U.S. patent application number 11/994130 was filed with the patent office on 2009-05-14 for method for the non-destructive control of a particle filter and associated device.
This patent application is currently assigned to SAINT-GOBAIN CENTRE DE RECHERCHES ET D'ET. Invention is credited to Sebastien Bardon, Vincent Marc Gleize, David Pinturaud.
Application Number | 20090120062 11/994130 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36177807 |
Filed Date | 2009-05-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090120062 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Bardon; Sebastien ; et
al. |
May 14, 2009 |
METHOD FOR THE NON-DESTRUCTIVE CONTROL OF A PARTICLE FILTER AND
ASSOCIATED DEVICE
Abstract
A nondestructive method for detecting internal defects of a
filter, for example a catalytic filter, and a device for
implementing the method. The method may be used in particular for
treating a gas laden with soot particulates. The filter includes a
honeycomb filter element or a plurality of honeycomb filter
elements. In the method the presence or absence of the defects is
determined by measuring a propagation of a gas stream such as air
through the filter element or elements.
Inventors: |
Bardon; Sebastien; (Paris,
FR) ; Gleize; Vincent Marc; (Avignon, FR) ;
Pinturaud; David; (Orleans, FR) |
Correspondence
Address: |
OBLON, SPIVAK, MCCLELLAND MAIER & NEUSTADT, P.C.
1940 DUKE STREET
ALEXANDRIA
VA
22314
US
|
Assignee: |
SAINT-GOBAIN CENTRE DE RECHERCHES
ET D'ET
Courbevoie
FR
|
Family ID: |
36177807 |
Appl. No.: |
11/994130 |
Filed: |
June 27, 2006 |
PCT Filed: |
June 27, 2006 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/FR2006/050631 |
371 Date: |
July 18, 2008 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
60/277 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01D 65/102 20130101;
G01N 2015/0846 20130101; G01N 15/0826 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
60/277 |
International
Class: |
F01N 11/00 20060101
F01N011/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jun 29, 2005 |
FR |
0551817 |
Claims
1-14. (canceled)
15. A nondestructive method for detecting internal defects of a
filter, or a catalytic filter, or a filter used for treating a gas
laden with soot particulates, the filter including a honeycomb
filter element or a plurality of honeycomb filter elements
including a set of adjacent ducts or channels having parallel axes
separated by porous walls, the ducts being sealed by plugs at one
or other of their ends, to delimit inlet chambers opening via a gas
inlet side and outlet chambers opening via a gas removal side, such
that gas crosses the porous walls, the method comprising:
determining presence or absence of the defects by measuring a
propagation of a gas stream or air through the filter element or
elements.
16. The method as claimed in claim 15, in which the defects are at
least one o: a break in the walls in a honeycomb element or of
joints between elements, incomplete sealing of the ducts, cracks in
the walls or joints, missing, porous or supplementary plug,
inhomogeneous distribution of the wall or joint thicknesses,
imperfect seal of a coating cement.
17. The method as claimed in claim 15, in which the presence or
absence of the defects is determined by comparison with a reference
value corresponding to a filter not having any internal
defects.
18. The method as claimed in claim 15, in which the propagation of
the gas stream through the filter is evaluated by analyzing a
transmission spectrum of an infrared radiation at an outlet of the
filter, or by infrared thermographic analysis.
19. The method as claimed in claim 15, in which the propagation of
the gas stream through the filter is evaluated by at least one
measurement of gas velocity at an outlet of the filter.
20. The method as claimed in claim 19, in which a series of
measurements of the gas velocity are taken to obtain a profile of
the velocities at the filter outlet.
21. The method as claimed in claim 20, in which the presence or
absence of the defects is determined by comparison between the
series of gas velocities obtained on the filter.
22. The method as claimed in claim 20, in which the measurement
pitch is equal to or lower than the width of a duct.
23. The method as claimed in claim 15, in which the porous walls of
the filter are previously loaded with a soot concentration of at
least 1 gram per liter.
24. A device for implementing a method as claimed in claim 15,
comprising: means for sending a gas or air into the filter; means
for confining gas flow introduced into the filter; means for
regulating flow rate and/or pressure of the air introduced into the
filter; and means at an outlet of the filter for measuring the
propagation of a gas stream or air through the filter element or
elements.
25. The device as claimed in claim 24, in which the measurement
means for measuring includes means for measuring gas velocity,
selected from propeller anemometers, hot wires, Pitot tubes, hot
ball systems, hot film systems, PIV (Particle image velocimetry)
type systems, LDA (laser doppler anemometry) type systems measuring
the doppler effect associated with the air velocity.
26. The device as claimed in claim 25, in which the means for
regulating includes a butterfly valve associated with a precision
valve.
27. The device as claimed in claim 24, in which the means for
measuring includes systems in which the propagation of the gas
stream is evaluated by analyzing transmission spectrum of an
infrared radiation at an outlet of the filter, or by infrared
thermographic analysis.
28. Application of the method as claimed in claim 15, for
controlling particulate filter production methods, for controlling
particulate filter recycling methods, for studies for design,
characterization or development of particulate filters, with regard
to selection of materials usable in the filters, for filter
endurance control studies.
29. Application of the device as claimed in claim 24, for
controlling particulate filter production methods, for controlling
particulate filter recycling methods, for studies for design,
characterization or development of particulate filters, with regard
to selection of materials usable in the filters, for filter
endurance control studies.
Description
[0001] The invention relates to the field of particulate filters
having honeycomb structures used in an engine exhaust line for
removing soot, typically produced by the combustion of a diesel
fuel in an internal combustion engine. More particularly, the
invention relates to a method or process for detecting and
characterizing internal defects of the filter, such as porous,
absent or supplementary plugs, cracks and, in general, any defect
liable to cause a deterioration of the performance or even a
deactivation of said filter.
[0002] Structures for filtering soot present in the exhaust gases
of an internal combustion engine are well known in the prior art. A
typical filter usually has a honeycomb structure, one of its sides
allowing the inflow of the exhaust gases to be filtered, and the
other side the removal of the filtered exhaust gases. Between the
inlet and outlet sides, the structure comprises a series of
adjacent channels or ducts having parallel axes and separated by
porous filtration walls, said ducts being sealed at one or the
other of their ends to delimit inlet chambers opening via the inlet
side and outlet chambers opening via the outlet side. For a proper
seal, the peripheral part of the structure is advantageously
surrounded by cement, called coating cement in the rest of the
description. The channels are alternately sealed in an order such
that the exhaust gases, when passing through the honeycomb body,
are forced to pass through the side walls of the inlet channels to
reach the outlet channels. In this way, the solid soot particulates
are deposited and accumulate on the porous walls of the filter
body. Advantageously, the filter bodies are made from a porous
ceramic, for example from cordierite or silicon carbide.
[0003] In a manner known per se, the particulate filter is
subjected during its use to a succession of filtration (soot
accumulation) and regeneration (soot removal) phases. During the
filtration phases, the soot particulates emitted by the engine are
retained and deposit inside the filter. During the regeneration
phases, the soot particulates are burned inside the filter, in
order to restore its filtration properties. The porous structure is
then subjected to intense thermal and mechanical stresses, which
may cause microcracks that are liable, over time, to cause a severe
loss of the unit's filtration capacities, or even its complete
deactivation. This process is observed in particular on
large-diameter monolithic filters.
[0004] To solve these problems and to lengthen the service life of
the filters, more complex filtration structures were more recently
proposed, associating a filter block with a plurality of monolithic
honeycomb elements. The elements are usually assembled together by
an adhesive using a ceramic cement, called joint cement in the rest
of the description. Examples of such complex filter structures are
described, for example, in patent applications EP 816 065, EP 1 142
619, EP 1 455 923 or even WO 2004/090294 and WO 2004/065088.
[0005] The soot filters or filter blocks as previously described
are mainly used at large scale in devices for preventing pollution
by the exhaust gases of a diesel internal combustion engine. In the
rest of the description, mention is made equally of filters, filter
structures or blocks, to designate the filtration structure
according to the invention.
[0006] It is admitted that the industrial production of such
structures is complex in that it requires numerous steps, each step
having to be carried out under optimized conditions, for the final
production of a structure suitable for the filtration function,
that is, free of internal defects. A typical succession of the main
steps in a conventional production process comprises, inter alia,
the extrusion of a paste based on SiC or cordierite in monolithic
elements of the honeycomb type, the sealing of some ends of the
ducts, the firing, optionally a machining, the application of a
coating and joint cement between said elements, followed by their
assembly, and the solidification of said cement, generally by an
appropriate heat treatment. A typical succession of such steps is,
for example, described in patent applications WO 2004/065088 and EP
1 142 619. It is clear that these steps (and others) are all
sources of potential defects in the internal structure of the
filter, for example break(s) in the walls in a honeycomb element or
of the joints between elements, incomplete sealing of the ducts,
crack(s) in the walls or joints, missing, porous or supplementary
plug(s), inhomogeneous distribution of the wall or joint
thicknesses, imperfect seal of the coating cement. In the
production stage and also after an optional recycling process, the
detection and preferably the characterization of these defects are
therefore crucial, because they may significantly affect the
effectiveness and integrity of the filter, upon its commissioning
or after a few successive regeneration cycles, during which the
filter is subjected to high thermomechanical stresses.
[0007] It has been found that most of the defects observed are
internal defects of the filter.
[0008] Furthermore, most of the nonintrusive methods known for the
time being are not sufficiently discriminating, and only the
destruction of the filter serves to visually characterize the
internal defects of the filter.
[0009] One known method is based on measurements of the pressure
drop across the two sides of the structure. However, this
measurement does not permit sufficient discrimination, because it
is too dependent on the intrinsic variation in the porosity and
thickness of the walls.
[0010] Patent application FR 2 840 405 describes a nondestructive
method for detecting defects in a particulate filter by the use of
ultrasound. It is stated that he measurement of the ultrasound
travel time and/or the variations in power and amplitude of the
ultrasonic signal during the crossing of the porous mass, is
representative of the intrinsic defects of the structure.
[0011] An object of the present invention is to provide a method
for nondestructively characterizing a particulate filter as
described above.
[0012] More particularly, the present invention relates to a
nondestructive method that is simple, economical and sufficiently
discriminating, for characterizing and distinguishing, for example,
during a production process, the honeycomb structures free of
internal defects, from the structures having internal defects
liable to make them unacceptable for use as particulate
filters.
[0013] More precisely and according to a first aspect, the present
invention relates to a nondestructive method for detecting internal
faults of a filter, optionally catalytic, used in particular for
treating a gas laden with soot particulates, said filter comprising
a honeycomb filter element or a plurality of honeycomb filter
elements, said element or elements comprising a set of adjacent
ducts or channels having parallel axes and separated by porous
walls, said ducts being sealed by plugs at one or the other of
their ends, to delimit inlet chambers opening via a gas inlet side
and outlet chambers opening via a gas removal side, in such a way
that the gas crosses the porous walls, said method being
characterized in that the presence or absence of said defects is
determined by measuring the propagation of a gas stream such as air
through said filter element or elements. In the context of the
present invention, "propagation of a stream" means the variation of
the flow of a gas passing through the structure via its porous
walls.
[0014] Said defects may be of the type: break in the walls in a
honeycomb element or of the joints between elements, incomplete
sealing of the ducts, cracks in the walls or joints, missing,
porous or supplementary plug, inhomogeneous distribution of the
wall or joint thicknesses, imperfect seal of the coating
cement.
[0015] For example, the presence or absence of said defects is
determined by comparison with a reference value corresponding to a
filter not having any internal defects.
[0016] According to a first possible embodiment of the present
method, the propagation of the gas stream through the filter is
evaluated by analyzing the transmission spectrum of an infrared
radiation at the filter outlet, in particular by infrared
thermographic analysis.
[0017] According to another possible embodiment, the propagation of
the gas stream through the filter is evaluated by at least one
measurement of the gas velocity at the outlet of said filter.
[0018] Obviously, the preceding two embodiments are not limiting
for the present invention, and any known means for analyzing the
propagation of the gases through the filter is included within the
scope of the present invention.
[0019] For example, according to the second embodiment, a series of
measurements of the gas velocity are taken in order to obtain a
profile of said velocities at the filter outlet.
[0020] The presence or absence of said defects is determined by
comparison between the various gas velocity values obtained on the
filter.
[0021] The measurement pitch is advantageously equal to or lower
than the width of a duct.
[0022] Optionally, in certain embodiments of the invention, the
porous walls of the filter are previously loaded with a soot
concentration of at least 1 gram per liter.
[0023] According to another aspect, the present invention relates
to a device for implementing the method described above, comprising
in particular
[0024] means for sending a gas such as air into the filter,
[0025] means for confining the air flow introduced into the
filter,
[0026] means for regulating the flow rate and/or pressure of the
air introduced into the filter,
[0027] means at the filter outlet for measuring the propagation of
a gas stream such as air through the filter element or
elements.
[0028] The measurement means are for example means for measuring
the gas velocity, selected for example from propeller anemometers,
hot wires, Pitot tubes, hot ball systems, hot film systems, PIV
(Particle image velocimetry) type systems, LDA (laser doppler
anemometry) type systems measuring the doppler effect associated
with the air velocity.
[0029] The control means may comprise a butterfly valve associated
with a precision valve.
[0030] The measurement means may also be systems in which the
propagation of the gas stream is evaluated by analyzing the
transmission spectrum of an infrared radiation at the filter
outlet, in particular systems for infrared thermographic
analysis.
[0031] The method or the device described above is particularly
applicable
[0032] for controlling particulate filter production methods,
[0033] for controlling particulate filter recycling methods,
[0034] for studies for the design, characterization or development
of novel particulate filters, particularly with regard to the
selection of the novel or improved materials usable in said
filters,
[0035] for filter endurance control studies.
[0036] The invention will be better understood from a reading of
the following description, illustrated by FIG. 1, of an exemplary
embodiment of a device according to the invention for implementing
the present method.
[0037] The device has been designed for the primary purpose of
visualizing the defects of the filter developing in a radial
direction. However, the experiments conducted by the applicant have
demonstrated that other types of defect, present in the structure
along a longitudinal direction, also affect the signal detected by
the present method and its associated device, and can consequently
also be characterized.
[0038] According to the principles of the present invention, a gas,
typically air, is blown into a particulate filter. The gas velocity
profile is measured and analyzed at the filter outlet. In the rest
of the description, the case is considered in which the gas is air,
but obviously, other gases can be used without going outside the
scope of the invention.
[0039] The measurements are taken at constant flow rate and,
ideally, at constant pressure, at the inlet (upstream) of the
particulate filter, in the gas propagation direction.
[0040] More precisely, and as shown in FIG. 1, the device comprises
a tubular member 1 on which the following are placed in
succession:
[0041] 1) an air filter 2:
[0042] This filter is optional and has the function of preventing
the dust present in the surrounding air from accumulating in the
system
[0043] 2) a butterfly valve 3:
[0044] This valve serves roughly to regulate the flow rate and
pressure at the inlet of the particulate filter 4.
[0045] However, for the lowest values of the air flow rate, it may
be advantageous to combine this valve 3 with a precision valve 5.
Said valve 5 is, for example, of the guillotine type, and serves to
operate with an air stream of which the temperature is
substantially constant. The contribution of this valve 5
advantageously allows for an accuracy on the flow rate better than
1 m.sup.3/h (cubic meters per hour) and easier control of the
pressure close to and upstream of the particulate filter 4, in the
air travel direction. The accuracy on the pressure obtained is
about 1 mbar (1bar=0.1 MPa).
[0046] 3) a blower 6:
[0047] The blower serves to send the air into the filter 4. The
blown air flow rate generally depends on the type of defect to be
characterized. For example, in a configuration in which the filter
is not laden with soot or with a powdery material, the air flow
rate blown by the blower may typically range between 10 and 700
m.sup.3/h, preferably between 200 and 400 m.sup.3/h.
[0048] In a configuration in which the filter is laden with soot or
another powdery material, the air flow rate blown by the filter
varies between 10 and 700 m.sup.3/h, preferably between 10 and 100
m.sup.3/h.
[0049] 4) a flowmeter 7:
[0050] The flowmeter serves to check and control the air flow rate
during the operation.
[0051] 5) a length of tube 8 adjusted between the blower 6 and the
divergent nozzle 9:
[0052] The length of tube 8 between the blower and the divergent
nozzle is advantageously higher than about 50 times the tube
diameter. Such a configuration serves in particular to obtain a
substantially constant velocity of the gas flow lines leaving the
tube 8, that is, a stabilized stream of gas at the inlet of the
divergent nozzle.
[0053] 6) a divergent nozzle 9:
[0054] To prevent any separation of the air stream at the walls of
the divergent nozzle and any turbulence, the divergent apex angle
is preferably smaller than 7.degree., for example 6.degree.. Such a
configuration serves in particular to make the gas flow lines
uniform upon reaching the inlet of the particulate filter.
[0055] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the filter inlet
and the divergent nozzle outlet are directly abutting. However, it
is still within the scope of the invention if the housing 10 of the
filter (called "canning" in the trade) has a length greater than
that of the filter 4, so that a space exists between the outlet 11
of the divergent nozzle 9 and the inlet 12 of the filter 4. For
example, tests conducted by the applicant demonstrated satisfactory
results when a 6'' long filter (1 inch=2.54 cm) was placed at a
distance of 4'' from the filter inlet, a 10'' long canning being
used (cf. FIG. 1).
[0056] 7) a pressure sensor 13:
[0057] The pressure sensor has the function of checking and
controlling the absolute and/or gauge pressure in the part of the
divergent nozzle located immediately upstream of the particulate
filter, in the air flow direction.
[0058] 8) optionally, a temperature sensor 14, close to the filter
inlet 12.
[0059] 9) a system 15 for measuring the air velocity:
[0060] The measurement system may be selected according to the
invention from any system known in the field of fluid mechanics for
measuring the velocity of a gas stream. Without this being
considered as restrictive, it is possible, for example, according
to the invention to use
[0061] one or more mobile propeller anemometers sweeping the
downstream surface of the particulate filter at the outlet of the
present device,
[0062] a series or battery of anemometers that are fixed or mobile
and/or placed at various locations at the back of the filter,
[0063] one or more hot wires, or even a set of hot wires, the gas
velocity being measured as a function of
[0064] the heat loss of the wire(s),
[0065] one or more Pitot tubes,
[0066] hot ball systems,
[0067] hot film systems,
[0068] PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) type systems,
[0069] LDA (laser doppler anemometry) type systems measuring the
doppler effect associated with the air velocity.
[0070] According to the invention, the presence or absence of
defects is determined by measuring the propagation of the gas
stream through the structure. For example, and as previously
described, with regard to FIG. 1, this measurement is associated
with an analysis of the velocity of the gases leaving the
structure. However, any other means for taking said measurement
known for this purpose can be used according to the invention. In
particular, systems can be used in which the propagation of the gas
stream through the filter is evaluated by analyzing the
transmission spectrum of an infrared radiation at the filter
outlet, particularly systems of infrared thermographic analysis. As
the variations obtained are linked to the gas flow conditions
through said filter, a characteristic spectrum of the presence or
absence of defect(s) is obtained.
[0071] The distance between the back 16 of the filter and the air
measurement system 15 is generally a compromise between the overall
dimensions engendered by the dimensions of the measurement system
itself and the power of the air stream leaving the filter.
[0072] In practice, a configuration is selected in which this
distance is minimized to avoid any "backmixing" of the exit gas
streams that could hinder the measurement of the gas velocity.
[0073] In general, the filter/measurement system distance is
between 0 and a few centimeters, preferably between 0 and 2 cm.
[0074] According to one possible embodiment, it is further
possible, without going outside the scope of the present invention,
to chart a two- or three-dimensional mapping of the gas velocities
at the filter outlet by associating, with the measurement system, a
software developed for the purpose.
[0075] The method according to the invention for controlling a
particulate filter can be implemented in various ways, particularly
according to the type of defect investigated.
[0076] According to a first embodiment, an attempt is made to
visualize non-filtering defects of the broken, porous,
supplementary or wall plug type. According to this embodiment, the
filter is placed directly in the measurement device as described
above, without prior loading.
[0077] In this embodiment, the air flow rate is generally between
200 and 400 m.sup.3/h.
[0078] The analysis may be comparative, for example comparison with
a reference value corresponding to a filter not having this type of
defect. The experiments conducted by the applicant have in fact
demonstrated that the gas velocity values obtained at the filter
outlet were particularly reproducible if the flow rate and,
ideally, the pressure of the gas entering the filter were
substantially identical for the two filters (reference filter and
filter to be analyzed). According to the invention, it is
preferable to work at constant pressure for a better
characterization of the filter.
[0079] According to an alternative embodiment, the analysis can
also be conducted by comparison between the various velocity values
obtained, a substantial deviation from a mean measured velocity
indicating the presence of the defect investigated. For example, a
local relative deviation of at least 5%, preferably at least 10%
from the mean gas velocity measured at the filter outlet may be
sufficient to detect, characterize and locate an internal defect.
In the context of the present invention, relative deviation means
the absolute value of the difference in velocity related to the
velocity observed on the reference filter of the same format,
multiplied by 100.
[0080] According to another possible embodiment in which an attempt
is typically made to visualize defects such as cracks or breaks in
the walls, the filter is placed in the measurement device
previously described after a prior step in which it has been loaded
with soot or preferably with a model powdery material that is less
harmful than soot but whereof the characteristics (particle size
distribution, grain shape, etc.) are similar.
[0081] In this embodiment, the air flow rate may be between 20 and
40 m.sup.3/h. As in the previous embodiment, the analysis may be
comparative with regard to a known reference, under the same air
flow rate and preferably pressure conditions, measured immediately
at the filter inlet, in the gas propagation direction.
[0082] As in the previous embodiment, the analysis may also be
conducted by comparison of the velocities obtained on the filter
analyzed, for example with regard to a mean velocity observed. In
this arrangement, a local relative deviation of at least 10%,
preferably at least 20% from the mean gas velocity measured at the
filter outlet, serves to detect, characterize and locate an
internal defect of the crack type, in the measurement
conditions.
[0083] Obviously, the invention is not limited to these
embodiments. In particular, it is possible, without going outside
the scope of the invention, to visualize the defects of the crack,
break type, etc., on a filter not laden with soot and, conversely,
of the broken, porous plug type, etc., on a filter previously laden
with soot.
[0084] The invention and its advantages are illustrated by the
nonlimiting examples that follow.
[0085] The filter used in the examples that follow combines in one
filter block a plurality of monolithic honeycomb elements. The
extruded elements are made from silicon carbide (SiC). After
firing, they are machined and then joined together by adhesive
using a cement based on silicon carbide SiC, the structure thereby
obtained being then coated with a coating cement, according to well
known techniques. The fabrication of such filter structures is
described in particular in patent applications EP 816 065, EP 1 142
619, EP 1 455 923 and even WO 2004/090294.
[0086] The characteristics of the filter used in the following
examples are given in Table 1:
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Channel geometry Square Channel density 180
cpsi (channels per square inch, 1 inch = 2.54 cm) Dimensions of a
1.8 .times. 1.8 mm channel Wall thickness 350 .mu.m Number of
elements 16 assembled Structure shape cylindrical Length 6'' (15.2
cm) Volume 2.48 liters
[0087] The device used is of the type described with regard to FIG.
1. The divergent nozzle has an apex angle of 6.degree.. The system
for measuring the gas velocity consists of a Schiltknecht propeller
anemometer from RBI Instrumentations, mounted on two cylinders in a
crosswise arrangement, enabling it to move along two travel
directions X and Y.
[0088] The system performs a stepwise movement on a first line in
the X direction, the step being set at 1.8 mm. The step is selected
as equal to the width of a channel, in order to obtain optimal
discrimination. Once the line along X is completed, the system
descends by one notch along Y. At each movement of the anemometer
in the X or Y direction, a local measurement is taken of the gas
velocity. A complete XY mapping of the flows is thus obtained.
Example 1
[0089] In this example, an attempt was made to detect defects of
the defective plug type (for example broken or porous) The analysis
was carried out on a filter intentionally comprising defective
plugs. A reference filter, without defect, was also analyzed under
the same conditions. The main parameters and results are given in
Table 2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Reference filter/ Parameters and positions
of plugs Positions of results without defect defective plugs Gauge
pressure 7.4 mbar (at filter inlet) Air flow rate 301 m.sup.3/h
301.5 m.sup.3/h (at filter inlet) Temperature 40.degree. C. (at
filter inlet) Measured velocity 10 m/s 12 m/s (at filter outlet)
(.+-.0.3 m/s) Relative deviation of 20% measured velocities
Distance between 1 cm anemometer and filter Movement of the 1.8 mm:
the step is equal to the width anemometer of a channel Diameter of
propeller 9 mm anemometer
[0090] The results obtained show that, for equivalent air flow rate
and pressure conditions at the filter inlet, the velocities
measured at each step by the anemometer:
[0091] a) for the reference filter,
[0092] b) for the parts of the filter without defect,
are substantially identical (10 m/s) with a slight absolute
variation (0.3 m/s).
[0093] Furthermore, the relative deviation between the reference
value thus determined and the velocity value obtained when the
measurement is taken at the defective plugs, is significant (20%)
and allows the determination, characterization and even location of
the defective plugs.
[0094] It was also checked by the destruction of the filter and the
real visualization of the defects that the positions of the defects
found by the gas velocity measurement corresponded to the exact
positions of the defective plugs.
Example 2
[0095] In this example, an attempt was made to detect defects of
the additional plug or non-filtering wall type. The analysis was
carried out on a filter intentionally comprising supplementary
plugs. A reference filter, without defect, was also analyzed under
the same conditions. The main parameters and results are given in
Table 3.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Reference Parameters and filter/positions of
Positions of results normal plugs supplementary plugs Gauge
pressure 10.3 mbar (at filter inlet) Air flow rate 352 m.sup.3/h
351 m.sup.3/h (at filter inlet) Temperature 40.degree. C. (at
filter inlet) Measured velocity 12 m/s 10.5 m/s (at filter outlet)
(.+-.0.3 m/s) Relative deviation of 12.5% measured velocities
Distance between 1 cm anemometer and filter Movement of the 1.8 mm:
the step is equal to the width anemometer of a channel Diameter of
propeller 9 mm anemometer
[0096] As in the preceding example, the results obtained show that,
for equivalent air flow rate and pressure conditions at the filter
inlet, the velocities measured at each step by the anemometer:
[0097] a) for the reference filter,
[0098] b) for the parts of the filter without defect,
are substantially identical (12 m/s) with a slight absolute
variation (0.3 m/s).
[0099] Furthermore, the relative deviation between the reference
value thus determined and the velocity value obtained when the
measurement is taken at the defective plugs, is still significant
(12.5%) although the air flow rates are high, and allows the
determination, characterization and even the location of the
supplementary plugs.
[0100] The positions of the defects found by the measurement of the
gas velocities correspond to the exact positions of the
supplementary plugs intentionally added.
Example 3
[0101] In this example, an attempt was made to detect defects of
the cracked wall type, observed after several filter regeneration
cycles. A reference filter, without defect, was also analyzed under
the same conditions. Before the measurement, the walls of the two
filters were loaded with soot until reaching a quantity of 7 grams
of soot per liter in the filter. The main parameters and results
obtained are given in Table 4.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Reference Parameters and filter/normal
Positions of results positions "cracked walls" Gauge pressure 12.4
mbar (at filter inlet) Air flow rate 39.6 m.sup.3/h 39.6 m.sup.3/h
(at filter inlet) Temperature 40.degree. C. (at filter inlet)
Measured velocity 1.9 m/s 2.65 m/s (at filter outlet) (.+-.0.1 m/s)
Relative deviation of 39% measured velocities Distance between 1 cm
anemometer and filter Movement of the 1.8 mm: the step is equal to
the width anemometer of a channel Diameter of propeller 9 mm
anemometer
[0102] The filters being laden with soot, the air pressure at the
filter inlet is substantially higher than in the first two
examples, and the velocities measured at the gas outlet are much
lower. The results obtained under these conditions show that, for
equivalent air flow rate and pressure conditions at the filter
inlet, the velocities measured at each step by the anemometer
between the reference filter and the parts of the filter without
defect are substantially identical (1.9 m/s) with a slight absolute
variation (0.1 m/s).
[0103] Furthermore, the relative deviation between this reference
value and the velocity value obtained when the measurement is taken
at the defective part of the filter is significant (39%) and allows
the determination, characterization and location of the internal
cracks.
[0104] The conventional analysis of the filter by destructive
methods showed that the positions of the defects found by the gas
velocity measurements clearly correspond to locations where the
walls were cracked.
[0105] The device and the method according to the invention can
serve to rapidly evaluate a particulate filter on completion of its
production. For example, the device can be installed alongside a
production line, the analysis of a portion of the filters produced
serving to validate a complete production batch. According to
another example, a device according to the invention can be placed
at the exit of the production line, and all the filters produced
can be inspected at the end of the line, in order to meet product
quality targets.
[0106] The invention is also applicable to the search for defects
on the filter after its recycling, thereby providing a less
expensive and more accurate technique than the one described in FR
2 840 405.
[0107] In the most general manner, the method and the device
according to the invention can be applied not only to the control
of filter fabrication or recycling processes as previously
described, but also
[0108] to studies for the design, characterization or development
of novel particulate filters, particularly with regard to the
selection of novel or improved materials usable in said
filters,
[0109] to filter endurance control studies, etc.
[0110] The present invention is applicable for the detection of
defects present both in simple particulate filters, that is, only
performing a soot filtration function, and in catalytic filters,
combining the soot filtration function with the conversion of
polluting gases such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and carbon
monoxide. Such catalytic filters are obtained, for example, by
impregnating the initial structure in a solution comprising the
catalyst or a precursor thereof.
* * * * *