U.S. patent application number 11/925456 was filed with the patent office on 2009-04-30 for building panel assembly for attaching fluted decks to underlying support structures.
This patent application is currently assigned to ASC PROFILES. Invention is credited to Patrick BODWELL.
Application Number | 20090107075 11/925456 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40219325 |
Filed Date | 2009-04-30 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090107075 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
BODWELL; Patrick |
April 30, 2009 |
BUILDING PANEL ASSEMBLY FOR ATTACHING FLUTED DECKS TO UNDERLYING
SUPPORT STRUCTURES
Abstract
A building panel assembly has a first end support, a second end
support, and an intermediate support positioned in spaced parallel
relationship to each other, a deck positioned on the supports and
having a plurality of low flutes extending across the deck in
transverse relationship to the end supports, a plurality of
fasteners affixed in the low flutes for securing the deck to the
first end supports and a plurality of fasteners affixed in the low
flutes of the deck so as to secure the deck to intermediate
support. The fasteners used to attach the deck to the intermediate
support are of a fewer number than the fasteners used to attach the
deck to the end supports.
Inventors: |
BODWELL; Patrick; (West
Sacramento, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
EGBERT LAW OFFICES
412 MAIN STREET, 7TH FLOOR
HOUSTON
TX
77002
US
|
Assignee: |
ASC PROFILES
West Sacramento
CA
|
Family ID: |
40219325 |
Appl. No.: |
11/925456 |
Filed: |
October 26, 2007 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
52/582.1 ;
52/782.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04D 3/30 20130101; E04D
3/3606 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
52/582.1 ;
52/782.1 |
International
Class: |
E04B 5/02 20060101
E04B005/02 |
Claims
1. A building panel assembly comprising: a first end support; a
second end support in generally spaced parallel relationship to
said first end support; an intermediate support positioned between
said first and second end supports and in spaced parallel
relationship thereto; a deck positioned on said first and second
end supports and said intermediate support, said deck having a
plurality of low flutes extending in parallel relationship to each
other and extending across said deck in transverse relationship to
said first and second end supports; a plurality of first fasteners
affixed in said plurality of low flutes of said deck, said
plurality of first fasteners securing said deck to said first end
support; a plurality of second fasteners affixed in said plurality
of low flutes of said deck, said plurality of second fasteners
securing said deck to said second end support; and a plurality of
third fasteners affixed in said plurality of low flutes of said
deck, said plurality of third fasteners securing said deck to said
intermediate support, said plurality of third fasteners being of a
number of fasteners less than a number of said plurality of first
fasteners.
2. The assembly of claim 1, said plurality of first fasteners
affixed in each and every one of said plurality of low flutes of
said deck, said plurality of second fasteners affixed in each and
every one of said plurality of low flutes of said deck.
3. The assembly of claim 1, said plurality of third fasteners being
only in every other low flute of said plurality of low flutes in
said deck.
4. The assembly of claim 1, said deck having seven low flutes
formed therein, said plurality of third fasteners being four
fasteners.
5. The assembly of claim 1, said deck having a first side lap
extending transverse to said first and second end supports along
one edge of said deck, said deck having a second side lap extending
transverse to said first and second end supports along an opposite
edge of said deck.
6. The assembly of claim 5, said deck having a one of said
plurality of low flutes adjacent said first side lap and another of
said plurality of low flutes adjacent said second side lap, each of
the low flutes adjacent the side laps having one of said plurality
of third fasteners affixed thereto.
7. The assembly of claim 6, said deck having a low flute of said
plurality of low flutes on a side of the low flute adjacent said
first side lap which has no fastener of said plurality of third
fasteners therein, said deck having a low flute of said plurality
of low flutes on a side of the low flute adjacent said second side
lap which has no fastener of said plurality of third fasteners
therein.
8. The assembly of claim 1, said deck having a plurality of high
flutes positioned respectively between adjacent low flutes of said
plurality of low flutes, said plurality of high flutes having no
fasteners therein.
9. The assembly of claim 1, each of said plurality of first
fasteners and said plurality of second fasteners and said plurality
of third fasteners being a pin.
10. The assembly of claim 1, each of said plurality of first
fasteners and said plurality of second fasteners and said plurality
of third fasteners being an arc spot weld.
11. A building panel assembly comprising: a first end support; a
second end support in generally spaced parallel relationship to
said first end support; an intermediate support positioned between
said first and second end supports and in spaced parallel
relationship thereto; a first deck positioned on said first and
second end supports and on said intermediate support, said first
deck having a plurality of low flutes extending in parallel
relationship to each other and extending across said first deck in
transverse relationship to said first and second end supports; a
second deck positioned on said first and second end supports and on
said intermediate support, said second deck having a plurality of
low flutes extending in parallel relationship to each other and
extending across said second deck in transverse relationship to
said first and second end supports, said second deck in
edge-to-edge relationship to said first deck; a plurality of first
fasteners affixed in the low flutes of said first and second decks,
said plurality of first fasteners securing said first and second
decks to said first end support; a plurality of second fasteners
affixed in the low flutes of said first and second decks, said
plurality of second fasteners securing said first and second decks
to said second end support; and a plurality of third fasteners
affixed in the low flutes of said first and second decks, said
plurality of third fasteners securing said first and second decks
to said intermediate support, said plurality of third fasteners
being of a number of fasteners less than a number of said plurality
of first fasteners.
12. The assembly of claim 11, said first deck having a first side
lap extending transverse to said first and second end supports
along one edge of said first deck, said first deck having a second
side lap extending transverse to said first and second end supports
along an opposite edge of said deck, said second deck having first
side lap extending transverse to said first and second end supports
along one edge of said second deck, said second deck having a
second side lap extending transverse to said first and second end
supports along an opposite edge of said second deck.
13. The assembly of claim 12, said first side lap of said first
deck affixed to said first side lap of said second deck by a
plurality of penetrating clinch connections.
14. The assembly of claim 12, said first side lap of said first
deck affixed to said first side lap of said second deck by
welding.
15. The assembly of claim 11, said plurality of first fasteners
affixed in each and every one of said plurality of low flutes of
said first and second decks, said plurality of second fasteners
affixed in each and every one of said plurality of low flutes of
said first and second decks.
16. The assembly of claim 11, said plurality of third fasteners
being only in every other low flute of said plurality of low flutes
of said first and second decks.
17. The assembly of claim 11, said first deck having seven low
flutes formed therein, said plurality of third fasteners having a
four fasteners affixed to said plurality of low flutes of said
first deck.
18. The assembly of claim 12, said first deck having one of said
plurality of low flutes adjacent said first side lap thereof and
another of said plurality of low flutes adjacent said second side
lap thereof, each of the low flutes adjacent the side laps of said
first deck having one of said plurality of third fasteners affixed
thereto.
19. The assembly of claim 11, each of said plurality of first
fasteners and said plurality of second fasteners and said plurality
of third fasteners being a pin.
20. The assembly of claim 11, each of said plurality of first
fasteners and said plurality of second fasteners and said plurality
of third fasteners being an arc spot weld.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] Not applicable.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] Not applicable.
NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT
[0003] Not applicable.
INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIALS SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT
DISC
[0004] Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0005] 1. Field of the Invention
[0006] The present invention relates to building panel assemblies.
More particularly, the present invention relates to fluted decks
that are secured to underlying support structures. Additionally,
the present invention relates to fastening techniques for securing
the deck section to end supports and intermediate supports.
[0007] 2. Description of Related Art Including Information
Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 37 CFR 1.98.
[0008] In the construction of modern buildings, there is erected a
steel skeleton. It is necessary to have floors in the buildings.
The floors are generally concrete floors. The steel buildings often
have steel roofing. In the construction of these buildings, the
steel skeleton has steel beams. Steel panels are placed on the
steel beams so as to form the roofing of the building. It is
necessary to definitely position the steel panels with respect to
each other. These steel panels are typically in the form of fluted
decking. In other words, this fluted decking is formed of
corrugated sheets of steel. Each of the sheets of steel has a high
flute and a low flute. On one side of the sheet, there is an
upright edge. On the other side of the sheet of steel, there is an
envelope to receive the upright edge of the adjacent sheet of
steel. The adjacent steel panels are bonded together, typically by
a manually-operated crimping tool. The operator actuates the
crimping tool and makes a dent in each side of the envelopes of the
steel form and also in the upright edge of the next adjacent steel
panel. The dent definitely positions the panels with respect to
each other. The welder tack welds the panels to the underlying beam
so as to position the panels onto the beam.
[0009] During the formation of roofing, it is important that the
joints are secured together so as to prevent one panel from lifting
off the other. It is often important to prevent the panels from
shifting laterally with respect to each other along the beam. In
view of the inherent forces created by wind, it is important to
place the panels on the underlying beam structure in such a manner
so as to withstand the forces imparted by wind and also to satisfy
the shear strength requirements for the roofing. Ultimately, the
roof section must be joined together with sufficient integrity to
prevent the panels from separating from each other or shifting
laterally under the presence of strong shear forces.
[0010] In the past, techniques have been provided whereby the
fluted decking is joined to the end supports and the intermediate
supports of the building. Typically, the fluted decking is laid
upon such end supports and intermediate supports. Fasteners are
secured in the low flutes of the fluted decking so as to fasten the
low flutes directly to the top surface of the underlying end
supports and intermediate supports. In typical practice, the same
number of fasteners are applied so as to join the fluted decking to
the end supports as the number of fasteners used to join the fluted
decking to the intermediate support. The side laps of the adjacent
decks are joined together through various connection techniques,
such as welding or penetrating clinch connections.
[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 7,021,108, issued on Apr. 4, 2006 to the
present inventor, shows a punching tool for connecting the side
laps of the decking sections together. This punching tool includes
a frame, a die fixedly and non-pivotally supported by the frame, a
punch arm pivotally mounted on the frame, a mating die affixed to
the punch arm, and an actuator interconnected to the punch arm. The
punch arm is movable between a position in which the mating die
engages the die and a second position in which the mating die is
spaced from the die. The actuator serves to move the mating die
between the first and second positions. A handle is connected to
the frame and extends outwardly therefrom. The tool has surfaces
for holding inserts, such as male and female dies. The male die has
a generally triangular cross section. The female die has a
generally inverted V-shaped configuration. The die include a
plurality of female dies arranged in spaced-apart linear alignment
and generally transverse to a longitudinal axis of the frame. The
cooperation of the dies will create a "snake bite" cut in the
adjoining sections of steel flooring, roofing and decking.
[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 6,990,781, issued on Jan. 31, 2006 to the
present inventor, discloses a decking assembly having a first deck
section with a male leg and a second deck positioned adjacent to
and in overlapping relationship to the first deck section. The
second deck section has a female leg overlying the male leg of the
first deck section. The male leg and the female leg have a
triangular tab formed therethrough such that the triangular tab
extends outwardly on one side of the female leg so as to secure the
edges of the sections together in secure relationship. A plurality
of triangular tabs are formed in spaced relationship to each
other.
[0013] It is an object of the present invention to provide a
building panel assembly that effectively positions fluted decking
onto end and intermediate supports.
[0014] It is another object of the present invention to provide a
building panel assembly that minimizes the number of fasteners
required so as to properly withstand shear forces.
[0015] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a
building panel assembly whereby the steel fluted deck can be used
as a shear element in buildings.
[0016] It is still another object of the present invention to
provide a building panel assembly which improves the efficiency of
building panel installation.
[0017] These and other objects and advantages of the present
invention will become apparent from a reading of the attached
specification and appended claims.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0018] The present invention is a building panel assembly
comprising a first end support, a second end support in generally
spaced parallel relationship to the first end support, an
intermediate support positioned between the end supports and in
spaced parallel relationship thereto, a deck positioned on the end
supports and the intermediate support, a plurality of first
fasteners securing the deck to the first end support, a plurality
of second fasteners securing the deck to the second end support,
and a plurality of third fasteners securing the deck to the
intermediate support. The deck has a plurality of low flutes
extending in parallel relationship to each other and extending
across the deck in transverse relationship to the first and second
end supports. The plurality of first fasteners are affixed in the
low flutes of the deck. The plurality of second fasteners are also
affixed in the low flutes of the deck. The plurality of third
fasteners are further affixed in the low flutes of the deck. In the
present invention, the plurality of third fasteners is fewer in
number than the number of the first fasteners or the number of
second fasteners.
[0019] In the present invention, the plurality of first fasteners
are affixed in each and every one of the plurality of low flutes of
the deck. Similarly, the plurality of second fasteners are affixed
in each and every one of the plurality of low flutes of the deck.
The plurality of third fasteners are affixed in every other low
flute of the plurality of flutes of the deck. In the preferred
embodiment of the present invention, the deck has seven low flutes.
The plurality of third fasteners is a total of four fasteners.
[0020] The deck has a first side lap extending transverse to the
first and second end supports along one edge of the deck. The deck
has a second side lap extending transverse to the end supports
along an opposite edge of the deck. The deck has one of the
plurality of low flutes adjacent the first side lap and another of
the plurality of low flutes adjacent the second side lap. Each of
the low flutes adjacent the side laps has one of the plurality of
third fasteners affixed thereto. The deck also has a low flute on a
side of the flute adjacent to the first side lap which has no
fasteners therein. The deck has a low flute on a side of the low
flute adjacent the second side lap which has no fastener from the
plurality of third fasteners therein.
[0021] The deck has a plurality of high flutes that are positioned
respectively between adjacent low flutes of the plurality of low
flutes. The plurality of high flutes have no fasteners therein.
Each of the plurality of first, second and third fasteners is a
pin. Alternatively, each of the first, second and third fasteners
is an arc spot weld.
[0022] In the building panel assembly of the present invention,
there can be a second deck that is affixed in edge-to-edge
relationship to the first deck. The second deck has a configuration
identical to that of the first deck. The first side lap of the
first deck is affixed to the first side lap of the second deck. The
side laps of the first and second decks are joined together by a
penetrating clinch connections. Alternatively, the side laps can be
joined together by welding. The second deck also resides on the
first and second end supports and the intermediate supports.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] FIG. 1 is an upper perspective view of the building panel
assembly of the present invention.
[0024] FIG. 2 is an end view of the building panel assembly of the
present invention having a pair of decks joined together.
[0025] FIG. 3 is a detailed view showing the joining of side laps
together in the building panel assembly of the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0026] Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown the building panel
assembly 10 in accordance the teachings of the present invention.
The building panel assembly 10 includes a first end support 12, a
second end support 14 and an intermediate support 16. The second
end support 14 is in generally spaced parallel relationship to the
first end support 12. The intermediate support 16 is positioned
between the first end support 12 and the second end support 14 in
parallel spaced relationship thereto. A deck 18 is positioned on
the first end support 12 and the second end support 14 and the
intermediate support 16. The deck 18 has a plurality of low flutes
20 extending in parallel relationship to each other and extending
across the deck in transverse relation to the first end support 12,
the second end support 14 and the intermediate support 16. As can
be seen, there are total of seven low flutes extending across the
deck section 18. High flutes 22 are positioned between adjacent low
flutes 20. The high flutes 22 have a generally flat top surface 24
which is in an elevated position of the end supports 12 and 14 and
the intermediate support 16. The top surfaces 24 of the high flutes
22 are arranged generally coplanar with each other. A first side
lap 26 is formed along one edge of the deck 18 adjacent to one of
the low flutes 20. A second side lap 28 extends along the opposite
edge of the deck 18. The first side lap 26 is in the form of an
inverted U-shaped envelope. The second side lap 28 is an upright
member. The side laps 26 and 28 allow the deck 18 to be properly
joined in edge-to-edge relationship with an adjacent deck, as
described hereinafter in association with FIG. 2.
[0027] A plurality of first fasteners 30 are affixed in the low
flutes 20 of the deck 18. The plurality of first fasteners 30 serve
to secure the deck 18 to the first end support 12. The first
fasteners 30 are affixed in each and every one of the low flutes 20
so as to provide a secure connection with the top surface 32 of the
first end support 12. A plurality of second fasteners 34 are
affixed in the low flutes 20 of the deck 18. This plurality of
second fasteners 34 serves to secure the opposite side of the deck
18 to the second end support 14. The second fasteners 34 are
affixed in each and every one of the low flutes 20 of the deck 18.
A plurality of third fasteners 36 are affixed in the low flutes 20
of the deck so as to secure the deck 18 to the intermediate support
16. As can be seen, the number of first fasteners 30 totals seven
fasteners. The number of second fasteners 34 totals seven
fasteners. The number of third fasteners 36 totals four fasteners.
Ultimately, in the concept of the present invention, the number of
third fasteners 36 should be less than the number of first
fasteners 30 or the number of second fasteners 34. The third
fasteners 36 are positioned in alternating low flutes 20. In other
words, one of the third fasteners 36 is positioned adjacent to the
side lap 26. Another of the third fasteners 36 is positioned in the
low flutes 20 adjacent to the second side lap 28. The low flutes 20
adjacent to the low flute 20 that is next to the side lap 26 is
free of any third fasteners 36. Similarly, the low flute adjacent
to the low flute 20 that is next to the second side lap 28 is free
of any third fasteners 36. The central low flute 20 is also free of
any third fasteners 36.
[0028] As used herein, the first fasteners 30, the second fasteners
34 and the third fasteners 36 can be pins or arc spot welds. Each
of the end supports 12 and 14 is an I-beam. Similarly, the
intermediate support 16 is an I-beam. Each of the fasteners 30, 34
and 36 secures the deck 18 to the top surface of each of the
supports 12, 14 and 16.
[0029] The building panel assembly 10 of the present invention is
the result of testing. This testing indicated that the number of
fasteners to the intermediate support 16 are not a source of
diaphragm failure in shear for the building panel. Unlike the prior
art, the present invention does not utilize the same number of
third fasteners 36 as compared with first fasteners 30 and second
fasteners 34. The testing shows that the reduction of the number of
third fasteners 36 does not reduce the shear capacity of the deck
18.
[0030] The following table illustrates a comparison of shear
performance between deck assemblies of prior art and assemblies of
the present invention. Prior art assemblies have the number of
third fasteners 36 equal to the number of first fasteners 30 and
second fasteners 34 (shear values in the column labeled "Shear 2").
The present invention assemblies have the number of third fasteners
36 less than the number of first fasteners 30 and second fasteners
34 (shear values in the column labeled "Shear 1").
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Comparison of Shear Performance Shear 2
Difference Test Fastener Gage Shear 1 (kip/ft) (kip/ft) (%) B1-04
#12-14 16 2.41 2.42 -1 H1-07 X ENP 19 16 7.08 7.14 -1 H2-07 X ENP
19 18 4.21 3.23 30 H3-07 X ENP 19 18 3.86 4.48 -14 H4-07 X EDNK22
22 1.37 1.43 -4 H5-07 X EDN 19 22 1.81 1.88 -3 P1-07 K64 16 6.70
6.19 8 P2-07 SDK63 20 3.53 3.85 -8 P2-07 SDK61 20 1.83 1.87 -2
W1-07 Arc Spot Weld 18 4.58 3.85 19 W2-07 Arc Spot Weld 16 5.42
5.58 -3
[0031] The "Test" column identifies a number of different tests
that were performed using decks 18 having low flutes 20 and upper
flutes 22 as described above. The decks 18 in each test had a
length of thirty-six inches. Each deck also had a gage, the value
being indicated in the "Gage" column, ranging from 16-22. The
different varieties of fasteners used to fix the decks 18 to the
support beams for purposes of testing are indicated in the
"Fastener" column. The last two rows indicate that the deck 18 was
affixed to the supports 12, 14, and 16 by arc spot welds and not
fasteners.
[0032] Shear 1 is the shear tolerance of the assembly of the
present invention. Shear 2 is the shear tolerance of the prior art
assembly. The value of Shear 1 is the shear tolerance of the deck
18 fastened to supports 12, 14, and 16 using four third fasteners
36 to fix the deck 18 to intermediate support 16, and seven first
and second fasteners 30 and 34 to fix the deck 18 to each of first
and second supports 12 and 14, respectively. The value of Shear 2
is the shear tolerance of the deck 18 fastened to supports 12, 14,
and 16 using seven third fasteners 36 to fix the deck 18 to
intermediate support 16, and seven first and second fasteners 30
and 34 to fix the deck 18 to each of first and second supports 12
and 14, respectively.
[0033] As can be seen in Table I, the performance of the present
invention is almost identical to the performance of the prior art.
That is, when the differences between Shear 1 and Shear 2 are
compared, using four third fasteners 36 decreases the shear
strength of the deck 18 by only a small percentage, ranging from
-1% to -14%. In tests "H2-07" and "W1-07," the shear tolerance is
actually increased by using only four third fasteners 36, valuing
30% and 19%, respectively. The results in Table I above show the
assembly of the deck 18 onto the supports 12, 14 and 16 according
to the present invention is just as strong, if not stronger, and
simpler, requires fewer fasteners, and requires less labor in
installation than prior art assemblies.
[0034] FIG. 2 is an end view of the building panel assembly 10. In
FIG. 2, there is illustrated the first deck 18 and a second deck
40. The second deck 40 has an identical configuration to that of
the first deck 18. It can be seen that the first deck 18 and the
second deck 40 are supported on the first end support 12. The first
deck 18 has a plurality of low flutes 20 that are secured by
fasteners 30 to the top surface 32 of the first end support 12.
High flutes 22 extend between adjacent low flutes 20. As can be
seen, the top surface 24 of the high flutes 22 forms a generally
planar surface. The side lap 26 is in the form of a U-shaped
envelop at one edge of the first deck 18. The second side lap 28 is
located at the opposite edge of the deck 18. The second side lap 28
is in the form of an upright member. The second deck 40 also
includes a first side lap 42 which extends over and is joined to
the side lap 28 of the first deck 18. The side lap 42 is in the
form of a U-shaped envelop identical to that of the side lap 26 of
the first deck 18. By placing the interior of the first side lap 42
of the second deck 40 over the upright member of the second side
lap 28 of the first deck 18, the decks 18 and 40 can be joined in
edge-to-edge relationship with each other.
[0035] The second deck 40 also includes a plurality of low flutes
44 that are joined by first fasteners 30 to the top surface 32 of
first end support 12. The second deck 40 also includes high flutes
46 extending between adjacent low flutes 44. A second side lap 48
is formed at the edge of the second deck 40 opposite to the first
side lap 42. The second side lap 48 is in the form of an upright
member suitable for joining to the U-shaped envelope of a side lap
of another panel.
[0036] In FIG. 2, it can be seen that the first fasteners 30 serve
to secure the low flutes of the decks 18 and 40 to the top surface
32 of first end support 12. The first fasteners 30 are illustrated
in the nature of pins. However, arc spot welds would also serve the
same purpose.
[0037] FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing the particulars of
joining the side laps of corresponding decks 200 and 209 together.
As can be seen in FIG. 3, the deck 200 has a low flute 201 and a
high flute 203 formed thereon. A low flute 205 is formed adjacent
to the side lap 207. Side lap 207 is in the nature of an upright
member. The deck 209 has a low flute 211 on one side of the high
flute 213 and a low flute 221 on an opposite side of the high flute
213. Low flute 221 is adjacent to the side lap 223. Side lap 223 is
in the nature of a U-shaped envelope that overlies the upright
member of the side lap 207 of the deck 200.
[0038] In order to effect the joining of the decks 200 and 209
together at the side laps 207 and 223, a punch tool is applied so
as to create the punches 206, 208 and 210. The punches 206, 208 and
210 assure a proper connection between the decks 200 and 209. The
formation of these triangular-shaped cuts associated with punches
206, 208 and 210 will prevent any lateral shifting of the decks 200
and 209 with respect to each other. Also, the punches 206, 208 and
210 will establish a suitable connection to prevent the sections
200 and 209 from pulling away from each other. As such, this method
of crimping and joining, in the nature of penetrating clinch
connections, assures a proper connection between the adjacent deck
sections.
[0039] The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention is
illustrative and explanatory thereof. Various changes in the
details of the illustrated construction can be made within the
scope of the appended claims without departing from the true spirit
of the invention. The present invention should only be limited by
the following claims and their legal equivalents.
* * * * *