U.S. patent application number 12/066962 was filed with the patent office on 2009-06-04 for method for producing a sheet steel product protected against corrosion.
This patent application is currently assigned to ThyssenKrupp Steel AG. Invention is credited to Tamara Appel, Ralf Bause, Brigitte Bode, Rolf Bode, Frank Friedel, Andreas Klare, Stefan Kohler, Krasimir Nikolov, Wilfried Prange, Monika Riemer, Bernd Schuhmacher, Reinhard Schulski, Christian Schwerdt, Michael Steinhorst, Slavcho Topalski, Nicole Weiher.
Application Number | 20090139872 12/066962 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37440969 |
Filed Date | 2009-06-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090139872 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Weiher; Nicole ; et
al. |
June 4, 2009 |
Method for producing a sheet steel product protected against
corrosion
Abstract
A cost-favorable process for production of corrosion-resistant
sheet steel products, having good characteristics of use for
certain application purposes includes applying a zinc-containing
coating by electro-galvanizing a flat steel product, finally
cleaning mechanically and/or chemically the flat steel product,
applying a magnesium-based coating to the finally cleaned
zinc-containing coating by means of vapour deposition, and heat
treating the coated flat steel product to form a diffusion or
convention layer between the zinc-containing coating and the
magnesium-based coating at a temperature of 320 .degree. C. to 335
.degree. C. under normal atmosphere.
Inventors: |
Weiher; Nicole; (Bochum,
DE) ; Schuhmacher; Bernd; (Dortmund, DE) ;
Steinhorst; Michael; (Essen, DE) ; Klare;
Andreas; (Lunen, DE) ; Appel; Tamara;
(Dortmund, DE) ; Bause; Ralf; (Dortmund, DE)
; Kohler; Stefan; (Schwerte, DE) ; Nikolov;
Krasimir; (Dortmund, DE) ; Riemer; Monika;
(Dortmund, DE) ; Topalski; Slavcho; (Dortmund,
DE) ; Friedel; Frank; (Moers, DE) ; Prange;
Wilfried; (Dinslaken, DE) ; Schulski; Reinhard;
(Duisberg, DE) ; Schwerdt; Christian; (Duisberg,
DE) ; Bode; Rolf; (Wesel, DE) ; Bode;
Brigitte; (Wesel, DE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
PROSKAUER ROSE LLP
ONE INTERNATIONAL PLACE
BOSTON
MA
02110
US
|
Assignee: |
ThyssenKrupp Steel AG
Duisburg
DE
|
Family ID: |
37440969 |
Appl. No.: |
12/066962 |
Filed: |
September 22, 2006 |
PCT Filed: |
September 22, 2006 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP2006/066632 |
371 Date: |
November 20, 2008 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
205/220 ;
205/224 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C23C 26/00 20130101;
C23C 2/26 20130101; C23G 1/20 20130101; C23G 1/10 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
205/220 ;
205/224 |
International
Class: |
C25D 5/50 20060101
C25D005/50 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 23, 2005 |
DE |
102005045780.0 |
Claims
1. A process for manufacturing corrosion-resistant flat steel
products, comprising: applying a zinc-containing coating by
electro-galvanizing a flat steel product, mechanically and/or
chemically finally cleaning the flat steel products, directly
applying to the finally cleaned zinc-containing coating by means of
vapor deposition a second coating, the second coating being
magnesium based, and under normal atmosphere heat treating the flat
steel product after applying the second coating to form a diffusion
or convection layer between the zinc-containing coating and the
magnesium-based coating, at a heat treatment temperature of
320.degree. C. to 335.degree. C.
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the flat steel product
provided with the zinc-containing coating, in the course of its
final cleaning, is chemically pre-conditioned by rinsing with an
alkaline pre-conditioning agent.
3. The process according to claim 1 wherein the flat steel product,
provided with the zinc-containing coating, in the course of its
final cleaning, is pickled by rinsing with an acid.
4. The process according to claim 3, wherein after pickling the
flat steel product is rinsed with de-mineralized water.
5. The process according to claim 1 wherein heat treating the flat
steel product after applying the second coating is carried out
within a duration of 15 seconds at most.
6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the flat steel
product, provided with the zinc-containing coating has on its free
surface a roughness Ra of at least 1.4 .mu.m prior to vapor
deposition.
7. The process according to claim 1, wherein a nib rate RPC of the
flat steel product, provided with the zinc-containing coating,
prior to vapor deposition, is at least 60 per cm.
8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the flat steel
product, provided with the zinc-containing coating, before entering
the vapor deposition, is heated to a temperature above ambient
temperature but below an alloying temperature of the magnesium
coating.
9. A process for manufacturing corrosion-resistant flat steel
products, comprising: applying a first coating including zinc by
electro-galvanizing a flat steel product, applying a second coating
comprising magnesium by vapor deposition to the first coating
without fine cleaning the first coating, and heat treating the flat
steel product with first and second coatings under normal
atmosphere to form a diffusion or convection layer between the
first and second coatings, at a heat treatment temperature of
320.degree. C. to 335.degree. C.
10. The process according to claim 9 wherein heat treating the flat
steel product after applying the second coating is carried out
within a duration of 15 seconds at most.
11. The process according to claim 9, wherein the flat steel
product, provided with the first coating has on its free surface a
roughness Ra of at least 1.4 .mu.m prior to applying the second
coating.
12. The process according to claim 9, wherein a nib rate RPC of the
flat steel product including the first coating, but prior to vapor
deposition of the second coating, is at least 60 per cm.
13. The process according to claim 9, wherein the flat steel
product, provided with the first coating, before application of the
second coating, is heated to a temperature above ambient
temperature but below an alloying temperature of the second
coating.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a National Phase Application of
International Application No. PCT/EP2006/066632, filed on Sep. 22,
2006, which claims the benefit of and priority to German patent
application no. DE 10 2005 045 780.0, filed Sep. 23, 2005, which is
owned by the assignee of the instant application. The disclosure of
each of the above applications is incorporated herein by reference
in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention relates to a process for manufacturing
corrosion-resistant flat steel products, which are provided at
least with a first zinc-containing coating, and a second coating
lying thereon, which is based on pure magnesium or a magnesium
alloy. Such processes are used for example to produce sheet steel,
which due to its optimized corrosion resistance is particularly
suitable for use in the construction, domestic appliance or motor
vehicle industries.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Coatings, which in the predominant number of applications,
consist of zinc or zinc alloys are applied to sheet steel in order
to improve its corrosion resistance. Such zinc or zinc alloy
coatings, due to their barrier and cathodic protection effect,
ensure very good corrosion resistance of the coated sheet steel.
However despite the quality already achieved up till now, higher
and higher requirements in the corrosion resistance and general
characteristics of coated sheet steel are demanded by the
processors.
[0004] At the same time apart from the heavy cost pressure there is
a need for better workability of coated sheet steel. In particular
surface qualities optimized in relation to the respective intended
purpose are demanded.
[0005] These demands in practice cannot be met alone by increasing
the coating thickness, since on the one hand this is countermanded
by economic and ecological reasons and on the other hand increasing
the coating thickness involves a general degradation in the
formability of sheet steel galvanized in this way.
[0006] Galvanized sheet steel is usually converted to consumer
articles by forming, joining, organic coating (for example
painting) or similar processes. Particularly in the field of motor
vehicle body construction the bonding together of preformed steel
parts is gaining acceptance. A further important factor is the
formability of the coatings, that is to say their ability to
withstand even greater transforming stresses, as they occur for
example in the case of deep-drawing, without serious damage. None
of these demands can be met to the same degree with conventional
pure-galvanized products. Rather, conventionally coated sheet steel
usually has particularly good characteristics as regards a certain
requirement feature, while shortcomings must be accepted as regards
other requirement features.
[0007] Thus for example hot-dip galvanized sheet steel is
characterized by high corrosion resistance in both the unpainted as
well as in the painted state. Although electro-galvanized sheet
steel, in comparison to hot-dip galvanized sheet steel, generally
has a further improved surface quality and equally improved
bonderizing-ability in preparation for paint finishing, it must be
considered that the production of electro-galvanized sheet steel is
more cost-intensive than hot-dip galvanizing due to higher energy
consumption and the waste disposal requirements, which the wet
chemical process entails.
[0008] An improvement in the performance characteristics of
galvanized sheet steel can be obtained by applying a second layer,
which is based on pure magnesium or a magnesium alloy, to the first
protective layer formed by galvanizing. A characteristic
combination is achieved by application of this second
magnesium-containing layer, wherein the characteristics of the
first zinc-containing layer and the second magnesium-based layer
are optimally enhanced.
[0009] In order to be able to utilize this optimum characteristic
combination of the different layers to the full, the coating
process is preferably carried out in such a way that breakdown of
the layers is avoided. For this reason a diffusion or convection
layer is formed between the zinc-containing and the magnesium-based
layer, which ensures the magnesium-containing layer adheres firmly
to the zinc layer.
[0010] A process, which permits a second layer to be applied to a
sheet steel previously coated with a corrosion-protective coating,
is for example disclosed by the German Patent DE 195 27 515 C1 or
the corresponding European Patent EP 0 756 022 B1. The
corrosion-resistant sheet steel manufactured by this process has
enhanced forming and spot weld ability. For this reason the sheet
steel provided with the zinc layer by hot-dip galvanizing or
electro-galvanizing is firstly cleaned mechanically or chemically.
By means of a suitable PVD (physical vapor deposition) process, a
top layer is then deposited on the previously zinc-coated steel
substrate. Afterwards the strip coated in this way undergoes heat
treatment, which is carried out for at least ten seconds within a
temperature range of 300.degree. C.-400.degree. C. in an inert gas
or oxygen-lean atmosphere. As the result of this heat treatment the
metal of the coating diffuses into the first zinc-containing
corrosion protective layer lying on the steel substrate.
[0011] In order to be able to precisely control the diffusion
process and to achieve good uniformity of the top layer, the sheet
steel in the course of the prior art process, before the vacuum
coating, undergoes vacuum pre-treatment by ion bombardment or
plasma treatment. The galvanized steel substrate to be plated with
the second layer of metal is fine-cleaned and conditioned by this
pre-treatment so that the metal, deposited in the subsequent PVD
process, is distributed widely and densely as a thin layer over the
entire zinc coating. Corresponding fine cleaning is necessary,
according to the statements of the professional world, particularly
if a magnesium-based coating is applied as an external layer to
galvanized sheet steel in order to improve its bonding and painting
performance.
[0012] Despite the characteristic improvements attainable by using
the method described in DE 195 27 515 C1 or EP 0 756 022 B1, this
process has not become generally accepted in practice. This is due
inter alia to the high construction and operating costs, which are
incurred when setting up and maintaining a production line designed
for executing the prior art process. These are caused inter alia
because a large part of the stages in the prior art process must be
carried out under vacuum, in order to manufacture flat steel
products plated with at least a zinc coating and a surface layer
applied thereon, which meet the strict requirements of the users.
Furthermore on an industrial scale it has proven difficult, in the
case of economic continuous production, within the narrow time
window prescribed in DE 195 27 515 C1, to heat the strip to
300-400.degree. C. with homogeneous temperature distribution over
the strip profile.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] In one aspect, the invention is directed to a process, which
permits economical production of corrosion-resistant sheet steel
with good performance characteristics for certain application
purposes.
[0014] In one aspect, the invention includes a process for
manufacturing a flat steel product made from corrosion-resistant
steel, wherein a zinc-containing coating is applied by
electro-galvanizing to a flat steel product, wherein the flat steel
product if required is finally cleaned mechanically and/or
chemically, wherein a second magnesium-based coating is applied
directly to the finally cleaned zinc-containing coating by means of
physical vapor deposition and wherein under normal atmosphere after
application of the second coating, post heat treatment of the
coated flat steel product is carried out for forming a diffusion or
convection layer between the zinc-containing and the
magnesium-based coating, at a heat treatment temperature of
320.degree. C. to 335.degree. C.
[0015] In accordance with the invention, the steel substrate, which
is a flat product such as strip or sheet, made from low carbon
steel, is firstly galvanized in a conventional way and then cleaned
mechanically or chemically in a way, which is equally conventional.
Mechanical or chemical cleaning in this case can take place
alternatively or in combination, in order to ensure the surface of
the zinc coating is as free as possible of grease and loosely
adhering zinc material or other residues.
[0016] For the invention it is essential that the galvanized flat
steel product is completely clean at the end of this cleaning. Thus
deviating from the notion, prevailing up until now in the
professional world that such an intermediate step is indispensable,
with the process according to the invention no further fine
cleaning takes place before the magnesium-containing coating is
deposited on the zinc-layer. Instead according to the invention the
flat steel product, plated with the zinc layer, is fed in the
purely mechanically or chemically final cleaned state into the
physical vapor deposition chamber/module, where it is provided with
the magnesium-containing external layer.
[0017] Surprisingly it has also been shown that a previously
galvanized steel sheet or strip, provided in such a way with a
magnesium layer, while dispensing with prior reactive plasma
cleaning, apart from a surface quality optimized in relation to its
optical appearance possesses a bonding performance, which meets all
requirements arising in the practical use of such sheet steel.
[0018] A test for evaluating bonding performance of coated sheet
steel, used in the motor vehicle and steel-making industry, is the
so-called "adhesive bead test".
[0019] In this test a commercially available structural adhesive,
suitable for bonding body components, is applied to the previously
degreased surface to be examined. The adhesive is applied in the
form of two parallel adhesive beads with a height of 4-5 mm and a
width of about 10 mm. In order to ensure standard conditions, the
geometry of the bead is then adjusted by means of a template. After
the adhesive has hardened, possibly assisted by heat, the sheet
steel is bent at an angle of approx. 100.degree.. Due to tension
between the adhesive and the coating surface, produced by bending,
in this case the adhesive bead usually firstly breaks vertically to
the specimen surface and then peels away along the specimen
surface.
[0020] In the case of coated sheet steel with poor bonding
performance peeling away takes place in the transient area between
the individual coatings or between the lowest coating and the steel
substrate. With the method of production according to the invention
on the other hand the peeling action, if it occurs at all, is
limited to the border between the free surface of the outer lying
coating or to the area of the adhesive bead itself. That is to say,
despite simplification of the process achieved by the invention, in
the case of sheet steel provided according to the invention with a
zinc-magnesium plating system, the applied coatings adhere so
firmly amongst themselves and to the steel substrate, that in the
adhesive bead bending test, the adhesive does not peel away in the
coatings or between the coatings and the steel substrate, but at
most between the adhesive and the coating or only in the adhesive
itself. The quality of an adhesive bond produced with a flat
product according to the invention thus only depends on the bonding
performance of the adhesive on the surface of the coating. Chipping
or lifting of the plating system applied to the steel substrate is
reliably prevented, despite fine cleaning being dispensed with
according to the invention before vapor deposition of the magnesium
layer, due to the heat treatment carried out according to the
invention, following application of the magnesium coating.
[0021] Apart from the particularly good bonding performance, the
stone chip resistance of flat steel products coated according to
the invention also meets the requirements demanded in practice.
Thus stone chip resistance, which corresponds to that of sheet
steel coated in the conventional way, can be ensured for sheet
steel coated according to the invention, particularly while
maintaining the temperature windows of the heat treatment,
indicated below as preferable dependent on the type of zinc
coating, despite reactive plasma cleaning being dispensed with
before physical vapor deposition plating.
[0022] Accordingly flat products manufactured according to the
invention are particularly suitable for producing motor vehicle
body components, which are formed by bonding individual components
with one another.
[0023] A pre-condition for the good bonding performance achieved
according to the invention is that the steel strip, vapor
deposition plated according to the invention with the magnesium
layer while dispensing with fine cleaning, undergoes heat treatment
following vapor deposition, during which time it is held within the
temperature range of 320.degree. C. to 335.degree. C., in order to
form the diffusion or convection layer between the zinc coating and
the magnesium layer. The temperatures of the heat treatment are
preferably purposefully selected with regard to as good as possible
bonding performance of the finished flat steel product, so that in
each case they lie in the upper spectrum of the optimum temperature
range for the respective application.
[0024] With respect to suitability of the process according to the
invention for economic industrial use, it is of prime importance
that the post heat treatment according to the invention can be
carried out in air. This also contributes to reducing the capital
expense and the costs generally linked with carrying out the
process according to the invention to a minimum.
[0025] The post heat treatment is preferably carried out so that
the coated strip in each case is held for a duration of up to 15
seconds, in particular 5-10 seconds, in the range of the optimum
heat treatment temperature specified by the invention, so that its
surface when leaving the heat-treatment furnace is at the correct
heat treatment temperature.
[0026] Normal measuring instruments, such as temperature sensors
placed on the strip surface can be used for measuring the
respective treatment temperature; said measuring instruments are
positioned for example in the discharge region of the furnace at a
place, where on the one hand their signals and function are no
longer disturbed by the operation of the furnace and on the other
hand it is ensured that no substantial cooling of the strip takes
place on leaving the furnace. Suitable positioning of the measuring
instrument is particularly important if an induction furnace with
correspondingly straying electromagnetic fields is used for post
heat treatment.
[0027] The zinc is applied by electro-galvanizing, thus optimized
characteristic combinations arise in the case of the flat products
manufactured according to the invention, if the heat treatment
temperature selected during the post heat treatment is 320.degree.
C. to 335.degree. C. When this temperature is maintained, it is
possible to ensure in an especially reliable way that no Fe--Zn
rich phases are formed in the plating layer, as a result of which
the bonding characteristics of sheet steel coated according to the
invention might be impaired.
[0028] Any PVD process, which is already proven in practice for
this purpose, can be used for physical vapor deposition of the
magnesium or the magnesium alloy on the galvanized steel
substrate.
[0029] Practical trials have shown that the working results
achieved with the process according to the invention can be further
improved if the sheet steel provided with the zinc-containing
coating, in the course of its final cleaning, is chemically
pre-conditioned by rinsing with a suitable pre-conditioning agent.
For this purpose the galvanized steel strip can be rinsed with an
alkaline solution in the course of chemical final cleaning.
[0030] Likewise with regard to an optimized plating result, it may
be advantageous if the chemical final cleaning for example
comprises pickling the steel substrate by rinsing with an acid, in
particular hydrochloric acid. Following pickling, rinsing with
de-mineralized water can ensue in order to remove residues, still
remaining on the zinc coated sheet after pickling, as completely as
possible.
[0031] Further optimization of the coating result can be achieved
if the steel substrate provided with the zinc-containing coating
has a roughness Ra on its free surface of at least 1.4 .mu.m, in
particular 1.4-1.6 .mu.m, when entering the physical vapor
deposition, with roughness levels of more than 1.4 .mu.m being
advantageous. Likewise it is advantageous for optimum adhesion of
the magnesium coat to the zinc coating, if the zinc-coated flat
steel product has a nib rate RPC of at least 60 per cm when
entering the physical vapor deposition. The nib rate RPC and
average roughness Ra are calculated by the contact stylus
procedure, wherein when determining average roughness Ra the
methods used are those indicated in DIN EN ISO 4287:1998 and when
determining the nib rate RPC the methods are those indicated in the
Iron and Steel Test Sheet September 1940.
[0032] Furthermore it has proven advantageous for the result of the
physical vapor deposition if the flat steel product, provided with
the zinc-containing coating, before entering the physical vapor
deposition, is heated to above ambient temperature, however to a
temperature below the alloy temperature or held at this. Practical
trials have shown that the temperatures particularly suitable for
this purpose lie in the range of 230.degree. C.-250.degree. C., in
particular approx. 240.degree. C.
[0033] The invention therefore makes available a process, which can
be carried out particularly economically in a continuously running
operation and provides a product that due to its surface quality
and bonding performance is particularly suitable for producing
components of motor vehicle bodies with application of joining
techniques, such as inter-bonding.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0034] FIG. 1 is an inverted FE-SEM photograph of a cross slice
specimen of a steel strip coated in accordance with an embodiment
of the invention and heat-treated at a temperature of 332.degree.
C.
DESCRIPTION
[0035] The invention is described in detail below on the basis of
two exemplary embodiments.
Exemplary Embodiment 1
[0036] A module for PVD plating and post heat treatment has been
integrated into an existing conventional plant for continuous steel
strip electro-galvanizing behind the conventional lines used for
galvanizing and in front of the plant for final treatment of the
finish-coated steel strip.
[0037] The steel strip firstly electro-galvanized in the known way
in the conventional galvanizing lines of the plant, converted in
this manner, after the galvanizing process and final cleaning
likewise carried out in the conventional plant, is fed into the
module for PVD plating and post heat treatment, where it is PVD
plated and post heat treated. Afterwards the steel strip is
returned to the conventional plant, in which for example it is
phosphatized and oiled within the context of final treatment.
[0038] Steel qualities, which are typical of motor vehicle
manufacture, are considered as material for the steel strip,
processed in this plant and having normal dimensions. It has proven
particularly advantageous if the average roughness of the cold
rolled steel used for the electro-galvanized sheet lies at the
upper limit of the motor vehicle-standard Ra specification for
external parts of 1.1-1.6 .mu.m. A further increase in the Ra value
above 2 .mu.m would be advantageous as regards the adhesive power
of the coating and the bonding performance associated therewith,
but under economic criteria at present it does not appear expedient
since today such a product would not comply with the specifications
of the motor vehicle customers.
[0039] A nib rate value RPC of>60 per cm is preferred. Both
values can also be positively influenced during the
electro-galvanizing process. A further possibility of controlling
these values consists of a cementation process as the ultimate
stage of final cleaning.
[0040] At strip speeds of 20-180 metres per minute the steel strip
is firstly provided conventionally by way of electrolysis on either
side with a zinc deposit of 3 .mu.m in vertically arranged
electrolysis cells by means of soluble anodes. After rinsing and
drying the now galvanized steel strip, the galvanized substrate is
thoroughly finally cleaned and prepared for application of the
magnesium-containing coating.
[0041] In order to optimize the result of subsequent physical vapor
deposition however, it may be advantageous, as part of the final
cleaning, to include pickling of the galvanized steel strip,
wherein the steel strip is kept in each case for 5 seconds in a
0.5% hydrochloric acid bath heated to 20.degree. C. In order to
neutralize the acid, the steel strip was then rinsed with
de-mineralized water.
[0042] The steel strip cleaned this way, after passing through
several compression phases, enters a vacuum chamber, in which
without any further treatment stage magnesium physical vapor
deposition is carried out by means of a PVD process using a
commercial JET evaporator. In order to ensure a constant magnesium
thickness of 300 nm at varying strip speeds, the JET evaporator by
suitable heat or mechanical means is able to supply evaporation
rates of between 6 .mu.m.times.meter per minute and 54
.mu.m.times.meter per minute. Via a further number of compression
phases the steel strip, now also plated with a magnesium layer, is
then again conveyed to normal atmosphere.
[0043] Treatment by means of NIR emitters is used in this case for
post heat treatment. The heating-up time here depends on the strip
speed, but can be varied by switching off individual modules. The
peak temperature of the heat treatment according to the invention
is 327.degree. C..+-.7 K. In order to reliably maintain this narrow
temperature window under the conditions of industrial application,
a special image-rendering pyrometric process is used, which makes
it possible to accurately control the temperature heat treatment
according to the invention locally and with respect to time.
Different steel substrates and coating conditions in this case may
cause deviating emissivities, so that extensive calibration is
necessary.
[0044] After a free strip run of 10 metres, the steel strip is
cooled down by means of water. The residual heat in the strip is
controlled so that the strip dries independently.
[0045] FIG. 1 as an inverted illustration shows an FE-SEM
photograph of a cross slice specimen of steel strip coated
according to the invention and heat-treated at a temperature of
332.degree. C. The advantageous layered structure, with the steel
substrate S, the zinc layer Z applied thereon by
electro-galvanizing and the magnesium-containing Zn--Mg coating M
lying on the zinc layer Z, is clearly recognizable there. The
layer, to be seen above the coating M, is bedding-in compound E,
which was required for preparing the cross slice.
Exemplary Embodiment 2
[0046] Under the same process conditions at a strip speed of 36
meters per minute as well as with an evaporation rate, increased to
96 .mu.m.times.meter per minute by suitable constructional means,
of the evaporator at a strip speed of 64 metres per minute,
magnesium deposits of 1500 nm were achieved and thermally alloyed
according to the invention. The advantageous forming of the
zinc-magnesium alloy coating was also demonstrated in these
tests.
* * * * *