U.S. patent application number 12/133142 was filed with the patent office on 2009-07-16 for compressor lubricant compositions and preparation thereof.
This patent application is currently assigned to Chevron U.S.A. Inc.. Invention is credited to Nancy J. Bertrand, Marianne de Keyser, John M. Rosenbaum, Thierry Scholier, Ravindra Shah.
Application Number | 20090181871 12/133142 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40851194 |
Filed Date | 2009-07-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090181871 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Shah; Ravindra ; et
al. |
July 16, 2009 |
Compressor Lubricant Compositions and Preparation Thereof
Abstract
A compressor lubricant composition providing energy savings and
exhibiting excellent oxidation stability is provided. The
composition comprises (i) 80 to 99.999 weight percent of an
isomerized base oil; and (ii) 0.001-20 weight percent of at least
an additive selected from an additive package, oxidation
inhibitors, pour point depressants, metal deactivators, metal
passivators, anti-foaming agents, friction modifiers, anti-wear
agents, and mixtures thereof; wherein the isomerized base oil has
consecutive numbers of carbon atoms, less than 0.05 wt. %
aromatics, a ratio of molecules with monocycloparaffinic
functionality to molecules with multicyloparaffinic functionality
greater than 2. In one embodiment, compressors employing the
lubricant composition with isomerized base oil consumes at least 1%
less power than compressors employing the lubricant compositions of
the prior art.
Inventors: |
Shah; Ravindra; (Concord,
CA) ; Rosenbaum; John M.; (Richmond, CA) ;
Scholier; Thierry; (Bredene, BE) ; de Keyser;
Marianne; (Waarschoot, BE) ; Bertrand; Nancy J.;
(Lafayette, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
CHEVRON CORPORATION
P.O. BOX 6006
SAN RAMON
CA
94583-0806
US
|
Assignee: |
Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
|
Family ID: |
40851194 |
Appl. No.: |
12/133142 |
Filed: |
June 4, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61015114 |
Dec 19, 2007 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
508/459 ;
508/110 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10N 2030/12 20130101;
C10M 2203/1025 20130101; C10M 107/02 20130101; C10N 2040/30
20130101; C10M 2205/0285 20130101; C10N 2020/015 20200501; C10M
2205/173 20130101; C10N 2030/04 20130101; C10N 2020/071 20200501;
C10N 2030/18 20130101; C10N 2020/02 20130101; C10M 169/04 20130101;
C10N 2030/02 20130101; C10N 2030/10 20130101; C10N 2030/06
20130101; C10N 2020/067 20200501; C10N 2030/74 20200501; C10M
2203/1025 20130101; C10N 2020/02 20130101; C10M 2203/1025 20130101;
C10N 2020/02 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
508/459 ;
508/110 |
International
Class: |
C10M 129/26 20060101
C10M129/26; C10M 169/04 20060101 C10M169/04 |
Claims
1. A compressor lubricant composition, comprising: (i) 80 to 99.999
weight percent of an isomerized base oil; and (ii) 0.001-20 weight
percent of at least an additive selected from an additive package,
oxidation inhibitors, pour point depressants, metal deactivators,
metal passivators, anti-foaming agents, friction modifiers,
anti-wear agents, and mixtures thereof; wherein the isomerized base
oil has consecutive numbers of carbon atoms, less than 0.05 wt. %
aromatics, a ratio of molecules with monocycloparaffinic
functionality to molecules with multicyloparaffinic functionality
greater than 2, and wherein the weight percents of (i) and (ii) are
relative to the total weight of the composition.
2. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein a
compressor that employs the composition consumes at least 2% less
power than a compressor employing a lubricant composition without
the isomerized base oil.
3. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein a
compressor that employs the composition consumes at least 5% less
power than a compressor employing a lubricant composition without
the isomerized base oil.
4. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein a
compressor that employs the composition consumes at least 10% less
power than a compressor employing a lubricant composition without
the isomerized base oil.
5. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
isomerized base oil has a viscosity index (VI) of at least 140.
6. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
isomerized base oil has a VI of at least 160.
7. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
isomerized base oil has a flash point of at least 250.degree.
C.
8. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition has a RPVOT as measured according to ASTM D2272-02 of
greater than 600 minutes.
9. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 8, wherein the
composition has a RPVOT as measured according to ASTM D2272-02 of
greater than 1000 minutes.
10. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition meets at least one of German standard DIN 51 506 class
VDL, ISO/DP 6521-L-DAB and ISO 6743-3A-DAC.
11. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition has an evaporation loss of less than 1% per MIP-48
Oxidation Test (24 hrs.).
12. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition has an evaporation loss of less than 0.75% per MIP-48
Oxidation Test (24 hrs.).
13. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition has a RPVOT of greater than 300 minutes according to
ASTM D2272-02.
14. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition has a RPVOT of greater than 600 minutes according to
ASTM D2272-02.
15. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition separates from water in less than 60 minutes as
measured according to ASTM D-1401-2002.
16. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, further
comprising 5 to 20 weight percent based on the total weight of the
composition, at least a lubricant base oil selected from vegetable
oils and Group I, II, III, IV, and V lubricant base oils as defined
in the API Interchange Guidelines, and mixtures thereof.
17. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
isomerized base oil has an auto-ignition temperature of at least
360.degree. C.
18. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
isomerized base oil is a Fischer-Tropsch base oil.
19. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition comprises at least isomerized base oil having a
kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. between 6.5 and 16 mm.sup.2/s
and a kinematic viscosity at 40.degree. C. between 25 mm.sup.2/s
and 120 mm.sup.2/s.
20. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
isomerized base oil has an Oxidator BN of 15 to 50 hours; and a
Noack volatility in wt. % of 0.5 to 5 as measured by ASTM D5800-05
Procedure B.
21. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
isomerized base oil has a pour point in the range of -10 and
-30.degree. C.
22. The compressor lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the
isomerized base oil is a Fischer-Tropsch base oil having less than
0.05 wt. % aromatics and a molecular weight of 500 to 800 by ASTM D
2503-92 (Reapproved 2002).
23. A method for operating a compressor, the method comprising
using a compressor lubricant composition comprising: (i) 80 to
99.999 weight percent of an isomerized base oil; and (ii) 0.001-20
weight percent of at least an additive selected from an additive
package, oxidation inhibitors, pour point depressants, metal
deactivators, metal passivators, anti-foaming agents, friction
modifiers, anti-wear agents, and mixtures thereof; wherein the
isomerized base oil has consecutive numbers of carbon atoms, less
than 0.05 wt. % aromatics, a ratio of molecules with
monocycloparaffinic functionality to molecules with
multicyloparaffinic functionality greater than 2, and wherein the
weight percents of (i) and (ii) are relative to the total weight of
the composition; wherein the compressor lubricant composition
consumes at least 2% less power than the compressor employing a
lubricant composition without the isomerized base oil.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the compressor using the
composition comprising: (i) 80 to 99.999 weight percent of an
isomerized base oil consumes at least 5% less power than the
compressor employing a lubricant composition without the isomerized
base oil.
25. The method of claim 23, wherein the compressor using the
composition comprising: (i) 80 to 99.999 weight percent of an
isomerized base oil consumes at least 10% less power than the
compressor employing a lubricant composition without the isomerized
base oil.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims benefit under 35 USC 119 of
Provisional Application 61/015114 filed Dec. 19, 2007. This
application claims priority to and benefits from the foregoing, the
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] NONE
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] The invention relates generally to compressor lubricant
compositions, and in one embodiment, compressor lubricant
compositions providing energy savings.
BACKGROUND
[0004] Approximately 70% of all manufacturers have a compressed air
system. These systems power and regulate a variety of equipment,
including machine tools, machine handling and separation equipment,
spray painting equipment, HVAC systems, etch. They are also used to
dry or clean various items in industrial facilities.
[0005] Compressed air is one of the most expensive uses of energy
in a manufacturing plant. About eight horsepower of electricity is
used to generate one horsepower of compressed air. Air compressor
energy use may represent 5 to 15% of a typical facility's energy
use, depending on process needs. Energy audits by the US Department
of Energy ("DOE") suggest that approximately 8.6% of overall
industrial energy consumption can be attributed to air compression.
The DOE suggested that over 50% of compressed air systems at small
to medium sized industrial facilities have energy efficiency
opportunities with low implementation costs (DOE/IAC Industrial
Assessment Database, July 1997). Another source has suggested that
energy efficient improvements can reduce compressed air system
energy use by 20 to 50% (Oregon State University, AIRMaster
Compressed Air System Audit and Analysis Software, "How to Take a
Self-Guided Tour of Your Compressed Air System," 1996 revised in
1997, p. 2.).
[0006] Suggestions for air compressor improvements include matching
compressor with load requirement, using cooler intake air, reducing
compressor air pressure, eliminating air leaks, etc. Another energy
suggestion relates to compressor lubricants, i.e., "synthetic
compressor oils save at least 2% energy in compressors compared to
the traditional mineral oils"
(http://www.oks-india.com/user/questionanswer.asp) While synthetic
lubricants are an improvement over mineral oils in terms of energy
saving, they are often not capable of delivering all of the desired
performance and physical properties.
[0007] In a number of patent publications and applications, i.e.,
US 2006/0289337, US2006/0201851, US2006/0016721, US2006/0016724,
US2006/0076267, US2006/020185, US2006/013210, US2005/0241990,
US2005/0077208, US2005/0139513, US2005/0139514, US2005/0133409,
US2005/0133407, US2005/0261147, US2005/0261146, US2005/0261145,
US2004/0159582, U.S. Pat. No. 7,018,525, U.S. Pat. No. 7,083,713,
U.S. application Ser. Nos. 11/400,570, 11/535,165 and 11/613,936,
which are incorporated herein by reference, a Fischer Tropsch base
oil is produced from a process in which the feed is a waxy feed
recovered from a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The process comprises a
complete or partial hydroisomerization dewaxing step, using a
dual-functional catalyst or a catalyst that can isomerize paraffins
selectively. Hydroisomerization dewaxing is achieved by contacting
the waxy feed with a hydroisomerization catalyst in an
isomerization zone under hydroisomerizing conditions. The
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products can be obtained by well-known
processes such as, for example, the commercial SASOL.RTM. Slurry
Phase Fischer-Tropsch technology, the commercial SHELL.RTM. Middle
Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) Process, or by the non-commercial
EXXON.RTM. Advanced Gas Conversion (AGC-21) process. Details of
these processes and others are described in, for example,
EP-A-776959, EP-A-668342; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,943,672, 5,059,299,
5,733,839, and RE39073 ; and US Published Application No.
2005/0227866, WO-A-9934917, WO-A-9920720 and WO-A-05107935. The
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product usually comprises hydrocarbons
having 1 to 100, or even more than 100 carbon atoms, and typically
includes paraffins, olefins and oxygenated products. Fischer
Tropsch is a viable process to generate clean alternative
hydrocarbon products.
[0008] There is a still a need for improved compressor lubricants,
particularly a compressor lubricant resulting in reduced energy
consumption while offering desired performance and physical
properties such as long life, oxidation stability, low volatility,
and anti-wear properties. There is also a need for an improved
compressor lubricant using clean alternative hydrocarbon products
such as Fischer Tropsch products.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] In one embodiment, there is provided a compressor lubricant
composition comprising (i) 80 to 99.999 weight percent of an
isomerized base oil; and (ii) 0.001-20 weight percent of at least
an additive selected from an additive package, oxidation
inhibitors, pour point depressants, metal deactivators, metal
passivators, anti-foaming agents, friction modifiers, anti-wear
agents, and mixtures thereof; wherein the isomerized base oil has
consecutive numbers of carbon atoms, less than 0.05 wt. %
aromatics, a ratio of molecules with monocycloparaffinic
functionality to molecules with multicyloparaffinic functionality
greater than 2; wherein a compressor employs the composition
consumes at least 1% less power than a compressor employing a
lubricant composition without the isomerized base oil.
[0010] In yet another embodiment, there is provided a compressor
lubricant comprising (i) 80 to 99.999 weight percent of an
isomerized base oil; and (ii) 0.001-20 weight percent of at least
an additive, and wherein the composition shows an evaporation loss
of less than 0.75% per IP-48 Oxidation Test (24 hrs.).
[0011] In another aspect, there is provided a method save energy
while operating compressors, the method comprising using a
compressor lubricant composition having excellent oxidation
stability, the composition containing: (i) 50 to 99.999 weight
percent of an isomerized base oil; and (ii) 0.001-20 weight percent
of at least an additive package, wherein the isomerized base oil
has consecutive numbers of carbon atoms, less than 0.05 wt. %
aromatics, a ratio of molecules with monocycloparaffinic
functionality to molecules with multicyloparaffinic functionality
greater than 2. The energy saving is at least 1% over the use of
compressor lubricants without the isomerized base oil.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0012] The following terms will be used throughout the
specification and will have the following meanings unless otherwise
indicated.
[0013] "Fischer-Tropsch derived" means that the product, fraction,
or feed originates from or is produced at some stage by a
Fischer-Tropsch process. As used herein, "Fischer-Tropsch base oil"
may be used interchangeably with "FT base oil," "FTBO," "GTL base
oil" (GTL: gas-to-liquid), or "Fischer-Tropsch derived base
oil."
[0014] As used herein, "isomerized base oil" refers to a base oil
made by isomerization of a waxy feed.
[0015] As used herein, a "waxy feed" comprises at least 40 wt %
n-paraffins. In one embodiment, the waxy feed comprises greater
than 50 wt % n-paraffins. In another embodiment, greater than 75 wt
% n-paraffins. In one embodiment, the waxy feed also has very low
levels of nitrogen and sulphur, e.g., less than 25 ppm total
combined nitrogen and sulfur, or in other embodiments less than 20
ppm. Examples of waxy feeds include slack waxes, deoiled slack
waxes, refined foots oils, waxy lubricant raffinates, n-paraffin
waxes, NAO waxes, waxes produced in chemical plant processes,
deoiled petroleum derived waxes, microcrystalline waxes,
Fischer-Tropsch waxes, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the
waxy feeds have a pour point of greater than 50.degree. C. In
another embodiment, greater than 60.degree. C.
[0016] "Kinematic viscosity" is a measurement in mm.sup.2/s of the
resistance to flow of a fluid under gravity, determined by ASTM
D445-06.
[0017] "Viscosity index" (VI) is an empirical, unit-less number
indicating the effect of temperature change on the kinematic
viscosity of the oil. The higher the VI of an oil, the lower its
tendency to change viscosity with temperature. Viscosity index is
measured according to ASTM D 2270-04.
[0018] Cold-cranking simulator apparent viscosity (CCS VIS) is a
measurement in millipascal seconds, mPa.s to measure the
viscometric properties of lubricating base oils under low
temperature and low shear. CCS VIS is determined by ASTM D
5293-04.
[0019] The boiling range distribution of base oil, by wt %, is
determined by simulated distillation (SIMDIS) according to ASTM D
6352-04, "Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Distillates in
Boiling Range from 174 to 700.degree. C. by Gas
Chromatography."
[0020] "Noack volatility" is defined as the mass of oil, expressed
in weight %, which is lost when the oil is heated at 250.degree. C.
with a constant flow of air drawn through it for 60 min., measured
according to ASTM D5800-05, Procedure B.
[0021] Brookfield viscosity is used to determine the internal
fluid-friction of a lubricant during cold temperature operation,
which can be measured by ASTM D 2983-04.
[0022] "Pour point" is a measurement of the temperature at which a
sample of base oil will begin to flow under certain carefully
controlled conditions, which can be determined as described in ASTM
D 5950-02.
[0023] "Auto ignition temperature" is the temperature at which a
fluid will ignite spontaneously in contact with air, which can be
determined according to ASTM 659-78.
[0024] "Ln" refers to natural logarithm with base "e."
[0025] "Traction coefficient" is an indicator of intrinsic
lubricant properties, expressed as the dimensionless ratio of the
friction force F and the normal force N, where friction is the
mechanical force which resists movement or hinders movement between
sliding or rolling surfaces. Traction coefficient can be measured
with an MTM Traction Measurement System from PCS Instruments, Ltd.,
configured with a polished 19 mm diameter ball (SAE AISI 52100
steel) angled at 220 to a flat 46 mm diameter polished disk (SAE
AISI 52100 steel). The steel ball and disk are independently
measured at an average rolling speed of 3 meters per second, a
slide to roll ratio of 40 percent, and a load of 20 Newtons. The
roll ratio is defined as the difference in sliding speed between
the ball and disk divided by the mean speed of the ball and disk,
i.e. roll ratio=(Speed1-Speed2)/((Speed1+Speed2)-/2).
[0026] As used herein, "consecutive numbers of carbon atoms" means
that the base oil has a distribution of hydrocarbon molecules over
a range of carbon numbers, with every number of carbon numbers
in-between. For example, the base oil may have hydrocarbon
molecules ranging from C22 to C36 or from C30 to C60 with every
carbon number in-between. The hydrocarbon molecules of the base oil
differ from each other by consecutive numbers of carbon atoms, as a
consequence of the waxy feed also having consecutive numbers of
carbon atoms. For example, in the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon
synthesis reaction, the source of carbon atoms is CO and the
hydrocarbon molecules are built up one carbon atom at a time.
Petroleum-derived waxy feeds have consecutive numbers of carbon
atoms. In contrast to an oil based on poly-alpha-olefin ("PAO"),
the molecules of an isomerized base oil have a more linear
structure, comprising a relatively long backbone with short
branches. The classic textbook description of a PAO is a
star-shaped molecule, and in particular tridecane, which is
illustrated as three decane molecules attached at a central point.
While a star-shaped molecule is theoretical, nevertheless PAO
molecules have fewer and longer branches that the hydrocarbon
molecules that make up the isomerized base oil disclosed
herein.
[0027] "Molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality" mean any
molecule that is, or contains as one or more substituents, a
monocyclic or a fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon group.
[0028] "Molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality" mean any
molecule that is a monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon group of three
to seven ring carbons or any molecule that is substituted with a
single monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon group of three to seven
ring carbons.
[0029] "Molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality" mean any
molecule that is a fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon ring
group of two or more fused rings, any molecule that is substituted
with one or more fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon ring
groups of two or more fused rings, or any molecule that is
substituted with more than one monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon
group of three to seven ring carbons.
[0030] Molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality, molecules with
monocycloparaffinic functionality, and molecules with
multicycloparaffinic functionality are reported as weight percent
and are determined by a combination of Field Ionization Mass
Spectroscopy (FIMS), HPLC-UV for aromatics, and Proton NMR for
olefins, further fully described herein.
[0031] Oxidator BN measures the response of a lubricating oil in a
simulated application. High values, or long times to adsorb one
liter of oxygen, indicate good stability. Oxidator BN can be
measured via a Dornte-type oxygen absorption apparatus (R. W.
Dornte "Oxidation of White Oils," Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry, Vol. 28, page 26, 1936), under 1 atmosphere of pure
oxygen at 340.degree. F., time to absorb 1000 ml of O.sub.2 by 100
g. of oil is reported. In the Oxidator BN test, 0.8 ml of catalyst
is used per 100 grams of oil. The catalyst is a mixture of soluble
metal-naphthenates simulating the average metal analysis of used
crankcase oil. The additive package is 80 millimoles of zinc
bispolypropylenephenyldithiophosphate per 100 grams of oil.
[0032] Molecular characterizations can be performed by methods
known in the art, including Field Ionization Mass Spectroscopy
(FIMS) and n-d-M analysis (ASTM D 3238-95 (Re-approved 2005) with
normalization). In FIMS, the base oil is characterized as alkanes
and molecules with different numbers of unsaturations. The
molecules with different numbers of unsaturations may be comprised
of cycloparaffins, olefins, and aromatics. If aromatics are present
in significant amount, they would be identified as 4-unsaturations.
When olefins are present in significant amounts, they would be
identified as 1-unsaturations. The total of the 1-unsaturations,
2-unsaturations, 3-unsaturations, 4-unsaturations, 5-unsaturations,
and 6-unsaturations from the FIMS analysis, minus the wt % olefins
by proton NMR, and minus the wt % aromatics by HPLC-UV is the total
weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality. If
the aromatics content was not measured, it was assumed to be less
than 0.1 wt % and not included in the calculation for total weight
percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality. The total
weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality is
the sum of the weight percent of molecules with monocyclopraffinic
functionality and the weight percent of molecules with
multicycloparaffinic functionality.
[0033] Molecular weights are determined by ASTM D2503-92(Reapproved
2002). The method uses thermoelectric measurement of vapour
pressure (VPO). In circumstances where there is insufficient sample
volume, an alternative method of ASTM D2502-04 may be used; and
where this has been used it is indicated.
[0034] Density is determined by ASTM D4052-96 (Reapproved 2002).
The sample is introduced into an oscillating sample tube and the
change in oscillating frequency caused by the change in the mass of
the tube is used in conjunction with calibration data to determine
the density of the sample.
[0035] Weight percent olefins can be determined by proton-NMR
according to the steps specified herein. In most tests, the olefins
are conventional olefins, i.e. a distributed mixture of those
olefin types having hydrogens attached to the double bond carbons
such as: alpha, vinylidene, cis, trans, and tri-substituted, with a
detectable allylic to olefin integral ratio between 1 and 2.5. When
this ratio exceeds 3, it indicates a higher percentage of tri or
tetra substituted olefins being present, thus other assumptions
known in the analytical art can be made to calculate the number of
double bonds in the sample. A solution of 5-10% of the sample in
deuterochloroform can be prepared, giving a normal proton spectrum
of at least 12 ppm spectral width. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) can be
used as an internal reference standard. The instrument used to
acquire the spectrum and reference the chemical shift has
sufficient gain range to acquire a signal without overloading the
receiver/ADC, with a minimum signal digitization dynamic range of
at least 65,000 when a 30 degree pulse is applied. The intensities
of the proton signals in the region of 0.5-1.9 ppm (methyl,
methylene and methine groups), 1.9-2.2 ppm (allylic) and between
6.0-4.5 ppm (olefin) are measured. Using the average molecular
weight (estimated by vapor pressure osmometry by ASTM D 2503-92
[re-approved 2002]) of each distillate range paraffin feed, the
following can be calculated: (1) the average molecular formula of
the saturated hydrocarbons; (2) the average molecular formula of
the olefins; (3) the total integral intensity (i.e. the sum of all
the integral intensities); (4) the integral intensity per sample
hydrogen (i.e. the total integral intensity divided by the number
of hydrogens in the formula; (5) the number of olefin hydrogens
(i.e. the olefin integral divided by the integral per hydrogen);
(6) the number of double bonds (i.e. the olefin hydrogen multiplied
by the hydrogens in the olefin formula divided by 2); and (7) the
weight percent olefins (i.e. 100 multiplied by the number of double
bonds multiplied by the number of hydrogens in a typical olefin
molecule divided by the number of hydrogens in a typical distillate
range paraffin feed molecule). This Proton NMR procedure to
calculate the olefin content of the sample works best when the
olefin content is low, e.g., less than about 15 weight percent.
[0036] Weight percent aromatics in one embodiment can be measured
by HPLC-UV. In one embodiment, the test is conducted using a
Hewlett Packard 1050 Series Quaternary Gradient High Performance
Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system, coupled with a HP 1050
Diode-Array UV-Vis detector interfaced to an HP Chem-station.
Identification of the individual aromatic classes in the highly
saturated base oil can be made on the basis of the UV spectral
pattern and the elution time. The amino column used for this
analysis differentiates aromatic molecules largely on the basis of
their ring-number (or double-bond number). Thus, the single ring
aromatic containing molecules elute first, followed by the
polycyclic aromatics in order of increasing double bond number per
molecule. For aromatics with similar double bond character, those
with only alkyl substitution on the ring elute sooner than those
with naphthenic substitution. Unequivocal identification of the
various base oil aromatic hydrocarbons from their UV absorbance
spectra can be accomplished recognizing that their peak electronic
transitions are all red-shifted relative to the pure model compound
analogs to a degree dependent on the amount of alkyl and naphthenic
substitution on the ring system. Quantification of the eluting
aromatic compounds can be made by integrating chromatograms made
from wavelengths optimized for each general class of compounds over
the appropriate retention time window for that aromatic. Retention
time window limits for each aromatic class can be determined by
manually evaluating the individual absorbance spectra of eluting
compounds at different times and assigning them to the appropriate
aromatic class based on their qualitative similarity to model
compound absorption spectra.
[0037] Weight percent aromatic carbon ("Ca"), weight percent
naphthenic carbon ("Cn") and weight percent paraffinic carbon
("Cp") in one embodiment can be measured by ASTM D3238-95
(Reapproved 2005) with normalization. ASTM D3238-95 (Reapproved
2005) is the Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon
Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the
n-d-M Method. This method is for "olefin free" feedstocks, i.e.,
having an olefin content of 2 wt % or less. The normalization
process consists of the following: A) If the Ca value is less than
zero, Ca is set to zero, and Cn and Cp are increased proportionally
so that the sum is 100%. B) If the Cn value is less than zero, Cn
is set to zero, and Ca and Cp are increased proportionally so that
the sum is 100%; and C) If both Cn and Ca are less than zero, Cn
and Ca are set to zero, and Cp is set to 100%.
[0038] HPLC-UV Calibration. In one embodiment, HPLC-UV can be used
for identifying classes of aromatic compounds even at very low
levels, e.g., multi-ring aromatics typically absorb 10 to 200 times
more strongly than single-ring aromatics. Alkyl-substitution
affects absorption by 20%. Integration limits for the co-eluting
1-ring and 2-ring aromatics at 272 nm can be made by the
perpendicular drop method. Wavelength dependent response factors
for each general aromatic class can be first determined by
constructing Beer's Law plots from pure model compound mixtures
based on the nearest spectral peak absorbances to the substituted
aromatic analogs. Weight percent concentrations of aromatics can be
calculated by assuming that the average molecular weight for each
aromatic class was approximately equal to the average molecular
weight for the whole base oil sample.
[0039] NMR analysis. In one embodiment, the weight percent of all
molecules with at least one aromatic function in the purified
mono-aromatic standard can be confirmed via long-duration carbon 13
NMR analysis. The NMR results can be translated from % aromatic
carbon to % aromatic molecules (to be consistent with HPLC-UV and D
2007) knowing that 95-99% of the aromatics in highly saturated base
oils are single-ring aromatics. In another test to accurately
measure low levels of all molecules with at least one aromatic
function by NMR, the standard D 5292-99 (Reapproved 2004) method
can be modified to give a minimum carbon sensitivity of 500:1 (by
ASTM standard practice E 386) with a 15-hour duration run on a
400-500 MHz NMR with a 10-12 mm Nalorac probe. Acorn PC integration
software can be used to define the shape of the baseline and
consistently integrate.
[0040] Extent of branching refers to the number of alkyl branches
in hydrocarbons. Branching and branching position can be determined
using carbon-13 (.sup.13C) NMR according to the following nine-step
process: 1) Identify the CH branch centers and the CH.sub.3 branch
termination points using the DEPT Pulse sequence (Doddrell, D. T.;
D. T. Pegg; M. R. Bendall, Journal of Magnetic Resonance 1982, 48,
323ff.). 2) Verify the absence of carbons initiating multiple
branches (quaternary carbons) using the APT pulse sequence (Patt,
S. L.; J. N. Shoolery, Journal of Magnetic Resonance 1982, 46,
535ff.). 3) Assign the various branch carbon resonances to specific
branch positions and lengths using tabulated and calculated values
known in the art (Lindeman, L. P., Journal of Qualitative
Analytical Chemistry 43, 1971 1245ff; Netzel, D. A., et. al., Fuel,
60, 1981, 307ff). 4) Estimate relative branching density at
different carbon positions by comparing the integrated intensity of
the specific carbon of the methyl/alkyl group to the intensity of a
single carbon (which is equal to total integral/number of carbons
per molecule in the mixture). For the 2-methyl branch, where both
the terminal and the branch methyl occur at the same resonance
position, the intensity is divided by two before estimating the
branching density. If the 4-methyl branch fraction is calculated
and tabulated, its contribution to the 4+methyls is subtracted to
avoid double counting. 5) Calculate the average carbon number. The
average carbon number is determined by dividing the molecular
weight of the sample by 14 (the formula weight of CH.sub.2). 6) The
number of branches per molecule is the sum of the branches found in
step 4. 7) The number of alkyl branches per 100 carbon atoms is
calculated from the number of branches per molecule (step 6) times
100 /average carbon number. 8) Estimate Branching Index (BI) by
.sup.1H NMR Analysis, which is presented as percentage of methyl
hydrogen (chemical shift range 0.6-1.05 ppm) among total hydrogen
as estimated by NMR in the liquid hydrocarbon composition. 9)
Estimate Branching proximity (BP) by 13C NMR, which is presented as
percentage of recurring methylene carbons--which are four or more
carbons away from the end group or a branch (represented by a NMR
signal at 29.9 ppm) among total carbons as estimated by NMR in the
liquid hydrocarbon composition. The measurements can be performed
using any Fourier Transform NMR spectrometer, e.g., one having a
magnet of 7.0 T or greater. After verification by Mass
Spectrometry, UV or an NMR survey that aromatic carbons are absent,
the spectral width for the .sup.13C NMR studies can be limited to
the saturated carbon region, 0-80 ppm vs. TMS (tetramethylsilane).
Solutions of 25-50 wt. % in chloroform-d1 are excited by 30 degrees
pulses followed by a 1.3 seconds (sec.) acquisition time. In order
to minimize non-uniform intensity data, the broadband proton
inverse-gated decoupling is used during a 6 sec. delay prior to the
excitation pulse and on during acquisition. Samples are doped with
0.03 to 0.05 M Cr (acac).sub.3 (tris(acetylacetonato)-chromium
(III)) as a relaxation agent to ensure full intensities are
observed. The DEPT and APT sequences can be carried out according
to literature descriptions with minor deviations described in the
Varian or Bruker operating manuals. DEPT is Distortionless
Enhancement by Polarization Transfer. The DEPT 45 sequence gives a
signal all carbons bonded to protons. DEPT 90 shows CH carbons
only. DEPT 135 shows CH and CH.sub.3 up and CH.sub.2 180 degrees
out of phase (down). APT is attached proton test, known in the art.
It allows all carbons to be seen, but if CH and CH.sub.3 are up,
then quaternaries and CH.sub.2 are down. The branching properties
of the sample can be determined by .sup.13C NMR using the
assumption in the calculations that the entire sample was
iso-paraffinic. The unsaturates content may be measured using Field
Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (FIMS).
[0041] The one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition
comprises 0.001 to 20 wt % of at least an additive in a matrix of
base oil or base oil blends.
[0042] Base Oil Component: In one embodiment, the base oil or blend
thereof comprises at least an isomerized base oil which the product
itself, its fraction, or feed originates from or is produced at
some stage by isomerization of a waxy feed from a Fischer-Tropsch
process ("Fischer-Tropsch derived base oils"). In another
embodiment, the base oil comprises at least an isomerized base oil
made from a substantially paraffinic wax feed ("waxy feed"). In a
third embodiment, the isomerized base oil comprises mixtures of
products made from a substantially paraffinic wax feed as well as
products made from a waxy feed from a Fischer-Tropsch process.
[0043] Fischer-Tropsch derived base oils are disclosed in a number
of patent publications, including for example U.S. Pat. Nos.
6,080,301, 6,090,989, and 6,165,949, and US Patent Publication No.
US2004/0079678A1, US20050133409, US20060289337. The Fischer-Tropsch
process is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide
and hydrogen are converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various
forms including a light reaction product and a waxy reaction
product, with both being substantially paraffinic.
[0044] In one embodiment the isomerized base oil has consecutive
numbers of carbon atoms and has less than 25 wt % naphthenic carbon
by n-d-M with normalization. In another embodiment, the amount of
naphthenic carbon is less than 10 wt. %. In yet another embodiment
the isomerized base oil made from a waxy feed has a kinematic
viscosity at 100+ C. between 1.5 and 3.5 mm.sup.2/s.
[0045] In one embodiment, the isomerized base oil is made by a
process in which the hydroisomerization dewaxing is performed at
conditions sufficient for the base oil to have: a) a weight percent
of all molecules with at least one aromatic functionality less than
0.30; b) a weight percent of all molecules with at least one
cycloparaffinic functionality greater than 10; c) a ratio of weight
percent molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight
percent molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater
than 20 and d) a viscosity index greater than 28.times.Ln
(Kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C.)+80.
[0046] In another embodiment, the isomerized base oil is made from
a process in which the highly paraffinic wax is hydroisomerized
using a shape selective intermediate pore size molecular sieve
comprising a noble metal hydrogenation component, and under
conditions of 600-750.degree. F. (315-399.degree. C.) In the
process, the conditions for hydroisomerization are controlled such
that the conversion of the compounds boiling above 700.degree. F.
(371.degree. C.) in the wax feed to compounds boiling below
700.degree. F. (371.degree. C.) is maintained between 10 wt % and
50 wt %. A resulting isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity
of between 1.0 and 3.5 mm.sup.2/s at 100.degree. C. and a Noack
volatility of less than 50 weight %. The base oil comprises greater
than 3 weight % molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality and
less than 0.30 weight percent aromatics.
[0047] In one embodiment the isomerized base oil has a Noack
volatility less than an amount calculated by the following
equation: 1000.times.(Kinematic Viscosity at 100.degree.
C.).sup.-2.7. In another embodiment, the isomerized base oil has a
Noack volatility less than an amount calculated by the following
equation: 900.times.(Kinematic Viscosity at 100.degree.
C.).sup.-2.8. In a third embodiment, the isomerized base oil has a
Kinematic Viscosity at 100.degree. C. of >1.808 mm.sup.2/s and a
Noack volatility less than an amount calculated by the following
equation: 1.286+20 (kv100).sup.-1.5+551.8 e.sup.-kv100, where kv100
is the kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. In a fourth
embodiment, the isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity at
100.degree. C. of less than 4.0 mm.sup.2/s, and a wt % Noack
volatility between 0 and 100. In a fifth embodiment, the isomerized
base oil has a kinematic viscosity between 1.5 and 4.0 mm.sup.2/s
and a Noack volatility less than the Noack volatility calculated by
the following equation: 160-40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100.degree.
C.).
[0048] In one embodiment, the isomerized base oil has a kinematic
viscosity at 100.degree. C. in the range of 2.4 and 3.8 mm.sup.2/s
and a Noack volatility less than an amount defined by the equation:
900.times.(Kinematic Viscosity at 100.degree. C.).sup.-2.8-15). For
kinematic viscosities in the range of 2.4 and 3.8 mm.sup.2/s, the
equation: 900.times.(Kinematic Viscosity at 100.degree.
C.).sup.-2.8-15) provides a lower Noack volatility than the
equation: 160-40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100.degree. C.)
[0049] In one embodiment, the isomerized base oil is made from a
process in which the highly paraffinic wax is hydroisomerized under
conditions for the base oil to have a kinematic viscosity at
100.degree. C. of 3.6 to 4.2 mm.sup.2/s, a viscosity index of
greater than 130, a wt % Noack volatility less than 12, a pour
point of less than -9.degree. C.
[0050] In one embodiment, the isomerized base oil has an aniline
point, in degrees F., greater than 200 and less than or equal to an
amount defined by the equation: 36.times.Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at
100.degree. C., in mm.sup.2/s)+200.
[0051] In one embodiment, the isomerized base oil has an
auto-ignition temperature (AIT) greater than the AIT defined by the
equation: AIT in .degree. C.=1.6.times.(Kinematic Viscosity at
40.degree. C., in mm2/s)+300. In a second embodiment, the base oil
as an AIT of greater than 329.degree. C. and a viscosity index
greater than 28.times.Ln (Kinematic Viscosity at 100.degree. C., in
mm.sup.2/s)+100.
[0052] In one embodiment, the isomerized base oil has a relatively
low traction coefficient, specifically, its traction coefficient is
less than an amount calculated by the equation: traction
coefficient=0.009.times.Ln (kinematic viscosity in
mm.sup.2/s)-0.001, wherein the kinematic viscosity in the equation
is the kinematic viscosity during the traction coefficient
measurement and is between 2 and 50 mm.sup.2/s. In one embodiment,
the isomerized base oil has a traction coefficient of less than
0.023 (or less than 0.021) when measured at a kinematic viscosity
of 15 mm.sup.2/s and at a slide to roll ratio of 40%. In another
embodiment the isomerized base oil has a traction coefficient of
less than 0.017 when measured at a kinematic viscosity of 15
mm.sup.2/s and at a slide to roll ratio of 40%. In another
embodiment the isomerized base oil has a viscosity index greater
than 150 and a traction coefficient less than 0.015 when measured
at a kinematic viscosity of 15 mm.sup.2/s and at a slide to roll
ratio of 40 percent.
[0053] In some embodiments, the isomerized base oil having low
traction coefficients also displays a higher kinematic viscosity
and higher boiling points. In one embodiment, the base oil has a
traction coefficient less than 0.015, and a 50 wt % boiling point
greater than 565.degree. C. (1050.degree. F.). In another
embodiment, the base oil has a traction coefficient less than 0.011
and a 50 wt % boiling point by ASTM D 6352-04 greater than
582.degree. C. (1080.degree. F.).
[0054] In some embodiments, the isomerized base oil having low
traction coefficients also displays unique branching properties by
NMR, including a branching index less than or equal to 23.4, a
branching proximity greater than or equal to 22.0, and a Free
Carbon Index between 9 and 30. In one embodiment, the base oil has
at least 4 wt % naphthenic carbon, in another embodiment, at least
5 wt % naphthenic carbon by n-d-M analysis by ASTM D 3238-95
(Reapproved 2005) with normalization.
[0055] In one embodiment, the isomerized base oil is produced in a
process wherein the intermediate oil isomerate comprises paraffinic
hydrocarbon components, and in which the extent of branching is
less than 7 alkyl branches per 100 carbons, and wherein the base
oil comprises paraffinic hydrocarbon components in which the extent
of branching is less than 8 alkyl branches per 100 carbons and less
than 20 wt % of the alkyl branches are at the 2 position. In one
embodiment, the FT base oil has a pour point of less than
-8.degree. C.; a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of at least
3.2 mm.sup.2/s; and a viscosity index greater than a viscosity
index calculated by the equation of=22.times.Ln (kinematic
viscosity at 100.degree. C.)+132.
[0056] In one embodiment, the base oil comprises greater than 10
wt. % and less than 70 wt. % total molecules with cycloparaffinic
functionality, and a ratio of weight percent molecules with
monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent molecules with
multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than 15.
[0057] In one embodiment, the isomerized base oil has an average
molecular weight between 600 and 1100, and an average degree of
branching in the molecules between 6.5 and 10 alkyl branches per
100 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the isomerized base oil
has a kinematic viscosity between about 8 and about 25 mm.sup.2/s
and an average degree of branching in the molecules between 6.5 and
10 alkyl branches per 100 carbon atoms.
[0058] In one embodiment, the isomerized base oil is obtained from
a process in which the highly paraffinic wax is hydroisomerized at
a hydrogen to feed ratio from 712.4 to 3562 liter H.sub.2/liter
oil, for the base oil to have a total weight percent of molecules
with cycloparaffinic functionality of greater than 10, and a ratio
of weight percent molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality
to weight percent molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality
of greater than 15. In another embodiment, the base oil has a
viscosity index greater than an amount defined by the equation:
28.times.Ln (Kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C.)+95. In a third
embodiment, the base oil comprises a weight percent aromatics less
than 0.30; a weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic
functionality greater than 10; a ratio of weight percent of
molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent
of molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than
20; and a viscosity index greater than 28.times.Ln (Kinematic
Viscosity at 100.degree. C.)+110. In a fourth embodiment, the base
oil further has a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. greater
than 6 mm.sup.2/s. In a fifth embodiment, the base oil has a weight
percent aromatics less than 0.05 and a viscosity index greater than
28.times.Ln (Kinematic Viscosity at 100.degree. C.)+95. In a sixth
embodiment, the base oil has a weight percent aromatics less than
0.30, a weight percent molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality
greater than the kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C., in
mm.sup.2/s, multiplied by three, and a ratio of molecules with
monocycloparaffinic functionality to molecules with
multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than 15.
[0059] In one embodiment, the isomerized base oil contains between
2 and 10 wt % naphthenic carbon as measured by n-d-M. In one
embodiment, the base oil has a kinematic viscosity of 1.5-3.0
mm.sup.2/s at 100.degree. C. and 2-3 wt % naphthenic carbon. In
another embodiment, a kinematic viscosity of 1.8-3.5 mm.sup.2/s at
100.degree. C. and 2.5-4 wt % naphthenic carbon. In a third
embodiment, a kinematic viscosity of 3-6 mm.sup.2/s at 100.degree.
C. and 2.7-5 wt % naphthenic carbon. In a fourth embodiment, a
kinematic viscosity of 10-30 mm.sup.2/s at 100.degree. C. and
between greater than 5.2% and less than 25 wt % naphthenic
carbon.
[0060] In one embodiment, the isomerized base oil has an average
molecular weight greater than 475; a viscosity index greater than
140, and a weight percent olefins less than 10. The base oil
improves the air release and low foaming characteristics of the
mixture when incorporated into the compressor lubricant
composition.
[0061] In one embodiment of a compressor oil composition for use in
an application requiring a food grade lubricant for incidental
contact with food for human consumption application, the isomerized
base oil is a white oil as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,214,307 and
US Patent Publication US20060016724. In one embodiment, the
isomerized base oil is a white oil having a kinematic viscosity at
100.degree. C. between about 1.5 cSt and 36 mm.sup.2/s, a viscosity
index greater than an amount calculated by the equation: Viscosity
Index=28.times.Ln (the Kinematic Viscosity at 100.degree. C.)+95,
between 5 and less than 18 weight percent molecules with
cycloparaffinic functionality, less than 1.2 weight percent
molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality, a pour point
less than 0.degree. C. and a Saybolt color of +20 or greater.
[0062] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition
employs a base oil that consists of at least one of the isomerized
base oils described above. In another embodiment, the composition
consists essentially of at least a Fischer-Tropsch base oil. In yet
another embodiment, the composition employs at least an isomerized
base oil, e.g., a Fischer-Tropsch base oil, and optionally 5 to 20
wt. % of at least another type of oil, e.g., lubricant base oils
selected from Group I, II, III, IV, and V lubricant base oils as
defined in the API Interchange Guidelines, and mixtures thereof.
Examples include conventionally used mineral oils, synthetic
hydrocarbon oils or synthetic ester oils, or mixtures thereof
depending on the application. Mineral lubricating oil base stocks
can be any conventionally refined base stocks derived from
paraffinic, naphthenic and mixed base crudes. Synthetic lubricating
oils that can be used include esters of glycols and complex esters.
Other synthetic oils that can be used include synthetic
hydrocarbons such as polyalphaolefins; alkyl benzenes, e.g.,
alkylate bottoms from the alkylation of benzene with
tetrapropylene, or the copolymers of ethylene and propylene;
silicone oils, e.g., ethyl phenyl polysiloxanes, methyl
polysiloxanes, etc., polyglycol oils, e.g., those obtained by
condensing butyl alcohol with propylene oxide; etc. Other suitable
synthetic oils include the polyphenyl ethers, e.g., those having
from 3 to 7 ether linkages and 4 to 8 phenyl groups. Other suitable
synthetic oils include polyisobutenes, and alkylated aromatics such
as alkylated naphthalenes.
[0063] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition
employs a base oil consisting essentially of at least a FT base oil
having a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. between 6 and 16
mm.sup.2/s; a kinematic viscosity at 40.degree. C. between 25 mm2/s
and 120 mm.sup.2/s; a viscosity index between 140 and 170; CCS VIS
in the range of 1,500-15,000 mPa.s at -25.degree. C.; pour point in
the range of -10 and -30.degree. C.; molecular weight of 500-750;
density in the range of 0.800 to 0.840; paraffinic carbon in the
range of 93-97%; naphthenic carbon in the range of 3-8%; Oxidator
BN of 15 to 50 hours; and Noack volatility in wt. % of 0.5 to 5 as
measured by ASTM D5800-05 Procedure B; and less than 0.05 wt. %
aromatics and a molecular weight of 500 to 800 by ASTM D 2503-92
(Reapproved 2002).
[0064] In another embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition
employs a base oil consisting essentially of a mixture of
isomerized base oils to give the desired performance properties
needed for the application.
[0065] Additional Components: The compressor oil composition in one
embodiment further comprises additives including but not limited to
extreme pressure additives, anti-wear additives, metal
passivators/deactivators, metallic detergents, corrosion
inhibitors, foam inhibitors and/or demulsifiers, anti-oxidants,
friction modifiers, pour point depressants, viscosity index
modifiers, in an amount of 0.01 to 20 wt. %.
[0066] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition
further comprises antioxidants (oxidation additives) in an amount
of 0.01 to 5 wt. %. Examples of useful antioxidants include are
phenyl naphthylamines, i.e., both alpha and beta-naphthyl amines;
diphenyl amine; iminodibenzyl; p,p'-dioctyl-diphenylamine; and
related aromatic amines. In another embodiment, useful antioxidants
include the group of phenolic antioxidants, aromatic amine
antioxidants, sulfurized phenolic antioxidants, and organic
phosphites, among others. Examples of phenolic antioxidants include
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, liquid mixtures of tertiary butylated
phenols, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol,
4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol),
2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl6-tert-butylphenol), mixed
methylene-bridged polyalkyl phenols,
4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol),
4,4'-butylidene-bis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol),
4,4'-isopropylidene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol),
2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol),
2,2'-isobutylidene-bis(4,6-dimethylphenol),
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol,
2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butyl-phenol,
2,6-di-tert-1-dimethylamino-p-cresol,
2,6-di-tert-4-(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol),
4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol),
2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol),
bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-10-butylbenzyl)-sulfide,
bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl),
2,2'-5-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol),
N,N'-di-sec-butylphenylenediamine, 4-isopropylaminodiphenylamine,
phenyl-.alpha.-naphthyl amine, phenyl-.alpha.-naphthyl amine, and
ring-alkylated diphenylamines. Examples include the sterically
hindered tertiary butylated phenols, bisphenols and cinnamic acid
derivatives and combinations thereof. In yet another embodiment,
the antioxidant is an organic phosphonate having at least one
direct carbon-to-phosphorus linkage. Diphenylamine-type oxidation
inhibitors include, but are not limited to, alkylated
diphenylamine, phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, and
alkylated-alpha-naphthylamine. Other types of oxidation inhibitors
include metal dithiocarbamate (e.g., zinc dithiocarbamate), and
15-methylenebis(dibutyldithiocarbamate).
[0067] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition
optionally comprises 0.01 to 1 wt. % of a foam inhibitor. Examples
of foam inhibitors include but are not limited to polysiloxanes,
dimethyl polycyclohexane and polyacrylates.
[0068] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition
further comprises 0.001 to 0.5 wt. % of at least a metal
deactivators. Examples of suitable cuprous metal deactivators
include imidazole, benzimidazole, pyrazole, benzotriazole,
tolutriazole, 2-methyl benzimidazole, 3,5-dimethyl pyrazole, and
methylene bis-benzotriazole.
[0069] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition
comprises 0.001 to 6 wt. %. of at least a viscosity index modifier.
In one embodiment, the viscosity index modifiers used is a mixture
of modifiers selected from polyacrylate or polymethacrylate and
polymers, comprising vinyl aromatic units and esterified
carboxyl-containing units. In one embodiment, the first viscosity
modifier is a polyacrylate or polymethacrylate having an average
molecular weight of 10,000 to 60,000. In another embodiment, the
second viscosity modifier comprises vinyl aromatic units and
esterified carboxyl-containing units, having an average molecular
weight of 100,000 to 200,000. In another embodiment, the viscosity
modifier is a blend of a polymethacrylate viscosity index improver
having a weight average molecular weight of 25,000 to 150,000 and a
shear stability index less than 5 and a polymethacrylate viscosity
index improver having a weight average molecular weight of 500,000
to 1,000,000 and a shear stability index of 25 to 60. In yet
another embodiment, the viscosity modifier is selected from the
group of polymethacrylate type polymers, ethylene-propylene
copolymers, styrene-isoprene copolymers, hydrated styrene-isoprene
copolymers, polyisobutylene, and mixtures thereof.
[0070] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant further
comprises at least a surfactant, or also known as a dispersant,
which can be generally classified as anionic, cationic,
zwitterionic, or non-ionic. In some embodiments a dispersant may be
used alone or in combination of one or more species or types of
dispersants. Examples include an oil-soluble dispersant selected
from the group consisting of succinimide dispersants, succinic
ester dispersants, succinic ester-amide dispersant, Mannich base
dispersant, phosphorylated forms thereof, and boronated forms
thereof. The dispersants may be capped with acidic molecules
capable of reacting with secondary amino groups. The molecular
weight of the hydrocarbyl groups may range from 600 to 3000, for
example from 750 to 2500, and as a further example from 900 to
1500. In one embodiment, the dispersant is selected from the group
of alkenyl succinimides, alkenyl succinimides modified with other
organic compounds, alkenyl succinimides modified by post-treatment
with ethylene carbonate or boric acid, pentaerythritols,
phenate-salicylates and their post-treated analogs, alkali metal or
mixed alkali metal, alkaline earth metal borates, dispersions of
hydrated alkali metal borates, dispersions of alkaline-earth metal
borates, polyamide ashless dispersants and the like or mixtures of
such dispersants.
[0071] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant further
comprises one or more metallic detergents. Examples of metallic
detergent include an oil-soluble neutral or overbased salt of
alkali or alkaline earth metal with one or more of the following
acidic substances (or mixtures thereof): (1) a sulfonic acid, (2) a
carboxylic acid, (3) a salicylic acid, (4) an alkyl phenol, (5) a
sulfurized alkyl phenol, and (6) an organic phosphorus acid
characterized by at least one direct carbon-to-phosphorus linkage,
such as phosphonate.
[0072] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant further
comprises at least a corrosion inhibitor. Examples of suitable
ferrous metal corrosion inhibitors are the metal sulfonates such as
calcium petroleum sulfonate, barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate
and basic barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate, carbonated or
non-carbonated. Other examples are selected from thiazoles,
triazoles, and thiadiazoles. Examples of such compounds include
benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, octyltriazole, decyltriazole,
dodecyltriazole, 2-mercapto benzothiazole,
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole,
2-mercapto-5-hydrocarbylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazoles,
2-mercapto-5-hydrocarbyldithio-1,3,4-thiadiazoles,
2,5-bis(hydrocarbylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, and
2,5-bis(hydrocarbyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. Suitable compounds
include the 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, a number of which are available as
articles of commerce, and also combinations of triazoles such as
tolyltriazole with a 1,3,5-thiadiazole such as
2,5-bis(alkyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. The 1,3,4-thiadiazoles are
generally synthesized from hydrazine and carbon disulfide by known
procedures. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,765,289; 2,749,311;
2,760,933; 2,850,453; 2,910,439; 3,663,561; 3,862,798; and
3,840,549.
[0073] In one embodiment, the rust or corrosion inhibitors are
selected from the group of monocarboxylic acids and polycarboxylic
acids. Examples include octanoic acid, decanoic acid and dodecanoic
acid. Suitable polycarboxylic acids include dimer and trimer acids
produced from acids such as tall oil fatty acids, oleic acid,
linoleic acid, or the like. Another useful type of rust inhibitor
may comprise alkenyl succinic acid and alkenyl succinic anhydride
corrosion inhibitors, for example, tetrapropenylsuccinic acid,
tetrapropenylsuccinic anhydride, tetradecenylsuccinic acid,
tetradecenylsuccinic anhydride, hexadecenylsuccinic acid,
hexadecenylsuccinic anhydride, and the like. Also useful are the
half esters of alkenyl succinic acids having 8 to 24 carbon atoms
in the alkenyl group with alcohols such as the polyglycols. Other
suitable rust or corrosion inhibitors include ether amines; acid
phosphates; amines; polyethoxylated compounds such as ethoxylated
amines, ethoxylated phenols, and ethoxylated alcohols;
imidazolines; aminosuccinic acids or derivatives thereof, and the
like. Mixtures of such rust or corrosion inhibitors can be used.
Other examples of rust inhibitors include a polyethoxylated phenol,
neutral calcium sulfonate and basic calcium sulfonate.
[0074] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant further comprise
at least a friction modifier selected from the group of
succinimide, a bis-succinimide, an alkylated fatty amine, an
ethoxylated fatty amine, an amide, a glycerol ester, an
imidazoline, fatty alcohol, fatty acid, amine, borated ester, other
esters, phosphates, phosphites, phosphonates, and mixtures
thereof.
[0075] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant optionally
comprises a sufficient amount of pour point depressant to cause the
pour point of the compressor lubricant to be at least 3.degree. C.
below the pour point of a blend that does not have the pour point
depressant. Pour point depressants are known in the art and
include, but are not limited to esters of maleic anhydride-styrene
copolymers, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyacrylamides,
condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds,
vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkylfumarates,
vinyl esters of fatty acids, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers,
alkyl phenol formaldehyde condensation resins, alkyl vinyl ethers,
olefin copolymers, and mixtures thereof.
[0076] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant further
comprises at least an extreme pressure anti-wear agent (EP/AW
Agent) in the range of from 0.1 to 3.0 wt. %, based on the total
weight of lubricating oil composition. Examples of such agents
include, but are not limited to, phosphates, carbarmates, esters,
molybdenum-containing compounds, boron-containing compounds and
ashless anti-wear additives such as substituted or unsubstituted
thiophosphoric acids, and salts thereof.
[0077] In one embodiment, the anti-wear agents are selected from
the group of zinc dialky-1-dithiophosphate (primary alkyl,
secondary alkyl, and aryl type), diphenyl sulfide, methyl
trichlorostearate, chlorinated naphthalene,
fluoroalkylpolysiloxane, lead naphthenate, neutralized phosphates,
dithiophosphates, and sulfur-free phosphates. In another
embodiment, the anti-wear agent is selected from the group of a
zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate (ZDDP), an alkyl phosphite, a
trialkyl phosphite, and amine salts of dialkyl and mono-alkyl
phosphoric acid. Examples of such molybdenum-containing compounds
include molybdenum dithiocarbamates, trinuclear molybdenum
compounds, for example as described in WO-A-98/26030, sulphides of
molybdenum and molybdenum dithiophosphate. Boron-containing
compounds include borate esters, borated fatty amines, borated
epoxides, alkali metal (or mixed alkali metal or alkaline earth
metal) borates and borated overbased metal salts.
[0078] The compressor lubricant may also include conventional
additives in addition to those described above. Examples include
but are not limited to colorants, metal deactivators such as
disalicylidene propylenediamine, triazole derivatives, thiadiazole
derivatives, and mercaptobenzimidazoles, antifoam and defoamer
additives such as alkyl methacrylate polymers and dimethyl silicone
polymers, and/or air expulsion additives. Such additives may be
added to provide, for example, viscometric multigrade
functionality.
[0079] In one embodiment, the additional components are added as a
fully formulated additive package fully formulated to meet an
original equipment manufacturer's requirements. The package to be
used depends in part by the requirements of the specific equipment
to receive the lubricant composition. Some of the above-mentioned
additives can provide a multiplicity of effects; thus for example,
a single additive may act as a dispersant as well as an oxidation
inhibitor. In one embodiment, when the compressor lubricant
contains one or more of the above-mentioned additives, each
additive is typically blended into the base oil in an amount that
enables the additive to provide its desired function. It may be
desirable, although not essential, to prepare one or more additive
concentrates comprising additives (concentrates containing at least
one of above-mentioned additives sometimes being referred to as
"additive packages") to add to the compressor lubricant
composition. The final composition may employ from about 0.001 to
20 wt. % of the concentrate, the remainder being the oil of
lubricating viscosity. The components can be blended in any order
and can be blended as combinations of components.
[0080] Method for Making: Additives used in formulating the
compressor lubricant composition can be blended into the base oil
matrix individually or in various sub-combinations to subsequently
form the compressor lubricant. In one embodiment, all of the
components are blended concurrently using an additive concentrate
(i.e., additives plus a diluent, such as a hydrocarbon solvent).
The use of an additive concentrate takes advantage of the mutual
compatibility afforded by the combination of ingredients when in
the form of an additive concentrate.
[0081] In another embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition
is prepared by mixing the base oil matrix with the separate
additives or additive package(s) at an appropriate temperature,
such as approximately 60.degree. C., until homogeneous.
[0082] Applications: The composition can be used in various
compressor applications including reciprocating compressors as well
as screw compressors. In one embodiment with a white oil as the
isomerized base oil, the compressor lubricant composition is
suitable for use in hypercompressors requiring food grade
lubricants for incidental contact with food for human
consumption.
[0083] Properties: In one embodiment, the composition when used as
a lubricant for compressors, e.g., reciprocating compressors as
well as screw compressors, allows the compressors to consume less
energy while still provides the same performance specifications. In
one embodiment, the composition provides energy (power or
electricity) savings of at least as compared to the traditional
compressor lubricants comprising synthetic oils. In another
embodiment, the composition provides an energy saving of at least
5%, as compared to traditional compressor lubricants comprising
mineral oils and/or synthetic oils. In a third embodiment, the
composition provides an energy saving of at least 5%, as compared
to the traditional compressor lubricants of the prior art.
[0084] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition is
characterized as meeting or exceeding the German standard DIN 51
506 class VDL specifications and exhibiting high load carrying
capacity. In another embodiment, the composition meets or exceeds
ISO/DP 6521-L-DAB for medium duty applications. In a third
embodiment, the composition meets or exceeds ISO 6743-3A-DAC for
heavy duty applications.
[0085] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition is
suitable for use in oil injected rotary screw compressors operating
at high discharge temperatures (>100.degree. C.) and high
discharge pressures (>15 bar). In another embodiment, the
composition meets the requirements for reciprocating air
compressors operating at high discharge temperatures
(>200.degree. C.). In yet another embodiment, the compressor oil
composition is suitable for use in stationary and portable
compressors, operating at compression temperatures up to
220.degree. C. including compressors with oil lubricated pressure
space, e.g. single and multistage reciprocating compressors or
single or multistage centrifugal compressors.
[0086] In one embodiment, the composition is characterized as
having excellent demulsibility characteristics, thus allowing
excess water to be drained off. Demulsification of compressor oil
can cause sludge, plug filters, shorten oil life, cause foaming and
reduce lubricant performance. Complete demulsibility minimizes
environmental discharges. In one embodiment, the compressor
lubricant composition separates from water in less than 60 minutes
as measured according to ASTM D-1401-2002. In another embodiment,
the composition separates from water in less than 45 minutes as
measured according to ASTM D-1401-2002. In a third embodiment, the
composition separates from water in less than 30 minutes as
measured according to ASTM D-1401-2002.
[0087] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition is
characterized as having a high viscosity index, e.g., greater than
140, demonstrating excellent viscosity stability over a wide
temperature range with better protection at high temperatures as
well as better oil flow at lower temperatures. In one embodiment,
the compressor lubricant composition is characterized as being very
stable for use with a wide range of temperatures with a viscosity
index (VI) of at least 150. In another embodiment, the compressor
lubricant has a VI of at least 155. In a third embodiment, a VI of
at least 160.
[0088] Depending on the isomerized base oils for use as the base
oil, the compressor lubricant composition in one embodiment is
tailored to meet any of the ISO viscosity grades, including ISO 68,
ISO 100, or ISO 150. In one another embodiment, the compressor
lubricant composition is tailored to have a viscosity of ISO 46
(41.4 to 50.6 mm2/s at 40.degree. C. range).
[0089] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition is
characterized as being particularly suitable for use in
applications demanding the use of fire resistant fluids, e.g., a
power plant application, with a flash point of at least 250.degree.
C. In a second embodiment, the compressor lubricant has a flash
point of at least 270.degree. C. In one embodiment, the compressor
lubricant composition has an auto-ignition temperature of at least
360.degree. C.
[0090] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition
demonstrates excellent oxidation stability as measured according to
ASTM D2272-02 with a RPVOT of greater than 300 minutes. In another
embodiment, the RPVOT is greater than 600 minutes. In yet another
embodiment, the RPVOT is greater than 1000 minutes. In a fourth
embodiment, the RPVOT is greater than 1200 minutes.
[0091] In one embodiment, the composition demonstrates excellent
oxidation stability according to IP-48 Oxidation Test (24 hrs.)
with an evaporation loss measured of less than 1%. In a second
embodiment, the evaporation loss is less than 0.75%. In a third
embodiment, the evaporation loss is equal or less than 0.5%.
[0092] In one embodiment, the composition demonstrate excellent
thermal oxidative stability as demonstrated in the Panel Coker
test, with minimal or zero deposit at high temperatures (e.g.,
560.degree. F., 580.degree. F., and 600.degree. F.) compared to the
compositions of the prior art. In the Panel Coker test, the cleaner
the panel, the better the oil as a clean panel indicates less
residual carbon/residue from thermal degradation.
[0093] In one embodiment, the compressor lubricant composition
exhibits reduced mist formation property and imparts aerosol
control or particulate control to the fluid, e.g., having 5 to 50%
mist reduction compared to compressor lubricant compositions
comprising mineral oils in the prior art.
[0094] The following Examples are given as non-limitative
illustration of aspects of the present invention.
EXAMPLES
[0095] The Examples were prepared by mixing the components in the
amounts (in weight percent) as indicated in the tables. The
components used in the examples are listed as follows:
[0096] FTBO-H, FTBO-M, FTBO-249, FTBO417, FTBO-780, and FTBO-782
are isomerized base oils from Chevron Corporation of San Ramon,
Calif. The properties of the FTBO base oils used in the examples
are shown in Table 5.
[0097] Chevron.TM. 220R and Chevron.TM. 600R are conventional Group
II base oils from Chevron Corporation of San Ramon, Calif.
[0098] PAO-1, PAO-2 and PAO-3 are commercially available polyalpha
olefin ("PAO") base oils.
[0099] SN-1 and SN-2 are solvent neutral base oils (Group I),
commercially available from a number of sources.
[0100] Group III is a commercially available high viscosity index
mineral base oil having a viscosity of about 6.8 mm.sup.2/s cSt at
100.degree. C. and a viscosity index of 144.
[0101] Group IV is a commercially available high viscosity grade
API Group IV base oil.
[0102] Synthetic Oil 1 is a synthetic ester.
[0103] Synthetic Oil 2 is another synthetic ester.
[0104] Group II is commercially available API Group II base
oil.
[0105] Additive 1 is a synthetic ester.
[0106] Additive 2 is an anti-wear additive, also commercially
available.
[0107] Additive 3 is an amine anti-oxidant.
[0108] Additive 4 is a general purpose, ashless antioxidant.
[0109] Additive 5 is an anti-wear agent.
[0110] Additive 6 is a metal deactivator.
[0111] Additive 7 is an anti foamant.
[0112] Additive 8 is a corrosion inhibitor.
[0113] Additive 9 is a commercially available hydraulic oil
additive package.
[0114] Additive 10 is a pour point depressant.
[0115] Additive 11 is a commercially available anti-foaming
agent.
[0116] Additive 12 is a commercially available amine
antioxidant.
[0117] Additive 13 is a commercially available amine
antioxidant.
[0118] Additive 14 is a commercially available phenolic
antioxidant.
[0119] Additive 15 is a commercially available metal
deactivator.
[0120] Additive 16 is a corrosion inhibitor.
[0121] Additive 17 is another commercially available corrosion
inhibitor.
[0122] Additive 18 is commercially ester anti-wear additive.
[0123] Additive 19 is a commercially available pour point
depressant.
[0124] Additive 20 is a commercially available defoaming agent.
Examples 1-6
[0125] Compressor oil lubricants meeting the German DIN 51 506 VDL
standard were formulated according to amounts in Table 2. The
Example formulae were subject to friction losses tests according to
modified GFC T014 T 85, ECOTRANS method assessment of the ability
of lubricants to reduce friction losses in transmissions, dated
1986 ("Methode ECOTRANS=evaluation de l'aptitude des lubrifiants a
reduire les pertes par frottement dans les transmissions (essais
sur machine a engrenages FZG). The GFC T014 T 85 test was modified
with gears of 40 mm width (as the 30 mm gears were not
available).
[0126] The principle of the test was to measure the electric power
consumption of a FZG machine, under given loads and at a constant
oil temperature, with a given test oil. The power consumption
measurements were compared with the power consumption of a given
reference oil running under similar conditions.
[0127] The tests were run with recalculated loads, proportional to
the tooth width, to keep contact forces constant (or as constant as
possible), with the loads as indicated in Table 1 below. The oil
temperature in the transmission gear case was in the range of about
79-81.degree. C. Test duration from start of load stage ranged from
10-30 minutes.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Ecotrans CTTG Load Torque Calculated torque
Applied Load stage 30 mm gears 40 mm gears torque stage [--] [Nm]
[Nm] [Nm] [--] 8 239.3 319.07 302.0 9 6 135.5 180.06 183.4 7 4 60.8
81.06 94.1 5 2 13.7 18.2 13.7 2
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 ISO-46 viscosity compressor oil ISO-68
viscosity compressor oil Components Example 1 Example 2 Example 3
Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 PAO-1 90.465 -- -- 70.775 -- -- PAO-2
2.45 -- -- 22.14 -- -- SN-1 -- -- 62 -- -- 30 SN-2 -- -- 30.915 --
-- 62.915 FTBO M -- 84 -- -- 28.415 -- FTBO H -- 11.085 -- -- 65 --
Additive 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 Additive 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Additive
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 Additive 4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Additive 5 0.05
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Additive 6 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Additive 7 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Additive 8 0.005 0.005
0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 Properties Kin. Viscosity, 45.83 41.42
44.09 67.7 70.6 69.5 40.degree. C., mm.sup.2/s Results Ave. from 2
runs, 3 measurements in each Ave., Kw 2.106 1.96 2.188 1.873 1.756
2.162
[0128] Test results show that given the same additives, the
compressor oil composition comprising isomerized base oils
(Examples 2 and 5) demonstrated energy savings ranging from 6.9 to
10.4% (for ISO 46 viscosity) and 6.2 to 18.8% compared to
compressor oil compositions of the prior art, including compressor
oil compositions containing synthetic oils.
Examples 7-10
[0129] Formulae suitable for use as compressor oil with ISO
viscosity grade 46 were prepared according to Table 3. The
compositions underwent friction losses tests according to modified
GFC T014 T 85. The compressor oil composition (Example 7)
comprising isomerized base oils demonstrated energy savings ranging
from 6.3 to 15.7% compared to prior art compressor oils.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Components Example 7 Example 8 Example 9
PAO-1 96.37 -- -- PAO-2 3 -- -- SN-1 -- -- 62 SN-2 -- -- 37.37 FTBO
M -- 84.37 -- FTBO H -- 15 -- Additive 9 0.55 0.55 0.55 Additive 10
0.07 0.07 0.07 Additive 11 0.01 0.01 0.01 Results Kin. Viscosity,
49.59 44.04 47.78 40.degree. C., mm.sup.2/s Results Ave. from 2
runs, 3 measurements in each AVERAGE, kW 1.89 1.77 2.1
Examples 10-16
[0130] Formulae suitable for use as compressor oil with ISO
viscosity grade 46 were prepared according to Table 4 and a number
of tests were conducted including but not limited to MIP-48
Oxidation test, Panel Coker test, Four Ball Wear Test and Rust
Test. MIP-48 is a slight modification of the standard IP-48 test.
In the original IP-48 test, the testing is done for 2 periods of 6
hrs each with 15-30 hrs of standing time before and between the
tests. In the MIP-48 test, the test is run continuously for a
period of 24 hrs continuously and then the oil properties are
measured. The results are shown in Table 4.
[0131] As shown, formulations comprising isomerized base oils
demonstrate excellent oxidation stability with comparable viscosity
increase but much lower volatility/evaporation loss (Examples 12
and 14) compared to formulations of the prior art, e.g., less than
half then evaporation loss of the prior art formulations.
Compositions comprising isomerized oils give comparable performance
in four ball wear test.
[0132] For the purposes of this specification and appended claims,
unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities,
percentages or proportions, and other numerical values used in the
specification and claims, are to be understood as being modified in
all instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to
the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following
specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary
depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained and/or
the precision of an instrument for measuring the value.
Furthermore, all ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the
endpoints and are independently combinable. In general, unless
otherwise indicated, singular elements may be in the plural and
vice versa with no loss of generality. As used herein, the term
"include" and its grammatical variants are intended to be
non-limiting, such that recitation of items in a list is not to the
exclusion of other like items that can be substituted or added to
the listed items.
[0133] This written description uses examples to disclose the
invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person
skilled in the art to make and use the invention. The patentable
scope is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that
occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended
to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural
elements that do not differ from the literal language of the
claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with
insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
All citations referred herein are expressly incorporated herein by
reference.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Components (wt. %) Test method 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Group III 83.39 84.86 -- -- -- -- -- Group IV 15.10 14.01 -- -- --
19.78 11.31 FTBO-249 -- -- 63.95 -- -- -- -- FTBO-417 -- -- 34.92
-- -- -- -- FTBO-780 -- -- -- 40.28 27.93 -- -- FTBO-782 -- -- --
58.65 66.1 -- -- PAO-2 -- -- -- -- -- 74.09 -- PAO-3 -- -- -- -- --
-- 82.56 Synthetic Oil 1 -- -- -- -- 5.0 -- 5.0 Synthetic Oil 2 --
-- -- -- -- 5.0 -- Group II -- -- -- 0.07 0.07 -- -- Addtive 12 --
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Addtive 13 -- 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Addtive 14 0.25 0.25 0.25 -- -- 0.25 0.25 Addtive 15 -- -- --
0.125* 0.125* -- -- Addtive 16 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Addtive 17 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Addtive 18 0.05 0.05 0.05
0.05 0.05 0.05 Addtive 19 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Addtive 20 0.01 0.011 0.011 0.011 -- -- -- API Gravity D287 (R
2006) 35.9 Viscosity, Kinematic D445-06 cSt at 40.degree. C. 64.6
64.6 64.33 63.95 63.59 64.74- 65.44 cSt at 100.degree. C. 10.4 --
10.63 10.64 10.67 -- 10.27 Viscosity, Saybolt D445-06 SUS at
100.degree. F. 330 -- -- -- -- -- -- SUS at 210.degree. F. 61.7 --
-- -- -- -- -- Viscosity Index D2270-04 150 143 155 157 158 -- 144
Flash Point, D92-05a 254(489) 238 288 302 -- -- .degree. C.
(.degree. F.) Pour Point, D97-06 -42(-44) -38 -21 -21 -- <-52
.degree. C. (.degree. F.) Color, ASTM D1500-04a L0.5 LT 2
Performance Properties Rust Test, 24 hr, DW D665-06 Pass Pass Pass
Pass Pass -- Pass Rust Test, 24 hr, D665-06 Pass -- Fail Fail Fail
-- Pass syn water Copper Corrosion D130 (E-2005) 3 h at 121 C. 1B
1B -- 1b 1b -- -- Water Separability D1401-02 40/37/3 40/40/0
41/39/0 40/38/2 -- -- Minutes to 0 ml -- 15 -- -- 10 15 -- --
emulsion Foam Tendency/Stability, D892 (E-2007) mL/mL Sequence I
(FT/FS) 10/0 10/0 -- 10/0 0/0 -- -- Sequence II (FT/FS) -- -- --
0/0 30/0 -- -- Sequence III (FT/FS) -- -- -- 0/0 0/0 -- -- Air
Release, min D3427-06 4 4 2 -- -- -- -- Oxidation Stability Hours
to 2.0 mg 18,000+ 1 -- -- -- -- -- KOH/g acid Minutes to 25 psi
D2272-02 1800 3038 2990 3597 3307 -- -- pressure drop IP-48
Oxidation Test, MIP 48 24 hr % Viscosity Increase MIP 48 1.43 2.14
2.02 9.12 9.06 2.27 1.54 % Evaporation Loss MIP 48 1.25 1.0 0.5 1.2
0.7 1.5 0.7 Acid Number Increase MIP 48 -0.29 0.03 0.09 0.1 0.06
-0.01 -0.04 Final Color MIP 48 6 dark brown dark brown Pneurop
Oxidation Test DIN 51352 % Evaporation Loss DIN 51353 14.7 11.71
12.42 12.27 9.76 13.07 12.1 Inc. in Conradson Carbon DIN 51354 2.55
2.76 3.08 -- -- 2.21 2.58 MCRT, ILT 10315, % 3.42 2.34 -- -- Panel
Coker LPTL (see op. conditions) Deposit Weight, mg LPTL 0.6 1.4 0
13.8 0.2 -- 0 golden golden Gray/ brown w/ brown w/ gold Beige
yellowish purplish film, Panel Picture (color) via Camera Clean 1
Clean 1 green stripping stripping Best 1 Noack Volatility, CEC
L-40-T-87 3.29 3.97 -- 1.09 1.12 -- -- % wt loss FZG Fail Stage DIN
51354 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- Four Ball Wear Scar diameter, D4172 0.41
0.53 0.498 0.48 0.456 -- -- mm, 1800 rpm
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Properties FTBO-M FTBO-H FTBO-249 FTBO-417
FTBO-780 FTBO-782 Kinematic Viscosity @ 40.degree. C., mm.sup.2/s
37.92 99.38 32.23 91.64 42.19 86.72 Kinematic Viscosity @
100.degree. C., mm.sup.2/s 7.129 14.84 6.362 13.99 7.901 13.14
Viscosity Index 153 156 153 157 161 152 Cold Crank Viscosity @
-35.degree. C., mPa s 6,966 -- -- -- 13,547 -- Cold Crank Viscosity
@ -30.degree. C., mPa s 3,771 -- -- -- 5,802 -- Cold Crank
Viscosity @ -25.degree. C., mPa s 2,200 13,152 -- -- 2,896 -- Pour
Point, .degree. C. -20 -12 -23 -8 -14 -4 n-d-m (ASTM D3238-95
Reapproved 2005) with normalization to 100% total wt % carbon)
Molecular Weight, gm/mol (VPO) 540 697 518 737 575 724 Density,
gm/ml 0.8222 0.8317 -- 0.8009 0.8261 0.8326 Refractive Index 1.459
1.4636 -- 1.4461 1.4608 1.4642 Paraffinic Carbon, % 95.47 93.44 --
-- 93.94 93.86 Naphthenic Carbon, % 4.53 6.56 -- -- 6.06 6.14
Aromatic Carbon, % 0.00 0.00 -- -- 0.00 0.00 Oxidator BN, hrs 42.07
35.27 21.29 18.89 37.72 33.52 Sulfur, ppm <2 <1 -- -- -- --
Nitrogen, ppm <0.1 <0.1 -- -- -- -- Noack Volatility wt. %
2.49 1 2.8 0.7 1.82 0.82 COC Flash Point, .degree. C. 258 294 -- --
-- -- Aniline Point, .degree. F. -- -- 263.3 288.9 -- -- SIMDIST
TBP (WT %), F (ASTM D-6352-04) TBP @0.5 805 879 828 947 838 906 TBP
@5 836 935 847 963 877 953 TBP @10 850 963 856 972 890 974 TBP @20
869 997 869 990 907 995 TBP @30 884 1021 881 1006 920 1007 TBP @40
897 1042 893 1025 930 1020 TBP @50 913 1060 905 1045 939 1036 TBP
@60 930 1079 918 1066 948 1048 TBP @70 947 1099 931 1090 959 1061
TBP @80 973 1122 946 1122 973 1078 TBP @90 1004 1153 962 1168 987
1106 TBP @95 1033 1175 972 1203 998 1140 TBP @99.5 1078 1219 988
1273 1029 1228 FIMS Alkanes 73.1 69.7 68 58.5 55.3 42.7
1-Unsaturation 26.5 29.6 31.2 40.2 34.6 39.4 2-Unsaturation 0.2 0.7
0.7 0.8 8.1 10.3 3-Unsaturation 0 0 0 0 1.9 5.2 4-Unsaturation 0 0
0 0 0.0 1.9 5-Unsaturation 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.4 6-Unsaturation 0.2 0 0 0
0.0 0.0 NMR Analysis: Branching Index 24.29 21.66 23.80 -- 23.09
20.12 Branching Proximity 17.94 21.45 18.87 -- 23.40 28.02 Alkyl
Branches per Molecule 3.33 3.7 3.75 -- 3.36 3.89 Methyl Branches
per Molecule 2.62 2.85 -- 3.43 2.77 3.26 FCI 6.92 10.68 -- 12.59
9.61 14.49 Alkyl Branches per 100 Carbons 8.63 7.43 10.13 8.38 8.17
7.53 Methyl Branches per 100 Carbons 6.79 5.73 6.55 6.74 6.30 Wt %
Olefins by Proton NMR 1.38 2 3.49 -- 0.00 0.00 Wt % Aromatics
<0.001 <0.001 -- -- -- -- Total Wt % Molecules with
Cycloparaffinic 26.9 28.3 -- -- -- -- Functionality
Monocycloparaffins/Multicycloparaffins 62.8 39.4 44.6 48.8 3.5
2.2
* * * * *
References