U.S. patent application number 12/402451 was filed with the patent office on 2009-07-30 for antimicrobial compositions.
This patent application is currently assigned to Lonza Inc.. Invention is credited to Shibu Abraham, Olga Borokhov, Patrick Jay Lutz.
Application Number | 20090191289 12/402451 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 31720639 |
Filed Date | 2009-07-30 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090191289 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lutz; Patrick Jay ; et
al. |
July 30, 2009 |
ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITIONS
Abstract
The present invention provides an antimicrobial composition
comprising an antimicrobial effective amount (such as a
preservative, bactericidal, and/or fungicidal effective amount) of
a mixture comprising at least two of: (a) lemon grass oil; (b)
cinnamaldehyde, cinnamon oil, Cinnamomum cassia, cinnamon extract,
cassia leaf oil, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid or salt thereof, or a
mixture thereof; (c) sorbic acid, or a salt thereof; (d) erythorbic
acid, or a salt thereof; (e) benzoic acid, or a salt thereof; (f)
arabinogalactan, galactoarabinan, or a mixture thereof; (g) a
hexahydro-iso-alpha-acid, tetrahydro-iso-alpha-acid, or a mixture
thereof; (h) Achillea fragrantissima (Santolina fragrantissima
Forssk., lavender cotton) oil; and (i) .delta.-gluconolactone. The
present invention also provides a product (preferably a product
other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic) comprising a
preservative effective amount of cinnamaldehyde or a mixture of
cinnamaldehyde and one or more alkanol-dialkyl hydantoins.
Inventors: |
Lutz; Patrick Jay;
(Nazareth, PA) ; Borokhov; Olga; (Chatham, NJ)
; Abraham; Shibu; (Stewartsville, NJ) |
Correspondence
Address: |
DARBY & DARBY P.C.
P.O. BOX 770, Church Street Station
New York
NY
10008-0770
US
|
Assignee: |
Lonza Inc.
Allendale
NJ
|
Family ID: |
31720639 |
Appl. No.: |
12/402451 |
Filed: |
March 11, 2009 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10639247 |
Aug 12, 2003 |
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12402451 |
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60403004 |
Aug 12, 2002 |
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60403169 |
Aug 12, 2002 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/739 ;
424/725; 510/119; 510/130; 514/701 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 35/02 20130101;
A61L 2/18 20130101; C11D 3/382 20130101; A61Q 17/005 20130101; A61K
2800/524 20130101; A61K 8/33 20130101; C11D 3/38 20130101; C11D
3/2075 20130101; A61P 31/04 20180101; A01N 37/06 20130101; A61Q
19/10 20130101; C11D 3/48 20130101; C11D 3/222 20130101; A01N 43/08
20130101; A01N 65/00 20130101; A61Q 5/02 20130101; A61K 8/922
20130101; C11D 3/2086 20130101; A01N 35/02 20130101; A01N 2300/00
20130101; A01N 37/06 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N 43/08
20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101; A01N 35/02 20130101; A01N 35/02
20130101; A01N 37/06 20130101; A01N 43/54 20130101; A01N 43/80
20130101; A01N 61/00 20130101; A01N 65/08 20130101; A01N 65/10
20130101; A01N 65/12 20130101; A01N 65/22 20130101; A01N 65/24
20130101; A01N 65/44 20130101; A01N 37/06 20130101; A01N 65/24
20130101; A01N 43/08 20130101; A01N 37/44 20130101; A01N 37/36
20130101; A01N 37/10 20130101; A01N 37/06 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/739 ;
424/725; 514/701; 510/119; 510/130 |
International
Class: |
A01N 65/00 20090101
A01N065/00; A01N 35/00 20060101 A01N035/00 |
Claims
1. An antimicrobial composition comprising an antimicrobial
effective amount of a mixture comprising: (a) cinnamaldehyde,
cinnamon oil, Cinnamomum cassia, cinnamon extract, cassia leaf oil,
3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid or salt thereof, or a mixture thereof;
and (b) (sorbic acid, or a salt thereof; and, optionally, one or
more of: (c) lemon grass oil; (d) erythorbic acid, or a salt
thereof; (e) benzoic acid, or a salt thereof; (f) arabinogalactan,
galactoarabinan, or a mixture thereof; (g) a
hexahydro-iso-alpha-acid obtained from hops extracts,
tetrahydro-iso-alpha-acid obtained from hops extracts, or a mixture
thereof; (h) Achillea fragrantissima (Santolina fragrantissima
Forssk., lavender cotton) oil; and (i) .delta.-gluconolactone.
2. The antimicrobial composition of claim 1, wherein the mixture
comprises (a) cinnamaldehyde; and (b) sorbic acid or a salt
thereof.
3. The antimicrobial composition of claim 2, wherein in component
(b) the salt is potassium sorbate.
4.-9. (canceled)
10. The antimicrobial composition of claim 1, further comprising a
solvent.
11. The antimicrobial composition of claim 10, wherein the solvent
is selected from water, glycols, alcohols, and mixtures
thereof.
12. The antimicrobial composition of claim 11, wherein the solvent
is a mixture of water and a glycol.
13. The antimicrobial composition of claim 12, wherein the glycol
is glycerin.
14. The antimicrobial composition of claim 11, wherein the solvent
is a mixture of water and an alcohol.
15. The antimicrobial composition of claim 14, wherein the alcohol
is ethanol.
16. (canceled)
17. The antimicrobial composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition mixture is present at a concentration of from about
0.01 to about 2% by weight, based on 100% weight of the total
composition.
18. A method of killing and/or inhibiting the growth of
microorganisms on a substrate comprising applying an effective
amount of the antimicrobial composition of claim 1 to the
substrate.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the microorganisms are selected
from S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Candida albicans,
Aspergillus niger and Phytophthora ramrum.
20. A product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic
comprising a preservative effective amount of cinnamaldehyde,
wherein the product is substantially free of parabens.
21. The product of claim 20, wherein the product is a household,
industrial, or institutional product.
22. The product of claim 20, wherein the product is a personal care
product.
23. The product of claim 22, wherein the personal care product is a
shampoo, body lotion, conditioner, or soap.
24. The product of claim 20, wherein the product comprises less
than a smelling effective amount of cinnamaldehyde.
25. The product of claim 20, wherein the product is free of
cinnamon oil.
26.-28. (canceled)
29. A method of killing and/or inhibiting the growth of
microorganisms on a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical,
or cosmetic, the method comprising applying an effective amount of
cinnamaldehyde to the product, wherein the product is free of
parabens.
30. (canceled)
31. A method of killing and/or inhibiting the growth of fungi on a
substrate comprising applying an effective amount of cinnamaldehyde
to the product, wherein the product is free of parabens.
32. (canceled)
Description
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 10/639,247, filed Aug. 12, 2003, which claims the benefit of
prior U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/403,004, filed Aug. 12,
2002, and prior U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/403,169, filed
Aug. 12, 2002, and the disclosures of each are herein incorporated
by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to (1) antimicrobial
compositions, (2) methods of killing and/or inhibiting the growth
or microorganisms, (3) preserving products with the same, and (4)
methods of potentiating antimicrobial compositions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Natural products, while often safe, are generally expensive
and do not have biocidal efficacy against a broad spectrum of
organisms such as gram negative and positive bacteria and fungi.
Most natural products are only effective against gram positive
bacteria at relatively high concentrations and are not effective
against gram negative bacteria or fungi.
[0004] Cinnamaldehyde is a natural product which has been used (1)
as a flavoring agent, (2) in preservative systems, and (3) to
control insect and arachnid populations. See U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,525,480, 5,306,707, 5,536,501, 5,676,958, and 5,839,224.
[0005] There is a continuing need for low cost and safe
preservative systems which are effective against a broad spectrum
of microorganisms.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] The present invention provides an antimicrobial composition
comprising an antimicrobial effective amount (such as a
preservative, bactericidal, and/or fungicidal effective amount) of
a mixture comprising at least two of:
[0007] (a) lemon grass oil;
[0008] (b) cinnamaldehyde, cinnamon oil, Cinnamomum cassia,
cinnamon extract, cassia leaf oil, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid or
salt thereof, or a mixture thereof;
[0009] (c) sorbic acid, or a salt thereof;
[0010] (d) erythorbic acid, or a salt thereof;
[0011] (e) benzoic acid, or a salt thereof;
[0012] (f) arabinogalactan, galactoarabinan, or a mixture
thereof;
[0013] (g) a hexahydro-iso-alpha-acid, tetrahydro-iso-alpha-acid,
or a mixture thereof;
[0014] (h) Achillea fragrantissima (Santolina fragrantissima
Forssk., lavender cotton) oil; and
[0015] (i) .delta.-gluconolactone.
Preferably the mixtures of the present invention include an
antimicrobial (e.g., preservative, bactericidal, and/or fungicidal)
synergistic effective amount of the aforementioned ingredients.
[0016] Preferred mixtures of the present invention include, but are
not limited to, those shown in the table below.
TABLE-US-00001 Mixture No. Component (a) Component (b) Component
(c) 1 cinnamaldehyde, lemon grass oil, sorbic acid or a salt --
arabinogalactan, galactoarabinan, thereof or a mixture thereof 2
cinnamaldehyde achillea oil, -- arabinogalactan, galactoarabinan,
or a mixture thereof 3 cinnamaldehyde arabinogalactan, sorbic acid
or salt galactoarabinan, or a thereof mixture thereof 4
cinnamaldehyde sorbic acid or a salt -- thereof 5 cinnamaldehyde
erythorbic acid or a salt -- thereof 6 benzoic acid or a salt
thereof (e.g., erythorbic acid or a salt -- sodium benzoate)
thereof 7 sorbic acid or a salt thereof erythorbic acid or a salt
-- thereof 8 cinnamaldehyde, benzoic acid or a
.delta.-gluconolactone -- salt thereof (e.g., sodium benzoate), or
sorbic acid or a salt thereof
[0017] In all of the aforementioned mixtures containing erythorbic
acid (or salt thereof) or .delta.-gluconolactone, the erythorbic
acid (or salt thereof) or .delta.-gluconolactone potentiates the
antimicrobial efficacy of the preservative (e.g., sorbic acid or
benzoic acid) in the mixture.
[0018] Another embodiment is a method of killing and/or inhibiting
the growth of microorganisms on a substrate or in or on a product
by applying an effective amount of the antimicrobial composition of
the present invention to the substrate or the product.
[0019] Another embodiment is a method for potentiating the
antimicrobial efficacy of an antimicrobial composition containing
sorbic acid, benzoic acid, or salts thereof, by adding or including
erythorbic acid or a salt thereof, or .delta.-gluconolactone in the
antimicrobial composition.
[0020] Yet another embodiment is a product comprising an
antimicrobial, preservative, bactericidal, and/or fungicidal
effective amount of the antimicrobial composition of the present
invention. The product may be a solid or liquid. The antimicrobial
compositions of the present invention are particularly effective as
preservatives for personal care products.
[0021] Yet another embodiment is a method of preserving a product
(e.g., a personal care product) by incorporating a preservative
effective amount of the antimicrobial composition of the present
invention into the product.
[0022] Yet another embodiment is a method of killing and/or
inhibiting the growth of tree or other plant fungus on a plant
(such as a tree) by applying an effective amount of the
antimicrobial composition of the present invention to the plant
and/or the soil surrounding the plant.
[0023] Yet another embodiment is a product (preferably a product
other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic) comprising a
preservative effective amount of cinnamaldehyde or erythorbic acid
or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium erythorbate). The product is
generally substantially free or completely free of parabens (such
as methylparaben, ethylparaben, and propylparaben). The product may
be, for example, a household (e.g., personal care), industrial, or
institutional product. Preferred personal care products include,
but are not limited to, shampoos, lotions (e.g., body lotions),
conditioners, and soaps. Suitable household products include, but
are not limited to, fabric softeners, laundry detergents, and hard
surface cleaners. According to one embodiment, the product contains
less than about 1, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08,
0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, or 0.01% by weight of parabens,
based upon 100% total weight of product. According to one preferred
embodiment, the product contains less than a smelling effective
amount of cinnamaldehyde. The product preferably contains more than
0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09, or 0.1% by weight of cinnamaldehyde.
The product is preferably substantially free or completely free of
cinnamon oil. According to one embodiment, the product does not
contain a preservative effective amount of a preservative other
than cinnamaldehyde or erythorbic acid or a salt thereof. According
to another embodiment, the only preservative in the product is
cinnamaldehyde or erythorbic acid or a salt thereof.
[0024] Yet another embodiment is a method of killing and/or
inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in or on a product (such as
a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic)
comprising applying an effective amount of cinnamaldehyde to the
product. The product is preferably substantially free or completely
free of parabens.
[0025] Yet another embodiment is a method of preserving a product
(preferably a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or
cosmetic) comprising applying an effective amount of cinnamaldehyde
to the product. The product may be substantially free or completely
free of parabens.
[0026] Yet another embodiment is a method of killing and/or
inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in or on a product (such as
(i) a product other than a foodstuff or (ii) a product other than a
foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic) comprising applying an
effective amount of erythorbic acid or a salt thereof to the
product.
[0027] Yet another embodiment is a method of preserving a product
(preferably (i) a product other than a foodstuff or (ii) a product
other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic) comprising
applying an effective amount of erythorbic acid or a salt thereof
to the product. The product may be substantially free or completely
free of parabens.
[0028] Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a method
of killing and/or for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on a
substrate by applying an antimicrobial or preservative effective
amount of cinnamaldehyde or erythorbic acid or a salt thereof
(preferably without applying any parabens).
[0029] Yet another embodiment is a preservative formulation
comprising an antimicrobial synergistic mixture comprising
cinnamaldehyde and at least one conventional personal care
preservative, such as isothiazolinones, benzisothiazolinones,
and/or formaldehyde donors, such as alkanol substituted
dialkylhydantoins. Preferably, the alkanol substituted dialkyl
hydantoin is a compound of formula:
##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently hydrogen or
(CH.sub.2)OH, with the proviso that both R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 cannot
be hydrogen, and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently methyl,
ethyl, propyl, or aryl. Preferred alkanol substituted
dialkylhydantoins include, but are not limited to,
1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMDMH) and monomethylol
dimethylhydantoin (MMDMH). Preferably, the preservative formulation
comprises a preservative effective amount of the synergistic
mixture. According to one embodiment, the preservative formulation
comprises a batericidally and/or fungicidally effective amount of
the synergistic mixture. The preservative formulation may contain
less than a smelling effective amount of cinnamaldehyde.
Preferably, the preservative formulation is substantially free or
completely free of parabens. The preservative formulation may be
incorporated into a product, such as those discussed in this
application.
[0030] Yet another embodiment is a method of killing and/or
inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in or on a product (such as
a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic)
comprising applying an effective amount of the aforementioned
preservative formulation to the product. According to one
embodiment, the product is substantially free or completely free of
parabens.
[0031] Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a method
of killing and/or for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on a
substrate by applying an antimicrobial or preserving effective
amount of the preservative formulation of the present
invention.
[0032] Yet another embodiment is a method of killing and/or
inhibiting the growth of fungi on a substrate comprising applying
an effective amount of the aforementioned preservative formulation
to the product. According to one embodiment, the product is
substantially free or completely free of parabens.
[0033] The formulations and products of the present invention
preferably have a pH less than 10, 9, 8.5, or 8.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] FIG. 1 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved
shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 0.5% (w/w) lemon grass oil, (c) a
shampoo containing 1.2% (w/w) potassium sorbate, and (d) a shampoo
containing 0.5% (w/w) lemon grass oil and 0.3% (w/w) potassium
sorbate after 21 days (based on bacterial count).
[0035] FIG. 2 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved
shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 0.05% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde, (c) a
shampoo containing 1.2% (w/w) potassium sorbate, (d) a shampoo
containing 0.05% cinnamaldehyde and 0.5% potassium sorbate, and (e)
a shampoo containing 0.1% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde and 0.5% (w/w)
potassium sorbate after 21 days (based on bacterial count).
[0036] FIG. 3 shows a bar graph of the stability of (a) an
unpreserved shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 0.05% (w/w)
cinnamaldehyde, (c) a shampoo containing 1.0% (w/w) achillea oil,
and (d) a shampoo containing 0.05% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde and 0.75%
(w/w) achillea oil after 21 days (based on bacterial count).
[0037] FIG. 4 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved
shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 0.1% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde, (c) a
shampoo containing 1.0% (w/w) Hexahop Gold.TM., and (d) a shampoo
containing 0.1% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde and 0.4% (w/w) Hexahop
Gold.TM. after 7 days (based on fungal count).
[0038] FIG. 5 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved
shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 1.0% (w/w) Larer.TM.
(arabinogalactan), (c) a shampoo containing 0.6% (w/w) potassium
sorbate, and (d) a shampoo containing 0.5% (w/w) Larex.TM. and 0.5%
(w/w) potassium sorbate after 14 days (based on fungal count).
[0039] FIG. 6 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved
shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 0.25% (w/w) lemon grass oil, (c)
a shampoo containing 0.6% (w/w) potassium sorbate, and (d) a
shampoo containing 0.1% (w/w) lemon grass oil and 0.5% (w/w)
potassium sorbate after 7 days (based on fungal count).
[0040] FIG. 7 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved
shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing (w/w) Hexahop Gold.TM., (c) a
shampoo containing 0.6% (w/w) potassium sorbate shampoo, (d) a
shampoo containing 0.1% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde, and (e) a shampoo
containing 0.3% (w/w) Hexahop Gold.TM., 0.1% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde,
and 0.6% (w/w) potassium sorbate after 7 days.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
[0041] The term "microorganisms" includes, but is not limited to,
bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, insects, and pests.
[0042] The term "about" or "approximately" means within an
acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by
one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how
the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the
measurement system. For example, "about" can mean within 1 or more
than 1 standard deviations, per the practice in the art.
Alternatively, "about" can mean a range of up to 20%, preferably up
to 10%, more preferably up to 5%, and more preferably still up to
1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to
biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order
of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within
2-fold, of a value. Where particular values are described in the
application and claims, unless otherwise stated the term "about"
meaning within an acceptable error range for the particular value
should be assumed.
[0043] The term "personal care products" refers to products
intended for application to the human body, such as to skin, hair,
and nails, including, but not limited to, shampoos, conditioners,
creams, lotions (such as body lotions), cosmetics, and soaps.
[0044] The term "smelling effective amount" refers to a sufficient
amount of an agent incorporated into a product to give the product
an odor.
[0045] The term "potentiating" refers to the ability of a compound
or composition to enhance or increase the effect of an
antimicrobial compound or composition. Preferably, the efficacy of
the combined mixture is greater than the additive effect of the
ingredients.
[0046] Suitable salts of sorbic acid, erythorbic acid, and benzoic
acid include, but are not limited to, alkali metal or alkali earth
metal salts, such as potassium and sodium.
Components for Mixtures
[0047] Cinnamaldehyde from any source may be used in the present
invention. For example, the cinnamaldehyde may be derived from
cinnamon bark extracts (such as from bark and leaf), cassia leaf
oil, Cinnamomum cassia, cinnamon oils, cinnamal, cinnamyl alcohol,
and mixtures thereof.
[0048] A preferred salt of sorbic acid is potassium sorbate.
[0049] A preferred salt of erythorbic acid is sodium
erythorbate.
[0050] A preferred salt of benzoic acid is sodium benzoate.
[0051] Arabinogalactan and galactoarabinan may be derived from
Larex trees. Arabinogalactan is available as Larex UF.TM. from
Larex Inc. of White Bear Lake, Minn.
[0052] Preferred hexahydro-iso-alpha-acids and
tetrahydro-iso-alpha-acids are those obtained from hops extracts,
such as Hexahop Gold.TM. (also referred to as Hexahop herein)
available from John I. Haas, Inc. of Washington, D.C.
[0053] According to a specific embodiment, the antimicrobial
composition contains at least 0.1% of sorbic acid, or a salt
thereof, such as potassium sorbate.
Examples of Preferred Mixtures
[0054] (i) Cinnamaldehyde and Sorbic Acid, Erythorbic Acid, or a
Salt Thereof
[0055] A preferred mixture is cinnamaldehyde and sorbic acid or a
salt thereof, such as potassium sorbate. Another preferred mixture
is cinnamaldehyde and erythorbic acid or a salt thereof, such as
sodium erythorbate. The weight ratio of cinnamaldehyde to (i)
sorbic acid or a salt thereof or (ii) erythorbic acid or a salt
thereof is preferably from about 10:1 to about 0.1:1 and more
preferably from about 5:1 to about 0.2:1.
[0056] Concentrates of the mixture preferably include from about 2
to about 40% by weight of cinnamaldehyde and from about 10 to about
60% by weight of sorbic acid, erythorbic acid, or a salt thereof,
in water, with or without a hydroxyl co-solvent (such as glycerin
or ethanol, which increase the solubility and stability of the
cinnamaldehyde in the blends).
[0057] Preferably, the pH of formulations including a mixture of
(i) cinnamaldehyde and (ii) sorbic acid, erythorbic, or a salt
thereof is less than 10, 9, 8.5, or 8. At a pH of less than 9, such
formulations exhibit improved color stability. According to one
preferred embodiment, the pH of a formulation containing a mixture
of cinnamaldehyde and sorbic acid, erythorbic acid, or a salt
thereof is lowered with hydrochloric acid. Preferably, a sufficient
amount of hydrochloric acid is included in the formulation to lower
its pH to less than 9, 8.5, or 8.
[0058] A preferred preservative formulation includes from about 5
to about 20% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde, from about 20 to 50% potassium
sorbate, ethanol, and water. A more preferred preservative
formulation includes about 15% cinnamaldehyde, about 40% potassium
sorbate, 10% ethanol, and 35% water.
[0059] (ii) Combinations of Erythorbic Acid or a Salt Thereof
Citric Acid or a Salt Thereof, .delta.-Gluconolactone, Benzoic Acid
or a Salt Thereof, Sorbic Acid, EDTA, or a Salt Thereof
[0060] Another preferred mixture is (a) erythorbic acid or a salt
thereof (e.g., sodium erythorbate) and (b) one or more of (i)
citric acid or a salt thereof, (ii) .delta.-gluconolactone, (iii)
benzoic acid or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium benzoate), (iv) sorbic
acid or a salt thereof, or (v) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
(EDTA) or a salt thereof.
[0061] Another preferred mixture is (a) benzoic acid or a salt
thereof (e.g., sodium benzoate) and (b) one or more of (i) citric
acid or a salt thereof, (ii) .delta.-gluconolactone, (iii) sorbic
acid or a salt thereof, or (iv) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
(EDTA) or a salt thereof.
[0062] Erythorbic acid and salts thereof typically are not color
stable in formulations, such as shampoos. Surprisingly, it has been
found that these mixtures are color stable. It has also been
surprisingly found that erythorbic acid and salts thereof and
.delta.-gluconolactone potentiate the biocidal efficacy of citric
acid, benzoic acid, EDTA, and salts thereof.
[0063] Preferred mixtures include, but are not limited to, those in
the table below. Preferred and more preferred weight ratios are
also provided in the table.
TABLE-US-00002 Mixture Preferred More Preferred No. Component (a)
Component (b) Weight Ratio Weight Ratio 1 Benzoic Acid or a Salt
Erythorbic Acid or a about 0.1:1 to about 0.2:1 to Thereof Salt
Thereof about 20:1 about 5:1 2 Sorbic Acid or a Salt Erythorbic
Acid or a about 0.1:1 to about 0.2:1 to Thereof Salt Thereof about
20:1 about 5:1 3 Benzoic Acid or a Salt .delta.-gluconolactone
about 0.1:1 to about 0.2:1 to Thereof about 20:1 about 5:1 4
.delta.-gluconolactone Erythorbic Acid or a about 0.1:1 to about
0.2:1 to Salt Thereof about 20:1 about 5:1 5 .delta.-gluconolactone
Benzoic Acid or a about 0.1:1 to about 0.2:1 to Salt Thereof about
20:1 about 5:1
[0064] More preferred mixtures include, but are not limited to,
those shown in the table below.
TABLE-US-00003 Preferred More Preferred Mixture No. Component (a)
Component (b) Weight Ratio Weight Ratio 1 Sodium Benzoate Sodium
Erythorbate about 1:1 to about 3:1 about 5:1 2 Potassium Sorbate
Sodium Erythorbate about 1:1 to about 3:1 about 5:1 3 Sodium
Benzoate .delta.-gluconolactone about 1:1 to about 3:1 about 5:1 4
.delta.-gluconolactone Sodium Erythorbate about 1:1 to about 3:1
about 5:1 5 .delta.-gluconolactone Sodium Benzoate about 1:1 to
about 3:1 about 5:1
Antimicrobial Compositions
[0065] The antimicrobial compositions of the present invention are
useful as antimicrobial, fungicidal, and bactericidal agents (such
as against allergens, tree and plant fungi, and plant and tree
bacteria) and as preservatives in the papermaking, textile,
agricultural, and coating industries and in personal care,
household, industrial, and institutional products. The
antimicrobial composition may be incorporated into substrates
susceptible to microbial growth to preserve them. For example, the
preservative system may be incorporated into or be a personal care
product, such as a shampoo, conditioner, cream, lotion (such as
body lotion), cosmetic, or soap; a household product, such as a
fabric softener, laundry detergent, or hard surface cleaner; or an
industrial product, such as paint, coatings, wood, textile,
adhesive, sealant, leather, rope, paper, pulp, paper board, sheet
rock, ceiling tiles, plastic, fuel, petroleum, oil, rubber working
fluid, metal working fluid, starches (such as pet food starch), or
mineral slurry, such as a slurry of clay, calcium carbonate, or
titanium oxide (TiO.sub.2).
[0066] Generally, the product contains an antimicrobial,
preservative, bactericidal, and/or fungicidal effective amount of
the antimicrobial composition. According to one embodiment, the
product contains from about 0.01 to about 2.0% by weight of each
component of the antimicrobial composition, based upon 100% total
weight of product. According to another embodiment, the product
includes from about 0.1 to about 1 or 2% by weight of the
antimicrobial composition, based upon 100% weight of total
product.
Cinnamaldehyde Preservative Systems
[0067] Cinnamaldehyde and mixtures of (i) cinnamaldehyde and (ii)
at least one of an alkanol dialkyl hydantoin, isothiazolone, and
benzisothiazolinone (hereinafter referred to as "the preservative
system") are useful as antimicrobial, fungicidal, and bactericidal
agents (such as against allergens, tree fungi, and tree bacteria)
and as preservatives in the papermaking, textile, agricultural, and
coating industries and in personal care, household, industrial, and
institutional products. The preservative system may be incorporated
into substrates susceptible to microbial growth to preserve them.
For example, the preservative system may be incorporated into or be
a personal care product, such as a shampoo, conditioner, cream,
lotion (such as body lotion), cosmetic, or soap; a household
product, such as a fabric softener, laundry detergent, or hard
surface cleaner; or an industrial product, such as paint, coatings,
wood, textile, adhesive, sealant, leather, rope, paper, pulp, paper
board, sheet rock, ceiling tiles, plastic, fuel, petroleum, oil,
rubber working fluid, metal working fluid, starches (such as pet
food starch), or mineral slurry, such as a slurry of clay, calcium
carbonate, or titanium oxide (TiO.sub.3).
[0068] Generally, the antimicrobial composition and preservative
system of the present invention acts quickly (e.g., reduces the
microorganism (e.g., bacteria and/or fungi) count by 95, 99, 99.9,
or 99.99% typically within an hour) and maintains efficacy (e.g.,
maintains less than 10 cfu/g) over long periods of time (e.g., for
at least 7, 10, 14, or 28 days). The term "preservative effective
amount" refers to an amount of the preservative system which
maintains the microorganism count below 1000, 100, or 10 cfu/g for
at least 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, or 28 days.
[0069] The antimicrobial composition and preservative system may
include a solvent, such as water and water miscible solvents,
including, but not limited to, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol,
propanol, iso-propanol, and butanol), glycols (e.g. glycerin,
diglycerin, butylene glycol, butoxydiglycol, propylene glycol, and
dipropylene glycol), esters, ethers, polyethers, and any
combination of any of the foregoing. For example, the solvent may
comprise water and one or more glycol and/or one or more alcohol,
such as glycerin, phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol, or ethanol. A
specific solvent system comprises water and a glycol, such as
glycerin. A second specific solvent system comprises water and an
alcohol, such as ethanol.
[0070] Other adjuvants may be included in the antimicrobial
composition and preservative system as known to one of ordinary
skill in the art. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited
to, preservatives; solubilizing agents; chelating agents, such as
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts thereof and
zeolites; surfactants, such as cationic, anionic, nonionic, and
amphoteric surfactants; antioxidants, such as butylated
hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylhydroxytoluene (BHT); amine oxides;
tertiary amines; zinc compounds; hydrotropes; fluoride compounds;
magnesium salts; calcium salts; carboxylic acids; phosphates;
phosphonates; formaldehyde donors; glycereth-7; myristyl myristate;
glutaraldehydes; biguanides; natural products, such as geranoil,
usnic acid, and tea tree oils; and any combination of any of the
foregoing. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to,
quaternary ammonium chlorides; quaternary ammonium carbonates;
benzalkonium chloride; iodine containing compounds, such as
3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC); hydantoins, such as
dimethylhydantoin and halogenated hydantoins; isothiazolinones;
parabens, such as methylparaben, ethylparaben, and propylparaben;
dehydroacetic acid and salts thereof; isocil; chloroxylenol;
chlorhexidine; phenoxyethanol; benzyl alcohol; phenethyl alcohol;
benzoic acid and salts thereof such as sodium benzoate;
chlorobutanol; sorbic acid and salts thereof; triclosan;
triclocarban; and any combination of any of the foregoing.
[0071] The antimicrobial composition and preservative system may be
incorporated into an aqueous or oil based system or an emulsion. A
suitable solvent for an oil based system is phenoxyethanol and/or
benzyl alcohol.
[0072] The antimicrobial composition can be a liquid or a
solid.
[0073] When the synergistic mixture contains only two ingredients
from the list above, the weight ratio of the first component to the
second component typically ranges from about 0.01:100 to about
100:0.01, preferably ranges from about 0.1:20 to about 20:0.1, and
more preferably ranges from about 1:10 to about 10:1. When the
synergistic mixture contains three components, the third component
can be in any amount, but typically the weight ratio of the third
component to either of the first two components is from about
0.01:100 to about 100:0.01.
[0074] To prepare a formulation containing the product of the
present invention, a concentrate of the antimicrobial composition
and preservative system is generally first prepared. The
concentrate may include from about 0.01 to about 100% by weight of
the antimicrobial composition and preservative system and
preferably contains from about 5 to about 80% by weight of the
antimicrobial composition, based upon 100% total weight of
concentrate. For a two-component antimicrobial composition, the
concentrate broadly contains from about 0.01 to about 99.99% by
weight of the first component and from about 99.99% to about 0.01%
by weight of the second component (based upon 100% total weight of
concentrate). When the preservatives system is cinnamaldehyde, the
concentrate may include from about 0.01 to about 100%
cinnamaldehyde by weight and preferably contains from about 5 to
about 80% cinnamaldehyde by weight, based upon 100% total weight of
concentrate. Table A illustrates the components and the ranges of
components present in a typical concentrate for the
cinnamaldehyde/alkanol substituted dialkylhydantoin mixtures (based
upon 100% total weight of concentrate).
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE A Alkanol Substituted Dialkylhydantoin,
Isothiazolinone, Ranges Cinnamaldehyde Benzisothiazolinone Broad
from about 0.01 to from about 99.99 to about 0.01% about 99.99%
Preferred from about 5 to from about 95 to about 5% about 95%
[0075] Before use, the concentrate is diluted, preferably with the
same solvent as was used in the concentrate, and/or incorporated
into a product. Use dilutions of the composition typically comprise
an antimicrobial, preservative, fungicidally, or bactericidally
effective amount of the antimicrobial composition or preservative
system.
[0076] Generally, use dilutions contain from about 0.0001% or 0.01%
to about 2% by weight of the concentrate. According to one
preferred embodiment, use dilutions contain from about 0.1 to about
1% by weight of the concentrate. In more preferred embodiments, the
use dilution contains 0.2, 0.25 or 0.30% by weight of the
concentrate. The use dilution generally contains from about 0.01,
to about 2.0% by weight of each antimicrobial ingredient, based
upon 100% total weight of use dilution. According to a preferred
embodiment, the antimicrobial composition contains from about 0.001
to about 10%, preferably from about 0.01 to about 1%, and more
preferably from about 0.05 to about 0.5% by weight of each
antimicrobial ingredient (e.g., cinnamaldehyde). When the
preservative system is cinnamaldehyde, the use dilution may contain
from about 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07,
0.08, 0.09, or 0.1% to about 1, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15,
0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, or 0.01% by
weight based upon 100% total weight of use dilution. Table B
illustrates the components and generally the ranges of components
present in the use dilution (based upon 100% total weight of use
dilution).
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE B Alkanol Substituted Dialkylhydantoin,
Isothiazolinone, Ranges Cinnamaldehyde Benzisothiazolinone Broad
from about 0.001 to from about 0.001 to about 10% about 10%
Preferred from about 0.01 to from about 0.01 to about 1% about 1%
More from about 0.05 to from about 0.05 to about 0.5% Preferred
about 0.5%
[0077] According to another embodiment, the aforementioned
preservative system is incorporated into a product at a
concentration of about 0.1 to about 1 or 2% by weight, based upon
100% total weight of product.
[0078] Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for
inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, bacteria (e.g., S. aureus
(ATCC #6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC #9027), and E. coli (ATCC
#8739)), and/or fungi (including plant and tree fungi) (e.g.,
Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Phytophthora ramrum) on a
substrate by applying an antimicrobial, preservative, bactericidal,
or fungicidal effective amount of the antimicrobial composition or
preservative system of the present invention to the substrate. The
antimicrobial composition or preservative system may be applied to
the substrate by any method known in the art including, but not
limited to, brushing, dipping, soaking, vacuum impregnation, and
pressure treatment. A specific embodiment is a method for
inhibiting the growth of the tree fungus Phytophthora ramrum by
applying a fungicidal effective amount of the antimicrobial
composition or preservative system of the present invention to the
tree fungus or substrate (such as a tree) on which the tree fungus
grows. Phytophthora ramrum causes Sudden Oak Death.
[0079] The antimicrobial composition of the present invention may
be prepared by mixing the antimicrobial components, and optionally,
solvents, and adjuvants. The mixture may be heated and/or stirred
to expedite mixing.
EXAMPLES
[0080] The following examples illustrate the invention without
limitation. All parts and percentages are given by weight unless
otherwise indicated.
Example 1
[0081] Each anionic shampoo sample in FIGS. 1-3 were tested as
follows. A standardized mixed bacterial solution was prepared
according to the following procedure. 3 agar stabs of S. aureus
(ATCC #6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC #9027), and E. coli (ATCC #8739)
were separately incubated at about 35 EC for about 24 hours. Each
stab was then washed with 3 mL of sterile 0.85% saline solution.
The washes of the 3 stabs were pooled together to form an organism
mixture. The absorbance of the organism mixture at 530 nm was
adjusted to about 1.00 by adding saline. The spectrometer was
calibrated with a saline blank. A 5 mL aliquot of the organism
mixture was mixed together to produce the standardized mixed
bacterial solution. Then, 40 g of each shampoo sample was
inoculated with 0.2 mL of the standardized mixed bacterial solution
and mixed. 1 g of the mixture was added to a sterile 20.times.150
mm screw cap test tube.
[0082] 9 mL of sterile D/E neutralizer broth was added to the test
tube and mixed to form a 10.sup.-1 dilution. Serial dilutions were
prepared through to a 10.sup.-6 dilution with phosphate buffered
water. The serial dilutions were plated onto Tryptic Soy Agar and
incubated for 2 days at about 35EC. Bacteria counts were performed
after 21 days.
[0083] The anionic protein shampoo composition was comprised of 35%
by weight of sodium lauryl ether sulfate; 25% by weight of
triethanolamine lauryl sulfate; 3% by weight coconut diethanolamide
(cocamide DEA); 1% by weight of hydrolyzed collagen, available as
Polypro 5000.TM. from Hormel Foods of Austin, Minn.; and 36% by
weight of deionized water.
[0084] The antimicrobial composition containing samples were
prepared by mixing the appropriate amounts of the antimicrobial
ingredients and the aforementioned anionic protein shampoo
composition and heating the mixture to about 50 EC for about 15
minutes.
[0085] The results are shown in FIGS. 1-3.
Example 2
[0086] Each anionic shampoo sample in FIGS. 4-7 were tested as
follows. A standard mixed bacterial solution was prepared according
to the following procedure. 2 agar slants of Candida albicans and 4
agar slants of Aspergillus niger were separately incubated at about
25 EC for about 48 hours and 7 days, respectively. Each slant was
washed with 3 mL of sterile 0.85% saline solution, collected and
macerated in a tissue grinder. Sufficient amounts of 0.85% saline
solution were added to each slant to obtain a visual count under a
microscope with a Neubauer Hemocytometer of each innoculum of C.
albicans and A. niger. Equal volumes of each standardized innoculum
of C. albicans and A. niger were mixed together to form the
standardized mixed fungal solution.
[0087] 40 g of each shampoo sample was inoculated with 0.4 mL of
the standardized mixed fungal solution and mixed. 1 g of the
mixture was added to a sterile 20.times.150 mm screw cap test
tube.
[0088] 9 mL of sterile D/E neutralizer broth was added to the test
tube and mixed to form a 10.sup.-1 dilution. Serial dilutions were
prepared through to a 10.sup.-6 dilution with phosphate buffered
water. The serial dilutions were plated onto Sabourand dextrose
agar and incubated 5 days at about 25EC. Fungal counts were
performed after 0, 7, and/or 14 days.
[0089] The anionic protein shampoo composition is described in
Example 1. The shampoo samples were prepared by mixing the
appropriate amounts of the antimicrobial ingredients and the
anionic protein shampoo composition and heating the mixture to
about 50EC for about 15 minutes.
[0090] The results are shown in FIGS. 4-7.
Example 3
[0091] The procedure described in Example 1 was repeated with the
preservative formulations set forth in Table 1 below. The pH of the
shampoo was adjusted to 6.5. The results are also shown in Table
1.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 1 Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 28 Preservative
Formulation cfu/g. cfu/g. cfu/g. cfu/g. 0.3% w/w of a mixture 1-3
.times. 10.sup.6 <10 <10 <10 containing 75% potassium
sorbate and 25% sodium erythorbate 0.3% w/w of a mixture 1-3
.times. 10.sup.6 <10 <10 <10 containing 75% sodium
benzoate and 25% sodium erythorbate 0.45% w/w sodium 1-3 .times.
10.sup.6 >3 .times. 10.sup.6 >3 .times. 10.sup.6 >3
.times. 10.sup.6 erythorbate 0.45% w/w sodium 1-3 .times. 10.sup.6
1 .times. 10.sup.5 7 .times. 10.sup.5 <10 benzoate 0.45% w/w
potassium 1-3 .times. 10.sup.6 1 .times. 10.sup.5 6 .times.
10.sup.4 N.D. sorbate Unpreserved Shampoo 1-3 .times. 10.sup.6
>3 .times. 10.sup.6 >3 .times. 10.sup.6 >3 .times.
10.sup.6
[0092] From Table 1, synergism for (1) a 0.3% dilution of potassium
sorbate (75%) and sodium erythorbate (25%) and (2) a 0.3% dilution
of sodium benzoate (75%) and sodium erythorbate (25%) against mixed
bacteria in shampoo was calculated by the method described in C. E.
Kull et al., "Mixtures of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and
Long-chain Fatty Acids as Antifungal Agents", Applied Microbiology,
9:538-541 (1961). The synergism value
(Q.sub.A/Q.sub.a+Q.sub.B/Q.sub.b) was determined. Q.sub.A is the
concentration of potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate (in percent
by weight) in the mixture, which yielded 100% retardation of the
bacteria, i.e., resulted in a plate count of <10 cfu/g after 7
days. Q.sub.a is the concentration of potassium sorbate or sodium
benzoate alone (in percent by weight) required to yield 100%
retardation of the bacteria. Q.sub.B is the concentration of sodium
erythorbate (in percent by weight) in the mixture, which yielded
100% retardation of the bacteria. Q.sub.b is the concentration of
sodium erythorbate alone (in percent by weight) required to yield
100% retardation of the bacteria.
[0093] When the value of (Q.sub.A/Q.sub.a+Q.sub.B/Q.sub.b) is less
than one, the mixture is synergistic. Values for
(Q.sub.A/Q.sub.a+Q.sub.B/Q.sub.b) of 1 and greater represent an
additive effect and an antagonistic effect, respectively. The
results are shown in Table 2 below.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 2 Q.sub.A/Q.sub.a + Preservative Mixture
Q.sub.A Q.sub.B Q.sub.a Q.sub.b Q.sub.B/Q.sub.b 75% potassium
sorbate 0.225% 0.075% 0.45% 0.45% 0.67 and 25% sodium (<1)
erythorbate 75% Sodium Benzoate 0.225% 0.075% 0.45% 0.45% 0.67 and
25% Sodium erythorbate
Example 4
[0094] Each anionic shampoo sample in Table 3 below was tested as
follows. A standardized mixed bacterial solution was prepared
according to the following procedure. 3 agar stabs of S. aureus
(ATCC #6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC #9027), and E. coli (ATCC #8739)
were separately incubated at about 35 EC for about 24 hours. Each
stab was then washed with 3 mL of sterile 0.85% saline solution.
The washes of the 3 stabs were pooled together to form an organism
mixture. The absorbance of the organism mixture at 530 nm was
adjusted to about 1.00 by adding saline. The spectrometer was
calibrated with a saline blank. A 5 mL aliquot of the organism
mixture was mixed together to produce the standardized mixed
bacterial solution. Then, 40 g of each shampoo sample was
inoculated with 0.2 mL of the standardized mixed bacterial solution
and mixed. 1 g of the mixture was added to a sterile 20.times.150
mm screw cap test tube.
[0095] 9 mL of sterile D/E neutralizer broth was added to the test
tube and mixed to form a 10.sup.-1 dilution. Serial dilutions were
prepared through to a 10.sup.-6 dilution with phosphate buffered
water. The serial dilutions were plated onto Tryptic Soy Agar and
incubated for 2 days at about 35EC. Bacteria counts were performed
after 0, 7, and 14 days. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0096] The anionic protein shampoo composition was comprised of 35%
by weight of sodium lauryl ether sulfate; 25% by weight of
triethanolamine lauryl sulfate; 3% by weight coconut diethanolamide
(cocamide DEA); 1% by weight of hydrolyzed collagen, available as
Polypro 5000.TM. from Hormel Foods of Austin, Minn.; and 36% by
weight of deionized water.
[0097] The cinnamaldehyde and other preservative containing samples
were prepared by mixing the appropriate amounts of the
preservatives and the aforementioned anionic protein shampoo
composition and heating the mixture to about 50 EC for about 15
minutes.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 3 S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli
(cfu/g) Shampoo Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Unpreserved Anionic Protein 3.0
.times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 Shampoo
Composition 0.25% Cinnamaldehyde 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 <10 <10
0.20% Cinnamaldehyde 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 <10 <10 0.10%
Cinnamaldehyde 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 1.0 .times. 10.sup.1 <10
1.0% Benzyl Alcohol 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 5.0 .times. 10.sup.6 5.3
.times. 10.sup.6 1.0% LiquaPar Optima* 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0
.times. 10.sup.7 2.0 .times. 10.sup.7 1% Tea Tree Oil 3.0 .times.
10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 1% d-Limonene
3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 1%
Gerniol 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times.
10.sup.7 1% Nerol 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0
.times. 10.sup.7 1% Citral 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times.
10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 1% Eugenol 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0
.times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 1% Hexahop 3.0 .times.
10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 *LiquaPar Optima
is phenoxyethanol (and) methylparaben (and) isopropylparaben (and)
isobutylparaben (and) butylparaben and is available from ISP Labs
of Wayne, NJ.
[0098] All percentages in Table 3 are in percent by weight based
upon 100% by weight of total shampoo.
Example 5
[0099] Each anionic shampoo sample in Table 4 below was tested as
follows. A standard mixed bacterial solution was prepared according
to the following procedure. 2 agar slants of Candida albicans and 4
agar slants of Aspergillus niger were separately incubated at about
25 EC for about 48 hours and 7 days, respectively. Each slant was
washed with 3 mL of sterile 0.85% saline solution, collected and
macerated in a tissue grinder. Sufficient amounts of 0.85% saline
solution were added to each slant to obtain a visual count under a
microscope with a Neubauer Hemocytometer of each innoculum of C.
albicans and A. niger. Equal volumes of each standardized innoculum
of C. albicans and A. niger were mixed together to form the
standardized mixed fungal solution.
[0100] 40 g of each shampoo sample was inoculated with 0.4 mL of
the standardized mixed fungal solution and mixed. 1 g of the
mixture was added to a sterile 20.times.150 mm screw cap test
tube.
[0101] 9 mL of sterile D/E neutralizer broth was added to the test
tube and mixed to form a 10.sup.-1 dilution. Serial dilutions were
prepared through to a 10.sup.-6 dilution with phosphate buffered
water. The serial dilutions were plated onto Sabourand dextrose
agar and incubated 5 days at about 25EC. Fungal counts were
performed after 0 and 14 days. The results are shown in Table
9.
[0102] The anionic protein shampoo composition is described in
Example 4. The shampoo samples were prepared by mixing the
appropriate amounts of the preservatives and the anionic protein
shampoo composition and heating the mixture to about 50 EC for
about 15 minutes.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 4 Fungal Plate Count (cfu/g) Shampoo Day 0 Day
7 Day 14 Unpreserved Anionic Protein 1.0 .times. 10.sup.5 4.5
.times. 10.sup.4 8.5 .times. 10.sup.4 Shampoo Composition 0.20
Cinnamaldehyde 1.0 .times. 10.sup.5 <10 <10 0.10%
Cinnamaldehyde 1.0 .times. 10.sup.5 3.0 .times. 10.sup.1 <10
0.05% Cinnamaldehyde 1.0 .times. 10.sup.5 8.0 .times. 10.sup.3
<10 1.0% Benzyl Alcohol 1.0 .times. 10.sup.5 6.0 .times.
10.sup.3 6.0 .times. 10.sup.4 1.0% LiquaPar Optima 1.0 .times.
10.sup.5 4.0 .times. 10.sup.4 3.0 .times. 10.sup.4
Example 6
[0103] Each cream sample in Table 5 below was tested by the
procedure described in Example 1. A glyceryl monostearate (GMS)
cream as described in Table 3 below was prepared as follows. The
polyoxyethylene glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monostearate,
cetearyl alcohol, and myristyl propionate were mixed and heated to
60 EC in a first container. The glycerin and sterile deionized
water were mixed and heated to 60 EC in a second container. The
solution in the first container was poured into the second
container. The second container was maintained at 60 EC for 10
minutes. The solution in the second container was allowed to cool.
The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 7 with sodium hydroxide
to yield the GMS cream.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 5 Ingredient Trade Name Chemical Name Amount
(% w/w) Aldosperse.sup.7 MS-20 Polyoxyethylene (POE) 4.00 glyceryl
(Lonza) monostearate Aldo.sup.7 (Lonza) Glyceryl monostearate 6.00
TA 1618 (Proctor & Cetearyl alcohol 1.50 Gamble) Lonzest.sup.7
143-S (Lonza) Myristyl propionate 8.00 Glycon.sup.7 G-100 (Lonza)
Glycerin 5.00 -- Sterile Deionized Water 75.50 Total 100.00
[0104] The cream samples shown in Table 6 below were prepared by
mixing the appropriate amounts of the preservatives and the GMS
cream and heating the mixture to 50 EC for 10-15 minutes. The
results are shown in Table 6 below.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 6 S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli
(cfu/g) Cream Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Unpreserved GMS Cream 3.0 .times.
10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 0.25%
Cinnamaldehyde 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 <10 <10 0.10%
Cinnamaldehyde 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 4.0 .times. 10.sup.4 9.3
.times. 10.sup.5
[0105] The cream samples shown in Table 7 below were prepared by
mixing the appropriate amounts of the preservatives and the GMS
cream and heating the mixture to 50 EC for 10-15 minutes. The
results are shown in Table 7 below.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 7 Fungal Plate Count (cfu/g) Cream Day 0 Day 7
Day 14 Unpreserved GMS Cream 1.0 .times. 10.sup.5 2.3 .times.
10.sup.5 1.5 .times. 10.sup.5 0.25% Cinnamaldehyde 1.0 .times.
10.sup.5 <10 <10 0.10% Cinnamaldehyde 1.0 .times. 10.sup.5
<10 <10
Example 7
[0106] The procedure in Example 4 was repeated with the shampoo
samples shown in Table 8 below. The results are shown in Table
8.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 8 S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli
(cfu/g) Cream Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Unpreserved Anionic Protein 3.0
.times. 10.sup.6 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 3.0 .times. 10.sup.7 shampoo
Composition 0.10% Cinnamaldehyde 3.0 .times. 10.sup.6 1.0 .times.
10.sup.1 <10 0.05% Cinnamaldehyde 3.0 .times. 10.sup.6 6.5
.times. 10.sup.6 1.0 .times. 10.sup.7 0.05% Glydant 2000 .TM.* 3.0
.times. 10.sup.6 2.0 .times. 10.sup.2 1.0 .times. 10.sup.2 0.02%
Glydant 2000 .TM. and 3.0 .times. 10.sup.6 <10 <10 0.025%
Cinnamaldehyde *Glydant 2000 .TM. is a 70% solution of hydantoin
species including about 36% dimethylol dimethyl hydantion (DMDMH),
about 29% monomethylol dimethylhydantoin (MMDMH), and about 5%
dimethyl hydantoin (DMH); and 30% water and is available from
Lonza, Inc. of Fair Lawn, NJ.
[0107] Synergism for the cinnamaldehyde/Glydant 2000.TM. solutions
in Table 8 against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli was
calculated by the method described in C. E. Kull et al., AMixtures
of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Long-chain Fatty Acids as
Antifungal Agents@, Applied Microbiology, 9:538-541 (1961). The
synergism value (Q.sub.A/Q.sub.a+Q.sub.B/Q.sub.b) in Table 7 was
determined. Q.sub.A is the concentration of cinnamaldehyde (in
percent by weight) in the mixture, which yielded 100% retardation
of the bacteria, i.e., resulted in a plate count of <10 cfu/g
after 14 days. Q.sub.a is the concentration of cinnamaldehyde alone
(in percent by weight) required to yield 100% retardation of the
bacteria. Q.sub.B is the concentration of Glydant 2000.TM. (in
percent by weight) in the mixture, which yielded 100% retardation
of the bacteria. Q.sub.b is the concentration of Glydant 2000.TM.
alone (in percent by weight) required to yield 100% retardation of
the bacteria.
[0108] When the value of (Q.sub.A/Q.sub.a+Q.sub.B/Q.sub.b) is less
than one, the mixture is synergistic. Values for
(Q.sub.A/Q.sub.a+Q.sub.B/Q.sub.b) of 1 and greater than 1,
represent an additive effect and an antagonistic effect,
respectively.
[0109] The results are shown in Tables 9 and 10 below.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 9 For Day 7 Q.sub.A/Q.sub.a + Preservative
Mixture Q.sub.A Q.sub.B Q.sub.a Q.sub.b Q.sub.B/Q.sub.b 0.05%
Glydant 2000 .TM. -- -- 0.05% -- -- 0.10% Cinnamaldehyde -- -- --
0.1% -- 0.02% Glydant 2000 .TM. 0.02% 0.025% -- -- 0.65 and 0.025%
Cinnamaldehyde
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 10 For Day 14 Q.sub.A/Q.sub.a + Preservative
Mixture Q.sub.A Q.sub.B Q.sub.a Q.sub.b Q.sub.B/Q.sub.b 0.05%
Glydant 2000 .TM. -- -- 0.05% -- -- 0.10% Cinnamaldehyde -- -- --
0.05% -- 0.02% Glydant 2000 .TM. 0.02% 0.025% -- -- 0.90 and 0.025%
Cinnamaldehyde
Example 8
[0110] The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the
preservative mixtures was tested. The MIC is the lowest
concentration of an ingredient that will inhibit the growth of an
organism. This study was conducted using the Hamilton Micro Lab AT
Plus Autodilutor Liquid handling System. The programs for the
auto-dilutor were based on Lonza's Standard Application Method SAPM
#412-01-1. The Hamilton Autodilutor was used to dilute the starting
concentrations of the preservative combination by 50% using
nutrient broth in 96 well micro titer plates and also to inoculate
the microorganism in the test samples.
[0111] This preservatives tested were Isocil.TM. (a blend of methyl
isothiazolinone and methyl-chloro-isothiazolinone), Benzocil.TM.
(benzisothiazolinone) and Lonzagard.TM. (benzethonium chloride),
all of which are available from Lonza Inc. of Fair Lawn, N.J., in
various concentrations and combinations with cinnamaldehyde.
Controls were also included in each test plate. Each preservative
combination was tested in duplicate against Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC #6538) and Escherichia coli (ATCC #8739).
[0112] Test plates were diluted by the Hamilton Autodilutor and
then inoculated with the test organism to achieve approximately
10.sup.6 colony forming units/gram in the test sample (cfu/g). The
plates were then incubated in a 32 degree Celsius oven for 72
hours. Results were determined by checking for growth in the test
samples versus the control wells on each plate (visual
determination of turbidity in the wells). The MIC shown below in
Table 11 was reported as the lowest test levels of preservative or
preservative blend that did not show any growth.
[0113] A mixture of 7.5 ppm (active) Benzocil.TM. and 25 ppm
cinnamaldehyde effectively inhibited growth. Also, a mixture of
0.47 ppm (active) Isocil.TM. and 6.3 ppm cinnamaldehyde effectively
inhibited growth.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 11 Test Material MIC for S. Aureus
Cinnamaldehyde 125 ppm Isocil .TM. (Isothiazolinone) 0.585 ppm
(active) Benzocil .TM. (Benzoisothiazolinone) 9.375 ppm
(active)
[0114] Synergism values for the Isocil.TM./cinnamaldehyde and
Benzocil.TM./cinnamaldehyde combinations were calculated from the
MIC values reported in Table 11 by the method described in Kull,
supra, referred to above, and are set forth in Tables 12 and 13,
below.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 12 Q.sub.A/Q.sub.a + Preservative Mixture
Q.sub.A Q.sub.B Q.sub.a Q.sub.b Q.sub.B/Q.sub.b 0.585 ppm (active)
Isocil .TM. -- -- 0.585 -- -- 125 ppm Cinnamaldehyde -- -- -- 125
-- 0.47 ppm (active) Isocil .TM. 0.47 6.3 -- -- 0.85 and 6.3 ppm
Cinnamaldehyde
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 13 Q.sub.A/Q.sub.a + Preservative Mixture
Q.sub.A Q.sub.B Q.sub.a Q.sub.b Q.sub.B/Q.sub.b 9.375 ppm (active)
-- -- >9.375 -- -- Benzocil .TM. 125 ppm Cinnamaldehyde -- -- --
>125 -- 7.5 ppm (active) Benzocil .TM. 7.5 25 -- -- <1.0 and
25 ppm Cinnamaldehyde
Example 9
[0115] The color stability of the cinnamaldehyde/potassium sorbate
mixtures described below were tested with a Gardner color test.
Hydrochloric acid was added to adjust the pH of the formulation to
the pH specified. The results are shown below
TABLE-US-00019 Stabilizer None Hydrochloric Acid Temperature Room
Room Initial Temperature 37.degree. C. Temperature 37.degree. C.
Initial pH 10.60 10.60 10.60 8.96 8.96 Color 6 10-11 14-15 7-8
11-12 Water 33.9 34.2 34.1 34.0 34.4 K sorbate 41.5 42.3 42.3 44.0
43.4 Cinnamaldehyde 14.8 15.1 14.9 15.5 15.6 Final pH 9.91 9.83
9.82 8.67 8.67
[0116] All patents, applications, articles, publications, and test
methods mentioned above are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0117] Many variations of the present invention will suggest
themselves to those skilled in the art in light of the above
detailed description. Such obvious variations are within the full
intended scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *