Antitumor Effect Of Mutant Bik

Abstract

The present invention regards mutant forms of Bik that comprise anti-cell proliferation and/or pro-apoptotic activities. In particular embodiments, the Bik polypeptides comprise a substitution at Thr33 and Ser35 and, in some embodiments, phosphorylation at these sites is inhibited. In more particular embodiments, these forms are useful for cancer therapy, particularly when administered in combination with liposomes. In embodiments wherein a mutant Bik polynucleotide is administered for cancer therapy, the polynucleotide may be regulated in a tissue-specific manner.

Description

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/816,698, filed Apr. 4, 2004, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/459,901, filed Apr. 2, 2003, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention is directed to the fields of cell biology, molecular biology, cancer biology, and medicine. More particularly, the present invention regards variant forms of Bik comprising anti-cell proliferative and/or pro-apoptotic activities that are useful for cancer therapy.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Bik, also known as nbk, is one of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins, which have only one of the Bcl-2 homology regions, BH3 domains, and have recently been recognized as essential initiators of apoptosis (Han et al., 1996; Boyd et al., 1995). Loss of informative alleles on chromosome 22q where the Bik gene is located may be related to the development of human breast and colorectal cancers (Daniel et al., 1999). The 18-kDa Bik protein interacts with E1B 19K and forms heterodimers with various anti-apoptotic proteins, e.g. Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, the association of which hinders the function of the anti-apoptotic protein (Han et al., 1996). Bik-mediated apoptosis requires BAX (Theodorakis et al., 2002) and is independent of p53 (Han et al., 1996). Bik is also a downstream apoptotic effector of p53 (Bartke et al., 2001) in response to a physiological p53-mediated death stimulus provided by E1A. Elevated Bcl-2 functioned downstream of p53 and Bik induction to inhibit the E1A death pathway, with the ratio of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic Bik determining cell death or survival in E1A-expressing cells (Mathai et al., 2002). Moreover, Bik can sensitize tumor cells to certain chemotherapeutic agents (Daniel et al., 1999) and one of the chemotherapy drugs, doxorubicin, that induces apoptosis is mediated by Bik gene (Panaretakis et al., 2002). All of these suggest that Bik is a useful therapeutic gene to target human cancer.

[0004] BH3-only proteins differ in their expression pattern and mode of activation, and many BH3-only proteins activation needs posttranslational modification (Puthalakath and Strasser, 2002). Bik is one of the BH3-only proteins whose activity can be regulated by phosphorylation (Verma et al., 2000). Verma et al. demonstrated that Bik exists as a phosphoprotein and is phosphorylated at residues threonine 33 and serine 35, which they determined is required for the full apoptotic activity of Bik, possibly by a casein kinase II-related enzyme. That is, Verma et al. mutated the phosphorylation sites at the threonine and serine residues to alanine residues, which reduced the apoptotic activity of Bik. They concluded phosphorylation is required for the pro-apoptotic potency of Bik by a presently unknown mechanism without significantly affecting its affinity for Bcl-2.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The present invention provides novel therapeutic Bik mutant compositions and methods, particularly for cancer, and a skilled artisan recognizes that any additional means in an arsenal to fight cancer is beneficial to public health.

[0006] The present invention is directed to a system and method related to mutants of Bik, and particularly to their anti-tumor effects. Bik is a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. In the present invention, the inventors demonstrate the novel finding that non-wildtype forms of Bik, such as mutant forms, exerted strong antitumor activity in both in vivo and in vitro systems. In contrast to the teachings of Verma et al. (2000), the exemplary mutant Bik polypeptides described herein similarly abolish phosphorylation sites in Bik yet still comprise potent anti-tumor, anti-cell proliferation, and/or pro-apoptotic activity and, in some embodiments, are more potent than wild-type Bik. That is, the Examples presented herein indicate that the transfection with a polynucleotide encoding a mutant bik polypeptide induces apoptosis in various human cancers. This provides compositions, such as therapeutics, and methods of using same for the present invention, such as the mutant bik polynucleotide in gene therapy for cancer, such as ovarian, breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancer.

[0007] Thus, the present invention generally relates to methods for inhibiting proliferation in a cancer cell and/or tumor cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with a mutant Bik polypeptide in an amount effective to inhibit proliferation. The mutant Bik polypeptide referred to herein is a mutant form having anti-cell proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and/or anti-tumor activity. Inhibition of proliferation may be indicated by, for example, an induction of apoptosis of a cell, such as, for example, in cell culture, inhibition of growth of a cancer cell line, reduction in size of a tumor, and/or an increase in survivability, in exemplary embodiments. More preferably, in some embodiments the cell in which proliferation is to be inhibited is a cell in a living organism, for example a human. The inhibition of such transformation has great utility in the prevention and/or treatment of such transformation-driven events as cancer, tumorigenesis, and/or metastasis.

[0008] A mutant Bik polypeptide may be contacted with or introduced to a cell through any of a variety of manners known to those of skill. The mutant Bik polypeptide may be introduced through direct introduction of a mutant Bik polypeptide to a cell. In this case, the mutant Bik polypeptide may be obtained through any method known in the art, although it is expected that in vitro production of the mutant Bik polypeptide in a cell, for example in a cell culture system, may be a preferred manner of obtaining mutant Bik.

[0009] Mutant Bik may also be introduced to a cell via the introduction of a polynucleotide that encodes the mutant Bik polypeptide to the cell. For example, RNA or DNA encoding Bik may be introduced to the cell by any manner known in the art. In certain preferred embodiments, the mutant Bik is introduced into the cell through the introduction of a DNA segment that encodes mutant Bik. In some such embodiments, it is envisioned that the DNA segment further comprises the mutant Bik gene (or mutant Bik polynucleotide) operatively linked to its associated control sequences. For example, the bik gene may be operatively linked to a suitable promoter and a suitable terminator sequence. The construction of such gene/control sequence DNA constructs is well-known within the art. In particular embodiments, the promoter is selected from the group comprising of CMV, telomerase, TCF-4, or VEGF. However, in particular embodiments, the constructs comprise promoters that are tissue-specific, such as, for example, tissue-specific for cancers including the exemplary breast, prostate, or pancreatic cancers.

[0010] In certain embodiments for introduction, the DNA segment may be located on a vector, for example, a plasmid vector or a viral vector. The virus vector may be, for example, selected from the group comprising retrovirus, adenovirus, herpesvirus, vaccina virus, and adeno-associated virus. Such a DNA segment may be used in a variety of methods related to the invention. The vector may be used to deliver a mutant bik gene to a cell in one of the gene-therapy embodiments of the invention. Also, such vectors can be used to transform cultured cells, and such cultured cells could be used, inter alia, for the expression of mutant Bik in vitro.

[0011] The present invention is useful for all types of cancer, since mutant Bik, as shown herein in exemplary embodiments, kills cancer cells regardless of their survival tactics adopted by many cancer cells, such as growth factor receptor and AKT pathways. In a particular embodiment, mutant Bik is effective on solid tumors, such as, for example, sarcoma, lung, brain, prostate, breast, ovarian, pancreatic, liver, bladder, gastrointestinal cancers, and hematologic malignancies, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. In exemplary embodiments, the present invention is useful for cancers that are estrogen receptor positive, EGF receptor overexpressing, Her2/neu-overexpressing, Her-2/neu-nonoverexpressing, Akt overexpressing, androgen dependent, or angrogen independent. That is, mutant Bik is effective on cancer cells regardless of their status of oncogene overexpression, such as Her-2/neu, EGFR, AKT, or whether their growth is hormone dependent (such as, for example, MCF-7) or not (such as, for example, PC3).

[0012] For example, contained herein are specific data showing effectiveness of mutant Bik against cell lines tested from at least six exemplary types of cancers or angiogenic cells, including: 1) breast cancer, such as with MCF-7 (estrogen receptor positive), MDA-MB-468 (EGF receptor overexpressing), and MDA-MB-231; 2) endothelial cell, such as with Human Umbilical Vascular Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) (which shows the anti-angiogenesis effect of mutant Bik; 3) Head and Neck Cancer, such as with TU138 and TU167; 4) Melanoma, such as with B16F10; 5) Ovarian cancer, such as with SKOV-ip1 (Her-2/neu overexpression), SKOV (no Her-2/neu overexpression), and 2774 (Akt overexpression); and 6) Prostate Cancer, such as with PC3 (androgen independent growth).

[0013] In particular embodiments, mutant Bik is introduced into a cell that is a human cell. In many embodiments the cell is a tumor cell. In some presently preferred embodiments the tumor cell is a breast tumor cell, a prostrate tumor cell, an ovarian tumor cell, or a pancreatic tumor cell. However, mutant Bik may be introduced into other cells including, but not limited to, a bladder cancer cell, a testicular cancer cell, a colon cancer cell, a skin cancer cell, a lung cancer cell, a stomach cancer cell, an esophageal cancer cell, a brain cancer cell, a leukemia cancer cell, a liver cancer cell, an endometrial cancer cell, or a head and neck cancer cell. In some embodiments, the mutant Bik composition is introduced by injection. In particular embodiments, the mutant Bik composition is comprised in a liposome.

[0014] In some embodiments of the present invention, the inventors' discovery that Bik mutants are able to inhibit proliferation will be used in combination with other anti-transformation/anti-cancer therapies. These other therapies may be known at the time of this application, or may become apparent after the date of this application. Bik mutants may be used in combination with other therapeutic polypeptides, polynucleotides encoding other therapeutic polypeptides, chemotherapeutic agents, surgical methods, or radiation, for example. For example, mutant Bik may be used in conjunction with other known polypeptides, such as TNF.alpha. or p53. Other polypeptide inducers of apoptosis that may be used in combination with Bik include, but are not limited to, p53, Bax, Bak, Bcl-x, Bad, Bim, Bok, Bid, Harakiri, Ad E1B, Bad and ICE-CED3 proteases.

[0015] Mutant Bik may be used in conjunction with any suitable chemotherapeutic agent. In one representative embodiment, the chemotherapeutic agent is taxol. Mutant Bik also may be used in conjunction with radiotherapy. The type of ionizing radiation constituting the radiotherapy may be selected from the group comprising x-rays, .gamma.-rays, and microwaves. In certain embodiments, the ionizing radiation may be delivered by external beam irradiation or by administration of a radionuclide. Mutant Bik also may be used with other gene-therapy regimes. In particular embodiments the mutant Bik is introduced into a tumor. The tumor may be in an animal, in particular, a human.

[0016] The Bik mutant gene products and polynucleotides of the present invention may also be introduced using any suitable method. A "suitable method" of introduction is one that places a mutant bik gene product in a position to reduce the proliferation of a tumor cell. For example, injection, oral, and inhalation methods may be employed, with the skilled artisan being able to determine an appropriate method of introduction for a given circumstance. In the embodiments where injection will be used, this injection may be intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intratumoral, intrapleural, or of any other appropriate form.

[0017] In certain other aspects of the present invention there are provided therapeutic kits comprising in a suitable container a pharmaceutical formulation of a mutant Bik gene product or a polynucleotide encoding a mutant Bik gene product. Such a kit may further comprise a pharmaceutical formulation of a therapeutic polypeptide, polynucleotide encoding a therapeutic polypeptide, and/or chemotherapeutic agent.

[0018] The term "mutant Bik" as used herein refers to a Bik polynucleotide or polypeptide from any organism that comprises such, so long as the mutant Bik comprises anti-tumor activity, anti-cell proliferation activity, and/or pro-apoptotic activity, wherein the mutant Bik comprises at least one altered amino acid compared to native Bik, or the corresponding polynucleotide encoding same. The alteration may comprise a modified amino acid, such as one comprising an additional acetyl group, for example, or the alteration may comprise at least one substituted amino acid on at least one particular amino acid position. In particular embodiments, the mutant Bik will comprise at least one alteration for at least one amino acid, yet retain anti-cell proliferation activity, anti-tumor activity, pro-apoptotic activity, and/or a combination thereof that is useful for the purposes described herein. In some cases, the mutant Bik will exhibit better anti-cell proliferation activity, anti-tumor activity, pro-apoptotic activity, and/or a combination thereof than native Bik. In other circumstances, the mutant Bik may have similar anti-cell proliferation activity, anti-tumor activity, pro-apoptotic activity, and/or a combination thereof to native Bik. In other cases, the mutant Bik may have reduced anti-cell proliferation activity, anti-tumor activity, pro-apoptotic activity, and/or a combination thereof relative to native Bik. Of course, most mutants that comprise one or more relevant activities that are substantially less than the same one or more relevant activities in native Bik or other mutant Biks will likely not be useful in all embodiments of the invention. However, those of skill in the art will, in view of the teachings of the specification and the knowledge of skill in the art, be able to select such mutants that will have utility in certain specific embodiments of the invention.

[0019] The anti-tumor activity, anti-cell proliferation activity, and/or pro-apoptotic activity may be useful for an organism other than the one from which the mutant Bik is derived. For example, the human Bik is utilized herein in exemplary embodiments, although a murine Bik may be used alternatively or in addition for human treatment. The mutant Bik from any organism may be altered at any amino acid. Furthermore, the human Bik may be mutated at a particular residue(s) and found useful for therapy, and the mutant murine Bik with its analogous residue(s) substitution may also be effective. In a particular embodiment, the murine Bik polypeptide comprises at least one altered phosphorylation site, and based on the teachings provided herein related to human Bik, one of skill would know how to generate analogous changes in murine Bik. In a further particular embodiment, serine 27, threonine 29, serine 31, and/or a combination thereof are substituted in mutant murine Bik.

[0020] Of course, Bik may be mutated for any number of reasons, and one of skill in the art is aware that there may be desirable mutations generated in the Bik polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding same that are for purposes other than removing phosphorylation sites and/or for effecting or retaining anti-tumor activity, anti-cell proliferation activity, and/or pro-apoptotic activity. For example, mutations may be made to render the Bik polynucleotide and/or polypeptide more amenable for a therapeutic purpose. For example, modifications may be made that reduce antigenicity of the polypeptide, that remove regions of the polypeptide, that enhance nuclear localization of the polypeptide, that increase the half-life of the polypeptide, and so forth.

[0021] At least one assay for determining effectiveness of a particular mutant in comparison to wild type is described herein at least in the Examples, and others in the art may be utilized. In particular embodiments, mutants that comprise at least one activity that is substantially less than native Bik are not desirable and are not in the scope of the present invention.

[0022] Specifically, the present invention is directed to methods and compositions regarding particular mutant forms of Bik that are associated with control of cell growth, survival or proliferation. In specific embodiments, the control of cell growth is useful in the treatment of cancer or restenosis. Specifically, the present invention teaches a skilled artisan that mutant Bik polypeptides that have one or more amino acid substitutions that result in the polypeptide either not being phosphorylated or being phosphorylated at a lower level are useful for anti-tumor applications. In specific embodiments, the inventors have shown that mutant Bik can reduce or abolish phosphorylation and lead to suppression of growth of transformed cells treated with such mutant Bik. In particular embodiments, substitution with Asp or Glu, for example, results in failure of the polypeptide to be phosphorylated at those sites and leads to suppression of growth of transformed cells upon treatment with such Bik mutants. Of course, the invention is not limited to embodiments in which the amino acid substitution is either Asp or Glu. Rather, any amino acid substitution that prevents phosphorylation of Bik by any amino acid is contemplated within the scope of the invention. In a specific embodiment, the amino acid for substitution at Thr33 and/or Ser35 is not alanine. In another specific embodiment, the at least one amino acid substitution has at least one acidic property, such as, for example, the amino acids aspartate or glutamate. Therefore, an object of the present invention is directed to at least one modification in Bik polypeptide that results in failure of the polypeptide to be phosphorylated, and preferably for that resultant Bik mutant to comprise anti-cell proliferation capability, anti-tumor capability, pro-apoptotic capability, or a combination thereof.

[0023] One of skill in the art recognizes that mutations, either to similar amino acids or not, may be made elsewhere in Bik, and that some of these mutants will have the same activities as the exemplary embodiments provided herein. For example, threonine, serine, or other appropriate amino acids anywhere within Bik can be substituted, such as with the exemplary aspartate or glutamate. A skilled artisan is aware of publicly available databases that provide Bik sequences for making alterations different from native Bik, such as the National Center for Biotechnology Information's GenBank database or commercially available databases such as from Celera Genomics, Inc. (Rockville, Md.). Exemplary polypeptide Bik sequences include (as identified by their GenBank Accession numbers): SEQ ID NO:3 (AAC50413; NP.sub.--001188; AAF01156; AAC79124; CAA62013; and S58214); and SEQ ID NO:4 (AAC40079 and NP.sub.--031572). Exemplary polynucleotide Bik sequences include (as identified by their GenBank Accession numbers): SEQ ID NO:5 (AY245248) and SEQ ID NO:6 (NM.sub.--001197).

[0024] Thus, the present invention provides guidance regarding different mutations in Bik, and, therefore, the present invention is directed to a novel improvement to the overall arts of cell growth control, including inhibition of cell proliferation and/or facilitation of cell death. In a specific embodiment, the inhibition of a cell proliferation comprises a delay in its rate of proliferation, a delay in its total cell numbers of proliferation, or both.

[0025] A skilled artisan recognizes that any site in the Bik polypeptide may be modified to generate such compositions as described, and furthermore that multiple sites may be modified. A skilled artisan is cognizant that a limited number of sites for modification exist in the approximately 160 amino acid Bik polypeptide (depending on the organism). In addition, a skilled artisan recognizes that there are only twenty standard amino acids from which to modify to, and guidance is provided herein directed to methods to generate those modifications. Furthermore, a skilled artisan in the teachings of the present invention knows how to test for anti-tumor, anti-cell growth, and/or pro apoptotic effects, based on the teachings provided herein and other methods in the art, and therefore assaying a particular modification would not subject one skilled in the art to undue experimentation.

[0026] Thus, based on the guidance provided herein, the present invention is directed to mutant polypeptides of Bik that result in inhibition of proliferation of a cell or enhancement of cell survival. In specific embodiments, the present invention is directed to mutants including, for example, Bik T33D, S35D, and double mutant T33DS35D.

[0027] In accordance with the objects of the present invention, there is as a composition of matter a mutant Bik polypeptide. For example, the composition comprises an amino acid substitution. In a specific embodiment, the substitution prevents phosphorylation of the Bik polypeptide under conditions that would result in phosphorylation of an unsubstituted Bik polypeptide. In other specific embodiments, the substitution is a Thr33 to Asp33 substitution or a Ser35 to Asp35 substitution, or both. In other specific embodiments, the compositions are further defined as compositions in a pharmacologically acceptable excipient in which the Bik polypeptide is dispersed. In additional specific embodiments, the compositions are confined in a suitable container in a kit.

[0028] In an additional object of the present invention, there is a method of preventing growth of a cell in an individual comprising the step of administering to the individual a mutant Bik polypeptide. In another specific embodiment, the administration of the polypeptide is by a liposome. In an additional specific embodiment, the polypeptide further comprises a protein transduction domain, such as HIV Tat or penetratin, for example.

[0029] In another object of the present invention, there is a method of preventing growth of a cell in an individual comprising the step of administering to the individual a nucleic acid encoding a mutant Bik polypeptide. In another specific embodiment, the administration of the nucleic acid is by a vector selected from the group consisting of a plasmid, a retroviral vector, an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector, a liposome, and a combination thereof.

[0030] In an additional object of the present invention, there is a method of using a mutant Bik polypeptide composition wherein the Bik polypeptide composition is dispersed in a pharmacologically acceptable excipient, and wherein the composition is administered to an animal having a proliferative cell disorder.

[0031] In another object of the present invention, there is a method of treating a proliferative cell disorder in an individual comprising the step of administering to the individual a mutant Bik polypeptide. In another specific embodiment, the proliferative cell disorder is cancer. In a further specific embodiment, the proliferative cell disorder is restenosis. In a further specific embodiment, the cancer is breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, or pancreatic cancer.

[0032] In an additional object of the present invention, there is a method of treating a cell comprising contacting the cell with a mutant Bik polypeptide. In a specific embodiment, the cell is a human cell. In another specific embodiment, the cell is comprised in an animal. In a further specific embodiment, the animal is a human. In a further specific embodiment, the human has a proliferative cell disorder. In an additional specific embodiment, the proliferative cell disorder is cancer. In a further specific embodiment, the cancer is breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or prostate cancer. In another specific embodiment, the proliferative cell disorder is restenosis.

[0033] In a further object of the invention, a polynucleotide encoding a mutant Bik polypeptide is regulated by a tissue-specific promoter, such as one that targets cancerous tissue. Although any promoter that targets cancerous tissue preferentially over non-cancerous tissue, in a specific embodiment the cancer-specific promoter is a breast cancer specific promoter, a prostate cancer-specific promoter, a or pancreatic-specific promoter, for example.

[0034] In a particular embodiment, a breast cancer-specific promoter comprises a breast cancer-specific sequence and, in further embodiments, an enhancer sequence that augments expression, such as the expression level, of the tissue-specific sequence. In a particular embodiment, a CMV promoter enhancer sequence is linked with a breast cancer-specific segment from the exemplary topoisomerase II.alpha. (topII.quadrature.) promoter or the exemplary transferrin receptor promoter. They are useful for gene targeting to target and treat primary and metastatic breast cancers with less toxicity to normal tissues.

[0035] In another embodiment, the expression of a polynucleotide encoding a mutant Bik polypeptide is regulated by a pancreatic-cancer specific promoter. In a particular embodiment, a novel pancreatic cancer specific promoter is utilized, such as one referred to herein as CTP, which is comprised of at least the minimal Cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR, -726 to +1 nucleotides), a two-step transcriptional system sequence and the post translational regulatory element of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WPRE). This engineered construct has a strong promoter activity and demonstrates specificity to pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo for the expression of mutant Bik.

[0036] In another specific embodiment of the present invention, a prostate cancer-specific promoter regulates expression of a polynucleotide that encodes a mutant Bik polypeptide. In a particular embodiment, the invention utilizes a novel prostate cancer specific promoter, such as one referred to herein as ATTP, comprised of at least the minimal human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (hTert), the post translational regulatory element of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WPRE), and an ARR2 control sequence, which is responsive to androgen stimulation. This engineered construct has a strong promoter activity and demonstrates specificity to both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in vitro. This promoter can be used to specifically drive gene expression of mutant Bik in prostate cancer in vivo.

[0037] The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0039] FIGS. 1A through 1F illustrate that the expression of Bik mutants exhibited stronger growth inhibitory effect in different human cancer cell lines.

[0040] FIG. 2 shows that the Bik mutants exhibited stronger cell-killing effect in different human cancer cell lines.

[0041] FIG. 3 illustrates that the Bik mutants exhibit strong cell-killing in additional human cancer cell lines.

[0042] FIGS. 4A through 4B illustrate that the Bik mutants exhibited stronger tumor suppression effect in ex vivo assay.

[0043] FIGS. 5A through 5B demonstrate that the mutant Bik gene delivered by SN significantly inhibited growth of human tumors in mice.

[0044] FIGS. 6A and 6B show that an exemplary Bik mutant (BikDD) polynucleotide demonstrated a significant suppression of tumor growth and an increase in survival in a breast cancer orthotopic model. In FIG. 6A, tumor volume was measured and recorded weekly. FIG. 6B shows that BikDD increased the survival rate of mice bearing MDA-MB-231 orthotopic tumors.

[0045] FIGS. 7A and 7B show that the Bik mutant (BikDD) gene demonstrated a significant suppression of tumor growth and an increase in survival in a breast cancer orthotopic model.

[0046] FIG. 7A shows tumor volume that was measured and recorded weekly. FIG. 2B shows that BikDD increased the survival rate of mice bearing MDA-MB-231 orthotopic tumors.

[0047] FIG. 8 shows that treatment with the Bik mutant (BikDD) gene increases the survival of mice in a ovarian cancer orthotopic model.

[0048] FIG. 9 demonstrates that treatment with the Bik mutant (BikDD) gene increases the survival of mice in a pancreatic cancer orthotopic model.

[0049] FIG. 10 shows in vitro killing assay of CT90BikDD and CMV-BikDD in different cell lines. The Y-axis value indicates the percentage of vital cells after treatment.

[0050] FIG. 11 shows in vivo anti-tumor effect of CT90-BikDD gene therapy. Breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was inoculated 2.5.times.106 per mouse and mice were treated once per week by liposome-complexed CT0-BikDD, CMV-BikDD, empty vector pGL3, and dextrose buffer D5W as no-treatment control. Tumor size (Y-axis value) was measured twice per week during treatment and showed in the figure. The X-axis indicates the treatment dates.

[0051] FIGS. 12A-12E show therapeutic effects of CT90-BikDD breast cancer targeting gene therapy in an exemplary orthotopic mouse model. FIG. 12A demonstrates that liposome-complexed CT90-BikDD targets breast cancer cells in orthotopic mouse model. In FIGS. 12B and 12D, tumor size record during gene therapy treatment is demonstrated wherein the mice were treated once a week (QW, FIG. 12B) or twice a week (BIW, FIG. 12D).

[0052] FIG. 13 illustrates gene therapy of Bik-DD in MDA-MB-468 xenograft mice.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0053] As used herein the specification, "a" or "an" may mean one or more. As used herein in the claim(s), when used in conjunction with the word "comprising", the words "a" or "an" may mean one or more than one. As used herein "another" may mean at least a second or more.

[0054] The present invention regards mutant Bik polypeptides and the nucleic acids that encode them, as well as methods regarding the use of mutant Bik. Thus, in exemplary embodiments, the present inventors changed the residues threonine 33 and serine 35 to aspartate amino acids as potentially constitutive active forms, and these Bik mutants were demonstrated as therapeutic agents in cancer gene therapy. Although the inventors previously demonstrated that systemically administrated nonviral gene delivery system (SN)-bik significantly inhibited the growth and metastasis of human breast cancer cells implanted in nude mice and prolonged the life span of the treated animals (Zou et al., 2002), as described herein Bik mutants could also enhance anti-tumor function of Bik gene product in in vitro and in vivo models, compared to wild type Bik.

[0055] The present invention regards variant forms of the pro-apoptotic bik polynucleotide as a tumor suppressor gene to treat human ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and other cancers. In some embodiments it is delivered by, for example, either a viral or non-viral delivery system into an appropriate recipient animal to suppress tumor growth and development. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the delivered Bik mutants act through an apoptosis mechanism to suppress tumor growth and development. Thus, herein the inventors demonstrate that the bik variants exerted strong anti-tumor activity and behaved like a classic tumor suppressor.

[0056] Bik was initially identified as a BH3-domain-only protein that interacts with E1B 19K and Bcl-2. Systemically administrated Bik significantly inhibited the tumor growth and metastasis in human breast cancer nude mice model. Recently, it has been reported that post-translational phosphorylation can regulate the pro-apoptotic potency of Bik. Here, the present inventors demonstrated that Bik mutants were more potent than wild type (wt) Bik to inhibit cell proliferation and enhance apoptosis induction in various human cancer cells. They also demonstrated that the Bik mutants suppressed the tumorigenicity and tumor taking rate in mice ex vivo model. Finally, the inventors demonstrated the Bik mutant-SN liposome inhibited the tumor growth and prolonged the life span in mice in vivo model. Thus, the present invention provides mutant Bik gene product, and polynucleotides that encode same, are more potent than wt Bik to induce cell death.

[0057] Exemplary mutants of Bik, Bik-T33D (threonine 33 to aspartate), Bik-S35D (serine 35 to aspartate) and Bik-T33DS35D (threonine 33 and serine 35 to aspartate), were generated. These mutants, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, selectively inhibit cancer cell growth and also preferably are more potent anti-cancer agents than the wild-type Bik. In other embodiments the mutant Biks inhibit other cell proliferation and is useful for the treatment of restenosis or to inhibit angiogenesis. One skilled in the art following the teachings of this specification can generate other exemplary mutants of Bik polypeptide.

[0058] A skilled artisan recognizes that a multitude of Bik nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences may be used in the present invention. A skilled artisan is aware of publicly available databases that provide these sequences, such as the National Center for Biotechnology Information's GenBank database or commercially available databases such as from Celera Genomics, Inc. (Rockville, Md.). Exemplary polypeptide sequences include (as identified by their GenBank Accession numbers): SEQ ID NO:3 (AAC50413; NP.sub.--001188; AAF01156; AAC79124; CAA62013; and S58214) and SEQ ID NO:4 (AAC40079). Exemplary polynucleotide sequences include (as identified by their GenBank Accession numbers): SEQ ID NO:5 (AY245248) and SEQ ID NO:6 (NM.sub.--001197).

[0059] In specific embodiments, the Bik polypeptide comprises at least one of the following domains: BH3 domain (for example, ALRLACIGDEMD; SEQ ID NO:10); at least one E1B 19K-interacting domain (for example, LRLACIGDEMDV; SEQ ID NO:11); at least one Bcl-2-interacting domain (for example, ALALRLACIGDEMDVSLR; SEQ ID NO:12); and/or at least one heterodimerization domain (for example, LALRLACIGDEMDVSLRA; SEQ ID NO:13), such as with various anti-apoptotic proteins, e.g. Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL; and/or a transmembrane domain (for example, EQVLLALLLLLALLLPLLSGGLHLLLK; SEQ ID NO:14), and at least some of the domains may overlap. In particular embodiments, the Bik polypeptide comprises no substantially functional phosphorylation sites at particular amino acids, although in alternative embodiments the Bik may comprise one or more functional phosphorylation sites. As used herein the term "no substantially functional phosphorylation sites" refers to the majority of Bik molecules lacking phosphorylation ability at one or more particular amino acids capable of being phosphorylated. In specific embodiments, the phosphorylation sites in question include Thr33 and Ser35. A skilled artisan recognizes how to assay for phosphorylation capability, such as providing antibodies specific for the phosphorylated species or for the non-phosphorylated species to the Bik form in question. A skilled artisan may also use two-dimensional gel electrophoresis or mass spectrum, for example, to identify the phosphorylation of these residues, in some embodiments.

[0060] A skilled artisan recognizes that the mutants of Bik, such as the exemplary BikT33D (threonine 33 to aspartate) (SEQ ID NO:7); BikS35D (serine 35 to aspartate) (SEQ ID NO:8); and Bik T33DS35D (both threonine 33 and serine 35 to aspartate) (SEQ ID NO:9), may be generated by a variety of means. In a specific embodiment, a nucleic acid sequence as set forth in, for example, SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6, is mutated at least at the codon that encodes a particular amino acid desired to be altered, such as the threonine at residue 33 to encode an aspartic acid, and so forth. Table 1 presents codons for all standard amino acids, and a skilled artisan would be well aware how to manipulate a starting nucleic acid to generate a desired mutation using standard site-directed mutagenesis techniques, for example.

[0061] In an embodiment of the present invention, the Bik wild type gene product is phosphorylated under native conditions. In particular, the inventors have shown herein that mutant Bik, such as one or more comprising a mutation that encodes the T33 residue and/or the S35 residue, in spite of an inability to be phosphorylated, renders the mutant Bik gene product also useful for inhibition of cell growth and/or useful for pro-apoptotic activity. A skilled artisan recognizes that the T33 and/or S35 residues may be altered to prohibit phosphorylation. For example, the T33 amino acid residue may be changed by altering the nucleic acid codon that encodes it, such as by site-directed mutagenesis. Alternatively, the T33 and/or S35 amino acid(s) may be blocked with at least one compound that prevents phosphorylation, for example with blocking agents such as carbodiamide and/or by acetylation of the residue with acetylchloride in trifluoroacetic acid.

[0062] A skilled artisan recognizes that the substitution at Thr33 and/or Ser35 may prevent phosphorylation of the Bik polypeptide under conditions that would result in phosphorylation of an unsubstituted Bik polypeptide, and furthermore would know methods standard in the art to determine these conditions.

[0063] In one aspect of the invention, mutant Bik polypeptide having at least one defective phosphorylation site is administered as a polynucleotide that is regulated in a tissue-specific manner. In particular, mutant Bik may be targeted for expression in breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, or prostate cancer, for example. In certain aspects of the invention, a breast cancer-specific promoter controls expression of mutant Bik. Although any breast cancer-specific control sequence is contemplated by the present inventors, in a particular embodiment mutant Bik expression is controlled by a composite (chimeric) promoter. For example, breast cancer specific promoters comprised of a CMV promoter enhancer sequence linked with breast cancer specific segments in either topoisomerase II.alpha. promoter (named as CT90) or transferring receptor promoter (named as CTR116) may be utilized. Both of these chimeric promoters drive gene expression selectively in breast cancer cells and possess activity levels comparable to the CMV promoter. The mutant Bik constructs employing the CT90 or CTR116 chimeric promoters are used in gene transfer to target and treat primary and metastatic breast cancers with less toxicity to normal tissues, preferably by selectively killing breast cancer cells and/or significantly reducing breast tumor growth and/or growth rate.

[0064] In other aspects of the invention, a prostate cancer-specific or pancreatic cancer-specific promoter controls expression of mutant Bik. Although any respective prostate cancer-specific or pancreatic cancer-specific promoter is contemplated by the present inventors, in a particular embodiment a composite prostate cancer-specific or pancreatic cancer-specific promoter, respectively, is utilized. For example, the prostate cancer-specific promoter may comprise an ARR2 control sequence, whereas the pancreatic cancer-specific promoter may comprise a CCKAR control sequence.

[0065] Any promoter or control sequence utilized to regulate expression of a polynucleotide encoding a mutant Bik polypeptide may utilize specific regulatory sequences that enhance expression and/or post-transcriptional processes, for example. Particular but exemplary sequences include enhancers, two-step transcriptional amplification system, elements that regulate RNA polyadenylation, half-life, and so forth, such as the WPRE, and others in the art.

[0066] In other embodiments of the present invention, there are methods of preventing growth of a cell in an individual comprising administering to the individual a mutant Bik polypeptide. In specific embodiments, the polypeptide is administered in a liposome and/or the polypeptide further comprises a protein transduction domain (Schwarze et al., 1999), such as HIV Tat or penetratin. In alternative embodiments, mutant Bik is administered as a polynucleotide, wherein the polynucleotide comprises the alteration that effects modification at the amino acid level, such as is generated by site-directed mutagenesis, for example. The modified Bik polynucleotide is administered in a vector such as a plasmid, retroviral vector, adenoviral vector, adeno-associated viral vector, liposome, or a combination thereof.

[0067] There are also embodiments of the present invention wherein there are methods of treating a cell comprising contacting the cell with a mutant Bik polypeptide. In specific embodiments, the cell is a human cell, the cell is comprised in an animal, and/or the animal is human.

[0068] It is contemplated herein that the compositions of the present invention preferably have an activity similar from a native Bik polypeptide in the cell, and which may be approximately the same or more potent against a cancer cell than native Bik. That is, the scope of the present invention, in some embodiments, is directed to a change in the native Bik polypeptide for use in a manner similar to the wildtype Bik polypeptide. In an alternative embodiment, the mutant Bik forms (e.g. different from the wild type sequence) comprise an activity different from the native Bik polypeptide.

I. Definitions and Techniques Affecting Bik Gene Products and Genes

[0069] A. Bik Gene Products and Genes

[0070] As used herein, the terms "mutant Bik gene product" and "mutant Bik" refer to proteins having amino acid sequences that are not identical to the native Bik but that are biologically active in that they are capable of performing similar activities to native Bik. For example, they are preferably capable of pro-apoptotic activity, anti-cell proliferative activity, anti-tumor activity and/or cross-reactive antibody activity with anti-Bik antibody raised against Bik. The term "Bik gene product" includes analogs of Bik molecules that exhibit at least some biological activity in common with native Bik. Furthermore, those skilled in the art of mutagenesis will appreciate that other analogs, as yet undisclosed or undiscovered, may be used to construct Bik analogs.

[0071] The term "mutant form of Bik" refers to any DNA sequence that is substantially identical to a DNA sequence encoding a Bik gene product as defined above. The term also refers to RNA or antisense sequences compatible with such DNA sequences. A "Bik gene" may also comprise any combination of associated control sequences.

[0072] The term "substantially identical", when used to define either a Bik amino acid sequence or Bik nucleic acid sequence, means that a particular subject sequence, for example, a mutant sequence, varies from the sequence of natural Bik by, for example, one or more substitutions, deletions, additions, or a combination thereof, the net effect of which is to retain at least some biological activity of the Bik protein. Alternatively, DNA analog sequences are "substantially identical" to specific DNA sequences disclosed herein if: (a) the DNA analog sequence is derived from coding regions of the natural Bik gene; or (b) the DNA analog sequence is capable of hybridization of DNA sequences of (a) under moderately stringent conditions and which encode biologically active Bik; or (c) DNA sequences that are degenerative as a result of the genetic code to the DNA analog sequences defined in (a) or (b). Substantially identical analog proteins will be greater than about 80% similar to the corresponding sequence of the native protein. Sequences having lesser degrees of similarity but comparable biological activity are considered to be equivalents. In determining nucleic acid sequences, all subject nucleic acid sequences capable of encoding substantially similar amino acid sequences are considered to be substantially similar to a reference nucleic acid sequence, regardless of differences in codon sequence.

[0073] B. Percent Similarity

[0074] Percent similarity may be determined, for example, by comparing sequence information using the GAP computer program, available from the University of Wisconsin Geneticist Computer Group. The GAP program utilizes the alignment method of Needleman et al., 1970, as revised by Smith et al., 1981. Briefly, the GAP program defines similarity as the number of aligned symbols (i.e. nucleotides or amino acids) which are similar, divided by the total number of symbols in the shorter of the two sequences. The preferred default parameters for the GAP program include (1) a unitary comparison matrix (containing a value of 1 for identities and 0 for non-identities) of nucleotides and the weighted comparison matrix of Gribskov et al., 1986, as described by Schwartz et al., 1979; (2) a penalty of 3.0 for each gap and an additional 0.01 penalty for each symbol and each gap; and (3) no penalty for end gaps.

II. Nucleic Acid Sequences

[0075] In certain embodiments, the invention concerns the use of mutant Bik nucleic acids, genes and gene products, such as the mutant Bik that includes a sequence that is different from that of the known Bik gene, or the corresponding protein. The term "a sequence essentially as Bik" means that the sequence substantially corresponds to a portion of the Bik gene and has relatively few bases or amino acids (whether DNA or protein) that are not identical to those of Bik (or a biologically functional equivalent thereof, when referring to proteins). The term "biologically functional equivalent" is well understood in the art and is further defined in detail herein. Accordingly, sequences that have between about 70% and about 80%; or more preferably, between about 81% and about 90%; or even more preferably, between about 91% and about 99%; of amino acids that are identical or functionally equivalent to the amino acids of Bik will be sequences that are "essentially the same".

[0076] Mutant bik nucleic acids that have functionally equivalent codons are covered by the invention. The term "functionally equivalent codon" is used herein to refer to codons that encode the same amino acid, such as the six codons for arginine or serine, and also refers to codons that encode biologically equivalent amino acids (Table 1).

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 FUNCTIONALLY EQUIVALENT CODONS Amino Acids Codons Alanine Ala A GCA GCC GCG GCU Cysteine Cys C UGC UGU Aspartic Acid Asp D GAC GAU Glutamic Acid Glu E GAA GAG Phenylalanine Phe F UUC UUU Glycine Gly G GGA GGC GGG GGU Histidine His H CAC CAU Isoleucine Ile I AUA AUC AUU Lysine Lys K AAA AAG Leucine Leu L UUA UUG CUA CUC CUG CUU Methionine Met M AUG Asparagine Asn N AAC AAU Proline Pro P CCA CCC CCU Glutamine Gln Q CAA CAG Arginine Arg R AGA AGG CGA CGC CGG CGU Serine Ser S AGC AGU UCA UCC UCG UCU Threonine Thr T ACA ACC ACG ACU Valine Val V GUA GUC GUG GUU Tryptophan Trp W UGG Tyrosine Tyr Y UAC UAU

[0077] It will also be understood that amino acid and nucleic acid sequences may include additional residues, such as additional N- or C-terminal amino acids or 5' or 3' sequences, and yet still be essentially as set forth in one of the sequences disclosed herein, so long as the sequence meets the criteria set forth above, including the maintenance of biological protein activity where protein expression is concerned. The addition of terminal sequences particularly applies to nucleic acid sequences which may, for example, include various non-coding sequences flanking either of the 5' or 3' portions of the coding region or may include various internal sequences, i.e., introns, which are known to occur within genes.

[0078] The present invention also encompasses the use of DNA segments that are complementary, or essentially complementary, to the sequences set forth in the specification. Nucleic acid sequences that are "complementary" are those that are capable of base-pairing according to the standard Watson-Crick complementarity rules. As used herein, the term "complementary sequences" means nucleic acid sequences that are substantially complementary, as may be assessed by the same nucleotide comparison set forth above, or as defined as being capable of hybridizing to the nucleic acid segment in question under relatively stringent conditions such as those described herein.

[0079] C. Biologically Functional Equivalents

[0080] As mentioned above, modification and changes may be made in the structure of Bik and still obtain a molecule having like or otherwise desirable characteristics. For example, certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids in a protein structure without appreciable loss of interactive binding capacity with structures such as, for example, E1B 19K or Bcl-2. Since, in many embodiments, it is the interactive capacity and nature of a protein that defines that protein's biological functional activity, certain amino acid sequence substitutions can be made in a protein sequence (or, of course, its underlying DNA coding sequence) and nevertheless obtain a protein with like or even countervailing properties (e.g., antagonistic vs. agonistic). It is thus contemplated by the inventors that various changes may be made in the sequence of the mutant Bik proteins or peptides (or underlying DNA) without appreciable loss of their desired biological utility or activity.

[0081] It is also well understood by the skilled artisan that, inherent in the definition of a biologically functional equivalent protein or peptide, is the concept that there is a limit to the number of changes that may be made within a defined portion of the molecule and still result in a molecule with an acceptable level of equivalent biological activity. Biologically functional equivalent peptides are thus defined herein as those peptides in which certain, not most or all, of the amino acids may be substituted. Of course, a plurality of distinct proteins/peptides with different substitutions may easily be made and used in accordance with the invention.

[0082] It is also well understood that where certain residues are shown to be particularly important to the biological or structural properties of a protein or peptide, e.g., residues in active sites, such residues may not generally be exchanged.

[0083] Amino acid substitutions, such as those that might be employed in modifying Bik, are generally based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and the like. An analysis of the size, shape and type of the amino acid side-chain substituents reveals that arginine, lysine and histidine are all positively charged residues; that alanine, glycine and serine are all a similar size; and that phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine all have a generally similar shape. Therefore, based upon these considerations, arginine, lysine and histidine; alanine, glycine and serine; and phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine; are defined herein as biologically functional equivalents.

[0084] In making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids may be considered. Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of their hydrophobicity and charge characteristics, these are: isoleucine (+4.5); valine (+4.2); leucine (+3.8); phenylalanine (+2.8); cysteine/cystine (+2.5); methionine (+1.9); alanine (+1.8); glycine (-0.4); threonine (-0.7); serine (-0.8); tryptophan (-0.9); tyrosine (-1.3); proline (-1.6); histidine (-3.2); glutamate (-3.5); glutamine (-3.5); aspartate (-3.5); asparagine (-3.5); lysine (-3.9); and arginine (-4.5).

[0085] The importance of the hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biological function on a protein is generally understood in the art (Kyte and Doolittle, 1982, incorporated herein by reference). It is known that certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score and still retain a similar biological activity. In making changes based upon the hydropathic index, the substitution of amino acids whose hydropathic indices are within .+-.2 is preferred, those that are within .+-.1 are particularly preferred, and those within .+-.0.5 are even more particularly preferred.

[0086] It is also understood in the art that the substitution of like amino acids can be made effectively on the basis of hydrophilicity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, incorporated herein by reference, states that the greatest local average hydrophilicity of a protein, as governed by the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with its immunogenicity and antigenicity, i.e. with a biological property of the protein. It is understood that an amino acid can be substituted for another having a similar hydrophilicity value and still obtain a biologically equivalent protein.

[0087] As detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, the following hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartate (+3.0.+-0.1); glutamate (+3.0.+-0.1); serine (+0.3); asparagine (+0.2); glutamine (+0.2); glycine (0); threonine (-0.4); proline (-0.5.+-0.1); alanine (-0.5); histidine (-0.5); cysteine (-1.0); methionine (-1.3); valine (-1.5); leucine (-1.8); isoleucine (-1.8); tyrosine (-2.3); phenylalanine (-2.5); tryptophan (-3.4).

[0088] In making changes based upon similar hydrophilicity values, the substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values are within .+-.2 is preferred, those that are within .+-.1 are particularly preferred, and those within .+-.0.5 are even more particularly preferred.

[0089] While discussion has focused on functionally equivalent polypeptides arising from amino acid changes, it will be appreciated that these changes may be effected by alteration of the encoding DNA; taking into consideration also that the genetic code is degenerate and that two or more codons may code for the same amino acid.

III. Nucleic Acid-Based Expression Systems

[0090] The present invention utilizes, in some embodiments, systems for expressing mutant Bik-comprising polynucleotides. Particular exemplary aspects for these polynucleotides are described herein.

[0091] A. Vectors

[0092] The term "vector" is used to refer to a carrier nucleic acid molecule into which a nucleic acid sequence can be inserted for introduction into a cell where it can be replicated. A nucleic acid sequence can be "exogenous," which means that it is foreign to the cell into which the vector is being introduced or that the sequence is homologous to a sequence in the cell but in a position within the host cell nucleic acid in which the sequence is ordinarily not found. Vectors include plasmids, cosmids, viruses (bacteriophage, animal viruses, and plant viruses), and artificial chromosomes (e.g., YACs). One of skill in the art would be well equipped to construct a vector through standard recombinant techniques, which are described in Maniatis et al., 1988 and Ausubel et al., 1994, both incorporated herein by reference.

[0093] The term "expression vector" refers to a vector containing a nucleic acid sequence coding for at least part of a gene product capable of being transcribed. In some cases, RNA molecules are then translated into a protein, polypeptide, or peptide. In other cases, these sequences are not translated, for example, in the production of antisense molecules or ribozymes. Expression vectors can contain a variety of "control sequences," which refer to nucleic acid sequences necessary for the transcription and possibly translation of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. In addition to control sequences that govern transcription and translation, vectors and expression vectors may contain nucleic acid sequences that serve other functions as well and are described infra.

[0094] 1. Promoters and Enhancers

[0095] A "promoter" is a control sequence that is a region of a nucleic acid sequence at which initiation and rate of transcription are controlled. In a specific embodiment, a control sequence, such as a promoter, regulates the tissue specificity within which the nucleic acid sequence is expressed. A promoter, or control sequence, may comprise genetic elements at which regulatory proteins and molecules may bind, such as RNA polymerase and other transcription factors. The phrases "operatively positioned," "operatively linked," "under control," and "under transcriptional control" mean that a promoter or other control sequence is in a correct functional location and/or orientation in relation to a nucleic acid sequence to control transcriptional initiation and/or expression of that sequence. A promoter may or may not be used in conjunction with an "enhancer," which refers to a cis-acting regulatory sequence involved in the transcriptional activation of a nucleic acid sequence.

[0096] A promoter may be one naturally associated with a gene or sequence, as may be obtained by isolating the 5' non-coding sequences located upstream of the coding segment and/or exon. Such a promoter can be referred to as "endogenous." Similarly, an enhancer may be one naturally associated with a nucleic acid sequence, located either downstream or upstream of that sequence. Alternatively, certain advantages will be gained by positioning the coding nucleic acid segment under the control of a recombinant or heterologous promoter, which refers to a promoter that is not normally associated with a nucleic acid sequence in its natural environment. A recombinant or heterologous enhancer refers also to an enhancer not normally associated with a nucleic acid sequence in its natural environment. Such promoters or enhancers may include promoters or enhancers of other genes, and promoters or enhancers isolated from any other prokaryotic, viral, or eukaryotic cell, and promoters or enhancers not "naturally occurring," i.e., containing different elements of different transcriptional regulatory regions, and/or mutations that alter expression. In addition to producing nucleic acid sequences of promoters and enhancers synthetically, sequences may be produced using recombinant cloning and/or nucleic acid amplification technology, including PCR.TM., in connection with the compositions disclosed herein (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,906, each incorporated herein by reference). Furthermore, it is contemplated the control sequences that direct transcription and/or expression of sequences within non-nuclear organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the like, can be employed as well.

[0097] Naturally, it will be important to employ a promoter and/or enhancer that effectively directs the expression of the DNA segment in the cell type, organelle, and organism chosen for expression. Those of skill in the art of molecular biology generally know the use of promoters, enhancers, and cell type combinations for protein expression, for example, see Sambrook et al. (1989), incorporated herein by reference. The promoters employed may be constitutive, tissue-specific, inducible, and/or useful under the appropriate conditions to direct high level expression of the introduced DNA segment, such as is advantageous in the large-scale production of recombinant proteins and/or peptides. The promoter may be heterologous or endogenous.

[0098] Table 2 lists several elements/promoters that may be employed, in the context of the present invention, to regulate the expression of a gene. This list is not intended to be exhaustive of all the possible elements involved in the promotion of expression but, merely, to be exemplary thereof. Table 3 provides examples of inducible elements, which are regions of a nucleic acid sequence that can be activated in response to a specific stimulus.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Promoter and/or Enhancer Promoter/Enhancer References Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Banerji et al., 1983; Gilles et al., 1983; Grosschedl et al., 1985; Atchinson et al., 1986, 1987; Imler et al., 1987; Weinberger et al., 1984; Kiledjian et al., 1988; Porton et al.; 1990 Immunoglobulin Light Chain Queen et al., 1983; Picard et al., 1984 T-Cell Receptor Luria et al., 1987; Winoto et al., 1989; Redondo et al.; 1990 HLA DQ a and/or DQ .beta. Sullivan et al., 1987 .beta.-Interferon Goodbourn et al., 1986; Fujita et al., 1987; Goodbourn et al., 1988 Interleukin-2 Greene et al., 1989 Interleukin-2 Receptor Greene et al., 1989; Lin et al., 1990 MHC Class II 5 Koch et al., 1989 MHC Class II HLA-DRa Sherman et al., 1989 .beta.-Actin Kawamoto et al., 1988; Ng et al.; 1989 Muscle Creatine Kinase (MCK) Jaynes et al., 1988; Horlick et al., 1989; Johnson et al., 1989 Prealbumin (Transthyretin) Costa et al., 1988 Elastase I Omitz et al., 1987 Metallothionein (MTII) Karin et al., 1987; Culotta et al., 1989 Collagenase Pinkert et al., 1987; Angel et al., 1987 Albumin Pinkert et al., 1987; Tronche et al., 1989, 1990 .alpha.-Fetoprotein Godbout et al., 1988; Campere et al., 1989 t-Globin Bodine et al., 1987; Perez-Stable et al., 1990 .beta.-Globin Trudel et al., 1987 c-fos Cohen et al., 1987 c-HA-ras Triesman, 1986; Deschamps et al., 1985 Insulin Edlund et al., 1985 Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Hirsh et al., 1990 (NCAM) .alpha.1-Antitrypain Latimer et al., 1990 H2B (TH2B) Histone Hwang et al., 1990 Mouse and/or Type I Collagen Ripe et al., 1989 Glucose-Regulated Proteins Chang et al., 1989 (GRP94 and GRP78) Rat Growth Hormone Larsen et al., 1986 Human Serum Amyloid A Edbrooke et al., 1989 (SAA) Troponin I (TN I) Yutzey et al., 1989 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Pech et al., 1989 (PDGF) Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Klamut et al., 1990 SV40 Banerji et al., 1981; Moreau et al., 1981; Sleigh et al., 1985; Firak et al., 1986; Herr et al., 1986; Imbra et al., 1986; Kadesch et al., 1986; Wang et al., 1986; Ondek et al., 1987; Kuhl et al., 1987; Schaffner et al., 1988 Polyoma Swartzendruber et al., 1975; Vasseur et al., 1980; Katinka et al., 1980, 1981; Tyndell et al., 1981; Dandolo et al., 1983; de Villiers et al., 1984; Hen et al., 1986; Satake et al., 1988; Campbell and Villarreal, 1988 Retroviruses Kriegler et al., 1982, 1983; Levinson et al., 1982; Kriegler et al., 1983, 1984a, b, 1988; Bosze et al., 1986; Miksicek et al., 1986; Celander et al., 1987; Thiesen et al., 1988; Celander et al., 1988; Chol et al., 1988; Reisman et al., 1989 Papilloma Virus Campo et al., 1983; Lusky et al., 1983; Spandidos and Wilkie, 1983; Spalholz et al., 1985; Lusky et al., 1986; Cripe et al., 1987; Gloss et al., 1987; Hirochika et al., 1987; Stephens et al., 1987; Glue et al., 1988 Hepatitis B Virus Bulla et al., 1986; Jameel et al., 1986; Shaul et al., 1987; Spandau et al., 1988; Vannice et al., 1988 Human Immunodeficiency Muesing et al., 1987; Hauber et al., 1988; Jakobovits Virus et al., 1988; Feng et al., 1988; Takebe et al., 1988; Rosen et al., 1988; Berkhout et al., 1989; Laspia et al., 1989; Sharp et al., 1989; Braddock et al., 1989 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Weber et al., 1984; Boshart et al., 1985; Foecking et al., 1986 Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Holbrook et al., 1987; Quinn et al., 1989

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Inducible Elements Element Inducer References MT II Phorbol Ester (TFA) Palmiter et al., 1982; Haslinger Heavy metals et al., 1985; Searle et al., 1985; Stuart et al., 1985; Imagawa et al., 1987, Karin et al., 1987; Angel et al., 1987b; McNeall et al., 1989 MMTV (mouse mammary Glucocorticoids Huang et al., 1981; Lee et al., tumor virus) 1981; Majors et al., 1983; Chandler et al., 1983; Lee et al., 1984; Ponta et al., 1985; Sakai et al., 1988 .beta.-Interferon poly(rI) .times. Tavernier et al., 1983 poly(rc) Adenovirus 5 E2 ElA Imperiale et al., 1984 Collagenase Phorbol Ester (TPA) Angel et al., 1987a Stromelysin Phorbol Ester (TPA) Angel et al., 1987b SV40 Phorbol Ester (TPA) Angel et al., 1987b Murine MX Gene Interferon, Newcastle Hug et al., 1988 Disease Virus GRP78 Gene A23187 Resendez et al., 1988 .alpha.-2-Macroglobulin IL-6 Kunz et al., 1989 Vimentin Serum Rittling et al., 1989 MHC Class I Gene H- Interferon Blanar et al., 1989 2.kappa.b HSP70 ElA, SV40 Large T Taylor et al., 1989, 1990a, Antigen 1990b Proliferin Phorbol Ester-TPA Mordacq et al., 1989 Tumor Necrosis Factor PMA Hensel et al., 1989 Thyroid Stimulating Thyroid Hormone Chatterjee et al., 1989 Hormone .alpha. Gene

[0099] The identity of tissue-specific promoters or elements, as well as assays to characterize their activity, is well known to those of skill in the art. Examples of such regions include the human LIMK2 gene (Nomoto et al. 1999), the somatostatin receptor 2 gene (Kraus et al., 1998), murine epididymal retinoic acid-binding gene (Lareyre et al., 1999), human CD4 (Zhao-Emonet et al., 1998), mouse alpha2 (XI) collagen (Tsumaki, et al., 1998), DIA dopamine receptor gene (Lee, et al., 1997), insulin-like growth factor II (Wu et al., 1997), or human platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (Almendro et al., 1996), for example.

[0100] Tissue-specific promoters utilized to control expression targeting and/or levels of mutant Bik may be endogenous wild-type promoters, mutant promoters, or synthetic promoters, so long as the expression of mutant Bik is preferentially retained in one or more tissues of interest compared to tissues that are not the desired target. Synthetic promoters may be further defined as composite promoters, referred to herein as a promoter comprising at least two separate regions originating from different endogenous and/or synthetic promoters yet operably linked to control expression of a mutant Bik. In a particular embodiment, the tissue specificity refers to specificity for cancerous tissue, as opposed to non-cancerous tissue. The term "cancerous tissue" as used herein refers to a tissue comprising at least one cancer cell.

[0101] a. Breast Cancer Tissue-Specific Promoters

[0102] Most of the promoters currently used in cancer gene therapy possess strong but unselective activity (e.g. CMV and .beta.-actin promoters) in both normal and tumor cells. Thus, in some aspects of the present invention, a breast tissue-specific promoter is utilized in the invention, such as to control expression of a mutant form of Bik, including the exemplary BikT33D, BikS35D, and Bik T33DS35D mutants. In a particular aspect, the breast tissue-specific promoter is a breast cancer tissue-specific promoter. As such, the desired promoter for this embodiment targets expression specifically to breast cancer tissue.

[0103] Any breast cancer tissue-specific promoter may be employed in the invention so long as it preferentially directs expression of mutant Bik in breast cancer tissue. Examples of breast cancer tissue-specific promoters that may direct expression of mutant Bik in breast cancer tissue include at least hALA, GLG, HK-II, and HER2 promoters (Anderson et al., 2000; Katabi et al., 1999; Lu et al., 2002; Maeda et al., 2001).

[0104] In one particular embodiment of the present invention, composite promoters utilizing either topoisomerase II.alpha. (topoII.alpha.) and transferrin receptor (TfR) breast cancer-specific control sequences are employed. The topoisomerase II.alpha. (topoII.alpha.) and transferrin receptor (TfR) levels are elevated in breast cancer, as determined using SAGE analysis and cDNA microarray, for example. The present inventors identified a 90 base pair segment (SEQ ID NO:26) and a 116 base pair segment (SEQ ID NO:27) in the 5'-end of topoII.alpha. and TfR promoter, respectively, as a minimally required breast-cancer specific control sequence. In particular embodiments, the promoter activity is enhanced by operatively linking these two short promoters with an enhancer sequence, such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter enhancer sequence (SEQ ID NO:25); these chimeric promoters are referred to herein as CT90 and CTR116, respectively. The full CT90 promoter is comprised in SEQ ID NO:37, and the full CTR116 promoter is comprised in SEQ ID NO:38. These promoters are described herein but are further characterized in detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/559,111, entitled "Cancer-Specific Promoters" by Mien-Chie Hung, Yan Li, Yong Wen, Chi-Ping Day, Kun-Ming Rau, Xiaoming Xie, Zheng Li, filed simultaneously herewith and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. To demonstrate its use in cancer gene therapy, the present inventors generated a DNA construct using CT90 to drive mutant Bik expression. When transfected into cell lines, this construct selectively killed breast cancer cells. Moreover, the present inventors demonstrated that this construct had an anti-tumor effect on breast tumor xenograft in mouse by intravenous injection with an exemplary non-viral delivery system. This indicates that CT90 and CTR116 can drive the expression of a therapeutic gene such as mutant Bik selectively in breast cancer cells.

[0105] Thus, the current invention encompasses breast cancer-specific promoters for control of expression of mutant Bik to target breast cancer cells for treatment that is less toxic or non-toxic to normal tissues.

[0106] b. Pancreatic Cancer Tissue-Specific Promoters

[0107] Pancreatic-specific promoters can be used for targeted expression of mutant Bik, including the exemplary BikT33D, BikS35D, and Bik T33DS35D mutants. Any pancreatic cancer tissue-specific promoter may be employed in the invention so long as it preferentially directs expression of mutant Bik in pancreatic cancer tissue. Examples of pancreatic cancer tissue-specific promoters that may direct expression of mutant Bik in pancreatic cancer tissue include the insulin promoter, such as the rat insulin promoter (Wang et al., 2004); midkine and cyclooxygenase-2 promoters (Wesseling et al., 2001); and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter (Takeuchi et al., 2000), for example.

[0108] The present inventors developed a pancreatic cancer-specific promoter that is described herein but provided in further detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/559,111, entitled "Cancer-Specific Promoters" by Mien-Chie Hung, Yan Li, Yong Wen, Chi-Ping Day, Kun-Ming Rau, Xiaoming Xie, Zheng Li, filed simultaneously herewith, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The promoter comprises Cholecystoskinin A receptor (CCKAR) promoter sequence, particularly CCKAR promoter ranging from nt -726 to +1 (SEQ ID NO:28) operatively linked to an enhancer, such as CMV enhancer. The CCKAR-CMV composite is then engineered with a particular two-step transcriptional amplification (TSTA) system (Iyer et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2002; Sato et al., 2003; and references cited therein), such as the exemplary GAL4-VP16 or GAL4-VP2 fusion protein, to augment the transcriptional activity and, it is also operatively linked to the post-transcriptional regulatory element of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WPRE) (SEQ ID NO:29) to modify RNA polyadenylation signal, RNA export, and/or RNA translation. A skilled artisan recognizes that the term "two-step transcriptional amplification (TSTA) system" may also be referred to as "two-step transcriptional activation (TSTA) system" or "recombinant transcriptional activation approach" (Nettelbeck et al., 2000). In a particular aspect, the CCAKAR-TSTA-WPRE (CTP) promoter is utilized, and an example of such a composite promoter is comprised in SEQ ID NO:34. Thus, the molecularly engineered CTP promoter is employed for effective treatment modalities for pancreatic cancer gene therapy with mutant Bik.

[0109] c. Prostate Cancer Tissue-Specific Promoters

[0110] Prostate cancer tissue-specific promoters can be used to control expression of polynucleotides that encode mutant Bik. Prostate-specific promoters, like PSA, probasin and hK2, for example, have been recently developed. The activities of these promoters are androgen-dependent. For numerous disease stages, patients are androgen-dependent (ADPC), allowing the use of androgen-responsive vectors to direct expression of therapeutic genes to prostatic tissue. Although robust prostate-specific promoters responsive to androgen receptor have been developed by the present inventors (Xie et al., Cancer Res 2001) and other groups (Zhang et al., Mol Endocrinol 2000), these androgen-dependent promoters may be less active after castration or androgen ablation therapy, which are the main modalities for progressive prostate cancer treatment. These patients treated with compositions comprising these promoters may fail this kind of therapy and die of recurrent androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC).

[0111] The inventors have developed prostate cancer-specific promoters that may be expected to have benefit for both ADPC and androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) to treat metastatic and recurrent hormonal refractory prostate cancer, particularly to regulate expression of mutant Bik. This promoter is described herein and characterized in further detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/559,111, entitled "Cancer-Specific Promoters" by Mien-Chie Hung, Yan Li, Yong Wen, Chi-Ping Day, Kun-Ming Rau, Xiaoming Xie, Zheng Li, filed simultaneously herewith and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The promoter, referred to herein as ATTP, comprises at least the minimal promoter fragment (hTERTp) of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) (SEQ ID NO:32) operably linked to a two-step transcriptional amplification (TSTA) system, such as the exemplary GAL4-VP16 or GAL4-VP2 (two examples of GAL4-VP2 are SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:33) fusion protein-encoding sequences, and it is also operatively linked to the post-transcriptional regulatory element of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WPRE) to modify RNA polyadenylation signal, RNA export, and/or RNA translation. These regulatory sequences are effective in both ADPC and AIPC cell lines. Given that in most cases of recurrent prostate cancers the AR gene is amplified and/or AR is overexpressed, this particular promoter greatly improves the effective index for the embodiment wherein the activity of this system is stimulated by androgen. In preferred embodiments the tissue-specificity region comprises at least, and for example, the ARR2 regulatory element (SEQ ID NO:31) from ARR2 gene. In a particular aspect of the invention, the TSTA-hTERT-ARR2 and WPRE elements are utilized as the prostate cancer-specific regulatory elements, which in specific embodiments are comprised in SEQ ID NO:35. Thus, the present inventors have developed a novel prostate cancer-specific regulatory system that will target mutant Bik to not only ADPC but also AIPC.

[0112] 2. Initiation Signals and Internal Ribosome Binding Sites

[0113] A specific initiation signal also may be required for efficient translation of coding sequences. These signals include the ATG initiation codon or adjacent sequences. Exogenous translational control signals, including the ATG initiation codon, may need to be provided. One of ordinary skill in the art would readily be capable of determining this and providing the necessary signals. It is well known that the initiation codon must be "in-frame" with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert. The exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons can be either natural or synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of appropriate transcription enhancer elements.

[0114] In certain embodiments of the invention, the use of internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) elements are used to create multigene, or polycistronic, messages. IRES elements are able to bypass the ribosome scanning model of 5' methylated Cap dependent translation and begin translation at internal sites (Pelletier and Sonenberg, 1988). IRES elements from two members of the picornavirus family (polio and encephalomyocarditis) have been described (Pelletier and Sonenberg, 1988), as well an IRES from a mammalian message (Macejak and Sarnow, 1991). IRES elements can be linked to heterologous open reading frames. Multiple open reading frames can be transcribed together, each separated by an IRES, creating polycistronic messages. By virtue of the IRES element, each open reading frame is accessible to ribosomes for efficient translation. Multiple genes can be efficiently expressed using a single promoter/enhancer to transcribe a single message (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,925,565 and 5,935,819, herein incorporated by reference).

[0115] 3. Multiple Cloning Sites

[0116] Vectors can include a multiple cloning site (MCS), which is a nucleic acid region that contains multiple restriction enzyme sites, any of which can be used in conjunction with standard recombinant technology to digest the vector. (See Carbonelli et al., 1999, Levenson et al., 1998, and Cocea, 1997, incorporated herein by reference.) "Restriction enzyme digestion" refers to catalytic cleavage of a nucleic acid molecule with an enzyme that functions only at specific locations in a nucleic acid molecule. Many of these restriction enzymes are commercially available. Use of such enzymes is widely understood by those of skill in the art. Frequently, a vector is linearized or fragmented using a restriction enzyme that cuts within the MCS to enable exogenous sequences to be ligated to the vector. "Ligation" refers to the process of forming phosphodiester bonds between two nucleic acid fragments, which may or may not be contiguous with each other. Techniques involving restriction enzymes and ligation reactions are well known to those of skill in the art of recombinant technology.

[0117] 4. Splicing Sites

[0118] Most transcribed eukaryotic RNA molecules will undergo RNA splicing to remove introns from the primary transcripts. Vectors containing genomic eukaryotic sequences may require donor and/or acceptor splicing sites to ensure proper processing of the transcript for protein expression. (See Chandler et al., 1997, herein incorporated by reference.)

[0119] 5. Polyadenylation Signals

[0120] In expression, one will typically include a polyadenylation signal to effect proper polyadenylation of the transcript. The nature of the polyadenylation signal is not believed to be crucial to the successful practice of the invention, and/or any such sequence may be employed. Preferred embodiments include the SV40 polyadenylation signal and/or the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal, convenient and/or known to function well in various target cells. Also contemplated as an element of the expression cassette is a transcriptional termination site. These elements can serve to enhance message levels and/or to minimize read through from the cassette into other sequences.

[0121] 6. Origins of Replication

[0122] In order to propagate a vector in a host cell, it may contain one or more origins of replication sites (often termed "ori"), which is a specific nucleic acid sequence at which replication is initiated. Alternatively an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) can be employed if the host cell is yeast.

[0123] 7. Selectable and Screenable Markers

[0124] In certain embodiments of the invention, the cells contain nucleic acid construct of the present invention, a cell may be identified in vitro or in vivo by including a marker in the expression vector. Such markers would confer an identifiable change to the cell permitting easy identification of cells containing the expression vector. Generally, a selectable marker is one that confers a property that allows for selection. A positive selectable marker is one in which the presence of the marker allows for its selection, while a negative selectable marker is one in which its presence prevents its selection. An example of a positive selectable marker is a drug resistance marker.

[0125] Usually the inclusion of a drug selection marker aids in the cloning and identification of transformants, for example, genes that confer resistance to neomycin, puromycin, hygromycin, DHFR, GPT, zeocin and histidinol are useful selectable markers. In addition to markers conferring a phenotype that allows for the discrimination of transformants based on the implementation of conditions, other types of markers including screenable markers such as GFP, whose basis is colorimetric analysis, are also contemplated. Alternatively, screenable enzymes such as herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (tk) or chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) may be utilized. One of skill in the art would also know how to employ immunologic markers, possibly in conjunction with FACS analysis. The marker used is not believed to be important, so long as it is capable of being expressed simultaneously with the nucleic acid encoding a gene product. Further examples of selectable and screenable markers are well known to one of skill in the art.

[0126] B. Host Cells

[0127] As used herein, the terms "cell," "cell line," and "cell culture" may be used interchangeably. All of these term also include their progeny, which is any and all subsequent generations. It is understood that all progeny may not be identical due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations. In the context of expressing a heterologous nucleic acid sequence, "host cell" refers to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, and it includes any transformable organisms that is capable of replicating a vector and/or expressing a heterologous gene encoded by a vector. A host cell can, and has been, used as a recipient for vectors. A host cell may be "transfected" or "transformed," which refers to a process by which exogenous nucleic acid is transferred or introduced into the host cell. A transformed cell includes the primary subject cell and its progeny.

[0128] Host cells may be derived from prokaryotes or eukaryotes, depending upon whether the desired result is replication of the vector or expression of part or all of the vector-encoded nucleic acid sequences. Numerous cell lines and cultures are available for use as a host cell, and they can be obtained through the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), which is an organization that serves as an archive for living cultures and genetic materials (www.atcc.org). An appropriate host can be determined by one of skill in the art based on the vector backbone and the desired result. A plasmid or cosmid, for example, can be introduced into a prokaryote host cell for replication of many vectors. Bacterial cells used as host cells for vector replication and/or expression include DH5.alpha., JM109, and KC8, as well as a number of commercially available bacterial hosts such as SURE.RTM. Competent Cells and Solopack.TM. Gold Cells (Stratagene.RTM., La Jolla). Alternatively, bacterial cells such as E. coli LE392 could be used as host cells for phage viruses.

[0129] Examples of eukaryotic host cells for replication and/or expression of a vector include HeLa, NIH3T3, Jurkat, 293, Cos, CHO, Saos, and PC12. Many host cells from various cell types and organisms are available and would be known to one of skill in the art. Similarly, a viral vector may be used in conjunction with either a eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cell, particularly one that is permissive for replication or expression of the vector.

[0130] Some vectors may employ control sequences that allow it to be replicated and/or expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. One of skill in the art would further understand the conditions under which to incubate all of the above described host cells to maintain them and to permit replication of a vector. Also understood and known are techniques and conditions that would allow large-scale production of vectors, as well as production of the nucleic acids encoded by vectors and their cognate polypeptides, proteins, or peptides.

[0131] C. Expression Systems

[0132] Numerous expression systems exist that comprise at least a part or all of the compositions discussed above. Prokaryote- and/or eukaryote-based systems can be employed for use with the present invention to produce nucleic acid sequences, or their cognate polypeptides, proteins and peptides. Many such systems are commercially and widely available.

[0133] The insect cell/baculovirus system can produce a high level of protein expression of a heterologous nucleic acid segment, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,871,986, 4,879,236, both herein incorporated by reference, and which can be bought, for example, under the name MaxBac.RTM. 2.0 from Invitrogen.RTM. and BacPack.TM. Baculovirus Expression System From Clontech.RTM..

[0134] Other examples of expression systems include Stratagene.RTM.'s Complete Control.TM. Inducible Mammalian Expression System, which involves a synthetic ecdysone-inducible receptor, or its pET Expression System, an E. coli expression system. Another example of an inducible expression system is available from Invitrogen.RTM., which carries the T-Rex.TM. (tetracycline-regulated expression) System, an inducible mammalian expression system that uses the full-length CMV promoter. Invitrogen.RTM. also provides a yeast expression system called the Pichia methanolica Expression System, which is designed for high-level production of recombinant proteins in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia methanolica. One of skill in the art would know how to express a vector, such as an expression construct, to produce a nucleic acid sequence or its cognate polypeptide, protein, or peptide.

IV. Nucleic Acid Delivery

[0135] The general approach to the aspects of the present invention concerning compositions and/or therapeutics is to provide a cell with a gene construct encoding a specific and/or desired mutant Bik protein, polypeptide, or peptide, thereby permitting the desired activity of the protein, polypeptide, or peptide to take effect. While it is conceivable that the gene construct and/or protein may be delivered directly, a preferred embodiment involves providing a nucleic acid encoding a specific and desired protein, polypeptide, or peptide to the cell. Following this provision, the proteinaceous composition is synthesized by the transcriptional and translational machinery of the cell, as well as any that may be provided by the expression construct. In providing antisense, ribozymes and other inhibitors, the preferred mode is also to provide a nucleic acid encoding the construct to the cell.

[0136] In certain embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid encoding the gene may be stably integrated into the genome of the cell. In yet further embodiments, the nucleic acid may be stably maintained in the cell as a separate, episomal segment of DNA. Such nucleic acid segments and "episomes" encode sequences sufficient to permit maintenance and replication independent of and in synchronization with the host cell cycle. How the expression construct is delivered to a cell and/or where in the cell the nucleic acid remains is dependent on the type of expression construct employed.

[0137] A. DNA Delivery Using Viral Vectors

[0138] The ability of certain viruses to infect cells and enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis, and to integrate into host cell genome and/or express viral genes stably and/or efficiently have made them attractive candidates for the transfer of foreign genes into mammalian cells. Preferred gene therapy vectors of the present invention will generally be viral vectors.

[0139] Although some viruses that can accept foreign genetic material are limited in the number of nucleotides they can accommodate and/or in the range of cells they infect, these viruses have been demonstrated to successfully effect gene expression. However, adenoviruses do not integrate their genetic material into the host genome and/or therefore do not require host replication for gene expression, making them ideally suited for rapid, efficient, heterologous gene expression. Techniques for preparing replication-defective infective viruses are well known in the art.

[0140] Of course, in using viral delivery systems, one will desire to purify the virion sufficiently to render it essentially free of undesirable contaminants, such as defective interfering viral particles and endotoxins and other pyrogens such that it will not cause any untoward reactions in the cell, animal and/or individual receiving the vector construct. A preferred means of purifying the vector involves the use of buoyant density gradients, such as cesium chloride gradient centrifugation.

[0141] 1. Adenoviral Vectors

[0142] A particular method for delivery of the expression constructs involves the use of an adenovirus expression vector. Although adenovirus vectors are known to have a low capacity for integration into genomic DNA, this feature is counterbalanced by the high efficiency of gene transfer afforded by these vectors. "Adenovirus expression vector" is meant to include those constructs containing adenovirus sequences sufficient to (a) support packaging of the construct and/or (b) to ultimately express a tissue and/or cell-specific construct that has been cloned therein.

[0143] The expression vector comprises a genetically engineered form of adenovirus. Knowledge of the genetic organization and adenovirus, a 36 kb, linear, double-stranded DNA virus, allows substitution of large pieces of adenoviral DNA with foreign sequences up to 7 kb (Grunhaus and Horwitz, 1992). In contrast to retrovirus, the adenoviral infection of host cells does not result in chromosomal integration because adenoviral DNA can replicate in an episomal manner without potential genotoxicity. Also, adenoviruses are structurally stable, and/or no genome rearrangement has been detected after extensive amplification.

[0144] Adenovirus is particularly suitable for use as a gene transfer vector because of its mid-sized genome, ease of manipulation, high titer, wide target-cell range and/or high infectivity. Both ends of the viral genome contain 100-200 base pair inverted repeats (ITRs), which are cis elements necessary for viral DNA replication and/or packaging. The early (E) and/or late (L) regions of the genome contain different transcription units that are divided by the onset of viral DNA replication. The E1 region (E1A and/or E1B) encodes proteins responsible for the regulation of transcription of the viral genome and/or a few cellular genes. The expression of the E2 region (E2A and/or E2B) results in the synthesis of the proteins for viral DNA replication. These proteins are involved in DNA replication, late gene expression and/or host cell shut-off (Renan, 1990). The products of the late genes, including the majority of the viral capsid proteins, are expressed only after significant processing of a single primary transcript issued by the major late promoter (MLP). The MLP (located at 16.8 m.u.) is particularly efficient during the late phase of infection, and/or all the mRNA's issued from this promoter possess a 5'-tripartite leader (TPL) sequence which makes them preferred mRNA's for translation.

[0145] In a current system, recombinant adenovirus is generated from homologous recombination between shuttle vector and provirus vector. Due to the possible recombination between two proviral vectors, wild-type adenovirus may be generated from this process. Therefore, it is critical to isolate a single clone of virus from an individual plaque and/or examine its genomic structure.

[0146] Generation and/or propagation of the current adenovirus vectors, which are replication deficient, depend on a unique helper cell line, designated 293, which was transformed from human embryonic kidney cells by Ad5 DNA fragments and constitutively expresses E1 proteins (E1A and/or E1B; Graham et al., 1977). Since the E3 region is dispensable from the adenovirus genome (Jones and Shenk, 1978), the current adenovirus vectors, with the help of 293 cells, carry foreign DNA in either the E1, the D3 and both regions (Graham and Prevec, 1991). Recently, adenoviral vectors comprising deletions in the E4 region have been described (U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,488, incorporated herein by reference).

[0147] In nature, adenovirus can package approximately 105% of the wild-type genome (Ghosh-Choudhury et al., 1987), providing capacity for about 2 extra kb of DNA. Combined with the approximately 5.5 kb of DNA that is replaceable in the E1 and/or E3 regions, the maximum capacity of the current adenovirus vector is under 7.5 kb, and/or about 15% of the total length of the vector. More than 80% of the adenovirus viral genome remains in the vector backbone.

[0148] Helper cell lines may be derived from human cells such as human embryonic kidney cells, muscle cells, hematopoietic cells and other human embryonic mesenchymal and epithelial cells. Alternatively, the helper cells may be derived from the cells of other mammalian species that are permissive for human adenovirus. Such cells include, e.g., Vero cells and other monkey embryonic mesenchymal and/or epithelial cells. As stated above, the preferred helper cell line is 293.

[0149] Recently, Racher et al. (1995) disclosed improved methods for culturing 293 cells and/or propagating adenovirus. In one format, natural cell aggregates are grown by inoculating individual cells into 1 liter siliconized spinner flasks (Techne, Cambridge, UK) containing 100-200 ml of medium. Following stirring at 40 rpm, the cell viability is estimated with trypan blue. In another format, Fibra-Cel microcarriers (Bibby Sterlin, Stone, UK) (5 g/l) is employed as follows. A cell inoculum, resuspended in 5 ml of medium, is added to the carrier (50 ml) in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and/or left stationary, with occasional agitation, for 1 to 4 h. The medium is then replaced with 50 ml of fresh medium and/or shaking initiated. For virus production, cells are allowed to grow to about 80% confluence, after which time the medium is replaced (to 25% of the final volume) and/or adenovirus added at an MOI of 0.05. Cultures are left stationary overnight, following which the volume is increased to 100% and/or shaking commenced for another 72 h.

[0150] Other than the requirement that the adenovirus vector be replication defective, and at least conditionally defective, the nature of the adenovirus vector is not believed to be crucial to the successful practice of the invention. The adenovirus may be of any of the 42 different known serotypes and subgroups A-F. Adenovirus type 5 of subgroup C is the preferred starting material in order to obtain the conditional replication-defective adenovirus vector for use in the present invention. This is because Adenovirus type 5 is a human adenovirus about which a great deal of biochemical and genetic information is known, and it has historically been used for most constructions employing adenovirus as a vector.

[0151] As stated above, the typical vector according to the present invention is replication defective and will not have an adenovirus E1 region. Thus, it will be most convenient to introduce the transforming construct at the position from which the E1-coding sequences have been removed. However, the position of insertion of the construct within the adenovirus sequences is not critical to the invention. The polynucleotide encoding the gene of interest may also be inserted in lieu of the deleted E3 region in E3 replacement vectors as described by Karlsson et al. (1986) and in the E4 region where a helper cell line and helper virus complements the E4 defect.

[0152] Adenovirus growth and/or manipulation is known to those of skill in the art, and/or exhibits broad host range in vitro and in vivo. This group of viruses can be obtained in high titers, e.g., 109 to 1011 plaque-forming units per ml, and they are highly infective. The life cycle of adenovirus does not require integration into the host cell genome. The foreign genes delivered by adenovirus vectors are episomal and, therefore, have low genotoxicity to host cells. No side effects have been reported in studies of vaccination with wild-type adenovirus (Couch et al., 1963; Top et al., 1971), demonstrating their safety and/or therapeutic potential as in vivo gene transfer vectors.

[0153] Adenovirus vectors have been used in eukaryotic gene expression (Levrero et al., 1991; Gomez-Foix et al., 1992) and vaccine development (Grunhaus and Horwitz, 1992; Graham and Prevec, 1992). Recently, animal studies suggested that recombinant adenovirus could be used for gene therapy (Stratford-Perricaudet and Perricaudet, 1991a; Stratford-Perricaudet et al., 1991b; Rich et al., 1993). Studies in administering recombinant adenovirus to different tissues include trachea instillation (Rosenfeld et al., 1991; Rosenfeld et al., 1992), muscle injection (Ragot et al., 1993), peripheral intravenous injections (Herz and Gerard, 1993) and/or stereotactic inoculation into the brain (Le Gal La Salle et al., 1993). Recombinant adenovirus and adeno-associated virus (see below) can both infect and transduce non-dividing human primary cells.

[0154] 2. AAV Vectors

[0155] Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is an attractive vector system for use in the cell transduction of the present invention as it has a high frequency of integration and it can infect nondividing cells, thus making it useful for delivery of genes into mammalian cells, for example, in tissue culture (Muzyczka, 1992) and in vivo. AAV has a broad host range for infectivity (Tratschin et al., 1984; Laughlin et al., 1986; Lebkowski et al., 1988; McLaughlin et al., 1988). Details concerning the generation and use of rAAV vectors are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,941 and/or U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,368, each incorporated herein by reference.

[0156] Studies demonstrating the use of AAV in gene delivery include LaFace et al. (1988); Zhou et al. (1993); Flotte et al. (1993); and Walsh et al. (1994). Recombinant AAV vectors have been used successfully for in vitro and/or in vivo transduction of marker genes (Kaplitt et al., 1994; Lebkowski et al., 1988; Samulski et al., 1989; Yoder et al., 1994; Zhou et al., 1994; Hermonat and Muzyczka, 1984; Tratschin et al., 1985; McLaughlin et al., 1988) and genes involved in human diseases (Flotte et al., 1992; Luo et al., 1994; Ohi et al., 1990; Walsh et al., 1994; Wei et al., 1994). Recently, an AAV vector has been approved for phase I human trials for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.

[0157] AAV is a dependent parvovirus in that it requires coinfection with another virus (either adenovirus and a member of the herpes virus family) to undergo a productive infection in cultured cells (Muzyczka, 1992). In the absence of coinfection with helper virus, the wild type AAV genome integrates through its ends into human chromosome 19 where it resides in a latent state as a provirus (Kotin et al., 1990; Samulski et al., 1991). rAAV, however, is not restricted to chromosome 19 for integration unless the AAV Rep protein is also expressed (Shelling and Smith, 1994). When a cell carrying an AAV provirus is superinfected with a helper virus, the AAV genome is "rescued" from the chromosome and from a recombinant plasmid, and/or a normal productive infection is established (Samulski et al., 1989; McLaughlin et al., 1988; Kotin et al., 1990; Muzyczka, 1992).

[0158] Typically, recombinant AAV (rAAV) virus is made by cotransfecting a plasmid containing the gene of interest flanked by the two AAV terminal repeats (McLaughlin et al., 1988; Samulski et al., 1989; each incorporated herein by reference) and/or an expression plasmid containing the wild type AAV coding sequences without the terminal repeats, for example pIM45 (McCarty et al., 1991; incorporated herein by reference). The cells are also infected and transfected with adenovirus and plasmids carrying the adenovirus genes required for AAV helper function. rAAV virus stocks made in such fashion are contaminated with adenovirus which must be physically separated from the rAAV particles (for example, by cesium chloride density centrifugation). Alternatively, adenovirus vectors containing the AAV coding regions and cell lines containing the AAV coding regions and some and all of the adenovirus helper genes could be used (Yang et al., 1994; Clark et al., 1995). Cell lines carrying the rAAV DNA as an integrated provirus can also be used (Flotte et al., 1995).

[0159] 3. Retroviral Vectors

[0160] Retroviruses have promise as gene delivery vectors due to their ability to integrate their genes into the host genome, transferring a large amount of foreign genetic material, infecting a broad spectrum of species and cell types and of being packaged in special cell-lines (Miller, 1992).

[0161] The retroviruses are a group of single-stranded RNA viruses characterized by an ability to convert their RNA to double-stranded DNA in infected cells by a process of reverse-transcription (Coffin, 1990). The resulting DNA then stably integrates into cellular chromosomes as a provirus and/or directs synthesis of viral proteins. The integration results in the retention of the viral gene sequences in the recipient cell and/or its descendants. The retroviral genome contains three genes, gag, pol, and/or env that code for capsid proteins, polymerase enzyme, and envelope components, respectively. A sequence found upstream from the gag gene contains a signal for packaging of the genome into virions. Two long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences are present at the 5' and 3' ends of the viral genome. These contain strong promoter and enhancer sequences and are also required for integration in the host cell genome (Coffin, 1990).

[0162] In order to construct a retroviral vector, a nucleic acid encoding a gene of interest is inserted into the viral genome in the place of certain viral sequences to produce a virus that is replication-defective. In order to produce virions, a packaging cell line containing the gag, pol, and env genes but without the LTR and packaging components is constructed (Mann et al., 1983). When a recombinant plasmid containing a cDNA, together with the retroviral LTR and packaging sequences is introduced into this cell line (by calcium phosphate precipitation for example), the packaging sequence allows the RNA transcript of the recombinant plasmid to be packaged into viral particles, which are then secreted into the culture media (Nicolas and Rubenstein, 1988; Temin, 1986; Mann et al., 1983). The media containing the recombinant retroviruses is then collected, optionally concentrated, and used for gene transfer. Retroviral vectors are able to infect a broad variety of cell types. However, integration and/or stable expression require the division of host cells (Paskind et al., 1975).

[0163] Concern with the use of defective retrovirus vectors is the potential appearance of wild-type replication-competent virus in the packaging cells. This can result from recombination events in which the intact sequence from the recombinant virus inserts upstream from the gag, pol, env sequence integrated in the host cell genome. However, new packaging cell lines are now available that should greatly decrease the likelihood of recombination (Markowitz et al., 1988; Hersdorffer et al., 1990).

[0164] Gene delivery using second generation retroviral vectors has been reported. Kasahara et al. (1994) prepared an engineered variant of the Moloney murine leukemia virus, that normally infects only mouse cells, and modified an envelope protein so that the virus specifically bound to, and infected, human cells bearing the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor. This was achieved by inserting a portion of the EPO sequence into an envelope protein to create a chimeric protein with a new binding specificity.

[0165] 4. Other Viral Vectors

[0166] Other viral vectors may be employed as expression constructs in the present invention. Vectors derived from viruses such as vaccinia virus (Ridgeway, 1988; Baichwal and Sugden, 1986; Coupar et al., 1988), sindbis virus, cytomegalovirus and/or herpes simplex virus may be employed. They offer several attractive features for various mammalian cells (Friedmann, 1989; Ridgeway, 1988; Baichwal and Sugden, 1986; Coupar et al., 1988; Horwich et al., 1990).

[0167] With the recent recognition of defective hepatitis B viruses, new insight was gained into the structure-function relationship of different viral sequences. In vitro studies showed that the virus could retain the ability for helper-dependent packaging and reverse transcription despite the deletion of up to 80% of its genome (Horwich et al., 1990). This suggested that large portions of the genome could be replaced with foreign genetic material. Chang et al. recently introduced the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene into duck hepatitis B virus genome in the place of the polymerase, surface, and/or pre-surface coding sequences. It was cotransfected with wild-type virus into an avian hepatoma cell line. Culture media containing high titers of the recombinant virus were used to infect primary duckling hepatocytes. Stable CAT gene expression was detected for at least 24 days after transfection (Chang et al., 1991).

[0168] In certain further embodiments, the gene therapy vector will be HSV. A factor that makes HSV an attractive vector is the size and organization of the genome. Because HSV is large, incorporation of multiple genes and expression cassettes is less problematic than in other smaller viral systems. In addition, the availability of different viral control sequences with varying performance (temporal, strength, etc.) makes it possible to control expression to a greater extent than in other systems. It also is an advantage that the virus has relatively few spliced messages, further easing genetic manipulations. HSV also is relatively easy to manipulate and/or can be grown to high titers. Thus, delivery is less of a problem, both in terms of volumes needed to attain sufficient MOI and in a lessened need for repeat dosings.

[0169] 5. Modified Viruses

[0170] In still further embodiments of the present invention, the nucleic acids to be delivered are housed within an infective virus that has been engineered to express a specific binding ligand. The virus particle will thus bind specifically to the cognate receptors of the target cell and deliver the contents to the cell. A novel approach designed to allow specific targeting of retrovirus vectors was recently developed based on the chemical modification of a retrovirus by the chemical addition of lactose residues to the viral envelope. This modification can permit the specific infection of hepatocytes via sialoglycoprotein receptors.

[0171] Another approach to targeting of recombinant retroviruses was designed in which biotinylated antibodies against a retroviral envelope protein and/or against a specific cell receptor were used. The antibodies were coupled via the biotin components by using streptavidin (Roux et al., 1989). Using antibodies against major histocompatibility complex class I and class II antigens, they demonstrated the infection of a variety of human cells that bore those surface antigens with an ecotropic virus in vitro (Roux et al., 1989).

[0172] B. Other Methods of DNA Delivery

[0173] In various embodiments of the invention, DNA is delivered to a cell as an expression construct. In order to effect expression of a gene construct, the expression construct must be delivered into a cell. As described herein, the preferred mechanism for delivery is via viral infection, where the expression construct is encapsidated in an infectious viral particle. However, several non-viral methods for the transfer of expression constructs into cells also are contemplated by the present invention. In one embodiment of the present invention, the expression construct may consist only of naked recombinant DNA and/or plasmids. Transfer of the construct may be performed by any of the methods mentioned which physically and/or chemically permeabilize the cell membrane. Some of these techniques may be successfully adapted for in vivo and/or ex vivo use, as discussed below.

[0174] C. Liposome-Mediated Transfection

[0175] In a further embodiment of the invention, the expression construct may be entrapped in a liposome. Liposomes are vesicular structures characterized by a phospholipid bilayer membrane and/or an inner aqueous medium. Multilamellar liposomes have multiple lipid layers separated by aqueous medium. They form spontaneously when phospholipids are suspended in an excess of aqueous solution. The lipid components undergo self-rearrangement before the formation of closed structures and/or entrap water and/or dissolved solutes between the lipid bilayers (Ghosh and Bachhawat, 1991). Also contemplated is an expression construct complexed with Lipofectamine (Gibco BRL).

[0176] Liposome-mediated nucleic acid delivery and expression of foreign DNA in vitro has been very successful (Nicolau and Sene, 1982; Fraley et al., 1979; Nicolau et al., 1987). Wong et al. (1980) demonstrated the feasibility of liposome-mediated delivery and/or expression of foreign DNA in cultured chick embryo, HeLa and hepatoma cells.

[0177] In certain embodiments of the invention, the liposome may be complexed with a hemagglutinating virus (HVJ). This has been shown to facilitate fusion with the cell membrane and/or promote cell entry of liposome-encapsulated DNA (Kaneda et al., 1989). In other embodiments, the liposome may be complexed and/or employed in conjunction with nuclear non-histone chromosomal proteins (HMG-1) (Kato et al., 1991). In yet further embodiments, the liposome may be complexed and/or employed in conjunction with both HVJ and HMG-1. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle may comprise a ligand and a liposome. Where a bacterial promoter is employed in the DNA construct, it also will be desirable to include within the liposome an appropriate bacterial polymerase.

[0178] The inventors contemplate that neu-suppressing gene products can be introduced into cells using liposome-mediated gene transfer. It is proposed that such constructs can be coupled with liposomes and directly introduced via a catheter, as described by Nabel et al. (1990). By employing these methods, the neu-suppressing gene products can be expressed efficiently at a specific site in vivo, not just the liver and spleen cells which are accessible via intravenous injection. Therefore, this invention also encompasses compositions of DNA constructs encoding a neu-suppressing gene product formulated as a DNA/liposome complex and methods of using such constructs.

[0179] As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,484, liposomes are particularly well suited for the treatment of HER2/neu-mediated cancer

[0180] a. Preparation of Liposomes

[0181] Catatonic liposomes that are efficient transfection reagents for Bik for animal cells can be prepared using the method of Gao et al. (1991). Gao et al. describes a novel catatonic cholesterol derivative that can be synthesized in a single step. Liposomes made of this lipid are reportedly more efficient in transfection and less toxic to treated cells than those made with the reagent Lipofectin. These lipids are a mixture of DC-Chol ("3.quadrature.(N--(N'N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl cholesterol") and DOPE ("dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine"). The steps in producing these liposomes are as follows.

[0182] DC-Chol is synthesized by a simple reaction from cholesteryl chloroformate and N,N-Dimethylethylenediamine. A solution of cholesteryl chloroformate (2.25 g, 5 mmol in 5 ml dry chloroform) is added dropwise to a solution of excess N,N-Dimethylethylenediamine (2 ml, 18.2 mmol in 3 ml dry chloroform) at 0.degree. C. Following removal of the solvent by evaporation, the residue is purified by recrystallization in absolute ethanol at 4.degree. C. and dried in vacuo. The yield is a white powder of DC-Chol.

[0183] Cationic liposomes are prepared by mixing 1.2 .quadrature.mol of DC-Chol and 8.0 .quadrature.mol of DOPE in chloroform. This mixture is then dried, vacuum desiccated, and resuspended in 1 ml sterol 20 mM Hepes buffer (pH 7.8) in a tube. After 24 hours of hydration at 4.degree. C., the dispersion is sonicated for 5-10 minutes in a sonicator form liposomes with an average diameter of 150-200 nm.

[0184] To prepare a liposome/DNA complex, the inventors use the following steps. The DNA to be transfected is placed in DMEM/F12 medium in a ratio of 15 .mu.g DNA to 50 .mu.l DMEM/F12. DMEM/F12 is then used to dilute the DC-Chol/DOPE liposome mixture to a ratio of 50 .mu.l DMEZM/F12 to 100 .mu.l liposome. The DNA dilution and the liposome dilution are then gently mixed, and incubated at 37.degree. C. for 10 minutes. Following incubation, the DNA/liposome complex is ready for injection.

[0185] Liposomal transfection can be via liposomes composed of, for example, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), cholesterol (Chol), N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), and/or 3.beta.[N--(N'N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbarmoyl cholesterol (DC-Chol), as well as other lipids known to those of skill in the art. Those of skill in the art will recognize that there are a variety of liposomal transfection techniques that will be useful in the present invention. Among these techniques are those described in Nicolau et al., 1987, Nabel et al., 1990, and Gao et al., 1991. In a specific embodiment, the liposomes comprise DC-Chol. More particularly, the inventors the liposomes comprise DC-Chol and DOPE that have been prepared following the teaching of Gao et al. (1991) in the manner described in the Preferred Embodiments Section. The inventors also anticipate utility for liposomes comprised of DOTMA, such as those that are available commercially under the trademark Lipofectin.TM., from Vical, Inc., in San Diego, Calif.

[0186] Liposomes may be introduced into contact with cells to be transfected by a variety of methods. In cell culture, the liposome-DNA complex can simply be dispersed in the cell culture solution. For application in vivo, liposome-DNA complex are typically injected. Intravenous injection allow liposome-mediated transfer of DNA complex, for example, the liver and the spleen. In order to allow transfection of DNA into cells that are not accessible through intravenous injection, it is possible to directly inject the liposome-DNA complexes into a specific location in an animal's body. For example, Nabel et al. teach injection via a catheter into the arterial wall. In another example, the inventors have used intraperitoneal injection to allow for gene transfer into mice.

[0187] The present invention also contemplates compositions comprising a liposomal complex. This liposomal complex will comprise a lipid component and a DNA segment encoding a nucleic acid encoding a mutant form of Bik. The nucleic acid encoding the mutant form of Bik employed in the liposomal complex can be, for example, one that encodes Bik-T145A or Bik-T145D.

[0188] The lipid employed to make the liposomal complex can be any of the above-discussed lipids. In particular, DOTMA, DOPE, and/or DC-Chol may form all or part of the liposomal complex. The inventors have had particular success with complexes comprising DC-Chol. In a preferred embodiment, the lipid will comprise DC-Chol and DOPE. While any ratio of DC-Chol to DOPE is anticipated to have utility, it is anticipated that those comprising a ratio of DC-Chol:DOPE between 1:20 and 20:1 will be particularly advantageous. The inventors have found that liposomes prepared from a ratio of DC-Chol:DOPE of about 1:10 to about 1:5 have been useful.

[0189] In a specific embodiment, one employs the smallest region needed to enhance retention of Bik in the nucleus of a cell so that one is not introducing unnecessary DNA into cells which receive a Bik gene construct. Techniques well known to those of skill in the art, such as the use of restriction enzymes, will allow for the generation of small regions of Bik. The ability of these regions to inhibit neu can easily be determined by the assays reported in the Examples.

[0190] In certain embodiments of the invention, the liposome may be complexed with a hemagglutinatin virus (HVJ). This has been shown to facilitate fusion with the cell membrane and promote cell entry of liposome-encapsulated DNA (Kaneda et al., 1989). In other embodiments, the liposome may be complexed or employed in conjunction with nuclear non-histone chromosomal proteins (HMG-1) (Kato et al., 1991). In yet further embodiments, the liposome may be complexed or employed in conjunction with both HVJ and HMG-1. In that such expression constructs have been successfully employed in transfer and expression of nucleic acid in vitro and in vivo, then they are applicable for the present invention. Where a bacterial promoter is employed in the DNA construct, it also will be desirable to include within the liposome an appropriate bacterial polymerase.

[0191] b. In Vivo Treatment of Cancer Via Liposomes with Bik Mutants

[0192] Based on the teachings provided herein, a skilled artisan recognizes that any cell may be treated with at least one Bik mutant, and in particular embodiments, any cancer cell may be treated with such. For example, in some embodiments the nature of the treated cell is irrespective of being HER2/neu-positive or HER2/neu-negative. However, in one specific embodiment it is HER2/neu-positive.

[0193] U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,484, incorporated in its entirety by reference herein, teaches that liposome-mediated direct gene transfer techniques can be employed to obtain suppression of HER2/neu-overexpressing human cancer cells in living host. The protocol for described therein was as follows. Female nude mice (5-6 weeks old) were given intraperitoneal injections of SK-OV-3 cells (2.times.106/100 .mu.l). SK-OV-3 cells are human ovarian cancer cells that have been shown to grow within the peritoneal cavity of nude mice. After five days, the mice were given intraperitoneal injections of various compounds. Some mice were injected with the therapeutic DNA alone, some were injected with liposome/therapeutic DNA complex prepared in the manner described above, and some were injected with liposome/mutant therapeutic DNA complex. 200 .mu.l of a given compound was injected into a given mouse. After the initial injections, injections were repeated every seven days throughout the life of the mouse.

[0194] The results described therein indicate that liposome-mediated gene transfer can inhibit HER2/neu-overexpressing human ovarian cancer cell growth. Therefore, it is predictable that liposome-mediated mutant Bik gene therapy may serve as a powerful therapeutic agent for HER-2 neu-overexpressing human ovarian cancers by direct targeting of mutant Bik at the HER-2 neu-oncogene.

[0195] c. Liposomal Transfection with Mutant Bik to Treat Humans

[0196] Based on the results of the in vivo animal studies described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,484, those of skill in the art will understand and predict the enormous potential for human treatment of HER2/neu-mediated cancers with Bik T33D, S35D, and/or T33DS35D DNA complexed to liposomes. Clinical studies to demonstrate these affects are contemplated. Those of skill in the art will recognize that the best treatment regimens for using Bik T33D, S35D, and/or T33DS35D to suppress HER2/neu-mediated cancers can be straightforwardly determined. This is not a question of experimentation, but rather one of optimization, which is routinely conducted in the medical arts. In vivo studies in nude mice provide a starting point from which to begin to optimize the dosage and delivery regimes. The frequency of injection is initially once a week, as was done in the mice studies described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,484. However, this frequency might be optimally adjusted from one day to every two weeks to monthly, depending upon the results obtained from the initial clinical trials and the needs of a particular patient. Human dosage amounts can initially be determined by extrapolating from the amount of Bik T33D, S35D, and/or T33DS35D used in mice, approximately 15 .mu.g of plasmid DNA per 50 g body weight. Based on this, a 50 kg woman would require treatment with 15 mg of DNA per dose. Of course, this dosage amount may be adjusted upward or downward, as is routinely done in such treatment protocols, depending on the results of the initial clinical trials and the needs of a particular patient. These clinical trials are anticipated to show utility of Bik T33D, S35D, and/or T33DS35D and other neu-suppressing gene products for the treatment of HER2/neu-overexpressing cancers in humans. Dosage and frequency regimes will initially be based on the data obtained from in vivo animal studies, as is done frequently in the art.

[0197] D. Electroporation

[0198] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the expression construct is introduced into the cell via electroporation. Electroporation involves the exposure of a suspension of cells and/or DNA to a high-voltage electric discharge.

[0199] Transfection of eukaryotic cells using electroporation has been quite successful. Mouse pre-B lymphocytes have been transfected with humankappa-immunoglobulin genes (Potter et al., 1984), and/or rat hepatocytes have been transfected with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (Tur-Kaspa et al., 1986) in this manner.

[0200] E. Calcium Phosphate and/or DEAE-Dextran

[0201] In other embodiments of the present invention, the expression construct is introduced to the cells using calcium phosphate precipitation. HumanKB cells have been transfected with adenovirus 5 DNA (Graham and Van Der Eb, 1973) using this technique. Also in this manner, mouse L(A9), mouse C127, CHO, CV-1, BHK, NIH3T3 and/or HeLa cells were transfected with a neomycin marker gene (Chen and Okayama, 1987), and/or rat hepatocytes were transfected with a variety of marker genes (Rippe et al., 1990).

[0202] In another embodiment, the expression construct is delivered into the cell using DEAE-dextran followed by polyethylene glycol. In this manner, reporter plasmids were introduced into mouse myeloma and/or erythroleukemia cells (Gopal, 1985).

[0203] F. Particle Bombardment

[0204] Another embodiment of the invention for transferring a naked DNA expression construct into cells may involve particle bombardment. This method depends on the ability to accelerate DNA-coated microprojectiles to a high velocity allowing them to pierce cell membranes and/or enter cells without killing them (Klein et al., 1987). Several devices for accelerating small particles have been developed. One such device relies on a high voltage discharge to generate an electrical current, which in turn provides the motive force (Yang et al., 1990). The microprojectiles used have consisted of biologically inert substances such as tungsten and/or gold beads.

[0205] G. Direct Microinjection and/or Sonication Loading

[0206] Further embodiments of the present invention include the introduction of the expression construct by direct microinjection and/or sonication loading. Direct microinjection has been used to introduce nucleic acid constructs into Xenopus oocytes (Harland and Weintraub, 1985), and/or LTK-fibroblasts have been transfected with the thymidine kinase gene by sonication loading (Fechheimer et al., 1987).

[0207] H. Adenoviral Assisted Transfection

[0208] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the expression construct is introduced into the cell using adenovirus assisted transfection. Increased transfection efficiencies have been reported in cell systems using adenovirus coupled systems (Kelleher and Vos, 1994; Cotten et al., 1992; Curiel, 1994).

V. Combination Treatments

[0209] In order to increase the effectiveness of a mutant form of Bik, or expression construct coding therefore, it may be desirable to combine these compositions with other agents effective in the treatment of hyperproliferative disease, such as anti-cancer agents. An "anti-cancer" agent is capable of negatively affecting cancer in a subject, for example, by killing cancer cells, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, reducing the growth rate of cancer cells, reducing the incidence or number of metastases, reducing tumor size, inhibiting tumor growth, reducing the blood supply to a tumor or cancer cells, promoting an immune response against cancer cells or a tumor, preventing or inhibiting the progression of cancer, or increasing the lifespan of a subject with cancer. More generally, these other compositions would be provided in a combined amount effective to kill or inhibit proliferation of the cell. This process may involve contacting the cells with the expression construct and the agent(s) or multiple factor(s) at the same time. This may be achieved by contacting the cell with a single composition or pharmacological formulation that includes both agents, or by contacting the cell with two distinct compositions or formulations, at the same time, wherein one composition includes the expression construct and the other includes the second agent(s).

[0210] Tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy agents represents a major problem in clinical oncology. One goal of current cancer research is to find ways to improve the efficacy of chemo- and radiotherapy by combining it with gene therapy. For example, the herpes simplex-thymidine kinase (HS-tK) gene, when delivered to brain tumors by a retroviral vector system, successfully induced susceptibility to the antiviral agent ganciclovir (Culver et al., 1992). In the context of the present invention, it is contemplated that Bik gene therapy could be used similarly in conjunction with chemotherapeutic, radiotherapeutic, or immunotherapeutic intervention, in addition to other pro-apoptotic or cell cycle regulating agents.

[0211] Alternatively, the gene therapy may precede or follow the other agent treatment by intervals ranging from minutes to weeks. In embodiments where the other agent and expression construct are applied separately to the cell, one would generally ensure that a significant period of time did not expire between the time of each delivery, such that the agent and expression construct would still be able to exert an advantageously combined effect on the cell. In such instances, it is contemplated that one may contact the cell with both modalities within about 12-24 h of each other and, more preferably, within about 6-12 h of each other. In some situations, it may be desirable to extend the time period for treatment significantly, however, where several d (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7) to several wk (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8) lapse between the respective administrations.

[0212] Various combinations may be employed, gene therapy is "A" and the secondary agent, such as radio- or chemotherapy, is "B":

TABLE-US-00004 A/B/A B/A/B B/B/A A/A/B A/B/B B/A/A A/B/B/B B/A/B/B B/B/B/A B/B/A/B A/A/B/B A/B/A/B A/B/B/A B/B/A/A B/A/B/A B/A/A/B A/A/A/B B/A/A/A A/B/A/A A/A/B/A

[0213] Administration of the therapeutic expression constructs of the present invention to a patient will follow general protocols for the administration of chemotherapeutics, taking into account the toxicity, if any, of the vector. It is expected that the treatment cycles would be repeated as necessary. It also is contemplated that various standard therapies, as well as surgical intervention, may be applied in combination with the described hyperproliferative cell therapy.

[0214] A. Chemotherapy

[0215] A skilled artisan recognizes that in addition to the Bik mutant forms described herein for the purpose of inhibiting cell growth, other chemotherapeutic agents are useful in the treatment of neoplastic disease. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents are described in the following Table 4.

[0216] Cancer therapies include a variety of combination therapies with both chemical and radiation based treatments. Exemplary embodiments include, for example, cisplatin (CDDP), carboplatin, procarbazine, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, camptothecin, ifosfamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, busulfan, nitrosurea, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin, plicomycin, mitomycin, etoposide (VP16), tamoxifen, raloxifene, estrogen receptor binding agents, taxol, gemcitabien, navelbine, farnesyl-protein tansferase inhibitors, transplatinum, 5-fluorouracil, vincristin, vinblastin and methotrexate, or any analog or derivative variant of the foregoing.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Chemotherapeutic Agents Useful In Neoplastic Disease NONPROPRIETARY TYPE OF NAMES CLASS AGENT (OTHER NAMES) DISEASE Alkylating Nitrogen Mechlorethamine Hodgkin's disease, Agents Mustards (HN2) non-Hodgkin's lymphomas Cyclophosphamide Acute and chronic Ifosfamide lymphocytic leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, breast, ovary, lung, Wilms' tumor, cervix, testis, soft-tissue sarcomas Melphalan Multiple myeloma, (l-sarcolysin) breast, ovary Chlorambucil Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, primary macroglobulinemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas Ethylenimenes Hexamethylmelamine Ovary and Thiotepa Bladder, breast, ovary Methylmelamines Alkyl Busulfan Chronic granulocytic Sulfonates leukemia Nitrosoureas Carmustine Hodgkin's disease, (BCNU) non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, primary brain tumors, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma Lomustine (CCNU) Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, primary brain tumors, small-cell lung Semustine Primary brain tumors, (methyl-CCNU) stomach, colon Streptozocin Malignant pancreatic (streptozotocin) insulinoma, malignant carcinoid Triazines Dacarbazine (DTIC; Malignant melanoma, dimethyltriazenoimi Hodgkin's disease, dazolecarboxamide) soft-tissue sarcomas Antimetabolites Folic Acid Methotrexate Acute lymphocytic Analogs (amethopterin) leukemia, choriocarcinoma, mycosis fungoides, breast, head and neck, lung, osteogenic sarcoma Pyrimidine Fluouracil Breast, colon, stomach, Analogs (5-fluorouracil; pancreas, ovary, head 5-FU) and neck, urinary Floxuridine bladder, premalignant (fluorode-oxyuridine; skin lesions (topical) FUdR) Cytarabine (cytosine Acute granulocytic and arabinoside) acute lymphocytic leukemias Purine Analogs Mercaptopurine Acute lymphocytic, acute and Related (6-mercaptopurine; granulocytic and chronic Inhibitors 6-MP) granulocytic leukemias Thioguanine Acute granulocytic, (6-thioguanine; TG) acute lymphocytic and chronic granulocytic leukemias Pentostatin Hairy cell leukemia, (2-deoxycoformycin) mycosis fungoides, chronic lymphocytic leukemia Vinca Vinblastine (VLB) Hodgkin's disease, Alkaloids non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, breast, testis Vincristine Acute lymphocytic leukemia, neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, small-cell lung Epipodophyllotoxins Etoposide Testis, small-cell lung Tertiposide and other lung, breast, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, acute granulocytic leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma Natural Antibiotics Dactinomycin Choriocarcinoma, Products (actinomycin D) Wilms' tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, testis, Kaposi's sarcoma Daunorubicin Acute granulocytic and (daunomycin; acute lymphocytic rubidomycin) leukemias Doxorubicin Soft-tissue, osteogenic and other sarcomas; Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, acute leukemias, breast, genitourinary, thyroid, lung, stomach, neuroblastoma Bleomycin Testis, head and neck, skin, esophagus, lung and genitourinary tract; Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas Plicamycin Testis, malignant (mithramycin) hypercalcemia Mitomycin Stomach, cervix, colon, (mitomycin C) breast, pancreas, bladder, head and neck Enzymes 1-Asparaginase Acute lymphocytic leukemia Biological Interferon alfa Hairy cell leukemia., Response Kaposi's sarcoma, Modifiers melanoma, carcinoid, renal cell, ovary, bladder, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, mycosis fungoides, multiple myeloma, chronic granulocytic leukemia Miscellaneous Platinum Cisplatin (cis-DDP) Testis, ovary, bladder, Agents Coordination Carboplatin head and neck, lung, Complexes thyroid, cervix, endometrium, neuroblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma Anthracenedione Mitoxantrone Acute granulocytic leukemia, breast Substituted Hydroxyurea Chronic granulocytic Urea leukemia, polycythemia vera, essental thrombocytosis, malignant melanoma Methyl Procarbazine Hodgkin's disease Hydrazine (N-methylhydrazine, Derivative MIH) Adrenocortical Mitotane Adrenal cortex (o,p'-DDD) Suppressant Aminoglutethimide Breast Hormones Adrenocorticosteroids Prednisone (several Acute and chronic and other equivalent lymphocytic leukemias, Antagonists preparations non-Hodgkin's available) lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease, breast Progestins Hydroxyprogesterone Endometrium, breast caproate Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Estrogens Diethylstilbestrol Breast, prostate Ethinyl estradiol (other preparations available) Antiestrogen Tamoxifen Breast Androgens Testosterone Breast propionate Fluoxymesterone (other preparations available) Antiandrogen Flutamide Prostate Gonadotropin- Leuprolide Prostate releasing hormone analog

[0217] B. Radiotherapy

[0218] Other factors that cause DNA damage and have been used extensively include what are commonly known as .quadrature.-rays, X-rays, and/or the directed delivery of radioisotopes to tumor cells. Other forms of DNA damaging factors are also contemplated such as microwaves and UV-irradiation. It is most likely that all of these factors effect a broad range of damage on DNA, on the precursors of DNA, on the replication and repair of DNA, and on the assembly and maintenance of chromosomes. Dosage ranges for X-rays range from daily doses of 50 to 200 roentgens for prolonged periods of time (3 to 4 wk), to single doses of 2000 to 6000 roentgens. Dosage ranges for radioisotopes vary widely, and depend on the half-life of the isotope, the strength and type of radiation emitted, and the uptake by the neoplastic cells.

[0219] The terms "contacted" and "exposed," when applied to a cell, are used herein to describe the process by which a therapeutic construct and a chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic agent are delivered to a target cell or are placed in direct juxtaposition with the target cell. To achieve cell killing or stasis, both agents are delivered to a cell in a combined amount effective to kill the cell or prevent it from dividing.

[0220] C. Immunotherapy

[0221] Immunotherapeutics, generally, rely on the use of immune effector cells and molecules to target and destroy cancer cells. The immune effector may be, for example, an antibody specific for some marker on the surface of a tumor cell. The antibody alone may serve as an effector of therapy or it may recruit other cells to actually effect cell killing. The antibody also may be conjugated to a drug or toxin (chemotherapeutic, radionuclide, ricin A chain, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, etc.) and serve merely as a targeting agent. Alternatively, the effector may be a lymphocyte carrying a surface molecule that interacts, either directly or indirectly, with a tumor cell target. Various effector cells include cytotoxic T cells and NK cells.

[0222] Immunotherapy, thus, could be used as part of a combined therapy, in conjunction with Ad-Bik gene therapy. The general approach for combined therapy is discussed below. Generally, the tumor cell must bear some marker that is amenable to targeting, i.e., is not present on the majority of other cells. Many tumor markers exist and any of these may be suitable for targeting in the context of the present invention. Common tumor markers include carcinoembryonic antigen, prostate specific antigen, urinary tumor associated antigen, fetal antigen, tyrosinase (p97), gp68, TAG-72, HMFG, Sialyl Lewis Antigen, MucA, MucB, PLAP, estrogen receptor, laminin receptor, erb B and p155.

[0223] D. Genes

[0224] In yet another embodiment, the secondary treatment is a secondary gene therapy in which a second therapeutic polynucleotide is administered before, after, or at the same time a first therapeutic polynucleotide encoding all of part of a mutant form of Bik. Delivery of a vector encoding either a full length or truncated mutant form of Bik in conjunction with a second vector encoding one of the following gene products will have a combined anti-hyperproliferative effect on target tissues. Alternatively, a single vector encoding both genes may be used. A variety of proteins are encompassed within the invention, some of which are described below.

[0225] 1. Inducers of Cellular Proliferation

[0226] The proteins that induce cellular proliferation further fall into various categories dependent on function. The commonality of all of these proteins is their ability to regulate cellular proliferation. For example, a form of PDGF, the sis oncogene, is a secreted growth factor. Oncogenes rarely arise from genes encoding growth factors, and at the present, sis is the only known naturally-occurring oncogenic growth factor. In one embodiment of the present invention, it is contemplated that anti-sense mRNA directed to a particular inducer of cellular proliferation is used to prevent expression of the inducer of cellular proliferation.

[0227] The proteins FMS, ErbA, ErbB and neu are growth factor receptors. Mutations to these receptors result in loss of regulatable function. For example, a point mutation affecting the transmembrane domain of the Neu receptor protein results in the neu oncogene. The erbA oncogene is derived from the intracellular receptor for thyroid hormone. The modified oncogenic ErbA receptor is believed to compete with the endogenous thyroid hormone receptor, causing uncontrolled growth.

[0228] The largest class of oncogenes includes the signal transducing proteins (e.g., Src, Abl and Ras). The protein Src is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase, and its transformation from proto-oncogene to oncogene in some cases, results via mutations at tyrosine residue 527. In contrast, transformation of GTPase protein ras from proto-oncogene to oncogene, in one example, results from a valine to glycine mutation at amino acid 12 in the sequence, reducing ras GTPase activity.

[0229] The proteins Jun, Fos and Myc are proteins that directly exert their effects on nuclear functions as transcription factors.

[0230] 2. Inhibitors of Cellular Proliferation

[0231] The tumor suppressor oncogenes function to inhibit excessive cellular proliferation. The inactivation of these genes destroys their inhibitory activity, resulting in unregulated proliferation. The tumor suppressors p53, p16 and C-CAM are described below.

[0232] High levels of mutant p53 have been found in many cells transformed by chemical carcinogenesis, ultraviolet radiation, and several viruses. The p53 gene is a frequent target of mutational inactivation in a wide variety of human tumors and is already documented to be the most frequently mutated gene in common human cancers. It is mutated in over 50% of human NSCLC (Hollstein et al., 1991) and in a wide spectrum of other tumors.

[0233] The p53 gene encodes a 393-amino acid phosphoprotein that can form complexes with host proteins such as large-T antigen and E1B. The protein is found in normal tissues and cells, but at concentrations which are minute by comparison with transformed cells or tumor tissue.

[0234] Wild-type p53 is recognized as an important growth regulator in many cell types. Missense mutations are common for the p53 gene and are essential for the transforming ability of the oncogene. A single genetic change prompted by point mutations can create carcinogenic p53. Unlike other oncogenes, however, p53 point mutations are known to occur in at least 30 distinct codons, often creating dominant alleles that produce shifts in cell phenotype without a reduction to homozygosity. Additionally, many of these dominant negative alleles appear to be tolerated in the organism and passed on in the germ line. Various mutant alleles appear to range from minimally dysfunctional to strongly penetrant, dominant negative alleles (Weinberg, 1991).

[0235] Another inhibitor of cellular proliferation is p16. The major transitions of the eukaryotic cell cycle are triggered by cyclin-dependent kinases, or CDK's. One CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), regulates progression through the G1. The activity of this enzyme may be to phosphorylate Rb at late G1. The activity of CDK4 is controlled by an activating subunit, D-type cyclin, and by an inhibitory subunit, the p16INK4 has been biochemically characterized as a protein that specifically binds to and inhibits CDK4, and thus may regulate Rb phosphorylation (Serrano et al., 1993; Serrano et al., 1995). Since the p16INK4 protein is a CDK4 inhibitor (Serrano, 1993), deletion of this gene may increase the activity of CDK4, resulting in hyperphosphorylation of the Rb protein. p16 also is known to regulate the function of CDK6.

[0236] p16INK4 belongs to a newly described class of CDK-inhibitory proteins that also includes p16B, p19, p21Waf1/Cip1, and p27KIP1. The p16INK4 gene maps to 9Bik, a chromosome region frequently deleted in many tumor types. Homozygous deletions and mutations of the p16INK4 gene are frequent in human tumor cell lines. This evidence suggests that the p16INK4 gene is a tumor suppressor gene. This interpretation has been challenged, however, by the observation that the frequency of the p16INK4 gene alterations is much lower in primary uncultured tumors than in cultured cell lines (Caldas et al., 1994; Cheng et al., 1994; Hussussian et al., 1994; Kamb et al., 1994; Kamb et al., 1994; Mori et al., 1994; Okamoto et al., 1994; Nobori et al., 1995; Orlow et al., 1994; Arap et al., 1995). Restoration of wild-type p16INK4 function by transfection with a plasmid expression vector reduced colony formation by some human cancer cell lines (Okamoto, 1994; Arap, 1995).

[0237] Other genes that may be employed according to the present invention include Rb, APC, DCC, NF-1, NF-2, WT-1, MEN-I, MEN-II, zac1, p73, VHL, MMAC1/PTEN, DBCCR-1, FCC, rsk-3, p27, p27/p16 fusions, Bik/p27 fusions, anti-thrombotic genes (e.g., COX-1, TFPI), PGS, Dp, E2F, ras, myc, neu, raf, erb, fms, trk, ret, gsp, hst, abl, E1A, p300, genes involved in angiogenesis (e.g., VEGF, FGF, thrombospondin, BAI-1, GDAIF, or their receptors) and MCC.

[0238] 3. Regulators of Programmed Cell Death

[0239] Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an essential process for normal embryonic development, maintaining homeostasis in adult tissues, and suppressing carcinogenesis (Kerr et al., 1972). The Bcl-2 family of proteins and ICE-like proteases have been demonstrated to be important regulators and effectors of apoptosis in other systems. The Bcl-2 protein, discovered in association with follicular lymphoma, plays a prominent role in controlling apoptosis and enhancing cell survival in response to diverse apoptotic stimuli (Bakhshi et al., 1985; Cleary and Sklar, 1985; Cleary et al., 1986; Tsujimoto et al., 1985; Tsujimoto and Croce, 1986). The evolutionarily conserved Bcl-2 protein now is recognized to be a member of a family of related proteins, which can be categorized as death agonists or death antagonists.

[0240] Subsequent to its discovery, it was shown that Bcl-2 acts to suppress cell death triggered by a variety of stimuli. Also, it now is apparent that there is a family of Bcl-2 cell death regulatory proteins which share in common structural and sequence homologies. These different family members have been shown to either possess similar functions to Bcl-2 (e.g., BclXL, BclW, BclS, Mcl-1, A1, Bfl-1) or counteract Bcl-2 function and promote cell death (e.g., Bax, Bak, Bik, Bim, Bid, Bad, Harakiri).

[0241] E. Surgery

[0242] Approximately 60% of persons with cancer will undergo surgery of some type, which includes preventative, diagnostic or staging, curative and palliative surgery. Curative surgery is a cancer treatment that may be used in conjunction with other therapies, such as the treatment of the present invention, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy and/or alternative therapies.

[0243] Curative surgery includes resection in which all or part of cancerous tissue is physically removed, excised, and/or destroyed. Tumor resection refers to physical removal of at least part of a tumor. In addition to tumor resection, treatment by surgery includes laser surgery, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, and miscopically controlled surgery (Mohs' surgery). It is further contemplated that the present invention may be used in conjunction with removal of superficial cancers, precancers, or incidental amounts of normal tissue.

[0244] Upon excision of part of all of cancerous cells, tissue, or tumor, a cavity may be formed in the body. Treatment may be accomplished by perfusion, direct injection or local application of the area with an additional anti-cancer therapy. Such treatment may be repeated, for example, every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, or every 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks or every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months. These treatments may be of varying dosages as well.

[0245] F. Other Agents

[0246] It is contemplated that other agents may be used in combination with the present invention to improve the therapeutic efficacy of treatment. These additional agents include immunomodulatory agents, agents that affect the upregulation of cell surface receptors and GAP junctions, cytostatic and differentiation agents, inhibitors of cell adhesion, or agents that increase the sensitivity of the hyperproliferative cells to apoptotic inducers. Immunomodulatory agents include tumor necrosis factor; interferon alpha, beta, and gamma; IL-2 and other cytokines; F42K and other cytokine analogs; or MIP-1, MIP-1beta, MCP-1, RANTES, and other chemokines. It is further contemplated that the upregulation of cell surface receptors or their ligands such as Fas/Fas ligand, DR4 or DR5/TRAIL would potentiate the apoptotic inducing abilities of the present invention by establishment of an autocrine or paracrine effect on hyperproliferative cells. Increases intercellular signaling by elevating the number of GAP junctions would increase the anti-hyperproliferative effects on the neighboring hyperproliferative cell population. In other embodiments, cytostatic or differentiation agents can be used in combination with the present invention to improve the anti-hyerproliferative efficacy of the treatments. Inhibitors of cell adhesion are contemplated to improve the efficacy of the present invention. Examples of cell adhesion inhibitors are focal adhesion kinase (FAKs) inhibitors and Lovastatin. It is further contemplated that other agents that increase the sensitivity of a hyperproliferative cell to apoptosis, such as the antibody c225, could be used in combination with the present invention to improve the treatment efficacy.

[0247] Hormonal therapy may also be used in conjunction with the present invention or in combination with any other cancer therapy previously described. The use of hormones may be employed in the treatment of certain cancers such as breast, prostate, ovarian, or cervical cancer to lower the level or block the effects of certain hormones such as testosterone or estrogen. This treatment is often used in combination with at least one other cancer therapy as a treatment option or to reduce the risk of metastases.

VI. Pharmaceutical Preparations

[0248] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise an effective amount of one or more forms of mutant Bik or additional agent dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The phrases "pharmaceutical or pharmacologically acceptable" refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic or other untoward reaction when administered to an animal, such as, for example, a human, as appropriate. The preparation of an pharmaceutical composition that contains at least one Bik mutant form or additional active ingredient will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure, as exemplified by Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. Mack Printing Company, 1990, incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, for animal (e.g., human) administration, it will be understood that preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, general safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biological Standards.

[0249] As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, surfactants, antioxidants, preservatives (e.g., antibacterial agents, antifungal agents), isotonic agents, absorption delaying agents, salts, preservatives, drugs, drug stabilizers, binders, excipients, disintegration agents, lubricants, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, dyes, such like materials and combinations thereof, as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art (see, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. Mack Printing Company, 1990, pp. 1289-1329, incorporated herein by reference). Except insofar as any conventional carrier is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated. In a specific embodiment, the mutant Bik composition is administered in a liposome.

[0250] The Bik mutant form may comprise different types of carriers depending on whether it is to be administered in solid, liquid or aerosol form, and whether it need to be sterile for such routes of administration as injection. The present invention can be administered intravenously, intradermally, intraarterially, intraperitoneally, intralesionally, intracranially, intraarticularly, intraprostaticaly, intrapleurally, intratracheally, intranasally, intravitreally, intravaginally, rectally, topically, intratumorally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intravesicularlly, mucosally, intrapericardially, orally, topically, locally, using aerosol, injection, infusion, continuous infusion, localized perfusion bathing target cells directly, via a catheter, via a lavage, in cremes, in lipid compositions (e.g., liposomes), or by other method or any combination of the forgoing as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art (see, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. Mack Printing Company, 1990, incorporated herein by reference).

[0251] The actual dosage amount of a composition of the present invention administered to an animal patient can be determined by physical and physiological factors such as body weight, severity of condition, the type of disease being treated, previous or concurrent therapeutic interventions, idiopathy of the patient and on the route of administration. The practitioner responsible for administration will, in any event, determine the concentration of active ingredient(s) in a composition and appropriate dose(s) for the individual subject.

[0252] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions may comprise, for example, at least about 0.1% of an active compound. In other embodiments, the an active compound may comprise between about 2% to about 75% of the weight of the unit, or between about 25% to about 60%, for example, and any range derivable therein. In other non-limiting examples, a dose may also comprise from about 1 microgram/kg/body weight, about 5 microgram/kg/body weight, about 10 microgram/kg/body weight, about 50 microgram/kg/body weight, about 100 microgram/kg/body weight, about 200 microgram/kg/body weight, about 350 microgram/kg/body weight, about 500 microgram/kg/body weight, about 1 milligram/kg/body weight, about 5 milligram/kg/body weight, about 10 milligram/kg/body weight, about 50 milligram/kg/body weight, about 100 milligram/kg/body weight, about 200 milligram/kg/body weight, about 350 milligram/kg/body weight, about 500 milligram/kg/body weight, to about 1000 mg/kg/body weight or more per administration, and any range derivable therein. In non-limiting examples of a derivable range from the numbers listed herein, a range of about 5 mg/kg/body weight to about 100 mg/kg/body weight, about 5 microgram/kg/body weight to about 500 milligram/kg/body weight, etc., can be administered, based on the numbers described above.

[0253] In any case, the composition may comprise various antioxidants to retard oxidation of one or more component. Additionally, the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by preservatives such as various antibacterial and antifungal agents, including but not limited to parabens (e.g., methylparabens, propylparabens), chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal or combinations thereof.

[0254] The Bik mutant form may be formulated into a composition in a free base, neutral or salt form. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, include the acid addition salts, e.g., those formed with the free amino groups of a proteinaceous composition, or which are formed with inorganic acids such as for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric or mandelic acid. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium or ferric hydroxides; or such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine or procaine.

[0255] In embodiments where the composition is in a liquid form, a carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium comprising but not limited to, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, etc), lipids (e.g., triglycerides, vegetable oils, liposomes) and combinations thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin; by the maintenance of the required particle size by dispersion in carriers such as, for example liquid polyol or lipids; by the use of surfactants such as, for example hydroxypropylcellulose; or combinations thereof such methods. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, such as, for example, sugars, sodium chloride or combinations thereof.

[0256] In other embodiments, one may use eye drops, nasal solutions or sprays, aerosols, mouthwashes, or inhalants in the present invention. Such compositions are generally designed to be compatible with the target tissue type. In a non-limiting example, nasal solutions are usually aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays. Nasal solutions are prepared so that they are similar in many respects to nasal secretions, so that normal ciliary action is maintained. Thus, in preferred embodiments the aqueous nasal solutions usually are isotonic or slightly buffered to maintain a pH of about 5.5 to about 6.5. In addition, antimicrobial preservatives, similar to those used in ophthalmic preparations, drugs, or appropriate drug stabilizers, if required, may be included in the formulation. For example, various commercial nasal preparations are known and include drugs such as antibiotics or antihistamines.

[0257] In certain embodiments the Bik mutant form is prepared for administration by such routes as oral ingestion. In these embodiments, the solid composition may comprise, for example, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, pills, capsules (e.g., hard or soft shelled gelatin capsules), sustained release formulations, buccal compositions, troches, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, or combinations thereof. Oral compositions may be incorporated directly with the food of the diet. Preferred carriers for oral administration comprise inert diluents, assimilable edible carriers or combinations thereof. In other aspects of the invention, the oral composition may be prepared as a syrup or elixir. A syrup or elixir, and may comprise, for example, at least one active agent, a sweetening agent, a preservative, a flavoring agent, a dye, a preservative, or combinations thereof.

[0258] In certain preferred embodiments an oral composition may comprise one or more binders, excipients, disintegration agents, lubricants, flavoring agents, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, a composition may comprise one or more of the following: a binder, such as, for example, gum tragacanth, acacia, cornstarch, gelatin or combinations thereof; an excipient, such as, for example, dicalcium phosphate, mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate or combinations thereof; a disintegrating agent, such as, for example, corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid or combinations thereof; a lubricant, such as, for example, magnesium stearate; a sweetening agent, such as, for example, sucrose, lactose, saccharin or combinations thereof; a flavoring agent, such as, for example peppermint, oil of wintergreen, cherry flavoring, orange flavoring, etc.; or combinations thereof the foregoing. When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, carriers such as a liquid carrier. Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the dosage unit. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with shellac, sugar or both.

[0259] Additional formulations which are suitable for other modes of administration include suppositories. Suppositories are solid dosage forms of various weights and shapes, usually medicated, for insertion into the rectum, vagina or urethra. After insertion, suppositories soften, melt or dissolve in the cavity fluids. In general, for suppositories, traditional carriers may include, for example, polyalkylene glycols, triglycerides or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, suppositories may be formed from mixtures containing, for example, the active ingredient in the range of about 0.5% to about 10%, and preferably about 1% to about 2%.

[0260] Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle that contains the basic dispersion medium and/or the other ingredients. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, suspensions or emulsion, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying or freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered liquid medium thereof. The liquid medium should be suitably buffered if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic prior to injection with sufficient saline or glucose. The preparation of highly concentrated compositions for direct injection is also contemplated, where the use of DMSO as solvent is envisioned to result in extremely rapid penetration, delivering high concentrations of the active agents to a small area.

[0261] The composition must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage, and preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. It will be appreciated that endotoxin contamination should be kept minimally at a safe level, for example, less that 0.5 ng/mg protein.

[0262] In particular embodiments, prolonged absorption of an injectable composition can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, such as, for example, aluminum monostearate, gelatin or combinations thereof.

VII. Site-Directed Mutagenesis

[0263] Structure-guided site-specific mutagenesis represents a powerful tool for the dissection and engineering of protein-ligand interactions (Wells, 1996, Braisted et al., 1996). The technique provides for the preparation and testing of sequence variants by introducing one or more nucleotide sequence changes into a selected DNA.

[0264] Site-specific mutagenesis uses specific oligonucleotide sequences which encode the DNA sequence of the desired mutation, as well as a sufficient number of adjacent, unmodified nucleotides. In this way, a primer sequence is provided with sufficient size and complexity to form a stable duplex on both sides of the deletion junction being traversed. A primer of about 17 to 25 nucleotides in length is preferred, with about 5 to 10 residues on both sides of the junction of the sequence being altered.

[0265] The technique typically employs a bacteriophage vector that exists in both a single-stranded and double-stranded form. Vectors useful in site-directed mutagenesis include vectors such as the M13 phage. These phage vectors are commercially available and their use is generally well known to those skilled in the art. Double-stranded plasmids are also routinely employed in site-directed mutagenesis, which eliminates the step of transferring the gene of interest from a phage to a plasmid.

[0266] In general, one first obtains a single-stranded vector, or melts two strands of a double-stranded vector, which includes within its sequence a DNA sequence encoding the desired protein or genetic element. An oligonucleotide primer bearing the desired mutated sequence, synthetically prepared, is then annealed with the single-stranded DNA preparation, taking into account the degree of mismatch when selecting hybridization conditions. The hybridized product is subjected to DNA polymerizing enzymes such as E. coli polymerase I (Klenow fragment) in order to complete the synthesis of the mutation-bearing strand. Thus, a heteroduplex is formed, wherein one strand encodes the original non-mutated sequence, and the second strand bears the desired mutation. This heteroduplex vector is then used to transform appropriate host cells, such as E. coli cells, and clones are selected that include recombinant vectors bearing the mutated sequence arrangement.

[0267] Comprehensive information on the functional significance and information content of a given residue of protein can best be obtained by saturation mutagenesis in which all 19 amino acid substitutions are examined. The shortcoming of this approach is that the logistics of multiresidue saturation mutagenesis are daunting (Warren et al., 1996, Brown et al., 1996; Zeng et al., 1996; Burton and Barbas, 1994; Yelton et al., 1995; Jackson et al., 1995; Short et al., 1995; Wong et al., 1996; Hilton et al., 1996). Hundreds, and possibly even thousands, of site specific mutants must be studied. However, improved techniques make production and rapid screening of mutants much more straightforward. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,798,208 and 5,830,650, for a description of "walk-through" mutagenesis.

[0268] Other methods of site-directed mutagenesis are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,220,007; 5,284,760; 5,354,670; 5,366,878; 5,389,514; 5,635,377; and 5,789,166.

EXAMPLES

[0269] The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventors to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Example 1

Exemplary Materials and Methods

Cell Lines

[0270] Human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435, ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-ip1 and the human prostate carcinoma cell line PC-3 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.) and cultured according to the vendor's instructions.

Plasmids Construction and Site-Directed Mutagenesis

[0271] Bik, Luc, and GFP-expressing plasmids were constructed by inserting the cDNAs of Bik, Luc, and GFP, respectively, into the pcDNA3 vector containing a cytomegalovirus promoter. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol (Clontech Inc.). Bik residues threonine 33 and serine 35 aspartate by using the following primers: for T33D, 5'-GGCATGACTGACGATGAAGAGGACCTG-3' (SEQ ID NO:1), and for S35D, 5'-GTTCTTGGCATGGATGACTCTGAACAGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:2). The sequences of three Bik mutant constructs were verified by automated sequencing.

Formulation

[0272] The non-viral gene delivery system, termed SN, was essentially a cationic liposome, which is formulated as described previously (Zou et al., 2002).

Transfection

[0273] Cells were cultured for 24 h in six-well plates with 1 ml/well of DMEM/F12 medium with 10% FBS (Life Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) until 60-70% confluence was reached. The liposomal DNA (SN-DNA) was directly added into the culture plates at a ratio of 2 .mu.g of DNA/106 cells. Twenty-four h later, the transfection efficiency was determined by counting the GFP-positive cells under a fluorescence microscope and expressing the result as a percentage of total cells. Six random fields with >200 cells/field were counted for each sample. All experiments were repeated three times independently.

Western Blot Analysis

[0274] Protein lysate was prepared with RIPA-B cell lysis buffer containing 20 mM Na2PO4 (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 100 mM NaF, 2 mM Na3VO4, 5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% aprotinin, and 10 pg/ml leupeptin. Goat anti-Bik polyclonal antibody was perchanced from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, Calif.). Donkey anti-goat IgG peroxidase (Jackson) was used as secondary antibody. Western blots were developed by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL; Amersham).

Luciferase Assays

[0275] To determine the Bik dose effect on cell proliferation, different cancer cells were co-transfected with 50 ng of CMV-luc and an increasing amount (0, 0.5, or 2 .mu.g) of CMV-Bik. The total amount of DNA transfected at each dose was kept constant (2.05 .mu.g) by adding an appropriate amount of pcDNA3 vector. Forty-eight hrs after transfection, cells were harvested, and luc activity was measured using the luc assay system (Promega) according to the protocol supplied by the manufacturer. The relative activities were calculated by setting the luc activities obtained from transfections without CMV-Bik (0 .mu.g) at 100%. The data represent mean.+-.SD of three independent experiments.

Apoptosis Assay

[0276] For in vitro studies, standard fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis was used to determine the apoptosis of the cells. Briefly, the cells were transfected with SN-bik or other agents. 12 or 24 hrs after transfection, the apoptotic cells were assessed by flow cytometric detection of sub-G1 DNA content after being stained with propidium iodide. Fields with >2000 cells in each were randomly selected, and the apoptotic versus nonapoptotic cells were counted.

Ex Vivo Tumor Inhibition

[0277] Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 cells were transfected by SN-bik or SN-luc. Twenty-four h after transfection, the cells were carefully trypsinized, harvested, and inoculated into the MFPs of nude mice (2.times.106 cells/tumor). The volume of the resulting tumor was measured weekly.

Anti-Tumor Activity Tests

[0278] To study tumor growth inhibition, female nude mice were inoculated with 2.times.106 of breast cancer cells/tumor into the MFPs. Two weeks later, when most tumors exceeded 4.times.4 mm, the tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into three groups with 5 mice in each group. The mice in all treatment groups received i.v. injections of SN-bik three times a week for 3 weeks, at a dose of 15 .mu.g of DNA/mouse. The mice in control groups were injected with the same dose of SN-luc or the same volume of PBS. The tumor volume was measured weekly. To assess animal survival and the increase in life span, the same tumor models and the same therapeutic treatments were used. The experiment was terminated on day 200 after tumor inoculation.

Statistical Analysis

[0279] All statistical tests used in this study are two-sided log-rank statistical tests.

Example 2

Construction of Exemplary Bik Mutants

[0280] The Bik single mutant T33D, S35D and double mutant T33DS35D, in which the residues 33 (threonine) and 35 (serine) were changed to aspartate acid residues respectively or together, were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis (Clontech; La Jolla, Calif.). After confirming the mutant Bik constructs by DNA sequencing, Western blot with a Bik antibody demonstrated production of the different Bik mutants expressed in HBK293 cell after transient transfection. A formulation of cationic lipid (SN) was used to deliver the pro-apoptotic mutant Bik gene into different human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo (Zou et al., 2002).

Example 3

In Vitro Testing of Exemplary Bik Mutants

[0281] To test whether the Bik mutants inhibited human cancer cell line growth in vitro better than wide type Bik, transient transfection assay was performed to evaluate the cell growth inhibition effect of mutant Bik, in which a fixed amount (50 ng) of CMV-luc was co-transfected with an increasing amount (0, 0.5, and 2 .mu.g) of CMV-Bik wide type and mutants in different human cancer cells, including human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7, prostate cancer cell line PC-3 and ovary cancer cell line SKOV-ip1. Because the apparent luc activity is indicative of living cells, the relative luciferase activity could be used as the index of cell growth and proliferation (FIG. 1).

[0282] In FIG. 1A, western blot analysis of Bik and mutants protein expression after transient transfection in 293T cells is shown. Actin was used as an equal loading control. In FIGS. 1B through 1F, human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-468 (FIG. 1B), MCF-7 (FIG. 1C), MDA-MB-231 (FIG. 1D), ovary cancer cell line skov-ip1 (FIG. 1E) and prostate cancer cell line PC-3 (FIG. 1F) were cotransfected with 50 ng of CMV-luc and an increasing amount (0, 0.5, or 2 .mu.g) of CMV-Bik wide type or mutants. The relative activities were calculated by setting the luciferase activities obtained from transfections without CMV-Bik (0 .mu.g) at 100%. The data represent means of three independent experiments; bars, SD; stars (*) mean significant difference, compared with wide type (P<0.05).

[0283] While the wild type and mutant Bik expression caused overall growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner, the Bik mutants, especially the T33DS35D mutant, exhibited stronger growth inhibitory effect on different cancer cells, and the expression level was proportional to the growth-inhibitory activity. Thus, mutant Bik is very potent against numerous cancer cell types both in vitro and in vivo. Its effect is independent of the expression level of Her-2/neu oncogene.

[0284] Using similar methods, and as illustrated in FIG. 2, Bik mutant T33DS35D also exhibits potent anticancer effect on head and neck cancer cells (TU138 and TU167), melanoma (B16F10), ovarian (2774 and SKOV. SKOV is not a Her-2/neu overexpressing cell, as opposed to SKOV-ip1), and endothelial cells (Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells, HUVEC). Thus, in addition to SKOV-ip1, which is a Her-2/neu overexpressing cancer cell, the bik mutants also demonstrate potent inhibitory effects on cells without Her-2/neu overexpression.

Example 4

FACS Analysis of Activity of Bik Mutants

[0285] The pro-apoptotic gene Bik is known to elicit apoptosis in a variety of malignant cells. To examine whether the mutant Bik will cause improved cell-killing effect or apoptosis on different cancer cells, standard fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis (FACS) was used to assay apoptosis of the cancer cells. Briefly, the cells were transfected with SN-Bik or other agents.

[0286] Specifically, human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and prostate cancer cell line PC-3 were cotransfected with 100 ng of CMV-GFP and 2 .mu.g of CMV-Bik wide type or mutants. pcDNA3 transfected cells were used as control. Twelve or twenty-four hours after transfection, the apoptotic cells were harvested and assessed by flow cytometric detection of sub-G1 DNA content after being stained with propidium iodide. The data represent means of three independent experiments; bars, SD; stars (*) mean significant difference, compared with wide type (P<0.05).

[0287] Twelve or twenty-four hours after transfection, the apoptotic cells were assessed by flow cytometric detection of sub-G1 DNA content after being stained with propidium iodide. In the MCF-7 cell, the different Bik mutants-induced 40% to 80% more apoptosis than the wild type Bik (FIG. 3). The onset of apoptosis was also early than the wild type, as early as 8 h after the transfection. In the PC-3 cell lines similar phenomena was also observed. The results indicate that mutant Bik can induce significant cancer cell apoptosis, stronger and earlier than the wt Bik.

Example 5

Ex Vivo Testing of Exemplary Bik Mutants

[0288] One of the most critical biological properties for a tumor suppressor gene is its ability to reduced tumorigenicity in vivo. To test the possibly better anti-tumor activity of different Bik mutants, an ex vivo tumorigenicity assay was performed in a nude mice cancer model. Human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and prostate cancer cell line PC-3 were transfected with CMV-Bik wild type or mutants delivered by SN liposome in culture plates. pcDNA3 transfected cells were used as control. Twenty-four hours later, the treated cells were carefully harvested and inoculated into the mammary fat pads (mfp) (for MCF-7) or subcutaneous connective tissue (for PC-3) of nude mice. Four million cells were inoculated for MCF-7 and one million cells for PC-3. Empty vector pcDNA3-transfected cells were used as a control. The inoculated tumor size was measured weekly.

[0289] Specifically, human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (4.times.10.sup.6 cells, each mouse implanted 0.72 mg 17 .beta.-estradiol pellet subcutaneously 2 weeks before inoculation) and prostate cancer cell line PC-3 (1.times.10.sup.6 cells) were transfected with CMV-Bik wide type or mutants delivered by SN liposome in culture plates. pcDNA3 transfected cells were used as control. Twenty-four hours later, the treated cells were harvested and inoculated in the mammary fat pads (mfp) (for MCF-7) or subcutaneous connective tissue (for PC-3) of nude mice, with 8 mice in each group. Tumor sizes were measured weekly, as showed in FIG. 4A. After 7 weeks, the mice were scarified and the tumor weight were measured as showed in FIG. 4B. In the each group, there was tumor-formatting rate. bars, SD; stars (*) denote mutants having significant difference, compared with wide type (P<0.05); stars (**) denote wild type Bik having significant difference, compared with pcDNA3 control (P<0.05).

[0290] This "ex vivo test" bypassed the gene delivery problems in vivo and showed that under the optimal gene delivery condition, tumor cells with mutant Bik had less tumor growth ability than wide type Bik in vivo (FIG. 4A). SN-Bik delayed tumor growth in mice by at least 3 weeks compared with the pcDNA3 control. The tumor volume ratios of wt Bik versus 3 Bik mutants treatment groups during weeks 7 ranged from 2.1 to 3.7 for MCF-7 cell and from 2.2 to 4.1 for PC-3 cell, suggesting a strong tumor suppression activity by mutant Bik treatment in vivo. The data in FIG. 4 represent the mean.+-.standard deviation of tumors size of 8 mice in each group. Furthermore, the average tumor size (measured by weight) of the wt Bik was about 2 to 4 folds than that of different Bik mutant groups (FIG. 4B). In MCF-7 group, mutant Bik also had less tumor taking-rate.

Example 6

In Vivo Testing of Exemplary Bik Mutants

[0291] The above studies showed that three mutant Bik forms could induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor cell growth better than wild type Bik in vitro and ex vivo, and the anti-tumor activity of SN-delivered Bik mutants was further compared with wt Bik in orthotopic breast cancer model and subcutaneous prostate cancer model.

[0292] Because the double mutant T33DS35D Bik is the strongest mutant of the three Bik mutants in apoptosis assay in vitro and tumor growth ex vivo assay, the Bik T33DS35D (Bik DD) was used as a representative of the three Bik mutants to compare with the wt Bik in the following in vivo study. Mice with established tumors were then treated with SN-wt Bik, SN-Bik T33DS35D or SN-pcDNA3. SN-Bik T33DS35D injection significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice compared with the SN-Bik and SN-pcDNA-treated mice.

[0293] Specifically, in FIG. 5A, orthotopic human breast cancer MCF-7 cell (mammary fat pads, 4.times.106 cells/mouse, each mouse implanted 0.72 mg 17 .beta.-estradiol pellet subcutaneously 2 weeks before inoculation) and ectopic human prostate cancer PC3 cell (subcutaneous, 1.times.106 cells/mouse) models in mice were used. One week later, the mice bearing tumors were randomly divided into three groups with 5 mice in each. One group received multiple injections of SN-DNA, 15 .mu.g DNA/mouse, three times a week for a total of 12 treatments, orthotopic breast cancer by intravenous injection and ectopic prostate cancer by intra-tumor injection, the other group received same doses of SN-pcDNA3. The tumor volume was measured weekly. In FIG. 5B, the mutant Bik gene delivered by SN significantly prolonged the life of mice with orthotopic or ectopic human cancer. The data shown in the FIG. represent the mean.+-.standard deviations from 5 individual mice. Bars, SD.)

[0294] By weeks 3 to 5, the mean tumor volume of SN-Bik-treated mice was higher than that of SN-Bik T33S35D-treated mice in two models. The most significant tumor suppression effect could be observed by week 8 and 9, with an approximate 2-3-fold difference in tumor volumes between the wide type and mutant treatment groups (P<0.05; FIG. 5A). Treatment by SN-Bik T33S35D significantly increased the survival rate of the treated mice compared with the control groups treated with SN-wt Bik (P<0.05; FIG. 5B). The median survival time was 175 days for Bik T33S35D treatment vs. 112 days for Bik in MCF-7 cells, 140 days vs. 105 days in PC3 cells. The results indicate that SN-Bik T33S35D inhibited about 50% of the tumor growth in these human cancer models and significantly increased the survival rates.

[0295] A systemic gene therapy approach for breast cancer was developed, consisting of a nonviral gene delivery system (SN) and a proapoptotic gene, bik. The SN-Bik gene complex induced significant apoptosis in four breast cancer cell lines in vitro as well as in orthotopic tumor tissues in nude mice (Zou et al., 2002). Systemically administrated SN-Bik significantly inhibited the growth and metastasis of human breast cancer cells implanted in nude mice and prolonged the life span of the treated animals. The Bik gene is a potent inducer for apoptosis, independent of p53. Like Bad (Wang et al., 1999) and Bid (Desagher et al., 2001), Bik is regulated by phosphorylation (residues threonine 33 and serine 35) Unlike Bad, phosphorylation increases the pro-apoptotic potency of Bik. The mechanism is presently unknown, possibly by a casein kinase II-related enzyme (Verma et al., 2000). The phosphatase PP2A might negatively regulate its function (Klumpp and Krieglstein, 2002). The post-translational phosphorylation of Bik, in specific embodiments, results in conformational changes to cause release from an inactive complex and increased affinity or accessibility to antiapoptotic Bcl-2 homologues.

[0296] The results showed that transfection of Bik mutants (T33D, S35D and T33DS35D) was much more potent than wild type (wt) Bik to inhibit cell proliferation and enhance apoptosis induction of various human cancer cells and to inhibit tumor growth in mice in ex vivo and in vivo models. Thus, this shows that mutant Bik gene is more potent than wt Bik to induce cell death, and SN-Bik is useful for a therapeutic agent of cancer.

[0297] Obviously, methods disclosed herein have proven useful for specific Bik mutants in the context of the invention. Following the teachings provided herein, one of skill in the art can prepare and test any number of mutants for anti-cell proliferative activity, antitumor activity, pro-apoptotic activity, or a combination thereof.

Example 7

Testing of Exemplary Bik Mutants as Therapeutic Agents

[0298] Bik mutants as they relate to anti-tumor activity are tested in an animal study, such as cell lines, cell culture, and/or models in addition to or other than those described in the preceding Examples. In general embodiments of the present invention, mutants are delivered by a vector, such as a liposome, adenoviral vector, or combination thereof, into nude mice models for their anti-tumor activity. Once the anti-tumor activity is demonstrated, potential toxicity is further examined using immunocompetent mice, followed by clinical trials.

[0299] In a specific embodiment, the preferential growth inhibitory activity of mutant Bik is tested in animal. Briefly, cancer cell lines are administered into mammary fat-pad of nude mice to generate a breast xenografted model. Although, as described herein, any cancer cell is within the scope of the present invention irrespective of its genotype or expression levels, (such as, for example, whether it is HER-2/neu-positive or HER-2/neu-negative), in a specific embodiment HER-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer cell lines (such as, for example, SKBR3 and/or MDA-MB361) are utilized, such as for testing. After the tumors reach a particular size, the Bik mutant and/or wild-type Bik control is administered into the mouse, such as, for example, intravenously injected in an admixture with an acceptable carrier, such as liposomes. The tumor sizes and survival curve from these treatments are compared and statistically analyzed. In a preferred embodiment, the mutant Bik is substantially the same as or better in its inhibition of the growth of tumor compared to that of wild-type Bik.

Example 8

Preparation of Additional Bik Mutants

[0300] Based on the data in previous Examples and the teachings elsewhere in the specification, in addition to the knowledge in the art, a skilled artisan would be motivated and capable of generating additional Bik mutants and, furthermore, able to determine the usefulness in the context of the invention using methodology disclosed herein.

Example 9

Testing of Additional Bik Mutants

[0301] Once Bik mutants other than the exemplary mutants disclosed herein are generated, testing using a cell culture in a relevant cell line(s) is performed, such as described herein. Furthermore, testing of the Bik mutants using FACS analysis is performed, such as described herein. Also, testing of the additional Bik mutants using ex vivo systems or in vivo systems as described herein may be employed, in specific embodiments.

Example 10

Anti-Cancer Effect of Mutant Bik in Breast, Ovarian and Pancreatic Cancer Models

[0302] An exemplary Bik mutant (BikDD) polynucleotide demonstrated a significant suppression of tumor growth and an increase in survival in a breast cancer orthotopic model. Human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 (2.times.10.sup.6 cells) were inoculated into the mammary fat pads (MFP) of nude mice. After 1 week, the mice bearing tumors were randomly divided into five groups with 5 or 8 mice in each group. The mice in all treatment groups received weekly i.v. injections of the either vector (pUK21) or BikDD (pUK/BikDD) (15 .mu.g DNA/mouse) delivered using the NIH-liposome for ten weeks. The mice in the control group received injections of 5% Dextrose (D5W). In FIG. 6A, tumor volume was measured and recorded weekly. FIG. 6B shows that BikDD increased the survival rate of mice bearing MDA-MB-231 orthotopic tumors. The data shown in the FIGS. 6A and 6B represent the mean and standard deviations from 5 or 8 individual mice.

[0303] Also, the Bik mutant (BikDD) gene demonstrated a significant suppression of tumor growth and an increase in survival in a breast cancer orthotopic model. Human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-468 (3.times.10.sup.6 cells), were inoculated into the mammary fat pads (MFP) of nude mice. After 1 week, the mice bearing tumors were randomly divided into five groups with 9 or 10 mice in each group. The mice in all treatment groups received weekly i.v. injections of the either vector (pUK21) or BikDD (pUK/BikDD) (45 .mu.g DNA/mouse) delivered using the N1H-liposome for ten weeks. The mice in the control group received injections of 5% Dextrose (D5W). In FIG. 7A, tumor volume was measured and recorded weekly. In FIG. 2B, BikDD increased the survival rate of mice bearing MDA-MB-231 orthotopic tumors. The data shown in the FIGS. 7A and 7B represent the mean and standard deviations from 9 or 10 individual mice.

[0304] In FIG. 8, treatment with the Bik mutant (BikDD) gene increases the survival of mice in a ovarian cancer orthotopic model. Human ovarian cancer cells, 2774 (2.times.10.sup.6 cells), were inoculated intraperitononeally (i.p.) into nude mice. The mice were randomly split into 3 groups of ten mice each. The mice in all treatment groups received weekly i.p. injections of the either vector (pUK21) or BikDD (pUK/BikDD) (15 .mu.g DNA/mouse) delivered using the NIH-liposome for twelve weeks. The mice in the control group received injections of 5% Dextrose (D5W). The data shown in the figures represent the mean and standard deviations from 10 individual mice.

[0305] In FIG. 9, treatment with the Bik mutant (BikDD) gene increases the survival of mice in a pancreatic cancer orthotopic model. Pancreatic cancer cells, Pan02 (5.times.10.sup.4 cells), were inoculated into nude mice. The mice were randomly split into 3 groups of ten mice each. The mice in all treatment groups received weekly i.p. injections of the either vector (pUK21) or BikDD (pUK/BikDD) (15 .mu.g DNA/mouse) delivered using the NIH-liposome for eleven weeks. The mice in the control group received injections of PBS.

Example 11

Cancer Tissue-Specific Expression of Mutant Bik

[0306] Current cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy, have low selectivity for tumor cells and side effects for normal tissues. To minimize the side effects, these therapies are generally given in an intermittent manner, allowing normal cells to recover between treatment cycles. However, during the recovery period, some surviving cancer cells become more resistant to the treatment because of gene mutation. Consequently, cancer recurrence or progression may occur. Tumor-targeting gene therapy can minimize treatment side effects and the risk of developing resistance by acting on the tumor-specific signaling pathways. In the present invention, tissue-specific promoters are used for targeting gene therapy of mutant Bik, such as for breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer.

Breast Cancer-Specific Expression of Mutant Bik

[0307] Breast cancer-specific expression of mutant Bik employs two exemplary promoters that are described herein and presented in further detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/559,111, entitled "Cancer-Specific Promoters" by Mien-Chie Hung, Yan Li, Yong Wen, Chi-Ping Day, Kun-Ming Rau, Xiaoming Xie, Zheng Li, filed simultaneously herewith and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Topoisomerase II.alpha. Breast Cancer-Specific Expression

[0308] A therapeutic construct was generated that comprises topoisomerase II.alpha.control sequence, such as the CT90 region (SEQ ID NO:26), that was operatively linked to CMV enhancer (SEQ ID NO:25), and the composite construct comprising both sequences (SEQ ID NO:37) was operatively linked to a polynucleotide encoding mutant Bik to regulate its expression. The construct is detailed herein but described further in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/559,111, entitled "Cancer-Specific Promoters" by Mien-Chie Hung, Yan Li, Yong Wen, Chi-Ping Day, Kun-Ming Rau, Xiaoming Xie, Zheng Li, filed simultaneously herewith and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. A particular mutant Bik construct comprising sequence encoding the BikDD mutant is hereinafter referred to as CT90-BikDD. This construct was co-transfected with a luciferase reporter vector into breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and 468, and the normal breast epithelium cell line 184A1, and then the cell-killing effect was determined by a luciferase vitality assay. The CMV promoter-driven BikDD vector (CMV-BikDD) and empty vector were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. While CMV-BikDD killed all three cell lines to a nearly equal extent, CT90-BikDD killed breast cancer cells preferentially (FIG. 10), indicating that the killing effect of CT90-BikDD is selective for breast cancer cells. Therefore, CT90 is useful in breast cancer-targeting gene therapy.

[0309] Next, the anti-tumor effect of this breast cancer-targeting gene therapy was characterized in vivo. One week after inoculating breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells into mammary fat pads, the nude mice were treated once per week with liposome-complexed CT90-BikDD (therapeutic group), CMV-BikDD (positive control), and CMV-PGL3 (mock treatment), or dextrose buffer D5W as a no-treatment control. Each mouse was intravenously injected with 15 .quadrature.g of liposome-complexed DNA construct, once per week, and tumor size was measured regularly. The CT90-BikDD group showed a superior tumor suppressive effect compared to CMV-BikDD or CMV-PGL3 (FIG. 11).

[0310] Therapeutic effects of CT90-BikDD breast cancer construct were also demonstrated in an orthotopic mouse model wherein liposome-complexed CT90-BikDD targets breast cancer cells (FIG. 12A). Liposome-complexed CT90-BikDD or CMV-BikDD constructs were administered into mice carrying MDA-MB-468 breast cancer xenograft. The mice were sacrificed 72 hours after injection, and tumor and major organs were removed and fixed. In situ hybridization was performed on the tissue sections to detect BikDD mRNA expression. The results of tumor and heart were shown. The arrows indicate positive cells. In FIGS. 12B and 12D, tumor size record during gene therapy treatment is demonstrated. Mice carrying MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenograft received treatment of 15-.mu.g liposome complexed CT90-BikDD, CMV-BikDD, empty vector pGL3, or 5% dextrose in water through i.v. injection. Each treatment group had ten mice. The mice were treated once a week (QW, FIG. 12B) or twice a week (BIW, FIG. 12D) for eight weeks, and the tumor size was measured and recorded twice a week. The p values from T-test for CT90 vs. pGL3 (P(CT90:pGL3)) and CMV vs. pGL3 (P(CMV:pGL3)) were shown. FIGS. 12C and 12E show survival record of mice in QW (FIG. 12C) or BIW (FIG. 12E) group. The treatment was stopped in the eighth week, and the mice were kept alive until morbid status defined by institute regulation. The survival number each week was recorded.

[0311] Gene therapy of Bik-DD in MDA-MB-468 xenograft mice is illustrated in FIG. 13. Mice carrying MDA-MB-468 breast cancer xenograft received treatment of 15-.mu.g liposome-complexed CT90-BikDD, CMV-BikDD, empty vector pUK21, or 5% dextrose in water through i.v. injection, for example. Each treatment group had ten mice. The mice were treated once a week for eight weeks, and the tumor size was measured and recorded twice a week.

Transferrin Receptor Breast Cancer-Specific Expression

[0312] The present inventors also demonstrate in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/559,111, entitled "Cancer-Specific Promoters" by Mien-Chie Hung, Yan Li, Yong Wen, Chi-Ping Day, Kun-Ming Rau, Xiaoming Xie, Zheng Li, filed simultaneously herewith and incorporated by reference herein, that at least part of the transferrin receptor (TR) promoter, such as that comprising SEQ ID NO:27 (CTR116), possesses breast cancer specificity, and in combination with a CMV promoter enhancer (SEQ ID NO:25), for example, it can regulate expression of mutant Bik for effective breast cancer-specific expression. The full CTR116 control sequence (SEQ ID NO:38) comprises SEQ ID NO:25 operatively linked to SEQ ID NO:27.

[0313] In further embodiments of the present invention, the respective CT90 and CTR116 elements are also narrowed further to identify even smaller segments within that retain breast cancer-specific expression activity. For example, deletion constructs may be made of these respective regions, and their tissue specificity is tested to identify the smaller segments that maintain the ability to direct expression in breast cancer tissue.

Pancreatic Cancer-Specific Expression of Mutant Bik

[0314] The present inventors may utilize pancreatic cancer-specific promoter sequences to control expression of a polynucleotide encoding a mutant Bik polypeptide. One particular but exemplary pancreatic cancer-specific promoter is described herein and is presented in further detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/559,111, entitled "Cancer-Specific Promoters" by Mien-Chie Hung, Yan Li, Yong Wen, Chi-Ping Day, Kun-Ming Rau, Xiaoming Xie, Zheng Li, filed simultaneously herewith and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0315] Generally, an operably linked minimal CCKAR promoter and TSTA construct (wherein the TSTA sequence may be Gal4VP2, for example) operably linked to WPRE regulates expression of mutant Bik polypeptide. The two-step transcriptional amplification (activation) (TSTA) sequence preferably augments the transcriptional activity of cellular promoters (Iyer, Wu et al. 2001; Zhang, Adams et al. 2002) such as CCKAR. In this system, the first step involves the tissue-specific expression of the fusion protein of GAL4-VP16 or GAL4-VP2, for example. In the second step, GAL4-VP16 or GAL4-VP2 in turn, drives target gene expression under the control of GAL4 response elements in a minimal promoter. Also, the TSTA sequence may comprise the G5E4T sequence (SEQ ID NO:36), as an example, which comprises five 17-bp GAL4 binding sites positioned 23 bases from the TAT box of the E4 gene of adenovirus (Carey et al., 1990). Post-transcriptional regulation of mutant Bik may also be employed in pancreatic cancer utilizing a regulatory element such as WPRE. Thus, a composite construct for pancreatic cancer-specific expression is comprised in SEQ ID NO:34, which includes at least CCKAR (SEQ ID NO:28), GAL4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:33), G5E4T (SEQ ID NO:36), and WPRE (SEQ ID NO:29).

[0316] In particular embodiments of the present invention, constructs are similarly generated comprising these or similar pancreatic-specific promoters operatively linked to a polynucleotide encoding a mutant Bik, followed by introduction into a mammal in need of pancreatic cancer therapy treatment based on analogous methods described herein. Parameters are easily optimized by those of skill in the art, such as delivery mode, concentration of composition, and so forth.

[0317] In further embodiments of the present invention, the pancreatic cancer-specific element(s) is narrowed further to identify one or more smaller segments within that retain pancreatic cancer-specific expression activity. For example, deletion constructs may be made of these respective regions, and their tissue specificity is characterized to identify the smaller segments that maintain the ability to direct expression in pancreatic cancer tissue.

Prostate Cancer-Specific Expression of Mutant Bik

[0318] A prostate cancer-specific promoter sequence is employed to control expression of a polynucleotide encoding a mutant Bik polypeptide. One particular but exemplary pancreatic cancer-specific promoter is described herein and is presented in further detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/559,111, entitled "Cancer-Specific Promoters" by Mien-Chie Hung, Yan Li, Yong Wen, Chi-Ping Day, Kun-Ming Rau, Xiaoming Xie, Zheng Li, filed simultaneously herewith and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In specific embodiments, a prostate cancer-specific promoter that regulates expression of mutant Bik in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent manners is utilized.

[0319] Generally, the hTERT promoter is operatively linked to a two-step transcriptional amplification (activation) (TSTA) sequence that preferably augments the transcriptional activity of cellular promoters (Iyer, Wu et al. 2001; Zhang, Adams et al. 2002). GAL4-VP16 fusion protein or GAL4-VP2 fusion protein may be utilized. In this system, the first step involves the tissue-specific expression of the GAL4-VP16 (or GAL4-VP2, for example) fusion protein. In the second step, GAL4-VP16, in turn, drives target gene expression under the control of GAL4 response elements in a minimal promoter. The use of TSTA preferably leads to amplified levels of the transgene expression. The promoter further comprises ARR2 prostate-cancer specific element (SEQ ID NO:31). The post-transcriptional regulatory element of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WPRE), which involves modification of RNA polyadenylation, RNA export, and/or RNA translation (Donello, Loeb et al., 1998), is operatively linked to pARR2-hTERT-TSTA to produce pARR2.hTERTp-TSTA-mutant Bik-WPRE. In a specific aspect of the invention, the promoter is effective in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancers. Thus, a composite construct for prostate cancer-specific expression is comprised in SEQ ID NO:35, which includes at least ARR2 (SEQ ID NO:31), hTERT (SEQ ID NO:32), GAL4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:33), G5E4T (SEQ ID NO:36), and WPRE (SEQ ID NO:29).

[0320] In further embodiments of the present invention, the respective prostate cancer-specific element(s) is narrowed further to identify one or more even smaller segments within that retain prostate cancer-specific expression activity. For example, deletion constructs may be made of these respective regions, and their tissue specificity is tested to identify the one or more smaller segments that maintain the ability to direct expression in prostate cancer tissue.

Example 12

Clinical Trials

[0321] This example is concerned with the development of human treatment protocols using the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptides, alone or in combination with other anti-cancer drugs. The Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptides, and anti-cancer drug treatment will be of use in the clinical treatment of various cancers involving, for example, Akt activation in which transformed or cancerous cells play a role. Such treatment will be particularly useful tools in anti-tumor therapy, for example, in treating patients with ovarian, breast, prostate, pancreatic, brain, colon, and lung cancers that are resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic regimens.

[0322] The various elements of conducting a clinical trial, including patient treatment and monitoring, will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure. The following information is being presented as a general guideline for use in establishing the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptides, in clinical trials.

[0323] Patients with advanced, metastatic breast, epithelial ovarian carcinoma, pancreatic, colon, or other cancers chosen for clinical study will typically be at high risk for developing the cancer, will have been treated previously for the cancer which is presently in remission, or will have failed to respond to at least one course of conventional therapy. In an exemplary clinical protocol, patients may undergo placement of a Tenckhoff catheter, or other suitable device, in the pleural or peritoneal cavity and undergo serial sampling of pleural/peritoneal effusion. Typically, one will wish to determine the absence of known loculation of the pleural or peritoneal cavity, creatinine levels that are below 2 mg/dl, and bilirubin levels that are below 2 mg/dl. The patient should exhibit a normal coagulation profile.

[0324] In regard to the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptides, and other anti-cancer drug administration, a Tenckhoff catheter, or alternative device may be placed in the pleural cavity or in the peritoneal cavity, unless such a device is already in place from prior surgery. A sample of pleural or peritoneal fluid can be obtained, so that baseline cellularity, cytology, LDH, and appropriate markers in the fluid (CEA, CA15-3, CA 125, PSA, p38 (phosphorylated and un-phosphorylated forms), Akt (phosphorylated and un-phosphorylated forms) and in the cells (Bik mutant proteins, peptides or polypeptides or nucleic acids encoding the same) may be assessed and recorded.

[0325] In the same procedure, the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptides, may be administered alone or in combination with the other anti-cancer drug. The administration may be in the pleural/peritoneal cavity, directly into the tumor, or in a systemic manner. The starting dose may be 0.5 mg/kg body weight. Three patients may be treated at each dose level in the absence of grade>3 toxicity. Dose escalation may be done by 100% increments (0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg) until drug related grade 2 toxicity is detected. Thereafter dose escalation may proceed by 25% increments. The administered dose may be fractionated equally into two infusions, separated by six hours if the combined endotoxin levels determined for the lot of the Bik protein, peptide, or polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptides, and the lot of anti-cancer drug exceed 5 EU/kg for any given patient.

[0326] The Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptides, and/or the other anti-cancer drug combination, may be administered over a short infusion time or at a steady rate of infusion over a 7 to 21 day period. The Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptides, infusion may be administered alone or in combination with the anti-cancer drug and/or emodin like tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The infusion given at any dose level will be dependent upon the toxicity achieved after each. Hence, if Grade II toxicity was reached after any single infusion, or at a particular period of time for a steady rate infusion, further doses should be withheld or the steady rate infusion stopped unless toxicity improved. Increasing doses of the Bik mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding the mutant protein, peptide, or polypeptides, in combination with an anti-cancer drug will be administered to groups of patients until approximately 60% of patients show unacceptable Grade III or IV toxicity in any category. Doses that are 2/3 of this value could be defined as the safe dose.

[0327] Physical examination, tumor measurements, and laboratory tests should, of course, be performed before treatment and at intervals of about 3-4 weeks later. Laboratory studies should include CBC, differential and platelet count, urinalysis, SMA-12-100 (liver and renal function tests), coagulation profile, and any other appropriate chemistry studies to determine the extent of disease, or determine the cause of existing symptoms. Also appropriate biological markers in serum should be monitored e.g. CEA, CA 15-3, p38 (phosphorylated and non-phopshorylated forms) and Akt (phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms), p185, etc.

[0328] To monitor disease course and evaluate the anti-tumor responses, it is contemplated that the patients should be examined for appropriate tumor markers every 4 weeks, if initially abnormal, with twice weekly CBC, differential and platelet count for the 4 weeks; then, if no myelosuppression has been observed, weekly. If any patient has prolonged myelosuppression, a bone marrow examination is advised to rule out the possibility of tumor invasion of the marrow as the cause of pancytopenia. Coagulation profile shall be obtained every 4 weeks. An SMA-12-100 shall be performed weekly. Pleural/peritoneal effusion may be sampled 72 hours after the first dose, weekly thereafter for the first two courses, then every 4 weeks until progression or off study. Cellularity, cytology, LDH, and appropriate markers in the fluid (CEA, CA15-3, CA 125, ki67 and Tunel assay to measure apoptosis, Akt) and in the cells (Akt) may be assessed. When measurable disease is present, tumor measurements are to be recorded every 4 weeks. Appropriate radiological studies should be repeated every 8 weeks to evaluate tumor response. Spirometry and DLCO may be repeated 4 and 8 weeks after initiation of therapy and at the time study participation ends. An urinalysis may be performed every 4 weeks.

[0329] Clinical responses may be defined by acceptable measure. For example, a complete response may be defined by the disappearance of all measurable disease for at least a month. Whereas a partial response may be defined by a 50% or greater reduction of the sum of the products of perpendicular diameters of all evaluable tumor nodules or at least 1 month with no tumor sites showing enlargement. Similarly, a mixed response may be defined by a reduction of the product of perpendicular diameters of all measurable lesions by 50% or greater with progression in one or more sites.

REFERENCES

[0330] All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Patents

[0331] U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 [0332] U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,368 [0333] U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,236 [0334] U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,941 [0335] U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,007 [0336] U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,760 [0337] U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,670 [0338] U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,878 [0339] U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,514 [0340] U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,377 [0341] U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,484 [0342] U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,488 [0343] U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,166 [0344] U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,208 [0345] U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,650 [0346] U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,986 [0347] U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,565 [0348] U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,906 [0349] U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,819

Publications

[0349] [0350] Anderson, L. M., Krotz, S., Weitzman, S. A., and Thimmapaya, B. (2000). Breast cancer-specific expression of the Candida albicans cytosine deaminase gene using a transcriptional targeting approach. Cancer Gene Ther 7, 845-852. [0351] Bartke, T., Siegmund, D., Peters, N., Reichwein, M., Henkler, F., Scheurich, P., and Wajant, H. p53 upregulates cFLIP, inhibits transcription of NF-kappaB-regulated genes and induces caspase-8-independent cell death in DLD-1 cells, Oncogene. 20: 571-80., 2001. [0352] Boyd, J. M., Gallo, G. J., Elangovan, B., Houghton, A. B., Malstrom, S., Avery, B. J., Ebb, R. G., Subramanian, T., Chittenden, T., Lutz, R. J., and et al. Bik, a novel death-inducing protein shares a distinct sequence motif with Bcl-2 family proteins and interacts with viral and cellular survival-promoting proteins, Oncogene. 11: 1921-8., 1995. [0353] Carey, M., Leatherwood, J., and Ptashne, M. A potent GAL4 derivative activates transcription at a distance in vitro, Science 247:710-712, 1990. [0354] Daniel, P. T., Pun, K. T., Ritschel, S., Sturm, I., Holler, J., Dorken, B., and Brown, R. Expression of the death gene Bik/Nbk promotes sensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis in corticosteroid-resistant T-cell lymphoma and prevents tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient mice, Blood. 94: 1100-7., 1999. [0355] Desagher, S., Osen-Sand, A., Montessuit, S., Magnenat, E., Vilbois, F., Hochmann, A., Journot, L., Antonsson, B., and Martinou, J. C. Phosphorylation of bid by casein kinases I and II regulates its cleavage by caspase 8, Mol. Cell. 8: 601-11, 2001. [0356] Emami, K. H. and Carey, M. (1992) A synergistic increase in potency of a multimerized VP16 transcriptional activation domain. EMBO J. 11:5005-5012. [0357] Han, J., Sabbatini, P., and White, E. Induction of apoptosis by human Nbk/Bik, a BH3-containing protein that interacts with E1B 19K, Mol Cell Biol. 16: 5857-64., 1996. [0358] Iyer, M., Wu, L., Carey, M., Wang, Y., Smallwood, A., and Gambhir, S. S. (2001). Two-step transcriptional amplification as a method for imaging reporter gene expression using weak promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98:14595-14600. [0359] Katabi, M. M., Chan, H. L., Karp, S. E., and Batist, G. (1999). Hexokinase type II: a novel tumor-specific promoter for gene-targeted therapy differentially expressed and regulated in human cancer cells. Hum Gene Ther 10, 155-164. [0360] Klumpp, S, and Krieglstein, J. Serine/threonine protein phosphatases in apoptosis, Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2: 458-62., 2002. [0361] Lu, H., Zhang, Y., Roberts, D. D., Osborne, C. K., and Templeton, N. S. (2002). Enhanced gene expression in breast cancer cells in vitro and tumors in vivo. Mol Ther 6, 783-792. [0362] Maeda, T., J, O. W., Matsubara, H., Asano, T., Ochiai, T., Sakiyama, S., and Tagawa, M. (2001). A minimum c-erbB-2 promoter-mediated expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene confers selective cytotoxicity of human breast cancer cells to ganciclovir. Cancer Gene Ther 8, 890-896. [0363] Mathai, J. P., Germain, M., Marcellus, R. C., and Shore, G. C. Induction and endoplasmic reticulum location of BIK/NBK in response to apoptotic signaling by E1A and p53, Oncogene. 21: 2534-44., 2002. [0364] Nettelbeck, D. M., Jerome, V. and Muller, R. (2000) Gene therapy: designer promoters for tumour targeting. Trends Genet. 16:174-181. [0365] Panaretakis, T., Pokrovskaja, K., Shoshan, M. C., and Grander, D. Activation of Bak, Bax, and BH3-only Proteins in the Apoptotic Response to Doxorubicin, J Biol. Chem. 277: 44317-26., 2002. [0366] Puthalakath, H. and Strasser, A. Keeping killers on a tight leash: transcriptional and post-translational control of the pro-apoptotic activity of BH3-only proteins, Cell Death Differ. 9: 505-12, 2002. [0367] Qiao, J., Doubrovin, M., Sauter, B. V., Huang, Y., Guo, Z. S., Balatoni, J., Akhurst, T., Blasberg, R. G., Tjuvajev, J. G., Chen, S. H., and Woo, S. L. (2002). Tumor-specific transcriptional targeting of suicide gene therapy. Gene Ther 9, 168-175. [0368] Sadowski I, Ma J, Triezenberg S, Ptashne M. GAL4-VP16 is an unusually potent transcriptional activator. Nature. 1988 Oct. 6; 335(6190):563-4. [0369] Sato, M., Johnson, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, B., Le, K., Gambhir, S. S., Carey, M., Wu, L. (2003) Optimization of adenoviral vectors to direct highly amplified prostate-specific expression for imaging and gene therapy. Mol. Ther. 8(5):726-737. [0370] Takeuchi M, Shichinohe T, Senmaru N, Miyamoto M, Fujita H, Takimoto M, Kondo S, Katoh H, Kuzumaki N. The dominant negative H-ras mutant, N116Y, suppresses growth of metastatic human pancreatic cancer cells in the liver of nude mice. Gene Ther. 2000 March; 7(6):518-26. [0371] Theodorakis, P., Lomonosova, E., and Chinnadurai, G. Critical requirement of BAX for manifestation of apoptosis induced by multiple stimuli in human epithelial cancer cells, Cancer Res. 62: 3373-6., 2002. [0372] Verma, S., Zhao, L., and Chinnadurai, G. Phosphorylation of the Pro-Apoptotic Protein BIK: Mapping of Phosphorylation sites and Effect on Apoptosis, J Biol. Chem. 17: 17, 2000. [0373] Wang, H. G., Pathan, N., Ethell, I. M., Krajewski, S., Yamaguchi, Y., Shibasaki, F., McKeon, F., Bobo, T., Franke, T. F., and Reed, J. C. Ca2+-induced apoptosis through calcineurin dephosphorylation of BAD, Science. 284: 339-43., 1999. [0374] Wang X P, Yazawa K, Yang J, Kohn D, Fisher W E, Brunicardi F C. Specific gene expression and therapy for pancreatic cancer using the cytosine deaminase gene directed by the rat insulin promoter. J Gastrointest Surg. 2004 January; 8(1):98-108. [0375] Wesseling J G, Yamamoto M, Adachi Y, Bosma P J, van Wijland M, Blackwell J L, Li H, Reynolds P N, Dmitriev I, Vickers S M, Huibregtse K, Curiel D T. Midkine and cyclooxygenase-2 promoters are promising for adenoviral vector gene delivery of pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther. 2001 December; 8(12):990-6. [0376] Zhang, L., Adams, J. Y., Billick, E., Ilagan, R., Iyer, M., Le, K., Smallwood, A., Gambhir, S. S., Carey, M., Wu, L. (2002) Molecular engineering of a two-step transcription amplification (TSTA) system for transgene delivery in prostate cancer. Mol. Ther. 5(3): 223-232. [0377] Zou, Y., Peng, H., Zhou, B., Wen, Y., Wang, S. C., Tsai, E. M., and Hung, M. C. Systemic tumor suppression by the proapoptotic gene bik, Cancer Res. 62: 8-12., 2002.

[0378] Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.

Sequence CWU 1

1

38127DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 1ggcatgactg acgatgaaga ggacctg 27228DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 2gttcttggca tggatgactc tgaacagg 283160PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Peptide 3Met Ser Glu Val Arg Pro Leu Ser Arg Asp Ile Leu Met Glu Thr Leu 1 5 10 15Leu Tyr Glu Gln Leu Leu Glu Pro Pro Thr Met Glu Val Leu Gly Met 20 25 30Thr Asp Ser Glu Glu Asp Leu Asp Pro Met Glu Asp Phe Asp Ser Leu 35 40 45Glu Cys Met Glu Gly Ser Asp Ala Leu Ala Leu Arg Leu Ala Cys Ile 50 55 60Gly Asp Glu Met Asp Val Ser Leu Arg Ala Pro Arg Leu Ala Gln Leu 65 70 75 80Ser Glu Val Ala Met His Ser Leu Gly Leu Ala Phe Ile Tyr Asp Gln 85 90 95Thr Glu Asp Ile Arg Asp Val Leu Arg Ser Phe Met Asp Gly Phe Thr 100 105 110Thr Leu Lys Glu Asn Ile Met Arg Phe Trp Arg Ser Pro Asn Pro Gly 115 120 125Ser Trp Val Ser Cys Glu Gln Val Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu 130 135 140Ala Leu Leu Leu Pro Leu Leu Ser Gly Gly Leu His Leu Leu Leu Lys145 150 155 1604150PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Peptide 4Met Ser Glu Ala Arg Leu Met Ala Arg Asp Val Ile Lys Thr Val Pro 1 5 10 15His Asp Gln Val Pro Gln Pro Pro Val Ala Ser Glu Thr Pro Ser Met 20 25 30Lys Glu Pro Val Arg Asp Val Asp Leu Met Glu Cys Val Glu Gly Arg 35 40 45Asn Gln Val Ala Leu Arg Leu Ala Cys Ile Gly Asp Glu Met Asp Leu 50 55 60Cys Leu Arg Ser Pro Arg Leu Val Gln Leu Pro Gly Ile Ala Ile His 65 70 75 80Arg Leu Ala Val Thr Tyr Ser Arg Thr Gly Val Arg Gly Ile Phe Arg 85 90 95Ser Leu Ile Arg Ser Leu Thr Asn Leu Arg Glu Asn Ile Trp Ser Trp 100 105 110Arg Val Leu Thr Pro Gly Ala Trp Val Ser Pro Asp Gln Asp Pro Gly 115 120 125Gln Leu Phe Pro Met Val Leu Leu Val Phe Leu Leu Leu Gly Gly Ala 130 135 140Trp Tyr Leu Gln Leu Gln145 150521560DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 5tgatcagcat attgtcttgg gattttgcaa agtaaataag tactgtattt gcacccactc 60tgcccttgaa tcatccagtg tccccaaacg gtccttcttt ctccatcttt tctgctaatg 120tttactgaac atctcctaca tacctggcac tgtgcctcca gccttaagac ccctctgcaa 180gcatctcaca tatatcaggt ctttcggacc catgagaccc cgtgtcattg ctttacctcc 240ctgagtctca attttttcat ctgcaaaatg cattcagagg gaagccccca ttatgaaggg 300ttccctactc ctgactgtaa ggcactctgt ggctgttagc cacagtcagg gcgagctgct 360ttgtaggggt tgatgtagtt tggaggccct agaagaaaag actacagggc cgggagtggt 420ggctcacgcc tgtaatccca gcactttggg agcccgaggc cggtggatca cctggtgtca 480ggagttcaag accagcctgg ccaatatggc aaaaccccgt ctctactaaa aatacaaaaa 540ctagccgggc atggtggcac acgcctgtaa tccagctact aggggggctg aggcgggagg 600attgcttcaa cctgggagac agacgttgca gtgagccaag attgtgccac tgcactccag 660cctgggcaac agggctagac tctgtctcaa aaaaacaaaa acaaaaacaa acaaaaaaac 720cccacaaaag caaagaaggt ccagagcccg gaaggcggga ggggctctga agactttatc 780acactttacc tcctctgttc ctcccaacag cccagctctt ggtaggtgct gttgtccatt 840tcacagatga gaacattgaa ggggaagtaa ttaccctaga ggtgggaaga acagagtgag 900ggtacccaac aggtagcaaa cgacagagct gggggagggg aacccctgtc cctgcccctc 960ccctaatctc tgaggggatc aagacagaag taaacaagct ttgccgtgcc caggacaatt 1020gttactttgt tattccagga gcgctctgcc ttctcccacc cccaatatac cccagggctg 1080gagttaggtc ctacccatcc ccgcgtagca ggctgcccac ccgcccaccc cgcctggaag 1140ctttctgatt tctctgttcg ccccgccagg cgctgtgggg tccgtctcac caggtctgca 1200cgtgagcccc ctgcccccaa tccctcccag tcccgcccgc ctctcgcgga cccggagccc 1260cgacgggagg gggaaggcag tgggtgtgtc atgcagctgg aaggctgcgg acgggcggca 1320gtggaggggc agccccctgg cttcgggtat ggatcactgg atgctgctgc taaccaaatg 1380tgaacctcgg ttttcatatt tgtgaaatag gcttaaaaac acctaaatcc caaagctgcc 1440agcctaagga gcacacgtct ttgaacgctg gcttcacgct gtcatttaag tcatttcgtc 1500ctcttggagc ctcggtttcc acgtgggtaa aatgatcgtg aaaaaaagca ccgaggagta 1560ctttgagctc gaacggaggc catccgtgta aagggccaga ttctgtcaat ggatcgatcc 1620ccccgatatt gatggaaacc cctgagtgca cgcccgtgct gggcgcaggg gaaacagcga 1680cgcacgggac aaaacaagct tgcagaacag cagggggcag agaggctgta aacaagccaa 1740cgggctgcac ttgtagcggt tctgttgcca atgccattca gaccccagtc cgggattccg 1800cgctcggggt gcgagaggcc gctcccgggg aggggcggga cccgggcggg gcgggagggg 1860cggggcgccc gggcctatta ggtcccgcgc cggcagccgg gccgcagaca cgaagcctcc 1920cgggtggctt acagacgctg ccagcatcgc cgccgccagg tgagtgcccc cgaccctgct 1980gccgcccgct gctccgccca gctcgagccc ggcggttagc gcccaggccg cggcccgggt 2040gccgagcggc tggaagtgtg gggagccgtg cccaggtttt accgctccag caagtcgctg 2100gcggggcgac gtctcgggac tccggctccg aaacgtaccc tctctgtccg gggctccagg 2160tccccgacgg gcgatcgtgc caggcgcggc ccctgcgggc ctcagtctcc gcgcctgtgc 2220aatggggtgg tccctctgcg tctcgccgcg acggctggac gccccatcgc cgccgcacag 2280tcctccagtg cggcttccgg gcacccggct ccgaactctg gggtcgtgcg gacccggcca 2340gaccgtagcg cggcaacgcc agcccacggc cgcggccgca cagccccggt gcccttaaaa 2400gagggaagat ggcgtcgtgc ccggtgccgc cgggaccggc tcccggaggc gctgcgcacc 2460tgaggaaggg ccgaggaaag gcttcgtaac gggacgccca gaaagtccgg aacaggaacg 2520tgcacacgga gcggcgcgca gccgcccgcc ctcgcttgcc cacgcgccct gcacaggtgc 2580gccccagact gggcggggac tagagcccgg ctggggcatg cgaccttgtt tggtaaattg 2640gaggtgcgcc cctgcgggtg acccgcgagg gggccccccg cctgcggggc gcggtcacga 2700caaggcttgt ggggttcgga gctggtcgtc gtctgggctc tggcctccta aatgcgatcg 2760ctttcaagcc cttcattgtc aattttgcta gaatgagcca ctcgtggggt aggacgtggt 2820tgttgatgtt actgttgtag ctcttactat tgtaacattt ttgttgctgt tttaacgcag 2880tgtttactgt ggtctgggag cccgagcttc ccagggagca ttggtgtcag cctcatgtcc 2940ccgcattagg aggagcgcag tctggtgggc actagcgccg ggaagttctt aacatctgtc 3000tgcccctggg agcaggaggc ctcatcttcc aggtggagaa acagagattt cagtcccagg 3060aggcacagaa atgccagggt tgtctagcta gaagccaagg gccctttatg gaacccaagc 3120caaaacctct ttccactctc cagccctgtg gcctcggaag ggccactcca tctctctgaa 3180cctcagtttg ttctgttcac tctgcaaaat gtatccctga ggtttctggc caggtgaaag 3240cccctctcaa gttagtagcc tccctggagt taagactcac cccgatttct acttaatttg 3300ggcacgcctt tggaataagt tctcaggaat ggcacagttt gggtgttttt tgtttctttt 3360tgtttttttt tgaaacagag cttcgctctt gttgcccagg ctggagtgca atggcgccgt 3420ctcggctaac tgcaacctcg gcctcctggg ttcaaacggt tctcctgcct cagcctccta 3480gtagctggga ttacaggcgc ctaccacgag gcccagctaa ttttttgtat ttttagtaga 3540gatggggttt caccatgttg gccaagctag tctcgaactc ctgacctcag gcgatccacc 3600cgcctcagcc tcccaaagtg ctgggattac aggtgtgacc caccccgccc ggcttgagtg 3660tttaaatact cctgcctcag cctcccaagg tgctgggatt acagacgtga gcccctatgc 3720ctggcccttt tttttttttt aattgtctta aggatgttaa gactaagatt ctcacacatt 3780tgactcgtgc ctgtaatcct agcactttgg gaggctgagg caggaggatt gcttgagctc 3840aggagactag actgggctag accagactgg gtaacatggt aaaaccctgt ctctaccaaa 3900aatacaaaaa attaaccggg catggtggca tgtgcctctg gtcctagcta cgcaggaggc 3960tgagttcaga ggcctacctg agcttggagg ggttgaggct gcagtgaacc ctgatcatgc 4020cactgcactc tagcctggga gacagagtga gaccctgtct caaaaaaagg agcattaggc 4080tgggcatggt ggctcacatt tgtaatccta gcactttggg aggccgaggg agatggatca 4140cctgaggtca ggagttgtga gacgagcctg gccaacatgg caaaaccagt ctcttttaaa 4200aatgcaaaaa ttagccggtc gtggtggcgt gtgtctgtaa tcccagctac ttgggaggct 4260gaggcaggag aactgcttga atctgggagg cagaggttgc actgagcgga gatcacacca 4320tggcactcca gcctgggcca catagggaga ctctctgtca aaagaaaatt taaaaaagca 4380tcaaatggta gatccccagt gtctgttaca gcttgggtac tctatggctg gatagagagg 4440ctgcatacat gttagttatt gtaagtttgt ttgttttttt gagacggagt ttcgctcttg 4500ttgcccaggc tggagtgcaa tggctgggaa tacaggcgtg agccacctca cccggctcaa 4560gattcttaca catttgactt gcctgtaatc ccagcacttt gggaggctaa ggcgggagaa 4620ttgcttgaac ccaggaggcg gagattgcag tgagcagaga tggtgccact gcactcagcc 4680tgggctaacg tgagactcca tctcaaaaaa aaaaaaatta cgtcttgtgt cacagagctg 4740cagataaacc agagactact cataaccgtg tacttttttt ttcccccatt tctgatcccg 4800tctcaacgga aggatgtaat tgaggaaggg cttgattggc cagtgagtct tgaagctgac 4860accactgctg gtggtatttt cccctctccc tggaaagcat cctgttttta gtgaacctat 4920taaatgtgta gacaattaat ggctttttgc ttcccctgct gcagacttag cggatcccat 4980gagattttga ctaccgtctg tgctcagaac agtttgagcc gtatggagga agtctccgca 5040ccagtcttac tgttggtggt caccaggaag ccagcagtgt gtctgaactg gacacatgtg 5100gccacttcct agcctccctt tgtcctgcca ctggttggtt ggggctgggc cctgggagaa 5160acatagaatg tgagcaaatc agtccgtggc ccctaagttc cttgttggcc ccgaggcagg 5220caggagaggg gcgggcacac agggcagctg attttcctag tgtcaatatt aggatgtgac 5280aatacaaaac accactgggc ctcgccaggc actgcatggt aaacctgttt ttctgggggt 5340gggacagaac ttggcaccca gttagccaaa ctgaaaagcc atgcagcaaa gagagaaaag 5400ctcacttgtt tatttgagtg agggtccctg tcattttgga tatttaagat caagtattct 5460tgaccgcccc ctccccgaga tggagtcttg ctctgttgcc caggctggag tgcagtggtg 5520tgatctcagc tcactgcaac ctctgcctcc cgggttcagg tgattctcct gcctcagcct 5580cccgagtagc tgagattaca ggcgcgtgcc accacaccag gctaattttt gtatttttaa 5640tagagatggg gtttcaccac gttggccagg ttggtcttga actcctgacc ttgtgatccg 5700cccgcctcag cctcccaaag tgctgggatt acaggtgcga gccaccgtgc ctggccaaga 5760gatgacattt attgtgtgtg acagtatctt cgagattaga ggctcccttt catgtgaggg 5820caaagagagc tacctgattc caggaggagc tgaaattccc tgtgcagaca atggcgcatc 5880atgaagataa atccgagctc ggaccgtgag gtggtcagca cgggtgtgcg cctcgcagag 5940caacaggctc acagaatgag agctgcctct tagtgggcac ttactgcata ccatgcatgc 6000agcatttcac ctccttctca gggctacatc tgcccatggg gctttccctc ctgcccttta 6060acagaaggtg atactgtcca gtccagggtc tcccagccag gaacagcctg ccatcgtgag 6120cccagcacca gagtaacccc ttccctcatt ctcaggattt tgcagtgaac tctcaggctg 6180tctgcatcct ctcaccggct ttcactgggt ccctgctctg ttctggggcc atgcaggttc 6240ccgactggct ggggcagaca cacaggtaaa catttaacga gaccttgatg ggctgagtgc 6300ccaatccagg tctgtttacc caaggtgctg ggacaacaca gatgaggagc atttaattct 6360gtcctgggga gggtggggag gaagtgactt gtgcctgagc cccaaggaag cagtgagtcc 6420cccgtgcctg cctgggggat gttggtaaca gagggaggat gtaaaggagg agctggggtg 6480tgaaagggct gggtgcaagt tcatagggga gacccaaaca ctgaagtgga gcccaggggc 6540cgtacctgcc tctcaagcct cagggtcggg gccagggtga gcagtcttca tattcttcag 6600cctcagcatt tcagaacttg ttttattttt tttttgagat ggagccttac tcctgtcgcg 6660ggggctggag tgcagtggcg cgatctcggc tcactgcaac ctccacctcc tgggttcaag 6720tgattctcct tcctcagcct ccctagtagc tgggattaca ggcgtgcgcc accacgcctg 6780gctagttttt gtatttttag tagagatgag gtttcgccat gttggccagg atggttgtga 6840actcctgacc tcagttgatc cacctgcctc aacctcccaa agtgctagga ttataggtgt 6900gagccaccgc gtctggccta ttttttattt ttgattgagt cttgctctgt tgcccaggtt 6960agagtgcggt ggcacgatct tggctcactg caacctctgc ctctcaggtt taagtgattc 7020tcctgcctta gtctcccgag tagcttggac tacaggtgcc cgccaccacg cccggctaac 7080tttggtattt ttagtagaga cactgtttca ccatgttgac cggggggtct tgaactcctg 7140accttagttg atccatctgc cttgacctcc caaagtgctg ggattacagg agggagccac 7200cgcgccccgg cccagaactt gttttaaata tgaacttttg aaacttaaca actgtaggcc 7260caggtggtgg cttggcattc tctgcttcct tcatggtgat aaaaaggcac aggcttcccc 7320tttttggggt catttcaaaa tcagtcaaga gaattattag tctgttagac ttcctctacg 7380gttaggatta tttttatagg tgttcgaaca ggaaaggaca tagaataaaa tctcctcccc 7440taacttattg atacagggtc tcactctgtc gcccaggctg gagtgcagtg gcgcagtcac 7500agctcactgc agcctcaacc tcctgggctc aagtgatcct ttcgccttgt gctcttaaag 7560tgctgggagc ctccaaaagg ctaagctgtg acgttgggta ggttacatgt attaaatgca 7620tttttttttt tttgagacag ttttgttctt gtcacccagg ctggagtgta atggcataat 7680ctcggctcac tacaacctct gcctcccagg ttcaagtgat tctcctgcct cagcctcccg 7740agtagctggg attacaggcg cccaccccca cgcccggcta atttttgtat ttttagtaga 7800gacagagttt caccgtgtta gccagaatgg tttcgatctc ctgacctcgt gatccgcccg 7860cctcggcctc ccaaagtgct gggattacag gcgtaagcca ccgtgcccgg cctggtgaaa 7920ccccgtcttt actaaaaata caaaattagc caggtgtggt ggcgtgcacc tgtagtccca 7980ggtacttggg aagttgaggt ggaaagatca cctgagccca gggaggtgga gactacagtg 8040agccatgttc atgccactgc actccagcct gggtgacaga gagaccctgt ctcaaaatag 8100taatactcca tattgggcct ctcacagggg aatcttgggg ggagctgcag ctcagggtga 8160ctcccatctt gtcactagcc aggtgacccc ttcattctgg agccttagct ctgaaagccg 8220caggtggggg tgccgtttca gatgcccctt ttccatttca aaggctctga ttctagatct 8280tgaagccgga tgcggcactg gcacttggct tcagtttcca ctgtgacgga cggaggtctc 8340ccaggcccag cccaggcagc caagcccatc ctggaatcag aacacgctga gcacattttg 8400tagggtggca cctttttatc caagttacta gctacacatc agtgtttaaa gagaaaaaag 8460tgagctgtct tttttttttc ttgaaacttg aggaaacaag gtacatacta cggatttttt 8520tttttctttt tctttttttt ttttgagaca gtctcactct gtcgcccaga ccggagtgtg 8580gtggcatgat ctcggcttac tgaaagctct gcctccaggg ttcaagccat tctcctgcct 8640cagcctcccg agtagctggg actacaggcg cccgccacca cgcccagcta attttttttg 8700tatttttagt agagacaggg tttcactgtg ttagccagga tgctctccat ctcctgacct 8760tgtgatctgc acgcctcaac ctcccaaagt gctgggatta caggcgtgag ccaccgcgcc 8820cggcccatat tttttttttt tgagatggag tttttcgctc ttgtcgccca ggttggagtg 8880taatggtgtg atctcggctc actgcaaact cctcctccca ggttcaagcg attctcctgc 8940ctcagccacc cgagtagctg gattacaggc gcgcaccacc acacctggct aatttttttt 9000gaaacggggt agagacggag ttttattacc atgttagtca ggctggtctt gaactcctga 9060cctcatgatc tgcccacctt ggcctcccaa agtgctggga ttacaggtgt aagccaccgc 9120ggctggccca tttcatatat ttttaaaatt ttttattgtt aatttatttt tagagagggg 9180gtctcgttgt attgcccagg ctggtcttga actgggctcg tgcgacgtgc ccgcctcggc 9240ctcccgaagg gctgtgatga cagcacagcg gtgcctgtga tctatggctt caatttttca 9300aggctgccag gtccatgcag gggtgtgtgt gggatgcatc cctagaaatc aaaggtcatg 9360tgcgtgtgtg actggtggat gctgatggtc acactaccct ccagaaaggc agcaacatgt 9420tcagtccacc gtggcgtcct gagctgtgag tggcctctgg tctcctctct tctaaggctg 9480ttgattgtgt taaccagctt ttatggagcc cctgctaggt ggtggaaaat gggcagtagt 9540gtatgttttc atcctctcag cagccctgga ggcccggctg tttctgcaag gctcagaggt 9600gagctggttg ttctgcctca cacagcaggg gccgagcagg gggtggaact gaggtccagc 9660ctggctgcag gctcagggcg tttcctgctg ggttacactg gagttgtgtg cgctccaagg 9720gctttgtgcc accccaccct catggtccag ggccaggctg tgactgggag ggtggcacgt 9780ggaagactgg accagggttt tctagctggg cccactcagc tggccctccc tgtgacccca 9840gcgtggcccc tgaccctctc ggtttgcctg cctgtgaaac aggaagtgtc agatcccgcc 9900tgcttggctt tgacaggact gggcgaggtc atgagagtct gagggtccct accaggagtt 9960cgacctcatc ctcaggtcca gccccatcca cctctgcccc caaccccgct ctgacactcc 10020tgcagcctcg gccctcgaac acctgctgag ggctgagcag aacacatctc tacttgcttg 10080tgcttctggg caacctggga ggggcttggg aggtagatgg cgtttcccca tcttccagat 10140gagccatagg cgagctgtcg agtgcagagc tgttcaccaa atgtaggctg ctctgtccag 10200aacctgccct ccctcccact cggagccctg caggtgccct caaggccgtg ggtgtggtac 10260tcttttctgc acatactaga tttgcatcct aacctcttag ggtaaaatag ggcttctgac 10320tggcgcctgg tgtttccact ggtgagtgtg taggaggcta agtgcgggct gtagcctggg 10380tggggacaca tggctaggtg tgtcttcctt caccaaagaa gggtttcaac tactcatttg 10440caagtttgct ggaaaaaaaa agataataaa aaccagtcca gtttcctgta tctgcagctg 10500cagtgacctc acagtgggtc ctctgggaat aggttgcctt catgtcttca gtcaacaaac 10560atatgtctgc tctatgccag gccttgggct gacaaccaga aactgataag agcagcagcc 10620cctctcttag cggtttactc tgtgccggat catttcatcc ccacaacagt cctgtgcaat 10680aggtgttact agtatctcca ttctaatttt ttttttttct gatatggagt cttgccctgt 10740agcccagcct ggagtgcagt ggtcagctgg agccagaggg gagcagagac aggggctgca 10800ggacccccag gaggccccca agcagactct gagggtccaa gaaggtgatg cccgaatagg 10860ccagcctcat acccatcctc tcagtacttt gggaggccca ggcgggagtt gaagccagga 10920gttccgagac aagcctgggc aacaaagcaa gaccctatct ctacagcaat tctataaaaa 10980tgagccaagt gcagtggtac atacctgtcg agttaccctg gaggctgagg tgggatgatt 11040acctgagccc aggagtttga ggctgtagtg agcatgatca ggccactgca ctccagcctg 11100ggcaaacggg tgagaccctg tctgtgaaaa aaataataat aaaatttaat ttttaaaaaa 11160ggaccaatag gcgtaggcat gggccggtct gaggttggct ggtgagctct gcacatttga 11220agactttgga ggcatggcag gaccaggcac catccatgga aagcatactt gagtgtggtt 11280agcgcgggaa ccaagattgg ggtggcaggg ccacaggggg agggcctgtt agtggatgtg 11340gcacaacccc ccacttgttt ttgagacaag tcttgctctg tcacccaggt tggagtgcaa 11400tggcgcggtc tcggctcact gcatattctg cctcctggat tcaagtgatt ctcctgcctc 11460agcctcccaa gtagctggga ttataggcga gcgccaccac acctggttaa tttttgtatt 11520tttagtggag atggcgtttc accatgttag ccaggctagt ctcaaactcc taagctcagg 11580tgatccacct gcctccacct ctcaaagtgc tgggattaca ggcgtgagcc gcactgcacc 11640aggccaggtc tagggagccg aacagagcag tgacagggtc agggttgagg ctgctacctt 11700gagattaggt tggagagagc tccactgaag gctggagacc agtaaggcat tcagagctgg 11760tgccaggtag gagctgacag gactgggcct cccttgggct ggtggggtgg ccaggagaga 11820ccagagcagg aggtcgctgc tgcaaggacc ctcctgggca ggctccccac cttccgctcc 11880ctggctccac acttttccca tgcagatctg ggccctaagg ccagcctagg cccagttggt 11940gatgggatct ttgccattca tatcaagtca atctgagggc ctgggcccag aggccagatg 12000gttaaaggtt cagattaggt cccttctttg tggtagaggg taatgggtat ttaataaatt 12060aatccaaagt gctgtaatcc cagtactttg ggaggctgag gcgggtggat cacttgagat 12120caggagttga gaccagcctg gccaacatgg taaaaccccg actctactaa aaatacaaaa 12180attagccggg tgtggtggca tgtgcctgta atcccagcta cctgggagtc tgaggcagga 12240gaatcacttg aacctgggag gcggaggttg cacctgagct gagatcacac cactgcactc 12300cagcctgggc aatagagtga gactgtctca aaaacaaaca aacaaacaaa caaaaaaaca 12360ctaccaccaa caaaaacaca atagatgggg aaactgaggc tggtgcagga agggttgggc 12420tagggtatca acctaaggtg agatgtggtc ctgggtctac tcagatgggg aggttggcag 12480ggtggggagc ttgaaagggt cttgcaggca gagcgtgggt gactgactcc tcaggtaggc 12540ctgacctgca ctctgctgca gaccctcggc agcgcagccc actctggtgg ctggggcctt 12600cttcctatct ggcgcctaag gattctcgga atgcctgctg ggtaaggggg ctgtgggcac 12660agtgggtcaa ggcgaggctc ggtgcagctc acagctcagc

tcacagtgag gtgaggttcc 12720actgttgctc tggctttgcg gggcgtggag gtactggggt ctccaggagc acaaagcagg 12780agactgcctt ttcgagggga agggaaaggg gggaaaagca aacaagggct ggagctgctt 12840tcctagggaa atgccatttg catagacacc caaggcagct ggaagttctg gacacagttc 12900ttctaatgcc agcttaacac gcacactgct ggccgtctat acaatgtaaa acatctcatc 12960tgtgaaacct tattttttct ttttgagtca gaatctagct ctgcctccca ggttcaagct 13020gggattacag gcgtatgtca ccacgcctgg ctaattttgt atttttatta gaggcggggt 13080tttaccatgt tggccaggct ggtctcaaac tcctgacctc aggtgatccg cctgtctcag 13140cctcccaaag tgctgggatt acaggcgtga gccaccgcac ccggcccatc catctccctt 13200gaatgctgaa agcaagtcgt gagcacacac ttgtgcctag gcctgtggga gggcggccct 13260gtgggtcctg cctgccgtca gttttctctc tcctgggggt cagggagact tggagctctg 13320tcccttcttg gcttagtcat gaacctctct aagcctcagt gtcctgtgtg aacaaacagc 13380tcagtgagat ggtgggaggg cggagtgtcc tgtcagcagg catggggaat taaaaattaa 13440gaacacccag ggcattatgg taagaaaata atgagttgaa gcataaaggt aatggttagt 13500gccaacttcc tcccagcgtg ccaggccctg ttcaaagtac atgaaggagt tccttatttc 13560gtcttcccaa tagcccaggg cggggctctc agaccatgaa acccatttca cagatgaaga 13620aattgacaca ctgctgctaa ctgccagagc cgggctttga actaggccat tagatttccg 13680tgccacagtc atcgtcatta tcgtcatcta catctaaggc tgtttggtac cctgtagggt 13740aaatgtgggg tacatgatgg tgaatcaggt cgcagaaccc ttctctgcca tcatgatgaa 13800acatgtactg gcatgggatt cgcaatgatc atagttagga aggcctttgg tggcaaagaa 13860gaggaaactc agtgaatggt gatgaggaca catttgggtt catttttctt acacacagtt 13920ggaggagaca gctcagtgac accctcaggc ctggccgctc tctgcctccc cgctctgctc 13980ttcttggtca gccactgcag ctccatcttt gaaggagctg ccctggctgt gtctactccc 14040tggcatccaa cccctgcctc cagcctctga gccctcattg accagaactg ggttacatgg 14100ttgtcaccag ctgcaaggga tgctgggaag ctgagggaga ggagggccat ggttggctta 14160gatgaatgag gatgcagggc caccccgaag aaaattgggg ttctatcagc aaggagccag 14220gtggaatgga tatcggagag gtaaatagca tctgccagta aagaaggctg taagacactg 14280tatggggtga tcccatttgt gaagaaggat gtgtgatgcg cacaagtgtt taggaaaaac 14340actagaagaa ttagcgatgg tctctctggg aatggggatt gtgatacgtt tttctcatgc 14400tgcctctctg cctttcttct caagagaaac agcagacacc aaagaacagg tgtagccttc 14460tgttaagtgg tacagaggaa tcgccctgca gcctggcctc tgtcccctgt gctgacagca 14520ggtgcctggg ttttctgctt tgacaggttc ttgagggctg gtgtccgagg agaacttcta 14580atatttattt atactctgat tttgtttcac aaagaagaaa aaggctgggc gtggtggctc 14640atgtctgtcg tcccagcact ttgggaggcc gaggtggggt ggatcacttt gaggtcagga 14700gttcaagacc agcctggcca acatgatgaa acccccgtct ttactaaaaa tacaaaataa 14760ttagccaggc atagctcatg cctgtagtcc cagctactcg ggaggctgag gcaggagaat 14820tgcttgaacc caggaggcag aggttgcagt gagccaagat tgtgccactg ccctccagcc 14880tccagcaaga ctcagtatcc aaaaacaaag aaagaaagaa agggccctta tgaatcatct 14940tcaagttcct cccttccaag aacagagatg ctaggcgact tgcccagagg cacacagcca 15000gcatgtagca ggattcatgc ctgtgggagc tggggttggg ggatattgac ggctttagcg 15060gatcaaaaga gctggtgagt agggctatac aatctggggg tcatcctgtg agagagcccc 15120cagactgctc agttcttagg ggtccagtca tatgctgtct ttttgcccca gaggagaaat 15180gtctgaagta agacccctct ccagagacat cttgatggag accctcctgt atgagcagct 15240cctggaaccc ccgaccatgg aggttcttgg catgactgac tctgaagagg acctggaccc 15300tatggaggac ttcgattctt tggaatgcat ggagggcagg taggtcccca tggcctgccc 15360taccccctgc ctgatagtga cttcaggggt gggctggatg agcagacctt ctgtgagcgg 15420gggagcgcct gcagatgcct cccaggcagg gcctccgaga ggaagatttc ccggatgtgg 15480gcatggaggc ttctgccctg ggagcggctt cactttgctg ccccaccctc ccctgatacc 15540agctcacaga cccctggaca gccagcatgt tcacagtctc aagatggacc tggggcccct 15600ggctgtcaaa atggcacagt gtttgggcct cagggagcta gacaggccct tagcgacctg 15660ctgaggacat cagggcctct tgaaggaggt gactctgttg ccagaaaggg gacccgatcc 15720agatcccaag agagggttct tagatctcaa gcaagaaaga atttgggcca cacgcagtgg 15780ctcgcgcctg taatcccagc acttagggag gctgaggcag gcggatcact tgaggtcagg 15840agctcgagac cagcctggcc aacatggcaa aaccctgtct ctactaaaaa tacaaaaagt 15900agctgggcct ggtggcacat gtctgtagtc ccagctagtc gggaggctga ggcaaggaga 15960atctcttgaa cccaggaggc agaggttgca gtgacccaag gttgcaaaaa tgcactccag 16020cctgggcaac agagcgagac tccatctcaa aaaaagaaaa cctactctat aggcagagca 16080gcggcatggg ctgctcaact gaatatactt atagttattt cctgattaca tgctaaacaa 16140ggggtggatt attcatgagt ttccgggtaa ggggtgggca gttcccggaa ccgagaattc 16200ctcctccttt tagacaatat agggcaactt cctgacgttg ccgtggcatt tgtaaactgt 16260cgtggcactg gtgagtgact ccaacatgct aatatagttg gtgcacaatg aatagtgagg 16320atgactggag gtcacttttg tgcccatctt ggctttggtg ggctttggct ggcgtctttg 16380ccgaatcctg ttttatcagc agggtctttg taacctgtat cttatgctga tgtcctatct 16440catcctgtga cttagaattc ctagcctcct gggaatgcaa cccagtaggt ctcagccttt 16500tgttacccag cccctaatca agatggagtc gctctggttc aactgcctct gacggctctc 16560attttagaaa accagaaccg ggccgggcgc cgtggctcat gcctgtaatc ccagcacttt 16620gggaggctga ggtgggcgga tcacctgagg ttgggagttc gagactagcc tggccaacat 16680ggtgaaaccc aacctctact aaaaatacaa atgttaccca ggtatggggc cgggggtggg 16740gggatgggcg ctggtagtcc cagctactca ggaggctgag gcaggaaaat cacttgaacc 16800cgggacgtgg aggttgcagt gagccctgag attgcaccac tgcactccag cctgggtaac 16860agagtaagac tccgtttcac aaaaaaagag aaagagaaaa gaaagaaaga aaaaagaaag 16920aaaaccagaa cctatggaag agcctgagga ggccatgcag ttcctggtcc cggcttcaaa 16980gaatcactga ggcatgaaga agggatcttc cttggactga caaggaccct ggaggcagca 17040ggatttgcct ggggtttcag gggccaaggt ccagtaggac ctgacccttg cactctgcca 17100actgctccca gctatgtcca gcacacggca gcatacccag atgtccaggc acacccggcc 17160atcccagcgg caggaaggac ctgcactttt tttttttttt tttgagacag agtctctgtc 17220acccaggctg gagtgcagtg gcatgatctt ggctcactgc aacctccacc tcccgggttc 17280aagtgatttt cctgcctcag cctcctgagt agctgggagt gcaggcgtgc accagcatgc 17340ccggcttttt tttttttttt gagacggagt ctcgctgtgt cgcccaggct ggagtacagt 17400ggcatgatct ctgctcacca caagctccac ctccctggtt tacgccattc tcctgcctca 17460gcctcctgag tagctgggac tacaggcgcc tgccaccaca cctggctaat tttttgtatt 17520ttcagtagag acagggtttc atcatgttag ccaggatggt ctcgatctcc tgacctcgtg 17580atctgcctgc ctcggcctcc caaaaagtgc tgggattaca ggcgtgagcc accacacccg 17640gccaggactg gcactttcat tcttcccctg gtacagatga ggaacgtgaa ggcccaggag 17700cagctgacct cagtagtttc taccctgagc ctggaagaga atggtcaggc ctgacctggg 17760ctgttgcttt ctgctgggga atcctgtctc tgatgtggca cctcccacag gccagggacc 17820agctccatgt tccacaggat tcttttctgc tcaggatttt ttttttcagc ctcaggattt 17880ttagtcatta aggattttag aactggaggc acctgtccat taatggacaa ggttggagga 17940catgaagcct ggggcagtat tttcctgagg tttcccaggg taacagaagg taggaccaca 18000gcccccaacc ctgattgcca gcccacacct gtacccctcc cacccgcatc ccctccaagt 18060agggagtgta ggcccagggc attggcaggt caggtgggtg gggccagggc ccagggccgg 18120cctcagctca gggcccctag gagtcccact tccctgggag ttcccccggt gtagtcactg 18180ggatggaatg cacacaggtc cctggtagag gcccagacca gcaagctggg agggtgggga 18240gtgtcttagt ctttgtgtgg gagtgaatgc gggtggggtg taggatcaag gatgtggttt 18300agtggggggc ctactagggg cttcttagtc cccccattcg gagaggggtg gtgccagcag 18360ggctggtttc aggattggga ccaggacaca ggtcttagag ccccctcacc tcccacaaag 18420gaaggtaagc tgcaacccct gtgggaaggg ggctcaaggg ggctcagcca tccgggggac 18480tcagcaccac cagacctgtc cattcccctt ggtcagcctc agccatccgg gggctcagca 18540cccccagacc tgcctgttcc ccttgtccac catttccacc aaagcccaca ggtgggcctg 18600ccccaggatt ctttttgaaa tagcttgcac ctctggggcc acccacggat gggacctcat 18660gggtatctct gaatccaagt gggagccgga ggagggatac agggaggccc actcactgcc 18720tgccccaaat ctgacaccat ctcttatcct ctgggccact cccagctgca cacaatccgt 18780tggctgggtg ggtccaggtg catgtggcct ccacggcaca gccacacccg actcctgtgt 18840gtgctccctg cagtgacgca ttggccctgc ggctggcctg catcggggac gagatggacg 18900tgagcctcag ggccccgcgc ctggcccagc tctccgaggt ggccatgcac aggtagccgg 18960cctatgccct atgcctctac acctggggag gggccctggg cggtgggtgg aggccctgaa 19020cacagcacag ggctgggccc tgaggaagct ctgtggggga tgtgccttga cactctgggg 19080ctatactgaa acccttggct gcttcccgca cctctcctgg gagcccccag ctcctggcac 19140tcgccccctg ccacctgtcc ctggcattcc tgggcaacaa agcagagccc agggcccttt 19200tctctctcgc cgtcctcatt gagcccagat ggtacatttc caccgtggtc ttaagagggg 19260gtgctacgtg agctcggatc ctagatcctg ggggctgggc ctctcagcga gtctccggtg 19320ggggaataga gtgggcagtg gcttgtgagg gccctgtaga atgggggttt attttccacg 19380tggccagctc tggaagacag ggccaaacac ccggtgggct ggcgggcggc tggctggcgg 19440aggaagcagg aagttggaat gaatttgacc acaaacagtc cataccacgc ggcccctgca 19500ggtggaggcg cccacggaaa gggccccggg tggctgtggg gtgggagggc acaggcccct 19560gctccccaca gctgtgatgg tgtcatctaa gtacaggctg cccctacctg ctcctgcagt 19620aatggctttg tccccccatc ctctttgtct atagcctggg tctggctttc atctacgacc 19680agactgagga catcagggat gttcttagaa gtttcatgga cggtttcacc acacttaagg 19740agaacataat gaggttctgg agatccccga accccgggtc ctgggtaaga gccttgagat 19800ccctgaccct gacttgcgct gcggccagtg ggggctgtca gagccgctcc ttggggcgcc 19860acagtcccca ccactccgta tcatcatctg tgtcacctgt gtccacatct gcctgatccc 19920atgggctttt gggtttgaga tgcctggttc tgagtgcaca aaccagtgca tggtcctggg 19980tctccctctg gtccgagagc cttcacctgg caggcaggac tcccgtctcc tggccagggc 20040aggggcctcc ctgagcagcc ttcctggtag cctggtccca tggtgtccac tcggcaccgc 20100ccaccacaag ggcagctgac tgccctcacc tgtgcccacc gggtgtcttt gcctgtgtcc 20160cgcagactgg caggcccagg ccacgctggc ctctctggcc acgtcctcag ggccactttc 20220cccctctcct gaactccttc cttctctggt cccctcgagc tccttcccag tccccaccct 20280cctgggcttc cccttggcac tccgctgtca cccgtctggc cccattgctg gggcctgccc 20340cgagcctgac tcctctgctt tgctcccaca ggtgtcctgc gaacaggtgc tgctggcgct 20400gctgctgctg ctggcgctgc tgctgccgct gctcagcggg ggcctgcacc tgctgctcaa 20460gtgaggcccc ggcggctcag ggcggggctg gccccacccc catgaccact gccctggagg 20520tggcggcctg ctgctgttat ctttttaact gttttctcat gatgcctttt tatatttaaa 20580ccccgagata gtgctggaac actgctgagg ttttatactc aggttttttg tttttttttt 20640attccagttt tcgttttttc taaaagatga attcctatgg ctctgcaatt gtcaccggtt 20700aactgtggcc tgtgcccagg aagagccatt cactcctgcc cctgcccaca cggcaggtag 20760cagggggagt gctggtcaca cccctgtgtg atatgtgatg ccctcggcaa agaatctact 20820ggaatagatt ccgaggagca ggagtgctca ataaaatgtt ggtttccagc agtctctggt 20880cctctctggg gggttggcag caccagcacg ggcttcctct cgccccaggg aggcacactg 20940tgttggtggg gagggcaggg cctgtgtgct cctaatcaga tccttccctg caaaagggga 21000ccgcaaatgc tgccttggtt tggcccgacg gtttgccttc tcccttgtcc cggtctgtgg 21060cctaaaatcc actgttgggg gttatttcct ttgggctttc agttcctctt taggggatgc 21120ctgcctctcc ctgcacagac tcctcaccac agggatgcag ccgtggctcc gctcacaggg 21180agaggtgtgg tggggattgg ggagcaggac aaggggcacc aggggcagga gggccaggac 21240cctgctttgt acctttgtag gcttggtacc tgccctgggc cttggcctcg tgccatttgt 21300agaccccacc aggcctccct cccaggacat cggctctgtg tctgccctcc accccaaatg 21360tcaaagctgg gctgggccgg ccaccattct ccagccccca acccccctca tccccagagc 21420tgggagatgc agctgttcat acctcccagg ctggctgggc agaccctgca tcctgctcac 21480tcctccctcc atcctggcct ccaaaccaaa ggggacctcc aataggcttt cctgcctcct 21540tatgtcttct ctccggtctg 215606963DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 6gacacgaagc ctcccgggtg gcttacagac gctgccagca tcgccgccgc cagaggagaa 60atgtctgaag taagacccct ctccagagac atcttgatgg agaccctcct gtatgagcag 120ctcctggaac ccccgaccat ggaggttctt ggcatgactg actctgaaga ggacctggac 180cctatggagg acttcgattc tttggaatgc atggagggca gtgacgcatt ggccctgcgg 240ctggcctgca tcggggacga gatggacgtg agcctcaggg ccccgcgcct ggcccagctc 300tccgaggtgg ccatgcacag cctgggtctg gctttcatct acgaccagac tgaggacatc 360agggatgttc ttagaagttt catggacggt ttcaccacac ttaaggagaa cataatgagg 420ttctggagat ccccgaaccc cgggtcctgg gtgtcctgcg aacaggtgct gctggcgctg 480ctgctgctgc tggcgctgct gctgccgctg ctcagcgggg gcctgcacct gctgctcaag 540tgaggccccg gcggctcagg gcggggctgg ccccaccccc atgaccactg ccctggaggt 600ggcggcctgc tgctgttatc tttttaactg ttttctcatg atgccttttt atatttaaac 660cccgagatag tgctggaaca ctgctgaggt tttatactca ggttttttgt ttttttttta 720ttccagtttt cgttttttct aaaagatgaa ttcctatggc tctgcaattg tcaccggtta 780actgtggcct gtgcccagga agagccattc actcctgccc ctgcccacac ggcaggtagc 840agggggagtg ctggtcacac ccctgtgtga tatgtgatgc cctcggcaaa gaatctactg 900gaatagattc cgaggagcag gagtgctcaa taaaatgttg gtttccagca aaaaaaaaaa 960aaa 9637160PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Peptide 7Met Ser Glu Val Arg Pro Leu Ser Arg Asp Ile Leu Met Glu Thr Leu 1 5 10 15Leu Tyr Glu Gln Leu Leu Glu Pro Pro Thr Met Glu Val Leu Gly Met 20 25 30Asp Asp Ser Glu Glu Asp Leu Asp Pro Met Glu Asp Phe Asp Ser Leu 35 40 45Glu Cys Met Glu Gly Ser Asp Ala Leu Ala Leu Arg Leu Ala Cys Ile 50 55 60Gly Asp Glu Met Asp Val Ser Leu Arg Ala Pro Arg Leu Ala Gln Leu 65 70 75 80Ser Glu Val Ala Met His Ser Leu Gly Leu Ala Phe Ile Tyr Asp Gln 85 90 95Thr Glu Asp Ile Arg Asp Val Leu Arg Ser Phe Met Asp Gly Phe Thr 100 105 110Thr Leu Lys Glu Asn Ile Met Arg Phe Trp Arg Ser Pro Asn Pro Gly 115 120 125Ser Trp Val Ser Cys Glu Gln Val Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu 130 135 140Ala Leu Leu Leu Pro Leu Leu Ser Gly Gly Leu His Leu Leu Leu Lys145 150 155 1608160PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Peptide 8Met Ser Glu Val Arg Pro Leu Ser Arg Asp Ile Leu Met Glu Thr Leu 1 5 10 15Leu Tyr Glu Gln Leu Leu Glu Pro Pro Thr Met Glu Val Leu Gly Met 20 25 30Thr Asp Asp Glu Glu Asp Leu Asp Pro Met Glu Asp Phe Asp Ser Leu 35 40 45Glu Cys Met Glu Gly Ser Asp Ala Leu Ala Leu Arg Leu Ala Cys Ile 50 55 60Gly Asp Glu Met Asp Val Ser Leu Arg Ala Pro Arg Leu Ala Gln Leu 65 70 75 80Ser Glu Val Ala Met His Ser Leu Gly Leu Ala Phe Ile Tyr Asp Gln 85 90 95Thr Glu Asp Ile Arg Asp Val Leu Arg Ser Phe Met Asp Gly Phe Thr 100 105 110Thr Leu Lys Glu Asn Ile Met Arg Phe Trp Arg Ser Pro Asn Pro Gly 115 120 125Ser Trp Val Ser Cys Glu Gln Val Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu 130 135 140Ala Leu Leu Leu Pro Leu Leu Ser Gly Gly Leu His Leu Leu Leu Lys145 150 155 1609160PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Peptide 9Met Ser Glu Val Arg Pro Leu Ser Arg Asp Ile Leu Met Glu Thr Leu 1 5 10 15Leu Tyr Glu Gln Leu Leu Glu Pro Pro Thr Met Glu Val Leu Gly Met 20 25 30Asp Asp Asp Glu Glu Asp Leu Asp Pro Met Glu Asp Phe Asp Ser Leu 35 40 45Glu Cys Met Glu Gly Ser Asp Ala Leu Ala Leu Arg Leu Ala Cys Ile 50 55 60Gly Asp Glu Met Asp Val Ser Leu Arg Ala Pro Arg Leu Ala Gln Leu 65 70 75 80Ser Glu Val Ala Met His Ser Leu Gly Leu Ala Phe Ile Tyr Asp Gln 85 90 95Thr Glu Asp Ile Arg Asp Val Leu Arg Ser Phe Met Asp Gly Phe Thr 100 105 110Thr Leu Lys Glu Asn Ile Met Arg Phe Trp Arg Ser Pro Asn Pro Gly 115 120 125Ser Trp Val Ser Cys Glu Gln Val Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu 130 135 140Ala Leu Leu Leu Pro Leu Leu Ser Gly Gly Leu His Leu Leu Leu Lys145 150 155 1601012PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Peptide 10Ala Leu Arg Leu Ala Cys Ile Gly Asp Glu Met Asp 1 5 101112PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 11Leu Arg Leu Ala Cys Ile Gly Asp Glu Met Asp Val 1 5 101218PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Peptide 12Ala Leu Ala Leu Arg Leu Ala Cys Ile Gly Asp Glu Met Asp Val Ser 1 5 10 15Leu Arg1318PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Peptide 13Leu Ala Leu Arg Leu Ala Cys Ile Gly Asp Glu Met Asp Val Ser Leu 1 5 10 15Arg Ala1427PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 14Glu Gln Val Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu Pro 1 5 10 15Leu Leu Ser Gly Gly Leu His Leu Leu Leu Lys 20 251532DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 15aggacccagg tacctatgtt caaaagtgcc tc 321628DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 16ccttgcctgc tgctttccac caagtgct 281731DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 17caggttggga aaatggtcag ccctcctgaa a 311830DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 18cgttctgagg cgggcaatca aatgacctat 301933DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 19cccgctagcc taattttatt ttatttttaa ttc 332036DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 20cccctcgagg tattttggaa aaatgtcctt atctag 362131DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 21cgcacgcgta ggcatcagct ctctacaatt c 312232DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 22agcctcgagc aggatctgag ataagaacca cg

322328DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 23acggcgctcg agtccatcag ttctcatc 282428DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 24ttacttaagc ttgtgtagga cgcctgtc 2825452DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 25tacgggccag atatacgcgt tgacattgat tattgactag ttattaatag taatcaatta 60cggggtcatt agttcatagc ccatatatgg agttccgcgt tacataactt acggtaaatg 120gcccgcctgg ctgaccgccc aacgaccccc gcccattgac gtcaataatg acgtatgttc 180ccatagtaac gccaataggg actttccatt gacgtcaatg ggtggagtat ttacggtaaa 240ctgcccactt ggcagtacat caagtgtatc atatgccaag tacgccccct attgacgtca 300atgacggtaa atggcccgcc tggcattatg cccagtacat gaccttatgg gactttccta 360cttggcagta catctacgta ttagtcatcg ctattaccat ggtgatgcgg ttttggcagt 420acatcaatgg gcgtggatag cggtttgact ca 45226180DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 26agacggtgag agcgagtcag ggattggctg gtctgcttcg ggcgggctaa aggaaggttc 60aagtggagct ctcctaaccg acgcgcgtct gtggagaagc ggcttggtcg ggggtggtct 120cgtggggtcc tgcctgttta gtcgctttca gggttcttga gccccttcac gaccgtcacc 18027231DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 27cggccgccag tgtgatggat atctgcagaa ttcgcccttg cgatctgtca gagcacctcg 60cgagcgtacg tgcctcagga agtgacgcac agcccccctg ggggccgggg gcggggccag 120gctataaacc gccggttagg ggccgccatc ccctcagagc gtcgggatat cgggtgaagg 180gcgaattcca gcacactggc ggccgttact agtggatccg agctcggtac c 231281757DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 28ccttgcctgc tgctttccac caagtgctgg agagctggtg aattgctcac tcccggctca 60ttcctctaat gaccgaagcg tctcgcagat gcaacctgcc gtggaggagc agggagggag 120tgatttccag gtgtgggctt tttcagccat tcctaaaggc gacttgagtt cacctcactc 180actccagcat ttgtactcct gttgtggaaa aggcagtgag cacaagccaa gcccgctcca 240ccttcacccc gccccacctc ccccggccct ttcctgggcc agtcttaggg ccctgagtac 300agacagcctg gctacccgtt aaccattctc agcgtgtggc tgctttttac acacatgtgt 360acatatgcac ggacacacac acacacacag aggcttcccc agtactcctc tatataggaa 420cccgtcacca tcccagacat atgcagaaga aagcccaaac cggctgtgtg agacaggaac 480aattaacacg gtaacagatc cgataatgca gaccatcagg cctaaagaac acggagggac 540tgtgttctac ctccttatag aaaagcaatt agtgcctttt tagctttgga accatgcccg 600gtggtgtgtg tgtggacaga actgctggct ggttgttaag ttgctactaa acacagtgtt 660gtttctcgtg gtctctgccc ttgttaacta ggattgaggc acttttgaac ataggtacct 720gggtcctaag ggcgaattcc agcacactgg cggccgttac tagtggatcc gagctcggta 780ccaagctcca gctgggaata gagataggag gggacccagc tggatgcagt gggcagtggg 840ggtcatagag tcaagagggt acagaataca atggggtcct agtatcatgg tggaggtcag 900aaagagccct aaaagagagg gtcaaggtag gaggttagtg aaggtccacc tccaccctct 960ccaggacagg gacatcaggc cacaattaat ttctctgcag ttggtgagtg gtcatggtct 1020ctggagtccc cagcatccag agtgtccctg gtctagtggt cccccctttc tgagccacag 1080ccactttctc catcaaatga ggccagtaat acccatccca tagtgatgct gtgaggatga 1140gatgagcatc tgtaagtgct gaagataatc cctgacacat cccaagcatt cagcagtgca 1200agcatacact tacacggcac tccccagagc caggcatgtg ctggtgcctc atacacgtga 1260ccacatttga tcgtcacaat gaccctgtga gggagactgt gcaacagagg actgaccttg 1320ctcaaagacc tcaggcgttt cccctcagag cctgagaggt catctctttt tttttttttt 1380tttcctttct ttctttttct tttccatttc tttttctttg caagaggtca tctctaatgc 1440tttggaatat cctgccagat tagagtccct ttgttcacct gaaggtttgg gccacaccag 1500atagtctaac ggtgtgattt gtgctgaagg ttttgagcca cactatatca gctagatttc 1560tagagcggcc ggccgcaata aaatatcttt attttcatta catctgtgtg ttggtttttt 1620gtgtgaatcg atagtactaa catacgctct ccatcaaaac aaaacgaaac aaaacaaact 1680agcaaaatag gctgtcccca gtgcaagtgc aggtgccaga acatttctct atcgataggt 1740accgagctca tttaggt 175729646DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 29aatcaacctc tggattacaa aatttgtgaa agattgactg gtattcttaa ctatgttgct 60ccttttacgc tatgtggata cgctgcttta atgcctttgt atcatgctat tgcttcccgt 120atggctttca ttttctcctc cttgtataaa tcctggttgc tgtctcttta tgaggagttg 180tggcccgttg tcaggcaacg tggcgtggtg tgcactgtgt ttgctgacgc aacccccact 240ggttggggca ttgccaccac ctgtcagctc ctttccggga ctttcgcttt ccccctccct 300attgccacgg cggaactcat cgccgcctgc cttgcccgct gctggacagg ggctcggctg 360ttgggcactg acaattccgt ggtgttgtcg gggaagctga cgtcctttcc atggctgctc 420gcctgtgttg ccacctggat tctgcgcggg acgtccttct gctacgtccc ttcggccctc 480aatccagcgg accttccttc ccgcggcctg ctgccggctc tgcggcctct tccgcgtctt 540cgccttcgcc ctcagacgag tcggatctcc ctttgggccg cctccccgcc tggaattcga 600gctcggtacg ggctcgacta gagtcggggc ggccggccgc ttcgag 64630819DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 30ttatgtcaca ccacagaagt aaggttcctt cacaaagatc ccaagctgtc gatcgacatt 60tctagaggat ctcggacccg gggaatcccc gtcccccaac atgtccagat cgaaatcgtc 120tagcgcgtcg gcatgcgcca tcgccacgtc ctcgccgtct aagtggagct cgtcccccag 180gctgacatcg gtcggggggg cggatctcgg acccggggaa tccccgtccc ccaacatgtc 240cagatcgaaa tcgtctagcg cgtcggcatg cgccatcgcc acgtcctcgc cgtctaagtg 300gagctcgtcc cccaggctga catcggtcgg gggggcggat cccccgggct gcaggaattc 360cggcgataca gtcaactgtc tttgaccttt gttactactc tcttccgatg atgatgtcgc 420acttattcta tgctgtctca atgttagagg catatcagtc tccactgaag ccaatctatc 480tgtgacggca tctttattca cattatcttg tacaaataat cctgttaaca atgcttttat 540atcctgtaaa gaatccattt tcaaaatcat gtcaaggtct tctcgaggaa aaatcagtag 600aaatagctgt tccagtcttt ctagccttga ttccacttct gtcagatgtg ccctagtcag 660cggagacctt ttggttttgg gagagtagcg acactcccag ttgttcttca gacacttggc 720gcacttcggt ttttctttgg agcacttgag ctttttaagt cggcaaatat cgcatgcttg 780ttcgatagaa gacagtagct tcatctttca ggaggctag 819311352DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 31acagacattg acattgtgtc atctagtata caaataggtt cttggagtac tttactaggc 60atggacaatg cccaatgcct gtcccattct tcaggcatat ttttatttgt gggctttatg 120tccctattaa gaaaaagact aagaacaaga tgctatcata ttttcttaac tggaatggta 180gatgtttaaa catgatgact accaagcttg gctagaacat tgtgtcatct agtatacaaa 240taggttcttg gagtacttta ctaggcatgg acaatgccca atgcctgtcc cattcttcag 300gcatattttt atttgtgggc tttatgtccc tattaagaaa aagactaaga acaagatgct 360atcataagct ccaagcttat cgccagctgg gaatagagat aggaggggac ccagctggat 420gcagtgggca gtgggggtca tagagtcaag agggtacaga atacaatggg gtcctagtat 480catggtggag gtcagaaaga gccctaaaag agagggtcaa ggtaggaggt tagtgaaggt 540ccacctccac cctctccagg acagggacat caggccacaa ttaatttctc tgcagttggt 600gagtggtcat ggtctctgga gtccccagca tccagagtgt ccctggtcta gtggtccccc 660ctttctgagc cacagccact ttctccatca aatgaggcca gtaataccca tcccatagtg 720atgctgtgag gatgagatga gcatctgtaa gtgctgaaga taatccctga cacatcccaa 780gcattcagca gtgcaagcat acacttacac ggcactcccc agagccaggc atgtgctggt 840gcctcataca cgtgaccaca tttgatcgtc acaatgaccc tgtgagggag actgtgcaac 900agaggactga ccttgctcaa agacctcagg cgtttcccct cagagcctga gaggtcatct 960cttttttttt ttttttttcc tttctttctt tttcttttcc atttcttttt ctttgcaaga 1020ggtcatctct aatgctttgg aatatcctgc cagattagag tccctttgtt cacctgaagg 1080tttgggccac accagatagt ctaacggtgt gatttgtgct gaaggttttg agccacacta 1140tatcagctag atttctagag cggccggccg caataaaata tctttatttt cattacatct 1200gtgtgttggt tttttgtgtg aatcgatagt actaacatac gctctccatc aaaacaaaac 1260gaaacaaaac aaactagcaa aataggctgt ccccagtgca agtgcaggtg ccagaacatt 1320tctctatcga taggtaccga gctcatttag gt 135232496DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 32ggccgcccca cgtgcgcagc aggacgcagc gctgcctgaa actcgcgccg cgaggagagg 60gcggggccgc ggaaaggaaa ggggggggct gggaggcccg gagggggctg ggccggggac 120ccgggagggg tcgggacggg gcggggtccg cgcggaggag gcggagctgg aaggtgaagg 180ggcaggacgg gtgcccgggt ccccagtccc tccgccacgt ggggagcgcg gtcctgggcg 240tctgtgcccg cgaatccact gggagcccgg cctggccccg acagcgcagc tgctccgggc 300ggacccgggg gtctgggccg cgcttccccg cccgcgcgcc gctcgcgctc ccagggtgca 360gggacgccag cgagggcccc agcggagaga ggtcgaatcg gcctaggctg tggggtaacc 420cgagggaggg gcctctagat ataagggcga attccagcac actggcggcc gttactagtg 480gatccgagct cggtac 49633857DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 33ttatgtcaca ccacagaagt aaggttcctt cacaaagatc ccaagctgtc gatcgacatt 60tctagaggat ctcggacccg gggaatcccc gtcccccaac atgtccagat cgaaatcgtc 120tagcgcgtcg gcatgcgcca tcgccacgtc ctcgccgtct aagtggagct cgtcccccag 180gctgacatcg gtcggggggg cggatctcgg acccggggaa tccccgtccc ccaacatgtc 240cagatcgaaa tcgtctagcg cgtcggcatg cgccatcgcc acgtcctcgc cgtctaagtg 300gagctcgtcc cccaggctga catcggtcgg gggggcggat cccccgggct gcaggaattc 360cggcgataca gtcaactgtc tttgaccttt gttactactc tcttccgatg atgatgtcgc 420acttattcta tgctgtctca atgttagagg catatcagtc tccactgaag ccaatctatc 480tgtgacggca tctttattca cattatcttg tacaaataat cctgttaaca atgcttttat 540atcctgtaaa gaatccattt tcaaaatcat gtcaaggtct tctcgaggaa aaatcagtag 600aaatagctgt tccagtcttt ctagccttga ttccacttct gtcagatgtg ccctagtcag 660cggagacctt ttggttttgg gagagtagcg acactcccag ttgttcttca gacacttggc 720gcacttcggt ttttctttgg agcacttgag ctttttaagt cggcaaatat cgcatgcttg 780ttcgatagaa gacagtagct tcatctttca ggaggctagg gccgccagtg tgatggatat 840ctgcagaatt cgccctt 857348512DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 34ggtacgggag gtacttggag cggccgcgat ccagacatga taagatacat tgatgagttt 60ggacaaacca caactagaat gcagtgaaaa aaatgcttta tttgtgaaat ttgtgatgct 120attgctttat ttgtaaccat tataagctgc aataaacaag ttaacaacaa caattgcatt 180cattttatgt ttcaggttca gggggaggtg tgggaggttt tttaaagcaa gtaaaacctc 240tacaaatgtg gtatggctga ttatgatcat gaacagactg tgaggactga ggggcctgaa 300atgagccttg ggactgtgaa tttaaaatac acaaacaatt agaatcagta gtttaacaca 360ttatacactt aaaaatttta tatttacctt agagctttaa atctctgtag gtagtttgtc 420caattatgtc acaccacaga agtaaggttc cttcacaaag atcccaagct gtcgatcgac 480atttctagag gatctcggac ccggggaatc cccgtccccc aacatgtcca gatcgaaatc 540gtctagcgcg tcggcatgcg ccatcgccac gtcctcgccg tctaagtgga gctcgtcccc 600caggctgaca tcggtcgggg gggcggatct cggacccggg gaatccccgt cccccaacat 660gtccagatcg aaatcgtcta gcgcgtcggc atgcgccatc gccacgtcct cgccgtctaa 720gtggagctcg tcccccaggc tgacatcggt cgggggggcg gatcccccgg gctgcaggaa 780ttccggcgat acagtcaact gtctttgacc tttgttacta ctctcttccg atgatgatgt 840cgcacttatt ctatgctgtc tcaatgttag aggcatatca gtctccactg aagccaatct 900atctgtgacg gcatctttat tcacattatc ttgtacaaat aatcctgtta acaatgcttt 960tatatcctgt aaagaatcca ttttcaaaat catgtcaagg tcttctcgag gaaaaatcag 1020tagaaatagc tgttccagtc tttctagcct tgattccact tctgtcagat gtgccctagt 1080cagcggagac cttttggttt tgggagagta gcgacactcc cagttgttct tcagacactt 1140ggcgcacttc ggtttttctt tggagcactt gagcttttta agtcggcaaa tatcgcatgc 1200ttgttcgata gaagacagta gcttcatctt tcaggaggct agggccgcca gtgtgatgga 1260tatctgcaga attcgccctt ccttgcctgc tgctttccac caagtgctgg agagctggtg 1320aattgctcac tcccggctca ttcctctaat gaccgaagcg tctcgcagat gcaacctgcc 1380gtggaggagc agggagggag tgatttccag gtgtgggctt tttcagccat tcctaaaggc 1440gacttgagtt cacctcactc actccagcat ttgtactcct gttgtggaaa aggcagtgag 1500cacaagccaa gcccgctcca ccttcacccc gccccacctc ccccggccct ttcctgggcc 1560agtcttaggg ccctgagtac agacagcctg gctacccgtt aaccattctc agcgtgtggc 1620tgctttttac acacatgtgt acatatgcac ggacacacac acacacacag aggcttcccc 1680agtactcctc tatataggaa cccgtcacca tcccagacat atgcagaaga aagcccaaac 1740cggctgtgtg agacaggaac aattaacacg gtaacagatc cgataatgca gaccatcagg 1800cctaaagaac acggagggac tgtgttctac ctccttatag aaaagcaatt agtgcctttt 1860tagctttgga accatgcccg gtggtgtgtg tgtggacaga actgctggct ggttgttaag 1920ttgctactaa acacagtgtt gtttctcgtg gtctctgccc ttgttaacta ggattgaggc 1980acttttgaac ataggtacct gggtcctaag ggcgaattcc agcacactgg cggccgttac 2040tagtggatcc gagctcggta ccaagctcca gctgggaata gagataggag gggacccagc 2100tggatgcagt gggcagtggg ggtcatagag tcaagagggt acagaataca atggggtcct 2160agtatcatgg tggaggtcag aaagagccct aaaagagagg gtcaaggtag gaggttagtg 2220aaggtccacc tccaccctct ccaggacagg gacatcaggc cacaattaat ttctctgcag 2280ttggtgagtg gtcatggtct ctggagtccc cagcatccag agtgtccctg gtctagtggt 2340cccccctttc tgagccacag ccactttctc catcaaatga ggccagtaat acccatccca 2400tagtgatgct gtgaggatga gatgagcatc tgtaagtgct gaagataatc cctgacacat 2460cccaagcatt cagcagtgca agcatacact tacacggcac tccccagagc caggcatgtg 2520ctggtgcctc atacacgtga ccacatttga tcgtcacaat gaccctgtga gggagactgt 2580gcaacagagg actgaccttg ctcaaagacc tcaggcgttt cccctcagag cctgagaggt 2640catctctttt tttttttttt tttcctttct ttctttttct tttccatttc tttttctttg 2700caagaggtca tctctaatgc tttggaatat cctgccagat tagagtccct ttgttcacct 2760gaaggtttgg gccacaccag atagtctaac ggtgtgattt gtgctgaagg ttttgagcca 2820cactatatca gctagatttc tagagcggcc ggccgcaata aaatatcttt attttcatta 2880catctgtgtg ttggtttttt gtgtgaatcg atagtactaa catacgctct ccatcaaaac 2940aaaacgaaac aaaacaaact agcaaaatag gctgtcccca gtgcaagtgc aggtgccaga 3000acatttctct atcgataggt accgagctca tttaggtgac actatagaat acaagcttgc 3060atgcctgcag gtccggagga cagtactccg ctcggaggac agtactccgc tcggaggaca 3120gtactccgct cggaggacag tactccgctc ggaggacagt actccgactc tagaggatcc 3180ccagtcctat atatactcgc tctgcacttg gccctttttt acactgtgac tgattgagct 3240ggtgccgtgt cgagtggtgt ctcgagatct gcgatctaag taagcttggc attccggtac 3300tgttggtaaa gccaccatgg aagacgccaa aaacataaag aaaggcccgg cgccattcta 3360tccgctggaa gatggaaccg ctggagagca actgcataag gctatgaaga gatacgccct 3420ggttcctgga acaattgctt ttacagatgc acatatcgag gtggacatca cttacgctga 3480gtacttcgaa atgtccgttc ggttggcaga agctatgaaa cgatatgggc tgaatacaaa 3540tcacagaatc gtcgtatgca gtgaaaactc tcttcaattc tttatgccgg tgttgggcgc 3600gttatttatc ggagttgcag ttgcgcccgc gaacgacatt tataatgaac gtgaattgct 3660caacagtatg ggcatttcgc agcctaccgt ggtgttcgtt tccaaaaagg ggttgcaaaa 3720aattttgaac gtgcaaaaaa agctcccaat catccaaaaa attattatca tggattctaa 3780aacggattac cagggatttc agtcgatgta cacgttcgtc acatctcatc tacctcccgg 3840ttttaatgaa tacgattttg tgccagagtc cttcgatagg gacaagacaa ttgcactgat 3900catgaactcc tctggatcta ctggtctgcc taaaggtgtc gctctgcctc atagaactgc 3960ctgcgtgaga ttctcgcatg ccagagatcc tatttttggc aatcaaatca ttccggatac 4020tgcgatttta agtgttgttc cattccatca cggttttgga atgtttacta cactcggata 4080tttgatatgt ggatttcgag tcgtcttaat gtatagattt gaagaagagc tgtttctgag 4140gagccttcag gattacaaga ttcaaagtgc gctgctggtg ccaaccctat tctccttctt 4200cgccaaaagc actctgattg acaaatacga tttatctaat ttacacgaaa ttgcttctgg 4260tggcgctccc ctctctaagg aagtcgggga agcggttgcc aagaggttcc atctgccagg 4320tatcaggcaa ggatatgggc tcactgagac tacatcagct attctgatta cacccgaggg 4380ggatgataaa ccgggcgcgg tcggtaaagt tgttccattt tttgaagcga aggttgtgga 4440tctggatacc gggaaaacgc tgggcgttaa tcaaagaggc gaactgtgtg tgagaggtcc 4500tatgattatg tccggttatg taaacaatcc ggaagcgacc aacgccttga ttgacaagga 4560tggatggcta cattctggag acatagctta ctgggacgaa gacgaacact tcttcatcgt 4620tgaccgcctg aagtctctga ttaagtacaa aggctatcag gtggctcccg ctgaattgga 4680atccatcttg ctccaacacc ccaacatctt cgacgcaggt gtcgcaggtc ttcccgacga 4740tgacgccggt gaacttcccg ccgccgttgt tgttttggag cacggaaaga cgatgacgga 4800aaaagagatc gtggattacg tcgccagtca agtaacaacc gcgaaaaagt tgcgcggagg 4860agttgtgttt gtggacgaag taccgaaagg tcttaccgga aaactcgacg caagaaaaat 4920cagagagatc ctcataaagg ccaagaaggg cggaaagatc gccgtgtaat tctaggtacc 4980gagctcttac gcgtgctagc cctcgacaat caacctctgg attacaaaat ttgtgaaaga 5040ttgactggta ttcttaacta tgttgctcct tttacgctat gtggatacgc tgctttaatg 5100cctttgtatc atgctattgc ttcccgtatg gctttcattt tctcctcctt gtataaatcc 5160tggttgctgt ctctttatga ggagttgtgg cccgttgtca ggcaacgtgg cgtggtgtgc 5220actgtgtttg ctgacgcaac ccccactggt tggggcattg ccaccacctg tcagctcctt 5280tccgggactt tcgctttccc cctccctatt gccacggcgg aactcatcgc cgcctgcctt 5340gcccgctgct ggacaggggc tcggctgttg ggcactgaca attccgtggt gttgtcgggg 5400aagctgacgt cctttccatg gctgctcgcc tgtgttgcca cctggattct gcgcgggacg 5460tccttctgct acgtcccttc ggccctcaat ccagcggacc ttccttcccg cggcctgctg 5520ccggctctgc ggcctcttcc gcgtcttcgc cttcgccctc agacgagtcg gatctccctt 5580tgggccgcct ccccgcctgg aattcgagct cggtacgggc tcgactagag tcggggcggc 5640cggccgcttc gagcagacat gataagatac attgatgagt ttggacaaac cacaactaga 5700atgcagtgaa aaaaatgctt tatttgtgaa atttgtgatg ctattgcttt atttgtaacc 5760attataagct gcaataaaca agttaacaac aacaattgca ttcattttat gtttcaggtt 5820cagggggagg tgtgggaggt tttttaaagc aagtaaaacc tctacaaatg tggtaaaatc 5880gataaggatc cgtcgaccga tgcccttgag agccttcaac ccagtcagct ccttccggtg 5940ggcgcggggc atgactatcg tcgccgcact tatgactgtc ttctttatca tgcaactcgt 6000aggacaggtg ccggcagcgc tcttccgctt cctcgctcac tgactcgctg cgctcggtcg 6060ttcggctgcg gcgagcggta tcagctcact caaaggcggt aatacggtta tccacagaat 6120caggggataa cgcaggaaag aacatgtgag caaaaggcca gcaaaaggcc aggaaccgta 6180aaaaggccgc gttgctggcg tttttccata ggctccgccc ccctgacgag catcacaaaa 6240atcgacgctc aagtcagagg tggcgaaacc cgacaggact ataaagatac caggcgtttc 6300cccctggaag ctccctcgtg cgctctcctg ttccgaccct gccgcttacc ggatacctgt 6360ccgcctttct cccttcggga agcgtggcgc tttctcaatg ctcacgctgt aggtatctca 6420gttcggtgta ggtcgttcgc tccaagctgg gctgtgtgca cgaacccccc gttcagcccg 6480accgctgcgc cttatccggt aactatcgtc ttgagtccaa cccggtaaga cacgacttat 6540cgccactggc agcagccact ggtaacagga ttagcagagc gaggtatgta ggcggtgcta 6600cagagttctt gaagtggtgg cctaactacg gctacactag aaggacagta tttggtatct 6660gcgctctgct gaagccagtt accttcggaa aaagagttgg tagctcttga tccggcaaac 6720aaaccaccgc tggtagcggt ggtttttttg tttgcaagca gcagattacg cgcagaaaaa 6780aaggatctca agaagatcct ttgatctttt ctacggggtc tgacgctcag tggaacgaaa 6840actcacgtta agggattttg gtcatgagat tatcaaaaag gatcttcacc tagatccttt 6900taaattaaaa atgaagtttt aaatcaatct aaagtatata tgagtaaact tggtctgaca

6960gttaccaatg cttaatcagt gaggcaccta tctcagcgat ctgtctattt cgttcatcca 7020tagttgcctg actccccgtc gtgtagataa ctacgatacg ggagggctta ccatctggcc 7080ccagtgctgc aatgataccg cgagacccac gctcaccggc tccagattta tcagcaataa 7140accagccagc cggaagggcc gagcgcagaa gtggtcctgc aactttatcc gcctccatcc 7200agtctattaa ttgttgccgg gaagctagag taagtagttc gccagttaat agtttgcgca 7260acgttgttgc cattgctaca ggcatcgtgg tgtcacgctc gtcgtttggt atggcttcat 7320tcagctccgg ttcccaacga tcaaggcgag ttacatgatc ccccatgttg tgcaaaaaag 7380cggttagctc cttcggtcct ccgatcgttg tcagaagtaa gttggccgca gtgttatcac 7440tcatggttat ggcagcactg cataattctc ttactgtcat gccatccgta agatgctttt 7500ctgtgactgg tgagtactca accaagtcat tctgagaata gtgtatgcgg cgaccgagtt 7560gctcttgccc ggcgtcaata cgggataata ccgcgccaca tagcagaact ttaaaagtgc 7620tcatcattgg aaaacgttct tcggggcgaa aactctcaag gatcttaccg ctgttgagat 7680ccagttcgat gtaacccact cgtgcaccca actgatcttc agcatctttt actttcacca 7740gcgtttctgg gtgagcaaaa acaggaaggc aaaatgccgc aaaaaaggga ataagggcga 7800cacggaaatg ttgaatactc atactcttcc tttttcaata ttattgaagc atttatcagg 7860gttattgtct catgagcgga tacatatttg aatgtattta gaaaaataaa caaatagggg 7920ttccgcgcac atttccccga aaagtgccac ctgacgcgcc ctgtagcggc gcattaagcg 7980cggcgggtgt ggtggttacg cgcagcgtga ccgctacact tgccagcgcc ctagcgcccg 8040ctcctttcgc tttcttccct tcctttctcg ccacgttcgc cggctttccc cgtcaagctc 8100taaatcgggg gctcccttta gggttccgat ttagtgcttt acggcacctc gaccccaaaa 8160aacttgatta gggtgatggt tcacgtagtg ggccatcgcc ctgatagacg gtttttcgcc 8220ctttgacgtt ggagtccacg ttctttaata gtggactctt gttccaaact ggaacaacac 8280tcaaccctat ctcggtctat tcttttgatt tataagggat tttgccgatt tcggcctatt 8340ggttaaaaaa tgagctgatt taacaaaaat ttaacgcgaa ttttaacaaa atattaacgt 8400ttacaatttc ccattcgcca ttcaggctgc gcaactgttg ggaagggcga tcggtgcggg 8460cctcttcgct attacgccag cccaagctac catgataagt aagtaatatt aa 8512358565DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 35cgccattcag gctgcgcaac tgttgggaag ggcgatcggt gcgggcctct tcgctattac 60gccagcccaa gctaccatga taagtaagta atattaaggt acgggaggta cttggagcgg 120ccgcgatcca gacatgataa gatacattga tgagtttgga caaaccacaa ctagaatgca 180gtgaaaaaaa tgctttattt gtgaaatttg tgatgctatt gctttatttg taaccattat 240aagctgcaat aaacaagtta acaacaacaa ttgcattcat tttatgtttc aggttcaggg 300ggaggtgtgg gaggtttttt aaagcaagta aaacctctac aaatgtggta tggctgatta 360tgatcatgaa cagactgtga ggactgaggg gcctgaaatg agccttggga ctgtgaattt 420aaaatacaca aacaattaga atcagtagtt taacacatta tacacttaaa aattttatat 480ttaccttaga gctttaaatc tctgtaggta gtttgtccaa ttatgtcaca ccacagaagt 540aaggttcctt cacaaagatc ccaagctgtc gatcgacatt tctagaggat ctcggacccg 600gggaatcccc gtcccccaac atgtccagat cgaaatcgtc tagcgcgtcg gcatgcgcca 660tcgccacgtc ctcgccgtct aagtggagct cgtcccccag gctgacatcg gtcggggggg 720cggatctcgg acccggggaa tccccgtccc ccaacatgtc cagatcgaaa tcgtctagcg 780cgtcggcatg cgccatcgcc acgtcctcgc cgtctaagtg gagctcgtcc cccaggctga 840catcggtcgg gggggcggat cccccgggct gcaggaattc cggcgataca gtcaactgtc 900tttgaccttt gttactactc tcttccgatg atgatgtcgc acttattcta tgctgtctca 960atgttagagg catatcagtc tccactgaag ccaatctatc tgtgacggca tctttattca 1020cattatcttg tacaaataat cctgttaaca atgcttttat atcctgtaaa gaatccattt 1080tcaaaatcat gtcaaggtct tctcgaggaa aaatcagtag aaatagctgt tccagtcttt 1140ctagccttga ttccacttct gtcagatgtg ccctagtcag cggagacctt ttggttttgg 1200gagagtagcg acactcccag ttgttcttca gacacttggc gcacttcggt ttttctttgg 1260agcacttgag ctttttaagt cggcaaatat cgcatgcttg ttcgatagaa gacagtagct 1320tcatctttca ggaggctagg gccgccccac gtgcgcagca ggacgcagcg ctgcctgaaa 1380ctcgcgccgc gaggagaggg cggggccgcg gaaaggaaag gggggggctg ggaggcccgg 1440agggggctgg gccggggacc cgggaggggt cgggacgggg cggggtccgc gcggaggagg 1500cggagctgga aggtgaaggg gcaggacggg tgcccgggtc cccagtccct ccgccacgtg 1560gggagcgcgg tcctgggcgt ctgtgcccgc gaatccactg ggagcccggc ctggccccga 1620cagcgcagct gctccgggcg gacccggggg tctgggccgc gcttccccgc ccgcgcgccg 1680ctcgcgctcc cagggtgcag ggacgccagc gagggcccca gcggagagag gtcgaatcgg 1740cctaggctgt ggggtaaccc gagggagggg cctctagata taagggcgaa ttccagcaca 1800ctggcggccg ttactagtgg atccgagctc ggtacacaga cattgacatt gtgtcatcta 1860gtatacaaat aggttcttgg agtactttac taggcatgga caatgcccaa tgcctgtccc 1920attcttcagg catattttta tttgtgggct ttatgtccct attaagaaaa agactaagaa 1980caagatgcta tcatattttc ttaactggaa tggtagatgt ttaaacatga tgactaccaa 2040gcttggctag aacattgtgt catctagtat acaaataggt tcttggagta ctttactagg 2100catggacaat gcccaatgcc tgtcccattc ttcaggcata tttttatttg tgggctttat 2160gtccctatta agaaaaagac taagaacaag atgctatcat aagctccaag cttatcgcca 2220gctgggaata gagataggag gggacccagc tggatgcagt gggcagtggg ggtcatagag 2280tcaagagggt acagaataca atggggtcct agtatcatgg tggaggtcag aaagagccct 2340aaaagagagg gtcaaggtag gaggttagtg aaggtccacc tccaccctct ccaggacagg 2400gacatcaggc cacaattaat ttctctgcag ttggtgagtg gtcatggtct ctggagtccc 2460cagcatccag agtgtccctg gtctagtggt cccccctttc tgagccacag ccactttctc 2520catcaaatga ggccagtaat acccatccca tagtgatgct gtgaggatga gatgagcatc 2580tgtaagtgct gaagataatc cctgacacat cccaagcatt cagcagtgca agcatacact 2640tacacggcac tccccagagc caggcatgtg ctggtgcctc atacacgtga ccacatttga 2700tcgtcacaat gaccctgtga gggagactgt gcaacagagg actgaccttg ctcaaagacc 2760tcaggcgttt cccctcagag cctgagaggt catctctttt tttttttttt tttcctttct 2820ttctttttct tttccatttc tttttctttg caagaggtca tctctaatgc tttggaatat 2880cctgccagat tagagtccct ttgttcacct gaaggtttgg gccacaccag atagtctaac 2940ggtgtgattt gtgctgaagg ttttgagcca cactatatca gctagatttc tagagcggcc 3000ggccgcaata aaatatcttt attttcatta catctgtgtg ttggtttttt gtgtgaatcg 3060atagtactaa catacgctct ccatcaaaac aaaacgaaac aaaacaaact agcaaaatag 3120gctgtcccca gtgcaagtgc aggtgccaga acatttctct atcgataggt accgagctca 3180tttaggtgac actatagaat acaagcttgc atgcctgcag gtccggagga cagtactccg 3240ctcggaggac agtactccgc tcggaggaca gtactccgct cggaggacag tactccgctc 3300ggaggacagt actccgactc tagaggatcc ccagtcctat atatactcgc tctgcacttg 3360gccctttttt acactgtgac tgattgagct ggtgccgtgt cgagtggtgt ctcgagatct 3420gcgatctaag taagcttggc attccggtac tgttggtaaa gccaccatgg aagacgccaa 3480aaacataaag aaaggcccgg cgccattcta tccgctggaa gatggaaccg ctggagagca 3540actgcataag gctatgaaga gatacgccct ggttcctgga acaattgctt ttacagatgc 3600acatatcgag gtggacatca cttacgctga gtacttcgaa atgtccgttc ggttggcaga 3660agctatgaaa cgatatgggc tgaatacaaa tcacagaatc gtcgtatgca gtgaaaactc 3720tcttcaattc tttatgccgg tgttgggcgc gttatttatc ggagttgcag ttgcgcccgc 3780gaacgacatt tataatgaac gtgaattgct caacagtatg ggcatttcgc agcctaccgt 3840ggtgttcgtt tccaaaaagg ggttgcaaaa aattttgaac gtgcaaaaaa agctcccaat 3900catccaaaaa attattatca tggattctaa aacggattac cagggatttc agtcgatgta 3960cacgttcgtc acatctcatc tacctcccgg ttttaatgaa tacgattttg tgccagagtc 4020cttcgatagg gacaagacaa ttgcactgat catgaactcc tctggatcta ctggtctgcc 4080taaaggtgtc gctctgcctc atagaactgc ctgcgtgaga ttctcgcatg ccagagatcc 4140tatttttggc aatcaaatca ttccggatac tgcgatttta agtgttgttc cattccatca 4200cggttttgga atgtttacta cactcggata tttgatatgt ggatttcgag tcgtcttaat 4260gtatagattt gaagaagagc tgtttctgag gagccttcag gattacaaga ttcaaagtgc 4320gctgctggtg ccaaccctat tctccttctt cgccaaaagc actctgattg acaaatacga 4380tttatctaat ttacacgaaa ttgcttctgg tggcgctccc ctctctaagg aagtcgggga 4440agcggttgcc aagaggttcc atctgccagg tatcaggcaa ggatatgggc tcactgagac 4500tacatcagct attctgatta cacccgaggg ggatgataaa ccgggcgcgg tcggtaaagt 4560tgttccattt tttgaagcga aggttgtgga tctggatacc gggaaaacgc tgggcgttaa 4620tcaaagaggc gaactgtgtg tgagaggtcc tatgattatg tccggttatg taaacaatcc 4680ggaagcgacc aacgccttga ttgacaagga tggatggcta cattctggag acatagctta 4740ctgggacgaa gacgaacact tcttcatcgt tgaccgcctg aagtctctga ttaagtacaa 4800aggctatcag gtggctcccg ctgaattgga atccatcttg ctccaacacc ccaacatctt 4860cgacgcaggt gtcgcaggtc ttcccgacga tgacgccggt gaacttcccg ccgccgttgt 4920tgttttggag cacggaaaga cgatgacgga aaaagagatc gtggattacg tcgccagtca 4980agtaacaacc gcgaaaaagt tgcgcggagg agttgtgttt gtggacgaag taccgaaagg 5040tcttaccgga aaactcgacg caagaaaaat cagagagatc ctcataaagg ccaagaaggg 5100cggaaagatc gccgtgtaat tctaggtacc gagctcttac gcgtgctagc cctcgacaat 5160caacctctgg attacaaaat ttgtgaaaga ttgactggta ttcttaacta tgttgctcct 5220tttacgctat gtggatacgc tgctttaatg cctttgtatc atgctattgc ttcccgtatg 5280gctttcattt tctcctcctt gtataaatcc tggttgctgt ctctttatga ggagttgtgg 5340cccgttgtca ggcaacgtgg cgtggtgtgc actgtgtttg ctgacgcaac ccccactggt 5400tggggcattg ccaccacctg tcagctcctt tccgggactt tcgctttccc cctccctatt 5460gccacggcgg aactcatcgc cgcctgcctt gcccgctgct ggacaggggc tcggctgttg 5520ggcactgaca attccgtggt gttgtcgggg aagctgacgt cctttccatg gctgctcgcc 5580tgtgttgcca cctggattct gcgcgggacg tccttctgct acgtcccttc ggccctcaat 5640ccagcggacc ttccttcccg cggcctgctg ccggctctgc ggcctcttcc gcgtcttcgc 5700cttcgccctc agacgagtcg gatctccctt tgggccgcct ccccgcctgg aattcgagct 5760cggtacgggc tcgactagag tcggggcggc cggccgcttc gagcagacat gataagatac 5820attgatgagt ttggacaaac cacaactaga atgcagtgaa aaaaatgctt tatttgtgaa 5880atttgtgatg ctattgcttt atttgtaacc attataagct gcaataaaca agttaacaac 5940aacaattgca ttcattttat gtttcaggtt cagggggagg tgtgggaggt tttttaaagc 6000aagtaaaacc tctacaaatg tggtaaaatc gataaggatc cgtcgaccga tgcccttgag 6060agccttcaac ccagtcagct ccttccggtg ggcgcggggc atgactatcg tcgccgcact 6120tatgactgtc ttctttatca tgcaactcgt aggacaggtg ccggcagcgc tcttccgctt 6180cctcgctcac tgactcgctg cgctcggtcg ttcggctgcg gcgagcggta tcagctcact 6240caaaggcggt aatacggtta tccacagaat caggggataa cgcaggaaag aacatgtgag 6300caaaaggcca gcaaaaggcc aggaaccgta aaaaggccgc gttgctggcg tttttccata 6360ggctccgccc ccctgacgag catcacaaaa atcgacgctc aagtcagagg tggcgaaacc 6420cgacaggact ataaagatac caggcgtttc cccctggaag ctccctcgtg cgctctcctg 6480ttccgaccct gccgcttacc ggatacctgt ccgcctttct cccttcggga agcgtggcgc 6540tttctcaatg ctcacgctgt aggtatctca gttcggtgta ggtcgttcgc tccaagctgg 6600gctgtgtgca cgaacccccc gttcagcccg accgctgcgc cttatccggt aactatcgtc 6660ttgagtccaa cccggtaaga cacgacttat cgccactggc agcagccact ggtaacagga 6720ttagcagagc gaggtatgta ggcggtgcta cagagttctt gaagtggtgg cctaactacg 6780gctacactag aaggacagta tttggtatct gcgctctgct gaagccagtt accttcggaa 6840aaagagttgg tagctcttga tccggcaaac aaaccaccgc tggtagcggt ggtttttttg 6900tttgcaagca gcagattacg cgcagaaaaa aaggatctca agaagatcct ttgatctttt 6960ctacggggtc tgacgctcag tggaacgaaa actcacgtta agggattttg gtcatgagat 7020tatcaaaaag gatcttcacc tagatccttt taaattaaaa atgaagtttt aaatcaatct 7080aaagtatata tgagtaaact tggtctgaca gttaccaatg cttaatcagt gaggcaccta 7140tctcagcgat ctgtctattt cgttcatcca tagttgcctg actccccgtc gtgtagataa 7200ctacgatacg ggagggctta ccatctggcc ccagtgctgc aatgataccg cgagacccac 7260gctcaccggc tccagattta tcagcaataa accagccagc cggaagggcc gagcgcagaa 7320gtggtcctgc aactttatcc gcctccatcc agtctattaa ttgttgccgg gaagctagag 7380taagtagttc gccagttaat agtttgcgca acgttgttgc cattgctaca ggcatcgtgg 7440tgtcacgctc gtcgtttggt atggcttcat tcagctccgg ttcccaacga tcaaggcgag 7500ttacatgatc ccccatgttg tgcaaaaaag cggttagctc cttcggtcct ccgatcgttg 7560tcagaagtaa gttggccgca gtgttatcac tcatggttat ggcagcactg cataattctc 7620ttactgtcat gccatccgta agatgctttt ctgtgactgg tgagtactca accaagtcat 7680tctgagaata gtgtatgcgg cgaccgagtt gctcttgccc ggcgtcaata cgggataata 7740ccgcgccaca tagcagaact ttaaaagtgc tcatcattgg aaaacgttct tcggggcgaa 7800aactctcaag gatcttaccg ctgttgagat ccagttcgat gtaacccact cgtgcaccca 7860actgatcttc agcatctttt actttcacca gcgtttctgg gtgagcaaaa acaggaaggc 7920aaaatgccgc aaaaaaggga ataagggcga cacggaaatg ttgaatactc atactcttcc 7980tttttcaata ttattgaagc atttatcagg gttattgtct catgagcgga tacatatttg 8040aatgtattta gaaaaataaa caaatagggg ttccgcgcac atttccccga aaagtgccac 8100ctgacgcgcc ctgtagcggc gcattaagcg cggcgggtgt ggtggttacg cgcagcgtga 8160ccgctacact tgccagcgcc ctagcgcccg ctcctttcgc tttcttccct tcctttctcg 8220ccacgttcgc cggctttccc cgtcaagctc taaatcgggg gctcccttta gggttccgat 8280ttagtgcttt acggcacctc gaccccaaaa aacttgatta gggtgatggt tcacgtagtg 8340ggccatcgcc ctgatagacg gtttttcgcc ctttgacgtt ggagtccacg ttctttaata 8400gtggactctt gttccaaact ggaacaacac tcaaccctat ctcggtctat tcttttgatt 8460tataagggat tttgccgatt tcggcctatt ggttaaaaaa tgagctgatt taacaaaaat 8520ttaacgcgaa ttttaacaaa atattaacgt ttacaatttc ccatt 856536279DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 36gacactatag aatacaagct tgcatgcctg caggtccgga ggacagtact ccgctcggag 60gacagtactc cgctcggagg acagtactcc gctcggagga cagtactccg ctcggaggac 120agtactccga ctctagagga tccccagtcc tatatatact cgctctgcac ttggcccttt 180tttacactgt gactgattga gctggtgccg tgtcgagtgg tgtctcgaga tctgcgatct 240aagtaagctt ggcattccgg tactgttggt aaagccacc 27937650DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 37gctagctacg ggccagatat acgcgttgac attgattatt gactagttat taatagtaat 60caattacggg gtcattagtt catagcccat atatggagtt ccgcgttaca taacttacgg 120taaatggccc gcctggctga ccgcccaacg acccccgccc attgacgtca ataatgacgt 180atgttcccat agtaacgcca atagggactt tccattgacg tcaatgggtg gagtatttac 240ggtaaactgc ccacttggca gtacatcaag tgtatcatat gccaagtacg ccccctattg 300acgtcaatga cggtaaatgg cccgcctggc attatgccca gtacatgacc ttatgggact 360ttcctacttg gcagtacatc tacgtattag tcatcgctat taccatggtg atgcggtttt 420ggcagtacat caatgggcgt ggatagcggt ttgactcact cgagagacgg tgagagcgag 480tcagggattg gctggtctgc ttcgggcggg ctaaaggaag gttcaagtgg agctctccta 540accgacgcgc gtctgtggag aagcggcttg gtcgggggtg gtctcgtggg gtcctgcctg 600tttagtcgct ttcagggttc ttgagcccct tcacgaccgt caccaagctt 65038701DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic Primer 38gctagctacg ggccagatat acgcgttgac attgattatt gactagttat taatagtaat 60caattacggg gtcattagtt catagcccat atatggagtt ccgcgttaca taacttacgg 120taaatggccc gcctggctga ccgcccaacg acccccgccc attgacgtca ataatgacgt 180atgttcccat agtaacgcca atagggactt tccattgacg tcaatgggtg gagtatttac 240ggtaaactgc ccacttggca gtacatcaag tgtatcatat gccaagtacg ccccctattg 300acgtcaatga cggtaaatgg cccgcctggc attatgccca gtacatgacc ttatgggact 360ttcctacttg gcagtacatc tacgtattag tcatcgctat taccatggtg atgcggtttt 420ggcagtacat caatgggcgt ggatagcggt ttgactcact cgagcggccg ccagtgtgat 480ggatatctgc agaattcgcc cttgcgatct gtcagagcac ctcgcgagcg tacgtgcctc 540aggaagtgac gcacagcccc cctgggggcc gggggcgggg ccaggctata aaccgccggt 600taggggccgc catcccctca gagcgtcggg atatcgggtg aagggcgaat tccagcacac 660tggcggccgt tactagtgga tccgagctcg gtaccaagct t 701

Claims

1.-75. (canceled)

76. A method of inducing anti-tumor activity, anti-cell proliferation activity, and/or pro-apoptotic activity in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a mutant Bik polypeptide having an altered amino acid sequence, said polypeptide comprising: a) SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQ ID NO:9; or b) polypeptides having sequence that is between 91% and 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQ ID NO:9, said polypeptides having a mutation at Thr.sup.33, Ser.sup.35, or both Thr.sup.33 and Ser.sup.35.

77. The method of claim 76, wherein the polypeptide further comprises a protein transduction domain.

78. The method of claim 76, wherein the subject is a human.

79. The method of claim 78, wherein the human has a proliferative cell disorder.

80. The method of claim 79, wherein the proliferative cell disorder is cancer.

81. The method of claim 80, wherein the cancer is breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, sarcoma, lung cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma.

82. The method of claim 80, wherein the cancer is estrogen receptor positive, is EGF receptor overexpressing, is Her2/neu-overexpressing, is not Her-2/neu-overexpressing, is Akt overexpressing, is angrogen independent, or is androgen dependent.

83. The method of claim 80, wherein the cancer is a solid tumors, such as, for example, sarcoma, lung, brain, pancreatic, liver, bladder, gastrointestinal cancers, or hematologic malignancies, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma

84. The method of claim 79, wherein the proliferative cell disorder is restenosis.

85. The method of claim 76, wherein the polypeptide is comprised in pharmacologically acceptable excipient.

86. The method of claim 76, wherein the polypeptide is complexed with a lipid.

87. The method of claim 76, further defined as a method of preventing growth of a cell in an individual.