U.S. patent application number 12/276363 was filed with the patent office on 2009-03-19 for digital camera having printhead and ink supply.
This patent application is currently assigned to Sliverbrook Research Pty Ltd. Invention is credited to Kia Silverbrook.
Application Number | 20090073309 12/276363 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 43706280 |
Filed Date | 2009-03-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090073309 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Silverbrook; Kia |
March 19, 2009 |
DIGITAL CAMERA HAVING PRINTHEAD AND INK SUPPLY
Abstract
A digital camera is provided having a printhead for printing
images digitally captured by the camera, an ink supply for
supplying ink to the printhead, and a casing surrounding and
encasing the printhead and ink supply so that the ink supply is
unable to be accessed without destruction of the casing.
Inventors: |
Silverbrook; Kia; (Balmain,
AU) |
Correspondence
Address: |
SILVERBROOK RESEARCH PTY LTD
393 DARLING STREET
BALMAIN
2041
AU
|
Assignee: |
Sliverbrook Research Pty
Ltd
|
Family ID: |
43706280 |
Appl. No.: |
12/276363 |
Filed: |
November 23, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11102845 |
Apr 11, 2005 |
7466341 |
|
|
12276363 |
|
|
|
|
09662668 |
Sep 15, 2000 |
7006143 |
|
|
11102845 |
|
|
|
|
09113086 |
Jul 10, 1998 |
|
|
|
09662668 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
348/374 ;
348/E5.024 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03B 29/00 20130101;
H04N 1/0018 20130101; H04N 1/00132 20130101; G03B 17/02 20130101;
H04N 1/00188 20130101; H04N 1/2154 20130101; H04N 2101/00 20130101;
G03B 17/50 20130101; G03B 2219/045 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
348/374 ;
348/E05.024 |
International
Class: |
H04N 5/225 20060101
H04N005/225 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jul 15, 1997 |
AU |
PO7991 |
Dec 12, 1997 |
AU |
PP0871 |
Claims
1. A digital camera comprising: a printhead for printing images
digitally captured by the camera; an ink supply for supplying ink
to the printhead; and a casing surrounding and encasing the
printhead and ink supply so that the ink supply is unable to be
accessed without destruction of the casing.
2. The camera of claim 1 wherein the casing comprises two shells,
the shells being bonded together during one of a manufacturing
process and a recycling process.
3. The camera of claim 1 wherein the casing is recyclable.
4. The camera of claim 1 wherein the ink supply is arranged to be
refillable.
5. The camera of claim 1 further comprising a print media supply
for supplying print media to the printhead.
6. The camera of claim 1 wherein the print media supply is
releasably supported in the camera.
7. The camera of claim 6 further comprising power supply means
accommodated within the print media supply.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] The present application is a continuation of U.S.
application Ser. No. 11/102,845 filed on Apr. 11, 2005, which is a
continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/662,668 filed Sep. 15,
2000, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,006,143, which is a divisional
of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/113,086 filed Jul. 10, 1998, the
entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates substantially to the concept
of a disposable camera having instant printing capabilities and in
particular, discloses a method integrating the electronic
components of a camera system.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Recently, the concept of a "single use" disposable camera
has become an increasingly popular consumer item. Disposable camera
systems presently on the market normally include an internal film
roll and a simplified gearing mechanism for traversing the film
roll across an imaging system including a shutter and lensing
system. The user, after utilizing a single film roll returns the
camera system to a film development center for processing. The film
roll is taken out of the camera system and processed and the prints
returned to the user. The camera system is then able to be
re-manufactured through the insertion of a new film roll into the
camera system, the replacement of any worn or wearable parts and
the re-packaging of the camera system in accordance with
requirements. In this way, the concept of a single use "disposable"
camera is provided to the consumer.
[0004] Recently, a camera system has been proposed by the present
applicant which provides for a handheld camera device having an
internal print head, image sensor and processing means such that
images sense by the image sensing means, are processed by the
processing means and adapted to be instantly printed out by the
printing means on demand. The proposed camera system further
discloses a system of internal "print rolls" carrying print media
such as film on to which images are to be printed in addition to
ink for supplying to the printing means for the printing process.
The print roll is further disclosed to be detachable and
replaceable within the camera system.
[0005] Unfortunately, such a system is likely to only be
constructed at a substantial cost and it would be desirable to
provide for a more inexpensive form of instant camera system which
maintains a substantial number of the quality aspects of the
aforementioned arrangement.
[0006] It would be further advantageous to provide for the
effective interconnection of the sub components of a camera
system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] According to the invention there is provided a recyclable,
one-time use, print on demand, digital camera comprising:
[0008] a chassis carrying: -- [0009] an image sensor device for
sensing an image; [0010] a processing means for processing said
sensed image; [0011] a pagewidth print head for printing said
sensed image; [0012] an ink supply means for supplying ink to the
print head; [0013] a supply of print media on to which said sensed
image is printed; and
[0014] a casing surrounding and encasing said chassis so that the
supply of print media is unable to be accessed without destruction
of the casing.
[0015] The casing may comprise two shells, the shells being bonded
together during one of a manufacturing process and a recycling
process. In addition to the shells being bonded together, they may
also be clipped together.
[0016] The shells of the casing may be of a synthetic plastics
material so that the casing is recyclable.
[0017] The supply of print media may be carried via a holder on the
chassis and the holder may be releasably supported on the chassis
to facilitate its removal from the chassis to be replaced by a new
supply of print media upon recycling of the camera.
[0018] The ink supply means may be refilled and a power supply
means of the camera may be replaced at the same time as the supply
of print media is replaced during said recycling of the camera.
[0019] The power supply means may be accommodated within the supply
of print media.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the
scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention
will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to
the accompanying drawings in which:
[0021] FIG. 1 illustrates a front perspective view of the assembled
camera of the preferred embodiment;
[0022] FIG. 2 illustrates a rear perspective view, partly exploded,
of the preferred embodiment;
[0023] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the chassis of the preferred
embodiment;
[0024] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the chassis illustrating
mounting of electric motors;
[0025] FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the ink supply
mechanism of the preferred embodiment;
[0026] FIG. 6 is a rear perspective view of the assembled form of
the ink supply mechanism of the preferred embodiment;
[0027] FIG. 7 is a front perspective view of the assembled form of
the ink supply mechanism of the preferred embodiment;
[0028] FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of the platten unit
of the preferred embodiment;
[0029] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the assembled form of the
platten unit;
[0030] FIG. 10 is also a perspective view of the assembled form of
the platten unit;
[0031] FIG. 11 is an exploded perspective view of the printhead
recapping mechanism of the preferred embodiment;
[0032] FIG. 12 is a close up, exploded perspective view of the
recapping mechanism of the preferred embodiment;
[0033] FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view of the ink supply
cartridge of the preferred embodiment;
[0034] FIG. 14 is a close up, perspective view, partly in section,
of the internal portions of the ink supply cartridge in an
assembled form;
[0035] FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram of one form of chip
layer of the image capture and processing chip of the preferred
embodiment;
[0036] FIG. 16 is an exploded perspective view illustrating the
assembly process of the preferred embodiment;
[0037] FIG. 17 illustrates a front exploded perspective view of the
assembly process of the preferred embodiment;
[0038] FIG. 18 illustrates a perspective view of the assembly
process of the preferred embodiment;
[0039] FIG. 19 illustrates a perspective view of the assembly
process of the preferred embodiment;
[0040] FIG. 20 is a perspective view illustrating the insertion of
the platten unit in the preferred embodiment;
[0041] FIG. 21 illustrates the interconnection of the electrical
components of the preferred embodiment;
[0042] FIG. 22 illustrates the process of assembling the preferred
embodiment; and
[0043] FIG. 23 is a perspective view further illustrating the
assembly process of the preferred embodiment.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0044] Turning initially simultaneously to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 there
are illustrated perspective views of an assembled camera
constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment with FIG. 1
showing a front perspective view and FIG. 2 showing a rear
perspective view. The camera 1 includes a paper or plastic film
jacket 2 which can include simplified instructions 3 for the
operation of the camera system 1. The camera system 1 includes a
first "take" button 4 which is depressed to capture an image. The
captured image is output via output slot 6. A further copy of the
image can be obtained through depressing a second "printer copy"
button 7 whilst an LED light 5 is illuminated. The camera system
also provides the usual viewfinder 8 in addition to a CCD image
capture/lensing system 9.
[0045] The camera system 1 provides for a standard number of output
prints after which the camera system 1 ceases to function. A prints
left indicator slot 10 is provided to indicate the number of
remaining prints. A refund scheme at the point of purchase is
assumed to be operational for the return of used camera systems for
recycling.
[0046] Turning now to FIG. 3, the assembly of the camera system is
based around an internal chassis 12 which can be a plastic
injection molded part. A pair of paper pinch rollers 28, 29
utilized for de-curling are snap fitted into corresponding frame
holes eg. 26, 27.
[0047] As shown in FIG. 4, the chassis 12 includes a series of
mutually opposed prongs e.g. 13, 14 into which is snapped fitted a
series of electric motors 16, 17. The electric motors 16, 17 can be
entirely standard with the motor 16 being of a stepper motor type.
The motors 16,17 include cogs 19, 20 for driving a series of gear
wheels. A first set of gear wheels is provided for controlling a
paper cutter mechanism and a second set is provided for controlling
print roll movement.
[0048] Turning next to FIGS. 5 to 7, there is illustrated an ink
supply mechanism 40 utilized in the camera system. FIG. 5
illustrates a rear exploded perspective view, FIG. 6 illustrates a
rear assembled perspective view and FIG. 7 illustrates a front
assembled view. The ink supply mechanism 40 is based around an ink
supply cartridge 42 which contains printer ink and a print head
mechanism for printing out pictures on demand. The ink supply
cartridge 42 includes a side aluminum strip 43 which is provided as
a shear strip to assist in cutting images from a paper roll.
[0049] A dial mechanism 44 is provided for indicating the number of
"prints left". The dial mechanism 44 is snap fitted through a
corresponding mating portion 46 so as to be freely rotatable.
[0050] As shown in FIG. 6, the mechanism 40 includes a flexible PCB
strip 47 which interconnects with the print head and provides for
control of the print head. The interconnection between the Flex PCB
strip and an image sensor and print head chip can be via Tape
Automated Bonding (TAB) strips 51, 58. A molded aspherical lens and
aperture shim 50 (FIG. 5) is also provided for imaging an image
onto the surface of the image sensor chip normally located within
cavity 53 and a light box module or hood 52 is provided for snap
fitting over the cavity 53 so as to provide for proper light
control. A series of decoupling capacitors e.g. 34 can also be
provided. Further a plug 45 (FIG. 7) is provided for re-plugging
ink holes after refilling. A series of guide prongs e.g. 55-57 are
further provided for guiding the flexible PCB strip 47.
[0051] The ink supply mechanism 40 interacts with a platten unit 60
which guides print media under a printhead located in the ink
supply mechanism. FIG. 8 shows an exploded view of the platten unit
60, while FIGS. 9 and 10 show assembled views of the platten unit.
The platten unit 60 includes a first pinch roller 61 which is snap
fitted to one side of a platten base 62. Attached to a second side
of the platten base 62 is a cutting mechanism 63 which traverses
the platen unit 60 by means of a rod 64 having a screw thread which
is rotated by means of cogged wheel 65 which is also fitted to the
platten base 62. The screw threaded rod 64 mounts a block 67 which
includes a cutting wheel 68 fastened via a fastener 69. Also
mounted to the block 67 is a counter actuator which includes a
pawl. The pawl 71 acts to rotate the dial mechanism 44 of FIG. 6
upon the return traversal of the cutting wheel. As shown previously
in FIG. 6, the dial mechanism 44 includes a cogged surface which
interacts with pawl 71 thereby maintaining a count of the number of
photographs by means of numbers embossed on the surface of dial
mechanism 44. The cutting mechanism 63 is inserted into the platten
base 62 by means of a snap fit via clips e.g. 74.
[0052] The platen unit 60 includes an internal recapping mechanism
80 for recapping the printhead when not in use. The recapping
mechanism 80 includes a sponge portion 81 and is operated via a
solenoid coil so as to provide for recapping of the print head. In
the preferred embodiment, there is provided an inexpensive form of
printhead re-capping mechanism provided for incorporation into a
handheld camera system so as to provide for printhead re-capping of
an inkjet printhead.
[0053] FIG. 11 illustrates an exploded view of the recapping
mechanism whilst FIG. 12 illustrates a close up of the end portion
thereof. The re-capping mechanism 80 is structured around a
solenoid including a 16 turn coil 75 which can comprise insulated
wire. The coil 75 is turned around a first stationery solenoid arm
76 which is mounted on a bottom surface of the platen base 62 (FIG.
8) and includes a post portion 77 to magnify effectiveness of
operation. The arm 76 can comprise a ferrous material.
[0054] A second moveable arm 78 of the solenoid actuator is also
provided. The arm 78 is moveable and is also made of ferrous
material. Mounted on the arm is a sponge portion surrounded by an
elastomer strip 79. The elastomer strip 79 is of a generally
arcuate cross-section and acts as a leaf spring against the surface
of the printhead ink supply cartridge 42 (FIG. 5) so as to provide
for a seal against the surface of the printhead ink supply
cartridge 42. In the quiescent position an elastomer spring unit
87, 88 acts to resiliently deform the elastomer seal 79 against the
surface of the ink supply unit 42.
[0055] When it is desired to operate the printhead unit, upon the
insertion of paper, the solenoid coil 75 is activated so as to
cause the arm 78 to move down to be adjacent to the end plate 76.
The arm 78 is held against end plate 76 while the printhead is
printing by means of a small "keeper current" in coil 75.
Simulation results indicate that the keeper current can be
significantly less than the actuation current. Subsequently, after
photo printing, the paper is guillotined by the cutting mechanism
63 of FIG. 8 acting against aluminum strip 43, and rewound so as to
clear the area of the re-capping mechanism 80. Subsequently, the
current is turned off and springs 87, 88 return the arm 78 so that
the elastomer seal is again resting against the printhead ink
supply cartridge.
[0056] It can be seen that the preferred embodiment provides for a
simple and inexpensive means of re-capping a printhead through the
utilization of a solenoid type device having a long rectangular
form. Further, the preferred embodiment utilizes minimal power in
that currents are only required whilst the device is operational
and additionally, only a low keeper current is required whilst the
printhead is printing.
[0057] Turning next to FIGS. 13 and 14, FIG. 13 illustrates an
exploded perspective of the ink supply cartridge 42 whilst FIG. 14
illustrates a close up sectional view of a bottom of the ink supply
cartridge with the printhead unit in place. The ink supply
cartridge 42 is based around a pagewidth printhead 102 which
comprises a long slither of silicon having a series of holes etched
on the back surface for the supply of ink to a front surface of the
silicon wafer for subsequent ejection via a micro electromechanical
system. The form of ejection can be many different forms such as
those set out in the tables below.
[0058] Of course, many other inkjet technologies, as referred to
the attached tables below, can also be utilized when constructing a
printhead unit 102. The fundamental requirement of the ink supply
cartridge 42 is the supply of ink to a series of color channels
etched through the back surface of the printhead 102. In the
description of the preferred embodiment, it is assumed that a three
color printing process is to be utilized so as to provide full
color picture output. Hence, the print supply unit includes three
ink supply reservoirs being a cyan reservoir 104, a magenta
reservoir 105 and a yellow reservoir 106. Each of these reservoirs
is required to store ink and includes a corresponding sponge type
material 107-109 which assists in stabilizing ink within the
corresponding ink channel and inhibiting the ink from sloshing back
and forth when the printhead is utilized in a handheld camera
system. The reservoirs 104, 105, 106 are formed through the mating
of first exterior plastic piece 110 and a second base piece
111.
[0059] At a first end 118 of the base piece 111 a series of air
inlet 113-115 are provided. Each air inlet leads to a corresponding
winding channel which is hydrophobically treated so as to act as an
ink repellent and therefore repel any ink that may flow along the
air inlet channel. The air inlet channel further takes a convoluted
path assisting in resisting any ink flow out of the chambers
104-106. An adhesive tape portion 117 is provided for sealing the
channels within end portion 118.
[0060] At the top end, there is included a series of refill holes
(not shown) for refilling corresponding ink supply chambers 104,
105, 106. A plug 121 is provided for sealing the refill holes.
[0061] Turning now to FIG. 14, there is illustrated a close up
perspective view, partly in section through the ink supply
cartridge 42 of FIG. 13 when formed as a unit. The ink supply
cartridge includes the three color ink reservoirs 104, 105, 106
which supply ink to different portions of the back surface of
printhead 102 which includes a series of apertures 128 defined
therein for carriage of the ink to the front surface.
[0062] The ink supply cartridge 42 includes two guide walls 124,
125 which separate the various ink chambers and are tapered into an
end portion abutting the surface of the printhead 102. The guide
walls 124, 125 are further mechanically supported by block portions
e.g. 126 which are placed at regular intervals along the length of
the ink supply unit. The block portions 126 have space at portions
close to the back of printhead 102 for the flow of ink around the
back surface thereof.
[0063] The ink supply unit is preferably formed from a multi-part
plastic injection mold and the mold pieces e.g. 110, 111 (FIG. 13)
snap together around the sponge pieces 107, 109. Subsequently, a
syringe type device can be inserted in the ink refill holes and the
ink reservoirs filled with ink with the air flowing out of the air
outlets 113-115. Subsequently, the adhesive tape portion 117 and
plug 121 are attached and the printhead tested for operation
capabilities. Subsequently, the ink supply cartridge 42 can be
readily removed for refilling by means of removing the ink supply
cartridge, performing a washing cycle, and then utilizing the holes
for the insertion of a refill syringe filled with ink for refilling
the ink chamber before returning the ink supply cartridge 42 to a
camera.
[0064] Turning now to FIG. 15, there is shown an example layout of
the Image Capture and Processing Chip (ICP) 48.
The Image Capture and Processing Chip 48 provides most of the
electronic functionality of the camera with the exception of the
print head chip. The chip 48 is a highly integrated system. It
combines CMOS image sensing, analog to digital conversion, digital
image processing, DRAM storage, ROM, and miscellaneous control
functions in a single chip.
[0065] The chip is estimated to be around 32 mm.sup.2 using a
leading edge 0.18 micron CMOS/DRAM/APS process. The chip size and
cost can scale somewhat with Moore's law, but is dominated by a
CMOS active pixel sensor array 201, so scaling is limited as the
sensor pixels approach the diffraction limit.
[0066] The ICP 48 includes CMOS logic, a CMOS image sensor, DRAM,
and analog circuitry. A very small amount of flash memory or other
non-volatile memory is also preferably included for protection
against reverse engineering.
[0067] Alternatively, the ICP can readily be divided into two
chips: one for the CMOS imaging array, and the other for the
remaining circuitry. The cost of this two chip solution should not
be significantly different than the single chip ICP, as the extra
cost of packaging and bond-pad area is somewhat cancelled by the
reduced total wafer area requiring the color filter fabrication
steps.
[0068] The ICP preferably contains the following functions:
TABLE-US-00001 Function 1.5 megapixel image sensor Analog Signal
Processors Image sensor column decoders Image sensor row decoders
Analogue to Digital Conversion (ADC) Column ADC's Auto exposure 12
Mbits of DRAM DRAM Address Generator Color interpolator Convolver
Color ALU Halftone matrix ROM Digital halftoning Print head
interface 8 bit CPU core Program ROM Flash memory Scratchpad SRAM
Parallel interface (8 bit) Motor drive transistors (5) Clock PLL
JTAG test interface Test circuits Busses Bond pads
[0069] The CPU, DRAM, Image sensor, ROM, Flash memory, Parallel
interface, JTAG interface and ADC can be vendor supplied cores. The
ICP is intended to run on 1.5V to minimize power consumption and
allow convenient operation from two AA type battery cells.
[0070] FIG. 15 illustrates a layout of the ICP 48. The ICP 48 is
dominated by the imaging array 201, which consumes around 80% of
the chip area. The imaging array is a CMOS 4 transistor active
pixel design with a resolution of 1,500.times.1,000. The array can
be divided into the conventional configuration, with two green
pixels, one red pixel, and one blue pixel in each pixel group.
There are 750.times.500 pixel groups in the imaging array.
[0071] The latest advances in the field of image sensing and CMOS
image sensing in particular can be found in the October, 1997 issue
of IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices and, in particular, pages
1689 to 1968. Further, a specific implementation similar to that
disclosed in the present application is disclosed in Wong et al.,
"CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensors Fabricated Using a 1.8V, 0.25
.mu.m CMOS Technology", IEDM 1996, page 915
[0072] The imaging array uses a 4 transistor active pixel design of
a standard configuration. To minimize chip area and therefore cost,
the image sensor pixels should be as small as feasible with the
technology available. With a four transistor cell, the typical
pixel size scales as 20 times the lithographic feature size. This
allows a minimum pixel area of around 3.6 .mu.m.times.3.6 .mu.m.
However, the photosite must be substantially above the diffraction
limit of the lens. It is also advantageous to have a square
photosite, to maximize the margin over the diffraction limit in
both horizontal and vertical directions. In this case, the
photosite can be specified as 2.5 .mu.m.times.2.5 .mu.m. The
photosite can be a photogate, pinned photodiode, charge modulation
device, or other sensor.
[0073] The four transistors are packed as an `L` shape, rather than
a rectangular region, to allow both the pixel and the photosite to
be square. This reduces the transistor packing density slightly,
increasing pixel size. However, the advantage in avoiding the
diffraction limit is greater than the small decrease in packing
density.
[0074] The transistors also have a gate length which is longer than
the minimum for the process technology. These have been increased
from a drawn length of 0.18 micron to a drawn length of 0.36
micron. This is to improve the transistor matching by making the
variations in gate length represent a smaller proportion of the
total gate length.
[0075] The extra gate length, and the `L` shaped packing, mean that
the transistors use more area than the minimum for the technology.
Normally, around 8 .mu.m.sup.2 would be required for rectangular
packing. Preferably, 9.75 .mu.m.sup.2 has been allowed for the
transistors.
[0076] The total area for each pixel is 16 .mu.m.sup.2, resulting
from a pixel size of 4 .mu.m.times.4 .mu.m. With a resolution of
1,500.times.1,000, the area of the imaging array 101 is 6,000
.mu.m.times.4,000 .mu.m, or 24 mm.sup.2.
[0077] The presence of a color image sensor on the chip affects the
process required in two major ways: [0078] The CMOS fabrication
process should be optimised to minimize dark current
[0079] Color filters are required. These can be fabricated using
dyed photosensitive polyimides, resulting in an added process
complexity of three spin coatings, three photolithographic steps,
three development steps, and three hardbakes.
[0080] There are 15,000 analog signal processors (ASPs) 205, one
for each of the columns of the sensor. The ASPs amplify the signal,
provide a dark current reference, sample and hold the signal, and
suppress the fixed pattern noise (FPN).
[0081] There are 375 analog to digital converters 206, one for each
four columns of the sensor array. These may be delta-sigma or
successive approximation type ADC's. A row of low column ADC's are
used to reduce the conversion speed required, and the amount of
analog signal degradation incurred before the signal is converted
to digital. This also eliminates the hot spot (affecting local dark
current) and the substrate coupled noise that would occur if a
single high speed ADC was used. Each ADC also has two four bit
DAC's which trim the offset and scale of the ADC to further reduce
FPN variations between columns. These DAC's are controlled by data
stored in flash memory during chip testing.
[0082] The column select logic 204 is a 1:1500 decoder which
enables the appropriate digital output of the ADCs onto the output
bus. As each ADC is shared by four columns, the least significant
two bits of the row select control 4 input analog multiplexors.
[0083] A row decoder 207 is a 1:1000 decoder which enables the
appropriate row of the active pixel sensor array. This selects
which of the 1000 rows of the imaging array is connected to analog
signal processors. As the rows are always accessed in sequence, the
row select logic can be implemented as a shift register.
[0084] An auto exposure system 208 adjusts the reference voltage of
the ADC 205 in response to the maximum intensity sensed during the
previous frame period. Data from the green pixels is passed through
a digital peak detector. The peak value of the image frame period
before capture (the reference frame) is provided to a digital to
analogue converter (DAC), which generates the global reference
voltage for the column ADCs. The peak detector is reset at the
beginning of the reference frame. The minimum and maximum values of
the three RGB color components are also collected for color
correction.
[0085] The second largest section of the chip is consumed by a DRAM
210 used to hold the image. To store the 1,500.times.1,000 image
from the sensor without compression, 1.5 Mbytes of DRAM 210 are
required. This equals 12 Mbits, or slightly less than 5% of a 256
Mbit DRAM. The DRAM technology assumed is of the 256 Mbit
generation implemented using 0.18 .mu.m CMOS.
[0086] Using a standard 8F cell, the area taken by the memory array
is 3.11 mm.sup.2. When row decoders, column sensors, redundancy,
and other factors are taken into account, the DRAM requires around
4 mm.sup.2.
[0087] This DRAM 210 can be mostly eliminated if analog storage of
the image signal can be accurately maintained in the CMOS imaging
array for the two seconds required to print the photo. However,
digital storage of the image is preferable as it is maintained
without degradation, is insensitive to noise, and allows copies of
the photo to be printed considerably later.
[0088] A DRAM address generator 211 provides the write and read
addresses to the DRAM 210. Under normal operation, the write
address is determined by the order of the data read from the CMOS
image sensor 201. This will typically be a simple raster format.
However, the data can be read from the sensor 201 in any order, if
matching write addresses to the DRAM are generated. The read order
from the DRAM 210 will normally simply match the requirements of a
color interpolator and the print head. As the cyan, magenta, and
yellow rows of the print head are necessarily offset by a few
pixels to allow space for nozzle actuators, the colors are not read
from the DRAM simultaneously. However, there is plenty of time to
read all of the data from the DRAM many times during the printing
process. This capability is used to eliminate the need for FIFOs in
the print head interface, thereby saving chip area. All three RGB
image components can be read from the DRAM each time color data is
required. This allows a color space converter to provide a more
sophisticated conversion than a simple linear RGB to CMY
conversion.
[0089] Also, to allow two dimensional filtering of the image data
without requiring line buffers, data is re-read from the DRAM
array.
[0090] The address generator may also implement image effects in
certain models of camera. For example, passport photos are
generated by a manipulation of the read addresses to the DRAM.
Also, image framing effects (where the central image is reduced),
image warps, and kaleidoscopic effects can all be generated by
manipulating the read addresses of the DRAM.
[0091] While the address generator 211 may be implemented with
substantial complexity if effects are built into the standard chip,
the chip area required for the address generator is small, as it
consists only of address counters and a moderate amount of random
logic.
[0092] A color interpolator 214 converts the interleaved pattern of
red, 2.times. green, and blue pixels into RGB pixels. It consists
of three 8 bit adders and associated registers. The divisions are
by either 2 (for green) or 4 (for red and blue) so they can be
implemented as fixed shifts in the output connections of the
adders.
[0093] A convolver 215 is provided as a sharpening filter which
applies a small convolution kernel (5.times.5) to the red, green,
and blue planes of the image. The convolution kernel for the green
plane is different from that of the red and blue planes, as green
has twice as many samples. The sharpening filter has five
functions: [0094] to improve the color interpolation from the
linear interpolation provided by the color interpolator, to a close
approximation of a sinc interpolation; [0095] to compensate for the
image `softening` which occurs during digitisation; [0096] to
adjust the image sharpness to match average consumer preferences,
which are typically for the image to be slightly sharper than
reality. As the single use camera is intended as a consumer
product, and not a professional photographic products, the
processing can match the most popular settings, rather than the
most accurate; [0097] to suppress the sharpening of high frequency
(individual pixel) noise. The function is similar to the `unsharp
mask` process; and [0098] to antialias Image Warping.
[0099] These functions are all combined into a single convolution
matrix. As the pixel rate is low (less than 1 Mpixel per second)
the total number of multiplies required for the three color
channels is 56 million multiplies per second. This can be provided
by a single multiplier. Fifty bytes of coefficient ROM are also
required.
[0100] A color ALU 113 combines the functions of color compensation
and color space conversion into the one matrix multiplication,
which is applied to every pixel of the frame. As with sharpening,
the color correction should match the most popular settings, rather
than the most accurate.
[0101] A color compensation circuit of the color ALU provides
compensation for the lighting of the photo. The vast majority of
photographs are substantially improved by a simple color
compensation, which independently normalizes the contrast and
brightness of the three color components.
[0102] A color look-up table (CLUT) 212 is provided for each color
component. These are three separate 256.times.8 SRAMs, requiring a
total of 6,144 bits. The CLUTs are used as part of the color
correction process. They are also used for color special effects,
such as stochastically selected "wild color" effects.
[0103] A color space conversion system of the color ALU converts
from the RGB color space of the image sensor to the CMY color space
of the printer. The simplest conversion is a 1's complement of the
RGB data. However, this simple conversion assumes perfect linearity
of both color spaces, and perfect dye spectra for both the color
filters of the image sensor, and the ink dyes. At the other extreme
is a tri-linear interpolation of a sampled three dimensional
arbitrary transform table. This can effectively match any
non-linearity or differences in either color space. Such a system
is usually necessary to obtain good color space conversion when the
print engine is a color electrophotographic
[0104] However, since the non-linearity of a halftoned ink jet
output is very small, a simpler system can be used. A simple matrix
multiply can provide excellent results. This requires nine
multiplies and six additions per contone pixel. However, since the
contone pixel rate is low (less than 1 Mpixel/sec) these operations
can share a single multiplier and adder. The multiplier and adder
are used in a color ALU which is shared with the color compensation
function.
[0105] Digital halftoning can be performed as a dispersed dot
ordered dither using a stochastic optimized dither cell. A halftone
matrix ROM 216 is provided for storing dither cell coefficients. A
dither cell size of 32.times.32 is adequate to ensure that the cell
repeat cycle is not visible. The three colors--cyan, magenta, and
yellow--are all dithered using the same cell, to ensure maximum
co-positioning of the ink dots. This minimizes `muddying` of the
mid-tones which results from bleed of dyes from one dot to adjacent
dots while still wet. The total ROM size required is 1 KByte, as
the one ROM is shared by the halftoning units for each of the three
colors.
[0106] The digital halftoning used is dispersed dot ordered dither
with stochastic optimized dither matrix. While dithering does not
produce an image quite as `sharp` as error diffusion, it does
produce a more accurate image with fewer artifacts. The image
sharpening produced by error diffusion is artificial, and less
controllable and accurate than `unsharp mask` filtering performed
in the contone domain. The high print resolution (1,600
dpi.times.1,600 dpi) results in excellent quality when using a well
formed stochastic dither matrix.
[0107] Digital halftoning is performed by a digital halftoning unit
217 using a simple comparison between the contone information from
the DRAM 210 and the contents of the dither matrix 216. During the
halftone process, the resolution of the image is changed from the
250 dpi of the captured contone image to the 1,600 dpi of the
printed image. Each contone pixel is converted to an average of
40.96 halftone dots.
[0108] The ICP incorporates a 16 bit microcontroller CPU core 219
to run the miscellaneous camera functions, such as reading the
buttons, controlling the motor and solenoids, setting up the
hardware, and authenticating the refill station. The processing
power required by the CPU is very modest, and a wide variety of
processor cores can be used. As the entire CPU program is run from
a small ROM 220 program compatibility between camera versions is
not important, as no external programs are run. A 2 Mbit (256
Kbyte) program and data ROM 220 is included on chip. Most of this
ROM space is allocated to data for outline graphics and fonts for
specialty cameras. The program requirements are minor. The single
most complex task is the encrypted authentication of the refill
station. The ROM requires a single transistor per bit.
[0109] A Flash memory 221 may be used to store a 128 bit
authentication code. This provides higher security than storage of
the authentication code in ROM, as reverse engineering can be made
essentially impossible. The Flash memory is completely covered by
third level metal, making the data impossible to extract using
scanning probe microscopes or electron beams. The authentication
code is stored in the chip when manufactured. At least two other
Flash bits are required for the authentication process: a bit which
locks out reprogramming of the authentication code, and a bit which
indicates that the camera has been refilled by an authenticated
refill station. The flash memory can also be used to store FPN
correction data for the imaging array. Additionally, a phase locked
loop resealing parameter is stored for scaling the clocking cycle
to an appropriate correct time. The clock frequency does not
require crystal accuracy since no date functions are provided. To
eliminate the cost of a crystal, an on chip oscillator with a phase
locked loop 224 is used. As the frequency of an on-chip oscillator
is highly variable from chip to chip, the frequency ratio of the
oscillator to the PLL is digitally trimmed during initial testing.
The value is stored in Flash memory 221. This allows the clock PLL
to control the ink-jet heater pulse width with sufficient
accuracy.
[0110] A scratchpad SRAM is a small static RAM 222 with a 6T cell.
The scratchpad provided temporary memory for the 16 bit CPU. 1024
bytes is adequate.
[0111] A print head interface 223 formats the data correctly for
the print head. The print head interface also provides all of the
timing signals required by the print head. These timing signals may
vary depending upon temperature, the number of dots printed
simultaneously, the print medium in the print roll, and the dye
density of the ink in the print roll.
[0112] The following is a table of external connections to the
print head interface:
TABLE-US-00002 Connection Function Pins DataBits[0-7] Independent
serial data to the eight segments 8 of the printhead BitClock Main
data clock for the print head 1 ColorEnable[0-2] Independent enable
signals for the CMY 3 actuators, allowing different pulse times for
each color. BankEnable[0-1] Allows either simultaneous or
interleaved 2 actuation of two banks of nozzles. This allows two
different print speed/power consumption tradeoffs NozzleSelect[0-4]
Selects one of 32 banks of nozzles for 5 simultaneous actuation
ParallelXferClock Loads the parallel transfer register with the 1
data from the shift registers Total 20
[0113] The printhead utilized is composed of eight identical
segments, each 1.25 cm long. There is no connection between the
segments on the print head chip. Any connections required are made
in the external TAB bonding film, which is double sided. The
division into eight identical segments is to simplify lithography
using wafer steppers. The segment width of 1.25 cm fits easily into
a stepper field. As the printhead chip is long and narrow (10
cm.times.0.3 mm), the stepper field contains a single segment of 32
print head chips. The stepper field is therefore 1.25 cm.times.1.6
cm. An average of four complete print heads are patterned in each
wafer step.
[0114] A single BitClock output line connects to all 8 segments on
the printhead. The 8 DataBits lines lead one to each segment, and
are clocked into the 8 segments on the print head simultaneously
(on a BitClock pulse). For example, dot 0 is transferred to
segment.sub.0, dot 750 is transferred to segment.sub.1, dot 1500 to
segment.sub.2 etc simultaneously.
[0115] The ParallelXferClock is connected to each of the 8 segments
on the printhead, so that on a single pulse, all segments transfer
their bits at the same time.
[0116] The NozzleSelect, BankEnable and ColorEnable lines are
connected to each of the 8 segments, allowing the print head
interface to independently control the duration of the cyan,
magenta, and yellow nozzle energizing pulses. Registers in the
Print Head Interface allow the accurate specification of the pulse
duration between 0 and 6 ms, with a typical duration of 2 ms to 3
ms.
[0117] A parallel interface 125 connects the ICP to individual
static electrical signals. The CPU is able to control each of these
connections as memory mapped I/O via a low speed bus.
[0118] The following is a table of connections to the parallel
interface:
TABLE-US-00003 Connection Direction Pins Paper transport stepper
motor Output 4 Capping solenoid Output 1 Copy LED Output 1 Photo
button Input 1 Copy button Input 1 Total 8
[0119] Seven high current drive transistors e.g. 227 are required.
Four are for the four phases of the main stepper motor two are for
the guillotine motor, and the remaining transistor is to drive the
capping solenoid. These transistors are allocated 20,000 square
microns (600,000 F) each. As the transistors are driving highly
inductive loads, they must either be turned off slowly, or be
provided with a high level of back EMF protection. If adequate back
EMF protection cannot be provided using the chip process chosen,
then external discrete transistors should be used. The transistors
are never driven at the same time as the image sensor is used. This
is to avoid voltage fluctuations and hot spots affecting the image
quality. Further, the transistors are located as far away from the
sensor as possible.
[0120] A standard JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) interface 228 is
included in the ICP for testing purposes and for interrogation by
the refill station. Due to the complexity of the chip, a variety of
testing techniques are required, including BIST (Built In Self
Test) and functional block isolation. An overhead of 10% in chip
area is assumed for chip testing circuitry for the random logic
portions. The overhead for the large arrays the image sensor and
the DRAM is smaller.
[0121] The JTAG interface is also used for authentication of the
refill station. This is included to ensure that the cameras are
only refilled with quality paper and ink at a properly constructed
refill station, thus preventing inferior quality refills from
occurring. The camera must authenticate the refill station, rather
than vice versa. The secure protocol is communicated to the refill
station during the automated test procedure. Contact is made to
four gold plated spots on the ICP/print head TAB by the refill
station as the new ink is injected into the print head.
[0122] FIG. 16 illustrates a rear view of the next step in the
construction process whilst FIG. 17 illustrates a front view.
[0123] Turning now to FIG. 16, the assembly of the camera system
proceeds via first assembling the ink supply mechanism 40. The flex
PCB is interconnected with batteries 84, only one of which is
shown, which are inserted in the middle portion of a print roll 85
which is wrapped around a plastic former 86. An end cap 89 is
provided at the other end of the print roll 85 so as to fasten the
print roll and batteries firmly to the ink supply mechanism.
[0124] The solenoid coil is interconnected (not shown) to
interconnects 97, 98 (FIG. 8) which include leaf spring ends for
interconnection with electrical contacts on the Flex PCB so as to
provide for electrical control of the solenoid.
[0125] Turning now to FIGS. 17-19 the next step in the construction
process is the insertion of the relevant gear trains into the side
of the camera chassis. FIG. 17 illustrates a front view, FIG. 18
illustrates a rear view and FIG. 19 also illustrates a rear view.
The first gear train comprising gear wheels 22, 23 is utilized for
driving the guillotine blade with the gear wheel 23 engaging the
gear wheel 65 of FIG. 8. The second gear train comprising gear
wheels 24, 25 and 26 engage one end of the print roller 61 of FIG.
8. As best indicated in FIG. 18, the gear wheels mate with
corresponding pins on the surface of the chassis with the gear
wheel 26 being snap fitted into corresponding mating hole 27.
[0126] Next, as illustrated in FIG. 20, the assembled platten unit
60 is then inserted between the print roll 85 and aluminum cutting
blade 43.
[0127] Turning now to FIG. 21, by way of illumination, there is
illustrated the electrically interactive components of the camera
system. As noted previously, the components are based around a Flex
PCB board and include a TAB film 58 which interconnects the
printhead 102 with the image sensor and processing chip 48. Power
is supplied by two AA type batteries 83, 84 and a paper drive
stepper motor 16 is provided in addition to a rotary guillotine
motor 17.
[0128] An optical element 31 is provided for snapping into a top
portion of the chassis 12. The optical element 31 includes portions
defining an optical view finder 32, 33 which are slotted into
mating portions 35, 36 in view finder channel 37. Also provided in
the optical element 31 is a lensing system 38 for magnification of
the prints left number in addition to an optical pipe element 39
for piping light from the LED 5 for external display.
[0129] Turning next to FIG. 22, the assembled unit 90 is then
inserted into a front outer case 91 which includes button 4 for
activation of printouts.
[0130] Turning now to FIG. 23, next, the unit 90 is provided with a
snap-on back cover 93 which includes a slot 6 and copy print button
7. A wrapper label containing instructions and advertising (not
shown) is then wrapped around the outer surface of the camera
system and pinch clamped to the cover by means of clamp strip 96
which can comprise a flexible plastic or rubber strip.
[0131] Subsequently, the preferred embodiment is ready for use as a
one time use camera system that provides for instant output images
on demand. It will be evident that the preferred embodiment further
provides for a refillable camera system. A used camera can be
collected and its outer plastic cases removed and recycled. A new
paper roll and batteries can be added and the ink cartridge
refilled. A series of automatic test routines can then be carried
out to ensure that the printer is properly operational. Further, in
order to ensure only authorized refills are conducted so as to
enhance quality, routines in the on-chip program ROM can be
executed such that the camera authenticates the refilling station
using a secure protocol. Upon authentication, the camera can reset
an internal paper count and an external case can be fitted on the
camera system with a new outer label. Subsequent packing and
shipping can then take place.
[0132] It will be further readily evident to those skilled in the
art that the program ROM can be modified so as to allow for a
variety of digital processing routines. In addition to the
digitally enhanced photographs optimized for mainstream consumer
preferences, various other models can readily be provided through
mere re-programming of the program ROM. For example, a sepia
classic old fashion style output can be provided through a
remapping of the color mapping function. A further alternative is
to provide for black and white outputs again through a suitable
color remapping algorithm. Minimum color can also be provided to
add a touch of color to black and white prints to produce the
effect that was traditionally used to colorize black and white
photos. Further, passport photo output can be provided through
suitable address remappings within the address generators. Further,
edge filters can be utilized as is known in the field of image
processing to produce sketched art styles. Further, classic wedding
borders and designs can be placed around an output image in
addition to the provision of relevant clip arts. For example, a
wedding style camera might be provided. Further, a panoramic mode
can be provided so as to output the well known panoramic format of
images. Further, a postcard style output can be provided through
the printing of postcards including postage on the back of a print
roll surface. Further, cliparts can be provided for special events
such as Halloween, Christmas etc. Further, kaleidoscopic effects
can be provided through address remappings and wild color effects
can be provided through remapping of the color lookup table. Many
other forms of special event cameras can be provided for example,
cameras dedicated to the Olympics, movie tie-ins, advertising and
other special events.
[0133] The operational mode of the camera can be programmed so that
upon the depressing of the take photo a first image is sampled by
the sensor array to determine irrelevant parameters. Next a second
image is again captured which is utilized for the output. The
captured image is then manipulated in accordance with any special
requirements before being initially output on the paper roll. The
LED light is then activated for a predetermined time during which
the DRAM is refreshed so as to retain the image. If the print copy
button is depressed during this predetermined time interval, a
further copy of the photo is output. After the predetermined time
interval where no use of the camera has occurred, the onboard CPU
shuts down all power to the camera system until such time as the
take button is again activated. In this way, substantial power
savings can be realized.
Ink Jet Technologies
[0134] The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type
device. Of course many different devices could be used. However
presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be
suitable.
[0135] The most significant problem with thermal inkjet is power
consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high
speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop
ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a
vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat
capacity, and must be superheated in thermal inkjet applications.
This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input
to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.
[0136] The most significant problem with piezoelectric inkjet is
size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection
at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area
for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be
connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not
a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles
per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of
pagewidth print heads with 19,200 nozzles.
[0137] Ideally, the inkjet technologies used meet the stringent
requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high
quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the
requirements of digital photography, new inkjet technologies have
been created. The target features include:
[0138] low power (less than 10 Watts)
[0139] high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)
[0140] photographic quality output
[0141] low manufacturing cost
[0142] small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)
[0143] high speed (<2 seconds per page).
[0144] All of these features can be met or exceeded by the inkjet
systems described below with differing levels of difficulty,
forty-five different inkjet technologies have been developed by the
Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume
manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications
assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table below.
[0145] The inkjet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range
of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use
digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and
through to commercial printing systems
[0146] For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment,
the printhead is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip
with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the
print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the
inkjet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is
0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads
each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.
[0147] Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection
molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron
features, which can be created using a lithographically
micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink
flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers
fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is
connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.
CROSS-REFERENCED APPLICATIONS
[0148] The following table is a guide to cross-referenced patent
applications filed concurrently herewith and discussed hereinafter
with the reference being utilized in subsequent tables when
referring to a particular case:
TABLE-US-00004 Docket No. Reference Title IJ01US IJ01 Radiant
Plunger Ink Jet Printer IJ02US IJ02 Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer
IJ03US IJ03 Planar Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet IJ04US IJ04
Stacked Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ05US IJ05 Reverse Spring
Lever Ink Jet Printer IJ06US IJ06 Paddle Type Ink Jet Printer
IJ07US IJ07 Permanent Magnet Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ08US
IJ08 Planar Swing Grill Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ09US IJ09
Pump Action Refill Ink Jet Printer IJ10US IJ10 Pulsed Magnetic
Field Ink Jet Printer IJ11US IJ11 Two Plate Reverse Firing
Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ12US IJ12 Linear Stepper Actuator
Ink Jet Printer IJ13US IJ13 Gear Driven Shutter Ink Jet Printer
IJ14US IJ14 Tapered Magnetic Pole Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer
IJ15US IJ15 Linear Spring Electromagnetic Grill Ink Jet Printer
IJ16US IJ16 Lorenz Diaphragm Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ17US
IJ17 PTFE Surface Shooting Shuttered Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet
Printer IJ18US IJ18 Buckle Grip Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet
Printer IJ19US IJ19 Shutter Based Ink Jet Printer IJ20US IJ20
Curling Calyx Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ21US IJ21 Thermal
Actuated Ink Jet Printer IJ22US IJ22 Iris Motion Ink Jet Printer
IJ23US IJ23 Direct Firing Thermal Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer
IJ24US IJ24 Conductive PTFE Ben Activator Vented Ink Jet Printer
IJ25US IJ25 Magnetostrictive Ink Jet Printer IJ26US IJ26 Shape
Memory Alloy Ink Jet Printer IJ27US IJ27 Buckle Plate Ink Jet
Printer IJ28US IJ28 Thermal Elastic Rotary Impeller Ink Jet Printer
IJ29US IJ29 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ30US IJ30
Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Using PTFE and Corrugated Copper Ink
Jet Printer IJ31US IJ31 Bend Actuator Direct Ink Supply Ink Jet
Printer IJ32US IJ32 A High Young's Modulus Thermoelastic Ink Jet
Printer IJ33US IJ33 Thermally actuated slotted chamber wall ink jet
printer IJ34US IJ34 Ink Jet Printer having a thermal actuator
comprising an external coiled spring IJ35US IJ35 Trough Container
Ink Jet Printer IJ36US IJ36 Dual Chamber Single Vertical Actuator
Ink Jet IJ37US IJ37 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Fulcrum Actuator
Ink Jet IJ38US IJ38 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Actuator Ink Jet
IJ39US IJ39 A single bend actuator cupped paddle ink jet printing
device IJ40US IJ40 A thermally actuated ink jet printer having a
series of thermal actuator units IJ41US IJ41 A thermally actuated
ink jet printer including a tapered heater element IJ42US IJ42
Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ43US IJ43 Inverted
Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ44US IJ44 Surface bend
actuator vented ink supply ink jet printer IJ45US IJ45 Coil
Acutuated Magnetic Plate Ink Jet Printer
Tables of Drop-on-Demand Inkjets
[0149] Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental
operation of individual inkjet nozzles have been identified. These
characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as
an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this
matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.
[0150] The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional
table of inkjet types.
[0151] Actuator mechanism (18 types)
[0152] Basic operation mode (7 types)
[0153] Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)
[0154] Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)
[0155] Actuator motion (19 types)
[0156] Nozzle refill method (4 types)
[0157] Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)
[0158] Nozzle clearing method (9 types)
[0159] Nozzle plate construction (9 types)
[0160] Drop ejection direction (5 types)
[0161] Ink type (7 types)
[0162] The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these
axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of inkjet
nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a
viable inkjet technology, many million configurations are viable.
It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible
configurations. Instead, certain inkjet types have been
investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45
above.
[0163] Other inkjet configurations can readily be derived from
these forty-five examples by substituting alternative
configurations along one or more of the eleven axes. Most of the
IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into inkjet print heads with
characteristics superior to any currently available inkjet
technology.
[0164] Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor,
one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of
the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the
examples column. In some cases, a printer may be listed more than
once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one
entry.
[0165] Suitable applications include: Home printers, Office network
printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems,
Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video
printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC
printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers,
Photographic minilabs etc.
[0166] The information associated with the aforementioned eleven
dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.
TABLE-US-00005 ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK
DROPS) Actuator Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages
Examples Thermal An electrothermal heater heats the Large force
generated High power Canon Bubblejet bubble ink to above boiling
point, Simple construction Ink carrier limited to water 1979 Endo
et al GB transferring significant heat to the No moving parts Low
efficiency patent 2,007,162 aqueous ink. A bubble nucleates Fast
operation High temperatures required Xerox heater-in-pit and
quickly forms, expelling the Small chip area required High
mechanical stress 1990 Hawkins et al ink. for actuator Unusual
materials required U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 The efficiency of the
process is Large drive transistors Hewlett-Packard low, with
typically less than Cavitation causes actuator failure TIJ 1982
Vaught et 0.05% of the electrical energy Kogation reduces bubble
formation al U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,728 being transformed into kinetic
Large print heads are difficult to energy of the drop. fabricate
Piezoelectric A piezoelectric crystal such as Low power consumption
Very large area required for actuator Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No.
lead lanthanum zirconate (PZT) is Many ink types can be Difficult
to integrate with electronics 3,946,398 electrically activated, and
either used High voltage drive transistors Zoltan U.S. Pat. No.
expands, shears, or bends to apply Fast operation required
3,683,212 pressure to the ink, ejecting drops. High efficiency Full
pagewidth print heads 1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No. impractical due to
actuator size 3,747,120 Requires electrical poling in high field
Epson Stylus strengths during manufacture Tektronix IJ04 Electro-
An electric field is used to Low power consumption Low maximum
strain (approx. 0.01%) Seiko Epson, Usui strictive activate
electrostriction in relaxor Many ink types can be Large area
required for actuator due et all JP 253401/96 materials such as
lead lanthanum used to low strain IJ04 zirconate titanate (PLZT) or
lead Low thermal expansion Response speed is marginal (~ 10 .mu.s)
magnesium niobate (PMN). Electric field strength High voltage drive
transistors required (approx. 3.5 required V/.mu.m) can be
generated Full pagewidth print heads without difficulty impractical
due to actuator size Does not require electrical poling
Ferroelectric An electric field is used to induce Low power
consumption Difficult to integrate with electronics IJ04 a phase
transition between the Many ink types can be Unusual materials such
as PLZSnT antiferroelectric (AFE) and used are required
ferroelectric (FE) phase. Fast operation (<1 .mu.s) Actuators
require a large area Perovskite materials such as tin Relatively
high modified lead lanthanum longitudinal strain zirconate titanate
(PLZSnT) High efficiency exhibit large strains of up to 1% Electric
field strength of associated with the AFE to FE around 3 V/.mu.m
can be phase transition. readily provided Electrostatic Conductive
plates are separated Low power consumption Difficult to operate
electrostatic IJ02, IJ04 plates by a compressible or fluid Many ink
types can be devices in an aqueous environment dielectric (usually
air). Upon used The electrostatic actuator will application of a
voltage, the plates Fast operation normally need to be separated
from attract each other and displace the ink ink, causing drop
ejection. The Very large area required to achieve conductive plates
may be in a high forces comb or honeycomb structure, or High
voltage drive transistors may be stacked to increase the surface
required area and therefore the force. Full pagewidth print heads
are not competitive due to actuator size Electrostatic A strong
electric field is applied Low current consumption High voltage
required 1989 Saito et al, pull on ink to the ink, whereupon
electrostatic Low temperature May be damaged by sparks due to air
U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,068 attraction accelerates the ink breakdown
1989 Miura et al, towards the print medium. Required field strength
increases as U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,954 the drop size decreases
Tone-jet High voltage drive transistors required Electrostatic
field attracts dust Permanent An electromagnet directly attracts
Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ07, IJ10 magnet a
permanent magnet, displacing Many ink types can be Permanent
magnetic material such as electro- ink and causing drop ejection.
used Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnetic Rare earth magnets with
a field Fast operation required. strength around 1 Tesla can be
High efficiency High local currents required used. Examples are:
Samarium Easy extension from single Copper metalization should be
used Cobalt (SaCo) and magnetic nozzles to pagewidth print for long
electromigration lifetime and materials in the neodymium iron heads
low resistivity boron family (NdFeB, Pigmented inks are usually
infeasible NdDyFeBNb, NdDyFeB, etc) Operating temperature limited
to the Curie temperature (around 540 K) Soft magnetic A solenoid
induced a magnetic Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ01,
IJ05, IJ08, core electro- field in a soft magnetic core or Many ink
types can be Materials not usually present in a IJ10 magnetic yoke
fabricated from a ferrous used CMOS fab such as NiFe, CoNiFe, or
IJ12, IJ14, IJ15, material such as electroplated iron Fast
operation CoFe are required IJ17 alloys such as CoNiFe [1], CoFe,
High efficiency High local currents required or NiFe alloys.
Typically, the soft Easy extension from single Copper metalization
should be used magnetic material is in two parts, nozzles to
pagewidth print for long electromigration lifetime and which are
normally held apart by heads low resistivity a spring. When the
solenoid is Electroplating is required actuated, the two parts
attract, High saturation flux density is displacing the ink,
required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Magnetic The
Lorenz force acting on a Low power consumption Force acts as a
twisting motion IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, Lorenz force current carrying
wire in a Many ink types can be Typically, only a quarter of the
IJ16 magnetic field is utilized. used solenoid length provides
force in a This allows the magnetic field to Fast operation useful
direction be supplied externally to the print High efficiency High
local currents required head, for example with rare earth Easy
extension from single Copper metalization should be used permanent
magnets. nozzles to pagewidth print for long electromigration
lifetime and Only the current carrying wire heads low resistivity
need be fabricated on the print- Pigmented inks are usually
infeasible head, simplifying materials requirements. Magneto- The
actuator uses the giant Many ink types can be Force acts as a
twisting motion Fischenbeck, U.S. Pat. No. striction
magnetostrictive effect of used Unusual materials such as
Terfenol-D 4,032,929 materials such as Terfenol-D (an Fast
operation are required IJ25 alloy of terbium, dysprosium and Easy
extension from single High local currents required iron developed
at the Naval nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should
be used Ordnance Laboratory, hence Ter- heads for long
electromigration lifetime and Fe-NOL). For best efficiency, the
High force is available low resistivity actuator should be
pre-stressed to Pre-stressing may be required approx. 8 MPa.
Surface Ink under positive pressure is held Low power consumption
Requires supplementary force to Silverbrook, EP tension in a nozzle
by surface tension. Simple construction effect drop separation 0771
658 A2 and reduction The surface tension of the ink is No unusual
materials Requires special ink surfactants related patent reduced
below the bubble required in fabrication Speed may be limited by
surfactant applications threshold, causing the ink to High
efficiency properties egress from the nozzle. Easy extension from
single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity
is locally Simple construction Requires supplementary force to
Silverbrook, EP reduction reduced to select which drops are No
unusual materials effect drop separation 0771 658 A2 and to be
ejected. A viscosity required in fabrication Requires special ink
viscosity related patent reduction can be achieved Easy extension
from single properties applications electrothermally with most
inks, nozzles to pagewidth print High speed is difficult to achieve
but special inks can be engineered heads Requires oscillating ink
pressure for a 100:1 viscosity reduction. A high temperature
difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic
wave is generated and Can operate without a Complex drive circuitry
1993 Hadimioglu et focussed upon the drop ejection nozzle plate
Complex fabrication al, EUP 550,192 region. Low efficiency 1993
Elrod et al, Poor control of drop position EUP 572,220 Poor control
of drop volume Thermoelastic An actuator which relies upon Low
power consumption Efficient aqueous operation requires a IJ03,
IJ09, IJ17, bend actuator differential thermal expansion Many ink
types can be thermal insulator on the hot side IJ18 upon Joule
heating is used. used Corrosion prevention can be difficult IJ19,
IJ20, IJ21, Simple planar fabrication Pigmented inks may be
infeasible, as IJ22 Small chip area required pigment particles may
jam the bend IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, for each actuator actuator IJ28 Fast
operation IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, High efficiency IJ32 CMOS compatible
IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, voltages and currents IJ36 Standard MEMS
processes IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, can be used IJ40 Easy extension from
single IJ41 nozzles to pagewidth print heads High CTE A material
with a very high High force can be Requires special material (e.g.
PTFE) IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, thermoelastic coefficient of thermal
expansion generated Requires a PTFE deposition process, IJ20
actuator (CTE) such as PTFE is a candidate for which is not yet
standard in ULSI fabs IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE) is low dielectric constant PTFE deposition cannot be
followed IJ24 used. As high CTE materials are insulation in ULSI
with high temperature (above 350.degree. C.) IJ27, IJ28, IJ29,
usually non-conductive, a heater Very low power processing IJ30
fabricated from a conductive consumption Pigmented inks may be
infeasible, as IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, material is incorporated. A 50
.mu.m Many ink types can be pigment particles may jam the bend IJ44
long PTFE bend actuator with used actuator polysilicon heater and
15 mW Simple planar fabrication power input can provide 180 .mu.N
Small chip area required force and 10 .mu.m deflection. for each
actuator Actuator motions include: Fast operation Bend High
efficiency Push CMOS compatible Buckle voltages and currents Rotate
Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads
Conductive A polymer with a high coefficient High force can be
Requires special materials IJ24 polymer of thermal expansion (such
as generated development (High CTE conductive thermoelastic PTFE)
is doped with conducting Very low power polymer) actuator
substances to increase its consumption Requires a PTFE deposition
process, conductivity to about 3 orders of Many ink types can be
which is not yet standard in ULSI fabs magnitude below that of
copper. used PTFE deposition cannot be followed The conducting
polymer expands Simple planar fabrication with high temperature
(above 350.degree. C.) when resistively heated. Small chip area
required processing Examples of conducting dopants for each
actuator Evaporation and CVD deposition include: Fast operation
techniques cannot be used Carbon nanotubes High efficiency
Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as
Metal fibers CMOS compatible pigment particles may jam the bend
Conductive polymers such as voltages and currents actuator doped
polythiophene Easy extension from single Carbon granules nozzles to
pagewidth print heads Shape memory A shape memory alloy such as
High force is available Fatigue limits maximum number of IJ26 alloy
TiNi (also known as Nitinol - (stresses of hundreds of cycles
Nickel Titanium alloy developed MPa) Low strain (1%) is required to
extend at the Naval Ordnance Large strain is available fatigue
resistance Laboratory) is thermally switched (more than 3%) Cycle
rate limited by heat removal between its weak martensitic state
High corrosion resistance Requires unusual materials (TiNi) and its
high stiffness austenic Simple construction The latent heat of
transformation must state. The shape of the actuator in Easy
extension from single be provided its martensitic state is deformed
nozzles to pagewidth print High current operation relative to the
austenic shape. The heads Requires pre-stressing to distort the
shape change causes ejection of a Low voltage operation martensitic
state drop. Linear Linear magnetic actuators include Linear
Magnetic actuators Requires unusual semiconductor IJ12 Magnetic the
Linear Induction Actuator can be constructed with materials such as
soft magnetic alloys Actuator (LIA), Linear Permanent Magnet high
thrust, long travel, (e.g. CoNiFe [1]) Synchronous Actuator
(LPMSA), and high efficiency using Some varieties also require
permanent Linear Reluctance Synchronous planar semiconductor
magnetic materials such as Actuator (LRSA), Linear fabrication
techniques Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) Switched Reluctance
Actuator Long actuator travel is Requires complex multi-phase drive
(LSRA), and the Linear Stepper available circuitry Actuator (LSA).
Medium force is available High current operation Low voltage
operation
TABLE-US-00006 BASIC OPERATION MODE Operational mode Description
Advantages Disadvantages Examples Actuator This is the simplest
mode of Simple operation Drop repetition rate is usually limited
Thermal inkjet directly operation: the actuator directly No
external fields required to less than 10 KHz. However, this is
Piezoelectric inkjet pushes ink supplies sufficient kinetic energy
Satellite drops can be not fundamental to the method, but is IJ01,
IJ02, IJ03, to expel the drop. The drop must avoided if drop
velocity is related to the refill method normally IJ04 have a
sufficient velocity to overcome less than 4 m/s used IJ05, IJ06,
IJ07, the surface tension. Can be efficient, All of the drop
kinetic energy must be IJ09 depending upon the provided by the
actuator IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, actuator used Satellite drops usually
form if drop IJ16 velocity is greater than 4.5 m/s IJ20, IJ22,
IJ23, IJ24 IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28 IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 IJ33,
IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44
Proximity The drops to be printed are Very simple print head
Requires close proximity between the Silverbrook, EP selected by
some manner (e.g. fabrication can be used print head and the print
media or 0771 658 A2 and thermally induced surface tension The drop
selection means transfer roller related patent reduction of
pressurized ink). does not need to provide the May require two
print heads printing applications Selected drops are separated from
energy required to alternate rows of the image the ink in the
nozzle by contact separate the drop from the Monolithic color print
heads are with the print medium or a nozzle difficult transfer
roller. Electrostatic The drops to be printed are Very simple print
head Requires very high electrostatic field Silverbrook, EP pull on
ink selected by some manner (e.g. fabrication can be used
Electrostatic field for small nozzle 0771 658 A2 and thermally
induced surface tension The drop selection means sizes is above air
breakdown related patent reduction of pressurized ink). does not
need to provide Electrostatic field may attract dust applications
Selected drops are separated from the energy required to Tone-Jet
the ink in the nozzle by a strong separate the drop from the
electric field. nozzle Magnetic pull The drops to be printed are
Very simple print head Requires magnetic ink Silverbrook, EP on ink
selected by some manner (e.g. fabrication can be used Ink colors
other than black are 0771 658 A2 and thermally induced surface
tension The drop selection means difficult related patent reduction
of pressurized ink). does not need to provide Requires very high
magnetic fields applications Selected drops are separated from the
energy required to the ink in the nozzle by a strong separate the
drop from the magnetic field acting on the nozzle magnetic ink.
Shutter The actuator moves a shutter to High speed (>50 KHz)
Moving parts are required IJ13, IJ17, IJ21 block ink flow to the
nozzle. The operation can be achieved Requires ink pressure
modulator ink pressure is pulsed at a due to reduced refill time
Friction and wear must be considered multiple of the drop ejection
Drop timing can be very Stiction is possible frequency. accurate
The actuator energy can be very low Shuttered grill The actuator
moves a shutter to Actuators with small travel Moving parts are
required IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, block ink flow through a grill to can be
used Requires ink pressure modulator IJ19 the nozzle. The shutter
movement Actuators with small force Friction and wear must be
considered need only be equal to the width of can be used Stiction
is possible the grill holes. High speed (>50 KHz) operation can
be achieved Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field attracts Extremely low
energy Requires an external pulsed magnetic IJ10 magnetic pull an
`ink pusher` at the drop operation is possible field on ink pusher
ejection frequency. An actuator No heat dissipation Requires
special materials for both the controls a catch, which prevents
problems actuator and the ink pusher the ink pusher from moving
when Complex construction a drop is not to be ejected.
TABLE-US-00007 AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES)
Auxiliary Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples
None The actuator directly fires the ink Simplicity of construction
Drop ejection energy must be Most inkjets, drop, and there is no
external field Simplicity of operation supplied by individual
nozzle actuator including or other mechanism required. Small
physical size piezoelectric and thermal bubble. IJ01-IJ07, IJ09,
IJ11 IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22 IJ23-IJ45 Oscillating ink The ink
pressure oscillates, Oscillating ink pressure Requires external ink
pressure Silverbrook, EP pressure providing much of the drop can
provide a refill pulse, oscillator 0771 658 A2 and (including
ejection energy. The actuator allowing higher operating Ink
pressure phase and amplitude related patent acoustic selects which
drops are to be fired by speed must be carefully controlled
applications stimulation) selectively blocking or The actuators may
operate Acoustic reflections in the ink IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, enabling
nozzles. The ink pressure with much lower energy chamber must be
designed for IJ17 oscillation may be achieved by Acoustic lenses
can be IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 vibrating the print head, or used to focus
the sound on the preferably by an actuator in the ink nozzles
supply. Media The print head is placed in close Low power Precision
assembly required Silverbrook, EP proximity proximity to the print
medium. High accuracy Paper fibers may cause problems 0771 658 A2
and Selected drops protrude from the Simple print head Cannot print
on rough substrates related patent print head further than
unselected construction applications drops, and contact the print
medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop
separation. Transfer roller Drops are printed to a transfer High
accuracy Bulky Silverbrook, EP roller instead of straight to the
Wide range of print Expensive 0771 658 A2 and print medium. A
transfer roller substrates can be used Complex construction related
patent can also be used for proximity Ink can be dried on the
applications drop separation. transfer roller Tektronix hot melt
piezoelectric inkjet Any of the IJ series Electrostatic An electric
field is used to Low power Field strength required for separation
Silverbrook, EP accelerate selected drops towards Simple print head
of small drops is near or above air 0771 658 A2 and the print
medium. construction breakdown related patent applications Tone-Jet
Direct A magnetic field is used to Low power Requires magnetic ink
Silverbrook, EP magnetic field accelerate selected drops of Simple
print head Requires strong magnetic field 0771 658 A2 and magnetic
ink towards the print medium. construction related patent
applications Cross The print head is placed in a Does not require
magnetic Requires external magnet IJ06, IJ16 magnetic field
constant magnetic field. The materials to be integrated Current
densities may be high, Lorenz force in a current carrying in the
print head resulting in electromigration problems wire is used to
move the actuator. manufacturing process Pulsed A pulsed magnetic
field is used to Very low power operation Complex print head
construction IJ10 magnetic field cyclically attract a paddle, which
is possible Magnetic materials required in print pushes on the ink.
A small Small print head size head actuator moves a catch, which
selectively prevents the paddle from moving.
TABLE-US-00008 ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD
Actuator amplification Description Advantages Disadvantages
Examples None No actuator mechanical Operational simplicity Many
actuator mechanisms have Thermal Bubble amplification is used. The
actuator insufficient travel, or insufficient Inkjet directly
drives the drop ejection force, to efficiently drive the drop IJ01,
IJ02, IJ06, process. ejection process IJ07 IJ16, IJ25, IJ26
Differential An actuator material expands Provides greater travel
in a High stresses are involved Piezoelectric expansion more on one
side than on the reduced print head area Care must be taken that
the materials IJ03, IJ09, IJ17-IJ24 bend actuator other. The
expansion may be The bend actuator converts do not delaminate IJ27,
IJ29-IJ39, thermal, piezoelectric, a high force low travel Residual
bend resulting from high IJ42, magnetostrictive, or other actuator
mechanism to temperature or high stress during IJ43, IJ44
mechanism. high travel, lower force formation mechanism. Transient
bend A trilayer bend actuator where the Very good temperature High
stresses are involved IJ40, IJ41 actuator two outside layers are
identical. stability Care must be taken that the materials This
cancels bend due to ambient High speed, as a new drop do not
delaminate temperature and residual stress. can be fired before
heat The actuator only responds to dissipates transient heating of
one side or the Cancels residual stress of other. formation
Actuator stack A series of thin actuators are Increased travel
Increased fabrication complexity Some piezoelectric stacked. This
can be appropriate Reduced drive voltage Increased possibility of
short circuits ink jets where actuators require high due to
pinholes IJ04 electric field strength, such as electrostatic and
piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller actuators are
Increases the force Actuator forces may not add linearly, IJ12,
IJ13, IJ18, actuators used simultaneously to move the available
from an actuator reducing efficiency IJ20 ink. Each actuator need
provide Multiple actuators can be IJ22, IJ28, IJ42, only a portion
of the force positioned to control ink IJ43 required. flow
accurately Linear Spring A linear spring is used to Matches low
travel Requires print head area for the spring IJ15 transform a
motion with small actuator with higher travel travel and high force
into a longer requirements travel, lower force motion. Non-contact
method of motion transformation Reverse spring The actuator loads a
spring. When Better coupling to the ink Fabrication complexity
IJ05, IJ11 the actuator is turned off, the High stress in the
spring spring releases. This can reverse the force/distance curve
of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time
requirements of the drop ejection. Coiled A bend actuator is coiled
to Increases travel Generally restricted to planar IJ17, IJ21,
IJ34, actuator provide greater travel in a reduced Reduces chip
area implementations due to extreme IJ35 chip area. Planar
implementations fabrication difficulty in other are relatively easy
to orientations. fabricate. Flexure bend A bend actuator has a
small Simple means of Care must be taken not to exceed the IJ10,
IJ19, IJ33 actuator region near the fixture point, increasing
travel of a bend elastic limit in the flexure area which flexes
much more readily actuator Stress distribution is very uneven than
the remainder of the actuator. Difficult to accurately model with
The actuator flexing is effectively finite element analysis
converted from an even coiling to an angular bend, resulting in
greater travel of the actuator tip. Gears Gears can be used to
increase Low force, low travel Moving parts are required IJ13
travel at the expense of duration. actuators can be used Several
actuator cycles are required Circular gears, rack and pinion, Can
be fabricated using More complex drive electronics ratchets, and
other gearing standard surface MEMS Complex construction methods
can be used. processes Friction, friction, and wear are possible
Catch The actuator controls a small Very low actuator energy
Complex construction IJ10 catch. The catch either enables or Very
small actuator size Requires external force disables movement of an
ink Unsuitable for pigmented inks pusher that is controlled in a
bulk manner. Buckle plate A buckle plate can be used to Very fast
movement Must stay within elastic limits of the S. Hirata et al,
"An change a slow actuator into a fast achievable materials for
long device life Ink-jet Head . . . ", motion. It can also convert
a high High stresses involved Proc. IEEE MEMS, force, low travel
actuator into a Generally high power requirement February 1996, pp
418-423. high travel, medium force motion. IJ18, IJ27 Tapered A
tapered magnetic pole can Linearizes the magnetic Complex
construction IJ14 magnetic pole increase travel at the expense of
force/distance curve force. Lever A lever and fulcrum is used to
Matches low travel High stress around the fulcrum IJ32, IJ36, IJ37
transform a motion with small actuator with higher travel travel
and high force into a requirements motion with longer travel and
Fulcrum area has no linear lower force. The lever can also
movement, and can be reverse the direction of travel. used for a
fluid seal Rotary The actuator is connected to a High mechanical
Complex construction IJ28 impeller rotary impeller. A small angular
advantage Unsuitable for pigmented inks deflection of the actuator
results The ratio of force to travel in a rotation of the impeller
vanes, of the actuator can be which push the ink against matched to
the nozzle stationary vanes and out of the requirements by varying
nozzle. the number of impeller vanes Acoustic lens A refractive or
diffractive (e.g. No moving parts Large area required 1993
Hadimioglu et zone plate) acoustic lens is used to Only relevant
for acoustic ink jets al, EUP 550,192 concentrate sound waves. 1993
Elrod et al, EUP 572,220 Sharp A sharp point is used to Simple
construction Difficult to fabricate using standard Tone-jet
conductive concentrate an electrostatic field. VLSI processes for a
surface ejecting point ink-jet Only relevant for electrostatic ink
jets
TABLE-US-00009 ACTUATOR MOTION Actuator motion Description
Advantages Disadvantages Examples Volume The volume of the actuator
Simple construction in the High energy is typically required to
Hewlett-Packard expansion changes, pushing the ink in all case of
thermal ink jet achieve volume expansion. This leads Thermal Inkjet
directions. to thermal stress, cavitation, and Canon Bubblejet
kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, normal The
actuator moves in a direction Efficient coupling to ink High
fabrication complexity may be IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, to chip surface
normal to the print head surface. drops ejected normal to the
required to achieve perpendicular IJ07 The nozzle is typically in
the line surface motion IJ11, IJ14 of movement. Linear, parallel
The actuator moves parallel to the Suitable for planar Fabrication
complexity IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, to chip surface print head surface.
Drop ejection fabrication Friction IJ33, may still be normal to the
surface. Stiction IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 Membrane An actuator with a high
force but The effective area of the Fabrication complexity 1982
Howkins U.S. push small area is used to push a stiff actuator
becomes the Actuator size Pat. No. 4,459,601 membrane that is in
contact with membrane area Difficulty of integration in a VLSI the
ink. process Rotary The actuator causes the rotation of Rotary
levers may be used Device complexity IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, some
element, such a grill or to increase travel May have friction at a
pivot point IJ28 impeller Small chip area requirements Bend The
actuator bends when A very small change in Requires the actuator to
be made from 1970 Kyser et al energized. This may be due to
dimensions can be at least two distinct layers, or to have U.S.
Pat. No. 3,946,398 differential thermal expansion, converted to a
large a thermal difference across the 1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No.
piezoelectric expansion, motion. actuator 3,747,120
magnetostriction, or other form of IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, relative
dimensional change. IJ19 IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ29 IJ30, IJ31, IJ33,
IJ34 IJ35 Swivel The actuator swivels around a Allows operation
where Inefficient coupling to the ink motion IJ06 central pivot.
This motion is the net linear force on the suitable where there are
opposite paddle is zero forces applied to opposite sides of Small
chip area the paddle, e.g. Lorenz force. requirements Straighten
The actuator is normally bent, and Can be used with shape Requires
careful balance of stresses to IJ26, IJ32 straightens when
energized. memory alloys where the ensure that the quiescent bend
is austenic phase is planar accurate Double bend The actuator bends
in one One actuator can be Difficult to make the drops IJ36, IJ37,
IJ38 direction when one element is used to power two ejected by
both bend directions energized, and bends the other nozzles.
identical. way when another element is Reduced chip size. A small
efficiency loss compared energized. Not sensitive to to equivalent
single bend ambient temperature actuators. Shear Energizing the
actuator causes a Can increase the Not readily applicable to other
1985 Fishbeck shear motion in the actuator effective travel of
actuator mechanisms U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,590 material. piezoelectric
actuators Radial The actuator squeezes an ink Relatively easy to
High force required 1970 Zoltan constriction reservoir, forcing ink
from a fabricate single Inefficient U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,212
constricted nozzle. nozzles from glass Difficult to integrate with
VLSI tubing as macroscopic processes structures Coil/uncoil A
coiled actuator uncoils or coils Easy to fabricate as a Difficult
to fabricate for non- IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, more tightly. The motion of
the planar VLSI process planar devices IJ35 free end of the
actuator ejects the Small area required, Poor out-of-plane
stiffness ink. therefore low cost Bow The actuator bows (or
buckles) in Can increase the speed Maximum travel is constrained
IJ16, IJ18, IJ27 the middle when energized. of travel High force
required Mechanically rigid Push-Pull Two actuators control a
shutter. The structure is pinned Not readily suitable for inkjets
IJ18 One actuator pulls the shutter, and at both ends, so has a
which directly push the ink the other pushes it. high out-of-plane
rigidity Curl inwards A set of actuators curl inwards to Good fluid
flow to the Design complexity IJ20, IJ42 reduce the volume of ink
that they region behind the enclose. actuator increases efficiency
Curl outwards A set of actuators curl outwards, Relatively simple
Relatively large chip area IJ43 pressurizing ink in a chamber
construction surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a
nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes enclose a volume High
efficiency High fabrication complexity IJ22 of ink. These
simultaneously Small chip area Not suitable for pigmented inks
rotate, reducing the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The
actuator vibrates at a high The actuator can be Large area required
for efficient 1993 vibration frequency. physically distant from
operation at useful frequencies Hadimioglu et the ink Acoustic
coupling and crosstalk al, EUP 550,192 Complex drive circuitry 1993
Elrod et al, Poor control of drop volume and EUP 572,220 position
None In various ink jet designs the No moving parts Various other
tradeoffs are required to Silverbrook, EP actuator does not move.
eliminate moving parts 0771 658 A2 and related patent applications
Tone-jet
TABLE-US-00010 NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Nozzle refill method
Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Surface After the
actuator is energized, it Fabrication simplicity Low speed Thermal
inkjet tension typically returns rapidly to its Operational
simplicity Surface tension force relatively small Piezoelectric
inkjet normal position. This rapid return compared to actuator
force IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 sucks in air through the nozzle Long
refill time usually dominates the IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45 opening.
The ink surface tension total repetition rate at the nozzle then
exerts a small force restoring the meniscus to a minimum area.
Shuttered Ink to the nozzle chamber is High speed Requires common
ink pressure IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, oscillating ink provided at a
pressure that Low actuator energy, as oscillator IJ17 pressure
oscillates at twice the drop the actuator need only May not be
suitable for pigmented IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 ejection frequency. When a
drop open or close the shutter, inks is to be ejected, the shutter
is instead of ejecting the ink opened for 3 half cycles: drop drop
ejection, actuator return, and refill. Refill actuator After the
main actuator has High speed, as the nozzle Requires two
independent actuators IJ09 ejected a drop a second (refill) is
actively refilled per nozzle actuator is energized. The refill
actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator
returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber
again. Positive ink The ink is held a slight positive High refill
rate, therefore a Surface spill must be prevented Silverbrook, EP
pressure pressure. After the ink drop is high drop repetition rate
is Highly hydrophobic print head 0771 658 A2 and ejected, the
nozzle chamber fills possible surfaces are required related patent
quickly as surface tension and ink applications pressure both
operate to refill the Alternative for: nozzle. IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14
IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45
TABLE-US-00011 METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Inlet
back-flow restriction method Description Advantages Disadvantages
Examples Long inlet channel The ink inlet channel to the nozzle
Design simplicity Restricts refill rate Thermal inkjet chamber is
made long and Operational simplicity May result in a relatively
large chip Piezoelectric inkjet relatively narrow, relying on
Reduces crosstalk area IJ42, IJ43 viscous drag to reduce inlet
back- Only partially effective flow. Positive ink pressure The ink
is under a positive Drop selection and Requires a method (such as a
Silverbrook, EP pressure, so that in the quiescent separation
forces can nozzle rim or effective 0771 658 A2 state some of the
ink drop already be reduced hydrophobizing, or both) to and related
protrudes from the nozzle. Fast refill time prevent flooding of the
ejection patent This reduces the pressure in the surface of the
print head. applications nozzle chamber which is required Possible
to eject a certain volume of ink. operation of the The reduction in
chamber following: pressure results in a reduction in IJ01-IJ07,
IJ09-IJ12 ink pushed out through the inlet. IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22,
IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ41 IJ44 Baffle One or more baffles are placed in
The refill rate is not as Design complexity HP Thermal Ink the
inlet ink flow. When the restricted as the long May increase
fabrication Jet actuator is energized, the rapid ink inlet method.
complexity (e.g. Tektronix hot Tektronix movement creates eddies
which Reduces crosstalk melt Piezoelectric print heads).
piezoelectric ink restrict the flow through the inlet. jet The
slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in
eddies. Flexible flap In this method recently disclosed
Significantly reduces Not applicable to most inkjet Canon restricts
inlet by Canon, the expanding actuator back-flow for edge-
configurations (bubble) pushes on a flexible flap shooter thermal
ink jet Increased fabrication complexity that restricts the inlet.
devices Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over
extended use Inlet filter A filter is located between the ink
Additional advantage Restricts refill rate IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, inlet
and the nozzle chamber. The of ink filtration May result in complex
IJ27 filter has a multitude of small Ink filter may be construction
IJ29, IJ30 holes or slots, restricting ink flow. fabricated with no
The filter also removes particles additional process which may
block the nozzle. steps Small inlet The ink inlet channel to the
nozzle Design simplicity Restricts refill rate IJ02, IJ37, IJ44
compared to chamber has a substantially May result in a relatively
large nozzle smaller cross section than that of chip area the
nozzle, resulting in easier ink Only partially effective egress out
of the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet shutter A secondary
actuator controls the Increases speed of the ink- Requires separate
refill actuator and IJ09 position of a shutter, closing off jet
print head operation drive circuit the ink inlet when the main
actuator is energized. The inlet is The method avoids the problem
of Back-flow problem is Requires careful design to minimize IJ01,
IJ03, IJ05, located behind inlet back-flow by arranging the
eliminated the negative pressure behind the IJ06 the ink-
ink-pushing surface of the paddle IJ07, IJ10, IJ11, pushing
actuator between the inlet and the IJ14 surface nozzle. IJ16, IJ22,
IJ23, IJ25 IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33 IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ39 IJ40, IJ41
Part of the The actuator and a wall of the ink Significant
reductions in Small increase in fabrication IJ07, IJ20, IJ26,
actuator chamber are arranged so that the back-flow can be achieved
complexity IJ38 moves to shut motion of the actuator closes off
Compact designs possible off the inlet the inlet. Nozzle In some
configurations of ink jet, Ink back-flow problem is None related to
ink back-flow on Silverbrook, EP actuator does there is no
expansion or eliminated actuation 0771 658 A2 and not result in
movement of an actuator which related patent ink back-flow may
cause ink back-flow through applications the inlet. Valve-jet
Tone-jet IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 IJ18, IJ19, IJ21
TABLE-US-00012 NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Nozzle Clearing method
Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Normal nozzle firing
All of the nozzles are fired No added complexity on May not be
sufficient to displace Most ink jet systems periodically, before
the ink has a the print head dried ink IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 chance
to dry. When not in use IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, the nozzles are sealed
(capped) IJ22 against air. IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ45 The nozzle firing
is usually performed during a special clearing cycle, after first
moving the print head to a cleaning station. Extra power to In
systems which heat the ink, but Can be highly effective if Requires
higher drive voltage for Silverbrook, EP ink heater do not boil it
under normal the heater is adjacent to clearing 0771 658 A2 and
situations, nozzle clearing can be the nozzle May require larger
drive transistors related patent achieved by over-powering the
applications heater and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid The
actuator is fired in rapid Does not require extra Effectiveness
depends substantially May be used with: succession of succession.
In some drive circuits on the print upon the configuration of the
inkjet IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ11 actuator configurations, this may cause
head nozzle IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, pulses heat build-up at the nozzle
which Can be readily controlled IJ22 boils the ink, clearing the
nozzle. and initiated by digital IJ23-IJ25, IJ27-IJ34 In other
situations, it may cause logic IJ36-IJ45 sufficient vibrations to
dislodge clogged nozzles. Extra power to Where an actuator is not
normally A simple solution where Not suitable where there is a hard
May be used with: ink pushing driven to the limit of its motion,
applicable limit to actuator movement IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, actuator
nozzle clearing may be assisted by IJ20 providing an enhanced drive
IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, signal to the actuator. IJ27 IJ29, IJ30, IJ31,
IJ32 IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42 IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Acoustic An ultrasonic
wave is applied to A high nozzle clearing High implementation cost
if system IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, resonance the ink chamber. This wave is
of capability can be achieved does not already include an acoustic
IJ17 an appropriate amplitude and May be implemented at actuator
IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 frequency to cause sufficient force very low cost
in systems at the nozzle to clear blockages. which already include
This is easiest to achieve if the acoustic actuators ultrasonic
wave is at a resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle A
microfabricated plate is pushed Can clear severely clogged Accurate
mechanical alignment is Silverbrook, EP clearing plate against the
nozzles. The plate has nozzles required 0771 658 A2 and a post for
every nozzle. The array Moving parts are required related patent of
posts There is risk of damage to the nozzles applications Accurate
fabrication is required Ink pressure The pressure of the ink is May
be effective where Requires pressure pump or other May be used with
pulse temporarily increased so that ink other methods cannot be
pressure actuator all IJ series ink jets streams from all of the
nozzles. used Expensive This may be used in conjunction Wasteful of
ink with actuator energizing. Print head A flexible `blade` is
wiped across Effective for planar print Difficult to use if print
head surface is Many ink jet wiper the print head surface. The
blade head surfaces non-planar or very fragile systems is usually
fabricated from a Low cost Requires mechanical parts flexible
polymer, e.g. rubber or Blade can wear out in high volume synthetic
elastomer. print systems Separate ink A separate heater is provided
at Can be effective where Fabrication complexity Can be used with
boiling heater the nozzle although the normal other nozzle clearing
many IJ series ink drop e-ection mechanism does methods cannot be
used jets not require it. The heaters do not Can be implemented at
no require individual drive circuits, additional cost in some as
many nozzles can be cleared inkjet configurations simultaneously,
and no imaging is required.
TABLE-US-00013 NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Nozzle plate construction
Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electroformed A
nozzle plate is separately Fabrication simplicity High temperatures
and pressures are Hewlett Packard nickel fabricated from
electroformed required to bond nozzle plate Thermal Inkjet nickel,
and bonded to the print Minimum thickness constraints head chip.
Differential thermal expansion Laser ablated Individual nozzle
holes are No masks required Each hole must be individually Canon
Bubblejet or drilled ablated by an intense UV laser in Can be quite
fast formed 1988 Sercel et al., polymer a nozzle plate, which is
typically a Some control over nozzle Special equipment required
SPIE, Vol. 998 polymer such as polyimide or profile is possible
Slow where there are many thousands Excimer Beam polysulphone
Equipment required is of nozzles per print head Applications, pp.
relatively low cost May produce thin burrs at exit holes 76-83 1993
Watanabe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604 Silicon A separate nozzle
plate is High accuracy is attainable Two part construction K. Bean,
IEEE micromachined micromachined from single High cost Transactions
on crystal silicon, and bonded to the Requires precision alignment
Electron Devices, print head wafer. Nozzles may be clogged by
adhesive Vol. ED-25, No. 10, 1978, pp 1185-1195 Xerox 1990 Hawkins
et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Glass Fine glass capillaries are
drawn No expensive equipment Very small nozzle sizes are difficult
1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. capillaries from glass tubing. This
method required to form 3,683,212 has been used for making Simple
to make single Not suited for mass production individual nozzles,
but is difficult nozzles to use for bulk manufacturing of print
heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is
deposited as a High accuracy (<1 .mu.m) Requires sacrificial
layer under the Silverbrook, EP surface layer using standard VLSI
Monolithic nozzle plate to form the nozzle 0771 658 A2 and
micromachined deposition techniques. Nozzles Low cost chamber
related patent using VLSI are etched in the nozzle plate Existing
processes can be Surface may be fragile to the touch applications
lithographic using VLSI lithography and used IJ01, IJ02, IJ04,
processes etching. IJ11 IJ12, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 IJ22, IJ24, IJ27,
IJ28 IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37 IJ38, IJ39,
IJ40, IJ41 IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a
buried etch High accuracy (<1 .mu.m) Requires long etch times
IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, etched stop in the wafer. Nozzle Monolithic
Requires a support wafer IJ07 through chambers are etched in the
front Low cost IJ08, IJ09, IJ10, substrate of the wafer, and the
wafer is No differential expansion IJ13 thinned from the back side.
IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, Nozzles are then etched in the IJ19 etch stop
layer. IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26 No nozzle Various methods have been
tried No nozzles to become Difficult to control drop position Ricoh
1995 Sekiya plate to eliminate the nozzles entirely, clogged
accurately et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,413 to prevent nozzle
clogging. These Crosstalk problems 1993 Hadimioglu et include
thermal bubble al EUP 550,192 mechanisms and acoustic lens 1993
Elrod et al mechanisms EUP 572,220 Trough Each drop ejector has a
trough Reduced manufacturing Drop firing direction is sensitive to
IJ35 through which a paddle moves. complexity wicking. There is no
nozzle plate. Monolithic Nozzle slit The elimination of nozzle
holes No nozzles to become Difficult to control drop position 1989
Saito et al U.S. Pat. No. instead of and replacement by a slit
clogged accurately 4,799,068 individual encompassing many actuator
Crosstalk problems nozzles positions reduces nozzle clogging, but
increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves
TABLE-US-00014 DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Ejection direction
Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Edge Ink flow is
along the surface of Simple construction Nozzles limited to edge
Canon (`edge the chip, and ink drops are ejected No silicon etching
High resolution is difficult Bubblejet 1979 shooter`) from the chip
edge. required Fast color printing requires one Endo et al GB Good
heat sinking via print head per color patent 2,007,162 substrate
Xerox heater-in- Mechanically strong pit 1990 Ease of chip handing
Hawkins et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Tone-jet Surface Ink flow is
along the surface of No bulk silicon Maximum ink flow is severely
Hewlett- (`roof shooter`) the chip, and ink drops are ejected
etching required restricted Packard TIJ from the chip surface,
normal to Silicon can make an 1982 Vaught et the plane of the chip.
effective heat sink al U.S. Pat. No. Mechanical strength 4,490,728
IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, IJ20 IJ22 Through chip, Ink flow is through the
chip, and High ink flow Requires bulk silicon etching Silverbrook,
EP forward ink drops are ejected from the Suitable for pagewidth
0771 658 A2 (`up shooter`) front surface of the chip. print and
related High nozzle packing patent density therefore low
applications manufacturing cost IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, IJ24 IJ27-IJ45
Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, and High ink flow
Requires wafer thinning IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, reverse ink drops are
ejected from the rear Suitable for pagewidth Requires special
handling during IJ06 (`down surface of the chip. print manufacture
IJ07, IJ08, IJ09, shooter`) High nozzle packing IJ10 density
therefore low IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, manufacturing cost IJ16 IJ19, IJ21,
IJ23, IJ25 IJ26 Through Ink flow is through the actuator, Suitable
for Pagewidth print heads require Epson Stylus actuator which is
not fabricated as part of piezoelectric print several thousand
connections to Tektronix hot the same substrate as the drive heads
drive circuits melt transistors. Cannot be manufactured in
piezoelectric ink standard CMOS fabs jets Complex assembly
required
TABLE-US-00015 INK TYPE Ink type Description Advantages
Disadvantages Examples Aqueous, dye Water based ink which typically
Environmentally friendly Slow drying Most existing contains: water,
dye, surfactant, No odor Corrosive inkjets humectant, and biocide.
Bleeds on paper All IJ series ink jets Modern ink dyes have high
water- May strikethrough Silverbrook, EP fastness, light fastness
Cockles paper 0771 658 A2 and related patent applications Aqueous,
Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow
drying IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, pigment contains: water, pigment, No odor
Corrosive IJ26 surfactant, humectant, and Reduced bleed Pigment may
clog nozzles IJ27, IJ30 biocide. Reduced wicking Pigment may clog
actuator Silverbrook, EP Pigments have an advantage in Reduced
strikethrough mechanisms 0771 658 A2 and reduced bleed, wicking and
Cockles paper related patent strikethrough. applications
Piezoelectric ink- jets Thermal ink jets (with significant
restrictions) Methyl Ethyl MEK is a highly volatile solvent Very
fast drying Odorous All IJ series ink jets Ketone (MEK) used for
industrial printing on Prints on various Flammable difficult
surfaces such as substrates such as metals aluminum cans. and
plastics Alcohol Alcohol based inks can be used Fast drying Slight
odor All IJ series ink jets (ethanol, 2- where the printer must
operate at Operates at sub-freezing Flammable butanol, and
temperatures below the freezing temperatures others) point of
water. An example of this Reduced paper cockle is in-camera
consumer Low cost photographic printing. Phase change The ink is
solid at room No drying time-ink High viscosity Tektronix hot melt
(hot melt) temperature, and is melted in the instantly freezes on
the Printed ink typically has a `waxy` feel piezoelectric ink jets
print head before jetting. Hot melt print medium Printed pages may
`block` 1989 Nowak U.S. Pat. No. inks are usually wax based, with a
Almost any print medium Ink temperature may be above the 4,820,346
melting point around 80.degree. C. After can be used curie point of
permanent magnets All IJ series ink jets jetting the ink freezes
almost No paper cockle occurs Ink heaters consume power instantly
upon contacting the print No wicking occurs Long warm-up time
medium or a transfer roller. No bleed occurs No strikethrough
occurs Oil Oil based inks are extensively High solubility medium
High viscosity: this is a significant All IJ series ink jets used
in offset printing. They have for some dyes limitation for use in
inkjets, which advantages in improved Does not cockle paper usually
require a low viscosity. Some characteristics on paper Does not
wick through short chain and multi-branched oils (especially no
wicking or cockle). paper have a sufficiently low viscosity. Oil
soluble dies and pigments are Slow drying required. Microemulsion A
microemulsion is a stable, self Stops ink bleed Viscosity higher
than water All IJ series ink jets forming emulsion of oil, water,
High dye solubility Cost is slightly higher than water and
surfactant. The characteristic Water, oil, and based ink drop size
is less than 100 nm, and amphiphilic soluble dies High surfactant
concentration is determined by the preferred can be used required
(around 5%) curvature of the surfactant. Can stabilize pigment
suspensions
Ink Jet Printing
[0167] A large number of new forms of ink jet printers have been
developed to facilitate alternative ink jet technologies for the
image processing and data distribution system. Various combinations
of ink jet devices can be included in printer devices incorporated
as part of the present invention. Australian Provisional Patent
Applications relating to these ink jets which are specifically
incorporated by cross reference include:
TABLE-US-00016 Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title
PO8066 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ01) PO8072
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ02) PO8040
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ03) PO8071
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ04) PO8047
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ05) PO8035
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ06) PO8044
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ07) PO8063
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ08) PO8057
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ09) PO8056
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ10) PO8069
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ11) PO8049
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ12) PO8036
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ13) PO8048
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ14) PO8070
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ15) PO8067
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ16) PO8001
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ17) PO8038
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ18) PO8033
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ19) PO8002
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ20) PO8068
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ21) PO8062
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ22) PO8034
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ23) PO8039
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ24) PO8041
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ25) PO8004
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ26) PO8037
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ27) PO8043
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ28) PO8042
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ29) PO8064
15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ30) PO9389
23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ31) PO9391
23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ32) PP0888
12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ33) PP0891
12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ34) PP0890
12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ35) PP0873
12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ36) PP0993
12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ37) PP0890
12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ38) PP1398
19-Jan-98 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ39) PP2592
25-Mar-98 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ40) PP2593
25-Mar-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ41) PP3991
9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ42) PP3987 9-Jun-98
Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ43) PP3985 9-Jun-98 Image
Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ44) PP3983 9-Jun-98 Image Creation
Method and Apparatus (IJ45)
Ink Jet Manufacturing
[0168] Further, the present application may utilize advanced
semiconductor fabrication techniques in the construction of large
arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable manufacturing techniques are
described in the following Australian provisional patent
specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:
TABLE-US-00017 Australian Provisional Filing Number Date Title
PO7935 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation
Apparatus (IJM01) PO7936 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an
Image Creation Apparatus (IJM02) PO7937 15-Jul-97 A Method of
Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM03) PO8061 15-Jul-97
A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM04)
PO8054 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation
Apparatus (IJM05) PO8065 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an
Image Creation Apparatus (IJM06) PO8055 15-Jul-97 A Method of
Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM07) PO8053 15-Jul-97
A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM08)
PO8078 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation
Apparatus (IJM09) PO7933 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an
Image Creation Apparatus (IJM10) PO7950 15-Jul-97 A Method of
Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM11) PO7949 15-Jul-97
A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM12)
PO8060 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation
Apparatus (IJM13) PO8059 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an
Image Creation Apparatus (IJM14) PO8073 15-Jul-97 A Method of
Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM15) PO8076 15-Jul-97
A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM16)
PO8075 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation
Apparatus (IJM17) PO8079 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an
Image Creation Apparatus (IJM18) PO8050 15-Jul-97 A Method of
Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM19) PO8052 15-Jul-97
A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM20)
PO7948 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation
Apparatus (IJM21) PO7951 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an
Image Creation Apparatus (IJM22) PO8074 15-Jul-97 A Method of
Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM23) PO7941 15-Jul-97
A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM24)
PO8077 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation
Apparatus (IJM25) PO8058 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an
Image Creation Apparatus (IJM26) PO8051 15-Jul-97 A Method of
Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM27) PO8045 15-Jul-97
A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM28)
PO7952 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation
Apparatus (IJM29) PO8046 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an
Image Creation Apparatus (IJM30) PO8503 11-Aug-97 A Method of
Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM30a) PO9390
23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus
(IJM31) PO9392 23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image
Creation Apparatus (IJM32) PP0889 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture
of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM35) PP0887 12-Dec-97 A Method of
Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM36) PP0882 12-Dec-97
A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM37)
PP0874 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation
Apparatus (IJM38) PP1396 19-Jan-98 A Method of Manufacture of an
Image Creation Apparatus (IJM39) PP2591 25-Mar-98 A Method of
Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM41) PP3989 9-Jun-98
A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM40)
PP3990 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation
Apparatus (IJM42) PP3986 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an
Image Creation Apparatus (IJM43) PP3984 9-Jun-98 A Method of
Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM44) PP3982 9-Jun-98
A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM45)
Fluid Supply
[0169] Further, the present application may utilize an ink delivery
system to the ink jet head. Delivery systems relating to the supply
of ink to a series of ink jet nozzles are described in the
following Australian provisional patent specifications, the
disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by cross-reference:
TABLE-US-00018 Australian Provisional Filing Number Date Title
PO8003 15-Jul-97 Supply Method and Apparatus (F1) PO8005 15-Jul-97
Supply Method and Apparatus (F2) PO9404 23-Sep-97 A Device and
Method (F3)
MEMS Technology
[0170] Further, the present application may utilize advanced
semiconductor microelectromechanical techniques in the construction
of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable
microelectromechanical techniques are described in the following
Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by
cross-reference:
TABLE-US-00019 Australian Provisional Filing Number Date Title
PO7943 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS01) PO8006 15-Jul-97 A device
(MEMS02) PO8007 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS03) PO8008 15-Jul-97 A
device (MEMS04) PO8010 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS05) PO8011 15-Jul-97
A device (MEMS06) PO7947 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS07) PO7945
15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS08) PO7944 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS09)
PO7946 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS10) PO9393 23-Sep-97 A Device and
Method (MEMS11) PP0875 12-Dec-97 A Device (MEMS12) PP0894 12-Dec-97
A Device and Method (MEMS13)
IR Technologies
[0171] Further, the present application may include the utilization
of a disposable camera system such as those described in the
following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated
here by cross-reference:
TABLE-US-00020 Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title
PP0895 12-Dec-97 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR01)
PP0870 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR02) PP0869 12-Dec-97 A
Device and Method (IR04) PP0887 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and
Apparatus (IR05) PP0885 12-Dec-97 An Image Production System (IR06)
PP0884 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR10) PP0886
12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR12) PP0871
12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR13) PP0876 12-Dec-97 An Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (IR14) PP0877 12-Dec-97 A Device
and Method (IR16) PP0878 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR17)
PP0879 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR18) PP0883 12-Dec-97 A
Device and Method (IR19) PP0880 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method
(IR20) PP0881 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR21)
DotCard Technologies
[0172] Further, the present application may include the utilization
of a data distribution system such as that described in the
following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated
here by cross-reference:
TABLE-US-00021 Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title
PP2370 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (Dot01)
PP2371 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (Dot02)
Artcam Technologies
[0173] Further, the present application may include the utilization
of camera and data processing techniques such as an Artcam type
device as described in the following Australian provisional patent
specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:
TABLE-US-00022 Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title
PO7991 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART01)
PO8505 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART01a)
PO7988 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART02)
PO7993 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART03)
PO8012 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART05)
PO8017 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART06)
PO8014 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART07) PO8025 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART08) PO8032 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART09) PO7999 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART10) PO7998 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART11) PO8031 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART12) PO8030 15-Jul-97 Media
Device (ART13) PO8498 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and
Apparatus (ART14) PO7997 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART15) PO7979
15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART16) PO8015 15-Jul-97 Media Device
(ART17) PO7978 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART18) PO7982 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART19) PO7989 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART20) PO8019 15-Jul-97 Media
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART21) PO7980 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART22) PO7942 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART23) PO8018 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART24) PO7938 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART25) PO8016 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART26) PO8024 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART27) PO7940 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART28) PO7939 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART29) PO8501 11-Aug-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART30) PO8500 11-Aug-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART31) PO7987 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART32) PO8022 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART33) PO8497 11-Aug-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART30) PO8029 15-Jul-97 Sensor
Creation Method and Apparatus (ART36) PO7985 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART37) PO8020 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART38) PO8023 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART39) PO9395 23-Sep-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART4) PO8021 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART40) PO8504 11-Aug-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART42) PO8000 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART43) PO7977 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART44) PO7934 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART45) PO7990 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART46) PO8499 11-Aug-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART47) PO8502 11-Aug-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART48) PO7981 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART50) PO7986 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART51) PO7983 15-Jul-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART52) PO8026 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART53) PO8027 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART54) PO8028 15-Jul-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART56) PO9394 23-Sep-97 Image
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART57) PO9396 23-Sep-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART58) PO9397 23-Sep-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART59) PO9398 23-Sep-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART60) PO9399 23-Sep-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART61) PO9400 23-Sep-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART62) PO9401 23-Sep-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART63) PO9402 23-Sep-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART64) PO9403 23-Sep-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART65) PO9405 23-Sep-97 Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART66) PP0959 16-Dec-97 A Data
Processing Method and Apparatus (ART68) PP1397 19-Jan-98 A Media
Device (ART69)
* * * * *