U.S. patent application number 11/869170 was filed with the patent office on 2009-05-21 for anti-cd20 antibodies and methods of use.
This patent application is currently assigned to Vaccinex, Inc.. Invention is credited to Terrence L. JR. FISHER, Ernest S. SMITH.
Application Number | 20090130089 11/869170 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 39303303 |
Filed Date | 2009-05-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090130089 |
Kind Code |
A9 |
SMITH; Ernest S. ; et
al. |
May 21, 2009 |
ANTI-CD20 ANTIBODIES AND METHODS OF USE
Abstract
Compositions and methods are provided for treating diseases
associated with CD20, including lymphomas, autoimmune diseases, and
transplant rejections. Compositions include anti-CD20 antibodies
capable of binding to a human CD20 antigen located on the surface
of a human CD20-expressing cell, wherein the antibody has increased
complement-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CDC) that is
achieved by having at least one optimized CDR engineered within the
variable region of the antibody. Compositions also include
antigen-binding fragments, variants, and derivatives of the
monoclonal antibodies, cell lines producing these antibody
compositions, and isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding the
amino acid sequences of the antibodies. The invention further
includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising the anti-CD20
antibodies of the invention, or antigen-binding fragments,
variants, or derivatives thereof, in a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier, and methods of use of these anti-CD20 antibodies.
Inventors: |
SMITH; Ernest S.; (Ontario,
NY) ; FISHER; Terrence L. JR.; (Rochester,
NY) |
Correspondence
Address: |
ALSTON & BIRD LLP
BANK OF AMERICA PLAZA
101 SOUTH TRYON STREET, SUITE 4000
CHARLOTTE
NC
28280-4000
US
|
Assignee: |
Vaccinex, Inc.
Rochester
NY
14620
|
Prior
Publication: |
|
Document Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20080089885 A1 |
April 17, 2008 |
|
|
Family ID: |
39303303 |
Appl. No.: |
11/869170 |
Filed: |
October 9, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60850604 |
Oct 10, 2006 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/130.1 ;
435/375; 435/377; 435/70.1; 530/387.1; 530/387.3; 536/23.53 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 17/06 20180101;
C07K 2319/00 20130101; C07K 2317/565 20130101; A61P 25/28 20180101;
C07K 2317/73 20130101; A61P 11/06 20180101; A61P 13/12 20180101;
C12N 5/0635 20130101; A61P 37/00 20180101; A61P 3/02 20180101; A61P
17/04 20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101; C12N 2501/599 20130101; A61P
7/00 20180101; A61K 39/39541 20130101; A61P 9/04 20180101; A61P
25/00 20180101; A61P 37/02 20180101; A61P 7/02 20180101; A61P 3/10
20180101; A61P 7/06 20180101; C07K 2317/72 20130101; A61P 1/04
20180101; A61P 35/02 20180101; A61P 43/00 20180101; C07K 2317/734
20130101; A61P 9/00 20180101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P 21/04
20180101; A61P 37/06 20180101; A61P 1/16 20180101; C07K 2317/56
20130101; C07K 2317/732 20130101; A61K 39/39558 20130101; C07K
16/3061 20130101; A61P 11/00 20180101; A61P 9/10 20180101; C07K
2317/24 20130101; A61P 17/00 20180101; A61P 29/00 20180101; A61K
2039/505 20130101; C07K 16/2887 20130101; A61P 37/08 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/130.1 ;
435/375; 435/377; 435/070.1; 530/387.1; 530/387.3; 536/023.53 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/395 20060101
A61K039/395; A61P 29/00 20060101 A61P029/00; A61P 35/00 20060101
A61P035/00; A61P 37/00 20060101 A61P037/00; C07H 21/00 20060101
C07H021/00; C07K 16/28 20060101 C07K016/28; C12N 5/00 20060101
C12N005/00; C12P 21/00 20060101 C12P021/00 |
Claims
1. An immunoglobulin that specifically binds CD20, wherein said
immunoglobulin comprises at least one optimized
complementarity-determining (CDR), wherein said CDR comprises an
amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: a. the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; b. an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, wherein said CDR comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: i. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 9
of SEQ ID NO:1; and ii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:1; c. the amino
acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; d. an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said CDR comprises at least one
residue selected from the group consisting of: i. the alanine (Ala)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:2;
ii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:2; and iii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:2; e. the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3; f. an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, wherein said CDR comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: i. the
alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue 5 of
SEQ ID NO:3; ii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:3; and iii. the aspartic
acid (Asp) residue at the position corresponding to residue 12 of
SEQ ID NO:3; g. the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4;
h. an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, wherein said CDR
comprises at least one residue selected from the group consisting
of: i. the alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:4; ii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:4; iii. the
glycine (Gly) residue at the position corresponding to residue 11
of SEQ ID NO:4; and iv. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:4; j. the amino
acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; k. an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:5, wherein said CDR comprises the alanine
(Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue 8 of SEQ ID
NO:5; l. the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; m. an
amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6, wherein said CDR
comprises the leucine (Leu) residue at the position corresponding
to residue 8 of SEQ ID NO:6; n. the amino acid sequence set forth
in SEQ ID NO:7; o. an amino acid sequence having at least 85%
sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID:7,
wherein said CDR comprises the phenylalanine (Phe) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 7 of SEQ ID NO:7; p. the amino
acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; and q. an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, wherein said CDR comprises the
glutamine (Gln) residue at the position corresponding to residue 4
of SEQ ID NO:8.
2. The immunoglobulin of claim 1, wherein said immunoglobulin
comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain comprising a variable
domain having at least one CDR selected from the group consisting
of: a. a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:7; b. a CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence having at
least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID:7, wherein said CDR1 comprises the phenylalanine (Phe)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 7 of SEQ ID NO:7;
c. a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6; d. a CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID:5 or SEQ ID NO:6, wherein said CDR2 comprises
the alanine (Ala) or leucine (Leu) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 8 of SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6,
respectively; e. a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, or SEQ ID NO:4; f.
a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85%
sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:1, wherein said CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: i. the asparagine (Asn) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:1; and ii. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
12 of SEQ ID NO:1; g. a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said CDR3 comprises at least one
residue selected from the group consisting of: i. the alanine (Ala)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:2
ii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:2; and iii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:2; h. a CDR3
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence
identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3,
wherein said CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected from the
group consisting of: i. the alanine (Ala) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:3; ii. the asparagine (Asn)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:3;
and iii. the aspartic acid (Asp) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:3; and i. a CDR3
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence
identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4,
wherein said CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected from the
group consisting of: i. the alanine (Ala) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:4; ii. the asparagine (Asn)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:4;
iii. the glycine (Gly) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 11 of SEQ ID NO:4; and iv. the asparagine (Asn) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:4.
3. The immunoglobulin of claim 2, wherein said immunoglobulin
comprises an immunoglobulin light chain comprising a variable
domain having at least one CDR selected from the group consisting
of: a. a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO: 8; b. a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at
least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:8, wherein said CDR3 comprises the glutamine (Gln)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8;
and c. a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO: 9.
4. The immunoglobulin of claim 3, wherein the variable domain of
said light chain comprises the CDR2 set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 and a
CDR3 selected from the group consisting of: a. a CDR3 comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; and b. a CDR3
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence
identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8,
wherein said CDR3 comprises the glutamine (Gln) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8.
5. The immunoglobulin of claim 1, wherein said immunoglobulin
comprises an immunoglobulin light chain comprising a variable
domain having at least one CDR selected from the group consisting
of: a. a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO: 8; and b. a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at
least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:8, wherein said CDR3 comprises the glutamine (Gln)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 4 of SEQ ID
NO:8.
6. The immunoglobulin of claim 5, wherein the variable domain of
said light chain further comprises the CDR2 set forth in SEQ ID
NO:9.
7. The immunoglobulin of claim 1, wherein said immunoglobulin is an
IgG1 kappa immunoglobulin.
8. The immunoglobulin of claim 7, wherein said IgG1 kappa
immunoglobulin comprises a human IgG1 constant region within a
heavy chain of said immunoglobulin and a human kappa constant
region within a light chain of said immunoglobulin.
9. The immunoglobulin of claim 8, wherein said immunoglobulin
comprises fully or partially human framework regions within the
variable domain of said heavy chain and within the variable domain
of said light chain.
10. The immunoglobulin of claim 8, wherein said immunoglobulin
comprises murine framework regions within the variable domain of
said heavy chain and within the variable domain of said light
chain.
11. The immunoglobulin of claim 1, wherein said immunoglobulin
exhibits increased complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as
compared to rituximab.
12. The immunoglobulin of claim 1, further comprising a
heterologous polypeptide fused thereto.
13. The immunoglobulin of claim 1, wherein said immunoglobulin is
conjugated to an agent selected from the group consisting of a
therapeutic agent, a prodrug, a peptide, a protein, an enzyme, a
virus, a lipid, a biological response modifier, a pharmaceutical
agent, and PEG.
14. A composition comprising the immunoglobulin of claim 1.
15. The composition of claim 14, further comprising a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
16. A method for treating a disease in a subject, wherein the
disease is a cancer, an autoimmune disease, or an inflammatory
disease, comprising administering to said subject an effective
amount of a composition comprising the immunoglobulin of claim
1.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein said cancer is selected from
the group consisting of a non-Hodgkins lymphoma, chronic
lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, B cell lymphoma, high-grade
B cell lymphoma, intermediate-grade B cell lymphoma, low-grade B
cell lymphoma, B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, myeloblastic
leukemia, and Hodgkin's disease.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the autoimmune disease or
inflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting of
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), discoid lupus, lupus nephritis,
sarcoidosis, juvenile arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic
arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, gouty
arthritis, rejection of an organ or tissue transplant, graft versus
host disease, multiple sclerosis, hyper IgE syndrome, polyarteritis
nodosa, primary biliary cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease,
Crohn's disease, celiac's disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy),
autoimmune hepatitis, pernicious anemia, autoimmune hemolytic
anemia, psoriasis, scleroderma, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune
thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune thyroiditis, Grave's disease,
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, immune complex disease, chronic fatigue
immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS), polymyositis and
dermatomyositis, cryoglobulinemia, thrombolysis, cardiomyopathy,
pemphigus vulgaris, pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, sarcoidosis,
Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus, type 1, 2, 3, and 4
delayed-type hypersensitivity, allergy or allergic disorders,
asthma, Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis), atopic
dermatitis, allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, urtecaria,
IgE-mediated allergy, atherosclerosis, vasculitis, idiopathic
inflammatory myopathies, hemolytic disease, Alzheimer's disease,
and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.
19. A method for inhibiting growth or differentiation of a normal
human B cell or cancer cells of B cell lineage, comprising
contacting said B cell or said cancer cells with an effective
amount of the immunoglobulin according to claim 1.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the cancer cells are from a
cancer selected from the group consisting of non-Hodgkins lymphoma,
chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, B cell lymphoma,
high-grade B cell lymphoma, intermediate-grade B cell lymphoma,
low-grade B cell lymphoma, B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia,
myeloblastic leukemia, and Hodgkin's disease.
21. An immunoglobulin that specifically binds CD20, wherein said
immunoglobulin comprises a variable heavy (V.sub.H) domain, wherein
said V.sub.H domain is selected from the group consisting of: a. a
V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:12-18; b. a V.sub.H domain
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence
identity to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID
NOS: 12-18; c. a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:12, wherein said V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: i. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
107 of SEQ ID NO:12; and ii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:12; d. a V.sub.H
domain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85%
sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:13, wherein said V.sub.H domain comprises at least one residue
selected from the group consisting of: i. the alanine (Ala) residue
at the position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:13; ii.
the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:13; and iii. the asparagine (Asn) residue
at the position corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:13; e. a
V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:14, wherein said V.sub.H domain comprises at least one
residue selected from the group consisting of: i. the alanine (Ala)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID
NO:14; ii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:14; and iii. the aspartic
acid (Asp) residue at the position corresponding to residue 110 of
SEQ ID NO:14; f. a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, wherein said V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: i. the
phenylalanine (Phe) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 31 of SEQ ID NO:15; ii. the alanine (Ala) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:15; iii. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
107 of SEQ ID NO:15; and iv. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:15; g. a V.sub.H
domain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85%
sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:16, wherein said V.sub.H domain comprises at least one residue
selected from the group consisting of: i. the alanine (Ala) residue
at the position corresponding to residue 57 of SEQ ID NO:16; ii.
the alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue
103 of SEQ ID NO:16; iii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:16; and iv. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
110 of SEQ ID NO:16; h. a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17, wherein said V.sub.H domain
comprises at least one residue selected from the group consisting
of: i. the leucine (Leu) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 57 of SEQ ID NO:17; ii. the alanine (Ala) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:17; iii. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
107 of SEQ ID NO:17; and iv. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:17; and i. a
V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:18, wherein said V.sub.H domain comprises at least one
residue selected from the group consisting of: i. the alanine (Ala)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID
NO:18; ii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:18; iii. the glycine
(Gly) residue at the position corresponding to residue 109 of SEQ
ID NO:18; and iv. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:18.
22. The immunoglobulin of claim 21, wherein said immunoglobulin
comprises a variable light (V.sub.L) domain, wherein said V.sub.L
domain is selected from the group consisting of: a. a V.sub.L
domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10
or SEQ ID NO:11; b. a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11. c. a V.sub.L domain
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence
identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, wherein said
V.sub.L domain comprises the complementarity-determining region 2
(CDR2) set forth in SEQ ID NO:9; d. a V.sub.L domain comprising an
amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11, wherein said V.sub.L domain
comprises at least one of: i. the complementarity-determining
region 2 (CDR2) set forth in SEQ ID NO:9; and ii. the glutamine
(Gln) residue at the position corresponding to residue 91 of SEQ ID
NO:11.
23. The immunoglobulin of claim 22, wherein said V.sub.H domain
comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 and
said V.sub.L domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:10.
24. An immunoglobulin that specifically binds CD20, wherein said
immunoglobulin comprises a variable light (V.sub.L) domain, wherein
said V.sub.L domain is selected from the group consisting of: a. a
V.sub.L domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11; b. a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino
acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11; c. a V.sub.L domain
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence
identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, wherein said
V.sub.L domain comprises the complementarity-determining region 2
(CDR2) set forth in SEQ ID NO:9; d. a V.sub.L domain comprising an
amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11, wherein said V.sub.L domain
comprises at least one of: i. the complementarity-determining
region 2 (CDR2) set forth in SEQ ID NO:9; and ii. the glutamine
(Gln) residue at the position corresponding to residue 91 of SEQ ID
NO:11.
25. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid encoding a
variable heavy (V.sub.H) domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain,
wherein said V.sub.H domain is selected from the group consisting
of: a. a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
comprising at least one optimized complementarity-determining
region (CDR), wherein said CDR comprises an amino acid sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:1-7; b. a V.sub.H
domain comprising at least one CDR selected from the group
consisting of: i. a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:7; ii. a CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID:7, wherein said CDR1 comprises the
phenylalanine (Phe) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 7 of SEQ ID NO:7; iii. a CDR2 comprising the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6; iv. a CDR2
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence
identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID:5 or SEQ ID
NO:6, wherein said CDR2 comprises the alanine (Ala) or leucine
(Leu) residue at the position corresponding to residue 8 of SEQ ID
NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6, respectively; v. a CDR3 comprising the amino
acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3,
or SEQ ID NO:4; vi. a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having
at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth
in SEQ ID NO:1, wherein said CDR3 comprises at least one residue
selected from the group consisting of: 1. the asparagine (Asn)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:1;
and 2. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding
to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:1; vii. a CDR3 comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said CDR3 comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: 1. the
alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue 5 of
SEQ ID NO:2; 2. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:2; and 3. the asparagine
(Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID
NO:2; viii. a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at
least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:3, wherein said CDR3 comprises at least one residue
selected from the group consisting of: 1. the alanine (Ala) residue
at the position corresponding to residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:3; 2. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 9
of SEQ ID NO:3; and 3. the aspartic acid (Asp) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:3; and ix. a CDR3
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence
identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4,
wherein said CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected from the
group consisting of: 1. the alanine (Ala) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:4; 2. the asparagine (Asn)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:4;
3. the glycine (Gly) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 11 of SEQ ID NO:4; and 4. the asparagine (Asn) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:4; c. a
V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:12-18; d. a V.sub.H domain
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence
identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOS:12-18; e. a V.sub.H domain comprising an
amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12, wherein said V.sub.H
domain comprises at least one residue selected from the group
consisting of: i. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:12; and ii. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
110 of SEQ ID NO:12; f. a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, wherein said V.sub.H domain
comprises at least one residue selected from the group consisting
of: i. the alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:13; ii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:13; and iii.
the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:13; g. a V.sub.H domain comprising an
amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, wherein said V.sub.H
domain comprises at least one residue selected from the group
consisting of: i. the alanine (Ala) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:14; ii. the asparagine
(Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ
ID NO:14; and iii. the aspartic acid (Asp) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:14; h. a V.sub.H domain
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence
identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15,
wherein said V.sub.H domain comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: i. the phenylalanine (Phe) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 31 of SEQ ID NO:15; ii. the
alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue 103
of SEQ ID NO:15; iii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:15; and iv. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
110 of SEQ ID NO:15; i. a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16, wherein said V.sub.H domain
comprises at least one residue selected from the group consisting
of: i. the alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 57 of SEQ ID NO:16; ii. the alanine (Ala) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:16; iii. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
107 of SEQ ID NO:16; and iv. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:16; j. a V.sub.H
domain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85%
sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:17, wherein said V.sub.H domain comprises at least one residue
selected from the group consisting of: i. the leucine (Leu) residue
at the position corresponding to residue 57 of SEQ ID NO:17; ii.
the alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue
103 of SEQ ID NO:17; iii. the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:17; and iv. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
110 of SEQ ID NO:17; and k. a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino
acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino
acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18, wherein said V.sub.H
domain comprises at least one residue selected from the group
consisting of: i. the alanine (Ala) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:18; ii. the asparagine
(Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ
ID NO:18; iii. the glycine (Gly) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 109 of SEQ ID NO:18; and iv. the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
110 of SEQ ID NO:18.
26. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 25, wherein said V.sub.H
domain is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:19-22.
27. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 25, further comprising
vector sequence.
28. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 27, further comprising a
nucleic acid encoding a variable light (V.sub.L) domain of an
immunoglobulin light chain.
29. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 28, wherein said V.sub.L
domain is selected from the group consisting of: a. a V.sub.L
domain comprising at least one complementarity-determining (CDR),
wherein said CDR is selected from the group consisting of: i. a CDR
comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or SEQ
ID NO:9; ii. a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO: 8; iii. a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having
at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth
in SEQ ID NO:8, wherein said CDR3 comprises the glutamine (Gln)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8;
and iv. a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO: 9; b. a V.sub.L domain comprising the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11; c. a V.sub.L domain
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence
identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11;
d. a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid sequence having at
least 85% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:10, wherein said V.sub.L domain comprises the
complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2) set forth in SEQ ID
NO:9; e. a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid sequence having
at least 85% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:11, wherein said V.sub.L domain comprises at least one of: i.
the complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2) set forth in SEQ ID
NO:9; and ii. the glutamine (Gln) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 91 of SEQ ID NO:11.
30. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 28, wherein said nucleic
acid encoding said V.sub.H domain and said nucleic acid encoding
said V.sub.L domain are fused in frame, are co-transcribed from a
single promoter operably associated therewith, and are cotranslated
into a single-chain antibody or antigen-binding fragment
thereof.
31. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 28, wherein said nucleic
acid encoding said V.sub.H domain and said nucleic acid encoding
said V.sub.L domain are co-transcribed from a single promoter
operably associated therewith, but are separately translated.
32. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 31, further comprising an
IRES sequence disposed between said nucleic acid encoding said
V.sub.H domain and said nucleic acid encoding said V.sub.L
domain.
33. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 28, wherein said nucleic
acid encoding said V.sub.H domain and said nucleic acid encoding
said V.sub.L domain are separately transcribed, each being operably
associated with a separate promoter.
34. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 33, wherein said separate
promoters are copies of the same promoter.
35. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 33, wherein said separate
promoters are non-identical.
36. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 25, wherein said
polynucleotide is within a host cell.
37. A method of producing an immunoglobulin that specifically binds
to CD20, comprising culturing the host cell of claim 36, and
recovering said immunoglobulin.
38. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid encoding a
variable light (V.sub.L) domain of an immunoglobulin light chain,
wherein said V.sub.L domain is selected from the group consisting
of: a. a V.sub.L domain comprising at least one
complementarity-determining (CDR), wherein said CDR is selected
from the group consisting of: i. a CDR3 comprising the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; and ii. a CDR3 comprising an
amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, wherein said CDR3
comprises the glutamine (Gln) residue at the position corresponding
to residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8; b. a V.sub.L domain comprising the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11; c. a
V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
90% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or
SEQ ID NO:11; d. a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:10, wherein said V.sub.L domain comprises the
complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2) set forth in SEQ ID
NO:9; and e. a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:11, wherein said V.sub.L domain comprises at least one
of: i. the complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2) set forth in
SEQ ID NO:9; and ii. the glutamine (Gln) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 91 of SEQ ID NO:11.
39. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 38, further comprising
vector sequence.
40. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 39, further comprising a
nucleic acid encoding a variable heavy (V.sub.H) domain of an
immunoglobulin heavy chain.
41. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 38, wherein said
polynucleotide is within a host cell.
42. A method of producing an immunoglobulin that specifically binds
to CD20, comprising culturing the host cell of claim 41, and
recovering said immunoglobulin.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/850,604, filed Oct. 10, 2006, herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY
[0002] The official copy of the sequence listing is submitted
electronically via EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing
with a file named 332362SEQLIST.txt, created on Aug. 9, 2007, and
having a size of 21.8 kilobytes and is filed concurrently with the
specification. The sequence listing contained in this ASCII
formatted document is part of the specification and is herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The invention relates to antibodies capable of binding to
CD20, methods of using the antibodies, and methods for treatment of
diseases associated with CD20-expressing cells.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The CD20 molecule (also called human B-lymphocyte-restricted
differentiation antigen or Bp35) is a hydrophobic transmembrane
protein with a molecular weight of approximately 35 kD located on
pre-B and mature B lymphocytes (Valentine et al. (1989) J. Biol.
Chem. 264(19):11282-11287; and Einfield et al. (1988) EMBO J.
7(3):311-717). CD20 is found on the surface of greater than 90% of
B cells from peripheral blood or lymphoid organs and is expressed
during early pre-B cell development and remains until plasma cell
differentiation. CD20 is present on both normal B cells as well as
malignant B cells. In particular, CD20 is expressed on greater than
90% of B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) (Anderson et al. (1984)
Blood 63(6):1424-1433), but is not found on hematopoietic stem
cells, pro-B cells, normal plasma cells, or other normal tissue
(Tedder et al. (1985) J. Immunol. 135(2):973-979).
[0005] The 85 amino acid carboxyl-terminal region of the CD20
protein is located within the cytoplasm. The length of this region
contrasts with that of other B cell-specific surface structures
such as IgM, IgD, and IgG heavy chains or histocompatibility
antigens class II .alpha. or .beta. chains, which have relatively
short intracytoplasmic regions of 3, 3, 28, 15, and 16 amino acids,
respectively (Komaromy et al. (1983) NAR 11:6775-6785). Of the last
61 carboxyl-terminal amino acids, 21 are acidic residues, whereas
only 2 are basic, indicating that this region has a strong net
negative charge. The GenBank Accession No. is NP.sub.--690605.
[0006] It is thought that CD20 might be involved in regulating an
early step(s) in the activation and differentiation process of B
cells (Tedder et al. (1986) Eur. J. Immunol. 16:881-887) and could
function as a calcium ion channel (Tedder et al. (1990) J. Cell.
Biochem. 14D:195).
[0007] Despite uncertainty about the actual function of CD20 in
promoting proliferation and/or differentiation of B cells, it
provides an important target for antibody-mediated therapy to
control or kill B cells involved in cancers and autoimmune
disorders. In particular, the expression of CD20 on tumor cells,
e.g., NHL, makes it an important target for antibody-mediated
therapy to specifically target therapeutic agents against
CD20-positive neoplastic cells. However, while the results obtained
to date clearly establish CD20 as a useful target for
immunotherapy, they also show that currently available murine and
chimeric antibodies do not constitute ideal therapeutic agents.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] Compositions and methods are provided for treating diseases
associated with CD20, including lymphomas, autoimmune diseases, and
transplant rejections. Compositions include anti-CD20 antibodies
capable of binding to a human CD20 antigen located on the surface
of a human CD20-expressing cell, wherein the antibody has increased
complement-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CDC) in comparison
to rituximab. Compositions also include antigen-binding fragments,
variants, and derivatives of the monoclonal antibodies, cell lines
producing these antibody compositions, and isolated nucleic acid
molecules encoding the amino acid sequences of the antibodies. The
invention further includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising
the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention, or antigen-binding
fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, in a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier.
[0009] The monoclonal antibodies disclosed herein have a strong
affinity for CD20 and are characterized by improved CDC function in
comparison to rituximab. The antibodies of the invention mediate
killing of the cells expressing CD20. The antibodies of the
invention are capable of specifically binding to a human CD20
antigen expressed on the surface of a human cell and are
characterized by having at least one optimized
complementarity-determining region (CDR) in the anti-CD20 heavy
chain and/or the anti-CD20 light chain. The optimized CDR has been
modified and comprises a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID
NOS:1-8. Particular antibody sequences are disclosed having changes
in at least one CDR of the anti-CD20 heavy chain, and in the CDR3
of the light chain. Compositions of the invention comprise
anti-CD20 antibodies, and antigen-binding antibody fragments,
variants, and derivatives thereof, comprising at least one
optimized CDR.
[0010] In one embodiment of the invention, methods of treatment
comprise administering to a patient a therapeutically effective
dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising suitable anti-CD20
antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives
thereof. Diseases associated with CD20-expressing cells include
autoimmune diseases, cancers, and organ and tissue graft
rejections. Lymphomas that can be treated or prevented by a method
of the invention include non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (high-grade
lymphomas, intermediate grade lymphomas, and low grade lymphomas),
Hodgkin's disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemias, myelomas, chronic
lymphocytic leukemias, and myeloblastic leukemias.
[0011] Particular autoimmune diseases contemplated for treatment
using the methods of the invention include systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease,
psoriasis, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, multiple sclerosis,
ankylosing spondylitis, myasthenia gravis, and pemphigus vulgaris.
Such antibodies may also be used to prevent rejection of organ and
tissue grafts by suppressing autoimmune responses, to treat
lymphomas by targeting and killing B-lymphocytes, and to deliver
toxins to CD20-bearing cells in a specific manner.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES
[0012] FIG. 1 sets forth the amino acid sequences for the H1286
variable heavy domain (SEQ ID NO:29) and L373 variable light domain
(SEQ ID NO:10) for the original humanized murine anti-CD20
monoclonal antibody (mAb 1097). The residues making up the
complementarity-determining regions (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) for each
variable domain are underlined.
[0013] FIG. 2 shows the substitutions made within CDR3 of the H1286
variable heavy domain of the humanized murine anti-CD20 mAb 1097
(this CDR3 is designated "271") to produce the 1236 (SEQ ID NO:1),
1237 (SEQ ID NO:2), and 1238 (SEQ ID NO:3) optimized CDR3s (see
Example 1). The 271 CDR3 sequence (SEQ ID NO:30) is equivalent to
that for the CDR3 of the variable domain within the heavy chain of
the chimeric murine/human anti-CD20 antibody known as C2B8
(rituximab).
[0014] FIG. 3 sets forth the amino acid sequences for the optimized
H1569 (SEQ ID NO:12), H1570 (SEQ ID NO:13), and H1571 (SEQ ID
NO:14) variable heavy domains. H1569 comprises the optimized 1236
CDR3 (SEQ ID NO:1); H1570 comprises the optimized 1237 CDR3 (SEQ ID
NO:2), and H1571 comprises the optimized 1238 CDR3 (SEQ ID NO:3).
Each of these optimized variable heavy domains was paired with the
L373 variable light domain (SEQ ID NO:10) to produce optimized mAb
1236, mAb 1237, and mAb 1238. The residues making up CDR1, CDR2,
and CDR3, respectively, for each variable domain are
underlined.
[0015] FIG. 4 sets forth the coding sequences for the optimized
H1569 (SEQ ID NO:19), H1570 (SEQ ID NO:20), and H1571 (SEQ ID
NO:21) variable heavy domains.
[0016] FIG. 5 sets forth the amino acid (SEQ ID NO:10) and coding
(SEQ ID NO:23) sequences for the L373 variable light domain. The
residues and coding sequences for CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3,
respectively, are underlined.
[0017] FIGS. 6A-6D show results of binding specificity for
optimized humanized mAb 1236, mAb1237, and mAb 1238 as compared to
mAb 271 (having the identical sequence to rituximab). Binding
specificity of these optimized mAbs for CHO cells expressing CD20
(FIG. 6A), CD20.sup.+ EB1 cells (FIG. 6B), CD20.sup.- CHO vector
(FIG. 6C), and CD20.sup.- NSO (FIG. 6D) was assessed by
Fluorometric Microvolume Assay Technology (FMAT). See Example 2.
NSO is a mouse myeloma cell line that does not express human
CD20.
[0018] FIG. 7 shows results of a murine 2H7 blocking assay to
determine epitope recognition of optimized mAbs 1236, 1237, and
1238 as compared to mAb 271. The optimized mAbs all recognize the
same epitope as mAb 271. See Example 2.
[0019] FIG. 8 shows results of a CDC-mAb off-rate assay to
determine complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of optimized mAbs
1236, 1237, and 1238 as compared to mAb 271. The optimized mAbs
have increased CDC functional activity relative to that observed
for mAb 271. See Example 2.
[0020] FIG. 9 shows results of an ADCC assay to determine
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of
optimized mAbs 1236, 1237, and 1238 against Daudi target cells as
compared to mAb 271. The optimized mAbs have ADCC activity that is
at least equivalent to that observed for mAb 271. See Example
2.
[0021] FIG. 10 shows results of a direct apoptosis assay
(independent of CDC and ADCC activity) to determine apoptosis
activity of optimized mAbs 1236, 1237, and 1238 against Ramos (NHL)
cells as compared to mAb 271 and mAb 11, which served as the
isotype control. The optimized mAbs are as effective at inducing
apoptosis as mAb 271. See Example 2.
[0022] FIG. 11 sets forth the amino acid sequences for the H1639
variable heavy domain (SEQ ID NO:16) and L373 variable light domain
(SEQ ID NO:10) for optimized mAb 1589. The residues making up the
complementarity-determining regions (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) for each
variable domain are underlined.
[0023] FIG. 12 sets forth the coding sequences for the H1639
variable heavy domain (SEQ ID NO:22) and L373 variable light domain
(SEQ ID NO:23) within the heavy and light chains, respectively, of
optimized mAb 1589. Codons for the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3,
respectively, of the variable heavy and variable light domains are
underlined.
[0024] FIG. 13 shows results of a murine 2H7 blocking assay to
determine epitope recognition of optimized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590,
1652, and 1692 as compared to mAb 271, negative control antibody
mAb 11, optimized mAb 1237, and rituximab (Rituxan.RTM.) With the
exception of the negative control, all tested mAbs recognize the
identical or overlapping epitopes. See Example 4.
[0025] FIG. 14 shows results of a CDC assay to determine CDC
activity of optimized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590, 1652, and 1692 against
target Daudi (NHL) cells as compared to that observed for mAb 271,
11, and optimized mAb 1237. All optimized mAbs generally mediate
greater CDC functional activity than does mAb 271. See Example
4.
[0026] FIGS. 15A and 15B show results of a CDC assay to determine
CDC activity of optimized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590, 1652, and 1692
against two target B-CLL cell lines, EHEB cells (FIG. 15A) and
MEC-1 cells (FIG. 15B), as compared to that observed for mAb 271,
mAb 11, and optimized mAb 1237. All optimized mAbs have increased
CDC functional activity relative to mAb 271. See Example 4.
[0027] FIG. 16 shows results of a CDC-mAb off-rate assay to
determine CDC activity of optimized mAbs 1588, 1590, 1652, and 1692
as compared to mAb 271 and optimized mAb 1237. All optimized mAbs
have increased CDC functional activity relative to that observed
for mAb 271. See Example 4.
[0028] FIGS. 17A and 17B show results of a non-radioactive CDC
assay to determine CDC activity of optimized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590,
1652, and 1692 against two target NHL cell lines, Daudi cells (FIG.
17A) and WIL2-S cells (FIG. 17B), as compared to that observed for
mAb 271, optimized mAb 1237, and negative control mAb 11
(designated "NEG" in these figures). See Example 4.
[0029] FIGS. 18A and 18B show results of a non-radioactive CDC
assay to determine CDC activity of optimized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590,
1652, and 1692 against two target B-CLL cell lines, EHEB cells
(FIG. 18A) and MEC-1 cells (FIG. 18B), as compared to that observed
for mAb 271, optimized mAb 1237, and negative control mAb 11
(designated "NEG" in these figures). See Example 4.
[0030] FIGS. 19A and 19B show results of a non-radioactive CDC
assay to determine CDC activity of optimized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590,
1652, and 1692 against two target EBV-transformed B cell lines
("normal" B cells), SS BLCL cells (FIG. 19A) and MelK BLCL cells
(FIG. 19B), as compared to that observed for mAb 271, optimized mAb
1237, and negative control mAb 11 (designated "NEG" in these
figures). See Example 4.
[0031] FIG. 20 shows results of an ADCC assay to determine ADCC
activity of optimized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590, 1652, and 1692 against
Daudi (NHL) cells as compared to mAb 271, optimized mAb 1237, and
control IgG. The optimized mAbs have ADCC activity that is similar
to that observed for mAb 271. See Example 4.
[0032] FIG. 21 shows results of an ADCC assay to determine ADCC
activity of optimized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590, 1652, and 1692 against
MEC-1 (B-CLL) cells as compared to mAb 271, optimized mAb 1237, and
control IgG. The optimized mAbs have ADCC activity that is similar
to that observed for mAb 271. See Example 4.
[0033] FIG. 22 shows a direct apoptosis assay (independent of CDC
and ADCC activity) to determine apoptosis activity of optimized
mAbs 1236, 1237, and 1238 against Ramos (NHL) cells as compared to
mAb 271 and mAb 11, which served as the isotype control. The
optimized mAbs are as effective at inducing apoptosis as mAb 271.
See Example 4.
[0034] FIG. 23 shows results of a whole-blood assay to determine
cell killing activity of optimized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590, 1652, and
1692 against Daudi (NHL) cells as compared to mAb 271 and optimized
mAb 1237. The optimized mAbs have equivalent or better lysis
against these cells as compared to mAb 271. See Example 4.
[0035] FIGS. 24A and 24B show results of a whole-blood assay to
determine cell killing activity of optimized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590,
1652, and 1692 against two target B-CLL cell lines, EHEB cells
(FIG. 24A) and MEC-1 cells (FIG. 24B) as compared to mAb 271 and
optimized mAb 1237. The optimized mAbs have equivalent or better
lysis against these cells as compared to mAb 271. See Example
4.
[0036] FIG. 25 shows results of an ADCC whole-blood assay to
determine ADCC activity of optimized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590, 1652,
and 1692 against the EBV-transformed B cell line MelK BLCL
("normal" B cells) as compared to mAb 271 and optimized mAb 1237.
The optimized mAbs have equivalent or better lysis against these
cells as compared to mAb 271. See Example 4.
[0037] FIG. 26 shows results of an in vivo test of optimized
humanized anti-mouse CD20 monoclonal antibody 1589 to determine the
activity of mAb 1589 in a Daudi cell xenograft model. The mAb 1589
antibody is effective at prolonging the survival of mice with human
Daudi cell xenografts. See Example 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
I. Definitions
[0038] It is to be noted that the term "a" or "an" entity refers to
one or more of that entity; for example, "an anti-CD20 antibody" is
understood to represent one or more anti-CD20 antibodies. As such,
the terms "a" (or "an"), "one or more," and "at least one" can be
used interchangeably herein.
[0039] As used herein, the term "tumor" refers to all neoplastic
cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all
pre-cancerous cells and tissues.
[0040] The terms "cancer" and "cancerous" refer to or describe the
physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized
by unregulated cell growth. Examples of cancer include, but are not
limited to lymphoma and leukemia.
[0041] As used herein, the term "polypeptide" is intended to
encompass a singular "polypeptide" as well as plural
"polypeptides," and refers to a molecule composed of monomers
(amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide
bonds). The term "polypeptide" refers to any chain or chains of two
or more amino acids, and does not refer to a specific length of the
product. Thus, peptides, dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides,
"protein," "amino acid chain," or any other term used to refer to a
chain or chains of two or more amino acids, are included within the
definition of "polypeptide," and the term "polypeptide" may be used
instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term
"polypeptide" is also intended to refer to the products of
post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, including without
limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation,
derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic
cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids. A
polypeptide may be derived from a natural biological source or
produced by recombinant technology, but is not necessarily
translated from a designated nucleic acid sequence. It may be
generated in any manner, including by chemical synthesis.
[0042] A polypeptide of the invention may be of a size of about 3
or more, 5 or more, 10 or more, 20 or more, 25 or more, 50 or more,
75 or more, 100 or more, 200 or more, 500 or more, 1,000 or more,
or 2,000 or more amino acids. Polypeptides may have a defined
three-dimensional structure, although they do not necessarily have
such structure. Polypeptides with a defined three-dimensional
structure are referred to as folded, and polypeptides that do not
possess a defined three-dimensional structure, but rather can adopt
a large number of different conformations, are referred to as
unfolded. As used herein, the term glycoprotein refers to a protein
coupled to at least one carbohydrate moiety that is attached to the
protein via an oxygen-containing or a nitrogen-containing side
chain of an amino acid residue, e.g., a serine residue or an
asparagine residue.
[0043] By an "isolated" polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof is intended a polypeptide that is not in its
natural milieu. No particular level of purification is required.
For example, an isolated polypeptide can be removed from its native
or natural environment. Recombinantly produced polypeptides and
proteins expressed in host cells are considered isolated for
purpose of the invention, as are native or recombinant polypeptides
that have been separated, fractionated, or partially or
substantially purified by any suitable technique.
[0044] Also included as polypeptides of the present invention are
fragments, derivatives, analogs, or variants of the foregoing
polypeptides, and any combination thereof. The terms "fragment,"
"variant," "derivative," and "analog" when referring to anti-CD20
antibodies or antibody polypeptides of the present invention
include any polypeptides that retain at least some of the
antigen-binding properties of the corresponding antibody or
antibody polypeptide of the invention. Fragments of polypeptides of
the present invention include proteolytic fragments, as well as
deletion fragments, in addition to specific antibody fragments
discussed elsewhere herein. Variants of anti-CD20 antibodies and
antibody polypeptides of the present invention include fragments as
described above, and also polypeptides with altered amino acid
sequences due to amino acid substitutions, deletions, or
insertions. Variants may occur naturally or be non-naturally
occurring. Non-naturally occurring variants may be produced using
art-known mutagenesis techniques. Variant polypeptides may comprise
conservative or non-conservative amino acid substitutions,
deletions, or additions. Derivatives of anti-CD20 antibodies and
antibody polypeptides of the present invention, are polypeptides
that have been altered so as to exhibit additional features not
found on the reference antibody or antibody polypeptide of the
invention. Examples include fusion proteins. Variant polypeptides
may also be referred to herein as "polypeptide analogs." As used
herein a "derivative" of an anti-CD20 antibody or antibody
polypeptide refers to a subject polypeptide having one or more
residues chemically derivatized by reaction of a functional side
group. Also included as "derivatives" are those peptides that
contain one or more naturally occurring amino acid derivatives of
the twenty standard amino acids. For example, 4-hydroxyproline may
be substituted for proline; 5-hydroxylysine may be substituted for
lysine; 3-methylhistidine may be substituted for histidine;
homoserine may be substituted for serine; and ornithine may be
substituted for lysine.
[0045] The term "polynucleotide" is intended to encompass a
singular nucleic acid as well as plural nucleic acids, and refers
to an isolated nucleic acid molecule or construct, e.g., messenger
RNA (mRNA) or plasmid DNA (pDNA). A polynucleotide may comprise a
conventional phosphodiester bond or a non-conventional bond (e.g.,
an amide bond, such as found in peptide nucleic acids (PNA)). The
term "nucleic acid" refers to any one or more nucleic acid
segments, e.g., DNA or RNA fragments, present in a polynucleotide.
By "isolated" nucleic acid or polynucleotide is intended a nucleic
acid molecule, DNA or RNA, that has been removed from its native
environment. For example, a recombinant polynucleotide encoding an
anti-CD20 antibody contained in a vector is considered isolated for
the purposes of the present invention. Further examples of an
isolated polynucleotide include recombinant polynucleotides
maintained in heterologous host cells or purified (partially or
substantially) polynucleotides in solution. Isolated RNA molecules
include in vivo or in vitro RNA transcripts of polynucleotides of
the present invention. Isolated polynucleotides or nucleic acids
according to the present invention further include such molecules
produced synthetically. In addition, a polynucleotide or a nucleic
acid may be or may include a regulatory element such as a promoter,
ribosome binding site, or a transcription terminator.
[0046] As used herein, a "coding region" is a portion of nucleic
acid that consists of codons translated into amino acids. Although
a "stop codon" (TAG, TGA, or TAA) is not translated into an amino
acid, it may be considered to be part of a coding region, but any
flanking sequences, for example promoters, ribosome binding sites,
transcriptional terminators, introns, and the like, are not part of
a coding region. Two or more coding regions of the present
invention can be present in a single polynucleotide construct,
e.g., on a single vector, or in separate polynucleotide constructs,
e.g., on separate (different) vectors. Furthermore, any vector may
contain a single coding region, or may comprise two or more coding
regions, e.g., a single vector may separately encode an
immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region and an immunoglobulin
light chain variable region. In addition, a vector, polynucleotide,
or nucleic acid of the invention may encode heterologous coding
regions, either fused or unfused to a nucleic acid encoding an
anti-CD20 antibody or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof.
Heterologous coding regions include without limitation specialized
elements or motifs, such as a secretory signal peptide or a
heterologous functional domain.
[0047] In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide or nucleic acid
is DNA. In the case of DNA, a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic
acid that encodes a polypeptide normally may include a promoter
and/or other transcription or translation control elements operably
associated with one or more coding regions. An operable association
is when a coding region for a gene product, e.g., a polypeptide, is
associated with one or more regulatory sequences in such a way as
to place expression of the gene product under the influence or
control of the regulatory sequence(s). Two DNA fragments (such as a
polypeptide coding region and a promoter associated therewith) are
"operably associated" if induction of promoter function results in
the transcription of mRNA encoding the desired gene product and if
the nature of the linkage between the two DNA fragments does not
interfere with the ability of the expression regulatory sequences
to direct the expression of the gene product or interfere with the
ability of the DNA template to be transcribed. Thus, a promoter
region would be operably associated with a nucleic acid encoding a
polypeptide if the promoter was capable of effecting transcription
of that nucleic acid. The promoter may be a cell-specific promoter
that directs substantial transcription of the DNA only in
predetermined cells. Other transcription control elements, besides
a promoter, for example enhancers, operators, repressors, and
transcription termination signals, can be operably associated with
the polynucleotide to direct cell-specific transcription. Suitable
promoters and other transcription control regions are disclosed
herein.
[0048] A variety of transcription control regions are known to
those skilled in the art. These include, without limitation,
transcription control regions that function in vertebrate cells,
such as, but not limited to, promoter and enhancer segments from
cytomegaloviruses (the immediate early promoter, in conjunction
with intron-A), simian virus 40 (the early promoter), and
retroviruses (such as Rous sarcoma virus). Other transcription
control regions include those derived from vertebrate genes such as
actin, heat shock protein, bovine growth hormone and rabbit
.beta.-globin, as well as other sequences capable of controlling
gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Additional suitable
transcription control regions include tissue-specific promoters and
enhancers as well as lymphokine-inducible promoters (e.g.,
promoters inducible by interferons or interleukins).
[0049] Similarly, a variety of translation control elements are
known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These include, but are
not limited to, ribosome binding sites, translation initiation and
termination codons, and elements derived from picornaviruses
(particularly an internal ribosome entry site, or IRES, also
referred to as a CITE sequence).
[0050] In other embodiments, a polynucleotide of the present
invention is RNA, for example, in the form of messenger RNA
(mRNA).
[0051] Polynucleotide and nucleic acid coding regions of the
present invention may be associated with additional coding regions
that encode secretory or signal peptides, which direct the
secretion of a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide of the
present invention. According to the signal hypothesis, proteins
secreted by mammalian cells have a signal peptide or secretory
leader sequence that is cleaved from the mature protein once export
of the growing protein chain across the rough endoplasmic reticulum
has been initiated. Those of ordinary skill in the art are aware
that polypeptides secreted by vertebrate cells generally have a
signal peptide fused to the N-terminus of the polypeptide, which is
cleaved from the complete or "full length" polypeptide to produce a
secreted or "mature" form of the polypeptide. In certain
embodiments, the native signal peptide, e.g., an immunoglobulin
heavy chain or light chain signal peptide is used, or a functional
derivative of that sequence that retains the ability to direct the
secretion of the polypeptide that is operably associated with it.
Alternatively, a heterologous mammalian signal peptide, or a
functional derivative thereof, may be used. For example, the
wild-type leader sequence may be substituted with the leader
sequence of human tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or mouse
.beta.-glucuronidase.
[0052] The present invention is directed to certain anti-CD20
antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives
thereof. Unless specifically referring to full-sized antibodies
such as naturally occurring antibodies, the term "anti-CD20
antibodies" encompasses full-sized antibodies as well as
antigen-binding fragments, variants, analogs, or derivatives of
such antibodies, e.g., naturally occurring antibody or
immunoglobulin molecules or engineered antibody molecules or
fragments that bind antigen in a manner similar to antibody
molecules.
[0053] The terms "antibody" and "immunoglobulin" are used
interchangeably herein. An antibody or immunoglobulin comprises at
least the variable domain of a heavy chain, and normally comprises
at least the variable domains of a heavy chain and a light chain.
Basic immunoglobulin structures in vertebrate systems are
relatively well understood. See, e.g., Harlow et al. (1988)
Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.; Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press).
[0054] As will be discussed in more detail below, the term
"immunoglobulin" comprises various broad classes of polypeptides
that can be distinguished biochemically. Those skilled in the art
will appreciate that heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu,
alpha, delta, or epsilon, (.gamma., .mu., .alpha., .delta.,
.epsilon.) with some subclasses among them (e.g.,
.gamma.1-.gamma.4). It is the nature of this chain that determines
the "class" of the antibody as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, or IgE,
respectively. The immunoglobulin subclasses (isotypes) e.g.,
IgG.sub.1, IgG.sub.2, IgG.sub.3, IgG.sub.4, IgA.sub.1, etc., are
well characterized and are known to confer functional
specialization. Modified versions of each of these classes and
isotypes are readily discernable to the skilled artisan in view of
the instant disclosure and, accordingly, are within the scope of
the instant invention. Although all immunoglobulin classes are
clearly within the scope of the present invention, the following
discussion will generally be directed to the IgG class of
immunoglobulin molecules. With regard to IgG, a standard
immunoglobulin molecule comprises two identical light chain
polypeptides of molecular weight approximately 23,000 Daltons, and
two identical heavy chain polypeptides of molecular weight
53,000-70,000 Daltons. The four chains are typically joined by
disulfide bonds in a "Y" configuration wherein the light chains
bracket the heavy chains starting at the mouth of the "Y" and
continuing through the variable region.
[0055] Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda
(.kappa., .lamda.). Each heavy chain class may be bound with either
a kappa or lambda light chain. In general, the light and heavy
chains are covalently bonded to each other, and the "tail" portions
of the two heavy chains are bonded to each other by covalent
disulfide linkages or non-covalent linkages when the
immunoglobulins are generated either by hybridomas, B cells, or
genetically engineered host cells. In the heavy chain, the amino
acid sequences run from an N-terminus at the forked ends of the Y
configuration to the C-terminus at the bottom of each chain.
[0056] Both the light and heavy chains are divided into regions of
structural and functional homology referred to as the "constant
region" and the "variable region." The terms "constant" and
"variable" are used functionally. In this regard, it will be
appreciated that the variable domains of both the light (V.sub.L)
and heavy (V.sub.H) chain portions determine antigen recognition
and specificity. Conversely, the constant domains of the light
chain (C.sub.L) and the heavy chain (C.sub.H1, C.sub.H2, or
C.sub.H3) confer important biological properties such as secretion,
transplacental mobility, Fc receptor binding, complement binding,
and the like. By convention the numbering of the constant region
domains increases as they become more distal from the antigen
binding site or amino-terminus of the antibody. The N-terminal
portion is a variable region and at the C-terminal portion is a
constant region; the C.sub.H3 and C.sub.L domains actually comprise
the carboxy-terminus of the heavy and light chain,
respectively.
[0057] As indicated above, the variable region allows the antibody
to selectively recognize and specifically bind epitopes on
antigens. That is, the V.sub.L domain and V.sub.H domain, or subset
of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) within these
variable domains, of an antibody combine to form the variable
region that defines a three dimensional antigen binding site. This
quaternary antibody structure forms the antigen binding site
present at the end of each arm of the Y. More specifically, the
antigen binding site is defined by three CDRs on each of the
V.sub.H and V.sub.L chains. In some instances, e.g., certain
immunoglobulin molecules derived from camelid species or engineered
based on camelid immunoglobulins, a complete immunoglobulin
molecule may consist of heavy chains only, with no light chains.
See, e.g., Hamers-Casterman et al. (1993) Nature 363:446-448.
[0058] In naturally occurring antibodies, the six "complementarity
determining regions" or "CDRs" present in each antigen binding
domain are short, non-contiguous sequences of amino acids that are
specifically positioned to form the antigen binding domain as the
antibody assumes its three dimensional configuration in an aqueous
environment. The remainder of the amino acids in the antigen
binding domains, referred to as "framework" regions, show less
inter-molecular variability. The framework regions largely adopt a
.beta.-sheet conformation and the CDRs form loops that connect, and
in some cases form part of, the .beta.-sheet structure. Thus,
framework regions act to form a scaffold that provides for
positioning the CDRs in correct orientation by inter-chain,
non-covalent interactions. The antigen binding domain formed by the
positioned CDRs defines a surface complementary to the epitope on
the immunoreactive antigen. This complementary surface promotes the
non-covalent binding of the antibody to its cognate epitope. The
amino acids comprising the CDRs and the framework regions,
respectively, can be readily identified for any given heavy or
light chain variable domain by one of ordinary skill in the art,
since they have been precisely defined (see, "Sequences of Proteins
of Immunological Interest," Kabat et al. (1983) U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services; and Chothia and Lesk (1987) J. Mol.
Biol., 196:901-917, which are incorporated herein by reference in
their entireties).
[0059] In the case where there are two or more definitions of a
term that is used and/or accepted within the art, the definition of
the term as used herein is intended to include all such meanings
unless explicitly stated to the contrary. A specific example is the
use of the term "complementarity determining region" ("CDR") to
describe the non-contiguous antigen combining sites found within
the variable region of both heavy and light chain polypeptides.
This particular region has been described by Kabat et al. (1983)
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, "Sequences of Proteins of
Immunological Interest" and by Chothia and Lesk (1987) J. Mol.
Biol. 196:901-917, which are incorporated herein by reference,
where the definitions include overlapping or subsets of amino acid
residues when compared against each other. Nevertheless,
application of either definition to refer to a CDR of an antibody
or variants thereof is intended to be within the scope of the term
as defined and used herein. The appropriate amino acid residues
that encompass the CDRs as defined by each of the above cited
references are set forth below in Table I as a comparison. The
exact residue numbers that encompass a particular CDR will vary
depending on the sequence and size of the CDR. Those skilled in the
art can routinely determine which residues comprise a particular
CDR given the variable region amino acid sequence of the antibody.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 CDR Definitions.sup.1 Kabat Chothia V.sub.H
CDR1 31-35 26-32 V.sub.H CDR2 50-65 52-58 V.sub.H CDR3 95-102
95-102 V.sub.L CDR1 24-34 26-32 V.sub.L CDR2 50-56 50-52 V.sub.L
CDR3 89-97 91-96 .sup.1Numbering of all CDR definitions in Table 1
is according to the numbering conventions set forth by Kabat et al.
(see below).
[0060] Kabat et al. also defined a numbering system for variable
domain sequences that is applicable to any antibody. One of
ordinary skill in the art can unambiguously assign this system of
"Kabat numbering" to any variable domain sequence, without reliance
on any experimental data beyond the sequence itself. As used
herein, "Kabat numbering" refers to the numbering system set forth
by Kabat et al. (1983) U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services,
"Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest." Unless otherwise
specified, references to the numbering of specific amino acid
residue positions in an anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof of the present invention
are according to the Kabat numbering system.
[0061] In camelid species, the heavy chain variable region,
referred to as V.sub.HH, forms the entire antigen-binding domain.
The main differences between camelid V.sub.HH variable regions and
those derived from conventional antibodies (V.sub.H) include (a)
more hydrophobic amino acids in the light chain contact surface of
V.sub.H as compared to the corresponding region in V.sub.HH, (b) a
longer CDR3 in V.sub.HH, and (c) the frequent occurrence of a
disulfide bond between CDR1 and CDR3 in V.sub.HH.
[0062] Antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or
derivatives thereof of the invention include, but are not limited
to, polyclonal, monoclonal, multispecific, human, humanized,
primatized, or chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies,
epitope-binding fragments, e.g., Fab, Fab' and F(ab').sub.2, Fd,
Fvs, single-chain Fvs (scFv), single-chain antibodies,
disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), fragments comprising either a V.sub.L
or V.sub.H domain, fragments produced by a Fab expression library,
and anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies (including, e.g., anti-Id
antibodies to anti-CD20 antibodies disclosed herein). ScFv
molecules are known in the art and are described, e.g., in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,892,019. Immunoglobulin or antibody molecules of the
invention can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and
IgY), class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2, etc.),
or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule.
[0063] Antibody fragments, including single-chain antibodies, may
comprise the variable region(s) alone or in combination with the
entirety or a portion of the following: hinge region, C.sub.H1,
C.sub.H2, and C.sub.H3 domains. Also included in the invention are
antigen-binding fragments also comprising any combination of
variable region(s) with a hinge region, C.sub.H1, C.sub.H2, and
C.sub.H3 domains. Antibodies or immunospecific fragments thereof
for use in the diagnostic and therapeutic methods disclosed herein
may be derived from any animal origin including birds and mammals.
Preferably, the antibodies are derived from human, murine, donkey,
rabbit, goat, guinea pig, camel, llama, horse, or chicken
antibodies. In another embodiment, the variable region may be
condricthoid in origin (e.g., from sharks). As used herein, "human"
antibodies include antibodies having the amino acid sequence of a
human immunoglobulin and include antibodies isolated from human
immunoglobulin libraries or from animals transgenic for one or more
human immunoglobulins and that do not express endogenous
immunoglobulins, as described infra and, for example in, U.S. Pat.
No. 5,939,598 by Kucherlapati et al. As used herein, the term
"heavy chain portion" includes amino acid sequences derived from an
immunoglobulin heavy chain. A polypeptide comprising a heavy chain
portion comprises at least one of: a C.sub.H1 domain, a hinge
(e.g., upper, middle, and/or lower hinge region) domain, a C.sub.H2
domain, a C.sub.H3 domain, or a variant or fragment thereof. For
example, a binding polypeptide for use in the invention may
comprise a polypeptide chain comprising a C.sub.H1 domain; a
polypeptide chain comprising a C.sub.H1 domain, at least a portion
of a hinge domain, and a C.sub.H2 domain; a polypeptide chain
comprising a C.sub.H1 domain and a C.sub.H3 domain; a polypeptide
chain comprising a C.sub.H1 domain, at least a portion of a hinge
domain, and a C.sub.H3 domain, or a polypeptide chain comprising a
C.sub.H1 domain, at least a portion of a hinge domain, a C.sub.H2
domain, and a C.sub.H3 domain. In another embodiment, a polypeptide
of the invention comprises a polypeptide chain comprising a
C.sub.H3 domain. Further, a binding polypeptide for use in the
invention may lack at least a portion of a C.sub.H2 domain (e.g.,
all or part of a C.sub.H2 domain). As set forth above, it will be
understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that these domains
(e.g., the heavy chain portions) may be modified such that they
vary in amino acid sequence from the naturally occurring
immunoglobulin molecule.
[0064] In certain anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding
fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof disclosed herein, the
heavy chain portions of one polypeptide chain of a multimer are
identical to those on a second polypeptide chain of the multimer.
Alternatively, heavy chain portion-containing monomers of the
invention are not identical. For example, each monomer may comprise
a different target binding site, forming, for example, a bispecific
antibody.
[0065] The heavy chain portions of a binding polypeptide for use in
the diagnostic and treatment methods disclosed herein may be
derived from different immunoglobulin molecules. For example, a
heavy chain portion of a polypeptide may comprise a C.sub.H1 domain
derived from an IgG1 molecule and a hinge region derived from an
IgG3 molecule. In another example, a heavy chain portion can
comprise a hinge region derived, in part, from an IgG1 molecule
and, in part, from an IgG3 molecule. In another example, a heavy
chain portion can comprise a chimeric hinge derived, in part, from
an IgG1 molecule and, in part, from an IgG4 molecule.
[0066] As used herein, the term "light chain portion" includes
amino acid sequences derived from an immunoglobulin light chain.
Preferably, the light chain portion comprises at least one of a
V.sub.L or C.sub.L domain.
[0067] Anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments,
variants, or derivatives thereof disclosed herein may be described
or specified in terms of the epitope(s) or portion(s) of an
antigen, e.g., a target polypeptide (CD20) that they recognize or
specifically bind. The portion of a target polypeptide that
specifically interacts with the antigen binding domain of an
antibody is an "epitope," or an "antigenic determinant." A target
polypeptide may comprise a single epitope, but typically comprises
at least two epitopes, and can include any number of epitopes,
depending on the size, conformation, and type of antigen.
Furthermore, it should be noted that an "epitope" on a target
polypeptide may be or include non-polypeptide elements, e.g., an
epitope may include a carbohydrate side chain.
[0068] The minimum size of a peptide or polypeptide epitope for an
antibody is thought to be about four to five amino acids. Peptide
or polypeptide epitopes preferably contain at least seven, more
preferably at least nine and most preferably between at least about
15 to about 30 amino acids. Since a CDR can recognize an antigenic
peptide or polypeptide in its tertiary form, the amino acids
comprising an epitope need not be contiguous, and in some cases,
may not even be on the same peptide chain. In the present
invention, peptide or polypeptide epitope recognized by anti-CD20
antibodies of the present invention contains a sequence of at least
4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, more preferably at least 8,
at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, or
between about 15 to about 30 contiguous or non-contiguous amino
acids of CD20.
[0069] By "specifically binds," it is generally meant that an
antibody binds to an epitope via its antigen binding domain, and
that the binding entails some complementarity between the antigen
binding domain and the epitope. According to this definition, an
antibody is said to "specifically bind" to an epitope when it binds
to that epitope, via its antigen binding domain more readily than
it would bind to a random, unrelated epitope. The term
"specificity" is used herein to qualify the relative affinity by
which a certain antibody binds to a certain epitope. For example,
antibody "A" may be deemed to have a higher specificity for a given
epitope than antibody "B," or antibody "A" may be said to bind to
epitope "C" with a higher specificity than it has for related
epitope "D."
[0070] By "preferentially binds," it is meant that the antibody
specifically binds to an epitope more readily than it would bind to
a related, similar, homologous, or analogous epitope. Thus, an
antibody that "preferentially binds" to a given epitope would more
likely bind to that epitope than to a related epitope, even though
such an antibody may cross-react with the related epitope.
[0071] By way of non-limiting example, an antibody may be
considered to bind a first epitope preferentially if it binds said
first epitope with a dissociation constant (K.sub.D) that is less
than the antibody's K.sub.D for the second epitope. In another
non-limiting example, an antibody may be considered to bind a first
antigen preferentially if it binds the first epitope with an
affinity that is at least one order of magnitude less than the
antibody's K.sub.D for the second epitope. In another non-limiting
example, an antibody may be considered to bind a first epitope
preferentially if it binds the first epitope with an affinity that
is at least two orders of magnitude less than the antibody's
K.sub.D for the second epitope.
[0072] In another non-limiting example, an antibody may be
considered to bind a first epitope preferentially if it binds the
first epitope with an off rate (k(off)) that is less than the
antibody's k(off) for the second epitope. In another non-limiting
example, an antibody may be considered to bind a first epitope
preferentially if it binds the first epitope with an affinity that
is at least one order of magnitude less than the antibody's k(off)
for the second epitope. In another non-limiting example, an
antibody may be considered to bind a first epitope preferentially
if it binds the first epitope with an affinity that is at least two
orders of magnitude less than the antibody's k(off) for the second
epitope.
[0073] An antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative disclosed herein may be said to bind a target
polypeptide disclosed herein or a fragment or variant thereof with
an off rate (k(off)) of less than or equal to 5.times.10.sup.-2
sec.sup.-1, 10.sup.-2 sec.sup.-1, 5.times.10.sup.-3 sec.sup.-1, or
10.sup.-3 sec.sup.-1. More preferably, an antibody of the invention
may be said to bind a target polypeptide disclosed herein or a
fragment or variant thereof with an off rate (k(off)) less than or
equal to 5.times.10.sup.-4 sec.sup.-1, 10.sup.-4 sec.sup.-1,
5.times.10.sup.-5 sec.sup.-1, or 10.sup.-5 sec.sup.-1,
5.times.10.sup.-6 sec.sup.-1, 10.sup.-6 sec.sup.-1,
5.times.10.sup.-7 sec.sup.-1, or 10.sup.-7 sec.sup.-1.
[0074] An antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof disclosed herein may be said to bind a target
polypeptide disclosed herein or a fragment or variant thereof with
an on rate (k(on)) of greater than or equal to 10.sup.3 M.sup.-1
sec.sup.-1, 5.times.10.sup.3 M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1, 10.sup.4 M.sup.-1
sec.sup.-1, or 5.times.10.sup.4 M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1. More
preferably, an antibody of the invention may be said to bind a
target polypeptide disclosed herein or a fragment or variant
thereof with an on rate (k(on)) greater than or equal to 10.sup.5
M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1, 5.times.10.sup.5 M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1, 10.sup.6
M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1, 5.times.10.sup.6 M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1, or
10.sup.7 M.sup.-1 sec.sup.-1.
[0075] An antibody is said to competitively inhibit binding of a
reference antibody to a given epitope if it preferentially binds to
that epitope to the extent that it blocks, to some degree, binding
of the reference antibody to the epitope. Competitive inhibition
may be determined by any method known in the art, for example,
competition ELISA assays. An antibody may be said to competitively
inhibit binding of the reference antibody to a given epitope by at
least 90%, at least 80%, at least 70%, at least 60%, or at least
50%.
[0076] As used herein, the term "affinity" refers to a measure of
the strength of the binding of an individual epitope with the CDR
of an immunoglobulin molecule. See, e.g., Harlow et al. (1988)
Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, 2nd ed.) pages 27-28. As used herein, the term "avidity"
refers to the overall stability of the complex between a population
of immunoglobulins and an antigen, that is, the functional
combining strength of an immunoglobulin mixture with the antigen.
See, e.g., Harlow at pages 29-34. Avidity is related to both the
affinity of individual immunoglobulin molecules in the population
with specific epitopes, and also the valencies of the
immunoglobulins and the antigen. For example, the interaction
between a bivalent monoclonal antibody and an antigen with a highly
repeating epitope structure, such as a polymer, would be one of
high avidity.
[0077] Anti-CD20 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants,
or derivatives thereof of the invention may also be described or
specified in terms of their cross-reactivity. As used herein, the
term "cross-reactivity" refers to the ability of an antibody,
specific for one antigen, to react with a second antigen; a measure
of relatedness between two different antigenic substances. Thus, an
antibody is cross reactive if it binds to an epitope other than the
one that induced its formation. The cross reactive epitope
generally contains many of the same complementary structural
features as the inducing epitope, and in some cases, may actually
fit better than the original.
[0078] For example, certain antibodies have some degree of
cross-reactivity, in that they bind related, but non-identical
epitopes, e.g., epitopes with at least 95%, at least 90%, at least
85%, at least 80%, at least 75%, at least 70%, at least 65%, at
least 60%, at least 55%, and at least 50% identity (as calculated
using methods known in the art and described herein) to a reference
epitope. An antibody may be said to have little or no
cross-reactivity if it does not bind epitopes with less than 95%,
less than 90%, less than 85%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less
than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, and less
than 50% identity (as calculated using methods known in the art and
described herein) to a reference epitope. An antibody may be deemed
"highly specific" for a certain epitope, if it does not bind any
other analog, ortholog, or homolog of that epitope.
[0079] Anti-CD20 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants
or derivatives thereof of the invention may also be described or
specified in terms of their binding affinity to a polypeptide of
the invention. Preferred binding affinities include those with a
dissociation constant or Kd less than 5.times.10.sup.-2 M,
10.sup.-2 M, 5.times.10.sup.-3 M, 10.sup.-3 M, 5.times.10.sup.-4 M,
10.sup.-4 M, 5.times.10.sup.-5 M, 10.sup.-5 M, 5.times.10.sup.-6 M,
10.sup.-6 M, 5.times.10.sup.-7 M, 10.sup.-7 M, 5.times.10.sup.-8 M,
10.sup.-8 M, 5.times.10.sup.-9 M, 10.sup.-9 M, 5.times.10.sup.-10
M, 10.sup.-10 M, 5.times.10.sup.-11 M, 10.sup.-11 M,
5.times.10.sup.-12 M, 10.sup.-12 M, 5.times.10.sup.-13 M,
10.sup.-13 M, 5.times.10.sup.-14 M, 10.sup.-14 M,
5.times.10.sup.-15 M, or 10.sup.-15 M.
[0080] Anti-CD20 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, variants
or derivatives thereof of the invention may be "multispecific,"
e.g., bispecific, trispecific, or of greater multispecificity,
meaning that it recognizes and binds to two or more different
epitopes present on one or more different antigens (e.g., proteins)
at the same time. Thus, whether an anti-CD20 antibody is
"monospecific" or "multispecific," e.g., "bispecific," refers to
the number of different epitopes with which a binding polypeptide
reacts. Multispecific antibodies may be specific for different
epitopes of a target polypeptide described herein or may be
specific for a target polypeptide as well as for a heterologous
epitope, such as a heterologous polypeptide or solid support
material.
[0081] As used herein the term "valency" refers to the number of
potential binding domains, e.g., antigen binding domains, present
in an anti-CD20 antibody, binding polypeptide, or antibody. Each
binding domain specifically binds one epitope. When an anti-CD20
antibody, binding polypeptide, or antibody comprises more than one
binding domain, each binding domain may specifically bind the same
epitope, for an antibody with two binding domains, termed "bivalent
monospecific," or to different epitopes, for an antibody with two
binding domains, termed "bivalent bispecific." An antibody may also
be bispecific and bivalent for each specificity (termed "bispecific
tetravalent antibodies"). In another embodiment, tetravalent
minibodies or domain deleted antibodies can be made.
[0082] Bispecific bivalent antibodies, and methods of making them,
are described, for instance in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,731,168; 5,807,706;
5,821,333; and U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. Nos. 2003/020734 and
2002/0155537, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated by
reference herein. Bispecific tetravalent antibodies, and methods of
making them are described, for instance, in WO 02/096948 and WO
00/44788, the disclosures of both of which are incorporated by
reference herein. See generally, PCT publications WO 93/17715; WO
92/08802; WO 91/00360; WO 92/05793; Tutt et al. (1991) J. Immunol.
147:60-69; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,474,893; 4,714,681; 4,925,648;
5,573,920; 5,601,819; Kostelny et al. (1992) J. Immunol. 148:
1547-1553.
[0083] As previously indicated, the subunit structures and three
dimensional configuration of the constant regions of the various
immunoglobulin classes are well known. As used herein, the term
"V.sub.H domain" includes the amino terminal variable domain of an
immunoglobulin heavy chain and the term "C.sub.H1 domain" includes
the first (most amino terminal) constant region domain of an
immunoglobulin heavy chain. The C.sub.H1 domain is adjacent to the
V.sub.H domain and is amino terminal to the hinge region of an
immunoglobulin heavy chain molecule.
[0084] As used herein the term "C.sub.H2 domain" includes the
portion of a heavy chain molecule that extends, e.g., from about
residue 244 to residue 360 of an antibody using conventional
numbering schemes (residues 244 to 360, Kabat numbering system; and
residues 231-340, EU numbering system; see Kabat E A et al. op.
cit. The C.sub.H2 domain is unique in that it is not closely paired
with another domain. Rather, two N-linked branched carbohydrate
chains are interposed between the two C.sub.H2 domains of an intact
native IgG molecule. It is also well documented that the C.sub.H3
domain extends from the C.sub.H2 domain to the C-terminal of the
IgG molecule and comprises approximately 108 residues.
[0085] As used herein, the term "hinge region" includes the portion
of a heavy chain molecule that joins the C.sub.H1 domain to the
C.sub.H2 domain. This hinge region comprises approximately 25
residues and is flexible, thus allowing the two N-terminal antigen
binding regions to move independently. Hinge regions can be
subdivided into three distinct domains: upper, middle, and lower
hinge domains (Roux et al. (1998) J. Immunol. 161:4083).
[0086] As used herein the term "disulfide bond" includes the
covalent bond formed between two sulfur atoms. The amino acid
cysteine comprises a thiol group that can form a disulfide bond or
bridge with a second thiol group. In most naturally occurring IgG
molecules, the C.sub.H1 and C.sub.L regions are linked by a
disulfide bond and the two heavy chains are linked by two disulfide
bonds at positions corresponding to 239 and 242 using the Kabat
numbering system (position 226 or 229, EU numbering system).
[0087] As used herein, the term "chimeric antibody" will be held to
mean any antibody wherein the immunoreactive region or site is
obtained or derived from a first species and the constant region
(which may be intact, partial or modified in accordance with the
instant invention) is obtained from a second species. In preferred
embodiments the target binding region or site will be from a
non-human source (e.g., mouse or primate) and the constant region
is human.
[0088] As used herein, the term "engineered antibody" refers to an
antibody in which the variable domain in either the heavy or light
chain or both is altered by at least partial replacement of one or
more CDRs from an antibody of known specificity and, if necessary,
by partial framework region replacement and sequence changing.
Although the CDRs may be derived from an antibody of the same class
or even subclass as the antibody from which the framework regions
are derived, it is envisaged that the CDRs will be derived from an
antibody of different class and preferably from an antibody from a
different species. An engineered antibody in which one or more
"donor" CDRs from a non-human antibody of known specificity is
grafted into a human heavy or light chain framework region is
referred to herein as a "humanized antibody." It may not be
necessary to replace all of the CDRs with the complete CDRs from
the donor variable domain to transfer the antigen binding capacity
of one variable domain to another. Rather, it may only be necessary
to transfer those residues that are necessary to maintain the
activity of the target binding site.
[0089] It is further recognized that the framework regions within
the variable domain in a heavy or light chain, or both, of a
humanized antibody may comprise solely residues of human origin, in
which case these framework regions of the humanized antibody are
referred to as "fully human framework regions." Alternatively, one
or more residues of the framework region(s) of the donor variable
domain can be engineered within the corresponding position of the
human framework region(s) of a variable domain in a heavy or light
chain, or both, of a humanized antibody if necessary to maintain
proper binding or to enhance binding to the CD20 antigen. A human
framework region that has been engineered in this manner would thus
comprise a mixture of human and donor framework residues, and is
referred to herein as a "partially human framework region." Given
the explanations set forth in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,089,
5,693,761, 5,693,762, and 6,180,370, it will be well within the
competence of those skilled in the art, either by carrying out
routine experimentation or by trial and error testing to obtain a
functional engineered or humanized antibody.
[0090] For example, humanization of an anti-CD20 antibody can be
essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers
(Jones et al. (1986) Nature 321:522-525; Riechmann et al. (1988)
Nature 332:323-327; Verhoeyen et al. (1988) Science 239:1534-1536),
by substituting rodent or mutant rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for
the corresponding sequences of a human anti-CD20 antibody. See also
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539; 5,585,089; 5,693,761; 5,693,762;
5,859,205; herein incorporated by reference. The resulting
humanized anti-CD20 antibody would comprise at least one rodent or
mutant rodent CDR within the fully human framework regions of the
variable domain of the heavy and/or light chain of the humanized
antibody. In some instances, residues within the framework regions
of one or more variable domains of the humanized anti-CD20 antibody
are replaced by corresponding non-human (for example, rodent)
residues (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,089; 5,693,761;
5,693,762; and 6,180,370), in which case the resulting humanized
anti-CD20 antibody would comprise partially human framework regions
within the variable domain of the heavy and/or light chain.
[0091] Furthermore, humanized antibodies may comprise residues that
are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody.
These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance
(e.g., to obtain desired affinity). In general, the humanized
antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and
typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all
of the CDRs correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and
all or substantially all of the framework regions are those of a
human immunoglobulin sequence. The humanized antibody optionally
also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant
region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. For further
details see Jones et al. (1986) Nature 331:522-525; Riechmann et
al. (1988) Nature 332:323-329; and Presta (1992) Curr. Op. Struct.
Biol. 2:593-596; herein incorporated by reference. Accordingly,
such "humanized" antibodies may include antibodies wherein
substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been
substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species.
In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in
which some CDR residues and possibly some framework residues are
substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539; 5,585,089; 5,693,761;
5,693,762; 5,859,205. See also U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,370, and
International Publication No. WO 01/27160, where humanized
antibodies and techniques for producing humanized antibodies having
improved affinity for a predetermined antigen are disclosed.
[0092] As used herein, the term "properly folded polypeptide"
includes polypeptides (e.g., anti-CD20 antibodies) in which all of
the functional domains comprising the polypeptide are distinctly
active. As used herein, the term "improperly folded polypeptide"
includes polypeptides in which at least one of the functional
domains of the polypeptide is not active. In one embodiment, a
properly folded polypeptide comprises polypeptide chains linked by
at least one disulfide bond and, conversely, an improperly folded
polypeptide comprises polypeptide chains not linked by at least one
disulfide bond.
[0093] As used herein, the term "engineered" includes manipulation
of nucleic acid or polypeptide molecules by synthetic means (e.g.,
by recombinant techniques, in vitro peptide synthesis, by enzymatic
or chemical coupling of peptides or some combination of these
techniques).
[0094] As used herein, the terms "linked," "fused," or "fusion" are
used interchangeably. These terms refer to the joining together of
two more elements or components, by whatever means, including
chemical conjugation or recombinant means. An "in-frame fusion"
refers to the joining of two or more polynucleotide open reading
frames (ORFs) to form a continuous longer ORF, in a manner that
maintains the correct translational reading frame of the original
ORFs. Thus, a recombinant fusion protein is a single protein
containing two or more segments that correspond to polypeptides
encoded by the original ORFs (which segments are not normally so
joined in nature). Although the reading frame is thus made
continuous throughout the fused segments, the segments may be
physically or spatially separated by, for example, in-frame linker
sequence. For example, polynucleotides encoding the CDRs of an
immunoglobulin variable region may be fused, in-frame, but be
separated by a polynucleotide encoding at least one immunoglobulin
framework region or additional CDR regions, as long as the "fused"
CDRs are co-translated as part of a continuous polypeptide.
[0095] In the context of polypeptides, a "linear sequence" or a
"sequence" is an order of amino acids in a polypeptide in an amino
to carboxyl terminal direction in which residues that neighbor each
other in the sequence are contiguous in the primary structure of
the polypeptide.
[0096] The term "expression" as used herein refers to a process by
which a gene produces a biochemical, for example, a polypeptide.
The process includes any manifestation of the functional presence
of the gene within the cell including, without limitation, gene
knockdown as well as both transient expression and stable
expression. It includes without limitation transcription of the
gene into messenger RNA (mRNA), and the translation of such mRNA
into polypeptide(s). If the final desired product is a biochemical,
expression includes the creation of that biochemical and any
precursors. Expression of a gene produces a "gene product." As used
herein, a gene product can be either a nucleic acid, e.g., a
messenger RNA produced by transcription of a gene, or a polypeptide
which is translated from a transcript. Gene products described
herein further include nucleic acids with post transcriptional
modifications, e.g., polyadenylation, or polypeptides with post
translational modifications, e.g., methylation, glycosylation, the
addition of lipids, association with other protein subunits,
proteolytic cleavage, and the like.
[0097] As used herein, the terms "treat" or "treatment" refer to
both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative
measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an
undesired physiological change or disorder, such as the progression
of multiple sclerosis. Beneficial or desired clinical results
include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms,
diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening)
state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression,
amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission
(whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable.
"Treatment" can also mean prolonging survival as compared to
expected survival if not receiving treatment. Those in need of
treatment include those already with the condition or disorder as
well as those prone to have the condition or disorder or those in
which the condition or disorder is to be prevented.
[0098] By "subject" or "individual" or "animal" or "patient" or
"mammal," is meant any subject, particularly a mammalian subject,
for whom diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy is desired. Mammalian
subjects include humans, domestic animals, farm animals, and zoo,
sports, or pet animals such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits,
rats, mice, horses, cattle, cows, and so on.
[0099] As used herein, phrases such as "a subject that would
benefit from administration of an anti-CD20 antibody" and "an
animal in need of treatment" includes subjects, such as mammalian
subjects, that would benefit from administration of an anti-CD20
antibody used, e.g., for detection of an anti-CD20 polypeptide
(e.g., for a diagnostic procedure) and/or for treatment, i.e.,
palliation or prevention of a disease, with an anti-CD20 antibody.
As described in more detail herein, the anti-CD20 antibody can be
used in unconjugated form or can be conjugated, e.g., to a drug,
prodrug, or an isotope.
II. Target Polypeptide Description
[0100] The B1 (CD20) molecule is a phosphoprotein of approximately
35,000 Daltons on the surface of human B lymphocytes that may serve
a central role in the humoral immune response by regulating B-cell
proliferation and differentiation. The DNA sequence that encodes
the CD20 molecule was isolated and the amino acid sequence of CD20
has been determined. See, Tedder et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 85:208-212. Synonyms of CD20, as recognized in the art,
include B-lymphocyte antigen CD20, B-lymphocyte surface antigen B1,
Leu-16, Bp35, BM5, and LF5.
[0101] The antibodies of the invention have binding specificity to
the CD20 human B-cell surface antigen. The antigen is a polypeptide
or comprises a polypeptide bound by the 2H7 monoclonal antibody
described in Clark et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82:
1766-1770. This antigen is a phosphoprotein designated (Bp35(CD20))
and is only expressed on cells of the B cell lineage. Murine
monoclonal antibodies to this antigen have been made before and are
described in Clark et al., supra; see also Stashenko et al. (1980)
J. Immunol. 125:1678-1685.
III. Anti-CD20 Antibodies
[0102] In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to
anti-CD20 antibodies, including antigen-binding fragments,
variants, or derivatives thereof. The antibodies of the invention
are anti-CD20 antibodies that have been optimized for enhanced
activity. As used herein, the term "anti-CD20 antibody" is an
antibody that specifically recognizes a cell surface
non-glycosylated phosphoprotein of approximately 35,000 Daltons,
typically designated as the human B-lymphocyte restricted
differentiation antigen Bp35, commonly referred to as CD20. The
antigen is expressed on greater than 90% of B-cell non-Hodgkin's
lymphomas but is not found on hematopoietic stem cells, pro-B
cells, normal plasma cells, or other normal tissues. CD20 regulates
an early step in the activation process for cell proliferation and
differentiation. More specifically, the antibodies of the invention
bind the same epitope as bound by the 2H7 monoclonal antibody
described above.
[0103] The antibodies of the invention are optimized based on the
monoclonal antibody (mAb) C2B8, a chimeric murine/human anti-CD20
antibody as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137 and (Reff et al.
(1994) Blood 83:435-445), herein incorporated by reference. The
antibody sequences of the invention comprise modified CDRs that
when engineered into the variable domains of light and heavy chains
of an anti-CD20 antibody result in enhanced CDC activity of the
antibody while maintaining binding specificity and ability to
mediate apoptosis as compared to rituximab.
[0104] As noted, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention exhibit
enhanced CDC activity as compared to rituximab. Rituximab is a
chimeric murine/human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (IDEC-C2B8;
IDEC Pharmaceutical Corp., San Diego, Calif.; commercially
available under the tradename Rituxan.RTM.) containing human IgG1
and kappa constant regions with murine variable regions isolated
from a murine anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, IDEC-2B8 (Reff et al.
(1994) Blood 83:435-445). Rituximab is used for treatment of
relapsed B cell low-grade or follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
(NHL). While not bound to any mechanism of action, anti-CD20
antibodies bind to the CD20 antigen and mechanisms of cell lysis
include complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and
antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Therefore,
the discovery of anti-CD20 antibodies with superior CDC and/or ADCC
activity, and/or increased binding affinity compared to rituximab
(also referred to herein as Rituxan.RTM.) will potentially improve
methods of cancer therapy for B cell lymphomas, particularly B cell
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The antibodies are compared in assays in
equivalent amounts. By "equivalent amount" of the anti-CD20
antibody of the invention and rituximab is intended the same dose
is used for each antibody.
[0105] Binding affinity of these novel anti-CD20 antibodies for
CD20 is increased by at least about 50%, about 75%, about 100%,
about 125% relative to that observed for rituximab using a CDC
off-rate assay. In a non-radioactive CDC assay, at least about 2
times, about 3 times, up to about 4 times more rituximab is needed
to mediate the same level of cell killing on three different NHL
lines than is needed using an anti-CD20 antibody of the
invention.
[0106] The anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention comprise at least
one optimized complementarity-determining region (CDR). By
"optimized CDR" is intended that the CDR has been modified and
optimized sequences selected based on the improved binding affinity
and/or improved CDC activity that is imparted to an anti-CD20
antibody comprising the optimized CDR. The modifications involve
replacement of amino acid residues within the CDR such that an
anti-CD20 antibody retains specificity for the CD20 antigen and has
improved binding affinity and/or improved CDC activity. CDC
activity of an anti-CD20 antibody of the invention is improved as
compared to rituxamab in a functional assay as described in U.S.
Application Publication No. 2004/0167319 A1, herein incorporated by
reference. The novel anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention and
suitable antigen-binding fragments, variants, and derivatives
thereof also exhibit ADCC and apoptosis activity that is at least
similar to that exhibited by rituximab, as measured in standard
assays, for example, those described in U.S. Application
Publication No. 2004/0167319 A1. The optimized CDRs of the
invention are utilized in V.sub.H and V.sub.L domains of the heavy
and light chains, respectively, of anti-CD20 antibodies. Exemplary
anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:12-18
(respectively designated H1569, H1570, H1571, H1638, H1639, H1640,
H1670) and/or a V.sub.L domain selected from SEQ ID NOS:10 and 11
(respectively designated L373 and L419).
[0107] In particular embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise optimized CDRs. That is, the anti-CD20
antibodies of the invention comprise at least one optimized CDR
amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOS:1-8 or amino acid sequences having at least about 65%, about
70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about
96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or 100% sequence identity to
a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:1-8.
That is, the optimized CDRs comprise the sequences set forth in SEQ
ID NOS:1-8 and the sequences of SEQ ID NOS:1-8 having at least one,
two, three, four, or five amino acid substitutions, depending upon
the CDR involved.
[0108] Thus, in some embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise a V.sub.H domain having at least one optimized
CDR selected from the group consisting of:
[0109] (a) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:7;
[0110] (b) a CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID:7, where the CDR1 comprises the phenylalanine (Phe) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 7 of SEQ ID NO:7;
[0111] (c) a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6;
[0112] (d) a CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID:5 or SEQ ID NO:6, where the CDR2 comprises the alanine (Ala) or
leucine (Leu) residue at the position corresponding to residue 8 of
SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6, respectively;
[0113] (e) a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, or SEQ ID NO:4;
[0114] (f) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:1, where the CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: (i) the asparagine (Asn) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:1, and (ii)
the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:1;
[0115] (g) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:2, where the CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: (i) the alanine (Ala) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:2, (ii) the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 9
of SEQ ID NO:2, and (iii) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:2;
[0116] (h) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:3, where the CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: (i) the alanine (Ala) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:3, (ii) the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 9
of SEQ ID NO:3, and (iii) the aspartic acid (Asp) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:3;
[0117] (i) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:4, where the CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: (i) the alanine (Ala) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:4, (ii) the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 9
of SEQ ID NO:4; (iii) the glycine (Gly) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 11 of SEQ ID NO:4; and (iv) the asparagine
(Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID
NO:4;
[0118] (j) a CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID:7, where the CDR1 comprises at the position corresponding to
residue 7 of SEQ ID NO:7 a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for phenylalanine (Phe);
[0119] (k) a CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID:5, where the CDR2 comprises at the position corresponding to
residue 8 of SEQ ID NO:5 a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for alanine (Ala);
[0120] (l) a CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID:6, where the CDR2 comprises at the position corresponding to
residue 8 of SEQ ID NO:6 a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for leucine (Leu);
[0121] (m) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:1, where the CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: (i) at the position corresponding to
residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:1, a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for asparagine (Asn), and (ii) at the position
corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:1, a residue that is a
conservative amino acid substitution for asparagine (Asn);
[0122] (n) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:2, where the CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: (i) at the position corresponding to
residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:2, a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for alanine (Ala), wherein the conservative amino
acid substitution is not glycine, (ii) at the position
corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:2, a residue that is a
conservative amino acid substitution for asparagine (Asn), and
(iii) at the position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:2, a
residue that is a conservative amino acid substitution for
asparagine (Asn);
[0123] (o) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:3, where the CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: (i) at the position corresponding to
residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:3, a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for alanine (Ala), wherein the conservative amino
acid substitution is not glycine, (ii) at the position
corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:3, a residue that is a
conservative amino acid substitution for asparagine (Asn), and
(iii) at the position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:3, a
residue that is a conservative amino acid substitution for aspartic
acid (Asp); and
[0124] (p) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:4, where the CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: (i) at the position corresponding to
residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:4, a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for alanine (Ala), wherein the conservative amino
acid substitution is not glycine, (ii) at the position
corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:4, a residue that is a
conservative amino acid substitution for asparagine (Asn), (iii) at
the position corresponding to residue 11 of SEQ ID NO:4, a residue
that is a conservative amino acid substitution for glycine (Gly),
and (iv) at the position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID
NO:4, a residue that is a conservative amino acid substitution for
asparagine (Asn).
[0125] In other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise a V.sub.L domain having at least one CDR
selected from the group consisting of: (a) a CDR3 comprising the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; (b) a CDR3 comprising
an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, where the CDR3
comprises the glutamine (Gln) residue at the position corresponding
to residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8; and (c) a CDR3 comprising an amino
acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino
acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, where the CDR3 comprises at
the position corresponding to residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8 a residue
that is a conservative amino acid substitution for glutamine (Gln);
and (d) a CDR2 comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9. In
some of these embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise a V.sub.L domain having a CDR2 comprising the
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 and a CDR3 selected from the
group consisting of: (a) a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; and (b) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, where the CDR3 comprises the
glutamine (Gln) residue at the position corresponding to residue 4
of SEQ ID NO:8.
[0126] In yet other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise a V.sub.H domain having an optimized CDR
selected from the group recited in items (a) through (p) supra; and
a V.sub.L domain having at least one CDR selected from the group
consisting of: (a) a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:8; (b) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, where the CDR3 comprises the glutamine
(Gln) residue at the position corresponding to residue 4 of SEQ ID
NO:8; (c) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:8, where the CDR3 comprises at the position corresponding to
residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8 a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for glutamine (Gln); and (d) a CDR2 comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9. In some of these
embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention comprise a
V.sub.L domain having a CDR2 comprising the sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:9 and a CDR3 selected from the group consisting of: (a) a
CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8;
and (b) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:8, where the CDR3 comprises the glutamine (Gln) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8.
[0127] In still other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise a V.sub.H domain having an optimized CDR
selected from the group recited in items (a) through (p) supra; and
a V.sub.L domain having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or
SEQ ID NO:11.
[0128] In some embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies comprising at
least one of the optimized CDRs of the invention are IgG1 kappa
immunoglobulins. In such embodiments, the IgG1 kappa immunoglobulin
can comprise a human IgG1 constant region within a heavy chain of
the immunoglobulin and a human kappa constant region within a light
chain of the immunoglobulin. In particular embodiments, the IgG1
kappa immunoglobulin comprises fully or partially human framework
regions within the variable domain of the heavy chain and within
the variable domain of the light chain. In other embodiments, the
IgG1 kappa immunoglobulin comprises murine framework regions within
the variable domain of the heavy chain and within the variable
domain of the light chain.
[0129] In further embodiments of the invention, the anti-CD20
antibodies of the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain having an
amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOS:12-18 and/or a V.sub.L domain having an amino acid sequence
selected from SEQ ID NOS:10 and 11, or amino acid sequences having
at least about 80%, 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about
93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about
99% or 100% sequence identity to a sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NOS:10-18.
[0130] In yet other embodiments of the invention, the anti-CD20
antibodies of the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain, where the
V.sub.H domain is selected from the group consisting of:
[0131] (a) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 90% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:12-18;
[0132] (b) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:12, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
107 of SEQ ID NO:12, and (ii) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:12;
[0133] (c) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) the
alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue 103
of SEQ ID NO:13, (ii) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:13, and (iii) the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
110 of SEQ ID NO:13;
[0134] (d) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) the
alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue 103
of SEQ ID NO:14, (ii) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:14, and (iii) the
aspartic acid (Asp) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:14;
[0135] (e) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) the
phenylalanine (Phe) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 31 of SEQ ID NO:15; (ii) the alanine (Ala) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:15; (iii) the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
107 of SEQ ID NO:15, and (iv) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:15;
[0136] (f) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:16, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) the
alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue 57
of SEQ ID NO:16, (ii) the alanine (Ala) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:16, (iii) the asparagine
(Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ
ID NO:16, and (iv) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:16;
[0137] (g) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:17, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) the
leucine (Leu) residue at the position corresponding to residue 57
of SEQ ID NO:17, (ii) the alanine (Ala) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:17, (iii) the asparagine
(Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ
ID NO:17, and (iv) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:17;
[0138] (h) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:18, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) the
alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue 103
of SEQ ID NO:18, (ii) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:18, (iii) the glycine
(Gly) residue at the position corresponding to residue 109 of SEQ
ID NO:18, and (iv) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:18;
[0139] (i) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:12, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) at the
position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:12, a residue
that is a conservative amino acid substitution for asparagine
(Asn), and (ii) at the position corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ
ID NO:12, a residue that is a conservative amino acid substitution
for asparagine (Asn);
[0140] (j) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) at the
position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:13, a residue
that is a conservative amino acid substitution for alanine (Ala),
wherein the conservative amino acid substitution is not glycine,
(ii) at the position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:13,
a residue that is a conservative amino acid substitution for
asparagine (Asn), and (iii) at the position corresponding to
residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:13, a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for asparagine (Asn);
[0141] (k) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) at the
position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:14, a residue
that is a conservative amino acid substitution for alanine (Ala),
where the conservative amino acid substitution is not glycine, (ii)
at the position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:14, a
residue that is a conservative amino acid substitution for
asparagine (Asn), and (iii) at the position corresponding to
residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:14, a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for aspartic acid (Asp);
[0142] (l) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) at the
position corresponding to residue 31 of SEQ ID NO:15, a residue
that is a conservative amino acid substitution for phenylalanine
(Phe), (ii) at the position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID
NO:15, a residue that is a conservative amino acid substitution for
alanine (Ala), where the conservative amino acid substitution is
not glycine, (iii) at the position corresponding to residue 107 of
SEQ ID NO:15, a residue that is a conservative amino acid
substitution for asparagine (Asn), and (iv) at the position
corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:15, a residue that is a
conservative amino acid substitution for asparagine (Asn);
[0143] (m) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:16, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) at the
position corresponding to residue 57 of SEQ ID NO:16, a residue
that is a conservative amino acid substitution for alanine (Ala),
(ii) at the position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:16,
a residue that is a conservative amino acid substitution for
alanine (Ala), wherein the conservative amino acid substitution is
not glycine, (iii) at the position corresponding to residue 107 of
SEQ ID NO:16, a residue that is a conservative amino acid
substitution for asparagine (Asn), and (iv) at the position
corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:16, a residue that is a
conservative amino acid substitution for asparagine (Asn);
[0144] (n) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:17, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) at the
position corresponding to residue 57 of SEQ ID NO:17, a residue
that is a conservative amino acid substitution for leucine (Leu),
(ii) at the position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:17,
a residue that is a conservative amino acid substitution for
alanine (Ala), where the conservative amino acid substitution is
not glycine, (iii) at the position corresponding to residue 107 of
SEQ ID NO:17, a residue that is a conservative amino acid
substitution for asparagine (Asn), and (iv) at the position
corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:17, a residue that is a
conservative amino acid substitution for asparagine (Asn); and
[0145] (o) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:18, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) at the
position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:18, a residue
that is a conservative amino acid substitution for alanine (Ala),
where the conservative amino acid substitution is not glycine, (ii)
at the position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:18, a
residue that is a conservative amino acid substitution for
asparagine (Asn), (iii) at the position corresponding to residue
109 of SEQ ID NO:18, a residue that is a conservative amino acid
substitution for glycine (Gly), and (iv) at the position
corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:18, a residue that is a
conservative amino acid substitution for asparagine (Asn).
[0146] In some of these embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of
the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain selected from the group
recited in items (a) through (o) supra; and comprise a variable
light (V.sub.L) domain, where the V.sub.L domain is selected from
the group consisting of:
[0147] (a) a V.sub.L domain comprising the sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11;
[0148] (b) a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11;
[0149] (c) a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:10, where the V.sub.L domain comprises the CDR2 set forth
in SEQ ID NO:9;
[0150] (d) a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:11, where the V.sub.L domain comprises at least one of:
(i) the CDR2 set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, and (ii) the glutamine (Gln)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 91 of SEQ ID
NO:11; and
[0151] (e) a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:11, where the V.sub.L domain comprises at least one of:
(i) the CDR2 set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, and (ii) at the position
corresponding to residue 91 of SEQ ID NO:11, a conservative amino
acid substitution for glutamine (Gln).
[0152] In some of these embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of
the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain comprising the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 and a V.sub.L domain comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10. In other
embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention comprise a
V.sub.H domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:13 and a V.sub.L domain comprising the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:10. In certain other embodiments, the
anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain
comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 and a
V.sub.L domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:10. In still other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of
the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain comprising the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15 and a V.sub.L domain comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10. In yet other
embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention comprise a
V.sub.H domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:16 and a V.sub.L domain comprising the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:10. In further embodiments, the anti-CD20
antibodies of the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 and a V.sub.L
domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:10. In still further embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of
the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain comprising the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18 and a V.sub.L domain comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10. In certain
embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention comprise a
V.sub.H domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:12 and a V.sub.L domain comprising the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. In other embodiments, the anti-CD20
antibodies of the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and a V.sub.L
domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
In certain other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise a V.sub.H domain comprising the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 and a V.sub.L domain comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11. In still other
embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention comprise a
V.sub.H domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:15 and a V.sub.L domain comprising the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. In yet other embodiments, the anti-CD20
antibodies of the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 and a V.sub.L
domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:11. In further embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise a V.sub.H domain comprising the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 and a V.sub.L domain comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11. In still further
embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention comprise a
V.sub.H domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:18 and a V.sub.L domain comprising the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:11.
[0153] In yet other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to any one of the
sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:12-18. In some of these
embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention further
comprise a V.sub.L domain comprising the amino acid sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11.
[0154] In other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise the V.sub.H domain set forth in SEQ ID NO:29
(designated H1286) or a V.sub.H domain having at least about 80%,
about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%,
about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or 100%
sequence identity to the V.sub.H domain set forth in SEQ ID NO:29.
In some of these embodiments, these anti-CD20 antibodies also
comprise a V.sub.L domain selected from SEQ ID NOS:10 and 11
(respectively designated L373 and L419).
[0155] In yet other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise a V.sub.H domain selected from the group
consisting of: (a) the V.sub.H domain set forth in SEQ ID NO:29,
and (b) a V.sub.H domain having at least about 80%, about 85%,
about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%,
about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or 100% sequence
identity to the V.sub.H domain set forth in SEQ ID NO:29; and a
V.sub.L domain having at least one CDR selected from the group
consisting of: (a) a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:8; (b) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, where the CDR3 comprises the glutamine
(Gln) residue at the position corresponding to residue 4 of SEQ ID
NO:8; and (c) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at
least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:8, where the CDR3 comprises at the position corresponding
to residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8 a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for glutamine (Gln). Such anti-CD20 antibodies
can optionally comprise a CDR2 comprising the sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:9.
[0156] In still other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention comprise a V.sub.H domain selected from the group
consisting of: (a) the V.sub.H domain set forth in SEQ ID NO:29,
and (b) a V.sub.H domain having at least about 80%, about 85%,
about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%,
about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or 100% sequence
identity to the V.sub.H domain set forth in SEQ ID NO:29; and a
V.sub.L domain having at least one CDR selected from the group
consisting of: (a) a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:8; (b) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, where the CDR3 comprises the glutamine
(Gln) residue at the position corresponding to residue 4 of SEQ ID
NO:8; (c) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:8, where the CDR3 comprises at the position corresponding to
residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8 a residue that is a conservative amino
acid substitution for glutamine (Gln); and (d) a CDR2 comprising
the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9.
[0157] In some of these embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of
the invention comprise a V.sub.H domain selected from the group
consisting of: (a) the V.sub.H domain set forth in SEQ ID NO:29,
and (b) a V.sub.H domain having at least about 80%, about 85%,
about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%,
about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or 100% sequence
identity to the V.sub.H domain set forth in SEQ ID NO:29; and a
variable light (V.sub.L) domain, where the V.sub.L domain is
selected from the group consisting of: (a) a V.sub.L domain
comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11;
(b) a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid sequence having at
least 90% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID
NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11; (c) a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino
acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, where the V.sub.L domain comprises the
CDR2 set forth in SEQ ID NO:9; (d) a V.sub.L domain comprising an
amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11, where the V.sub.L domain
comprises at least one of: (i) the CDR2 set forth in SEQ ID NO:9,
and (ii) the glutamine (Gln) residue at the position corresponding
to residue 91 of SEQ ID NO:11; and (e) a V.sub.L domain comprising
an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11, where the V.sub.L domain
comprises at least one of: (i) the CDR2 set forth in SEQ ID NO:9,
and (ii) at the position corresponding to residue 91 of SEQ ID
NO:11, a conservative amino acid substitution for glutamine
(Gln).
[0158] Anti-CD20 antibodies sequences are known in the art. See,
for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,736,137; 5,776,456; 5,843,439;
5,500,362; 5,677,180; 5,693,493; 5,721,108; 5,736,137; 6,120,767;
5,843,685; 5,576,184; 6,399,061; and, U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2004/0167319; all of which are herein incorporated
by reference. It is recognized that the modifications described
here can be made to any of the anti-CD20 antibodies known in the
art or combinations thereof. Thus murine anti-CD20 antibodies,
chimeric anti-CD20 antibodies, and humanized anti-CD20 antibodies
comprising at least one of the optimized CDRs described herein are
contemplated by the present invention. Anti-CD20 antibodies
engineered with these modifications and combinations can be tested
for the enhanced activity by assays known in the art and described
herein. Methods for measuring anti-CD20 antibody binding
specificity include, but are not limited to, standard competitive
binding assays, assays for monitoring immunoglobulin secretion by B
cells, B cell proliferation assays, Banchereau-Like B cell
proliferation assays, T cell helper assays for antibody production,
co-stimulation of B cell proliferation assays, and assays for
up-regulation of B cell activation markers. See, for example, such
assays disclosed in WO 00/75348 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,087,329. For
CDC, ADCC, and apoptosis assays, see, for example, Subbramanian et
al. (2002) J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:2141-2146; Ahman et al. (1994) J.
Immunol. Methods 36:243-254; Brezicka et al. (2000) Cancer Immunol.
Immunother. 49:235-242; Gazzano-Santoro et al. (1997) J. Immunol.
Methods 202:163-171; Prang et al. (2005) British J. Cancer
92:342-349; Shan et al. (1998) Blood 92:3756-3771; Ghetie et al.
(2001) Blood 97:1392-1398; and, Mathas et al. (2000) Cancer
Research 60:7170-7176; all of which are herein incorporated by
reference.
[0159] Particular anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention include a
V.sub.H domain having an amino acid sequence selected from one of
SEQ ID NOS:12-18 or variants thereof paired with a V.sub.L domain
having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 or 11 or variants
thereof, in any combination. Anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention
include antibodies comprising a V.sub.H domain having an amino acid
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:12-18 and
a V.sub.L domain having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID
NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11.
[0160] Suitable biologically active variants of the anti-CD20
antibodies can be used in the methods of the present invention.
Such variants will retain the desired binding properties of the
parent anti-CD20 antibody. Methods for making antibody variants are
generally available in the art.
[0161] For example, amino acid sequence variants of an anti-CD20
antibody, an antibody region, for example the CDRs (SEQ ID
NOS:1-8), or an antibody variable domain of a heavy or light chain,
for example the V.sub.H domain set forth in any one of SEQ ID
NOS:12-18 or the V.sub.L domain set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID
NO:11, described herein, can be prepared by mutations in the cloned
DNA sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of interest. Methods
for mutagenesis and nucleotide sequence alterations are well known
in the art. See, for example, Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983)
Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New
York); Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492; Kunkel
et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 154:367-382; Sambrook et al. (1989)
Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.);
U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; and the references cited therein; herein
incorporated by reference. Guidance as to appropriate amino acid
substitutions that do not affect biological activity of the
polypeptide of interest may be found in the model of Dayhoff et al.
(1978) in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Natl. Biomed.
Res. Found., Washington, D.C.), pp. 345-352, herein incorporated by
reference in its entirety. The model of Dayhoff et al. uses the
Point Accepted Mutation (PAM) amino acid similarity matrix (PAM 250
matrix) to determine suitable conservative amino acid
substitutions. Conservative substitutions, such as exchanging one
amino acid with another having similar properties, may be
preferred. Examples of conservative amino acid substitutions as
taught by the PAM 250 matrix of the Dayhoff et al. model include,
but are not limited to, GlyAla, ValIleLeu, AspGlu, LysArg, AsnGln,
and PheTrpTyr.
[0162] In constructing variants of the anti-CD20 antibody
polypeptides of interest, modifications are made such that variants
continue to possess the desired properties, i.e., being capable of
specifically binding to a human CD20 antigen expressed on the
surface of a human cell, and having enhanced function, particularly
increased CDC activity and/or increased binding affinity for the
CD20 antigen, as described herein. Obviously, any mutations made in
the DNA encoding the variant polypeptide must not place the
sequence out of reading frame and preferably will not create
complementary regions that could produce secondary mRNA structure.
See EP Patent Application Publication No. 75,444.
[0163] In addition, the constant region of an anti-CD20 antibody
can be mutated to alter effector function in a number of ways. For
example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,056B1 and U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2004/0132101A1, which disclose Fc mutations that
optimize antibody binding to Fc receptors.
[0164] Preferably, variants of a reference anti-CD20 antibody have
amino acid sequences that have at least about 80%, about 85%, about
88%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, or
about 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence for the
reference anti-CD20 antibody molecule or to a shorter portion of
the reference antibody molecule. More preferably, the molecules
share at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%
sequence identity. When discussed herein, whether any particular
polypeptide, including the CDRs, V.sub.H domains, and V.sub.L
domains disclosed herein, is at least about 65%, about 70%, about
75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about
93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about
99%, or even about 100% identical to another polypeptide can be
determined using methods and computer programs/software known in
the art such as, but not limited to, the BESTFIT program (Wisconsin
Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer
Group, University Research Park, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis.
53711). BESTFIT uses the local homology algorithm of Smith and
Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482-489, to find the best
segment of homology between two sequences. When using BESTFIT or
any other sequence alignment program to determine whether a
particular sequence is, for example, 95% identical to a reference
sequence according to the present invention, the parameters are
set, of course, such that the percentage of identity is calculated
over the full length of the reference polypeptide sequence and that
gaps in homology of up to 5% of the total number of amino acids in
the reference sequence are allowed.
[0165] For purposes of the present invention, percent sequence
identity is determined using the Smith-Waterman homology search
algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12
and a gap extension penalty of 2, BLOSUM matrix of 62. The
Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm is taught in Smith and
Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482-489. A variant may, for
example, differ from the reference anti-CD20 antibody by as few as
1 to 15 amino acid residues, as few as 1 to 10 amino acid residues,
such as 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acid
residue.
[0166] With respect to optimal alignment of two amino acid
sequences, the contiguous segment of the variant amino acid
sequence may have additional amino acid residues or deleted amino
acid residues with respect to the reference amino acid sequence.
The contiguous segment used for comparison to the reference amino
acid sequence will include at least 20 contiguous amino acid
residues, and may be 30, 40, 50, or more amino acid residues.
Corrections for sequence identity associated with conservative
residue substitutions or gaps can be made (see Smith-Waterman
homology search algorithm).
[0167] When any two polypeptide sequences are optimally aligned for
comparison, it is recognized that residues appearing opposite of
one another within the alignment occupy positions within their
respective polypeptides that correspond to one another. Such
positions are referred to herein as "corresponding positions" and
the residues residing at corresponding positions are referred to as
"corresponding residues" or residues that "correspond" to one
another. Thus, for example, where a polypeptide of interest is
optimally aligned to a reference polypeptide sequence having, for
example, 10 residues, the residue within the polypeptide of
interest appearing opposite residue 5 of the reference sequence is
referred to as the "residue at the position corresponding to
residue 5" of the reference sequence.
[0168] The precise chemical structure of a polypeptide capable of
specifically binding CD20 and retaining the desired increase in CDC
activity and/or increased binding affinity for the CD20 antigen
depends on a number of factors. As ionizable amino and carboxyl
groups are present in the molecule, a particular polypeptide may be
obtained as an acidic or basic salt, or in neutral form. All such
preparations that retain their biological activity when placed in
suitable environmental conditions are included in the definition of
anti-CD20 antibodies as used herein. Further, the primary amino
acid sequence of the polypeptide may be augmented by derivatization
using sugar moieties (glycosylation) or by other supplementary
molecules such as lipids, phosphate, acetyl groups and the like. It
may also be augmented by conjugation with saccharides. Certain
aspects of such augmentation are accomplished through
post-translational processing systems of the producing host; other
such modifications may be introduced in vitro. In any event, such
modifications are included in the definition of an anti-CD20
antibody used herein so long as the desired properties of the
anti-CD20 antibody are not destroyed. It is expected that such
modifications may quantitatively or qualitatively affect the
activity, either by enhancing or diminishing the activity of the
polypeptide, in the various assays. Further, individual amino acid
residues in the chain may be modified by oxidation, reduction, or
other derivatization, and the polypeptide may be cleaved to obtain
fragments that retain activity. Such alterations that do not
destroy the desired properties (i.e., binding specificity for CD20,
and increased CDC activity and/or increased binding affinity for
the CD20 antigen) do not remove the polypeptide sequence from the
definition of anti-CD20 antibodies of interest as used herein.
[0169] The art provides substantial guidance regarding the
preparation and use of polypeptide variants. In preparing the
anti-CD20 antibody variants, one of skill in the art can readily
determine which modifications to the native protein nucleotide or
amino acid sequence will result in a variant that is suitable for
use as a therapeutically active component of a pharmaceutical
composition used in the methods of the present invention.
[0170] In certain anti-CD20 antibodies, the Fc portion may be
mutated to decrease effector function using techniques known in the
art. For example, the deletion or inactivation (through point
mutations or other means) of a constant region domain may reduce Fc
receptor binding of the circulating modified antibody thereby
increasing tumor localization. In other cases it may be that
constant region modifications consistent with the instant invention
moderate complement binding and thus reduce the serum half life and
nonspecific association of a conjugated cytotoxin. Yet other
modifications of the constant region may be used to modify
disulfide linkages or oligosaccharide moieties that allow for
enhanced localization due to increased antigen specificity or
antibody flexibility. The resulting physiological profile,
bioavailability and other biochemical effects of the modifications,
such as tumor localization, biodistribution and serum half-life,
may easily be measured and quantified using well known
immunological techniques without undue experimentation.
[0171] Anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention also include
derivatives that are modified, e.g., by the covalent attachment of
any type of molecule to the antibody such that covalent attachment
does not prevent the antibody from specifically binding to its
cognate epitope. For example, but not by way of limitation, the
antibody derivatives include antibodies that have been modified,
e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation,
amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups,
proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a cellular ligand or other
protein, etc. Any of numerous chemical modifications may be carried
out by known techniques, including, but not limited to specific
chemical cleavage, acetylation, formylation, metabolic synthesis of
tunicamycin, etc. Additionally, the derivative may contain one or
more non-classical amino acids.
[0172] A "conservative amino acid substitution" is one in which the
amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a
side chain with a similar charge. Families of amino acid residues
having side chains with similar charges have been defined in the
art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains
(e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g.,
aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g.,
glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine,
cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine,
isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan),
beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and
aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan,
histidine). Alternatively, mutations can be introduced randomly
along all or part of the coding sequence, such as by saturation
mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened for
biological activity to identify mutants that retain activity (e.g.,
the ability to bind an anti-CD20 polypeptide).
[0173] For example, it is possible to introduce mutations only in
framework regions or only in CDR regions of an antibody molecule.
Introduced mutations may be silent or neutral missense mutations,
i.e., have no, or little, effect on an antibody's ability to bind
antigen. These types of mutations may be useful to optimize codon
usage, or improve a hybridoma's antibody production. Alternatively,
non-neutral missense mutations may alter an antibody's ability to
bind antigen. The location of most silent and neutral missense
mutations is likely to be in the framework regions, while the
location of most non-neutral missense mutations is likely to be in
CDR, though this is not an absolute requirement. One of skill in
the art would be able to design and test mutant molecules with
desired properties such as no alteration in antigen binding
activity or alteration in binding activity (e.g., improvements in
antigen binding activity or change in antibody specificity).
Following mutagenesis, the encoded protein may routinely be
expressed and the functional and/or biological activity of the
encoded protein, (e.g., ability to immunospecifically bind at least
one epitope of a CD20 polypeptide) can be determined using
techniques described herein or by routinely modifying techniques
known in the art.
IV. Polynucleotides Encoding Anti-CD20 Antibodies
[0174] The present invention also provides for nucleic acid
molecules encoding anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention, or
antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof.
[0175] In one embodiment, the present invention provides an
isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting essentially of, or
consisting of a nucleic acid encoding an immunoglobulin heavy chain
variable domain (V.sub.H domain), where at least one of the CDRs of
the V.sub.H domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least
about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%,
about 98%, about 99%, or identical to any one of SEQ ID
NOS:1-7.
[0176] In other embodiments, the present invention provides an
isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting essentially of, or
consisting of a nucleic acid encoding an immunoglobulin V.sub.H
domain, where at least one of the CDRs of the V.sub.H domain is
selected from the group consisting of: (a) a CDR1 comprising the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7; (b) a CDR1 comprising
an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID:7, where the CDR1 comprises
the phenylalanine (Phe) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 7 of SEQ ID NO:7; (c) a CDR2 comprising the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6; (d) a CDR2
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence
identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID:5 or SEQ ID
NO:6, where the CDR2 comprises the alanine (Ala) or leucine (Leu)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 8 of SEQ ID NO:5
or SEQ ID NO:6, respectively; (e) a CDR3 comprising the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, or SEQ
ID NO:4; (f) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at
least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:1, where the CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: (i) the asparagine (Asn) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:1, and (ii)
the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:1; (g) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, where the CDR3 comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of (i) the
alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue 5 of
SEQ ID NO:2, (ii) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID NO:2, and (iii) the asparagine
(Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID
NO:2; (h) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:3, where the CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected
from the group consisting of: (i) the alanine (Ala) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:3, (ii) the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 9
of SEQ ID NO:3, and (iii) the aspartic acid (Asp) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:3; and (i) a CDR3
comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence
identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, where
the CDR3 comprises at least one residue selected from the group
consisting of: (i) the alanine (Ala) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 5 of SEQ ID NO:4, (ii) the asparagine
(Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 9 of SEQ ID
NO:4, (iii) the glycine (Gly) residue at the position corresponding
to residue 11 of SEQ ID NO:4, and (iv) the asparagine (Asn) residue
at the position corresponding to residue 12 of SEQ ID NO:4; wherein
an anti-CD20 antibody comprising the encoded V.sub.H domain
specifically or preferentially binds to CD20.
[0177] In some embodiments, the present invention provides an
isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting essentially of, or
consisting of a nucleic acid encoding an immunoglobulin V.sub.H
domain, where at least one of the CDRs of the V.sub.H domain is
selected from the group consisting of: (a) a CDR1 comprising the
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7; (b) a CDR2 comprising the
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6; and (c) a CDR3
comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ
ID NO:3, or SEQ ID NO:4. In particular embodiments, the isolated
polynucleotide encoding an immunoglobulin V.sub.H domain comprises
at least one of the CDR-encoding sequences selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NO:24 (encoding optimized CDR3 of SEQ ID
NO:1), SEQ ID NO:25 (encoding optimized CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:2), SEQ
ID NO:26 (encoding optimized CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:3), and SEQ ID NO:27
(encoding optimized CDR2 of SEQ ID NO:5).
[0178] In a further embodiment, the present invention includes an
isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting essentially of, or
consisting of a nucleic acid encoding a V.sub.H domain that has an
amino acid sequence that is at least about 80%, about 85%, about
90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about
96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or 100% identical to a
reference V.sub.H domain polypeptide sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:12-18 and 29, wherein an anti-CD20
antibody comprising the encoded V.sub.H domain specifically or
preferentially binds to CD20.
[0179] In yet other embodiments, the present invention includes an
isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting essentially of, or
consisting of a nucleic acid encoding a V.sub.H domain selected
from the group consisting of: (a) a V.sub.H domain comprising an
amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to an
amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOS:12-18 and 29; (b) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12, where the V.sub.H domain
comprises at least one residue selected from the group consisting
of: (i) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding
to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:12, and (ii) the asparagine (Asn)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID
NO:12; (c) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:13, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at
least one residue selected from the group consisting of: (i) the
alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to residue 103
of SEQ ID NO:13, (ii) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:13, and (iii) the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
110 of SEQ ID NO:13; (d) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14, where the V.sub.H domain
comprises at least one residue selected from the group consisting
of: (i) the alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:14, (ii) the asparagine (Asn) residue at
the position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:14, and
(iii) the aspartic acid (Asp) residue at the position corresponding
to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:14; (e) a V.sub.H domain comprising an
amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, where the V.sub.H
domain comprises at least one residue selected from the group
consisting of: (i) the phenylalanine (Phe) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 31 of SEQ ID NO:15; (ii) the alanine (Ala)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID
NO:15; (iii) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:15, and (iv) the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
110 of SEQ ID NO:15; (f) a V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16, where the V.sub.H domain
comprises at least one residue selected from the group consisting
of: (i) the alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 57 of SEQ ID NO:16, (ii) the alanine (Ala) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:16, (iii) the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
107 of SEQ ID NO:16, and (iv) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the
position corresponding to residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:16; (g) a
V.sub.H domain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least
85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO:17, where the V.sub.H domain comprises at least one residue
selected from the group consisting of: (i) the leucine (Leu)
residue at the position corresponding to residue 57 of SEQ ID
NO:17, (ii) the alanine (Ala) residue at the position corresponding
to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:17, (iii) the asparagine (Asn) residue
at the position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ ID NO:17, and
(iv) the asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to
residue 110 of SEQ ID NO:17; and (h) a V.sub.H domain comprising an
amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18, where the V.sub.H
domain comprises at least one residue selected from the group
consisting of: (i) the alanine (Ala) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 103 of SEQ ID NO:18, (ii) the asparagine
(Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue 107 of SEQ
ID NO:18, (iii) the glycine (Gly) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 109 of SEQ ID NO:18, and (iv) the
asparagine (Asn) residue at the position corresponding to residue
110 of SEQ ID NO:18.
[0180] In a further embodiment, the present invention includes an
isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting essentially of, or
consisting of a nucleic acid encoding a V.sub.H domain, where the
nucleic acid has a sequence that has at least about 80%, about 85%,
about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%,
about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or 100% sequence
identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOS:19-22 and wherein an anti-CD20 antibody
comprising the encoded V.sub.H domain specifically or
preferentially binds to anti-CD20.
[0181] In other embodiments, the present invention includes an
isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting essentially of, or
consisting of a nucleic acid encoding an immunoglobulin light chain
variable domain (V.sub.L domain), where the V.sub.L domain
comprises a CDR with an amino acid sequence that is at least about
80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about
98%, about 99% or 100% identical to the CDR sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:8.
[0182] In further embodiments, the present invention includes an
isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting essentially of, or
consisting of a nucleic acid encoding a V.sub.L domain of an
immunoglobulin light chain, where the V.sub.L domain comprises at
least one CDR selected from the group consisting of: (a) a CDR3
comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; (b) a
CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence
identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, where
the CDR3 comprises the glutamine (Gln) residue at the position
corresponding to residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8 and (c) a CDR2 having the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9. In some of these
embodiments, the present invention includes an isolated
polynucleotide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting
of a nucleic acid encoding a V.sub.L domain of an immunoglobulin
light chain, where the V.sub.L domain comprises a CDR2 having the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 and a CDR3 selected
from the group consisting of: (a) a CDR3 comprising the amino acid
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; and (b) a CDR3 comprising an
amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the
amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, where the CDR3
comprises the glutamine (Gln) residue at the position corresponding
to residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:8.
[0183] In yet a further embodiment, the present invention includes
an isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting essentially of,
or consisting of a nucleic acid encoding a V.sub.L domain that has
an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80%, about 85%, about
90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or 100%
identical to a reference V.sub.L domain polypeptide sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:11, wherein an anti-CD20 antibody comprising the
encoded V.sub.L domain specifically or preferentially binds to
CD20.
[0184] In still other embodiments, the present invention includes
an isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting essentially of,
or consisting of a nucleic acid encoding a V.sub.L domain selected
from the group consisting of: (a) a V.sub.L domain comprising the
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11; (b) a V.sub.L
domain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%
sequence identity to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ
ID NO:11; (c) a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid sequence
having at least 85% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO:10, where the V.sub.L domain comprises the CDR2 set forth
in SEQ ID NO:9; and (d) a V.sub.L domain comprising an amino acid
sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:11, where the V.sub.L domain comprises at least
one of: (i) the CDR2 set forth in SEQ ID NO:9, and (ii) the
glutamine (Gln) residue at the position corresponding to residue 91
of SEQ ID NO:11.
[0185] Any of the polynucleotides described above may further
include additional nucleic acids, encoding, e.g., a signal peptide
to direct secretion of the encoded polypeptide, antibody constant
regions as described herein, or other heterologous polypeptides as
described herein. Also, as described in more detail elsewhere
herein, the present invention includes compositions comprising the
polynucleotides comprising one or more of the polynucleotides
described above. In one embodiment, the invention includes
compositions comprising a first polynucleotide and second
polynucleotide wherein said first polynucleotide encodes a V.sub.H
domain as described herein and wherein said second polynucleotide
encodes a V.sub.L domain as described herein. Specifically a
composition which comprises, consists essentially of, or consists
of a V.sub.H domain-encoding polynucleotide, as set forth in any
one of SEQ ID NOS:19-22, and a V.sub.L domain-encoding
polynucleotide, for example, a polynucleotide encoding the V.sub.L
domain as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11.
[0186] The present invention also includes fragments of the
polynucleotides of the invention, as described elsewhere.
Additionally polynucleotides that encode fusion polypolypeptides,
Fab fragments, and other derivatives, as described herein, are also
contemplated by the invention.
[0187] The polynucleotides may be produced or manufactured by any
method known in the art. For example, if the nucleotide sequence of
the antibody is known, a polynucleotide encoding the antibody may
be assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides (e.g., as
described in Kutmeier et al. (1994) Bio Techniques 17:242), which,
briefly, involves the synthesis of overlapping oligonucleotides
containing portions of the sequence encoding the antibody,
annealing and ligating of those oligonucleotides, and then
amplification of the ligated oligonucleotides by PCR.
[0188] Alternatively, a polynucleotide encoding an anti-CD20
antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative
thereof, may be generated from nucleic acid from a suitable source.
If a clone containing a nucleic acid encoding a particular antibody
is not available, but the sequence of the antibody molecule is
known, a nucleic acid encoding the antibody may be chemically
synthesized or obtained from a suitable source (e.g., an antibody
cDNA library, or a cDNA library generated from, or nucleic acid,
preferably poly A+RNA, isolated from, any tissue or cells
expressing the antibody or other anti-CD20 antibody, such as
hybridoma cells selected to express an antibody) by PCR
amplification using synthetic primers hybridizable to the 3' and 5'
ends of the sequence or by cloning using an oligonucleotide probe
specific for the particular gene sequence to identify, e.g., a cDNA
clone from a cDNA library that encodes the antibody or other
anti-CD20 antibody. Amplified nucleic acids generated by PCR may
then be cloned into replicable cloning vectors using any method
well known in the art.
[0189] Once the nucleotide sequence and corresponding amino acid
sequence of the anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment,
variant, or derivative thereof is determined, its nucleotide
sequence may be manipulated using methods well known in the art for
the manipulation of nucleotide sequences, e.g., recombinant DNA
techniques, site directed mutagenesis, PCR, etc. (see, for example,
the techniques described in Sambrook et al. (1990) Molecular
Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.; Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) and Ausubel et al., eds.
(1998) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley &
Sons, NY), which are both incorporated by reference herein in their
entireties), to generate antibodies having a different amino acid
sequence, for example to create amino acid substitutions,
deletions, and/or insertions.
[0190] A polynucleotide encoding an anti-CD20 antibody, or
antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, can be
composed of any polyribonucleotide or polydeoxyribonucleotide,
which may be unmodified RNA or DNA or modified RNA or DNA. For
example, a polynucleotide encoding anti-CD20 antibody, or
antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof can be
composed of single- and double-stranded DNA, DNA that is a mixture
of single- and double-stranded regions, single- and double-stranded
RNA, and RNA that is mixture of single- and double-stranded
regions, hybrid molecules comprising DNA and RNA that may be
single-stranded or, more typically, double-stranded or a mixture of
single- and double-stranded regions. In addition, a polynucleotide
encoding an anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment,
variant, or derivative thereof can be composed of triple-stranded
regions comprising RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA. A polynucleotide
encoding an anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment,
variant, or derivative thereof, may also contain one or more
modified bases or DNA or RNA backbones modified for stability or
for other reasons. "Modified" bases include, for example,
tritylated bases and unusual bases such as inosine. A variety of
modifications can be made to DNA and RNA; thus, "polynucleotide"
embraces chemically, enzymatically, or metabolically modified
forms.
[0191] An isolated polynucleotide encoding a non-natural variant of
a polypeptide derived from an immunoglobulin (e.g., an
immunoglobulin heavy chain portion or light chain portion) can be
created by introducing one or more nucleotide substitutions,
additions or deletions into the nucleotide sequence of the
immunoglobulin such that one or more amino acid substitutions,
additions or deletions are introduced into the encoded protein.
Mutations may be introduced by standard techniques, such as
site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Preferably,
conservative amino acid substitutions are made at one or more
non-essential amino acid residues.
V. Fusion Proteins and Antibody Conjugates
[0192] As discussed in more detail elsewhere herein, anti-CD20
antibodies of the invention, or antigen-binding fragments,
variants, or derivatives thereof, may further be recombinantly
fused to a heterologous polypeptide at the N- or C-terminus or
chemically conjugated (including covalent and non-covalent
conjugations) to polypeptides or other compositions. For example,
anti-CD20 antibodies may be recombinantly fused or conjugated to
molecules useful as labels in detection assays and effector
molecules such as heterologous polypeptides, drugs, radionuclides,
or toxins. See, e.g., PCT publications WO 92/08495; WO 91/14438; WO
89/12624; U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,995; and EP 396,387.
[0193] Anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention, or antigen-binding
fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, include derivatives
that are modified, i.e., by the covalent attachment of any type of
molecule to the antibody such that covalent attachment does not
prevent the antibody binding CD20. For example, but not by way of
limitation, the antibody derivatives include antibodies that have
been modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation,
phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known
protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a
cellular ligand or other protein, etc. Any of numerous chemical
modifications may be carried out by known techniques, including,
but not limited to specific chemical cleavage, acetylation,
formylation, metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc. Additionally,
the derivative may contain one or more non-classical amino
acids.
[0194] Anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention, or antigen-binding
fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, can be composed of
amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified
peptide bonds, i.e., peptide isosteres, and may contain amino acids
other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids. Anti-CD20 antibodies
may be modified by natural processes, such as posttranslational
processing, or by chemical modification techniques that are well
known in the art. Such modifications are well described in basic
texts and in more detailed monographs, as well as in a voluminous
research literature. Modifications can occur anywhere in the
anti-CD20 antibody, including the peptide backbone, the amino acid
side-chains and the amino or carboxyl termini, or on moieties such
as carbohydrates. It will be appreciated that the same type of
modification may be present in the same or varying degrees at
several sites in a given anti-CD20 antibody. Also, a given
anti-CD20 antibody may contain many types of modifications.
Anti-CD20 antibodies may be branched, for example, as a result of
ubiquitination, and they may be cyclic, with or without branching.
Cyclic, branched, and branched cyclic anti-CD20 antibodies may
result from posttranslation natural processes or may be made by
synthetic methods. Modifications include acetylation, acylation,
ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin,
covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a
nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid
or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol,
cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation,
demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of
cysteine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation,
gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation,
hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation,
pegylation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation,
racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated
addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and
ubiquitination. (See, for instance, Proteins--Structure and
Molecular Properties, T. E. Creighton, W. H. Freeman and Company,
NY; 2nd ed. (1993); Johnson, ed. (1983) Posttranslational Covalent
Modification of Proteins (Academic Press, NY), pgs. 1-12; Seifter
et al. (1990) Meth. Enzymol. 182:626-646; Rattan et al. (1992) Ann.
NY Acad. Sci. 663:48-62).
[0195] The present invention also provides for fusion proteins
comprising an anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment,
variant, or derivative thereof, and a heterologous polypeptide. The
heterologous polypeptide to which the antibody is fused may be
useful for function or is useful to target the anti-CD20
polypeptide expressing cells. In one embodiment, a fusion protein
of the invention comprises, consists essentially of, or consists
of, a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one or more
of the V.sub.H domains of an antibody of the invention or the amino
acid sequence of any one or more of the V.sub.L domains of an
antibody of the invention or fragments or variants thereof, and a
heterologous polypeptide sequence. In another embodiment, a fusion
protein for use in the diagnostic and treatment methods disclosed
herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a
polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one, two, three
of the CDRs of the V.sub.H domain of an anti-CD20 antibody, or
fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, or the amino acid
sequence of any one, two, three of the CDRs of the V.sub.L domain
of an anti-CD20 antibody, or fragments, variants, or derivatives
thereof, and a heterologous polypeptide sequence. In one
embodiment, the fusion protein comprises a polypeptide having the
amino acid sequence of a CDR3 of the V.sub.H domain of an
anti-CD20-specific antibody of the present invention, or fragment,
derivative, or variant thereof, and a heterologous polypeptide
sequence, which fusion protein specifically binds to at least one
epitope of CD20. In another embodiment, a fusion protein comprises
a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of at least one
V.sub.H domain of an anti-CD20 antibody of the invention and the
amino acid sequence of at least one V.sub.L domain of an anti-CD20
antibody of the invention or fragments, derivatives or variants
thereof, and a heterologous polypeptide sequence. Preferably, the
V.sub.H and V.sub.L domains of the fusion protein correspond to a
single source antibody (or scFv or Fab fragment) that specifically
binds at least one epitope of CD20. In yet another embodiment, a
fusion protein for use in the diagnostic and treatment methods
disclosed herein comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid
sequence of any one, two, three or more of the CDRs of the V.sub.H
domain of an anti-CD20 antibody and the amino acid sequence of any
one, two, three or more of the CDRs of the V.sub.L domain of an
anti-CD20 antibody, or fragments or variants thereof, and a
heterologous polypeptide sequence. Preferably, two, three, four,
five, six, or more of the CDR(s) of the V.sub.H domain or V.sub.L
domain correspond to single source antibody (or scFv or Fab
fragment) of the invention. Nucleic acid molecules encoding these
fusion proteins are also encompassed by the invention.
[0196] Exemplary fusion proteins reported in the literature include
fusions of the T cell receptor (Gascoigne et al. (1987) Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 84:2936-2940); CD4 (Capon et al. (1989) Nature
337:525-531; Traunecker et al. (1989) Nature 339:68-70; Zettmeissl
et al. (1990) DNA Cell Biol. USA 9:347-353; and Byrn et al. (1990)
Nature 344:667-670); L-selectin (homing receptor) (Watson et al.
(1990) J. Cell. Biol. 110:2221-2229; and Watson et al. (1991)
Nature 349:164-167); CD44 (Aruffo et al. (1990) Cell 61:1303-1313);
CD28 and B7 (Linsley et al. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173:721-730);
CTLA-4 (Lisley et al. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 174:561-569); CD22
(Stamenkovic et al. (1991) Cell 66:1133-1144); TNF receptor
(Ashkenazi et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10535-10539;
Lesslauer et al. (1991) Eur. J. Immunol. 27:2883-2886; and Peppel
et al. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 174:1483-1489); and IgE receptor a
(Ridgway and Gorman (1991) J. Cell. Biol. Vol. 115, Abstract No.
1448).
[0197] As discussed elsewhere herein, anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention, or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives
thereof, may be fused to heterologous polypeptides to increase the
in vivo half life of the polypeptides or for use in immunoassays
using methods known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, PEG
can be conjugated to the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention to
increase their half-life in vivo. See Leong et al. (2001) Cytokine
16:106; Adv. in Drug Deliv. Rev. (2002) 54:531; or Weir et al.
(2002) Biochem. Soc. Transactions 30:512.
[0198] Moreover, anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention, or
antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, can be
fused to marker sequences, such as a peptide to facilitate their
purification or detection. In preferred embodiments, the marker
amino acid sequence is a hexa-histidine peptide, such as the tag
provided in a pQE vector (QIAGEN, Inc., 9259 Eton Avenue,
Chatsworth, Calif., 91311), among others, many of which are
commercially available. As described in Gentz et al. (1989) Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:821-824, for instance, hexa-histidine
provides for convenient purification of the fusion protein. Other
peptide tags useful for purification include, but are not limited
to, the "HA" tag, which corresponds to an epitope derived from the
influenza hemagglutinin protein (Wilson et al. (1984) Cell 37:767)
and the "flag" tag.
[0199] Fusion proteins can be prepared using methods that are well
known in the art (see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,116,964 and
5,225,538). The precise site at which the fusion is made may be
selected empirically to optimize the secretion or binding
characteristics of the fusion protein. DNA encoding the fusion
protein is then transfected into a host cell for expression.
[0200] Anti-CD20 antibodies of the present invention, or
antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, may be
used in non-conjugated form or may be conjugated to at least one of
a variety of molecules, e.g., to improve the therapeutic properties
of the molecule, to facilitate target detection, or for imaging or
therapy of the patient. Anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention, or
antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, can be
labeled or conjugated either before or after purification, when
purification is performed.
[0201] In particular, anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention, or
antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, may be
conjugated to therapeutic agents, prodrugs, peptides, proteins,
enzymes, viruses, lipids, biological response modifiers,
pharmaceutical agents, or PEG.
[0202] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that conjugates may
also be assembled using a variety of techniques depending on the
selected agent to be conjugated. For example, conjugates with
biotin are prepared, e.g., by reacting a binding polypeptide with
an activated ester of biotin such as the biotin
N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. Similarly, conjugates with a
fluorescent marker may be prepared in the presence of a coupling
agent, e.g. those listed herein, or by reaction with an
isothiocyanate, preferably fluorescein-isothiocyanate. Conjugates
of the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention, or antigen-binding
fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, are prepared in an
analogous manner.
[0203] The present invention further encompasses anti-CD20
antibodies of the invention, or antigen-binding fragments,
variants, or derivatives thereof, conjugated to a diagnostic or
therapeutic agent. The anti-CD20 antibodies, including
antigen-binding fragments, variants, and derivatives thereof, can
be used diagnostically to, for example, monitor the development or
progression of a disease as part of a clinical testing procedure
to, e.g., determine the efficacy of a given treatment and/or
prevention regimen. Detection can be facilitated by coupling the
anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof, to a detectable substance. Examples of
detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups,
fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent
materials, radioactive materials, positron emitting metals using
various positron emission tomographies, and nonradioactive
paramagnetic metal ions. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,741,900
for metal ions which can be conjugated to antibodies for use as
diagnostics according to the present invention. Examples of
suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline
phosphatase, .beta.-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase;
examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include
streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable
fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein,
fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine
fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a
luminescent material includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent
materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin; and examples
of suitable radioactive material include .sup.125I, .sup.131I,
.sup.111In, .sup.90Y, or .sup.99Tc.
[0204] An anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant,
or derivative thereof, may be conjugated to a therapeutic moiety
such as a cytotoxin, a therapeutic agent or a radioactive metal
ion. A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is
detrimental to cells. Examples include selenium, taxol,
cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin,
etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin,
doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone,
mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids,
procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and
analogs or homologs thereof. Therapeutic agents include, but are
not limited to, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate,
6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil
decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioepa
chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU),
cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin,
mitomycin C, and cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP)
cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly
daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin
(formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin
(AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g., vincristine and
vinblastine). The conjugates of the invention can be used for
modifying a given biological response. The drug moiety is not to be
construed as limited to classical chemical therapeutic agents. For
example, the drug moiety may be a protein or polypeptide possessing
a desired biological activity. Such proteins may include, for
example, a toxin such as abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, or
diphtheria toxin; a protein such as tumor necrosis factor,
alpha-interferon, beta-interferon, nerve growth factor, platelet
derived growth factor, tissue plasminogen activator; or, biological
response modifiers such as, for example, lymphokines, interleukin-1
("IL-1"), interleukin-2 ("IL-2"), interleukin-6 ("IL-6"),
granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor ("GM-CSF"),
granulocyte colony stimulating factor ("G-CSF"), or other growth
factors.
[0205] An anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant,
or derivative thereof, also can be detectably labeled by coupling
it to a chemiluminescent compound. The presence of the
chemiluminescent-tagged anti-CD20 antibody is then determined by
detecting the presence of luminescence that arises during the
course of a chemical reaction. Examples of particularly useful
chemiluminescent labeling compounds are luminol, isoluminol,
theromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt and oxalate
ester.
[0206] One of the ways in which an anti-CD20 antibody, or
antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, can be
detectably labeled is by linking the same to an enzyme and using
the linked product in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Voller, A., "The
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)" Microbiological
Associates Quarterly Publication, Walkersville, Md.; Diagnostic
Horizons (1978) 2:1-7; Voller et al. (1978) J. Clin. Pathol.
31:507-520; Butler (1981) Meth. Enzymol. 73:482-523; Maggio, ed.
(1980) Enzyme Immunoassay, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.; Ishikawa et
al., eds. (1981) Enzyme Immunoassay (Kgaku Shoin, Tokyo). The
enzyme, which is bound to the anti-CD20 antibody will react with an
appropriate substrate, preferably a chromogenic substrate, in such
a manner as to produce a chemical moiety which can be detected, for
example, by spectrophotometric, fluorimetric or by visual means.
Enzymes which can be used to detectably label the antibody include,
but are not limited to, malate dehydrogenase, staphylococcal
nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase,
alpha-glycerophosphate, dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase,
horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose
oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase,
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoamylase and
acetylcholinesterase. Additionally, the detection can be
accomplished by colorimetric methods which employ a chromogenic
substrate for the enzyme. Detection may also be accomplished by
visual comparison of the extent of enzymatic reaction of a
substrate in comparison with similarly prepared standards.
[0207] Detection may also be accomplished using any of a variety of
other immunoassays. For example, by radioactively labeling the
anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof, it is possible to detect the antibody through
the use of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) (see, for example, Weintraub
(March, 1986) Principles of Radioimmunoassays, Seventh Training
Course on Radioligand Assay Techniques (The Endocrine Society),
which is incorporated by reference herein). The radioactive isotope
can be detected by means including, but not limited to, a gamma
counter, a scintillation counter, or autoradiography.
[0208] An anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant,
or derivative thereof, can also be detectably labeled using
fluorescence emitting metals such as 152Eu, or others of the
lanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the antibody
using such metal chelating groups as diethylenetriaminepentacetic
acid (DTPA) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
[0209] Techniques for conjugating various moieties to an anti-CD20
antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative
thereof, are well known, see, e.g., Arnon et al. (1985) "Monoclonal
Antibodies for Immunotargeting of Drugs in Cancer Therapy," in
Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, ed. Reisfeld et al. (Alan
R. Liss, Inc.), pp. 243-56; Hellstrom et al. (1987) "Antibodies for
Drug Delivery," in Controlled Drug Delivery, ed. Robinson et al.
(2nd ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.), pp. 623-53); Thorpe (1985)
"Antibody Carriers of Cytotoxic Agents in Cancer Therapy: A
Review," in Monoclonal Antibodies '84: Biological and Clinical
Applications, ed. Pinchera et al., pp. 475-506; "Analysis, Results,
and Future Prospective of the Therapeutic Use of Radiolabeled
Antibody in Cancer Therapy," in Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer
Detection and Therapy, ed. Baldwin et al., Academic Press, pp.
303-16 (1985); and Thorpe et al. (1982) "The Preparation and
Cytotoxic Properties of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates," Immunol. Rev.
62:119-58.
VI. Expression of Antibody Polypeptides
[0210] DNA sequences that encode the light and the heavy chains of
the antibody may be made, either simultaneously or separately,
using reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase in accordance with
well known methods. PCR may be initiated by consensus constant
region primers or by more specific primers based on the published
heavy and light chain DNA and amino acid sequences. As discussed
above, PCR also may be used to isolate DNA clones encoding the
antibody light and heavy chains. In this case the libraries may be
screened by consensus primers or larger homologous probes, such as
mouse constant region probes.
[0211] DNA, typically plasmid DNA, may be isolated from the cells
using techniques known in the art, restriction mapped and sequenced
in accordance with standard, well known techniques set forth in
detail, e.g., in the foregoing references relating to recombinant
DNA techniques. Of course, the DNA may be synthetic according to
the present invention at any point during the isolation process or
subsequent analysis.
[0212] Following manipulation of the isolated genetic material to
provide anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments,
variants, or derivatives thereof, of the invention, the
polynucleotides encoding the anti-CD20 antibodies are typically
inserted in an expression vector for introduction into host cells
that may be used to produce the desired quantity of anti-CD20
antibody.
[0213] Recombinant expression of an antibody, or fragment,
derivative or analog thereof, e.g., a heavy or light chain of an
antibody that binds to a target molecule described herein, e.g.,
CD20, requires construction of an expression vector containing a
polynucleotide that encodes the antibody. Once a polynucleotide
encoding an antibody molecule or a heavy or light chain of an
antibody, or portion thereof (preferably containing the heavy or
light chain variable domain), of the invention has been obtained,
the vector for the production of the antibody molecule may be
produced by recombinant DNA technology using techniques well known
in the art. Thus, methods for preparing a protein by expressing a
polynucleotide containing an antibody encoding nucleotide sequence
are described herein. Methods that are well known to those skilled
in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing
antibody coding sequences and appropriate transcriptional and
translational control signals. These methods include, for example,
in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in
vivo genetic recombination. The invention, thus, provides
replicable vectors comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an
antibody molecule of the invention, or a heavy or light chain
thereof, or a heavy or light chain variable domain, operably linked
to a promoter. Such vectors may include the nucleotide sequence
encoding the constant region of the antibody molecule (see, e.g.,
PCT Publication WO 86/05807; PCT Publication WO 89/01036; and U.S.
Pat. No. 5,122,464) and the variable domain of the antibody may be
cloned into such a vector for expression of the entire heavy or
light chain.
[0214] The term "vector" or "expression vector" is used herein to
mean vectors used in accordance with the present invention as a
vehicle for introducing into and expressing a desired gene in a
host cell. As known to those skilled in the art, such vectors may
easily be selected from the group consisting of plasmids, phages,
viruses and retroviruses. In general, vectors compatible with the
instant invention will comprise a selection marker, appropriate
restriction sites to facilitate cloning of the desired gene and the
ability to enter and/or replicate in eukaryotic or prokaryotic
cells.
[0215] For the purposes of this invention, numerous expression
vector systems may be employed. For example, one class of vector
utilizes DNA elements that are derived from animal viruses such as
bovine papilloma virus, polyoma virus, adenovirus, vaccinia virus,
baculovirus, retroviruses (RSV, MMTV or MOMLV) or SV40 virus.
Others involve the use of polycistronic systems with internal
ribosome binding sites. Additionally, cells that have integrated
the DNA into their chromosomes may be selected by introducing one
or more markers which allow selection of transfected host cells.
The marker may provide for prototrophy to an auxotrophic host,
biocide resistance (e.g., antibiotics) or resistance to heavy
metals such as copper. The selectable marker gene can either be
directly linked to the DNA sequences to be expressed, or introduced
into the same cell by cotransformation. Additional elements may
also be needed for optimal synthesis of mRNA. These elements may
include signal sequences, splice signals, as well as
transcriptional promoters, enhancers, and termination signals.
[0216] In particularly preferred embodiments, the cloned variable
region genes are inserted into an expression vector along with the
heavy and light chain constant region genes (preferably human)
synthesized as discussed above. Of course, any expression vector
that is capable of eliciting expression in eukaryotic cells may be
used in the present invention. Examples of suitable vectors
include, but are not limited to plasmids pcDNA3, pHCMV/Zeo, pCR3.1,
pEF1/His, pIND/GS, pRc/HCMV2, pSV40/Zeo2, pTRACER-HCMV,
pUB6/V5-His, pVAX1, and pZeoSV2 (available from Invitrogen, San
Diego, Calif.), and plasmid pCI (available from Promega, Madison,
Wis.). In general, screening large numbers of transformed cells for
those that express suitably high levels of immunoglobulin heavy and
light chains is routine experimentation that can be carried out,
for example, by robotic systems.
[0217] More generally, once the vector or DNA sequence encoding a
monomeric subunit of the anti-CD20 antibody has been prepared, the
expression vector may be introduced into an appropriate host cell.
Introduction of the plasmid into the host cell can be accomplished
by various techniques well known to those of skill in the art.
These include, but are not limited to, transfection (including
electroporation), protoplast fusion, calcium phosphate
precipitation, cell fusion with enveloped DNA, microinjection, and
infection with intact virus. See, Ridgway (1988) "Mammalian
Expression Vectors" in Vectors, ed. Rodriguez and Denhardt
(Butterworths, Boston, Mass.), Chapter 24.2, pp. 470-472.
Typically, plasmid introduction into the host is via
electroporation. The host cells harboring the expression construct
are grown under conditions appropriate to the production of the
light chains and heavy chains, and assayed for heavy and/or light
chain protein synthesis. Exemplary assay techniques include
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA),
or fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis (FACS),
immunohistochemistry and the like.
[0218] The expression vector is transferred to a host cell by
conventional techniques, and the transfected cells are then
cultured by conventional techniques to produce an antibody for use
in the methods described herein. Thus, the invention includes host
cells containing a polynucleotide encoding an antibody of the
invention, or a heavy or light chain thereof, operably linked to a
heterologous promoter. In preferred embodiments for the expression
of double-chained antibodies, vectors encoding both the heavy and
light chains may be co-expressed in the host cell for expression of
the entire immunoglobulin molecule, as detailed below.
[0219] As used herein, "host cells" refers to cells that harbor
vectors constructed using recombinant DNA techniques and encoding
at least one heterologous gene. In descriptions of processes for
isolation of antibodies from recombinant hosts, the terms "cell"
and "cell culture" are used interchangeably to denote the source of
antibody unless it is clearly specified otherwise. In other words,
recovery of polypeptide from the "cells" may mean either from spun
down whole cells, or from the cell culture containing both the
medium and the suspended cells.
[0220] A variety of host-expression vector systems may be utilized
to express antibody molecules for use in the methods described
herein. Such host-expression systems represent vehicles by which
the coding sequences of interest may be produced and subsequently
purified, but also represent cells that may, when transformed or
transfected with the appropriate nucleotide coding sequences,
express an antibody molecule of the invention in situ. These
include, but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria
(e.g., E. coli, B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant
bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors
containing antibody coding sequences; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces,
Pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors
containing antibody coding sequences; insect cell systems infected
with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus)
containing antibody coding sequences; plant cell systems infected
with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic
virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with
recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid)
containing antibody coding sequences; or mammalian cell systems
(e.g., COS, CHO, BLK, 293, 3T3 cells) harboring recombinant
expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome
of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from
mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia
virus 7.5K promoter). Preferably, bacterial cells such as
Escherichia coli, and more preferably, eukaryotic cells, especially
for the expression of whole recombinant antibody molecule, are used
for the expression of a recombinant antibody molecule. For example,
mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), in
conjunction with a vector such as the major intermediate early gene
promoter element from human cytomegalovirus is an effective
expression system for antibodies (Foecking et al. (1986) Gene 45:
101; Cockett et al. (1990) Bio/Technology 8:2).
[0221] The host cell line used for protein expression is often of
mammalian origin; those skilled in the art are credited with
ability to preferentially determine particular host cell lines that
are best suited for the desired gene product to be expressed
therein. Exemplary host cell lines include, but are not limited to,
CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary), DG44 and DUXB11 (Chinese Hamster Ovary
lines, DHFR minus), HELA (human cervical carcinoma), CV1 (monkey
kidney line), COS (a derivative of CV1 with SV40 T antigen), VERY,
BHK (baby hamster kidney), MDCK, 293, WI38, R1610 (Chinese hamster
fibroblast) BALBC/3T3 (mouse fibroblast), HAK (hamster kidney
line), SP2/O (mouse myeloma), P3x63-Ag3.653 (mouse myeloma),
BFA-1c1BPT (bovine endothelial cells), RAJI (human lymphocyte) and
293 (human kidney). Host cell lines are typically available from
commercial services, the American Tissue Culture Collection or from
published literature.
[0222] In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen that modulates
the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes
the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such
modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage)
of protein products may be important for the function of the
protein. Different host cells have characteristic and specific
mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification
of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host
systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and
processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end,
eukaryotic host cells that possess the cellular machinery for
proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation, and
phosphorylation of the gene product may be used.
[0223] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant
proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines
that stably express the antibody molecule may be engineered. Rather
than using expression vectors that contain viral origins of
replication, host cells can be transformed with DNA controlled by
appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer,
sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.),
and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of the foreign
DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an
enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. The
selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to
the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into
their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned
and expanded into cell lines. This method may advantageously be
used to engineer cell lines which stably express the antibody
molecule.
[0224] A number of selection systems may be used, including, but
not limited to, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler
et al. (1977) Cell 11:223), hypoxanthine-guanine
phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska and Szybalski (1992) Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48:202), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
(Lowy et al. (1980) Cell 22:817) genes can be employed in tk-,
hgprt- or aprt-cells, respectively. Also, antimetabolite resistance
can be used as the basis of selection for the following genes:
dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al.
(1980) Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:357; O'Hare et al. (1981) Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1527); gpt, which confers resistance to
mycophenolic acid (Mulligan and Berg (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 78:2072); neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside
G-418 Clinical Pharmacy 12:488-505; Wu and Wu (1991) Biotherapy
3:87-95; Tolstoshev (1993) Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.
32:573-596; Mulligan (1993) Science 260:926-932; and Morgan and
Anderson (1993) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62:191-217 (1993); TIB TECH
11(5):155-215 (May, 1993); and hygro, which confers resistance to
hygromycin (Santerre et al. (1984) Gene 30:147. Methods commonly
known in the art of recombinant DNA technology which can be used
are described in Ausubel et al. (1993) Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, NY); Kriegler (1990)
"Gene Transfer and Expression" in A Laboratory Manual (Stockton
Press, NY); Dracopoli et al. (eds) (1994) Current Prolocols in
Human Genetics (John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.) Chapters 12 and 13;
Colberre-Garapin et al. (1981) J. Mol. Biol. 150:1, which are
incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
[0225] The expression levels of an antibody molecule can be
increased by vector amplification (for a review, see Bebbington and
Hentschel (1987) "The Use of Vectors Based on Gene Amplification
for the Expression of Cloned Genes in Mammalian Cells in DNA
Cloning" (Academic Press, NY) Vol. 3. When a marker in the vector
system expressing antibody is amplifiable, an increase in the level
of inhibitor present in culture of host cell will increase the
number of copies of the marker gene. Since the amplified region is
associated with the antibody gene, production of the antibody will
also increase (Crouse et al. (1983) Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:257).
[0226] In vitro production allows scale-up to give large amounts of
the desired polypeptides. Techniques for mammalian cell cultivation
under tissue culture conditions are known in the art and include
homogeneous suspension culture, e.g. in an airlift reactor or in a
continuous stirrer reactor, or immobilized or entrapped cell
culture, e.g. in hollow fibers, microcapsules, on agarose
microbeads or ceramic cartridges. If necessary and/or desired, the
solutions of polypeptides can be purified by the customary
chromatography methods, for example gel filtration, ion-exchange
chromatography, chromatography over DEAE-cellulose or
(immuno-)affinity chromatography, e.g., after preferential
biosynthesis of a synthetic hinge region polypeptide or prior to or
subsequent to HIC chromatography.
[0227] Genes encoding anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding
fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof of the invention can
also be expressed by non-mammalian cells such as bacteria or yeast
or plant cells. Bacteria that readily take up nucleic acids include
members of the enterobacteriaceae, such as strains of Escherichia
coli or Salmonella; Bacillaceae, such as Bacillus subtilis;
Pneumococcus; Streptococcus, and Haemophilus influenzae. It will
further be appreciated that, when expressed in bacteria, the
heterologous polypeptides typically become part of inclusion
bodies. The heterologous polypeptides must be isolated, purified
and then assembled into functional molecules. Where tetravalent
forms of antibodies are desired, the subunits will then
self-assemble into tetravalent antibodies (WO 02/096948A2).
[0228] In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be
advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the
antibody molecule being expressed. For example, when a large
quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for the generation of
pharmaceutical compositions of an antibody molecule, vectors which
direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products
that are readily purified may be desirable. Such vectors include,
but are not limited, to the E. coli expression vector pUR278
(Ruther et al. (1983) EMBO J. 2:1791), in which the antibody coding
sequence may be ligated individually into the vector in frame with
the lacZ coding region so that a fusion protein is produced; pIN
vectors (Inouye and Inouye (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13:3101-3109;
Van Heeke and Schuster (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 24:5503-5509); and the
like. pGEX vectors may also be used to express foreign polypeptides
as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). In
general, such fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be
purified from lysed cells by adsorption and binding to a matrix
glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of
free glutathione. The pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin
or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene
product can be released from the GST moiety.
[0229] In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes may also be
used. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or common baker's yeast, is the
most commonly used among eukaryotic microorganisms although a
number of other strains are commonly available, e.g., Pichia
pastoris.
[0230] For expression in Saccharomyces, the plasmid YRp7, for
example, (Stinchcomb et al. (1979) Nature 282:39; Kingsman et al.
(1979) Gene 7:141; Tschemper et al. (1980) Gene 10:157) is commonly
used. This plasmid already contains the TRP1 gene, which provides a
selection marker for a mutant strain of yeast lacking the ability
to grow in tryptophan, for example ATCC No. 44076 or PEP4-1 (Jones
(1977) Genetics 85:12). The presence of the trp1 lesion as a
characteristic of the yeast host cell genome then provides an
effective environment for detecting transformation by growth in the
absence of tryptophan.
[0231] In an insect system, Autographa californica nuclear
polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is typically used as a vector to express
foreign genes. The virus grows in Spodoptera frugiperda cells. The
antibody coding sequence may be cloned individually into
non-essential regions (for example the polyhedrin gene) of the
virus and placed under control of an AcNPV promoter (for example
the polyhedrin promoter).
[0232] Once an antibody molecule of the invention has been
recombinantly expressed, it may be purified by any method known in
the art for purification of an immunoglobulin molecule, for
example, by chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity,
particularly by affinity for the specific antigen after Protein A,
and sizing column chromatography), centrifugation, differential
solubility, or by any other standard technique for the purification
of proteins. Alternatively, a preferred method for increasing the
affinity of antibodies of the invention is disclosed in U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2002 0123057 A1.
VII. Treatment Methods Using Therapeutic Anti-CD20 Antibodies
[0233] Methods of the invention are directed to the use of
anti-CD20 antibodies, including antigen-binding fragments,
variants, and derivatives thereof, to treat patients having a
disease associated with CD20-expressing cells. By "CD20-expressing
cell" is intended normal and malignant B cells expressing CD20
antigen. Methods for detecting CD20 expression in cells are well
known in the art and include, but are not limited to, PCR
techniques, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, Western blot,
ELISA, and the like. By "malignant" B cell is intended any
neoplastic B cell, including but not limited to B cells derived
from lymphomas including low-, intermediate-, and high-grade B cell
lymphomas, immunoblastic lymphomas, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas,
Hodgkin's disease, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) induced lymphomas, and
AIDS-related lymphomas, as well as B cell acute lymphoblastic
leukemias, myelomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemias, acute
myeloblastic leukemias, and the like.
[0234] Though the following discussion refers to diagnostic methods
and treatment of various diseases and disorders with an anti-CD20
antibody of the invention, the methods described herein are also
applicable to the antigen-binding fragments, variants, and
derivatives of these anti-CD20 antibodies that retain the desired
properties of the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention, i.e.,
capable of specifically binding CD20 and having increased CDC
activity and/or increased binding affinity for the CD20
antigen.
[0235] "Treatment" is herein defined as the application or
administration of an anti-CD20 antibody to a patient, or
application or administration of an anti-CD20 antibody to an
isolated tissue or cell line from a patient, where the patient has
a disease, a symptom of a disease, or a predisposition toward a
disease, where the purpose is to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve,
alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the disease, the
symptoms of the disease, or the predisposition toward the disease.
By "treatment" is also intended the application or administration
of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-CD20 antibody
to a patient, or application or administration of a pharmaceutical
composition comprising the anti-CD20 antibody to an isolated tissue
or cell line from a patient, who has a disease, a symptom of a
disease, or a predisposition toward a disease, where the purpose is
to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate,
improve, or affect the disease, the symptoms of the disease, or the
predisposition toward the disease.
[0236] By "anti-tumor activity" is intended a reduction in the rate
of malignant CD20-expressing cell proliferation or accumulation,
and hence a decline in growth rate of an existing tumor or in a
tumor that arises during therapy, and/or destruction of existing
neoplastic (tumor) cells or newly formed neoplastic cells, and
hence a decrease in the overall size of a tumor during therapy. By
"anti-inflammatory activity" is intended a reduction or prevention
of inflammation. Therapy with at least one anti-CD20 antibody
causes a physiological response that is beneficial with respect to
treatment of disease states associated with CD20-expressing cells
in a human.
[0237] In this manner, the methods of the invention find use in the
treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas related to abnormal,
uncontrollable B cell proliferation or accumulation. For purposes
of the present invention, such lymphomas will be referred to
according to the Working Formulation classification scheme, that is
those B cell lymphomas categorized as low grade, intermediate
grade, and high grade (see "The Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Pathologic
Classification Project" in Cancer 49:2112-2135 (1982)). Thus,
low-grade B cell lymphomas include small lymphocytic, follicular
small-cleaved cell, and follicular mixed small-cleaved and large
cell lymphomas; intermediate-grade lymphomas include follicular
large cell, diffuse small cleaved cell, diffuse mixed small and
large cell, and diffuse large cell lymphomas; and high-grade
lymphomas include large cell immunoblastic, lymphoblastic, and
small non-cleaved cell lymphomas of the Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's
type.
[0238] It is recognized that the methods of the invention are
useful in the therapeutic treatment of B cell lymphomas that are
classified according to the Revised European and American Lymphoma
Classification (REAL) system. Such B cell lymphomas include, but
are not limited to, lymphomas classified as precursor B cell
neoplasms, such as B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma; peripheral B
cell neoplasms, including B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small
lymphocytic lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma/immunocytoma,
mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicle center lymphoma (follicular)
(including diffuse small cell, diffuse mixed small and large cell,
and diffuse large cell lymphomas), marginal zone B cell lymphoma
(including extranodal, nodal, and splenic types), hairy cell
leukemia, plasmacytoma/myeloma, diffuse large cell B cell lymphoma
of the subtype primary mediastinal (thymic), Burkitt's lymphoma,
and Burkitt's like high grade B cell lymphoma; acute leukemias;
acute lymphocytic leukemias; myeloblastic leukemias; acute
myelocytic leukemias; promyelocytic leukemia; myelomonocytic
leukemia; monocytic leukemia; erythroleukemia; granulocytic
leukemia (chronic myelocytic leukemia); chronic lymphocytic
leukemia; polycythemia vera; multiple myeloma; Waldenstrom's
macroglobulinemia; heavy chain disease; and unclassifiable
low-grade or high-grade B cell lymphomas.
[0239] It is recognized that the methods of the invention may be
useful in preventing further tumor outgrowths arising during
therapy. The methods of the invention are particularly useful in
the treatment of subjects having low-grade B cell lymphomas,
particularly those subjects having relapses following standard
chemotherapy. Low-grade B cell lymphomas are more indolent than the
intermediate- and high-grade B cell lymphomas and are characterized
by a relapsing/remitting course. Thus, treatment of these lymphomas
is improved using the methods of the invention, as relapse episodes
are reduced in number and severity.
[0240] In accordance with the methods of the present invention, at
least one anti-CD20 antibody as defined elsewhere herein is used to
promote a positive therapeutic response with respect to a malignant
human B cell. By "positive therapeutic response" with respect to
cancer treatment is intended an improvement in the disease in
association with the anti-tumor activity of these antibodies or
fragments thereof, and/or an improvement in the symptoms associated
with the disease. That is, an anti-proliferative effect, the
prevention of further tumor outgrowths, a reduction in tumor size,
a reduction in the number of cancer cells, and/or a decrease in one
or more symptoms associated with the disease can be observed. Thus,
for example, an improvement in the disease may be characterized as
a complete response. By "complete response" is intended an absence
of clinically detectable disease with normalization of any
previously abnormal radiographic studies, bone marrow, and
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Such a response must persist for at
least one month following treatment according to the methods of the
invention. Alternatively, an improvement in the disease may be
categorized as being a partial response. By "partial response" is
intended at least about a 50% decrease in all measurable tumor
burden (i.e., the number of tumor cells present in the subject) in
the absence of new lesions and persisting for at least one month.
Such a response is applicable to measurable tumors only.
[0241] Tumor response can be assessed for changes in tumor
morphology (i.e., overall tumor burden, tumor size, and the like)
using screening techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scan, x-radiographic imaging, computed tomographic (CT) scan,
bioluminescent imaging, for example, luciferase imaging, bone scan
imaging, and tumor biopsy sampling including bone marrow aspiration
(BMA). In addition to these positive therapeutic responses, the
subject undergoing therapy with the anti-CD20 antibody may
experience the beneficial effect of an improvement in the symptoms
associated with the disease. Thus for B cell tumors, the subject
may experience a decrease in the so-called B symptoms, i.e., night
sweats, fever, weight loss, and/or urticaria.
[0242] The anti-CD20 antibodies described herein may also find use
in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and deficiencies or
disorders of the immune system that are associated with CD-20
expressing cells, including, but not limited to, systemic lupus
erythematosus, psoriasis, scleroderma, CREST syndrome, inflammatory
myositis, Sjogren's syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease,
rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel
disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary
inflammation, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, osteoporosis, delayed
type hypersensitivity, asthma, primary biliary cirrhosis, and
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
[0243] Inflammatory diseases are characterized by inflammation and
tissue destruction, or a combination thereof. "Inflammatory
disease" includes any inflammatory immune-mediated process where
the initiating event or target of the immune response involves
non-self antigen(s), including, for example, alloantigens,
xenoantigens, viral antigens, bacterial antigens, unknown antigens,
or allergens.
[0244] Further, for purposes of the present invention, the term
"inflammatory disease(s)" includes "autoimmune disease(s)." As used
herein, the term "autoimmunity" is generally understood to
encompass inflammatory immune-mediated processes involving "self"
antigens. In autoimmune diseases, self antigen(s) trigger host
immune responses.
[0245] Also, the present invention includes treatment of
inflammation associated with tissue transplant rejection.
"Transplant rejection" or "graft rejection" refers to any
host-mounted immune response against a graft including but not
limited to HLA antigens, blood group antigens, and the like.
[0246] The invention can also be used to treat graft versus host
disease, such as that associated with bone marrow transplantation,
for example. In such graft versus host disease, the donor bone
marrow includes lymphocytes and cells that mature into lymphocytes.
The donor's lymphocytes recognize the recipient's antigens as
non-self and mount an inflammatory immune response. Hence, as used
herein, "graft versus host disease" or "graft versus host reaction"
refers to any T cell mediated immune response in which donor
lymphocytes react to the host's antigens.
[0247] The anti-CD20 described herein can be used in accordance
with the methods of the invention to treat autoimmune and/or
inflammatory disorders including, but not limited to, systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE), discoid lupus, lupus nephritis,
sarcoidosis, inflammatory arthritis, including juvenile arthritis,
rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome,
ankylosing spondylitis, and gouty arthritis, rejection of an organ
or tissue transplant, hyperacute, acute, or chronic rejection
and/or graft versus host disease, multiple sclerosis, hyper IgE
syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, primary biliary cirrhosis,
inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, celiac's disease
(gluten-sensitive enteropathy), autoimmune hepatitis, pernicious
anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, psoriasis, scleroderma,
myasthenia gravis, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune
thyroiditis, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, immune
complex disease, chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome
(CFIDS), polymyositis and dermatomyositis, cryoglobulinemia,
thrombolysis, cardiomyopathy, pemphigus vulgaris, pulmonary
interstitial fibrosis, Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus, type
1, 2, 3, and 4 delayed-type hypersensitivity, allergy or allergic
disorders, unwanted/unintended immune responses to therapeutic
proteins (see for example, U.S. Patent Application No. US
2002/0119151 and Koren, et al. (2002) Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol.
3:349-60), asthma, Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic
granulomatosis), atopic dermatitis, allergic and irritant contact
dermatitis, urtecaria, IgE-mediated allergy, atherosclerosis,
vasculitis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, hemolytic disease,
Alzheimer's disease, chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyneuropathy, and the like. In some other embodiments, the
anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention are useful in treating
pulmonary inflammation including but not limited to lung graft
rejection, asthma, sarcoidosis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis,
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, allergic
rhinitis and allergic diseases of the lung such as hypersensitivity
pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans due
to bone marrow and/or lung transplantation or other causes, graft
atherosclerosis/graft phlebosclerosis, as well as pulmonary
fibrosis resulting from collagen, vascular, and autoimmune diseases
such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus.
[0248] In accordance with the methods of the present invention, at
least one anti-CD20 antibody as defined elsewhere herein is used to
promote a positive therapeutic response with respect to treatment
or prevention of an autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease.
By "positive therapeutic response" with respect to an autoimmune
disease and/or inflammatory disease is intended an improvement in
the disease in association with the anti-inflammatory activity of
these antibodies, and/or an improvement in the symptoms associated
with the disease. That is, an anti-proliferative effect, the
prevention of further proliferation of the CD20-expressing cell, a
reduction in the inflammatory response including but not limited to
reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules,
proteases, immunoglobulins (in instances where the CD20 bearing
cell is a B cell), combinations thereof, and the like, increased
production of anti-inflammatory proteins, a reduction in the number
of autoreactive cells, an increase in immune tolerance, inhibition
of autoreactive cell survival, and/or a decrease in one or more
symptoms mediated by stimulation of CD20-expressing cells can be
observed. Such positive therapeutic responses are not limited to
the route of administration and may comprise administration to the
donor, the donor tissue (such as for example organ perfusion), the
host, any combination thereof, and the like.
[0249] Clinical response can be assessed using screening techniques
such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, x-radiographic
imaging, computed tomographic (CT) scan, flow cytometry or
fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, histology,
gross pathology, and blood chemistry, including but not limited to
changes detectable by ELISA, RIA, chromatography, and the like. In
addition to these positive therapeutic responses, the subject
undergoing therapy with the anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding
fragment thereof may experience the beneficial effect of an
improvement in the symptoms associated with the disease.
[0250] By "therapeutically effective dose or amount" or "effective
amount" is intended an amount of anti-CD20 that when administered
brings about a positive therapeutic response with respect to
treatment of a patient with a disease associated with
CD20-expressing cells. In some embodiments of the invention, a
therapeutically effective dose of the anti-CD20 antibody is in the
range from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, from about 0.01
mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg,
from about 1 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 3 mg/kg to about
30 mg/kg, from about 3 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, from about 3 mg/kg
to about 20 mg/kg, from about 5 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg, or from
about 7 mg/kg to about 12 mg/kg. It is recognized that the method
of treatment may comprise a single administration of a
therapeutically effective dose or multiple administrations of a
therapeutically effective dose of the anti-CD20 antibody.
[0251] The anti-CD20 antibodies can be used in combination with
known chemotherapeutics and cytokines for the treatment of disease
states comprising CD20-expressing cells. For example, the anti-CD20
antibodies of the invention can be used in combination with
cytokines such as interleukin-2. In another embodiment, the
anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention can be used in combination
with rituximab (IDEC-C2B8; Rituxan.RTM.; IDEC Pharmaceuticals
Corp., San Diego, Calif.).
[0252] In this manner, the anti-CD20 antibodies described herein
are administered in combination with at least one other cancer
therapy, including, but not limited to, surgery or surgical
procedures (e.g. splenectomy, hepatectomy, lymphadenectomy,
leukophoresis, bone marrow transplantation, and the like);
radiation therapy; chemotherapy, optionally in combination with
autologous bone marrow transplant, where suitable chemotherapeutic
agents include, but are not limited to, fludarabine or fludarabine
phosphate, chlorambucil, vincristine, pentostatin,
2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine), cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin,
prednisone, and combinations thereof, for example,
anthracycline-containing regimens such as CAP (cyclophosphamide,
doxorubicin plus prednisone), CHOP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine,
prednisone plus doxorubicin), VAD (vincritsine, doxorubicin, plus
dexamethasone), MP (melphalan plus prednisone), and other cytotoxic
and/or therapeutic agents used in chemotherapy such as
mitoxantrone, daunorubicin, idarubicin, asparaginase, and
antimetabolites, including, but not limited to, cytarabine,
methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine, 6-thioguanine,
6-mercaptopurine, and nelarabine; other anti-cancer monoclonal
antibody therapy (for example, alemtuzumab (Campath.RTM.) or other
anti-CD52 antibody targeting the CD52 cell-surface glycoprotein on
malignant B cells; rituximab (Rituxan.RTM.), the fully human
antibody HuMax-CD20, R-1594, IMMU-106, TRU-015, AME-133,
tositumomab/I-131 tositumomab (Bexxar.RTM.), ibritumomab tiuxetan
(Zevalin.RTM.), or any other therapeutic anti-CD20 antibody
targeting the CD20 antigen on malignant B cells; anti-CD19 antibody
(for example, MT103, a bispecific antibody); anti-CD22 antibody
(for example, the humanized monoclonal antibody epratuzumab);
bevacizumab (Avastin.RTM.) or other anti-cancer antibody targeting
human vascular endothelial growth factor; anti-CD22 antibody
targeting the CD22 antigen on malignant B cells (for example, the
monoclonal antibody BL-22, an alphaCD22 toxin); .alpha.-M-CSF
antibody targeting macrophage colony stimulating factor; antibodies
targeting the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK)
and its ligand (RANKL), which are overexpressed in multiple
myeloma; anti-CD23 antibody targeting the CD23 antigen on malignant
B cells (for example, IDEC-152); anti-CD80 antibody targeting the
CD80 antigen (for example, IDEC-114); anti-CD38 antibody targeting
the CD38 antigen on malignant B cells; antibodies targeting major
histocompatibility complex class II receptors (anti-MHC antibodies)
expressed on malignant B cells; anti-CD40 antibodies (for example,
SGN-40) targeting the CD40 antigen on malignant B cells; and
antibodies targeting tumor necrosis factor-related
apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) (for example, the
agonistic human monoclonal antibody HGS-ETR1) and TRAIL-R2
expressed on a number of solid tumors and tumors of hematopoietic
origin); small molecule-based cancer therapy, including, but not
limited to, microtubule and/or topoisomerase inhibitors (for
example, the mitotic inhibitor dolastatin and dolastatin analogues;
the tubulin-binding agent T900607; XL119; and the topoisomerase
inhibitor aminocamptothecin), SDX-105 (bendamustine hydrochloride),
ixabepilone (an epothilone analog, also referred to as BMS-247550),
protein kinase C inhibitors, for example, midostaurin ((PKC-412,
CGP 41251, N-benzoylstaurosporine), pixantrone, eloxatin (an
antineoplastic agent), ganite (gallium nitrate), Thalomid.RTM.
(thalidomide), immunomodulatory derivatives of thalidomide (for
example, revlimid (formerly revimid)), Affinitak.TM. (antisense
inhibitor of protein kinase C-alpha), SDX-101 (R-etodolac, inducing
apoptosis of malignant lymphocytes), second-generation purine
nucleoside analogs such as clofarabine, inhibitors of production of
the protein Bcl-2 by cancer cells (for example, the antisense
agents oblimersen and Genasense.RTM.), proteasome inhibitors (for
example, Velcade.TM. (bortezomib)), small molecule kinase
inhibitors (for example, CHIR-258), small molecule VEGF inhibitors
(for example, ZD-6474), small molecule inhibitors of heat shock
protein (HSP) 90 (for example, 17-AAG), small molecule inhibitors
of histone deacetylases (for example, hybrid/polar
cytodifferentiation HPC) agents such as suberanilohydroxamic acid
(SAHA), and FR-901228) and apoptotic agents such as Trisenox.RTM.
(arsenic trioxide) and Xcytrin.RTM. (motexafin gadolinium);
vaccine/immunotherapy-based cancer therapies, including, but not
limited to, vaccine approaches (for example, Id-KLH, oncophage,
vitalethine), personalized immunotherapy or active idiotype
immunotherapy (for example, MyVax.RTM. Personalized Immunotherapy,
formally designated GTOP-99), Promune.RTM. (CpG 7909, a synthetic
agonist for toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)), interferon-alpha therapy,
interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy, IL-12 therapy, IL-15 therapy, and
IL-21 therapy; steroid therapy; or other cancer therapy; where the
additional cancer therapy is administered prior to, during, or
subsequent to the anti-CD20 antibody therapy.
[0253] Thus, where the combined therapies comprise administration
of an anti-CD20 antibody in combination with administration of
another therapeutic agent, as with chemotherapy, radiation therapy,
other anti-cancer antibody therapy, small molecule-based cancer
therapy, or vaccine/immunotherapy-based cancer therapy, the methods
of the invention encompass coadministration, using separate
formulations or a single pharmaceutical formulation, and
consecutive administration in either order. Where the methods of
the present invention comprise combined therapeutic regimens, these
therapies can be given simultaneously, i.e., the anti-CD20 antibody
is administered concurrently or within the same time frame as the
other cancer therapy (i.e., the therapies are going on
concurrently, but the anti-CD20 antibody is not administered
precisely at the same time as the other cancer therapy).
Alternatively, the anti-CD20 antibody of the present invention may
also be administered prior to or subsequent to the other cancer
therapy. Sequential administration of the different cancer
therapies may be performed regardless of whether the treated
subject responds to the first course of therapy to decrease the
possibility of remission or relapse. Where the combined therapies
comprise administration of the anti-CD20 antibody in combination
with administration of a cytotoxic agent, preferably the anti-CD20
antibody is administered prior to administering the cytotoxic
agent.
[0254] In some embodiments of the invention, the anti-CD20
antibodies described herein are administered in combination with
chemotherapy, and optionally in combination with autologous bone
marrow transplantation, wherein the antibody and the
chemotherapeutic agent(s) may be administered sequentially, in
either order, or simultaneously (i.e., concurrently or within the
same time frame). Examples of suitable chemotherapeutic agents
include, but are not limited to, fludarabine or fludarabine
phosphate, chlorambucil, vincristine, pentostatin,
2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine), cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin,
prednisone, and combinations thereof, for example,
anthracycline-containing regimens such as CAP (cyclophosphamide,
doxorubicin plus prednisone), CHOP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine,
prednisone plus doxorubicin), VAD (vincritsine, doxorubicin, plus
dexamethasone), MP (melphalan plus prednisone), and other cytotoxic
and/or therapeutic agents used in chemotherapy such as
mitoxantrone, daunorubicin, idarubicin, asparaginase, and
antimetabolites, including, but not limited to, cytarabine,
methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine, 6-thioguanine,
6-mercaptopurine, and nelarabine. In some embodiments, the
anti-CD20 antibody is administered prior to treatment with the
chemotherapeutic agent. In alternative embodiments, the anti-CD20
antibody is administered after treatment with the chemotherapeutic
agent. In yet other embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent is
administered simultaneously with the anti-CD20 antibody.
[0255] Thus, for example, in some embodiments, the anti-CD20
antibody is administered in combination with fludarabine or
fludarabine phosphate. In one such embodiment, the anti-CD20
antibody is administered prior to administration of fludarabine or
fludarabine phosphate. In alternative embodiments, the anti-CD20
antibody is administered after treatment with fludarabine or
fludarabine phosphate. In yet other embodiments, the fludarabine or
fludarabine phosphate is administered simultaneously with the
anti-CD20 antibody.
[0256] In other embodiments of the invention, chlorambucil, an
alkylating drug, is administered in combination with an anti-CD20
antibody described herein. In one such embodiment, the anti-CD20
antibody is administered prior to administration of chlorambucil.
In alternative embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibody is administered
after treatment with chlorambucil. In yet other embodiments, the
chlorambucil is administered simultaneously with the anti-CD20
antibody.
[0257] In yet other embodiments, anthracycline-containing regimens
such as CAP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin plus prednisone) and
CHOP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone plus doxorubicin)
may be combined with administration of an anti-CD20 antibody
described herein. In one such embodiment, the anti-CD20 antibody is
administered prior to administration of anthracycline-containing
regimens. In other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibody is
administered after treatment with anthracycline-containing
regimens. In yet other embodiments, the anthracycline-containing
regimen is administered simultaneously with the anti-CD20
antibody.
[0258] In alternative embodiments, an anti-CD20 antibody described
herein is administered in combination with alemtuzumab
(Campath.RTM.; distributed by Berlex Laboratories, Richmond,
Calif.). Alemtuzumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody
(Campath-1H) that targets the CD52 antigen expressed on malignant B
cells. In one such embodiment, the anti-CD20 antibody is
administered prior to administration of alemtuzumab. In other
embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibody is administered after treatment
with alemtuzumab. In yet other embodiments, the alemtuzumab is
administered simultaneously with the anti-CD20 antibody.
[0259] In alternative embodiments, an anti-CD20 antibody described
herein is administered in combination with another therapeutic
anti-CD20 antibody targeting the CD20 antigen on malignant B cells,
for example, rituximab (Rituxan.RTM.), the fully human antibody
HuMax-CD20, R-1594, IMMU-106, TRU-015, AME-133, tositumomab/1-131
tositumomab (Bexxar.RTM.), or ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin.RTM.).
In one such embodiment, the anti-CD20 antibody of the invention is
administered prior to administration of the other anti-CD20
antibody. In other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibody of the
invention is administered after treatment with the other anti-CD20
antibody. In yet other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibody of the
invention is administered simultaneously with the other anti-CD20
antibody.
[0260] In alternative embodiments, an anti-CD20 antibody described
herein is administered in combination with a small molecule-based
cancer therapy, including, but not limited to, microtubule and/or
topoisomerase inhibitors (for example, the mitotic inhibitor
dolastatin and dolastatin analogues; the tubulin-binding agent
T900607; XL119; and the topoisomerase inhibitor aminocamptothecin),
SDX-105 (bendamustine hydrochloride), ixabepilone (an epothilone
analog, also referred to as BMS-247550), protein kinase C
inhibitors, for example, midostaurin ((PKC-412, CGP 41251,
N-benzoylstaurosporine), pixantrone, eloxatin (an antineoplastic
agent), ganite (gallium nitrate), Thalomid.RTM. (thalidomide),
immunomodulatory derivatives of thalidomide (for example, revlimid
(formerly revimid)), Affinitak.TM. (antisense inhibitor of protein
kinase C-alpha), SDX-101 (R-etodolac, inducing apoptosis of
malignant lymphocytes), second-generation purine nucleoside analogs
such as clofarabine, inhibitors of production of the protein Bcl-2
by cancer cells (for example, the antisense agents oblimersen and
Genasense.RTM.), proteasome inhibitors (for example, Velcade.TM.
(bortezomib)), small molecule kinase inhibitors (for example,
CHIR-258), small molecule VEGF inhibitors (for example, ZD-6474),
small molecule inhibitors of heat shock protein (HSP) 90 (for
example, 17-AAG), small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases
(for example, hybrid/polar cytodifferentiation HPC) agents such as
suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA), and FR-901228) and apoptotic
agents such as Trisenox.RTM. (arsenic trioxide) and Xcytrin.RTM.
(motexafin gadolinium). In one such embodiment, the anti-CD20
antibody is administered prior to administration of the small
molecule-based cancer therapy. In other embodiments, the anti-CD20
antibody is administered after treatment with the small
molecule-based cancer therapy. In yet other embodiments, the small
molecule-based cancer therapy is administered simultaneously with
the anti-CD20 antibody.
[0261] In yet other embodiments, an anti-CD20 antibody described
herein can be used in combination with vaccine/immunotherapy-based
cancer therapy, including, but not limited to, vaccine approaches
(for example, Id-KLH, oncophage, vitalethine), personalized
immunotherapy or active idiotype immunotherapy (for example,
MyVax.RTM. Personalized Immunotherapy, formally designated
GTOP-99), Promune.RTM. (CpG 7909, a synthetic agonist for toll-like
receptor 9 (TLR9)), interferon-alpha therapy, interleukin-2 (IL-2)
therapy, IL-12 therapy, IL-15 therapy, or IL-21 therapy; or steroid
therapy. In one such embodiment, the anti-CD20 antibody is
administered prior to administration of the
vaccine/immunotherapy-based cancer therapy. In other embodiments,
the anti-CD20 antibody is administered after treatment with the
vaccine/immunotherapy-based cancer therapy. In yet other
embodiments, the vaccine/immunotherapy-based cancer therapy is
administered simultaneously with the anti-CD20 antibody.
[0262] In one such embodiment, an anti-CD20 antibody described
herein can be used in combination with IL-2. IL-2, an agent known
to expand the number of natural killer (NK) effector cells in
treated patients, can be administered prior to, or concomitantly
with, the anti-CD20 antibody of the invention. This expanded number
of NK effector cells may lead to enhanced ADCC activity of the
administered anti-CD20 antibody. In other embodiments, IL-21 serves
as the immunotherapeutic agent to stimulate NK cell activity when
administered in combination with an anti-CD20 antibody described
herein.
[0263] The anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention can be used in
combination with any known therapies for autoimmune and
inflammatory diseases, including any agent or combination of agents
that are known to be useful, or which have been used or are
currently in use, for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory
diseases. Such therapies and therapeutic agents include, but are
not limited to, surgery or surgical procedures (e.g., splenectomy,
lymphadenectomy, thyroidectomy, plasmaphoresis, leukophoresis,
cell, tissue, or organ transplantation, intestinal procedures,
organ perfusion, and the like), radiation therapy, therapy such as
steroid therapy and non-steroidal therapy, hormone therapy,
cytokine therapy, therapy with dermatological agents (for example,
topical agents used to treat skin conditions such as allergies,
contact dermatitis, and psoriasis), immunosuppressive therapy, and
other anti-inflammatory monoclonal antibody therapy, and the like.
In this manner, the anti-CD20 antibodies described herein are
administered in combination with at least one other therapy,
including, but not limited to, surgery, organ perfusion, radiation
therapy, steroid therapy, non-steroidal therapy, antibiotic
therapy, antifungal therapy, hormone therapy, cytokine therapy,
therapy with dermatological agents (for example, topical agents
used to treat skin conditions such as allergies, contact
dermatitis, and psoriasis), immunosuppressive therapy, other
anti-inflammatory monoclonal antibody therapy, combinations
thereof, and the like. Thus, where the combined therapies comprise
administration of an anti-CD20 antibody in combination with
administration of another therapeutic agent, as with steroids as
one example, the methods of the invention encompass
coadministration, using separate formulations or a single
pharmaceutical formulation, and consecutive administration in
either order.
[0264] Where the methods of the present invention comprise combined
therapeutic regimens, these therapies can be given simultaneously,
i.e., the anti-CD20 antibody is administered concurrently or within
the same time frame as the other therapy (i.e., the therapies are
going on concurrently, but the anti-CD20 antibody is not
administered precisely at the same time as the other therapy).
Alternatively, the anti-CD20 antibody of the present invention may
also be administered prior to or subsequent to the other therapy.
Sequential administration of the different therapies may be
performed regardless of whether the treated subject responds to the
first course of therapy to decrease the possibility of remission or
relapse.
[0265] In some embodiments of the invention, the anti-CD20
antibodies described herein are administered in combination with
immunosuppressive drugs or anti-inflammatory drugs, wherein the
antibody and the therapeutic agent(s) may be administered
sequentially, in either order, or simultaneously (i.e.,
concurrently or within the same time frame). Examples of suitable
immunosuppressive drugs that can be administered in combination
with the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention include, but are not
limited to, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, mizoribine,
chlorambucil, cyclosporine, such as, for example, aerosolized
cyclosporine (see, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
US20020006901, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety),
tacrolimus (FK506; ProGraf.TM.), mycophenolate mofetil, and
azathioprine (6-mercaptopurine), sirolimus (rapamycin),
deoxyspergualin, leflunomide and its malononitriloamide analogs;
and immunosuppressive proteins, including, for example, anti-CTLA4
antibodies and Ig fusions, anti-B lymphocyte stimulator antibodies
(e.g., LYMPHOSTAT-B.TM.) and Ig fusions (BLyS-Ig), anti-CD80
antibodies and etanercept (Enbrel.RTM.), as well as anti-T cell
antibodies such as anti-CD3 (OKT3), anti-CD4, and the like.
Examples of suitable anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not
limited to, corticosteroids such as, for example, clobetasol,
halobetasol, hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, betamethasone,
fluocinole, fluocinonide, prednisone, prednisolone,
methylprednisolone; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
such as, for example, sulfasalazine, medications containing
mesalamine (known as 5-ASA agents), celecoxib, diclofenac,
etodolac, fenprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen,
meclofamate, meloxicam, nabumetone, naproxen, oxaprozin, piroxicam,
rofecoxib, salicylates, sulindac, and tolmetin; anti-inflammatory
antibodies such as adalimumab (HUMIRA.RTM., a TNF-.alpha.
antagonist) and infliximab (Remicade.RTM., a TNF-.alpha.
antagonist), and the like.
[0266] Transplant rejection and graft versus host disease can be
hyperacute (humoral), acute (T cell mediated), or chronic (unknown
etiology), or a combination thereof. Thus, the anti-CD20 antibodies
of the invention are used in some embodiments to prevent and/or
ameliorate rejection and/or symptoms associated with hyperacute,
acute, and/or chronic transplant rejection of any tissue,
including, but not limited to, liver, kidney, pancreas, pancreatic
islet cells, small intestine, lung, heart, corneas, skin, blood
vessels, bone, heterologous or autologous bone marrow, and the
like. Graft tissues may be obtained from any donor and transplanted
into any recipient host, and thus the transplant procedure may
comprise transplanting animal tissue to humans (e.g., xenografts),
transplanting tissue from one human to another human (e.g.,
allografts), and/or transplanting tissue from one part of a human's
body to another (e.g., autografts). Treatment with the antibodies
of the invention may also reduce transplantation sequelae such as
fever, anorexia, hemodynamic abnormalities, leukopenia, white cell
infiltration of the transplanted organ/tissue, as well as
opportunistic infections.
[0267] In some embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention may be used alone or in combination with
immunosuppressive drugs to treat and/or prevent transplant
rejection such as hyperacute, acute, and/or chronic rejection
and/or graft versus host disease. Thus, in some embodiments where
the anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention are used to treat graft
rejection, the antibodies may used in combination with suitable
immunosuppressive drugs, including, but not limited, to
methotrexate; cyclophosphamide; mizoribine; chlorambucil;
cyclosporine, such as, for example, aerosolized cyclosporine (see,
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US20020006901, herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety), tacrolimus (FK506;
ProGraf.TM.), mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine
(6-mercaptopurine), sirolimus (rapamycin), deoxyspergualin,
leflunomide and its malononitriloamide analogs; and
immunosuppressive proteins, including, for example, anti-CTLA
antibodies and Ig fusions, anti-B lymphocyte stimulator antibodies
(e.g., LYMPHOSTAT-B.TM.) and Ig fusions (BLyS-Ig), anti-CD80
antibodies and etanercept (Enbrel.RTM.), as well as anti-T cell
antibodies such as anti-CD3 (OKT3), anti-CD4, and the like.
[0268] As such, it is specifically contemplated that the
compositions and methods of the invention are used in combination
with other drugs to further improve symptoms and outcomes in
transplant recipients, such as those receiving lung grafts, for
example. Thus, in some embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention are used to treat transplant rejection (such as, for
example hyperacute, acute, and/or chronic rejection or graft versus
host disease in lung transplant recipients) alone or in combination
with parenterally and/or non-parenterally administered
cyclosporine, including for example oral cyclosporine, injectable
cyclosporine, aerosolized (e.g., inhaled) cyclosporine, and
combinations thereof. In some embodiments where at least a
component of the therapy is aerosolized cyclosporine, the
cyclosporine is delivered to the lung of the recipient by
inhalation of cyclosporine in aerosol spray form using, for
example, a pressurized delivery device or nebulizer. The
cyclosporine may be administered in either dry powder or wet
form.
[0269] In some other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention may be used alone or in combination with
immunosuppressive drugs to treat and/or prevent rheumatoid
arthritis. Thus in some embodiments where the anti-CD20 antibodies
of the invention are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, the
antibodies may used in combination with suitable immunosuppressive
drugs, including, but not limited to, methotrexate,
cyclophosphamide, mizoribine, chlorambucil, cyclosporine,
tacrolimus (FK506; PROGRAF.TM.), mycophenolate mofetil, and
azathioprine (6-mercaptopurine), sirolimus (rapamycin),
deoxyspergualin, leflunomide and its malononitriloamide analogs;
and immunosuppressive proteins, including, for example, anti-CTLA
antibodies and Ig fusions, anti-B lymphocyte stimulator antibodies
(e.g., LYMPHOSTAT-B.TM.) and Ig fusions (BLyS-Ig), other anti-CD20
antibodies (e.g. RITUXAN.RTM.); the fully human antibody
HuMax-CD20, R-1594, IMMU-106, TRU-015, AME-133, tositumomab/I-131,
tositumomab (Bexxar.RTM.), ibritumomab tituxetan (Zevalin.RTM.);
anti-CD80 antibodies, and etanercept (ENBREL.RTM.), as well as
anti-T cell antibodies such as anti-CD3 (OKT3), anti-CD4, and the
like. As discussed above, treatment effectiveness may be assessed
using any means and includes, but is not limited to, effectiveness
as measured by clinical responses defined by the American College
of Rheumatology criteria, the European League of Rheumatism
criteria, or any other criteria. See for example, Felson et al.
(1995) Arthritis. Rheum. 38:727-35 and van Gestel et al. (1996)
Arthritis Rheum. 39:34-40.
[0270] In yet other embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention may be used alone or in combination with
immunosuppressive drugs to treat and/or prevent multiple sclerosis.
Thus in some embodiments where the anti-CD20 antibodies of the
invention are used to treat multiple sclerosis, the antibodies may
be used in combination with suitable immunosuppressive drugs,
including, but not limited to, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide,
mizoribine, chlorambucil, cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK506;
PROGRAF.TM.), mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine
(6-mercaptopurine), sirolimus (rapamycin), deoxyspergualin,
leflunomide and its malononitriloamide analogs; and
immunosuppressive proteins, including, for example, anti-CTLA
antibodies and Ig fusions, anti-B lymphocyte stimulator antibodies
(e.g., LYMPHOSTAT-B.TM.) and Ig fusions (BLyS-Ig), other anti-CD20
antibodies (e.g., RITUXAN.RTM.); the fully human antibody
HuMax-CD20, R-1594, IMMU-106, TRU-015, AME-133, tositumomab/1-131,
tositumomab (Bexxar.RTM.), ibritumomab tituxetan (Zevalin.RTM.);
anti-CD80 antibodies, and etanercept (ENBREL.RTM.), as well as
anti-T cell antibodies such as anti-CD3 (OKT3), anti-CD4, and the
like.
[0271] Further, combination therapy with two or more therapeutic
agents and an anti-CD20 antibody described herein can also be used
for treatment of disease states associated with CD20-expressing
cells, for example, B cell-related cancers, and autoimmune and/or
inflammatory disorders. Without being limiting, examples include
triple combination therapy, where two chemotherapeutic agents are
administered in combination with an anti-CD20 antibody described
herein, and where a chemotherapeutic agent and another anti-cancer
monoclonal antibody (for example, alemtuzumab, rituximab, or
anti-CD23 antibody) are administered in combination with an
anti-CD20 antibody described herein. Examples of such combinations
include, but are not limited to, combinations of fludarabine,
cyclophosphamide, and the anti-CD20 antibody; and combinations of
fludarabine, another anti-CD20 antibody, for example, rituximab
(Rituxan.RTM.; IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corp., San Diego, Calif.), and
an anti-CD20 antibody of the invention.
[0272] A further embodiment of the invention is the use of
anti-CD20 antibodies for diagnostic monitoring of protein levels in
tissue as part of a clinical testing procedure, e.g., to determine
the efficacy of a given treatment regimen. Detection can be
facilitated by coupling the antibody to a detectable substance.
Examples of detectable substances include various enzymes,
prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials,
bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials. Examples of
suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline
phosphatase, .beta.-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase;
examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include
streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable
fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein,
fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine
fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a
luminescent material includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent
materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin; and examples
of suitable radioactive material include .sup.125I, .sup.131I,
.sup.35S, or .sup.3H.
VIII. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration Methods
[0273] Methods of preparing and administering the anti-CD20
antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives
thereof of the invention to a subject in need thereof are well
known to or are readily determined by those skilled in the art. The
route of administration of the anti-CD20 antibody, or
antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof may be,
for example, oral, parenteral, by inhalation or topical. The term
parenteral as used herein includes, e.g., intravenous,
intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous,
rectal, or vaginal administration. While all these forms of
administration are clearly contemplated as being within the scope
of the invention, a form for administration would be a solution for
injection, in particular for intravenous or intraarterial injection
or drip. Usually, a suitable pharmaceutical composition for
injection may comprise a buffer (e.g. acetate, phosphate or citrate
buffer), a surfactant (e.g. polysorbate), optionally a stabilizer
agent (e.g. human albumin), etc. However, in other methods
compatible with the teachings herein, anti-CD20 antibodies, or
antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof of the
invention can be delivered directly to the site of the adverse
cellular population thereby increasing the exposure of the diseased
tissue to the therapeutic agent.
[0274] As previously discussed, anti-CD20 antibodies, or
antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, of the
invention may be administered in a pharmaceutically effective
amount for the in vivo treatment of CD20-expressing cell-mediated
diseases such as SLE, PBC, ITP, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis,
Crohn's disease, graft rejection, and B-cell lymphoma. In this
regard, it will be appreciated that the disclosed antibodies will
be formulated so as to facilitate administration and promote
stability of the active agent. Preferably, pharmaceutical
compositions in accordance with the present invention comprise a
pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic, sterile carrier such as
physiological saline, non-toxic buffers, preservatives and the
like. For the purposes of the instant application, a
pharmaceutically effective amount of an anti-CD20 antibody, or
antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof,
conjugated or unconjugated, shall be held to mean an amount
sufficient to achieve effective binding to a target and to achieve
a benefit, e.g., to ameliorate symptoms of a disease or disorder or
to detect a substance or a cell.
[0275] The pharmaceutical compositions used in this invention
comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, including, e.g., ion
exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins,
such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates,
glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures
of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes,
such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium
hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica,
magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based
substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,
polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers,
polyethylene glycol, and wool fat.
[0276] Preparations for parenteral administration includes sterile
aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene
glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic
esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water,
alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including
saline and buffered media. In the subject invention,
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited
to, 0.01-0.1 M and preferably 0.05 M phosphate buffer or 0.8%
saline. Other common parenteral vehicles include sodium phosphate
solutions, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride,
lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include
fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers, such as
those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and
other additives may also be present such as for example,
antimicrobials, antioxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and
the like.
[0277] More particularly, pharmaceutical compositions suitable for
injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water
soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous
preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In such
cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the
extent that easy syringability exists. It should be stable under
the conditions of manufacture and storage and will preferably be
preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such
as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion
medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g.,
glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the
like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be
maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin,
by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of
dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Suitable formulations for
use in the therapeutic methods disclosed herein are described in
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co.) 16th ed.
(1980).
[0278] Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved
by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example,
parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal and the
like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic
agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols, such as mannitol,
sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged
absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by
including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for
example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0279] In any case, sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by
incorporating an active compound (e.g., an anti-CD20 antibody, or
antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, by itself
or in combination with other active agents) in the required amount
in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients
enumerated herein, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active
compound into a sterile vehicle, which contains a basic dispersion
medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated
above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of
sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation
are vacuum drying and freeze-drying, which yields a powder of an
active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a
previously sterile-filtered solution thereof. The preparations for
injections are processed, filled into containers such as ampoules,
bags, bottles, syringes or vials, and sealed under aseptic
conditions according to methods known in the art. Further, the
preparations may be packaged and sold in the form of a kit such as
those described in co-pending U.S. Patent Application No.,
published as Ser. No. 09/259,337 US-2002-0102208 A1, which is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Such articles of
manufacture will preferably have labels or package inserts
indicating that the associated compositions are useful for treating
a subject suffering from, or predisposed to a disease or
disorder.
[0280] Parenteral formulations may be a single bolus dose, an
infusion or a loading bolus dose followed with a maintenance dose.
These compositions may be administered at specific fixed or
variable intervals, e.g., once a day, or on an "as needed"
basis.
[0281] Certain pharmaceutical compositions used in this invention
may be orally administered in an acceptable dosage form including,
e.g., capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. Certain
pharmaceutical compositions also may be administered by nasal
aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions may be prepared as
solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable
preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability,
and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
[0282] The amount of an anti-CD20 antibody, or fragment, variant,
or derivative thereof that may be combined with the carrier
materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon
the host treated and the particular mode of administration. The
composition may be administered as a single dose, multiple doses or
over an established period of time in an infusion. Dosage regimens
also may be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g.,
a therapeutic or prophylactic response).
[0283] In keeping with the scope of the present disclosure,
anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or
derivatives thereof of the invention may be administered to a human
or other animal in accordance with the aforementioned methods of
treatment in an amount sufficient to produce a therapeutic effect.
The anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments, variants,
or derivatives thereof of the invention can be administered to such
human or other animal in a conventional dosage form prepared by
combining the antibody of the invention with a conventional
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent according to known
techniques. It will be recognized by one of skill in the art that
the form and character of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
or diluent is dictated by the amount of active ingredient with
which it is to be combined, the route of administration and other
well-known variables. Those skilled in the art will further
appreciate that a cocktail comprising one or more species of
anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or
derivatives thereof of the invention may prove to be particularly
effective.
[0284] Effective doses of the compositions of the present
invention, for treatment of CD20-expressing cell-mediated diseases
such as SLE, PBC, ITP, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, Crohn's
disease, graft rejection, and B-cell lymphoma vary depending upon
many different factors, including means of administration, target
site, physiological state of the patient, whether the patient is
human or an animal, other medications administered, and whether
treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic. Usually, the patient is a
human, but non-human mammals including transgenic mammals can also
be treated. Treatment dosages may be titrated using routine methods
known to those of skill in the art to optimize safety and
efficacy.
[0285] The amount of at least one anti-CD20 antibody to be
administered is readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the
art without undue experimentation given the disclosure of the
present invention. Factors influencing the mode of administration
and the respective amount of at least one anti-CD20 antibody,
antigen-binding fragment, variant or derivative thereof include,
but are not limited to, the severity of the disease, the history of
the disease, and the age, height, weight, health, and physical
condition of the individual undergoing therapy. Similarly, the
amount of anti-CD20 antibody, or fragment, variant, or derivative
thereof to be administered will be dependent upon the mode of
administration and whether the subject will undergo a single dose
or multiple doses of this agent. The dose of anti-CD20 antibody, or
fragment, or variant, or derivative thereof to be administered is
in the range from about 0.0001 to 100 mg/kg, 0.003 mg/kg to about
50 mg/kg, or about 0.01 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg. Thus, for example,
the dose can be 0.01 mg/kg, 0.03 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.5
mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 7
mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg,
40 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg, 90
mg/kg, or 100 mg/kg.
[0286] In some embodiments, for treatment of CD20-expressing
cell-mediated diseases such as SLE, PBC, ITP, multiple sclerosis,
psoriasis, Crohn's disease, graft rejection, and B-cell lymphoma
with an anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant,
or derivative thereof, the dosage can range, e.g., from about
0.0001 to 100 mg/kg, and more usually 0.01 to 5 mg/kg (e.g., 0.02
mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 0.75 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, etc.),
of the host body weight. For example dosages can be 1 mg/kg body
weight or 10 mg/kg body weight or within the range of 1-10 mg/kg,
preferably at least 1 mg/kg. Doses intermediate in the above ranges
are also intended to be within the scope of the invention. Subjects
can be administered such doses daily, on alternative days, weekly
or according to any other schedule determined by empirical
analysis. Exemplary dosage schedules include 1-10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg
on consecutive days, 30 mg/kg on alternate days, or 60 mg/kg
weekly. In some methods, two or more monoclonal antibodies with
different binding specificities are administered simultaneously, in
which case the dosage of each antibody administered falls within
the ranges indicated.
[0287] Anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments,
variants, or derivatives thereof of the invention can be
administered on multiple occasions. Intervals between single
dosages can be daily, weekly, monthly or yearly. Intervals can also
be irregular as indicated by measuring blood levels of target
polypeptide or target molecule in the patient. In some methods,
dosage is adjusted to achieve a plasma polypeptide concentration of
1-1000 .mu.g/ml and in some methods 25-300 .mu.g/ml. Alternatively,
anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or
derivatives thereof of the invention can be administered as a
sustained release formulation, in which case less frequent
administration is required. Dosage and frequency vary depending on
the half-life of the antibody in the patient. The half-life of an
anti-CD20 antibody can also be prolonged via fusion to a stable
polypeptide or moeity, e.g., albumin or PEG. In general, humanized
antibodies show the longest half-life, followed by chimeric
antibodies and nonhuman antibodies. In one embodiment, the
anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or
derivatives thereof of the invention can be administered in
unconjugated form, In another embodiment, the anti-CD20 antibodies,
or antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof of
the invention can be administered multiple times in conjugated
form. In still another embodiment, anti-CD20 antibodies, or
antigen-binding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof of the
invention can be administered in unconjugated form, then in
conjugated form, or vice versa.
[0288] In another embodiment of the invention, the method comprises
administration of multiple doses of anti-CD20 antibody, or
antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. The
method may comprise administration of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or more therapeutically effective doses
of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-CD20 antibody,
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. The frequency and
duration of administration of multiple doses of the pharmaceutical
compositions comprising the antibody molecule can be readily
determined by one of skill in the art without undue experimentation
given the disclosure herein. Moreover, treatment of a subject with
a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody can include a
single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of
treatments. In a preferred example, a subject is treated with
anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof in the range of between about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg
body weight, once per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks,
preferably between about 2 to 8 weeks, more preferably between
about 3 to 7 weeks, and even more preferably for about 4, 5, or 6
weeks. Treatment may occur annually to prevent relapse or upon
indication of relapse. It will also be appreciated that the
effective dosage of antibody molecule used for treatment may
increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment.
Changes in dosage may result and become apparent from the results
of diagnostic assays as described herein.
[0289] Thus, in one embodiment, the dosing regimen includes a first
administration of a therapeutically effective dose of at least one
anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof, on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 of a treatment period.
In another embodiment, the dosing regimen includes a first
administration of a therapeutically effective dose of at least one
anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof, on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of a week in a
treatment period. Further embodiments include a dosing regimen
having a first administration of a therapeutically effective dose
of at least one anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment,
variant, or derivative thereof, on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of a week in
a treatment period; a dosing regimen including a first
administration of a therapeutically effective dose of at least one
anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof, on days 1 and 3 of a week in a treatment
period; and a preferred dosing regimen including a first
administration of a therapeutically effective dose of at least one
anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof, on day 1 of a week in a treatment period. The
treatment period may comprise 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, a month, 3
months, 6 months, or a year. Treatment periods may be subsequent or
separated from each other by a day, a week, 2 weeks, a month, 3
months, 6 months, or a year.
[0290] In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective doses of
anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof, ranges from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 100
mg/kg, from about 0.003 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, from about 0.01
mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg,
from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.5 mg/kg to
about 30 mg/kg, from about 1 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 3
mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 3 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, from
about 3 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, from about 5 mg/kg to about 15
mg/kg, or from about 7 mg/kg to about 12 mg/kg. Thus, for example,
the dose of any one anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, can be 0.003 mg/kg, 0.01
mg/kg, 0.03 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 1.5
mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15
mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg,
50 mg/kg, or other such doses falling within the range of about
0.0001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg. The same therapeutically effective
dose of an anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment,
variant, or derivative thereof, can be administered throughout each
week of antibody dosing. Alternatively, different therapeutically
effective doses of an anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, can be used over the
course of a treatment period.
IX. Use of Anti-CD20 Antibodies in the Manufacture of
Medicaments
[0291] The present invention also provides for the use of an
anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating
a subject for a cancer characterized by neoplastic B cell growth,
wherein the medicament is coordinated with treatment with at least
one other cancer therapy. Cancers characterized by neoplastic B
cell growth include, but are not limited to, the B cell-related
cancers discussed herein above, for example, non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, B cell
lymphoma, high-grade B cell lymphoma, intermediate-grade B cell
lymphoma, low-grade B cell lymphoma, B cell acute lymphoblastic
leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, plasmacytoma,
follicular lymphoma, follicular small cleaved lymphoma, follicular
large cell lymphoma, follicular mixed small cleaved lymphoma,
diffuse small cleaved cell lymphoma, diffuse small lymphocytic
lymphoma, prolymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplamacytic lymphoma,
marginal zone lymphoma, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
lymphoma, monocytoid B cell lymphoma, splenic lymphoma, hairy cell
leukemia, diffuse large cell lymphoma, mediastinal large B cell
lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, intravascular lymphomatosis,
diffuse mixed cell lymphoma, diffuse large cell lymphoma,
immunoblastic lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, AIDS-related lymphoma,
and mantle cell lymphoma.
[0292] By "coordinated" is intended the medicament comprising the
anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof is to be used either prior to, during, or after
treatment of the subject with at least one other cancer therapy.
Examples of other cancer therapies include, but are not limited to,
surgery; radiation therapy; chemotherapy, optionally in combination
with autologous bone marrow transplant, where suitable
chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to,
fludarabine or fludarabine phosphate, chlorambucil, vincristine,
pentostatin, 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine), cyclophosphamide,
doxorubicin, prednisone, and combinations thereof, for example,
anthracycline-containing regimens such as CAP (cyclophosphamide,
doxorubicin plus prednisone), CHOP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine,
prednisone plus doxorubicin), VAD (vincritsine, doxorubicin, plus
dexamethasone), MP (melphalan plus prednisone), and other cytotoxic
and/or therapeutic agents used in chemotherapy such as
mitoxantrone, daunorubicin, idarubicin, asparaginase, and
antimetabolites, including, but not limited to, cytarabine,
methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine, 6-thioguanine,
6-mercaptopurine, and nelarabine; other anti-cancer monoclonal
antibody therapy (for example, alemtuzumab (Campath.RTM.) or other
anti-CD52 antibody targeting the CD52 cell-surface glycoprotein on
malignant B cells; rituximab (Rituxan.RTM.), the fully human
antibody HuMax-CD20, R-1594, IMMU-106, TRU-015, AME-133,
tositumomab/1-131 tositumomab (Bexxar.RTM.), ibritumomab tiuxetan
(Zevalin.RTM.), or any other therapeutic anti-CD20 antibody
targeting the CD20 antigen on malignant B cells; anti-CD 19
antibody (for example, MT103, a bispecific antibody); anti-CD22
antibody (for example, the humanized monoclonal antibody
epratuzumab); bevacizumab (Avastin.RTM.) or other anti-cancer
antibody targeting human vascular endothelial growth factor;
anti-CD22 antibody targeting the CD22 antigen on malignant B cells
(for example, the monoclonal antibody BL-22, an alphaCD22 toxin);
.alpha.-M-CSF antibody targeting macrophage colony stimulating
factor; antibodies targeting the receptor activator of nuclear
factor-kappaB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL), which are
overexpressed in multiple myeloma; anti-CD23 antibody targeting the
CD23 antigen on malignant B cells (for example, IDEC-152);
anti-CD38 antibody targeting the CD38 antigen on malignant B cells;
antibodies targeting major histocompatibility complex class II
receptors (anti-MHC antibodies) expressed on malignant B cells;
anti-CD40 antibodies (for example, SGN-40) targeting the CD40
antigen on malignant B cells; and antibodies targeting tumor
necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1
(TRAIL-R1) (for example, the agonistic human monoclonal antibody
HGS-ETR1) expressed on a number of solid tumors and tumors of
hematopoietic origin); small molecule-based cancer therapy,
including, but not limited to, microtubule and/or topoisomerase
inhibitors (for example, the mitotic inhibitor dolastatin and
dolastatin analogues; the tubulin-binding agent T900607; XL119; and
the topoisomerase inhibitor aminocamptothecin), SDX-105
(bendamustine hydrochloride), ixabepilone (an epothilone analog,
also referred to as BMS-247550), protein kinase C inhibitors, for
example, midostaurin ((PKC-412, CGP 41251, N-benzoylstaurosporine),
pixantrone, eloxatin (an antineoplastic agent), ganite (gallium
nitrate), Thalomid.RTM. (thalidomide), immunomodulatory derivatives
of thalidomide (for example, revlimid (formerly revimid)),
Affinitak.TM. (antisense inhibitor of protein kinase C-alpha),
SDX-101 (R-etodolac, inducing apoptosis of malignant lymphocytes),
second-generation purine nucleoside analogs such as clofarabine,
inhibitors of production of the protein Bcl-2 by cancer cells (for
example, the antisense agents oblimersen and Genasense.RTM.),
proteasome inhibitors (for example, Velcade.TM. (bortezomib)),
small molecule kinase inhibitors (for example, CHIR-258), small
molecule VEGF inhibitors (for example, ZD-6474), small molecule
inhibitors of heat shock protein (HSP) 90 (for example, 17-AAG),
small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases (for example,
hybrid/polar cytodifferentiation HPC) agents such as
suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA), and FR-901228) and apoptotic
agents such as Trisenox.RTM. (arsenic trioxide) and Xcytrin.RTM.
(motexafin gadolinium); vaccine/immunotherapy-based cancer
therapies, including, but not limited to, vaccine approaches (for
example, Id-KLH, oncophage, vitalethine), personalized
immunotherapy or active idiotype immunotherapy (for example,
MyVax.RTM. Personalized Immunotherapy, formally designated
GTOP-99), Promune.RTM. (CpG 7909, a synthetic agonist for toll-like
receptor 9 (TLR9)), interferon-alpha therapy, interleukin-2 (IL-2)
therapy, IL-12 therapy; IL-15 therapy, and IL-21 therapy; steroid
therapy; or other cancer therapy; where treatment with the
additional cancer therapy, or additional cancer therapies, occurs
prior to, during, or subsequent to treatment of the subject with
the medicament comprising the anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, as noted herein
above.
[0293] In some embodiments, the present invention provides for the
use of the anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant,
or derivative thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for
treating a B cell lymphoma, for example non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, in
a subject, wherein the medicament is coordinated with treatment
with at least one other cancer therapy selected from the group
consisting of chemotherapy, anti-cancer antibody therapy, small
molecule-based cancer therapy, and vaccine/immunotherapy-based
cancer therapy, wherein the medicament is to be used either prior
to, during, or after treatment of the subject with the other cancer
therapy or, in the case of multiple combination therapies, either
prior to, during, or after treatment of the subject with the other
cancer therapies.
[0294] Thus, for example, in some embodiments, the invention
provides for the use of the monoclonal antibody 1589 or other
anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention, or antigen-binding fragment,
variant, or derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament
for treating a B cell lymphoma, for example, non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma, in a subject, wherein the medicament is coordinated with
treatment with chemotherapy, where the chemotherapeutic agent is
selected from the group consisting of cytoxan, doxorubicin,
vincristine, prednisone, and combinations thereof, for example
CHOP. In other embodiments, the invention provides for the use of
the monoclonal antibody 1589, or antigen-binding fragment thereof,
in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a B cell lymphoma,
for example non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, in a subject, wherein the
medicament is coordinated with treatment with at least one other
anti-cancer antibody selected from the group consisting of
alemtuzumab (Campath.RTM.) or other anti-CD52 antibody targeting
the CD52 cell-surface glycoprotein on malignant B cells; rituximab
(Rituxan.RTM.), the fully human antibody HuMax-CD20, R-1594,
IMMU-106, TRU-015, AME-133, tositumomab/I-131 tositumomab
(Bexxar.RTM.), ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin.RTM.), or any other
therapeutic anti-CD20 antibody targeting the CD20 antigen on
malignant B cells; anti-CD19 antibody (for example, MT103, a
bispecific antibody); anti-CD22 antibody (for example, the
humanized monoclonal antibody epratuzumab); bevacizumab
(Avastin.RTM.) or other anti-cancer antibody targeting human
vascular endothelial growth factor; and any combinations thereof;
wherein the medicament is to be used either prior to, during, or
after treatment of the subject with the other cancer therapy or, in
the case of multiple combination therapies, either prior to,
during, or after treatment of the subject with the other cancer
therapies.
[0295] In yet other embodiments, the present invention provides for
the use of the monoclonal antibody 1589, or antigen-binding
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a
medicament for treating a B cell lymphoma, for example
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, in a subject, wherein the medicament is
coordinated with treatment with at least one other small
molecule-based cancer therapy selected from the group consisting of
microtubule and/or topoisomerase inhibitors (for example, the
mitotic inhibitor dolastatin and dolastatin analogues; the
tubulin-binding agent T900607; XL119; and the topoisomerase
inhibitor aminocamptothecin), SDX-105 (bendamustine hydrochloride),
ixabepilone (an epothilone analog, also referred to as BMS-247550),
protein kinase C inhibitors, for example, midostaurin ((PKC-412,
CGP 41251, N-benzoylstaurosporine), pixantrone, eloxatin (an
antineoplastic agent), ganite (gallium nitrate), Thalomid.RTM.
(thalidomide), an apoptotic agent such as Xcytrin.RTM. (motexafin
gadolinium), inhibitors of production of the protein Bcl-2 by
cancer cells (for example, the antisense agents oblimersen and
Genasense.RTM.), nelarabine, and any combinations thereof; wherein
the medicament is to be used either prior to, during, or after
treatment of the subject with the other cancer therapy or, in the
case of multiple combination therapies, either prior to, during, or
after treatment of the subject with the other cancer therapies.
[0296] In still other embodiments, the present invention provides
for the use of the monoclonal antibody 1589, or antigen-binding
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a
medicament for treating a B cell lymphoma, for example
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, in a subject, wherein the medicament is
coordinated with treatment with at least one other
vaccine/immunotherapy-based cancer therapy selected from the group
consisting of vaccine approaches (for example, Id-KLH, oncophage,
vitalethine), personalized immunotherapy or active idiotype
immunotherapy (for example, MyVax.RTM. Personalized Immunotherapy,
formally designated GTOP-99), Promune.RTM. (CpG 7909, a synthetic
agonist for toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)), interleukin-2 (IL-2)
therapy, IL-12 therapy; IL-15 therapy, and IL-21 therapy, and any
combinations thereof; wherein the medicament is to be used either
prior to, during, or after treatment of the subject with the other
cancer therapy or, in the case of multiple combination therapies,
either prior to, during, or after treatment of the subject with the
other cancer therapies.
[0297] In some embodiments, the present invention provides for the
use of the anti-CD20 antibody, for example, the monoclonal antibody
1589, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof,
in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a B cell-related
leukemia, for example B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL), in
a subject, wherein the medicament is coordinated with treatment
with at least one other cancer therapy selected from the group
consisting of chemotherapy and anti-metabolite therapy, wherein the
medicament is to be used either prior to, during, or after
treatment of the subject with the other cancer therapy or, in the
case of multiple combination therapies, either prior to, during, or
after treatment of the subject with the other cancer therapies.
Examples of such embodiments include, but are not limited to, those
instances where the medicament comprising the anti-CD20 antibody,
for example, the monoclonal antibody 1589, or antigen-binding
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, is coordinated with
treatment with a chemotherapeutic agent or anti-metabolite selected
from the group consisting of cytoxan, doxorubicin, vincristine,
prednisone, cytarabine, mitoxantrone, idarubicin, asparaginase,
methotrexate, 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, and combinations
thereof; wherein the medicament is to be used either prior to,
during, or after treatment of the subject with the other cancer
therapy or, in the case of multiple combination therapies, either
prior to, during, or after treatment of the subject with the other
cancer therapies. In one such example, the medicament is
coordinated with treatment with cytarabine plus daunorubicin,
cytarabine plus mitoxantrone, and/or cytarabine plus idarubicin;
wherein the medicament is to be used either prior to, during, or
after treatment of the B-ALL subject with the other cancer therapy
or, in the case of multiple combination therapies, either prior to,
during, or after treatment of the subject with the other cancer
therapies.
[0298] The invention also provides for the use of an anti-CD20
antibody, for example, the monoclonal antibody 1589 disclosed
herein, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative
thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a subject
for a cancer characterized by neoplastic B cell growth, including
the B cell-related cancers described herein above, wherein the
medicament is used in a subject that has been pretreated with at
least one other cancer therapy. By "pretreated" or "pretreatment"
is intended the subject has received one or more other cancer
therapies (i.e., been treated with at least one other cancer
therapy) prior to receiving the medicament comprising the anti-CD20
antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative
thereof. "Pretreated" or "pretreatment" includes subjects that have
been treated with at least one other cancer therapy within 2 years,
within 18 months, within 1 year, within 6 months, within 2 months,
within 6 weeks, within 1 month, within 4 weeks, within 3 weeks,
within 2 weeks, within 1 week, within 6 days, within 5 days, within
4 days, within 3 days, within 2 days, or even within 1 day prior to
initiation of treatment with the medicament comprising the
anti-CD20 antibody, for example, the monoclonal antibody 1589
disclosed herein, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof. It is not necessary that the subject was a
responder to pretreatment with the prior cancer therapy, or prior
cancer therapies. Thus, the subject that receives the medicament
comprising the anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding fragment,
variant, or derivative thereof could have responded, or could have
failed to respond (i.e., the cancer was refractory), to
pretreatment with the prior cancer therapy, or to one or more of
the prior cancer therapies where pretreatment comprised multiple
cancer therapies. Examples of other cancer therapies for which a
subject can have received pretreatment prior to receiving the
medicament comprising the anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof include, but are not
limited to, surgery; radiation therapy; chemotherapy, optionally in
combination with autologous bone marrow transplant, where suitable
chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, those
listed herein above; other anti-cancer monoclonal antibody therapy,
including, but not limited to, those anti-cancer antibodies listed
herein above; small molecule-based cancer therapy, including, but
not limited to, the small molecules listed herein above;
vaccine/immunotherapy-based cancer therapies, including, but
limited to, those listed herein above; steroid therapy; other
cancer therapy; or any combination thereof.
[0299] "Treatment" in the context of coordinated use of a
medicament described herein with one or more other cancer therapies
is herein defined as the application or administration of the
medicament or of the other cancer therapy to a subject, or
application or administration of the medicament or other cancer
therapy to an isolated tissue or cell line from a subject, where
the subject has a cancer characterized by neoplastic B cell growth,
a symptom associated with such a cancer, or a predisposition toward
development of such a cancer, where the purpose is to cure, heal,
alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect
the cancer, any associated symptoms of the cancer, or the
predisposition toward the development of the cancer.
[0300] The present invention also provides for the use of an
anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating
an autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease in a subject,
wherein the medicament is coordinated with treatment with at least
one other therapy. By "coordinated" is intended the medicament is
to be used either prior to, during, or after treatment of the
subject with at least one other therapy for the autoimmune disease
and/or inflammatory disease. Examples of other therapies include,
but are not limited to, those described herein above, i.e., surgery
or surgical procedures (e.g. splenectomy, lymphadenectomy,
thyroidectomy, plasmaphoresis, leukophoresis, cell, tissue, or
organ transplantation, organ perfusion, intestinal procedures, and
the like), radiation therapy, therapy such as steroid therapy and
non-steroidal therapy, hormone therapy, cytokine therapy, therapy
with dermatological agents (for example, topical agents used to
treat skin conditions such as allergies, contact dermatitis, and
psoriasis), immunosuppressive therapy, and other anti-inflammatory
monoclonal antibody therapy, and the like, where treatment with the
additional therapy, or additional therapies, occurs prior to,
during, or subsequent to treatment of the subject with the
medicament comprising the anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, as noted herein above. In
one such embodiment, the present invention provides for the use of
the monoclonal antibody 1589, or antigen-binding fragment, variant,
or derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for
treating an autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease in a
subject, wherein the medicament is coordinated with treatment with
at least one other therapy as noted herein above.
[0301] In some embodiments, the medicament comprising the anti-CD20
antibody, for example, the monoclonal antibody 1589 disclosed
herein, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative
thereof, is coordinated with treatment with two other therapies.
Where the medicament comprising the anti-CD20 antibody is
coordinated with two other therapies, use of the medicament can be
prior to, during, or after treatment of the subject with either or
both of the other therapies.
[0302] The invention also provides for the use of an anti-CD20
antibody, for example, the monoclonal antibody 1589 disclosed
herein, or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative
thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating an
autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease in a subject,
wherein the medicament is used in a subject that has been
pretreated with at least one other therapy. By "pretreated" or
"pretreatment" is intended the subject has been treated with one or
more other therapies prior to receiving the medicament comprising
the anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or
derivative thereof. "Pretreated" or "pretreatment" includes
subjects that have been treated with the other therapy, or other
therapies, within 2 years, within 18 months, within 1 year, within
6 months, within 2 months, within 6 weeks, within 1 month, within 4
weeks, within 3 weeks, within 2 weeks, within 1 week, within 6
days, within 5 days, within 4 days, within 3 days, within 2 days,
or even within 1 day prior to initiation of treatment with the
medicament comprising the anti-CD20 antibody, for example, the
monoclonal antibody 1589 disclosed herein, or antigen-binding
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. It is not necessary that
the subject was a responder to pretreatment with the prior therapy,
or prior therapies. Thus, the subject that receives the medicament
comprising the anti-CD20 antibody or antigen-binding fragment,
variant, or derivative thereof could have responded, or could have
failed to respond, to pretreatment with the prior therapy, or to
one or more of the prior therapies where pretreatment comprised
multiple therapies.
[0303] "Treatment" in the context of coordinated use of a
medicament described herein with one or more other autoimmune
disease and/or inflammatory disease therapies is herein defined as
the application or administration of the medicament or of the other
therapy to a subject, or application or administration of the
medicament or other therapy to an isolated tissue or cell line from
a subject, where the subject has an autoimmune disease and/or
inflammatory disease associated with CD20-expressing cells, a
symptom associated with such a disease, or a predisposition toward
development of such a disease, where the purpose is to cure, heal,
alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect
the disease, any associated symptoms of the disease, or the
predisposition toward the development of the disease.
X. Diagnostics
[0304] The invention further provides a diagnostic method useful
during diagnosis of CD20-expressing cell-mediated diseases such as
SLE, PBC, ITP, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease,
graft rejection, and B-cell lymphoma, which involves measuring the
expression level of CD20 protein or transcript in tissue or other
cells or body fluid from an individual and comparing the measured
expression level with a standard CD20 expression level in normal
tissue or body fluid, whereby an increase in the expression level
compared to the standard is indicative of a disorder.
[0305] The anti-CD20 antibodies of the invention and
antigen-binding fragments, variants, and derivatives thereof, can
be used to assay CD20 protein levels in a biological sample using
classical immunohistological methods known to those of skill in the
art (e.g., see Jalkanen, et al. (1985) J. Cell. Biol. 101:976-985;
Jalkanen et al. (1987) J. Cell Biol. 105:3087-3096). Other
antibody-based methods useful for detecting CD20 protein expression
include immunoassays, such as the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA), immunoprecipitation, or western blotting. Suitable assays
are described in more detail elsewhere herein.
[0306] By "assaying the expression level of CD20 polypeptide" is
intended qualitatively or quantitatively measuring or estimating
the level of CD20 polypeptide in a first biological sample either
directly (e.g., by determining or estimating absolute protein
level) or relatively (e.g., by comparing to the disease associated
polypeptide level in a second biological sample). Preferably, CD20
polypeptide expression level in the first biological sample is
measured or estimated and compared to a standard CD20 polypeptide
level, the standard being taken from a second biological sample
obtained from an individual not having the disorder or being
determined by averaging levels from a population of individuals not
having the disorder. As will be appreciated in the art, once the
"standard" CD20 polypeptide level is known, it can be used
repeatedly as a standard for comparison.
[0307] By "biological sample" is intended any biological sample
obtained from an individual, cell line, tissue culture, or other
source of cells potentially expressing CD20. Methods for obtaining
tissue biopsies and body fluids from mammals are well known in the
art.
XI. Immunoassays
[0308] Anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments,
variants, or derivatives thereof of the invention may be assayed
for immunospecific binding by any method known in the art. The
immunoassays that can be used include but are not limited to
competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such
as western blots, radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay), "sandwich" immunoassays, immunoprecipitation
assays, precipitin reactions, gel diffusion precipitin reactions,
immunodiffusion assays, agglutination assays, complement-fixation
assays, immunoradiometric assays, fluorescent immunoassays, protein
A immunoassays, to name but a few. Such assays are routine and well
known in the art (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., eds, (1994) Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY)
Vol. 1, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
Exemplary immunoassays are described briefly below (but are not
intended by way of limitation).
[0309] Immunoprecipitation protocols generally comprise lysing a
population of cells in a lysis buffer such as RIPA buffer (1% NP-40
or Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 0.15 MNaCl, 0.01
M sodium phosphate at pH 7.2, 1% Trasylol) supplemented with
protein phosphatase and/or protease inhibitors (e.g., EDTA, PMSF,
aprotinin, sodium vanadate), adding the antibody of interest to the
cell lysate, incubating for a period of time (e.g., 1-4 hours) at
4.degree. C., adding protein A and/or protein G sepharose beads to
the cell lysate, incubating for about an hour or more at 4.degree.
C., washing the beads in lysis buffer and resuspending the beads in
SDS/sample buffer. The ability of the antibody of interest to
immunoprecipitate a particular antigen can be assessed by, e.g.,
western blot analysis. One of skill in the art would be
knowledgeable as to the parameters that can be modified to increase
the binding of the antibody to an antigen and decrease the
background (e.g., pre-clearing the cell lysate with sepharose
beads). For further discussion regarding immunoprecipitation
protocols see, e.g., Ausubel et al., eds, (1994) Current Protocols
in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY) Vol. 1 at
10.16.1.
[0310] Western blot analysis generally comprises preparing protein
samples, electrophoresis of the protein samples in a polyacrylamide
gel (e.g., 8%-20% SDS-PAGE depending on the molecular weight of the
antigen), transferring the protein sample from the polyacrylamide
gel to a membrane such as nitrocellulose, PVDF or nylon, blocking
the membrane in blocking solution (e.g., PBS with 3% BSA or non-fat
milk), washing the membrane in washing buffer (e.g., PBS-Tween 20),
incubating the membrane with primary antibody (the antibody of
interest) diluted in blocking buffer, washing the membrane in
washing buffer, incubating the membrane with a secondary antibody
(which recognizes the primary antibody, e.g., an anti-human
antibody) conjugated to an enzymatic substrate (e.g., horseradish
peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase) or radioactive molecule (e.g.,
32P or 1251) diluted in blocking buffer, washing the membrane in
wash buffer, and detecting the presence of the antigen. One of
skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the parameters that
can be modified to increase the signal detected and to reduce the
background noise. For further discussion regarding western blot
protocols see, e.g., Ausubel et al., eds, (1994) Current Protocols
in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY) Vol. 1 at
10.8.1.
[0311] ELISAs comprise preparing antigen, coating the well of a
96-well microtiter plate with the antigen, adding the antibody of
interest conjugated to a detectable compound such as an enzymatic
substrate (e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase) to
the well and incubating for a period of time, and detecting the
presence of the antigen. In ELISAs the antibody of interest does
not have to be conjugated to a detectable compound; instead, a
second antibody (which recognizes the antibody of interest)
conjugated to a detectable compound may be added to the well.
Further, instead of coating the well with the antigen, the antibody
may be coated to the well. In this case, a second antibody
conjugated to a detectable compound may be added following the
addition of the antigen of interest to the coated well. One of
skill in the art would be knowledgeable as to the parameters that
can be modified to increase the signal detected as well as other
variations of ELISAs known in the art. For further discussion
regarding ELISAs see, e.g., Ausubel et al., eds, (1994) Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY)
Vol. 1 at 11.2.1.
[0312] The binding affinity of an antibody to an antigen and the
off-rate of an antibody-antigen interaction can be determined by
competitive binding assays. One example of a competitive binding
assay is a radioimmunoassay comprising the incubation of labeled
antigen (e.g., .sup.3H or .sup.125I) with the antibody of interest
in the presence of increasing amounts of unlabeled antigen, and the
detection of the antibody bound to the labeled antigen. The
affinity of the antibody of interest for a particular antigen and
the binding off-rates can be determined from the data by scatchard
plot analysis. Competition with a second antibody can also be
determined using radioimmunoassays. In this case, the antigen is
incubated with the antibody of interest conjugated to a labeled
compound (e.g., .sup.3H or .sup.125I) in the presence of increasing
amounts of an unlabeled second antibody.
[0313] Anti-CD20 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments,
variants, or derivatives thereof of the invention, additionally,
can be employed histologically, as in immunofluorescence,
immunoelectron microscopy or non-immunological assays, for in situ
detection of cancer antigen gene products or conserved variants or
peptide fragments thereof. In situ detection may be accomplished by
removing a histological specimen from a patient, and applying
thereto a labeled anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment,
variant, or derivative thereof, preferably applied by overlaying
the labeled antibody (or fragment) onto a biological sample.
Through the use of such a procedure, it is possible to determine
not only the presence of CD20 protein, or conserved variants or
peptide fragments, but also its distribution in the examined
tissue. Using the present invention, those of ordinary skill will
readily perceive that any of a wide variety of histological methods
(such as staining procedures) can be modified in order to achieve
such in situ detection.
[0314] Immunoassays and non-immunoassays for CD20 gene products or
conserved variants or peptide fragments thereof will typically
comprise incubating a sample, such as a biological fluid, a tissue
extract, freshly harvested cells, or lysates of cells which have
been incubated in cell culture, in the presence of a detectably
labeled antibody capable of binding to CD20 or conserved variants
or peptide fragments thereof, and detecting the bound antibody by
any of a number of techniques well known in the art.
[0315] The biological sample may be brought in contact with and
immobilized onto a solid phase support or carrier such as
nitrocellulose, or other solid support which is capable of
immobilizing cells, cell particles or soluble proteins. The support
may then be washed with suitable buffers followed by treatment with
the detectably labeled anti-CD20 antibody, or antigen-binding
fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. The solid phase support
may then be washed with the buffer a second time to remove unbound
antibody. Optionally the antibody is subsequently labeled. The
amount of bound label on solid support may then be detected by
conventional means.
[0316] By "solid phase support or carrier" is intended any support
capable of binding an antigen or an antibody. Well-known supports
or carriers include glass, polystyrene, polypropylene,
polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified
celluloses, polyacrylamides, gabbros, and magnetite. The nature of
the carrier can be either soluble to some extent or insoluble for
the purposes of the present invention. The support material may
have virtually any possible structural configuration so long as the
coupled molecule is capable of binding to an antigen or antibody.
Thus, the support configuration may be spherical, as in a bead, or
cylindrical, as in the inside surface of a test tube, or the
external surface of a rod. Alternatively, the surface may be flat
such as a sheet, test strip, etc. Preferred supports include
polystyrene beads. Those skilled in the art will know many other
suitable carriers for binding antibody or antigen, or will be able
to ascertain the same by use of routine experimentation.
[0317] The binding activity of a given lot of anti-CD20 antibody,
or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof may be
determined according to well known methods. Those skilled in the
art will be able to determine operative and optimal assay
conditions for each determination by employing routine
experimentation.
[0318] There are a variety of methods available for measuring the
affinity of an antibody-antigen interaction, but relatively few for
determining rate constants. Most of the methods rely on either
labeling antibody or antigen, which inevitably complicates routine
measurements and introduces uncertainties in the measured
quantities.
[0319] Surface plasmon reasonance (SPR) as performed on BIAcore
offers a number of advantages over conventional methods of
measuring the affinity of antibody-antigen interactions including:
(i) no requirement to label either antibody or antigen; (ii)
antibodies do not need to be purified in advance, cell culture
supernatant can be used directly; (iii) real-time measurements,
allowing rapid semi-quantitative comparison of different monoclonal
antibody interactions, are enabled and are sufficient for many
evaluation purposes; (iv) biospecific surface can be regenerated so
that a series of different monoclonal antibodies can easily be
compared under identical conditions; (v) analytical procedures are
fully automated, and extensive series of measurements can be
performed without user intervention. BIAapplications Handbook,
version AB (reprinted 1998), BIACORE code No. BR-1001-86;
BIAtechnology Handbook, version AB (reprinted 1998), BIACORE code
No. BR-1001-84.
[0320] SPR based binding studies require that one member of a
binding pair be immobilized on a sensor surface. The binding
partner immobilized is referred to as the ligand. The binding
partner in solution is referred to as the analyte. In some cases,
the ligand is attached indirectly to the surface through binding to
another immobilized molecule, which is referred as the capturing
molecule. SPR response reflects a change in mass concentration at
the detector surface as analytes bind or dissociate.
[0321] Based on SPR, real-time BIAcore measurements monitor
interactions directly as they happen. The technique is well suited
to determination of kinetic parameters. Comparative affinity
ranking is extremely simple to perform, and both kinetic and
affinity constants can be derived from the sensorgram data.
[0322] When analyte is injected in a discrete pulse across a ligand
surface, the resulting sensorgram can be divided into three
essential phases: (i) Association of analyte with ligand during
sample injection; (ii) Equilibrium or steady state during sample
injection, where the rate of analyte binding is balanced by
dissociation from the complex; (iii)
[0323] Dissociation of analyte from the surface during buffer
flow.
[0324] The association and dissociation phases provide information
on the kinetics of analyte-ligand interaction (k.sub.a and k.sub.d,
the rates of complex formation and dissociation,
k.sub.d/k.sub.a=K.sub.D). The equilibrium phase provides
information on the affinity of the analyte-ligand interaction
(K.sub.D).
[0325] BIAevaluation software provides comprehensive facilities for
curve fitting using both numerical integration and global fitting
algorithms. With suitable analysis of the data, separate rate and
affinity constants for interaction can be obtained from simple
BIAcore investigations. The range of affinities measurable by this
technique is very broad, ranging from mM to pM.
[0326] Epitope specificity is an important characteristic of a
monoclonal antibody. Epitope mapping with BIAcore, in contrast to
conventional techniques using radioimmunoassay, ELISA or other
surface adsorption methods, does not require labeling or purified
antibodies, and allows multi-site specificity tests using a
sequence of several monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, large
numbers of analyses can be processed automatically.
[0327] Pair-wise binding experiments test the ability of two MAbs
to bind simultaneously to the same antigen. MAbs directed against
separate epitopes will bind independently, whereas MAbs directed
against identical or closely related epitopes will interfere with
each other's binding. These binding experiments with BIAcore are
straightforward to carry out.
[0328] For example, one can use a capture molecule to bind the
first Mab, followed by addition of antigen and second MAb
sequentially. The sensorgrams will reveal: 1. how much of the
antigen binds to first Mab, 2. to what extent the second MAb binds
to the surface-attached antigen, 3. if the second MAb does not
bind, whether reversing the order of the pair-wise test alters the
results.
[0329] Peptide inhibition is another technique used for epitope
mapping. This method can complement pair-wise antibody binding
studies, and can relate functional epitopes to structural features
when the primary sequence of the antigen is known. Peptides or
antigen fragments are tested for inhibition of binding of different
MAbs to immobilized antigen. Peptides which interfere with binding
of a given MAb are assumed to be structurally related to the
epitope defined by that MAb.
[0330] The practice of the present invention will employ, unless
otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of cell biology, cell
culture, molecular biology, transgenic biology, microbiology,
recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the
art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See,
for example, Sambrook et al., ed. (1989) Molecular Cloning A
Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press);
Sambrook et al., ed. (1992) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,
(Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, NY); D. N. Glover ed., (1985) DNA
Cloning, Volumes I and II; Gait, ed. (1984) Oligonucleotide
Synthesis; Mullis et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195; Hames and
Higgins, eds. (1984) Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Hames and Higgins,
eds. (1984) Transcription And Translation; Freshney (1987) Culture
Of Animal Cells (Alan R. Liss, Inc.); Immobilized Cells And Enzymes
(IRL Press) (1986); Perbal (1984) A Practical Guide To Molecular
Cloning; the treatise, Methods In Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc.,
N.Y.); Miller and Calos eds. (1987) Gene Transfer Vectors For
Mammalian Cells, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Wu et al., eds.,
Methods In Enzymology, Vols. 154 and 155; Mayer and Walker, eds.
(1987) Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology
(Academic Press, London); Weir and Blackwell, eds., (1986) Handbook
Of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV; Manipulating the Mouse
Embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor,
N.Y., (1986); and in Ausubel et al. (1989) Current Protocols in
Molecular Biology (John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md.).
[0331] General principles of antibody engineering are set forth in
Borrebaeck, ed. (1995) Antibody Engineering (2nd ed.; Oxford Univ.
Press). General principles of protein engineering are set forth in
Rickwood et al., eds. (1995) Protein Engineering, A Practical
Approach (IRL Press at Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, Eng.). General
principles of antibodies and antibody-hapten binding are set forth
in: Nisonoff (1984) Molecular Immunology (2nd ed.; Sinauer
Associates, Sunderland, Mass.); and Steward (1984) Antibodies,
Their Structure and Function (Chapman and Hall, New York, N.Y.).
Additionally, standard methods in immunology known in the art and
not specifically described are generally followed as in Current
Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, New York; Stites et
al., eds. (1994) Basic and Clinical Immunology (8th ed; Appleton
& Lange, Norwalk, Conn.) and Mishell and Shiigi (eds) (1980)
Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology (W.H. Freeman and Co.,
NY).
[0332] Standard reference works setting forth general principles of
immunology include Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley
& Sons, New York; Klein (1982) J., Immunology: The Science of
Self-Nonself Discrimination (John Wiley & Sons, NY); Kennett et
al., eds. (1980) Monoclonal Antibodies, Hybridoma: A New Dimension
in Biological Analyses (Plenum Press, NY); Campbell (1984)
"Monoclonal Antibody Technology" in Laboratory Techniques in
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ed. Burden et al., (Elsevere,
Amsterdam); Goldsby et al., eds. (2000) Kuby Immunology (4th ed.;
H. Freemand & Co.); Roitt et al. (2001) Immunology (6th ed.;
London: Mosby); Abbas et al. (2005) Cellular and Molecular
Immunology (5th ed.; Elsevier Health Sciences Division); Kontermann
and Dubel (2001) Antibody Engineering (Springer Verlan); Sambrook
and Russell (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold
Spring Harbor Press); Lewin (2003) Genes VIII (Prentice Hall2003);
Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring
Harbor Press); Dieffenbach and Dveksler (2003) PCR Primer (Cold
Spring Harbor Press).
[0333] All of the references cited above, as well as all references
cited herein, are incorporated herein by reference in their
entireties.
[0334] The following examples are offered by way of illustration
and not by way of limitation.
EXPERIMENTAL
Example 1
Optimization of Humanized Murine Anti-CD20 Antibody
[0335] A humanized murine anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, mAb 1097,
was engineered within one or more of the complementarity
determining regions (CDRs) of its variable heavy (V.sub.H; see SEQ
ID NO:29) and variable light (V.sub.K; see SEQ ID NO:10) domains to
yield optimized mAbs having increased CDC function. The initial
humanized murine anti-CD20 mAb is a humanized form of the chimeric
murine/human anti-CD20 antibody known as rituximab (i.e., mAb C2B8;
see U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137). The three CDRs of the original
V.sub.H domain (designated H1286) and original V.sub.K domain
(designated L373) within the humanized murine anti-CD20 mAb are
shown in FIG. 1. The CDR2 of L373 (shown in SEQ ID NO:9) was
derived from a human V.sub.K and not a murine V.sub.K.
[0336] Initial optimization steps included modifications to the
starting CDR3 (designated as "271" in FIG. 1; SEQ ID NO:30) of the
H1286 V.sub.H domain (see FIG. 2). The 271 CDR3 sequence is
equivalent to that for the CDR3 of the variable domain within the
heavy chain of mAb C2B8. The initial modifications to 271 CDR3
included:
[0337] 1) a tyrosine to asparagine (Y.fwdarw.N) substitution at
position 9 of the starting CDR3 and a valine to asparagine
(V.fwdarw.N) substitution at position 12 of the starting CDR3 to
yield the "1236" optimized CDR3 (SEQ ID NO:1);
[0338] 2) a glycine to alanine (G.fwdarw.A) substitution at
position 5 of the initial CDR3 in addition to the Y.fwdarw.N and
V.fwdarw.N substitutions at positions 9 and 12, respectively, to
yield the "1237" optimized CDR3 (SEQ ID NO:2); or
[0339] 3) a valine to aspartic acid (V.fwdarw.D) substitution at
position 12 of the initial CDR3 in addition to the G.fwdarw.A and
Y.fwdarw.N substitutions at positions 5 and 9, respectively, to
yield the "1238" optimized CDR3 (SEQ ID NO:3).
[0340] The individual coding sequences for the optimized CDR3s are
set forth in SEQ ID NO:24 (encoding 1236 optimized CDR3), SEQ ID
NO:25 (encoding 1237 optimized CDR3), and SEQ ID NO:26 (encoding
1238 optimized CDR3).
[0341] These optimized CDR3s were then engineered into the original
humanized V.sub.H domain framework of H1286 to yield the following
optimized V.sub.H domains: H1569 (SEQ ID NO:12), comprising the
1236 optimized CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:1; H1570 (SEQ ID NO:13),
comprising the 1237 optimized CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:2; and H1571 (SEQ
ID NO:14), comprising the 1238 optimized CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:3) (see
FIG. 3). The coding sequences for these optimized V.sub.H domains
are shown in FIG. 4, and set forth in SEQ ID NO:19 (encoding
H1569), SEQ ID NO:20 (encoding H1570), and SEQ ID NO:21 (encoding
H1571). Each of these optimized V.sub.H domains was then paired
with the original (L373) V.sub.K domain (see FIG. 5; SEQ ID NO:10;
coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23) to yield the following
optimized humanized mABs: mAb 1236, mAb 1237, and mAb 1238.
Example 2
Binding and Functional Characteristics of Optimized Humanized
Murine Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies
[0342] The optimized humanized mAb 1236, mAb 1237, and mAb 1238
described in Example 1 were assessed for their respective binding
and functional characteristics. For each assay, mAb 271, having the
identical sequence to rituximab (IDEC-C2B8; Rituxan.RTM.; IDEC
Pharmaceuticals Corp., San Diego, Calif.), served as the positive
control.
[0343] Binding specificity was assessed by Fluorometric Microvolume
Assay Technology (FMAT, Applied Biosystems 8200 Cellular Detection
System) and Flow Cytometry, which tabulates Mean Fluorescence
Intensities (MFI) of staining on CD20 positive (CD20.sup.+) and
CD20 negative cell lines. FMAT analysis demonstrated binding
specificity for CD20 (FIGS. 6A-6D). Flow cytometry analysis
demonstrated binding of these optimized humanized anti-CD20 mAbs to
CD20+ Daudi and EB1 cells (Table 2). TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Binding
to CD20 membrane positive and negative cell lines Flow Cytometry
Results (Mean Fluorescence Intensities). Daudi EB1 K562 U266 CD20
CD20 CD20 CD20 MAb Positive Positive Negative Negative 271 145 429
10 9 1236 145 409 12 11 1237 132 395 14 11 1238 114 389 11 10 11 8
8 6 5 (Negative control)
[0344] In order to assess the epitope recognized by mAb1236, mAb
1237, and mAb 1238, cells and CD20-specific mouse 2H7 antibody (or
mouse ISO) @3 .mu.g/ml were added to the FMAT plate followed by
incubation at room temperature for 2 hours. The test mAb (30 ng/ml)
and an anti-human IgFc-Alexa 647 were then added, and fluorescence
signal detected by FMAT. A decrease in signal with mouse 2H7 (m2H7)
indicates epitope blocking.
[0345] As can be seen in FIG. 7, and as expected, mAb 1236, mAb
1237, and mAb 1238 all recognize the same epitope as mAb 271
(rituximab-sequence antibody).
[0346] Complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were assessed. For
CDC, an antibody off-rate assay was used. In this manner, target
CD20.sup.+Daudi cells were loaded with .sup.51Cr, 200 .mu.Ci for 2
hours, and then washed. The washed Daudi cells were incubated with
10 .mu.g/ml of respective mAb for 15 minutes at 25.degree. C.
Target Daudi cells were then washed thoroughly and incubated at
37.degree. C. Following 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hour incubations at
37.degree. C., the cells were incubated with 6% human serum
(complement source) for 45 minutes. Controls included spontaneous
and maximum .sup.51Cr release, mAb with Daudi cells alone, and
serum with Daudi cells alone at all concentrations. Supernatents
were then processed and released .sup.51Cr counted via gamma
counter. Antibody-specific CDC was determined by subtracting out
mAb and serum alone contributions to lysis.
[0347] As can be seen in FIG. 8, mAb 1236, mAb 1237, and mAb 1238
have significantly better CDC functional activity than mAb 271
(rituximab-sequence antibody).
[0348] ADCC activity was assayed by loading target Daudi cells with
.sup.51Cr, 200 .mu.Ci for 2 hours, and following with a wash. The
washed Daudi cells were incubated with titrated concentrations of
respective mAbs and freshly prepared PBMCs (NK source) at 50:1 for
4 hours. Controls included spontaneous and maximum .sup.51Cr
release, mAb with Daudi cells alone, and PBMC with Daudi cells
alone at all concentrations. Supernatents were then processed and
released .sup.51Cr counted via gamma counter. Antibody-specific
ADCC was determined by subtracting out PBMC contribution to
lysis.
[0349] As can be seen in FIG. 9, ADCC activity increased with
increasing mAb concentration for all mAbs tested. At all mAb
concentrations, the mAb 1236, mAb 1237, and mAb1238 have ADCC
activity that is equivalent to that observed for the control mAb
271 (rituximab-sequence antibody).
[0350] Apoptosis activity was also assessed using a direct
apoptosis assay that is CDC and ADCC independent. In this manner,
Ramos cells (NHL) were incubated with 10, 2, 0.4, or 0.08 .mu.g/ml
of the respective mAb in the presence of cross-linking antibody (5
.mu.g/ml goat anti-human IgG Fc) for 18 hours at 37.degree. C. mAb
11 served as the isotype control. Cells were harvested and washed
after 18 hours and incubated with Annexin V-APC and Propidium
Iodide for 15 minutes at 25.degree. C. Cells were analyzed by flow
cytometry for the presence of Annexin V positive/PI negative
cells.
[0351] As can be seen in FIG. 10, the optimized humanized mAbs
1236, 1237, and 1238 are as effective at inducing apoptosis as mAb
271 (rituximab-sequence antibody).
Example 3
Further Optimization of mAb 1237
[0352] B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (B-CLL) cells express
lower levels of CD20 than NHL (Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma) cells.
Testing showed that optimized mAb 1236, mAb 1237, and mAb 1238
demonstrate weak CDC of B-CLL cells. As a next step the mAb 1237
was selected and subjected to mutagenesis to screen for
improvements in affinity and thus improvements in the lysis of
B-CLL cells. The affinity improvement strategy comprised
randomizing specific positions in the V.sub.H and the V.sub.K
domains, selecting mutant V.sub.H domains with L373, selecting
mutant V.sub.K domains with H1570, combining separate beneficial
mutations in either V.sub.H or V.sub.K, and combining mutant
V.sub.H with mutant V.sub.K domains. The new mutants identified are
shown in Table 3. TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 New mutants identified.
Residue positions within the V.sub.H and V.sub.K domains are with
reference to the Kabat numbering system. mAb V.sub.H V.sub.K 1588
H1638 (H1570 S31F) L373 1589 H1639 (H1570 D56A) L373 1590 H1640
(H1570 D56L) L373 1652 H1639 (H1570 D56A) L419 (L373 T92Q) 1692
H1670 (H1570 N101G) L373
[0353] The optimized mAb 1588 comprises the H1638 V.sub.H domain
(SEQ ID NO:15) (which is the H1570 V.sub.H domain with an
S.fwdarw.F substitution at Kabat-numbering position 31 of H1570,
which corresponds to residue 31 of the H1570 amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:13) and the L373 V.sub.L domain (SEQ ID
NO:10). This SF substitution results in an optimized CDR1 (see SEQ
ID NO:7) within the H1638 V.sub.H domain.
[0354] The optimized mAb 1589 comprises the H1639 V.sub.H domain
(SEQ ID NO:16) (which is the H1570 V.sub.H domain with a D.fwdarw.A
substitution at Kabat-numbering position 56 of H1570, which
corresponds to residue 57 of the H1570 amino acid sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:13) and the L373 V.sub.L domain (SEQ ID NO:10).
This D.fwdarw.A substitution results in an optimized CDR2 (see SEQ
ID NO:5; encoded by SEQ ID NO:27) within the H1639 V.sub.H
domain.
[0355] The optimized mAb1590 comprises the H1640 V.sub.H domain
(SEQ ID NO:17) (which is the H1570 V.sub.H domain with a D.fwdarw.L
substitution at Kabat-numbering position 56 of H1570, which
corresponds to residue 57 of the H1570 amino acid sequence set
forth in SEQ ID NO:13) and the L373 V.sub.L domain (SEQ ID NO:10).
This D.fwdarw.L substitution results in an optimized CDR2 (see SEQ
ID NO:6) within the H1640 V.sub.H domain.
[0356] The optimized mAb 1652 comprises the H1639 V.sub.H domain
(SEQ ID NO:16) and the L419 V.sub.L domain (SEQ ID NO:11) (which is
the L373 V.sub.L domain with a T.fwdarw.Q substitution at
Kabat-numbering position 92 of L373, which corresponds to residue
91 of the L373 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10). This
T.fwdarw.Q substitution results in an optimized CDR3 (see SEQ ID
NO:8) within the L419 V.sub.L domain.
[0357] The optimized mAb 1692 comprises the H1670 V.sub.H domain
(SEQ ID NO:18) (which is the H1570 V.sub.H domain with an
N.fwdarw.G substitution at Kabat-numbering position 101 of H1570,
which corresponds to residue 109 of the H1570 amino acid sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO:13). This N.fwdarw.G substitution results in
an optimized CDR3 (see SEQ ID NO:4) within the H1670 V.sub.H
domain.
[0358] The amino acid sequences for the H1639 V.sub.H domain (SEQ
ID NO:16) and L373 V.sub.L domain (SEQ ID NO:10) of the mAb 1589
are shown in FIG. 11, and the respective coding sequences are shown
in FIG. 12; see also SEQ ID NO:22 (coding sequence for H1639) and
SEQ ID NO:23 (coding sequence for L373).
Example 4
Binding and Functional Characteristics of Additional Optimized
Humanized Murine Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies
[0359] The optimized humanized mAb 1237 of Example 1, and further
optimized humanized mAbs 1588, 1589, 1590, 1652, and 1692 described
in Example 3 were assessed for their respective binding and
functional characteristics. For each assay, mAb 271, having the
identical sequence to rituximab (IDEC-C2B8; Rituxan.RTM.; IDEC
Pharmaceuticals Corp., San Diego, Calif.), served as the positive
control.
[0360] Binding specificity was assessed by Flow Cytometry, which
tabulates Mean Fluorescence Intensities (MFI) of staining on CD20
positive (CD20.sup.+) and CD20 negative cell lines. Flow cytometry
analysis demonstrated binding of these optimized humanized
anti-CD20 mAbs to CD20, as can be seen in Table 4. TABLE-US-00004
TABLE 4 Binding to CD20 membrane positive and negative cell lines
Flow Cytometry Results (Mean Fluorescence Intensities). Daudi EHEB
HL60 K562 CHO CD20 CD20 CHO.CD20 CD20 CD20 Vector mAb Positive
Positive CD20 Positive Negative Negative CD20 Negative 271 941 130
81 6 3 4 1237 1373 161 106 8 9 6 1588 2068 338 140 9 6 4 1589 1029
345 140 8 6 5 1590 1627 429 135 8 7 6 1652 1422 529 135 6 6 5 1692
1671 450 137 7 4 5 11 6 8 5 7 4 6 (Negative Control)
[0361] Epitope conservation was assessed by examining the ability
of the mAb 2H7 to block binding. In this manner, mouse 2H7 (or
Isotype Ig as control) was added to EB1 cells, then candidate human
mAbs and anti-human Ig Alexa 647 were added. Binding was detected
by FMAT. A decrease in the signal indicates blocking and common
epitope usage.
[0362] As can be seen in FIG. 13, all tested antibodies recognized
identical or overlapping epitopes.
[0363] Complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were assessed. For
CDC, several assays were used. The first radioactive assay
comprised loading target cells with .sup.51Cr, 200 .mu.Ci for 2
hours. Washed target cells (Daudi (NHL) and B-CLL lines) were
incubated with titrated concentrations of mAb and human serum
(complement source) for 4 hours. Controls included spontaneous and
maximum .sup.51Cr release, mAb with cells alone, and serum with
cells alone at all concentrations. Supernatants were processed and
released .sup.51Cr counted with a gamma counter. Antibody specific
CDC was determined by subtracting out mAb and serum alone
contributions to lysis. Results for Daudi and two B-CLL cell lines
are shown in FIG. 14 and FIGS. 15A and 15B, respectively. For Daudi
cells, the optimized mAbs generally mediated greater CDC function
than mAb 271 (rituximab-sequence antibody), particularly at lower
concentrations. For B-CLL cells, the optimized mAbs showed
increased CDC function over the mAb 271 (rituximab-sequence
antibody). CDC function was also assessed with an antibody off-rate
assay. In this manner, target CD20.sup.+Daudi cells were loaded
with .sup.51Cr, 200 .mu.Ci for 2 hours, and then washed. The washed
Daudi cells were incubated with 10 .mu.g/ml of respective mAb for
15 minutes at 25.degree. C. Target Daudi cells were then washed
thoroughly and incubated with 6% human serum (complement source)
for 45' following 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hour incubations at 37.degree.
C. Controls included spontaneous and maximum .sup.51Cr release, mAb
with Daudi cells alone, and serum with Daudi cells alone at all
concentrations. Supernatents were then processed and released
.sup.51Cr counted via gamma counter. Antibody-specific CDC was
determined by subtracting out mAb and serum alone contributions to
lysis.
[0364] As can be seen in FIG. 16, all optimized mAbs have
significantly better CDC functional activity than mAb 271
(rituximab-sequence antibody).
[0365] CDC function was also assessed with a non-radioactive
(Alamar Blue.TM.) CDC assay. In this manner, target cells (two each
of NHL, B-CLL, and normal B cell lines) were washed with titrated
concentrations of mAb and human serum (complement source). Controls
included target cells and antibody without human serum (spontaneous
cell death), target cells and serum without antibody (background
lysis), and wells of target cells with 10% SDS (or 5% Triton X100
in water) replacing the antibody and serum (for maximum cell
death). Alamar Blue was added to each well 2 hours later, and
fluorescence read after an overnight incubation. In this assay,
more fluorescence indicates more live cells and less cytotoxicity
due to CDC.
[0366] AlamarBlue.TM. is an oxidation-reduction indicator that
fluoresces in response to metabolic activities in proliferating
cells. AlamarBlue.TM. is similar to tetrazolium salts (MTT), in
that both can detect changes in cell's metabolism, but
AlamarBlue.TM. is less toxic and more sensitive than MTT. Results
obtained in the measurement of cell mediated cytotoxicity comparing
the use of AlamarBlue.TM. with .sup.51Cr release assays indicate
that the AamarBlue.TM. method is as specific as determination of
.sup.51Cr release. Results are shown in FIG. 17A (Daudi NHL cell
line) and 17B (WIL2-S NHL cell line), FIG. 18A (EHEB B-CLL cell
line) and 18B (Mec-1 B-CLL cell line), and FIG. 19A (SS BLCL
"normal" B cells) and 19B (MeI K BLCL "normal" B cells).
[0367] The radioactive assay is a 4 hour assay while the
non-radioactive assay is an 18-20 hour assay. The optimized mAb
candidates usually gave greater lysis in non-radioactive assays, as
compared to controls. The non-radioactive assays may represent a
more similar situation to the in-vivo setting, as the drug would be
present at high concentrations for much longer than 4 hours in an
in-vivo setting.
[0368] To summarize the results, the CDC activity of the optimized
mAbs is at least equal to mAb 271 (rituximab-sequence antibody) on
Daudi NHL cells. The optimized mAbs are better than mAb 271 in the
off-rate CDC assay. The lower off-rate indicates that the affinity
of the optimized MAbs is higher than the affinity of mAb 271.
Finally, the optimized mAbs are better than mAb 271 in lysing B-CLL
cell lines and normal B cell targets.
[0369] ADCC activity was assayed by loading target cells (Daudi and
B-CLL) with .sup.51Cr, 200 .mu.Ci for 2 hours, and following with a
wash. The washed target cells were incubated with titrated
concentrations of respective mAbs and freshly prepared PBMCs (NK
source) at 50:1 for 4 hours. Controls included spontaneous and
maximum .sup.51Cr release, mAb with target cells alone, and PBMC
with target cells alone at all concentrations. Supernatents were
then processed and released .sup.51Cr counted via gamma counter.
Antibody-specific ADCC was determined by subtracting out PBMC
contribution to lysis.
[0370] As can be seen in FIG. 20 (Daudi NHL cells) and FIG. 21
(MEC-1 B-CLL cells), ADCC activity increased with increasing mAb
concentration for all mAbs tested. The optimized mAbs had ADCC
activity that is similar to that observed for the control mAb 271
(rituximab-sequence antibody).
[0371] Apoptosis activity was also assessed using a direct
apoptosis assay that is CDC and ADCC independent. In this manner,
Ramos cells (NHL) were incubated with 2, 0.4, or 0.08 .mu.g/ml of
the respective optimized mAb or control mAb 271 in the presence of
cross-linking antibody (5 .mu.g/ml goat anti-human IgG Fc) for 18
hours at 37.degree. C. Cells were harvested and washed after 18
hours and incubated with Annexin V-APC and Propidium Iodide for 15
minutes at 25.degree. C. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for
the presence of Annexin V positive/PI negative cells.
[0372] As can be seen in FIG. 22, the optimized mAbs are as
effective at inducing apoptosis as mAb 271 (rituximab-sequence
antibody).
[0373] Cell killing activity was also assessed using a whole blood
assay. The protocol was similar to CDC or ADCC assays, except whole
blood is used instead of serum (CDC) or purified PBMCs (ADCC). In
this assay, the lysis of target cells is due to cumulative activity
of CDC, ADCC, and apoptosis.
[0374] Results of this whole blood assay are shown in FIG. 23
(Daudi NHL cells), FIG. 24A (EHEB B-CLL cells) and 24B (MEC-1 B-CLL
cells), and FIG. 25 (MeI K "normal" B cells). As can be seen in
these figures, the optimized mAbs have equivalent or better lysis
against these respective target cells as mAb 271
(rituximab--sequence antibody).
Example 5
Administration of the Optimized Humanized Murine Anti-CD20
Monoclonal Antibody 1589 Prolongs Survival in a Daudi Cell
Xenograft Mouse Model
[0375] Daudi NHL cells are a human B cell lymphoma cell line that
grow systematically in SCID mice. Growth of Daudi cells results in
paralysis in the mice (Ghetie et al. (1990) Int J Cancer
45:481-485). Studies were performed to determine if the anti-CD20
antibodies of the invention effect the survival of mice with Daudi
cell xenografts.
[0376] SCID mice were bred and maintained under pathogen-free
conditions. Daudi NHL cells (8.times.10.sup.6) were injected
intravenously into the tail vein of three groups of five SCID mice
(15 mice total). On days 7 and 9 post-tumor injection, the mice
were injected by the same route with PBS, 50 .mu.g human IgG1 or 50
.mu.g mAb 1589. Animals were observed three times per week and
sacrificed at the first signs of hind limb paralysis. As shown in
FIG. 26, the monoclonal antibody 1589 prolonged the survival of
mice with the human Daudi cell xenograft.
Example 6
Outline of Sequences and Antibody Design
[0377] The sequence identifiers for the various optimized CDRs,
variable heavy and light domains comprising these optimized CDRs,
coding sequences for these elements, and variable heavy domain for
the original humanized anti-CD20 antibody are summarized below.
Table 5 below outlines the anti-CD20 antibody design.
TABLE-US-00005 SEQUENCE IDENTIFIERS: 1. CDR3 of H1569 - a.a. 2.
CDR3 of H1570 - a.a. 3. CDR3 of H1571 - a.a. 4. CDR3 of H1670 -
a.a. 5. CDR2 of H1639 - a.a. 6. CDR2 of H1640 - a.a. 7. CDR1 of
H1638 - a.a. 8. CDR3 of L419 - a.a. 9. CDR2 of L373 - a.a. 10. L373
- a.a. 11. L419 - a.a. 12. H1569 - a.a. 13. H1570 - a.a. 14. H1571
- a.a. 15. H1638 - a.a. 16. H1639 - a.a. 17. H1640 - a.a. 18. H1670
- a.a. 19. H1569 - nt seq 20. H1570 - nt seq 21. H1571 - nt seq 22.
H1639 - nt seq 23. L373 - nt seq 24. CDR3 of H1569 - nt seq 25.
CDR3 of H1570 - nt seq 26. CDR3 of H1571 - nt seq 27. CDR2 of H1639
- nt seq 28. CDR2 of L373 - nt seq 29. H1286 - a.a. 30. CDR3 of
H1286 - a.a.
[0378] TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5 Antibody design. ANTIBODY NAME
V.sub.H DOMAIN V.sub.L DOMAIN Parent humanized H1286 (SEQ ID NO:
29) L373 (SEQ ID NO: 10) murine anti-CD20 1236 H1569 (SEQ ID NO:
12) L373 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 1237 H1570 (SEQ ID NO: 13) L373 (SEQ ID
NO: 10) 1238 H1571 (SEQ ID NO: 14) L373 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 1588 H1638
(SEQ ID NO: 15) L373 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 1589 H1639 (SEQ ID NO: 16)
L373 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 1590 H1640 (SEQ ID NO: 17) L373 (SEQ ID NO:
10) 1593 H1570 (SEQ ID NO: 13) L419 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 1652 H1639 (SEQ
ID NO: 16) L419 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 1692 H1670 (SEQ ID NO: 18) L373
(SEQ ID NO: 10)
[0379] Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions
set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to
which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings
presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated
drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the inventions are
not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that
modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included
within the scope of the appended claims and list of embodiments
disclosed herein. Although specific terms are employed herein, they
are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for
purposes of limitation.
[0380] All publications and patent applications mentioned in the
specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the
art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent
applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same
extent as if each individual publication or patent application was
specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by
reference.
Sequence CWU 1
1
30 1 12 PRT Artificial Sequence CDR3 of H1569 1 Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Gly
Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe Asn Asn 1 5 10 2 12 PRT Artificial Sequence
CDR3 of H1570 2 Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe Asn Asn 1 5
10 3 12 PRT Artificial Sequence CDR3 of H1571 3 Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala
Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe Asn Asp 1 5 10 4 12 PRT Artificial Sequence
CDR3 of H1670 4 Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe Gly Asn 1 5
10 5 17 PRT Artificial Sequence CDR2 of H1639 5 Ala Ile Tyr Pro Gly
Asn Gly Ala Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe Lys 1 5 10 15 Gly 6 17 PRT
Artificial Sequence CDR2 of H1640 6 Ala Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Gly Leu
Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe Lys 1 5 10 15 Gly 7 11 PRT Artificial
Sequence CDR1 of H1638 7 Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Phe Tyr Asn Met
His 1 5 10 8 9 PRT Artificial Sequence CDR3 of L419 8 Gln Gln Trp
Gln Ser Asn Pro Pro Thr 1 5 9 7 PRT Artificial Sequence CDR2 of
L373 9 Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Gln Ser 1 5 10 106 PRT Artificial
Sequence L373 - humanized murine anti-CD20 light chain 10 Asp Ile
Gln Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Val Gly 1 5 10 15
Asp Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Arg Ala Ser Ser Ser Val Ser Tyr Ile 20
25 30 His Trp Phe Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Lys Ala Pro Lys Pro Leu Ile
Tyr 35 40 45 Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Gln Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe
Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser
Ser Leu Gln Pro Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp Phe Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln
Trp Thr Ser Asn Pro Pro Thr 85 90 95 Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu
Glu Ile Lys 100 105 11 106 PRT Artificial Sequence L419 - anti-CD20
light chain variant 11 Asp Ile Gln Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu
Ser Ala Ser Val Gly 1 5 10 15 Asp Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Arg Ala
Ser Ser Ser Val Ser Tyr Ile 20 25 30 His Trp Phe Gln Gln Lys Pro
Gly Lys Ala Pro Lys Pro Leu Ile Tyr 35 40 45 Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu
Gln Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ser Gly
Thr Asp Tyr Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Ser Leu Gln Pro Glu 65 70 75 80 Asp
Phe Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gln Gln Trp Gln Ser Asn Pro Pro Thr 85 90
95 Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100 105 12 121 PRT
Artificial Sequence H1569 - anti-CD20 heavy chain variant 12 Gln
Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser 1 5 10
15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr
20 25 30 Asn Met His Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu
Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly Ala Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Gly Asp Thr Ser Tyr
Asn Gln Lys Phe 50 55 60 Lys Gly Lys Ala Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Lys
Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser
Asp Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Ser Thr Tyr Tyr
Gly Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe Asn Asn Trp Gly 100 105 110 Gln Gly Thr Leu
Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 120 13 121 PRT Artificial Sequence H1570 -
anti-CD20 heavy chain variant 13 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly
Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys
Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr 20 25 30 Asn Met His Trp
Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly Ala
Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Gly Asp Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe 50 55 60
Lys Gly Lys Ala Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65
70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr
Tyr Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe
Asn Asn Trp Gly 100 105 110 Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115
120 14 121 PRT Artificial Sequence H1571 - anti-CD20 heavy chain
variant 14 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro
Gly Ser 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr
Phe Thr Ser Tyr 20 25 30 Asn Met His Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly
Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly Ala Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Gly
Asp Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe 50 55 60 Lys Gly Lys Ala Thr Ile
Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser
Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg
Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe Asn Asp Trp Gly 100 105 110
Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 120 15 121 PRT Artificial
Sequence H1638 - anti-CD20 heavy chain variant 15 Gln Val Gln Leu
Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser 1 5 10 15 Ser Val
Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Phe Tyr 20 25 30
Asn Met His Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35
40 45 Gly Ala Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Gly Asp Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys
Phe 50 55 60 Lys Gly Lys Ala Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser Thr Ser
Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp Asp Thr
Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Gly Asp
Trp Asn Phe Asn Asn Trp Gly 100 105 110 Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val
Ser Ser 115 120 16 121 PRT Artificial Sequence H1639 - anti-CD20
heavy chain variant 16 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val
Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser
Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr 20 25 30 Asn Met His Trp Val Arg Gln
Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly Ala Ile Tyr Pro
Gly Asn Gly Ala Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe 50 55 60 Lys Gly Lys
Ala Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90
95 Ala Arg Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe Asn Asn Trp Gly
100 105 110 Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 120 17 121 PRT
Artificial Sequence H1640 - anti-CD20 heavy chain variant 17 Gln
Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser 1 5 10
15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr
20 25 30 Asn Met His Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu
Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly Ala Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Gly Leu Thr Ser Tyr
Asn Gln Lys Phe 50 55 60 Lys Gly Lys Ala Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Lys
Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser
Asp Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Ser Thr Tyr Tyr
Ala Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe Asn Asn Trp Gly 100 105 110 Gln Gly Thr Leu
Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 120 18 121 PRT Artificial Sequence H1670 -
anti-CD20 heavy chain variant 18 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly
Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys
Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr 20 25 30 Asn Met His Trp
Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly Ala
Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Gly Asp Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe 50 55 60
Lys Gly Lys Ala Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65
70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr
Tyr Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe
Gly Asn Trp Gly 100 105 110 Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115
120 19 363 DNA Artificial Sequence H1569 - anti-CD20 heavy chain
variant CDS (1)...(363) 19 cag gtg cag ctg gtg cag tct ggg gct gag
gtg aag aag cct ggg tcc 48 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu
Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser 1 5 10 15 tca gtg aag gtt tcc tgc aag gca
tct ggg tac acc ttc acc agt tac 96 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala
Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr 20 25 30 aat atg cac tgg gtg cga
cag gcc cct gga caa ggg cta gag tgg att 144 Asn Met His Trp Val Arg
Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 gga gct att tat
ccc gga aat ggt gat act tcc tac aat cag aag ttc 192 Gly Ala Ile Tyr
Pro Gly Asn Gly Asp Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe 50 55 60 aaa ggc
aag gcc aca ata act gca gac aaa tcc acg agc aca gcc tac 240 Lys Gly
Lys Ala Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80
atg gag ctc agc agc ctg aga tct gac gac acg gcc gtg tat tac tgt 288
Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85
90 95 gca aga tcg act tac tac ggc ggt gac tgg aac ttc aat aac tgg
ggc 336 Ala Arg Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Gly Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe Asn Asn Trp
Gly 100 105 110 cag gga acc ctg gtc acc gtc tcc tca 363 Gln Gly Thr
Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 120 20 363 DNA Artificial Sequence
H1570 - anti-CD20 heavy chain variant CDS (1)...(363) 20 cag gtg
cag ctg gtg cag tct ggg gct gag gtg aag aag cct ggg tcc 48 Gln Val
Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser 1 5 10 15
tca gtg aag gtt tcc tgc aag gca tct ggg tac acc ttc acc agt tac 96
Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr 20
25 30 aat atg cac tgg gtg cga cag gcc cct gga caa ggg cta gag tgg
att 144 Asn Met His Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp
Ile 35 40 45 gga gct att tat ccc gga aat ggt gat act tcc tac aat
cag aag ttc 192 Gly Ala Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Gly Asp Thr Ser Tyr Asn
Gln Lys Phe 50 55 60 aaa ggc aag gcc aca ata act gca gac aaa tcc
acg agc aca gcc tac 240 Lys Gly Lys Ala Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser
Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 atg gag ctc agc agc ctg aga tct gac
gac acg gcc gtg tat tac tgt 288 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp
Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95 gca aga tcg act tac tac gcc
ggt gac tgg aac ttc aat aac tgg ggc 336 Ala Arg Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala
Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe Asn Asn Trp Gly 100 105 110 cag gga acc ctg gtc
acc gtc tcc tca 363 Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 120 21
363 DNA Artificial Sequence H1571 - anti-CD20 heavy chain variant
CDS (1)...(363) 21 cag gtg cag ctg gtg cag tct ggg gct gag gtg aag
aag cct ggg tcc 48 Gln Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys
Lys Pro Gly Ser 1 5 10 15 tca gtg aag gtt tcc tgc aag gca tct ggg
tac acc ttc acc agt tac 96 Ser Val Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly
Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr 20 25 30 aat atg cac tgg gtg cga cag gcc
cct gga caa ggg cta gag tgg att 144 Asn Met His Trp Val Arg Gln Ala
Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 gga gct att tat ccc gga
aat ggt gat act tcc tac aat cag aag ttc 192 Gly Ala Ile Tyr Pro Gly
Asn Gly Asp Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe 50 55 60 aaa ggc aag gcc
aca ata act gca gac aaa tcc acg agc aca gcc tac 240 Lys Gly Lys Ala
Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 atg gag
ctc agc agc ctg aga tct gac gac acg gcc gtg tat tac tgt 288 Met Glu
Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95
gca aga tcg act tac tac gcc ggt gac tgg aac ttc aat gac tgg ggc 336
Ala Arg Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Gly Asp Trp Asn Phe Asn Asp Trp Gly 100
105 110 cag gga acc ctg gtc acc gtc tcc tca 363 Gln Gly Thr Leu Val
Thr Val Ser Ser 115 120 22 363 DNA Artificial Sequence H1639 -
anti-CD20 heavy chain variant CDS (1)...(363) 22 cag gtg cag ctg
gtg cag tct ggg gct gag gtg aag aag cct ggg tcc 48 Gln Val Gln Leu
Val Gln Ser Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser 1 5 10 15 tca gtg
aag gtt tcc tgc aag gca tct ggg tac acc ttc acc agt tac 96 Ser Val
Lys Val Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr 20 25 30
aat atg cac tgg gtg cga cag gcc cct gga caa ggg cta gag tgg att 144
Asn Met His Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35
40 45 gga gct att tat ccc gga aat ggt gct act tcc tac aat cag aag
ttc 192 Gly Ala Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Gly Ala Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys
Phe 50 55 60 aaa ggc aag gcc aca ata act gca gac aaa tcc acg agc
aca gcc tac 240 Lys Gly Lys Ala Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser Thr Ser
Thr Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 atg gag ctc agc agc ctg aga tct gac gac acg
gcc gtg tat tac tgt 288 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp Asp Thr
Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys 85 90 95 gca aga tcg act tac tac gcc ggt gac
tgg aac ttc aat aac tgg ggc 336 Ala Arg Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Gly Asp
Trp Asn Phe Asn Asn Trp Gly 100 105 110 cag gga acc ctg gtc acc gtc
tcc tca 363 Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115 120 23 318 DNA
Artificial Sequence L373 - anti-CD20 light chain CDS (1)...(318) 23
gac atc cag atg acc cag tct cca tcc tcc ctg tct gca tct gta gga 48
Asp Ile Gln Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Val Gly 1 5
10 15 gac aga gtc acc atc act tgc cgg gca agt tcg agc gtt agt tat
ata 96 Asp Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Arg Ala Ser Ser Ser Val Ser Tyr
Ile 20 25 30 cat tgg ttt cag cag aaa cca ggg aaa gcc cct aaa ccc
ctg atc tat 144 His Trp Phe Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Lys Ala Pro Lys Pro
Leu Ile Tyr 35 40 45 gct gca tcc agt ttg caa agt ggg gtc cca tca
agg ttc agt ggc agt 192 Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Gln Ser Gly Val Pro Ser
Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser 50 55 60 gga tct ggg aca gat tac act ctc acc
atc agc agt ctg caa cct gag 240 Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Thr Leu Thr
Ile Ser Ser Leu Gln Pro Glu 65 70 75 80 gat ttc gca act tac tac tgt
caa cag tgg act tcc aac ccg ccc act 288 Asp Phe Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys
Gln Gln Trp Thr Ser Asn Pro Pro Thr 85 90 95 ttc ggc gga ggg acc
aag ctc gag atc aaa 318 Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys 100
105 24 36 DNA Artificial Sequence CDR3 of H1569 24 tcgacttact
acggcggtga ctggaacttc aataac 36 25 36 DNA Artificial Sequence CDR3
of H1570 25 tcgacttact acgccggtga ctggaacttc aataac 36 26 36 DNA
Artificial Sequence CDR3 of H1571 26 tcgacttact acgccggtga
ctggaacttc aatgac 36 27 51 DNA Artificial Sequence CDR2 of H1639 27
gctatttatc ccggaaatgg tgctacttcc tacaatcaga agttcaaagg c 51 28 21
DNA Artificial Sequence CDR2 of L373 28 gctgcatcca gtttgcaaag t 21
29 121 PRT Artificial Sequence H1286 - anti-CD20 heavy chain 29 Gln
Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser
Gly Ala Glu Val Lys Lys Pro Gly Ser 1 5 10 15 Ser Val Lys Val Ser
Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Phe Thr Ser Tyr 20 25 30 Asn Met His
Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile 35 40 45 Gly
Ala Ile Tyr Pro Gly Asn Gly Asp Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Phe 50 55
60 Lys Gly Lys Ala Thr Ile Thr Ala Asp Lys Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr
65 70 75 80 Met Glu Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Asp Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr
Tyr Cys 85 90 95 Ala Arg Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Gly Gly Asp Trp Tyr Phe
Asn Val Trp Gly 100 105 110 Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 115
120 30 12 PRT Artificial Sequence CDR3 of H1286 30 Ser Thr Tyr Tyr
Gly Gly Asp Trp Tyr Phe Asn Val 1 5 10
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