15 mM Sodium 32 g/L Sac- Citrate buffer 1 mM CaCl.sub.2 10 mM CaCl.sub.2 Saccharose charose .DELTA.H [kJ/mol] 266008.2 308171.3 115082.4 246904.6 Unfolding T 64.5 67.2 59.2 60 [.degree. C.] - Peak 1 Peak 2 66 67 Peak 3 81 83.1 81.1 81.7 Peak 4 91.8 93 32 g/L 15 mM Sodium 0.1 g/L Raf- Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4/ 7.8 mM Citrate buffer TWEEN-80 finose NaHPO.sub.4 Trehalose .DELTA.H [kJ/mol] 338792.7 127329.2 197967.5 135573.3 Unfolding T 58.7 60.1 61.4 58.4 [.degree. C.] - Peak 1 Peak 2 64.4 65.8 65.4 Peak 3 81.6 80.3 80.4 80.4 Peak 4 89.2

[0130] In addition to the various buffers, DSC was used to assess unfolding temperature of rVWF at various pH values in Advate buffer. The results are shown in Table 5, below. Advate buffer pH 7.0 is the optimum for stabilization (i.e., highest unfolding temperature; Peak 1) of rVWF.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5 pH Peak 1 Peak 2 5.0 59.5 62.0 6.0 65.2 75.4 7.0 67.2 82.8 8.0 66.6 85.6 9.0 65.0 84.9

[0131] The fluorescence spectrum of rVWF in Advate buffer and Advate 1:3 buffer was assessed after storage at various temperatures for various lengths of time. No (or only slight) change in fluorescence spectrum was observed after storage at 40.degree. C. from 0 to 28 days in either Advate or Advate 1:3 buffers. No difference was observed at other temperatures.

[0132] Likewise, degradation of rVWF was assessed using gelfiltration (Superose 6). While some degradation was observed after 26 weeks at 4.degree. C. in Advate buffer, almost no degradation of rVWF in Advate 1:3 buffer was observed after 26 weeks at 4.degree. C. At 40.degree. C., glutathione increased the amount of degradation over time (albeit to a slower extent in Advate 1:3 buffer).

[0133] Based on the above Examples, Advate 1:3 buffer offers an advantage with respect to freeze/thawing and recovery after lyophilization as compared to the undiluted Advate buffer. Moreover, Advate 1:3 buffer can stabilize (e.g., maintain biological activity) rVWF activity during incubation at 40.degree. C. better that Advate buffer. rVWF in Advate 1:3 buffer is stable for 4 weeks of incubation at 4.degree. C. Finally, DSC has demonstrated that pH 7.0 is optimum for preventing degradation of rVWF (i.e., showed the highest unfolding temperature).

[0134] Thus, in view of the data presented herein, a formulation was proposed for rVWF including 15 mM citrate (or glycine or hitidine), 10 mM CaCl.sub.2, pH 6.5-7.3, adjusted to the desired osmolarity by NaCl. For example, in one embodiment, the citrate-based formula is 15 mM sodium citrate, 10 mM CaCl.sub.2, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.0.

[0135] Alternatively, an Advate or Advate 1:3 buffer, without glutathione, is also contemplated: Advate: 90 mM NaCl, 1.68 mM CaCl.sub.2, 10 mM L-histidine, 10 mM Tris, 0.26 mM glutathione, 23.4 mM trehalose, 175.7 mM mannitol, and 0.1 g/L TWEEN-80, pH 7.0; Advate 1:3: 30 mM NaCl, 0.56 mM CaCl.sub.2, 3.3 mM L-histidine, 3.3 mM tris, 7.8 mM trehalose, 58.6 mM mannitol, and 0.03 g/L TWEEN-80, ph 7.0.

Sequence CWU 1

1

318833DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic Polynucleotide 1agctcacagc tattgtggtg ggaaagggag ggtggttggt ggatgtcaca gcttgggctt 60tatctccccc agcagtgggg actccacagc ccctgggcta cataacagca agacagtccg 120gagctgtagc agacctgatt gagcctttgc agcagctgag agcatggcct agggtgggcg 180gcaccattgt ccagcagctg agtttcccag ggaccttgga gatagccgca gccctcattt 240gcaggggaag atgattcctg ccagatttgc cggggtgctg cttgctctgg ccctcatttt 300gccagggacc ctttgtgcag aaggaactcg cggcaggtca tccacggccc gatgcagcct 360tttcggaagt gacttcgtca acacctttga tgggagcatg tacagctttg cgggatactg 420cagttacctc ctggcagggg gctgccagaa acgctccttc tcgattattg gggacttcca 480gaatggcaag agagtgagcc tctccgtgta tcttggggaa ttttttgaca tccatttgtt 540tgtcaatggt accgtgacac agggggacca aagagtctcc atgccctatg cctccaaagg 600gctgtatcta gaaactgagg ctgggtacta caagctgtcc ggtgaggcct atggctttgt 660ggccaggatc gatggcagcg gcaactttca agtcctgctg tcagacagat acttcaacaa 720gacctgcggg ctgtgtggca actttaacat ctttgctgaa gatgacttta tgacccaaga 780agggaccttg acctcggacc cttatgactt tgccaactca tgggctctga gcagtggaga 840acagtggtgt gaacgggcat ctcctcccag cagctcatgc aacatctcct ctggggaaat 900gcagaagggc ctgtgggagc agtgccagct tctgaagagc acctcggtgt ttgcccgctg 960ccaccctctg gtggaccccg agccttttgt ggccctgtgt gagaagactt tgtgtgagtg 1020tgctgggggg ctggagtgcg cctgccctgc cctcctggag tacgcccgga cctgtgccca 1080ggagggaatg gtgctgtacg gctggaccga ccacagcgcg tgcagcccag tgtgccctgc 1140tggtatggag tataggcagt gtgtgtcccc ttgcgccagg acctgccaga gcctgcacat 1200caatgaaatg tgtcaggagc gatgcgtgga tggctgcagc tgccctgagg gacagctcct 1260ggatgaaggc ctctgcgtgg agagcaccga gtgtccctgc gtgcattccg gaaagcgcta 1320ccctcccggc acctccctct ctcgagactg caacacctgc atttgccgaa acagccagtg 1380gatctgcagc aatgaagaat gtccagggga gtgccttgtc acaggtcaat cacacttcaa 1440gagctttgac aacagatact tcaccttcag tgggatctgc cagtacctgc tggcccggga 1500ttgccaggac cactccttct ccattgtcat tgagactgtc cagtgtgctg atgaccgcga 1560cgctgtgtgc acccgctccg tcaccgtccg gctgcctggc ctgcacaaca gccttgtgaa 1620actgaagcat ggggcaggag ttgccatgga tggccaggac gtccagctcc ccctcctgaa 1680aggtgacctc cgcatccagc atacagtgac ggcctccgtg cgcctcagct acggggagga 1740cctgcagatg gactgggatg gccgcgggag gctgctggtg aagctgtccc ccgtctatgc 1800cgggaagacc tgcggcctgt gtgggaatta caatggcaac cagggcgacg acttccttac 1860cccctctggg ctggcggagc cccgggtgga ggacttcggg aacgcctgga agctgcacgg 1920ggactgccag gacctgcaga agcagcacag cgatccctgc gccctcaacc cgcgcatgac 1980caggttctcc gaggaggcgt gcgcggtcct gacgtccccc acattcgagg cctgccatcg 2040tgccgtcagc ccgctgccct acctgcggaa ctgccgctac gacgtgtgct cctgctcgga 2100cggccgcgag tgcctgtgcg gcgccctggc cagctatgcc gcggcctgcg cggggagagg 2160cgtgcgcgtc gcgtggcgcg agccaggccg ctgtgagctg aactgcccga aaggccaggt 2220gtacctgcag tgcgggaccc cctgcaacct gacctgccgc tctctctctt acccggatga 2280ggaatgcaat gaggcctgcc tggagggctg cttctgcccc ccagggctct acatggatga 2340gaggggggac tgcgtgccca aggcccagtg cccctgttac tatgacggtg agatcttcca 2400gccagaagac atcttctcag accatcacac catgtgctac tgtgaggatg gcttcatgca 2460ctgtaccatg agtggagtcc ccggaagctt gctgcctgac gctgtcctca gcagtcccct 2520gtctcatcgc agcaaaagga gcctatcctg tcggcccccc atggtcaagc tggtgtgtcc 2580cgctgacaac ctgcgggctg aagggctcga gtgtaccaaa acgtgccaga actatgacct 2640ggagtgcatg agcatgggct gtgtctctgg ctgcctctgc cccccgggca tggtccggca 2700tgagaacaga tgtgtggccc tggaaaggtg tccctgcttc catcagggca aggagtatgc 2760ccctggagaa acagtgaaga ttggctgcaa cacttgtgtc tgtcgggacc ggaagtggaa 2820ctgcacagac catgtgtgtg atgccacgtg ctccacgatc ggcatggccc actacctcac 2880cttcgacggg ctcaaatacc tgttccccgg ggagtgccag tacgttctgg tgcaggatta 2940ctgcggcagt aaccctggga cctttcggat cctagtgggg aataagggat gcagccaccc 3000ctcagtgaaa tgcaagaaac gggtcaccat cctggtggag ggaggagaga ttgagctgtt 3060tgacggggag gtgaatgtga agaggcccat gaaggatgag actcactttg aggtggtgga 3120gtctggccgg tacatcattc tgctgctggg caaagccctc tccgtggtct gggaccgcca 3180cctgagcatc tccgtggtcc tgaagcagac ataccaggag aaagtgtgtg gcctgtgtgg 3240gaattttgat ggcatccaga acaatgacct caccagcagc aacctccaag tggaggaaga 3300ccctgtggac tttgggaact cctggaaagt gagctcgcag tgtgctgaca ccagaaaagt 3360gcctctggac tcatcccctg ccacctgcca taacaacatc atgaagcaga cgatggtgga 3420ttcctcctgt agaatcctta ccagtgacgt cttccaggac tgcaacaagc tggtggaccc 3480cgagccatat ctggatgtct gcatttacga cacctgctcc tgtgagtcca ttggggactg 3540cgcctgcttc tgcgacacca ttgctgccta tgcccacgtg tgtgcccagc atggcaaggt 3600ggtgacctgg aggacggcca cattgtgccc ccagagctgc gaggagagga atctccggga 3660gaacgggtat gagtgtgagt ggcgctataa cagctgtgca cctgcctgtc aagtcacgtg 3720tcagcaccct gagccactgg cctgccctgt gcagtgtgtg gagggctgcc atgcccactg 3780ccctccaggg aaaatcctgg atgagctttt gcagacctgc gttgaccctg aagactgtcc 3840agtgtgtgag gtggctggcc ggcgttttgc ctcaggaaag aaagtcacct tgaatcccag 3900tgaccctgag cactgccaga tttgccactg tgatgttgtc aacctcacct gtgaagcctg 3960ccaggagccg ggaggcctgg tggtgcctcc cacagatgcc ccggtgagcc ccaccactct 4020gtatgtggag gacatctcgg aaccgccgtt gcacgatttc tactgcagca ggctactgga 4080cctggtcttc ctgctggatg gctcctccag gctgtccgag gctgagtttg aagtgctgaa 4140ggcctttgtg gtggacatga tggagcggct gcgcatctcc cagaagtggg tccgcgtggc 4200cgtggtggag taccacgacg gctcccacgc ctacatcggg ctcaaggacc ggaagcgacc 4260gtcagagctg cggcgcattg ccagccaggt gaagtatgcg ggcagccagg tggcctccac 4320cagcgaggtc ttgaaataca cactgttcca aatcttcagc aagatcgacc gccctgaagc 4380ctcccgcatc accctgctcc tgatggccag ccaggagccc caacggatgt cccggaactt 4440tgtccgctac gtccagggcc tgaagaagaa gaaggtcatt gtgatcccgg tgggcattgg 4500gccccatgcc aacctcaagc agatccgcct catcgagaag caggcccctg agaacaaggc 4560cttcgtgctg agcagtgtgg atgagctgga gcagcaaagg gacgagatcg ttagctacct 4620ctgtgacctt gcccctgaag cccctcctcc tactctgccc cccgacatgg cacaagtcac 4680tgtgggcccg gggctcttgg gggtttcgac cctggggccc aagaggaact ccatggttct 4740ggatgtggcg ttcgtcctgg aaggatcgga caaaattggt gaagccgact tcaacaggag 4800caaggagttc atggaggagg tgattcagcg gatggatgtg ggccaggaca gcatccacgt 4860cacggtgctg cagtactcct acatggtgac tgtggagtac cccttcagcg aggcacagtc 4920caaaggggac atcctgcagc gggtgcgaga gatccgctac cagggcggca acaggaccaa 4980cactgggctg gccctgcggt acctctctga ccacagcttc ttggtcagcc agggtgaccg 5040ggagcaggcg cccaacctgg tctacatggt caccggaaat cctgcctctg atgagatcaa 5100gaggctgcct ggagacatcc aggtggtgcc cattggagtg ggccctaatg ccaacgtgca 5160ggagctggag aggattggct ggcccaatgc ccctatcctc atccaggact ttgagacgct 5220cccccgagag gctcctgacc tggtgctgca gaggtgctgc tccggagagg ggctgcagat 5280ccccaccctc tcccctgcac ctgactgcag ccagcccctg gacgtgatcc ttctcctgga 5340tggctcctcc agtttcccag cttcttattt tgatgaaatg aagagtttcg ccaaggcttt 5400catttcaaaa gccaatatag ggcctcgtct cactcaggtg tcagtgctgc agtatggaag 5460catcaccacc attgacgtgc catggaacgt ggtcccggag aaagcccatt tgctgagcct 5520tgtggacgtc atgcagcggg agggaggccc cagccaaatc ggggatgcct tgggctttgc 5580tgtgcgatac ttgacttcag aaatgcatgg tgccaggccg ggagcctcaa aggcggtggt 5640catcctggtc acggacgtct ctgtggattc agtggatgca gcagctgatg ccgccaggtc 5700caacagagtg acagtgttcc ctattggaat tggagatcgc tacgatgcag cccagctacg 5760gatcttggca ggcccagcag gcgactccaa cgtggtgaag ctccagcgaa tcgaagacct 5820ccctaccatg gtcaccttgg gcaattcctt cctccacaaa ctgtgctctg gatttgttag 5880gatttgcatg gatgaggatg ggaatgagaa gaggcccggg gacgtctgga ccttgccaga 5940ccagtgccac accgtgactt gccagccaga tggccagacc ttgctgaaga gtcatcgggt 6000caactgtgac cgggggctga ggccttcgtg ccctaacagc cagtcccctg ttaaagtgga 6060agagacctgt ggctgccgct ggacctgccc ctgcgtgtgc acaggcagct ccactcggca 6120catcgtgacc tttgatgggc agaatttcaa gctgactggc agctgttctt atgtcctatt 6180tcaaaacaag gagcaggacc tggaggtgat tctccataat ggtgcctgca gccctggagc 6240aaggcagggc tgcatgaaat ccatcgaggt gaagcacagt gccctctccg tcgagctgca 6300cagtgacatg gaggtgacgg tgaatgggag actggtctct gttccttacg tgggtgggaa 6360catggaagtc aacgtttatg gtgccatcat gcatgaggtc agattcaatc accttggtca 6420catcttcaca ttcactccac aaaacaatga gttccaactg cagctcagcc ccaagacttt 6480tgcttcaaag acgtatggtc tgtgtgggat ctgtgatgag aacggagcca atgacttcat 6540gctgagggat ggcacagtca ccacagactg gaaaacactt gttcaggaat ggactgtgca 6600gcggccaggg cagacgtgcc agcccatcct ggaggagcag tgtcttgtcc ccgacagctc 6660ccactgccag gtcctcctct taccactgtt tgctgaatgc cacaaggtcc tggctccagc 6720cacattctat gccatctgcc agcaggacag ttgccaccag gagcaagtgt gtgaggtgat 6780cgcctcttat gcccacctct gtcggaccaa cggggtctgc gttgactgga ggacacctga 6840tttctgtgct atgtcatgcc caccatctct ggtctacaac cactgtgagc atggctgtcc 6900ccggcactgt gatggcaacg tgagctcctg tggggaccat ccctccgaag gctgtttctg 6960ccctccagat aaagtcatgt tggaaggcag ctgtgtccct gaagaggcct gcactcagtg 7020cattggtgag gatggagtcc agcaccagtt cctggaagcc tgggtcccgg accaccagcc 7080ctgtcagatc tgcacatgcc tcagcgggcg gaaggtcaac tgcacaacgc agccctgccc 7140cacggccaaa gctcccacgt gtggcctgtg tgaagtagcc cgcctccgcc agaatgcaga 7200ccagtgctgc cccgagtatg agtgtgtgtg tgacccagtg agctgtgacc tgcccccagt 7260gcctcactgt gaacgtggcc tccagcccac actgaccaac cctggcgagt gcagacccaa 7320cttcacctgc gcctgcagga aggaggagtg caaaagagtg tccccaccct cctgcccccc 7380gcaccgtttg cccacccttc ggaagaccca gtgctgtgat gagtatgagt gtgcctgcaa 7440ctgtgtcaac tccacagtga gctgtcccct tgggtacttg gcctcaactg ccaccaatga 7500ctgtggctgt accacaacca cctgccttcc cgacaaggtg tgtgtccacc gaagcaccat 7560ctaccctgtg ggccagttct gggaggaggg ctgcgatgtg tgcacctgca ccgacatgga 7620ggatgccgtg atgggcctcc gcgtggccca gtgctcccag aagccctgtg aggacagctg 7680tcggtcgggc ttcacttacg ttctgcatga aggcgagtgc tgtggaaggt gcctgccatc 7740tgcctgtgag gtggtgactg gctcaccgcg gggggactcc cagtcttcct ggaagagtgt 7800cggctcccag tgggcctccc cggagaaccc ctgcctcatc aatgagtgtg tccgagtgaa 7860ggaggaggtc tttatacaac aaaggaacgt ctcctgcccc cagctggagg tccctgtctg 7920cccctcgggc tttcagctga gctgtaagac ctcagcgtgc tgcccaagct gtcgctgtga 7980gcgcatggag gcctgcatgc tcaatggcac tgtcattggg cccgggaaga ctgtgatgat 8040cgatgtgtgc acgacctgcc gctgcatggt gcaggtgggg gtcatctctg gattcaagct 8100ggagtgcagg aagaccacct gcaacccctg ccccctgggt tacaaggaag aaaataacac 8160aggtgaatgt tgtgggagat gtttgcctac ggcttgcacc attcagctaa gaggaggaca 8220gatcatgaca ctgaagcgtg atgagacgct ccaggatggc tgtgatactc acttctgcaa 8280ggtcaatgag agaggagagt acttctggga gaagagggtc acaggctgcc caccctttga 8340tgaacacaag tgtctggctg agggaggtaa aattatgaaa attccaggca cctgctgtga 8400cacatgtgag gagcctgagt gcaacgacat cactgccagg ctgcagtatg tcaaggtggg 8460aagctgtaag tctgaagtag aggtggatat ccactactgc cagggcaaat gtgccagcaa 8520agccatgtac tccattgaca tcaacgatgt gcaggaccag tgctcctgct gctctccgac 8580acggacggag cccatgcagg tggccctgca ctgcaccaat ggctctgttg tgtaccatga 8640ggttctcaat gccatggagt gcaaatgctc ccccaggaag tgcagcaagt gaggctgctg 8700cagctgcatg ggtgcctgct gctgcctgcc ttggcctgat ggccaggcca gagtgctgcc 8760agtcctctgc atgttctgct cttgtgccct tctgagccca caataaaggc tgagctctta 8820tcttgcaaaa ggc 883322783PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Polypeptide 2Met Ile Pro Ala Arg Phe Ala Gly Val Leu Leu Leu Ile Leu Pro Gly1 5 10 15Thr Leu Cys Ala Glu Gly Thr Arg Gly Arg Ser Ser Thr Ala Arg Cys20 25 30Ser Leu Phe Gly Ser Asp Phe Val Asn Thr Phe Asp Gly Ser Met Tyr35 40 45Ser Phe Ala Gly Tyr Cys Ser Tyr Leu Leu Ala Gly Gly Cys Gln Lys50 55 60Arg Ser Phe Ser Ile Ile Gly Asp Phe Gln Asn Gly Lys Arg Val Ser65 70 75 80Leu Ser Val Tyr Leu Gly Glu Phe Phe Asp Ile His Leu Phe Val Asn85 90 95Gly Thr Val Thr Gln Gly Asp Gln Arg Val Ser Met Pro Tyr Ala Ser100 105 110Lys Leu Glu Thr Glu Ala Gly Tyr Tyr Lys Leu Ser Gly Glu Ala Tyr115 120 125Gly Phe Val Ala Arg Ile Asp Gly Ser Gly Asn Phe Gln Val Leu Leu130 135 140Ser Asp Arg Tyr Phe Asn Lys Thr Cys Gly Leu Cys Gly Asn Phe Asn145 150 155 160Ile Phe Ala Glu Asp Asp Phe Met Thr Gln Glu Gly Thr Leu Thr Ser165 170 175Asp Pro Tyr Asp Phe Ala Asn Ser Trp Ala Leu Ser Ser Gly Glu Gln180 185 190Trp Cys Glu Arg Pro Ser Ser Ser Cys Asn Ile Ser Ser Gly Glu Met195 200 205Gln Lys Gly Leu Trp Glu Gln Cys Gln Leu Leu Lys Ser Thr Ser Val210 215 220Phe Ala Arg Cys His Pro Leu Val Asp Pro Glu Pro Phe Cys Glu Lys225 230 235 240Thr Leu Cys Glu Cys Ala Gly Gly Leu Glu Cys Ala Cys Pro Ala Leu245 250 255Leu Glu Tyr Ala Arg Thr Cys Ala Gln Glu Gly Met Val Leu Tyr Gly260 265 270Trp Thr Asp His Ser Ala Cys Ser Pro Val Cys Pro Ala Gly Met Glu275 280 285Tyr Arg Gln Cys Val Ser Pro Cys Ala Arg Thr Cys Gln Ser Leu His290 295 300Ile Asn Glu Met Cys Gln Glu Arg Cys Val Asp Gly Cys Ser Cys Pro305 310 315 320Glu Gly Gln Leu Leu Asp Glu Gly Leu Cys Val Glu Ser Thr Glu Cys325 330 335Pro Cys Val His Ser Gly Lys Arg Tyr Pro Pro Gly Thr Ser Leu Ser340 345 350Arg Asp Cys Asn Thr Cys Ile Cys Arg Asn Ser Gln Trp Ile Cys Ser355 360 365Asn Glu Glu Cys Pro Gly Glu Cys Leu Val Thr Gly Gln Ser His Phe370 375 380Lys Ser Phe Asp Asn Arg Tyr Phe Thr Phe Ser Gly Ile Cys Gln Tyr385 390 395 400Leu Leu Ala Arg Asp Cys Gln Asp His Ser Phe Ser Ile Val Ile Glu405 410 415Thr Val Gln Cys Ala Asp Asp Arg Asp Ala Val Cys Thr Arg Ser Val420 425 430Thr Val Arg Leu Pro Gly Leu His Asn Ser Leu Val Lys Leu Lys His435 440 445Gly Ala Gly Val Ala Met Asp Gly Gln Asp Val Gln Leu Pro Leu Leu450 455 460Lys Gly Asp Leu Arg Ile Gln His Thr Val Thr Ala Ser Val Arg Leu465 470 475 480Ser Tyr Gly Glu Asp Leu Gln Met Asp Trp Asp Gly Arg Gly Arg Leu485 490 495Leu Val Lys Leu Ser Pro Val Tyr Ala Gly Lys Thr Cys Gly Leu Cys500 505 510Gly Asn Tyr Asn Gly Asn Gln Gly Asp Asp Phe Leu Thr Pro Ser Gly515 520 525Leu Ala Glu Pro Arg Val Glu Asp Phe Gly Asn Ala Trp Lys Leu His530 535 540Gly Asp Cys Gln Asp Leu Gln Lys Gln His Ser Asp Pro Cys Ala Leu545 550 555 560Asn Pro Arg Met Thr Arg Phe Ser Glu Glu Ala Cys Ala Val Leu Thr565 570 575Ser Pro Thr Phe Glu Ala Cys His Arg Ala Val Ser Pro Leu Pro Tyr580 585 590Leu Arg Asn Cys Arg Tyr Asp Val Cys Ser Cys Ser Asp Gly Arg Glu595 600 605Cys Leu Cys Gly Ser Tyr Ala Ala Ala Cys Ala Gly Arg Gly Val Arg610 615 620Val Ala Trp Arg Glu Pro Gly Arg Cys Glu Leu Asn Cys Pro Lys Gly625 630 635 640Gln Val Tyr Leu Gln Cys Gly Thr Pro Cys Asn Leu Thr Cys Arg Ser645 650 655Leu Ser Tyr Pro Asp Glu Glu Cys Asn Glu Ala Cys Leu Glu Gly Cys660 665 670Phe Cys Pro Pro Met Asp Glu Arg Gly Asp Cys Val Pro Lys Ala Gln675 680 685Cys Pro Cys Tyr Tyr Asp Gly Glu Ile Phe Gln Pro Glu Asp Ile Phe690 695 700Ser Asp His His Thr Met Cys Tyr Cys Glu Asp Gly Phe Met His Cys705 710 715 720Thr Met Ser Gly Val Pro Gly Ser Leu Leu Pro Asp Ala Val Leu Ser725 730 735Ser Pro Leu Ser His Arg Ser Lys Arg Ser Leu Ser Cys Arg Pro Pro740 745 750Met Val Lys Leu Val Cys Pro Ala Asp Asn Leu Arg Ala Glu Gly Leu755 760 765Glu Cys Thr Lys Thr Cys Gln Asn Tyr Asp Leu Glu Cys Met Ser Met770 775 780Gly Cys Val Ser Gly Cys Leu Cys Pro Pro Gly Met Val Arg His Glu785 790 795 800Asn Arg Cys Glu Arg Cys Pro Cys Phe His Gln Gly Lys Glu Tyr Ala805 810 815Pro Gly Glu Thr Val Lys Ile Gly Cys Asn Thr Cys Val Cys Arg Asp820 825 830Arg Lys Trp Asn Cys Thr Asp His Val Cys Asp Ala Thr Cys Ser Thr835 840 845Ile Gly Met Ala His Tyr Leu Thr Phe Asp Gly Leu Lys Tyr Leu Phe850 855 860Pro Gly Glu Cys Gln Tyr Val Leu Val Gln Asp Tyr Cys Gly Ser Asn865 870 875 880Pro Gly Thr Phe Arg Ile Leu Val Gly Asn Lys Gly Cys Ser His Pro885 890 895Ser Val Lys Cys Lys Lys Arg Val Thr Ile Leu Val Glu Gly Gly Glu900 905 910Ile Glu Leu Phe Asp Gly Glu Val Asn Val Lys Arg Pro Met Lys Asp915 920 925Glu Thr His Phe Glu Val Val Glu Ser Gly Arg Tyr Ile Ile Leu Leu930 935 940Leu Gly Lys Ala Leu Ser Val Val Trp Asp Arg His Leu Ser Ile Ser945 950 955 960Val Val Leu Lys Gln Thr Tyr Gln Glu Lys Val Cys Gly Leu Cys Gly965 970 975Asn Phe Asp Gly Ile Gln Asn Asn Asp Leu Thr Ser Ser Asn Leu Gln980 985 990Val Glu Glu Asp Pro Val Asp Phe Gly Asn Ser Trp Lys Val Ser Ser995 1000 1005Gln Cys Ala Asp Thr Arg Lys Val Pro Leu Asp Ser Ser Pro Ala1010 1015 1020Thr Cys His Asn Asn Ile Met Lys Gln Thr Met Val Asp Ser Ser1025 1030 1035Cys Arg Ile Leu Thr Ser Asp Val Phe Gln Asp Cys Asn Lys Leu1040 1045 1050Val Asp Pro Glu Pro Tyr Leu Asp Val Cys Ile Tyr Asp Thr Cys1055 1060 1065Ser Cys

Glu Ser Ile Gly Asp Cys Ala Cys Phe Cys Asp Thr Ile1070 1075 1080Ala Ala Tyr Ala His Val Cys Ala Gln His Gly Lys Val Val Thr1085 1090 1095Trp Arg Thr Ala Thr Leu Cys Pro Gln Ser Cys Glu Glu Arg Asn1100 1105 1110Leu Arg Glu Asn Gly Tyr Glu Cys Glu Trp Arg Tyr Asn Ser Cys1115 1120 1125Ala Pro Ala Cys Gln Val Thr Cys Gln His Pro Glu Pro Leu Ala1130 1135 1140Cys Pro Val Gln Cys Val Glu Gly Cys His Ala His Cys Pro Pro1145 1150 1155Gly Lys Ile Leu Asp Glu Leu Leu Gln Thr Cys Val Asp Pro Glu1160 1165 1170Asp Cys Pro Val Cys Glu Val Ala Gly Arg Arg Phe Ala Ser Gly1175 1180 1185Lys Lys Val Thr Leu Asn Pro Ser Asp Pro Glu His Cys Gln Ile1190 1195 1200Cys His Cys Asp Val Val Asn Leu Thr Cys Glu Ala Cys Gln Glu1205 1210 1215Pro Gly Gly Leu Val Val Pro Pro Thr Asp Ala Pro Val Ser Pro1220 1225 1230Thr Thr Leu Tyr Val Glu Asp Ile Ser Glu Pro Pro Leu His Asp1235 1240 1245Phe Tyr Cys Ser Arg Leu Leu Asp Leu Val Phe Leu Leu Asp Gly1250 1255 1260Ser Ser Arg Leu Ser Glu Ala Glu Phe Glu Val Leu Lys Ala Phe1265 1270 1275Val Val Asp Met Met Glu Arg Leu Arg Ile Ser Gln Lys Trp Val1280 1285 1290Arg Val Ala Val Val Glu Tyr His Asp Gly Ser His Ala Tyr Ile1295 1300 1305Gly Leu Lys Asp Arg Lys Arg Pro Ser Glu Leu Arg Arg Ile Ala1310 1315 1320Ser Gln Val Lys Tyr Ala Gly Ser Gln Val Ala Ser Thr Ser Glu1325 1330 1335Val Leu Lys Tyr Thr Leu Phe Gln Ile Phe Ser Lys Ile Asp Arg1340 1345 1350Pro Glu Ala Ser Arg Ile Thr Leu Leu Leu Met Ala Ser Gln Glu1355 1360 1365Pro Gln Arg Met Ser Arg Asn Phe Val Arg Tyr Val Gln Gly Leu1370 1375 1380Lys Lys Lys Lys Val Ile Val Ile Pro Val Gly Ile Gly Pro His1385 1390 1395Ala Asn Leu Lys Gln Ile Arg Leu Ile Glu Lys Gln Ala Pro Glu1400 1405 1410Asn Lys Ala Phe Val Leu Ser Ser Val Asp Glu Leu Glu Gln Gln1415 1420 1425Arg Asp Glu Ile Val Ser Tyr Leu Cys Asp Leu Ala Pro Glu Ala1430 1435 1440Pro Pro Pro Thr Leu Pro Pro Asp Met Ala Gln Val Thr Val Gly1445 1450 1455Pro Gly Leu Leu Gly Val Ser Thr Leu Gly Pro Lys Arg Asn Ser1460 1465 1470Met Val Leu Asp Val Ala Phe Val Leu Glu Gly Ser Asp Lys Ile1475 1480 1485Gly Glu Ala Asp Phe Asn Arg Ser Lys Glu Phe Met Glu Glu Val1490 1495 1500Ile Gln Arg Met Asp Val Gly Gln Asp Ser Ile His Val Thr Val1505 1510 1515Leu Gln Tyr Ser Tyr Met Val Thr Val Glu Tyr Pro Phe Ser Glu1520 1525 1530Ala Gln Ser Lys Gly Asp Ile Leu Gln Arg Val Arg Glu Ile Arg1535 1540 1545Tyr Gln Gly Gly Asn Arg Thr Asn Thr Gly Leu Ala Leu Arg Tyr1550 1555 1560Leu Ser Asp His Ser Phe Leu Val Ser Gln Gly Asp Arg Glu Gln1565 1570 1575Ala Pro Asn Leu Val Tyr Met Val Thr Gly Asn Pro Ala Ser Asp1580 1585 1590Glu Ile Lys Arg Leu Pro Gly Asp Ile Gln Val Val Pro Ile Gly1595 1600 1605Val Gly Pro Asn Ala Asn Val Gln Glu Leu Glu Arg Ile Gly Trp1610 1615 1620Pro Asn Ala Pro Ile Leu Ile Gln Asp Phe Glu Thr Leu Pro Arg1625 1630 1635Glu Ala Pro Asp Leu Val Leu Gln Arg Cys Cys Ser Gly Glu Gly1640 1645 1650Leu Gln Ile Pro Thr Leu Ser Pro Ala Pro Asp Cys Ser Gln Pro1655 1660 1665Leu Asp Val Ile Leu Leu Leu Asp Gly Ser Ser Ser Phe Pro Ala1670 1675 1680Ser Tyr Phe Asp Glu Met Lys Ser Phe Ala Lys Ala Phe Ile Ser1685 1690 1695Lys Ala Asn Ile Gly Pro Arg Leu Thr Gln Val Ser Val Leu Gln1700 1705 1710Tyr Gly Ser Ile Thr Thr Ile Asp Val Pro Trp Asn Val Val Pro1715 1720 1725Glu Lys Ala His Leu Leu Ser Leu Val Asp Val Met Gln Arg Glu1730 1735 1740Gly Gly Pro Ser Gln Ile Gly Asp Ala Leu Gly Phe Ala Val Arg1745 1750 1755Tyr Leu Thr Ser Glu Met His Gly Ala Arg Pro Gly Ala Ser Lys1760 1765 1770Ala Val Val Ile Leu Val Thr Asp Val Ser Val Asp Ser Val Asp1775 1780 1785Ala Ala Ala Asp Ala Ala Arg Ser Asn Arg Val Thr Val Phe Pro1790 1795 1800Ile Gly Ile Gly Asp Arg Tyr Asp Ala Ala Gln Leu Arg Ile Leu1805 1810 1815Ala Gly Pro Ala Gly Asp Ser Asn Val Val Lys Leu Gln Arg Ile1820 1825 1830Glu Asp Leu Pro Thr Met Val Thr Leu Gly Asn Ser Phe Leu His1835 1840 1845Lys Leu Cys Ser Gly Phe Val Arg Ile Cys Met Asp Glu Asp Gly1850 1855 1860Asn Glu Lys Arg Pro Gly Asp Val Trp Thr Leu Pro Asp Gln Cys1865 1870 1875His Thr Val Thr Cys Gln Pro Asp Gly Gln Thr Leu Leu Lys Ser1880 1885 1890His Arg Val Asn Cys Asp Arg Gly Leu Arg Pro Ser Cys Pro Asn1895 1900 1905Ser Gln Ser Pro Val Lys Val Glu Glu Thr Cys Gly Cys Arg Trp1910 1915 1920Thr Cys Pro Cys Val Cys Thr Gly Ser Ser Thr Arg His Ile Val1925 1930 1935Thr Phe Asp Gly Gln Asn Phe Lys Leu Thr Gly Ser Cys Ser Tyr1940 1945 1950Val Leu Phe Gln Asn Lys Glu Gln Asp Leu Glu Val Ile Leu His1955 1960 1965Asn Gly Ala Cys Ser Pro Gly Ala Arg Gln Gly Cys Met Lys Ser1970 1975 1980Ile Glu Val Lys His Ser Ala Leu Ser Val Glu Leu His Ser Asp1985 1990 1995Met Glu Val Thr Val Asn Gly Arg Leu Val Ser Val Pro Tyr Val2000 2005 2010Gly Gly Asn Met Glu Val Asn Val Tyr Gly Ala Ile Met His Glu2015 2020 2025Val Arg Phe Asn His Leu Gly His Ile Phe Thr Phe Thr Pro Gln2030 2035 2040Asn Asn Glu Phe Gln Leu Gln Leu Ser Pro Lys Thr Phe Ala Ser2045 2050 2055Lys Thr Tyr Gly Leu Cys Gly Ile Cys Asp Glu Asn Gly Ala Asn2060 2065 2070Asp Phe Met Leu Arg Asp Gly Thr Val Thr Thr Asp Trp Lys Thr2075 2080 2085Leu Val Gln Glu Trp Thr Val Gln Arg Pro Gly Gln Thr Cys Gln2090 2095 2100Pro Glu Gln Cys Leu Val Pro Asp Ser Ser His Cys Gln Val Leu2105 2110 2115Leu Leu Pro Leu Phe Ala Glu Cys His Lys Val Leu Ala Pro Ala2120 2125 2130Thr Phe Tyr Ala Ile Cys Gln Gln Asp Ser Cys His Gln Glu Gln2135 2140 2145Val Cys Glu Val Ile Ala Ser Tyr Ala His Leu Cys Arg Thr Asn2150 2155 2160Gly Val Cys Val Asp Trp Arg Thr Pro Asp Phe Cys Ala Met Ser2165 2170 2175Cys Pro Pro Ser Leu Val Tyr Asn His Cys Glu His Gly Cys Pro2180 2185 2190Arg His Cys Asp Gly Asn Val Ser Ser Cys Gly Asp His Pro Ser2195 2200 2205Glu Gly Cys Phe Cys Pro Pro Asp Lys Val Met Leu Glu Gly Ser2210 2215 2220Cys Val Pro Glu Glu Ala Cys Thr Gln Cys Ile Gly Glu Asp Gly2225 2230 2235Val Gln His Gln Phe Leu Glu Ala Trp Val Pro Asp His Gln Pro2240 2245 2250Cys Gln Ile Cys Thr Cys Leu Ser Gly Arg Lys Val Asn Cys Thr2255 2260 2265Thr Gln Pro Cys Pro Thr Ala Lys Ala Pro Thr Cys Gly Leu Cys2270 2275 2280Glu Val Ala Arg Leu Arg Gln Asn Ala Asp Gln Cys Cys Pro Glu2285 2290 2295Tyr Glu Cys Val Cys Asp Pro Val Ser Cys Asp Leu Pro Pro Val2300 2305 2310Pro His Cys Glu Arg Gly Leu Gln Pro Thr Leu Thr Asn Pro Gly2315 2320 2325Glu Cys Arg Pro Asn Phe Thr Cys Ala Cys Arg Lys Glu Glu Cys2330 2335 2340Lys Arg Val Ser Pro Pro Ser Cys Pro Pro His Arg Leu Pro Thr2345 2350 2355Leu Arg Lys Thr Gln Cys Cys Asp Glu Tyr Glu Cys Ala Cys Asn2360 2365 2370Cys Val Asn Ser Thr Val Ser Cys Pro Leu Gly Tyr Leu Ala Ser2375 2380 2385Thr Ala Thr Asn Asp Cys Gly Cys Thr Thr Thr Thr Cys Leu Pro2390 2395 2400Asp Lys Val Cys Val His Arg Ser Thr Ile Tyr Pro Val Gly Gln2405 2410 2415Phe Trp Glu Glu Gly Cys Asp Val Cys Thr Cys Thr Asp Met Glu2420 2425 2430Asp Ala Val Met Gly Leu Arg Val Ala Gln Cys Ser Gln Lys Pro2435 2440 2445Cys Glu Asp Ser Cys Arg Ser Gly Phe Thr Tyr Val Leu His Glu2450 2455 2460Gly Glu Cys Cys Gly Arg Cys Leu Pro Ser Ala Cys Glu Val Val2465 2470 2475Thr Gly Ser Pro Arg Gly Asp Ser Gln Ser Ser Trp Lys Ser Val2480 2485 2490Gly Ser Gln Trp Glu Asn Pro Cys Leu Ile Asn Glu Cys Val Arg2495 2500 2505Val Lys Glu Glu Val Phe Ile Gln Gln Arg Asn Val Ser Cys Pro2510 2515 2520Gln Leu Glu Val Pro Val Cys Pro Ser Gly Phe Gln Leu Ser Cys2525 2530 2535Lys Thr Ser Ala Cys Cys Pro Ser Cys Arg Cys Glu Arg Met Glu2540 2545 2550Ala Cys Met Leu Asn Gly Thr Val Ile Gly Pro Gly Lys Thr Val2555 2560 2565Met Ile Asp Val Cys Thr Thr Cys Arg Cys Met Val Gln Val Gly2570 2575 2580Val Ile Ser Gly Phe Lys Leu Glu Cys Arg Lys Thr Thr Cys Asn2585 2590 2595Pro Cys Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Glu Glu Asn Asn Thr Gly Glu Cys2600 2605 2610Cys Gly Arg Cys Leu Pro Thr Ala Cys Thr Ile Gln Leu Arg Gly2615 2620 2625Gly Gln Ile Met Thr Leu Lys Arg Asp Glu Thr Leu Gln Asp Gly2630 2635 2640Cys Asp Thr His Phe Cys Lys Val Asn Glu Arg Gly Glu Tyr Phe2645 2650 2655Trp Glu Lys Arg Val Thr Gly Cys Pro Pro Phe Asp Glu His Lys2660 2665 2670Cys Leu Ala Glu Gly Gly Lys Ile Met Lys Ile Pro Gly Thr Cys2675 2680 2685Cys Asp Thr Cys Glu Glu Pro Glu Cys Asn Asp Ile Thr Ala Arg2690 2695 2700Leu Gln Tyr Val Lys Val Gly Ser Cys Lys Ser Glu Val Glu Val2705 2710 2715Asp Ile His Tyr Cys Gln Gly Lys Cys Ala Ser Lys Ala Met Tyr2720 2725 2730Ser Ile Asp Ile Asn Asp Val Gln Asp Gln Cys Ser Cys Cys Ser2735 2740 2745Pro Thr Arg Thr Glu Pro Met Gln His Cys Thr Asn Gly Ser Val2750 2755 2760Val Tyr His Glu Val Leu Asn Ala Met Glu Cys Lys Cys Ser Pro2765 2770 2775Arg Lys Cys Ser Lys278032050PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic Polypeptide 3Ser Leu Ser Cys Arg Pro Pro Met Val Lys Leu Val Cys Pro Ala Asp1 5 10 15Asn Leu Arg Ala Glu Gly Leu Glu Cys Thr Lys Thr Cys Gln Asn Tyr20 25 30Asp Leu Glu Cys Met Ser Met Gly Cys Val Ser Gly Cys Leu Cys Pro35 40 45Pro Gly Met Val Arg His Glu Asn Arg Cys Val Ala Leu Glu Arg Cys50 55 60Pro Cys Phe His Gln Gly Lys Glu Tyr Ala Pro Gly Glu Thr Val Lys65 70 75 80Ile Gly Cys Asn Thr Cys Val Cys Arg Asp Arg Lys Trp Asn Cys Thr85 90 95Asp His Val Cys Asp Ala Thr Cys Ser Thr Ile Gly Met Ala His Tyr100 105 110Leu Thr Phe Asp Gly Leu Lys Tyr Leu Phe Pro Gly Glu Cys Gln Tyr115 120 125Val Leu Val Gln Asp Tyr Cys Gly Ser Asn Pro Gly Thr Phe Arg Ile130 135 140Leu Val Gly Asn Lys Gly Cys Ser His Pro Ser Val Lys Cys Lys Lys145 150 155 160Arg Val Thr Ile Leu Val Glu Gly Gly Glu Ile Glu Leu Phe Asp Gly165 170 175Glu Val Asn Val Lys Arg Pro Met Lys Asp Glu Thr His Phe Glu Val180 185 190Val Glu Ser Gly Arg Tyr Ile Ile Leu Leu Leu Gly Lys Ala Leu Ser195 200 205Val Val Trp Asp Arg His Leu Ser Ile Ser Val Val Leu Lys Gln Thr210 215 220Tyr Gln Glu Lys Val Cys Gly Leu Cys Gly Asn Phe Asp Gly Ile Gln225 230 235 240Asn Asn Asp Leu Thr Ser Ser Asn Leu Gln Val Glu Glu Asp Pro Val245 250 255Asp Phe Gly Asn Ser Trp Lys Val Ser Ser Gln Cys Ala Asp Thr Arg260 265 270Lys Val Pro Leu Asp Ser Ser Pro Ala Thr Cys His Asn Asn Ile Met275 280 285Lys Gln Thr Met Val Asp Ser Ser Cys Arg Ile Leu Thr Ser Asp Val290 295 300Phe Gln Asp Cys Asn Lys Leu Val Asp Pro Glu Pro Tyr Leu Asp Val305 310 315 320Cys Ile Tyr Asp Thr Cys Ser Cys Glu Ser Ile Gly Asp Cys Ala Cys325 330 335Phe Cys Asp Thr Ile Ala Ala Tyr Ala His Val Cys Ala Gln His Gly340 345 350Lys Val Val Thr Trp Arg Thr Ala Thr Leu Cys Pro Gln Ser Cys Glu355 360 365Glu Arg Asn Leu Arg Glu Asn Gly Tyr Glu Cys Glu Trp Arg Tyr Asn370 375 380Ser Cys Ala Pro Ala Cys Gln Val Thr Cys Gln His Pro Glu Pro Leu385 390 395 400Ala Cys Pro Val Gln Cys Val Glu Gly Cys His Ala His Cys Pro Pro405 410 415Gly Lys Ile Leu Asp Glu Leu Leu Gln Thr Cys Val Asp Pro Glu Asp420 425 430Cys Pro Val Cys Glu Val Ala Gly Arg Arg Phe Ala Ser Gly Lys Lys435 440 445Val Thr Leu Asn Pro Ser Asp Pro Glu His Cys Gln Ile Cys His Cys450 455 460Asp Val Val Asn Leu Thr Cys Glu Ala Cys Gln Glu Pro Gly Gly Leu465 470 475 480Val Val Pro Pro Thr Asp Ala Pro Val Ser Pro Thr Thr Leu Tyr Val485 490 495Glu Asp Ile Ser Glu Pro Pro Leu His Asp Phe Tyr Cys Ser Arg Leu500 505 510Leu Asp Leu Val Phe Leu Leu Asp Gly Ser Ser Arg Leu Ser Glu Ala515 520 525Glu Phe Glu Val Leu Lys Ala Phe Val Val Asp Met Met Glu Arg Leu530 535 540Arg Ile Ser Gln Lys Trp Val Arg Val Ala Val Val Glu Tyr His Asp545 550 555 560Gly Ser His Ala Tyr Ile Gly Leu Lys Asp Arg Lys Arg Pro Ser Glu565 570 575Leu Arg Arg Ile Ala Ser Gln Val Lys Tyr Ala Gly Ser Gln Val Ala580 585 590Ser Thr Ser Glu Val Leu Lys Tyr Thr Leu Phe Gln Ile Phe Ser Lys595 600 605Ile Asp Arg Pro Glu Ala Ser Arg Ile Thr Leu Leu Leu Met Ala Ser610 615 620Gln Glu Pro Gln Arg Met Ser Arg Asn Phe Val Arg Tyr Val Gln Gly625 630 635 640Leu Lys Lys Lys Lys Val Ile Val Ile Pro Val Gly Ile Gly Pro His645 650 655Ala Asn Leu Lys Gln Ile Arg Leu Ile Glu Lys Gln Ala Pro Glu Asn660 665 670Lys Ala Phe Val Leu Ser Ser Val Asp Glu Leu Glu Gln Gln Arg Asp675 680 685Glu Ile Val Ser Tyr Leu Cys Asp Leu Ala Pro Glu Ala Pro Pro Pro690 695 700Thr Leu Pro Pro Asp Met Ala Gln Val Thr Val Gly Pro Gly Leu Leu705 710 715 720Gly Val Ser Thr Leu Gly Pro Lys Arg Asn Ser Met Val Leu Asp Val725 730 735Ala Phe Val Leu Glu Gly Ser Asp Lys Ile Gly Glu Ala Asp Phe Asn740 745 750Arg Ser Lys Glu Phe Met Glu Glu Val Ile Gln Arg Met Asp Val Gly755 760 765Gln Asp Ser Ile His Val Thr Val Leu Gln Tyr Ser Tyr Met Val Thr770 775 780Val Glu Tyr Pro Phe Ser Glu Ala Gln Ser Lys Gly Asp Ile Leu Gln785 790 795 800Arg Val Arg Glu Ile Arg Tyr Gln Gly Gly Asn Arg Thr Asn Thr Gly805 810 815Leu Ala Leu Arg Tyr Leu Ser Asp His Ser Phe Leu Val Ser Gln Gly820 825 830Asp Arg Glu Gln Ala Pro Asn Leu Val Tyr Met

Val Thr Gly Asn Pro835 840 845Ala Ser Asp Glu Ile Lys Arg Leu Pro Gly Asp Ile Gln Val Val Pro850 855 860Ile Gly Val Gly Pro Asn Ala Asn Val Gln Glu Leu Glu Arg Ile Gly865 870 875 880Trp Pro Asn Ala Pro Ile Leu Ile Gln Asp Phe Glu Thr Leu Pro Arg885 890 895Glu Ala Pro Asp Leu Val Leu Gln Arg Cys Cys Ser Gly Glu Gly Leu900 905 910Gln Ile Pro Thr Leu Ser Pro Ala Pro Asp Cys Ser Gln Pro Leu Asp915 920 925Val Ile Leu Leu Leu Asp Gly Ser Ser Ser Phe Pro Ala Ser Tyr Phe930 935 940Asp Glu Met Lys Ser Phe Ala Lys Ala Phe Ile Ser Lys Ala Asn Ile945 950 955 960Gly Pro Arg Leu Thr Gln Val Ser Val Leu Gln Tyr Gly Ser Ile Thr965 970 975Thr Ile Asp Val Pro Trp Asn Val Val Pro Glu Lys Ala His Leu Leu980 985 990Ser Leu Val Asp Val Met Gln Arg Glu Gly Gly Pro Ser Gln Ile Gly995 1000 1005Asp Ala Leu Gly Phe Ala Val Arg Tyr Leu Thr Ser Glu Met His1010 1015 1020Gly Ala Arg Pro Gly Ala Ser Lys Ala Val Val Ile Leu Val Thr1025 1030 1035Asp Val Ser Val Asp Ser Val Asp Ala Ala Ala Asp Ala Ala Arg1040 1045 1050Ser Asn Arg Val Thr Val Phe Pro Ile Gly Ile Gly Asp Arg Tyr1055 1060 1065Asp Ala Ala Gln Leu Arg Ile Leu Ala Gly Pro Ala Gly Asp Ser1070 1075 1080Asn Val Val Lys Leu Gln Arg Ile Glu Asp Leu Pro Thr Met Val1085 1090 1095Thr Leu Gly Asn Ser Phe Leu His Lys Leu Cys Ser Gly Phe Val1100 1105 1110Arg Ile Cys Met Asp Glu Asp Gly Asn Glu Lys Arg Pro Gly Asp1115 1120 1125Val Trp Thr Leu Pro Asp Gln Cys His Thr Val Thr Cys Gln Pro1130 1135 1140Asp Gly Gln Thr Leu Leu Lys Ser His Arg Val Asn Cys Asp Arg1145 1150 1155Gly Leu Arg Pro Ser Cys Pro Asn Ser Gln Ser Pro Val Lys Val1160 1165 1170Glu Glu Thr Cys Gly Cys Arg Trp Thr Cys Pro Cys Val Cys Thr1175 1180 1185Gly Ser Ser Thr Arg His Ile Val Thr Phe Asp Gly Gln Asn Phe1190 1195 1200Lys Leu Thr Gly Ser Cys Ser Tyr Val Leu Phe Gln Asn Lys Glu1205 1210 1215Gln Asp Leu Glu Val Ile Leu His Asn Gly Ala Cys Ser Pro Gly1220 1225 1230Ala Arg Gln Gly Cys Met Lys Ser Ile Glu Val Lys His Ser Ala1235 1240 1245Leu Ser Val Glu Leu His Ser Asp Met Glu Val Thr Val Asn Gly1250 1255 1260Arg Leu Val Ser Val Pro Tyr Val Gly Gly Asn Met Glu Val Asn1265 1270 1275Val Tyr Gly Ala Ile Met His Glu Val Arg Phe Asn His Leu Gly1280 1285 1290His Ile Phe Thr Phe Thr Pro Gln Asn Asn Glu Phe Gln Leu Gln1295 1300 1305Leu Ser Pro Lys Thr Phe Ala Ser Lys Thr Tyr Gly Leu Cys Gly1310 1315 1320Ile Cys Asp Glu Asn Gly Ala Asn Asp Phe Met Leu Arg Asp Gly1325 1330 1335Thr Val Thr Thr Asp Trp Lys Thr Leu Val Gln Glu Trp Thr Val1340 1345 1350Gln Arg Pro Gly Gln Thr Cys Gln Pro Ile Leu Glu Glu Gln Cys1355 1360 1365Leu Val Pro Asp Ser Ser His Cys Gln Val Leu Leu Leu Pro Leu1370 1375 1380Phe Ala Glu Cys His Lys Val Leu Ala Pro Ala Thr Phe Tyr Ala1385 1390 1395Ile Cys Gln Gln Asp Ser Cys His Gln Glu Gln Val Cys Glu Val1400 1405 1410Ile Ala Ser Tyr Ala His Leu Cys Arg Thr Asn Gly Val Cys Val1415 1420 1425Asp Trp Arg Thr Pro Asp Phe Cys Ala Met Ser Cys Pro Pro Ser1430 1435 1440Leu Val Tyr Asn His Cys Glu His Gly Cys Pro Arg His Cys Asp1445 1450 1455Gly Asn Val Ser Ser Cys Gly Asp His Pro Ser Glu Gly Cys Phe1460 1465 1470Cys Pro Pro Asp Lys Val Met Leu Glu Gly Ser Cys Val Pro Glu1475 1480 1485Glu Ala Cys Thr Gln Cys Ile Gly Glu Asp Gly Val Gln His Gln1490 1495 1500Phe Leu Glu Ala Trp Val Pro Asp His Gln Pro Cys Gln Ile Cys1505 1510 1515Thr Cys Leu Ser Gly Arg Lys Val Asn Cys Thr Thr Gln Pro Cys1520 1525 1530Pro Thr Ala Lys Ala Pro Thr Cys Gly Leu Cys Glu Val Ala Arg1535 1540 1545Leu Arg Gln Asn Ala Asp Gln Cys Cys Pro Glu Tyr Glu Cys Val1550 1555 1560Cys Asp Pro Val Ser Cys Asp Leu Pro Pro Val Pro His Cys Glu1565 1570 1575Arg Gly Leu Gln Pro Thr Leu Thr Asn Pro Gly Glu Cys Arg Pro1580 1585 1590Asn Phe Thr Cys Ala Cys Arg Lys Glu Glu Cys Lys Arg Val Ser1595 1600 1605Pro Pro Ser Cys Pro Pro His Arg Leu Pro Thr Leu Arg Lys Thr1610 1615 1620Gln Cys Cys Asp Glu Tyr Glu Cys Ala Cys Asn Cys Val Asn Ser1625 1630 1635Thr Val Ser Cys Pro Leu Gly Tyr Leu Ala Ser Thr Ala Thr Asn1640 1645 1650Asp Cys Gly Cys Thr Thr Thr Thr Cys Leu Pro Asp Lys Val Cys1655 1660 1665Val His Arg Ser Thr Ile Tyr Pro Val Gly Gln Phe Trp Glu Glu1670 1675 1680Gly Cys Asp Val Cys Thr Cys Thr Asp Met Glu Asp Ala Val Met1685 1690 1695Gly Leu Arg Val Ala Gln Cys Ser Gln Lys Pro Cys Glu Asp Ser1700 1705 1710Cys Arg Ser Gly Phe Thr Tyr Val Leu His Glu Gly Glu Cys Cys1715 1720 1725Gly Arg Cys Leu Pro Ser Ala Cys Glu Val Val Thr Gly Ser Pro1730 1735 1740Arg Gly Asp Ser Gln Ser Ser Trp Lys Ser Val Gly Ser Gln Trp1745 1750 1755Ala Ser Pro Glu Asn Pro Cys Leu Ile Asn Glu Cys Val Arg Val1760 1765 1770Lys Glu Glu Val Phe Ile Gln Gln Arg Asn Val Ser Cys Pro Gln1775 1780 1785Leu Glu Val Pro Val Cys Pro Ser Gly Phe Gln Leu Ser Cys Lys1790 1795 1800Thr Ser Ala Cys Cys Pro Ser Cys Arg Cys Glu Arg Met Glu Ala1805 1810 1815Cys Met Leu Asn Gly Thr Val Ile Gly Pro Gly Lys Thr Val Met1820 1825 1830Ile Asp Val Cys Thr Thr Cys Arg Cys Met Val Gln Val Gly Val1835 1840 1845Ile Ser Gly Phe Lys Leu Glu Cys Arg Lys Thr Thr Cys Asn Pro1850 1855 1860Cys Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Glu Glu Asn Asn Thr Gly Glu Cys Cys1865 1870 1875Gly Arg Cys Leu Pro Thr Ala Cys Thr Ile Gln Leu Arg Gly Gly1880 1885 1890Gln Ile Met Thr Leu Lys Arg Asp Glu Thr Leu Gln Asp Gly Cys1895 1900 1905Asp Thr His Phe Cys Lys Val Asn Glu Arg Gly Glu Tyr Phe Trp1910 1915 1920Glu Lys Arg Val Thr Gly Cys Pro Pro Phe Asp Glu His Lys Cys1925 1930 1935Leu Ala Glu Gly Gly Lys Ile Met Lys Ile Pro Gly Thr Cys Cys1940 1945 1950Asp Thr Cys Glu Glu Pro Glu Cys Asn Asp Ile Thr Ala Arg Leu1955 1960 1965Gln Tyr Val Lys Val Gly Ser Cys Lys Ser Glu Val Glu Val Asp1970 1975 1980Ile His Tyr Cys Gln Gly Lys Cys Ala Ser Lys Ala Met Tyr Ser1985 1990 1995Ile Asp Ile Asn Asp Val Gln Asp Gln Cys Ser Cys Cys Ser Pro2000 2005 2010Thr Arg Thr Glu Pro Met Gln Val Ala Leu His Cys Thr Asn Gly2015 2020 2025Ser Val Val Tyr His Glu Val Leu Asn Ala Met Glu Cys Lys Cys2030 2035 2040Ser Pro Arg Lys Cys Ser Lys2045 2050

Claims

1. A stable liquid pharmaceutical formulation of a recombinant von Willebrand Factor (rVWF) comprising: (a) a rVWF; (b) a buffering agent; (c) one or more salts; (d) optionally a stabilizing agent; and (e) optionally a surfactant; wherein said rVWF comprises a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: a) the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 3; b) a biologically active analog, fragment or variant of a); c) a polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide set out in SEQ ID NO: 1; d) a biologically active analog, fragment or variant of c); and e) a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes to the polynucleotide set out in SEQ ID NO: 1 under moderately stringent hybridization conditions; wherein said buffer is comprised of a pH buffering agent in a range of about 0.1 mM to about 500 mM and wherein the pH is in a range of about 2.0 to about 12.0; wherein said salt is at a concentration of about 1 to 500 mM; wherein said stabilizing agent is at a concentration of about 0.1 to 1000 mM; and wherein said surfactant is at a concentration of about 0.01 g/L to 0.5 g/L.

2. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the rVWF comprises the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 3.

3. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the buffering agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium citrate, glycine, histidine, Tris and combinations of these agents.

4. The formulation of claim 3 wherein the buffering agent is sodium citrate at a concentration of 15 mM.

5. The formulation of claim 1 wherein pH is in the range of 6.0-8.0.

6. The formulation of claim 5 wherein pH is in the range of 6.5-7.3.

7. The formulation of claim 4 wherein the pH is 7.0.

8. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the buffering agent is citrate and the pH is 7.0.

9. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, sodium chloride and magnesium chloride.

10. The formulation of claim 9 wherein the salt is at a concentration range of 0.5 to 300 mM.

11. The formulation of claim 10 wherein the salt is calcium chloride at a concentration of 10 mM.

12. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the rVWF comprises the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 3; wherein the buffering agent is citrate and the pH is 7.0; and wherein the salt is calcium chloride at a concentration of 10 mM.

13. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the rVWF comprises the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 3; wherein the buffering agent is sodium citrate at a concentration of 15 mM and the pH is 7.0; and wherein the salt is calcium chloride at a concentration of 10 mM and NaCl at a concentration of 100 mM.

14. The formulation of claim 3 wherein the one or more buffering agents is histidine and Tris at a concentration of 3.3 mM each.

15. The formulation of claim 3 wherein the pH is 7.0.

16. The formulation of claim 9 wherein the one or more salts is sodium chloride at a concentration of 30 mM and calcium chloride at a concentration of 0.56 mM.

17. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the stabilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of mannitol, lactose, sorbitol, xylitol, sucrose, trehalose, mannose, maltose, lactose, glucose, raffinose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, isomaltose, arabinose, glucosamine, fructose and combinations of these stabilizing agents.

18. The formulation of claim 17 wherein the stabilizing agents are trehalose at a concentration of 7.8 mM and mannitol at a concentration of 58.6 mM.

19. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of digitonin, Triton X-100, Triton X-114, TWEEN-20, TWEEN-80 and combinations of these surfactants.

20. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the surfactant is TWEEN-80 at 0.03 g/L.

21. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the rVWF comprises amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 3; wherein the buffering agents are histidine at a concentration of 3.3 mM and Tris at a concentration of 3.3 mM at pH 7.0; wherein the salts are sodium chloride at a concentration of 30 mM and calcium chloride at a concentration of 0.56 mM; wherein the stabilizing agents are trehalose at a concentration of 7.8 mM and mannitol at a concentration of 58.6 mM.; and wherein the surfactant is TWEEN-80 at 0.03 g/L.