U.S. patent application number 12/118741 was filed with the patent office on 2009-05-07 for three dimensional building element.
Invention is credited to Franz X. Meier.
Application Number | 20090113829 12/118741 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40586711 |
Filed Date | 2009-05-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090113829 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Meier; Franz X. |
May 7, 2009 |
THREE DIMENSIONAL BUILDING ELEMENT
Abstract
Disclosed is a three dimensional building element having outer
shells formed from cementitious compositions having different
densities. The outer shell forming the exterior portion of the
building element has a density greater than the interior shell to
provide structure strength. The interior shell is formed from a
lower density cementitious compound to provide an interior wall
portion of a structure with a smooth finished appearance. The lower
density of the interior cementitious compound enables the interior
shell to obtain a smooth finished appearance without the need to
apply various secondary coatings such as plaster or drywall.
Inventors: |
Meier; Franz X.; (Mt.
Pleasant, SC) |
Correspondence
Address: |
Steven L. Schmid
1824 Hickory Trace Dr.
Fleming Island
FL
32003
US
|
Family ID: |
40586711 |
Appl. No.: |
12/118741 |
Filed: |
May 11, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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60917684 |
May 14, 2007 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
52/405.3 ;
52/649.1; 52/745.19 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04C 2/044 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
52/405.3 ;
52/649.1; 52/745.19 |
International
Class: |
E04B 1/74 20060101
E04B001/74; E04C 2/42 20060101 E04C002/42 |
Claims
1. A three dimensional building element comprising: two parallel
welded wire mesh mats and individual web wires joined at each end
to the mats for keeping the mats at a predetermined distance from
each other, the individual web wires being arranged in rows
connecting the two wire mesh mats; an insulating body spanning more
than two of the rows of web wires and defining two opposite
surfaces arranged parallel to and positioned between the wire mesh
mats and at a predetermined distance therefrom, the insulating body
being pierced by the web wires; and an exterior cementitious outer
shell in communication with one of the two wire mesh mats and an
interior cementitious outer shell in communication with the other
of the two wire mesh mats, wherein the exterior cementitious outer
shell has a density greater than the density of the an interior
cementitious outer shell.
2. The three dimensional building element of claim 1, wherein the
ratio of the density of the exterior cementitious outer shell to
the density of the interior cementitious outer shell is greater
than 1.1 to 1.
3. The three dimensional building element of claim 1, wherein the
ratio of the density of the exterior cementitious outer shell to
the density of the interior cementitious outer shell is greater
than 1.5 to 1.
4. The three dimensional building element of claim 1, wherein the
density of the exterior cementitious outer shell is between about
100 pcf to about 145 pcf.
5. The three dimensional building element of claim 1, wherein the
density of the interior cementitious outer shell is between about
55 pcf to about 110 pcf.
6. The three dimensional building element of claim 1, wherein the
compressive strength of the exterior cementitious outer shell is
between about 2,500 psi to about 8,800 psi.
7. The three dimensional building element of claim 1, wherein the
compressive strength of the interior cementitious outer shell is
between about 2,000 psi to about 5000 psi.
8. The three dimensional building element of claim 1, wherein the
interior cementitious outer shell includes a foam admixture.
9. The three dimensional building element of claim 8, wherein the
interior cementitious outer shell further includes fly ash.
10. A three dimensional building element comprising: two parallel
welded wire mesh mats and individual web wires joined at each end
to the mats for keeping the mats at a predetermined distance from
each other, the individual web wires being arranged in rows
connecting the two wire mesh mats; an insulating body spanning more
than two of the rows of web wires and defining two opposite
surfaces arranged parallel to and positioned between the wire mesh
mats and at a predetermined distance therefrom, the insulating body
being pierced by the web wires; an exterior cementitious outer
shell in communication with one of the two wire mesh mats and an
interior cementitious outer shell in communication with the other
of the two wire mesh mats, wherein the exterior cementitious outer
shell has a density greater than the density of the an interior
cementitious outer shell; and wherein the ratio of the density of
the exterior cementitious outer shell to the density of the
interior cementitious outer shell is greater than 1.2 to 1 and
wherein the density of the exterior cementitious outer shell is
between about 100 pcf to about 150 pcf and the density of the
interior cementitious outer shell is between about 50 pcf to about
110 pcf.
11. The three dimensional building element of claim 10, wherein the
compressive strength of the exterior cementitious outer shell is
between about 2,500 psi to about 8,800 psi.
12. The three dimensional building element of claim 10, wherein the
compressive strength of the interior cementitious outer shell is
between about 2,000 psi to about 5000 psi.
13. The three dimensional building element of claim 10, wherein the
interior cementitious outer shell includes a foam admixture.
14. The three dimensional building element of claim 13, wherein the
interior cementitious outer shell further includes fly ash.
15. A three dimensional building element comprising: two parallel
welded wire mesh mats and individual web wires joined at each end
to the mats for keeping the mats at a predetermined distance from
each other, the individual web wires being arranged in rows
connecting the two wire mesh mats; an insulating body spanning more
than two of the rows of web wires and defining two opposite
surfaces arranged parallel to and positioned between the wire mesh
mats and at a predetermined distance therefrom, the insulating body
being pierced by the web wires; an exterior cementitious outer
shell in communication with one of the two wire mesh mats and an
interior cementitious outer shell in communication with the other
of the two wire mesh mats, wherein the exterior cementitious outer
shell has a density greater than the density of the an interior
cementitious outer shell; wherein the ratio of the density of the
exterior cementitious outer shell to the density of the interior
cementitious outer shell is greater than 1.2 to 1 and wherein the
ratio of the compressive strength of the exterior cementitious
outer shell to the compressive strength of the interior
cementitious outer shell is greater than 1.2 to 1; and wherein the
interior cementitious outer shell includes a foam admixture.
16. The three dimensional building element of claim 15, wherein the
interior cementitious outer shell further includes fly ash.
17. The three dimensional building element of claim 15, wherein the
compressive strength of the exterior cementitious outer shell is
between about 2,500 psi to about 8,800 psi.
17. The three dimensional building element of claim 15, wherein the
compressive strength of the interior cementitious outer shell is
between about 2,000 psi to about 5000 psi.
18. A method of forming a three dimensional building element
comprising the steps of: providing two parallel welded wire mesh
mats and individual web wires joined at each end to the mats for
keeping the mats at a predetermined distance from each other, the
individual web wires being arranged in rows connecting the two wire
mesh mats; providing an insulating body spanning more than two of
the rows of web wires and defining two opposite surfaces arranged
parallel to and positioned between the wire mesh mats and at a
predetermined distance therefrom, the insulating body being pierced
by the web wires; applying a first cementitious composition to one
of the two wire mesh mats to form an exterior outer shell; applying
a second cementitious composition to the other of the two wire mesh
mats to form an interior outer shell; and wherein the ratio of the
density of the first cementitious composition applied to the
exterior cementitious outer shell to the density of second
cementitious composition applied to the interior cementitious outer
shell is greater than 1.1 to 1.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the ratio of the density of the
exterior cementitious outer shell to the density of the interior
cementitious outer shell is greater than 1.2 to 1 and wherein the
ratio of the compressive strength of the exterior cementitious
outer shell to the compressive strength of the interior
cementitious outer shell is greater than 1.2 to 1.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the applied cementitious
composition applied to the other of the two wire mesh mates to form
an interior outer shell includes a foam admixture.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the applied cementitious
composition applied to the other of the two wire mesh mates to form
an interior outer shell includes fly ash.
22. The method of claim 19, further includes applying to the
interior cementitious outer shell a composition comprising a
drywall powder and primer based paint.
22. The method of claim 22, further including sanding the applied
composition comprising a drywall powder and primer based paint to a
level wall finish of between about 4 to about 5 of ASTM C 840
standard.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent
Application Ser. No. 60/917,648 filed May 12, 2007, the contents of
which are hereby incorporated in their entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present system relates to a three dimensional building
element and to a method of forming the same and in greater detail
the system includes a three dimensional building element having
outer cementitious shells having different densities such that the
interior outer shell has a lower density than the exterior outer
shell of the building element.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Structures or buildings have commonly been formed from
various prefabricated elements. For example, one common
prefabricated building element comprises a three dimensional
building elements having cementitious shells to form portions or
all of a completed structure. Such building elements have the
advantage of being both structurally very sound and resistant to
both moisture and fire.
[0004] An example of such a building element is one formed from a
three-dimensional grid having an insulating body housed within the
grid. The insulating body both lightens the building element while
providing insulation against both sound and the elements. The
building element is further finished with an application of
concrete commonly referred to as shotcrete on both sides of the
element to provide structural support.
[0005] One specific example of a three dimensional building element
commonly used in assembling a structure includes a panel having two
parallel welded wire grid mats and associated web wires holding the
wire grid mats at a distance from one another. An insulating body
is arranged between the wire grid mats. The web wires extend
through and support the insulating body between the wire grid mats.
To improve the adhesion of the concrete to the insulating body, the
insulating body may include roughened surfaces. The resulting
panels are finished with an application of shotcrete to both sides
and can be used as structural elements.
[0006] A further example, includes a three dimensional building
element having two wire mesh mats interconnected by web wires
enclosing an insulating body with concrete applied to each side of
the panel using the shotcrete process. The concrete shells are then
interconnected by holes formed in the insulating body which fills
with concrete and interconnecting the two shells.
[0007] However, none of the above described systems of forming a
structure from preformed three dimensional building elements can do
so efficiently and quickly since each requires various degrees of
finishing and modifications at the job site. In particular, the
shotcrete formulation is applied to both sides of the panel or to
both the interior wall and the exterior wall portions of the
element forming the structure.
[0008] A structure's interior walls have very different
requirements than the exterior walls. For example, interior walls
are often required to be smooth and to easily accept nails for
hanging items. Exterior walls are typically rough, such as in
stucco finishes and are required to be durable to withstand the
elements. The interior walls of the structure formed using
shotcrete require a separate step often involving an application of
second or third cementitious or plaster compound to produce a
smooth soft finish. This extra step in finishing the interior walls
requires both time and money.
[0009] Accordingly, it would advantageous to provide a method and
system that could efficiently and quickly improve the construction
process in the formation of a structure using a three dimensional
building element. Furthermore, it would be advantageous if the
steps of forming and finishing the interior wall portion could be
reduced to save both time and money during the construction
process.
SUMMARY
[0010] The present system includes a three dimensional building
element and a method of forming a three dimensional building
element wherein the densities of the outer cementitious shells
differ. In particular, the outer shell forming the exterior portion
of the building element has a density greater than the interior
shell to provide in part structural strength. The interior shell is
formed from a lower density cementitious compound to provide an
interior wall portion of a structure with a smooth finished
appearance. The lower density cementitious compound enables the
interior shell to obtain a smooth finished appearance without the
need to apply various secondary coatings such as plaster or
drywall.
[0011] In greater detail, the three dimensional building element
includes two parallel welded wire mesh mats with individual web
wires joined at each end to the mats for keeping the mats at a
predetermined distance from each other. The individual web wires
are arranged in rows connecting the two wire mesh mats. An
insulating body spanning more than two of the rows of web wires is
positioned between the two wire mesh mats at a predetermined
distance. The insulating body is further pierced by the web
wires.
[0012] The exterior cementitious outer shell of the building
element is in communication with (or encases) one of the two wire
mesh mats. Additionally, the interior cementitious outer shell in
communication with (or encases) the other of the two wire mesh
mats. The exterior cementitious outer shell has a density greater
than the density of the interior cementitious outer shell.
[0013] In one embodiment, the ratio of the density of the exterior
cementitious outer shell to the density of the interior
cementitious outer shell is greater than 1.1 to 1, in a further
embodiment the ration is greater than 1.2 to 1 and an additional
embodiment includes a ratio greater than 1.5 to 1. Example
densities of the exterior cementitious outer shell include those
between about 100 pcf to about 145 pcf and example densities of the
interior cementitious outer shell include those between about 55
pcf to about 110 pcf.
[0014] A further embodiment of the present system includes the
ratio of the compressive strength of the exterior cementitious
outer shell to the compressive strength of the interior
cementitious outer shell being greater than 1.1 to 1, in a further
embodiment the ration is greater than 1.2 to 1 and an additional
embodiment includes a ratio greater than 1.5 to 1. Example
compressive strengths of the exterior cementitious outer shell
include those between about 2,500 psi to about 8,800 psi. and
example compressive strengths of the interior cementitious outer
shell includes those between about 2,000 psi to about 5000 psi.
[0015] In an additional embodiment the interior cementitious outer
shell includes a foam admixture which reduces the density of the
shell. Furthermore the fire resistance and moisture resistance of
the interior cementitious outer shell may be increased by the
addition of fly ash.
[0016] A further embodiment of the three dimensional building
element includes the combination of the ratios of densities of the
respective exterior and interior outer shells and their respective
density values. Thus, in this embodiment the ratio of the density
of the exterior cementitious outer shell to the density of the
interior cementitious outer shell is greater than 1.2 to 1 and the
density of the exterior cementitious outer shell is between about
100 pcf to about 150 pcf and the density of the interior
cementitious outer shell is between about 50 pcf to about 110
pcf.
[0017] In an additional embodiment, the three dimensional building
element includes the combination of both the density ratios and
compressive strength ratios of the respective outer cementitious
shells. Thus, in this embodiment the ratio of the density of the
exterior cementitious outer shell to the density of the interior
cementitious outer shell is greater than 1.2 to 1 and the ratio of
the compressive strength of the exterior cementitious outer shell
to the compressive strength of the interior cementitious outer
shell is greater than 1.2 to 1. In addition, the embodiment
includes the interior cementitious outer shell including a foam
admixture.
[0018] The system also includes a method of forming a three
dimensional building element. The method includes the steps of
providing two parallel welded wire mesh mats with individual web
wires joined at each end to the mats for keeping the mats at a
predetermined distance from each other. The individual web wires
are arranged in rows connecting the two wire mesh mats. The method
further includes piercing an insulating body positioned between the
wire mesh mats by the web wires. Further included in the method is
the application of a cementitious composition to one of the two
wire mesh mats to form an exterior outer shell and the application
of a second cementitious composition to the other of the two wire
mesh mates to form an interior outer shell. The ratio of the first
and second cementitious composition is greater than 1.1 to 1.
[0019] The method may also include in a further embodiment the
application to the interior cementitious outer shell a composition
comprising a drywall powder and primer based paint. The applied
composition comprising a drywall powder and primer based paint may
be sanded to a level wall finish of between about 4 to about 5
according to ASTM C 840 standard.
DRAWINGS
[0020] In the drawings:
[0021] FIG. 1 is an axonometric view of a three dimensional
building element according to the invention;
[0022] FIG. 2 is a plan view of the three dimensional building of
the present system and method as shown in FIG. 1; and
[0023] FIG. 3 is an interior cross sectional view of a three
dimensional panel comprising a three-dimensional grid body having
an insulating foamed body formed within, and further including the
exterior outer cementitious shell and the interior cementitious
outer shell and interior cementitious outer shell.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Disclosed is a three dimensional building element and method
of forming a three dimensional building element wherein the
densities of the outer cementitious shells differ. In particular,
the interior outer shell or that shell forming an interior wall
portion of a structure has a density less than the density of the
exterior shell forming the exterior portion of the structure. The
reduced density of the cementitious interior shell enables the
shell to obtain a smooth finished appearance without the need to
apply various secondary coatings such as plaster or drywall.
[0025] The outer shells of the three dimensional building element
are formed from a cementitious composition. The cementitious
composition may be varied such that the densities of the shells may
differ wherein the exterior shell has a density greater than the
interior shell. The cementitious composition may be applied to the
three dimensional building element by using several techniques
including dry or wet cementitious applications to a prescribed
thickness.
[0026] As an alternative to the shotcrete process the cementitious
composition may be applied to the building element using a small
batch process. The small batch process may include the use of a
foam generator such as that available from Goodson & Associates
of Wheat Ridge, CO and known as the Goodcell Foam Generator, for
producing a foamed cementitious composition. By using a small batch
process the cementitious composition can be applied to the building
element using relatively unskilled labor saving the expense of
using a skilled shotcrete operator. Furthermore, individual mixes
for various wall portions of the structure can be easily mixed for
the structural load of the building element or type of finish
desired. Additionally, only portions of the structure can be worked
on at a time.
[0027] The strength of the cementitious composition can vary based
upon application and load factors. Furthermore the cementitious
composition may be varied based upon other performance criteria.
However, the density of the formed interior cementitious outer
shell is always less than the density of the formed exterior
cementitious outer shell of the three dimensional building
element.
[0028] The present system may use several mix variations from the
formulas set forth for different purposes within a specific
building project. For example, an interior, non-load bearing walls
may receive a lower strength concrete application.
[0029] The exterior cementitious outer shell may be comprised of a
concrete mix with multiple admixtures. Admixtures maybe added to
reduce water intrusion through the finished panel; improve
compressive and tensile strength of the concrete; and reduce
cracking related to moisture loss, commonly referred to as
shrinkage cracking. The compressive strength of the mix may vary
between 2500 psi and 8,000 psi, and the density of the mix may be
varied between 100 pcf and 145 pcf based on the requirements of a
specific application. Such concretes are ideal for exterior
finishes and walls requiring higher-strength, including shear
walls.
[0030] The interior cementitious outer shell may be comprised of a
concrete mix with multiple admixtures. The purpose of the
admixtures in the interior cementitious outer shell is to in part
to lower the density of the concrete, while maintaining required
strength. Lowered concrete density results in lighter wall and
floor and roof systems. In addition, a more aesthetically pleasing
interior finish is achieved allowing for smooth walls, pictures to
be hung and wood trim to be installed. The compressive strength of
the mix may vary between 2000 psi and 5,000 psi, and the density of
the mix may be varied between 55 pcf and 110 pcf based on the
requirements of a specific application. Such concretes are ideal
for interior finishes.
[0031] By way of example, and not limitation, the mix components of
can include:
[0032] Exterior Mix forming the Exterior Cementitious Outer Shell
[0033] 800 lb--Portland Cement (type 1) [0034] 2240 lb--Sand [0035]
30 gal--Water [0036] 15 lb--Kalmatron Additive KC-A
[0037] Interior Mix forming the Interior Cementitious Outer Shell
[0038] 800 lb--Portland Cement (type 1) [0039] 2240 lb--Sand [0040]
28 gal--Water [0041] 10 ft.sup.3--Foam admixture such as that
available from Goodson & Associates of Wheat Ridge, CO and
known as GoodCell Foam Additive made using Goodcell Type A-100
chemical
[0042] Furthermore, the three dimensional building element may
include an elastomeric coating to aid in securring the foam and the
mesh during transit. Additionally, the elastomeric coating may
assist in securing any mechanical/electrical/plumbing material
after the material has been installed in the dimensional building
element and to work as a bonding agent to adhere the concrete to
the panel system.
[0043] An additional embodiment of the present system includes a
further finishing process to achieve an even more finished flat and
level interior wall finish to a degree of about a 4 to 5 finish
according to ASTM C840 standard. The interior finish is applied
after the curing of the interior cementitious composition. The
interior finishing material is comprised of drywall powder and a
primer based paint. The drywall powder is mixed into the primer
based paint and then sprayed or rolled onto the interior surface.
After the primer and powder mix has cured, the interior surface is
sanded smooth to the desired finish.
[0044] A further embodiment for non-load bearing exterior walls
includes using only an exterior cementitious outer shell with a
gypsum sheathing applied to the interior side of the wall. To
satisfy code wind loads provisions in high wind areas, portions of
the insulating foam may be removed to allow structural concrete
ribs to be added to the system during cementitious coating
application.
[0045] Referring now in greater detail to the drawings in which
like numerals indicate like items throughout the several views,
FIGS. 1-3 depict the present three dimensional building element and
method of forming a three dimensional building element, in the
various embodiments of the present invention.
[0046] The three dimensional building element as shown in FIGS. 1-3
is formed of outer and inner wire mesh mats 1 and 2 respectively,
which are arranged parallel to and at a predetermined distance from
each other. Each wire mesh mat 1 or 2 has several longitudinal
wires 3 or 4 and several cross wires 5 or 6 which cross each other
and are welded together at the points of intersection. The distance
between the longitudinal wires 3, 4 and between the cross wires 5,
6 is selected according to the static requirements of the
structural member, and for example is within the range of 50 to 150
mm. The distances can be equal, or different.
[0047] The diameters of the longitudinal and cross wires 3, 4 or 5,
6 are also selectable according to the static requirements and are
preferably within the range from 2 to 6 mm. The surface of the wire
mesh mats 3, 4, 5, 6 can be, within the scope of the invention
smooth or ribbed.
[0048] The two wire mesh mats 1, 2 are joined together by several
web wires 7, 7' into a dimensionally stable mesh body. The web
wires 7 are welded at their respective ends to the wires of the two
wire mesh mats 1, 2, wherein, within the scope of the invention,
the web wires 7 are welded either, to the respective longitudinal
wires 3, 4 or to the cross wires 5, 6. The web wires 7 are arranged
obliquely alternately in opposite directions, or. like a trellis as
a result of which the mesh body is reinforced against shear
stress.
[0049] An insulating body 8 is arranged in the gap between the wire
mesh mats 1, 2, at a predetermined distance from the wire mesh
mats. The insulating body 8 has top and bottom, or outside and
inside surfaces 9 which run parallel to the wire mesh mats 1, 2.
The insulating body 8 serves for heat and sound insulation and for
example is made of foam plastics such as polystyrene or
polyurethane foam.
[0050] The thickness of the insulating body 8 is freely selectable
and is, for example, within the range from 20 to 200 mm. The
distances from the insulating body 8 to the wire mesh mats 1, 2 are
also freely selectable and are, for example, within the range from
10 to 30 mm. The structural member can be made in any length and
width. On the basis of the method of production, a minimum length
of 100 cm and standard widths of 60 cm, 100 cm, 110 cm, 120 cm have
proved to be advantageous.
[0051] The exterior cementitious outer shell 14 of the building
element is in communication with (or encases) one 2 mat of the two
wire mesh mats 1, 2. As shown in FIG. 3 the exterior cementitious
outer shell 14 encases the entire wire mesh mat 2 and protrudes
beyond the mat 2. The thickness of either the interior 13 or
exterior 14 cementitious outer shell can vary depending upon the
desired strength for the building element and the application of
the element. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 3, the interior
cementitious outer shell 13 is in communication with (or encases)
the other 1 mat of the two wire mesh mats 1, 2. The thicknesses of
the interior cementitious outer shell 13 and the exterior
cementitious outer shell 14 can be different or the same. The
exterior cementitious outer shell 14 has a density greater than the
density of the interior cementitious outer shell 13. Furthermore,
the mix formulations of the cementitious composition comprising the
exterior cementitious outer shell 14 can be different form the
interior cementitious outer shell 13.
[0052] In one embodiment, the ratio of the density of the exterior
cementitious outer shell 14 to the density of the interior
cementitious outer shell 13 is greater than 1.1 to 1, in a further
embodiment the ration is greater than 1.2 to 1, a further
embodiment includes a ratio greater than 1.3 to 1 and an additional
embodiment includes a ratio greater than 1.5 to 1.
[0053] By way of example and not limitation, the densities of the
exterior cementitious outer shell 14 include those between about
100 pcf to about 145 pcf. Example densities of the interior
cementitious outer shell 13 include those between about 55 pcf to
about 110 pcf. Further examples include the densities of the
exterior cementitious outer shell 14 include between about 100 pcf
to about 150 pcf. and example densities of the interior
cementitious outer shell 13 include those between about 50 pcf to
about 120
[0054] A further embodiment of the present system includes the
ratio of the compressive strength of the exterior cementitious
outer shell 14 to the compressive strength of the interior
cementitious outer shell 13 being greater than 1.1 to 1, in a
further embodiment the ration is greater than 1.2 to 1 and in an
additional embodiment the ratio is greater than 1.5 to 1. Example
compressive strengths of the exterior cementitious outer shell 14
include those between about 2,500 psi to about 8,800 psi. and
example compressive strengths of the interior cementitious outer
shell 13 includes those between about 2,000 psi to about 5000
psi.
[0055] While applicants have set forth embodiments as illustrated
and described above, it is recognized that variations may be made
with respect to disclosed embodiments. Therefore, while the
invention has been disclosed in various forms only, it will be
obvious to those skilled in the art that many additions, deletions
and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and
scope of this invention, and no undue limits should be imposed
except as set forth in the following claims.
* * * * *