U.S. patent application number 11/840950 was filed with the patent office on 2009-02-19 for ambulatory infusion devices and piston pumps for use with same.
Invention is credited to Theodore J. Falk, Norbert W. Frenz, JR., Peter C. Lord.
Application Number | 20090048562 11/840950 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40363542 |
Filed Date | 2009-02-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090048562 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Falk; Theodore J. ; et
al. |
February 19, 2009 |
Ambulatory Infusion Devices And Piston Pumps For Use With Same
Abstract
An ambulatory infusion device including a fluid transfer device
with a piston bore and a piston. The piston bore surface and the
piston surface are configured such that they will wear at a very
slow rate when cycled in the absence of a lubricant other than the
infusible substance.
Inventors: |
Falk; Theodore J.;
(Clarence, NY) ; Frenz, JR.; Norbert W.;
(Williamsville, NY) ; Lord; Peter C.; (Santa
Clarita, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
HENRICKS SLAVIN AND HOLMES LLP;SUITE 200
840 APOLLO STREET
EL SEGUNDO
CA
90245
US
|
Family ID: |
40363542 |
Appl. No.: |
11/840950 |
Filed: |
August 18, 2007 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
604/152 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61M 2205/0211 20130101;
A61M 5/14216 20130101; F04B 13/00 20130101; A61M 5/14276
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
604/152 |
International
Class: |
F04B 13/00 20060101
F04B013/00 |
Claims
1. An ambulatory infusion device, comprising: a reservoir; and a
fluid transfer device, operably connected to the reservoir,
including a housing having a piston bore defining a relatively soft
piston bore surface, and a relatively hard piston at least
partially located within the piston bore.
2. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the
relatively soft piston bore surface comprises a titanium piston
bore surface.
3. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the
titanium piston bore surface comprises an ASTM titanium grade 5
piston bore surface.
4. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the
relatively soft piston bore surface comprises a titanium piston
bore surface; and the relatively hard piston is selected from the
group consisting of a hard ceramic piston, a hard crystalline
piston, a glass piston, a vitreous carbon piston, and a hard
graphite piston.
5. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the
relatively hard piston comprises a sapphire piston.
6-10. (canceled)
11. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the relatively soft piston bore surface comprises a metal piston
bore surface and the relatively hard piston comprises a non-metal
relatively hard piston.
12. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the fluid transfer device includes an armature pole connected to
the relatively hard piston and an electromagnet.
13. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the fluid transfer device includes a bypass valve and a main check
valve.
14. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 1, further
comprising: a device housing, including an outlet, that is sized,
shaped and sealed in a manner suitable for implantation into a
human body; wherein the reservoir and fluid transfer device are
located within the housing and the fluid transfer device is
operably connected to the outlet.
15. An ambulatory infusion device for supplying an infusible
substance, comprising: a reservoir; and a fluid transfer device,
operably connected to the reservoir, including a housing having a
sleeve bore: a sleeve, within the sleeve bore, formed from a
different material than the housing, the sleeve having a piston
bore defining a piston bore surface, and a piston, at least
partially located within the piston bore, defining a piston
surface; wherein the piston bore surface and the piston surface are
formed from materials that wear at a slower rate than metal on
metal when rubbed together repeatedly over many cycles.
16. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the piston bore surface and the piston surface are formed from the
same material.
17. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the piston bore surface and the piston surface are formed from
different materials.
18. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the piston surface is a metal surface and the piston bore surface
and the piston surface is a non-metal surface.
19-21. (canceled)
22. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the piston bore surface is formed from material selected from the
group consisting of a hard ceramic material, a hard crystalline
material, glass, titanium impregnated with nitrogen ions, vitreous
carbon, and hard graphite; and the piston surface is formed from
material selected from the group consisting of a hard ceramic
material, a hard crystalline material, glass, titanium impregnated
with nitrogen ions, vitreous carbon, and hard graphite.
23. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 22, wherein
the piston surface is formed from sapphire and the piston bore
surface is formed from sapphire.
24. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 22, wherein
the piston surface is formed from sapphire and the piston bore
surface is formed from ruby.
25. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the piston bore surface is formed from material selected from the
group consisting of a hard ceramic material, a hard crystalline
material, glass, titanium impregnated with nitrogen ions, vitreous
carbon, and hard graphite; and the piston surface is formed from
titanium.
26. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the fluid transfer device includes an armature pole connected to
the piston and an electromagnet.
27. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the fluid transfer device includes a bypass valve and a main check
valve.
28. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 15, further
comprising: a device housing, including an outlet, that is sized,
shaped and sealed in a manner suitable for implantation into a
human body; wherein the reservoir and fluid transfer device are
located within the housing and the fluid transfer device is
operably connected to the outlet.
29. An ambulatory infusion device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the piston bore surface and the piston surface are formed from
materials that wear at slower rate than metal on metal when rubbed
together repeatedly over at least one million cycles.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONS
[0001] 1. Field of Inventions
[0002] The present inventions relate to ambulatory infusion devices
and piston pumps, such as electromagnet piston pumps, for use with
ambulatory infusion devices.
[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0004] Ambulatory infusion devices, such as implantable infusion
devices and externally carried infusion devices, have been used to
provide a patient with a medication or other substance
(collectively "infusible substance") and frequently include a
reservoir and a pump. The reservoir is used to store the infusible
substance and, in some instances, implantable infusion devices are
provided with a fill port that allows the reservoir to be
transcutaneously filled (and/or re-filled) with a hypodermic
needle. The reservoir is coupled to the pump, which is in turn
connected to an outlet port. A catheter, which has an outlet at the
target body region, may be connected to the outlet port. As such,
infusible substance in the reservoir may be transferred from the
reservoir to the target body region by way of the pump and
catheter.
[0005] Piston pumps, which include a piston that slides within a
bore, are frequently used in ambulatory infusion devices. Such
pumps are quite small and, with respect to implantable infusion
devices, should have a long working life because surgery is
required to replace an implantable infusion device with a worn
pump. Small pumps must, however, operate at a relatively high
pumping frequency in order to compensate for their size, which
results in far more pumping cycles over their working lives than
would be associated with larger pumps.
[0006] The present inventors have determined that the piston and
bore surfaces of conventional pumps employed in ambulatory infusion
devices, which are both formed from a relatively soft metal (e.g.
ASTM titanium grade 5), produce small wear particles when the
piston and bore are rubbed against one another over many pumping
cycles. The present inventors have also determined that when a
lubricant is employed between the piston and the bore surfaces in
an effort to reduce the rate of wear, there is at least the
possibility that the lubricant will contaminate the infusible
substance.
SUMMARY
[0007] An ambulatory infusion device in accordance with one
embodiment of one of the present inventions includes a fluid
transfer device with a piston bore and a piston. The piston bore
surface may be a relatively hard surface and the piston surface may
be a relatively soft surface, or the piston bore surface may be a
relatively soft surface and the piston surface may be a relatively
hard surface, or the piston bore surface may be a relatively hard
surface and the piston surface may be a relatively hard surface. By
way of example, but not limitation, a relatively soft surface may
be a metal surface, such as a titanium surface, while a relatively
hard surface may be non-metal surface, such as a hard ceramic
surface, a hard crystalline surface, a glass surface, a titanium
impregnated with nitrogen ions surface, a vitreous carbon surface,
or a hard graphite surface.
[0008] There are a variety of advantages associated with such an
ambulatory infusion device. For example, the surface material
combinations described above result in piston and piston bore
surfaces that will wear at a slower rate than metal on metal when
the piston and piston bore are rubbed against one another over many
pumping cycles in the absence of a lubricant other than the
infusible substance.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] Detailed descriptions of exemplary embodiments will be made
with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0010] FIG. 1 is a side, partial section view of a fluid transfer
device in accordance with various embodiments of some of the
present inventions.
[0011] FIGS. 2-5 are section views showing a portion of the fluid
transfer device illustrated in FIG. 1 in various states.
[0012] FIG. 5A is a side, partial section view of an armature in
accordance with various embodiments of some of the present
inventions.
[0013] FIG. 6 is a section view showing a portion of a fluid
transfer device in accordance with various embodiments of some of
the present inventions.
[0014] FIG. 7 is a side, partial section view of a fluid transfer
device in accordance with various embodiments of some of the
present inventions.
[0015] FIG. 8 is a side, partial section view of a fluid transfer
device in accordance with various embodiments of some of the
present inventions.
[0016] FIG. 9 is a plan view of an implantable infusion device in
accordance with various embodiments of some of the present
inventions.
[0017] FIG. 10 is a plan view of the implantable infusion device
illustrated in FIG. 1 with the cover removed.
[0018] FIG. 11 is a partial section view taken along line 11-11 in
FIG. 9.
[0019] FIG. 12 is a block diagram of the implantable infusion
device illustrated in FIGS. 9-11.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0020] The following is a detailed description of the best
presently known modes of carrying out the inventions. This
description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made
merely for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of
the inventions. The present inventions have application in a wide
variety of apparatus. One example is an implantable infusion device
with an electromagnet pump-based fluid transfer device, and the
present inventions are discussed in the context of implantable
infusion devices with electromagnet pump-based fluid transfer
devices. The present inventions are not, however, limited to
implantable infusion devices and electromagnet pump-based fluid
transfer devices, and are instead also applicable to other
ambulatory infusion devices and fluid transfer devices that
currently exist, or are yet to be developed. For example, the
present inventions are applicable to externally carried infusion
devices. The present inventions are also applicable to fluid
transfer devices with solenoid pumps, piezoelectric pumps,
expandable hot gas pumps, expandable mercury pumps and any other
mechanical or electromechanical pulsatile pump that includes
components (e.g. a piston and a bore) which slide relative to one
another and are likely to produce wear particles when subjected to
many pumping cycles.
[0021] One example of a fluid transfer device is illustrated in
FIGS. 1-5. The exemplary fluid transfer device, which is generally
represented by reference numeral 100, includes a housing 102, an
electromagnet pump 104, a bypass valve 106 and a main check valve
107. The housing 102 in the exemplary fluid transfer device 100 is
a generally solid, cylindrical structure with various open regions.
The open regions accommodate portions of structures, such as the
electromagnet pump 104, bypass valve 106, main check valve 107, and
also define a fluid flow path. More specifically, the housing 102
includes a piston bore 108 and a hub recess 110 that respectively
receive the electromagnet pump armature piston 146 and armature hub
148 (discussed below). A weld ring 112, which is secured to the end
of the housing 102 opposite the main check valve 107, defines a
pole recess 114 for the armature pole 144 (discussed below). A pair
of valve recesses 116 and 118 for the bypass valve 106 and main
check valve 107 are also provided. With respect to the fluid flow
path, the housing 102 includes an orifice 120 that extends from the
piston bore 108 to the bypass valve recess 116, a bypass fluid
chamber 122, fluid passages 124 and 126, and an outlet recess 128.
Additionally, and as discussed in greater detail below, the
exemplary housing 102 is formed from titanium.
[0022] Turning to the pump portion of the exemplary fluid transfer
device 100, the electromagnet pump 104 includes an electromagnet
130 and an armature 132. The electromagnet 130, which is carried
within in a case 134, includes a core 136 and a coil 138. The case
134 and core 136 are made from a magnetic material. The coil 138
consists of a wire or other conductor that is wound around the core
136. The coil 138 may be insulated from the case 134 electrically
non-conductive spacers (not shown), which center the coil within
the case, or through the use of potting compound or encapsulant
material between the case and the coil.
[0023] The electromagnet case 134 is secured to the housing 102 in
the exemplary fluid transfer device 100 through the use of the
aforementioned weld ring 112 on the housing and a weld ring 140 on
the case. More specifically, the outer diameters of the weld rings
112 and 140 are substantially equal to one another and the outer
surfaces thereof are substantially flush. During assembly, the
housing 102 and the electromagnet case 134 are positioned on
opposite sides of a barrier 142 and are then secured to one another
by a weld (not shown) joining the outer surfaces of the weld rings
112 and 140. The barrier separates the pole recess 114, which will
ultimately be filled with fluid, from the electromagnet 130.
[0024] The armature 132 in the illustrated embodiment is positioned
within a fluid containing region of the housing that is defined by
the piston bore 108, the hub recess 110 and the pole recess 114.
The exemplary armature 132 consists of a pole 144 formed from a
magnetic material (e.g. magnetic steel), which is located within
the pole recess 114 such that it will be magnetically attracted to
the electromagnet 130 when the electromagnet is actuated, and a
cylindrically-shaped piston 146 that extends from the pole and
through the piston bore 108 to the main check valve 107. A hub 148
is located within the hub recess 110 and is used to secure the pole
144 to the piston 146. The piston 146 may, for example, be press
fit or otherwise fitted into the hub 148 without the use of welding
or adhesives.
[0025] A main spring 150 biases the armature 132 to the "rest"
position illustrated in FIG. 1. The main spring 150 is compressed
between a spring retainer 152 on the hub 148 and a spring retainer
plate 154. The spring retainer plate 154, which is held in place by
the housing 102 and the weld ring 112, includes an inlet opening
156 that allows fluid to pass from the fluid passage 124 to the
pole recess 114 and an outlet opening 158 that allows fluid to pass
from the pole recess to the fluid passage 126.
[0026] It should be noted here that there are other ways to secure
an armature piston to an armature pole and the present inventions
are not limited to any particular method or instrumentalities. By
way of example, but not limitation, the exemplary armature 132a
illustrated in FIG. 5A includes a pole 144a, with a cylindrical
portion 145 and a retainer wall 147, and a piston 146a, with an
annular groove 149. The spring retainer 152a is carried on the
retainer wall 147 and is secured thereto with a weld or by a press
fit. During assembly, the piston 146a is moved into the cylindrical
portion 145 of the pole 144a and the retainer wall 147 is swaged or
otherwise deformed and moved into the annular groove 149, thereby
joining the piston to the pole. The armature 132a may be employed
in place of the armature 132 in the fluid transfer device 100
illustrated in FIGS. 1-5 as well as in the fluid transfer devices
100a-100c discussed below in the context of FIGS. 6-8.
[0027] Turning to FIG. 2, the main check valve 107 includes a
housing 160, which may be positioned within the valve recess 118
and secured to the housing 102, and a valve element (or "plunger")
162 that is movable relative to the housing 160 within a fluid
lumen 164. The valve element 162 includes a head 166 that abuts an
elastomeric valve seat 168 when the main check valve 107 is in the
closed state illustrated in FIG. 2. The shaft portion of the valve
element 162 passes through an opening 169 in the valve seat 168.
The valve element 162 is biased to the closed position by a spring
170. One end of the spring 170 abuts the housing 160 and the other
end abuts a spring retainer 172 that is secured to the valve
element 162.
[0028] The exemplary bypass valve 106 includes a valve element 174
with an integral sealing ring 176. The sealing ring 176, which has
a semi-circular cross-sectional shape, engages the wall 178 that
defines the end of the valve recess 116 and surrounds the orifice
120 when in the closed position illustrated in FIG. 2. Suitable
materials for the valve element 174 include elastomers such as, for
example, silicone rubber, latex rubber, urethane, butyl rubber, and
isoprene. The valve element 174 is biased to the closed position by
a spring 180. One end of the spring 180 abuts the valve element
174, while the other end abuts a plug 182 that may be secured to
housing 102 to maintain the bypass valve 106 within the valve
recess 116. The plug 182 also forms a fluid tight seal which
prevents fluid from escaping from the housing 102 by way of the
valve recess 116.
[0029] Otherwise identical valve elements without the sealing ring
may also be employed in a bypass valve. Such a valve element may,
for example, engage a flat wall (e.g. flat wall 178).
Alternatively, and as illustrated for example in FIG. 6, the
housing 102a in fluid transfer device 100a (which is otherwise
identical to fluid transfer device 100) includes a valve recess
116a with a sealing ring 176a in the wall 178a. The bypass valve
106a includes a valve element 174 with a flat surface that engages
the sealing ring 176a. The bypass valve 106a, and corresponding
valve recess 116a, may also be employed in fluid transfer devices
100b and 100c discussed below in the context of FIGS. 7 and 8.
[0030] It should also be noted here that the valve element
materials listed above can become sticky when dry, which occurs
when the pump 104 is not operated for a period of time, or when the
pump 104 is new. Thus, it can be difficult to prime a conventional
bypass valve (i.e. a valve without a sealing ring 176 or 176a),
which can result in pumping cycles, as well as the battery energy
associated therewith, being wasted on priming. The priming also
causes delays in infusible substance delivery. The sealing rings
176 and 176a in the exemplary bypass valves 106 and 106a create a
seal that has a relatively small contact area, as compared to a
flat sealing ring and flat wall arrangement, which advantageously
reduces the likelihood that valve elements 174 and 174a will stick
to the valve recess walls and also increases sealing pressure of
the bypass valves. The likelihood of priming problems is further
reduced by the natural spring rebound of the bypass valve elements
174 and 174a, which are deformed due to the presence of the sealing
rings 176 and 176a when the valves are closed.
[0031] Fluid may be supplied to the exemplary fluid transfer device
100 illustrated in FIG. 1 by way of an inlet tube 184 or other
fluid passageway. To that end, and referring to FIG. 2, the main
check valve housing 160 includes a recess 186, with a shoulder 188,
that receives the inlet tube 184. A filter (not shown) may be
positioned within the recess 186 between the inlet tube 184 and the
shoulder 188. Fluid exits the fluid transfer device 100 by way of
an outlet tube 190, or other fluid passageway, that is received
within the outlet recess 128 in the housing 102.
[0032] The exemplary fluid transfer device 100 operates as follows.
Referring first to FIGS. 1 and 2, the fluid transfer device 100 is
shown here in the "rest" state. The armature 132 is in the rest
position, the electromagnet 130 is not energized, and the bypass
valve 106 and main check valve 107 are both closed. Under normal
operating conditions, there will be no flow through the fluid
transfer device 100 when the fluid transfer device is in the rest
state and the valves 106 and 107 are closed. Although sufficient
pressure at the inlet tube 184 could result in the flow through the
fluid transfer device 100 while the fluid transfer device is in the
rest state illustrated in FIG. 2, the likelihood that this could
occur is greatly reduced by maintaining the fluid source at a
relatively low pressure.
[0033] The exemplary fluid transfer device 100 is actuated by
connecting the coil 138 in the electromagnet 130 to an energy
source (e.g. one or more capacitors that are being fired). The
resulting magnetic field is directed through the core 136 and into,
as well as through, the armature pole 144. The armature pole 144 is
attracted to the core 136 by the magnetic field. The intensity of
the magnetic field grows as current continues to flow through the
coil 138. When the intensity reaches a level sufficient to overcome
the biasing force of the main spring 150, the armature 132 will be
pulled rapidly in the direction of arrow A (FIG. 2) until the
armature pole 144 reaches the barrier 142. The armature piston 146
and hub 148 will move with armature pole 144 and compress the main
spring 140. This is also the time at which fluid exits the fluid
transfer device 100 by way of the passage 126 and the outlet tube
190.
[0034] Movement of the armature piston 146 from the position
illustrated in FIG. 2 to the position illustrated in FIG. 3 results
in a decrease in pressure in the pump chamber 191, i.e. the volume
within the piston bore 108 between the armature piston 146 and the
valve seat 168. The coil will continue to be energized for a brief
time (e.g. a few milliseconds) in order to hold the armature piston
146 in the location illustrated in FIG. 3. The reduction in
pressure within the pump chamber 191 will open the main check valve
107 by overcoming the biasing force of the spring 170 and move
valve element 162 to the position illustrated in FIG. 4. As a
result, the valve head 166 will move away from the valve seat 168
and fluid will flow into the pump chamber 191. The main check valve
107 will close, due to the force exerted by spring 170 on valve
element 162, once the pressure within pump chamber 191 is equal to
pressure at the inlet tube 184. However, because the coil 138
continues to be energized, the armature 132 will remain in the
position illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 as fluid flows into the pump
chamber 191 and the main check valve 107 closes.
[0035] Immediately after the main check valve 107 closes, the coil
138 will be disconnected from the energy source and the magnetic
field established by the electromagnet 130 will decay until it can
no longer overcome the force exerted on the armature 132 by the
main spring 150. The armature 132 will then move back to the
position illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 5. The associated increase in
pressure within the pump chamber 191 is sufficient to open the
bypass valve 106 by overcoming the biasing force of the spring 180
and moving the valve element 174 to the position illustrated in
FIG. 5. The increase in pressure within the pump chamber 191,
coupled with movement of the valve element away from the wall 178,
results in the fluid flowing through the orifice 120 to the fluid
chamber 122. The flow of fluid will cause the pressure in the
orifice 120 and the fluid chamber 122 to equalize. At this point,
the bypass valve 106 will close, due to the force exerted by spring
180 on the valve element 174, thereby returning the exemplary fluid
transfer device 110 to the rest state illustrated in FIG. 2.
[0036] Additional information concerning the structure and
operation of electromagnet pump-based fluid transfer devices may be
found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,227,818 and 6,264,439 and in U.S.
application Ser. No. 11/437,571, filed May 19, 2006, which are
hereby incorporated by reference.
[0037] With respect to materials, the housing piston bore and the
armature piston in the exemplary implantations described above in
the context of FIGS. 1-6 and below in the context of FIGS. 7 and 8
are formed from the same or different materials, the properties of
which reduce the rate of wear when the surfaces of the piston bore
and piston (the "contacting surfaces") are rubbed against one
another over many pumping cycles, i.e. at least 1 million pumping
cycles of a properly sized and assembled piston and bore. For
example, a pump operating at a rate of 2000 strokes per day will
not wear the present contacting surfaces to any significant degree
over a duration of several years or more.
[0038] Suitable materials that may be used to form the piston bore
and the piston, or at least the surfaces thereof, in the exemplary
implementations described above in the context of FIGS. 1-6 and
below in the context of FIGS. 7 and 8 include relatively soft
materials such as titanium (e.g. ASTM titanium grade 5) and
relatively hard non-metal materials such as hard ceramics (e.g.
zirconia and alumina), hard crystalline materials (e.g. hard gems
such as diamond, sapphire and ruby), a titanium base with a hard
crystalline material surface coating (e.g. sapphire, diamond-like
carbon, and titanium nitride surface coatings), glass, titanium
treated by impregnating with nitrogen ions, vitreous carbon, hard
graphite (which has lubricious properties). Such materials may be
used in any and all combinations, including combinations that
result in the same material used to form the piston bore and the
piston, or at least the surfaces thereof, with the exception of the
titanium bore and titanium piston combination. To that end, it
should be emphasized that titanium nitride and titanium treated by
impregnating with nitrogen ions are not "titanium" as this term is
used in the present application.
[0039] In the exemplary implementations described above in the
context of FIGS. 1-6 and below in the context of FIGS. 7 and 8, the
combinations of the material enumerated above may result in a bore
surface that is relatively hard and a piston surface that is
relatively soft; a bore surface that is relatively soft and a
piston surface that is relatively hard; or a bore surface that is
relatively hard and a piston surface that is relatively hard. By
way of example, but not limitation, suitable combinations include a
sapphire bore surface and a sapphire piston surface; a ruby bore
surface and a sapphire piston surface; a titanium bore surface and
a sapphire piston surface; a hard graphite or vitreous carbon bore
surface and a glass, ceramic, crystalline material, titanium or
vitreous carbon piston surface; and a glass, ceramic, crystalline
material, titanium or vitreous carbon bore surface and a hard
graphite or vitreous carbon piston surface.
[0040] Referring again to FIG. 1, the exemplary housing 102 is
formed from titanium and the surface of the piston bore 108 is a
titanium surface. Accordingly, the armature piston 146 may be
formed from a hard non-metal material such as a hard ceramic (e.g.
zirconia and alumina), a hard crystalline material (e.g. hard gems
such as diamond, sapphire and ruby), a titanium base with a hard
crystalline material surface coating (e.g. sapphire, diamond-like
carbon, and titanium nitride surface coatings), glass, titanium
treated by impregnating with nitrogen ions, vitreous carbon, or
hard graphite.
[0041] Turning to FIG. 7, the exemplary fluid transfer device
generally represented by reference numeral 100b is substantially
similar to fluid transfer device 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 and
similar elements are represented by similar reference numerals.
Here, however, the housing 102b includes a sleeve 192 and a sleeve
bore 193 that is configured to receive the sleeve such that the two
may be press fit or otherwise secured to one another. The inner
surface of the sleeve defines a piston bore 108b in which the
armature piston 146 is located. The exemplary sleeve 192 also
includes a lumen 194, which is aligned with the housing orifice
120, and a sloping abutment surface 195, which engages a
correspondingly sloped housing abutment 196 at the end of the
sleeve bore 193. The diameter of the sleeve bore 193 is greater
than that of the armature piston 146 in order to provide space for
the sleeve 192 and, although the present inventions are not so
limited, is the same as that of the valve recess 118 in the
exemplary implementation.
[0042] With respect to materials, the armature piston 146 and the
sleeve 192 (which defines the piston bore 108b), or at least the
contacting surfaces thereof, may be respectively formed from any
and all combinations of titanium and hard non-metal materials such
as hard ceramics (e.g. zirconia and alumina), hard crystalline
materials (e.g. hard gems such as diamond, sapphire and ruby), a
titanium base with a hard crystalline material surface coating
(e.g. sapphire, diamond-like carbon, and titanium nitride surface
coatings), glass, titanium treated by impregnating with nitrogen
ions, vitreous carbon, and hard graphite, with the exception of the
titanium bore and titanium piston combination. Such combinations
include combinations that result in the same material being used to
form the armature piston 146 and the sleeve 192, or at least the
contacting surfaces thereof, or at least the surfaces thereof, with
the exception of the titanium bore and titanium piston
combination.
[0043] Another exemplary fluid transfer device is generally
represented by reference numeral 100c in FIG. 8. Fluid transfer
device 100c is substantially similar to fluid transfer device 100
(FIG. 1) and similar elements are represented by similar reference
numerals. Here, however, the housing 102c includes a sleeve 192c
and a sleeve bore 193c that is configured to receive the sleeve
such that the two may be press fit or otherwise secured to one
another. The inner surface of the sleeve 192c defines a piston bore
108c in which the armature piston 146 is located. The exemplary
sleeve 192c also includes an abutment surface 195c which engages an
abutment 196c at the end of the sleeve bore 193c. The diameter of
the sleeve bore 193c is greater than that of the armature piston
146 in order to provide space for the sleeve 192c and, although the
present inventions are not so limited, is the same as that of the
valve recess 118 in the exemplary implementation.
[0044] With respect to materials, the armature piston 146 and the
sleeve 192c (which defines the piston bore 108c), or at least the
contacting surfaces thereof, may be respectively formed from any
and all combinations of titanium and hard non-metal materials such
as hard ceramics (e.g. zirconia and alumina), hard crystalline
materials (e.g. hard gems such as diamond, sapphire and ruby), a
titanium base with a hard crystalline material surface coating
(e.g. sapphire, diamond-like carbon, and titanium nitride surface
coatings), glass, titanium treated by impregnating with nitrogen
ions, vitreous carbon, and hard graphite, with the exception of the
titanium bore and titanium piston combination. Such combinations
include combinations that result in the same material being used to
form the armature piston 146 and the sleeve 192c, or at least the
contacting surfaces thereof, or at least the surfaces thereof, with
the exception of the titanium bore and titanium piston
combination.
[0045] The fluid transfer devices 100-100c described above may be
included in a variety of ambulatory infusion devices. One example
of such an ambulatory infusion device is the implantable infusion
device generally represented by reference numeral 200 in FIGS.
9-12. As used herein, an "implantable infusion device" is a device
that includes a reservoir and an outlet, and is sized, shaped and
otherwise constructed (e.g. sealed) such that both the reservoir
and outlet can be simultaneously carried within the patient's body.
The exemplary infusion device 200 includes a housing 202 (e.g. a
titanium housing) with a bottom portion 204, an internal wall 206,
and a cover 208. An infusible substance (e.g. medication) may be
stored in a reservoir 210 that is located within the housing bottom
portion 204. The reservoir 210 may be replenished by way of a
refill port 212 that extends from the reservoir, through the
internal wall 206, to the cover 208. A hypodermic needle (not
shown), which is configured to be pushed through the refill port
212, may be used to replenish the reservoir 210.
[0046] A wide variety of reservoirs may be employed. In the
illustrated embodiment, the reservoir 210 is in the form of a
titanium bellows that is positioned within a sealed volume defined
by the housing bottom portion 204 and internal wall 206. The
remainder of the sealed volume is occupied by propellant P, which
may be used to exert negative pressure on the reservoir 210. Other
reservoirs that may be employed in the present infusion devices
include reservoirs in which propellant exerts a positive pressure.
Still other exemplary reservoirs include negative pressure
reservoirs that employ a movable wall that is exposed to ambient
pressure and is configured to exert a force that produces an
interior pressure which is always negative with respect to the
ambient pressure.
[0047] The implantable ambulatory infusion device 200 illustrated
in FIGS. 9-12 also includes a fluid transfer device. Although the
fluid transfer device 100 is employed in the illustrated
embodiment, any of the other fluid transfer device describe above
(e.g. fluid transfer devices 100a-100c) may be employed in its
place. The inlet of the fluid transfer device 100 is coupled to the
interior of the reservoir 210 by a passageway 216, while the outlet
of the fluid transfer device is coupled to an outlet port 218 by a
passageway 220. Operation of the fluid transfer device 100 causes
infusible substance to move from the reservoir 210 to the outlet
port 218. A catheter 222 may be connected to the outlet port 218 so
that the infusible substance passing through the outlet port will
be delivered to a target body region in spaced relation to the
infusion device 200 by way of the outlet 224 at the end of the
catheter.
[0048] In the exemplary context of implantable drug delivery
devices, and although the volume/stroke magnitude may be increased
in certain situations, the fluid transfer devices will typically
deliver about 1 microliter/stroke, but may be more or less
depending on the particular fluid transfer device employed.
Additionally, although the exemplary fluid transfer devices
100-100c are provided with internal valves (e.g. a main check valve
and a bypass valve), valves may also be provided as separate
structural elements that are positioned upstream of and/or
downstream from the associated fluid transfer devices.
[0049] Energy for the fluid transfer device 100, as well for other
aspects of the exemplary infusion device 200, is provided by the
battery 226 illustrated in FIG. 10 or another suitable energy
source. In the specific case of the fluid transfer device 100, the
battery 226 is used to charge one or more capacitors 228, and is
not directly connected to the fluid transfer device itself. The
capacitor(s) 228 are connected to an electromagnet coil in the
fluid transfer device 100, and disconnected from the battery 226,
when the electromagnet coil is being energized, and are
disconnected from the electromagnet coil and connected to the
battery when the capacitor(s) are being recharged and/or when the
fluid transfer device is at rest. The capacitor(s) 228 are carried
on a board 230. A communication device 232, which is connected to
an antenna 234, is carried on the same side of the board 230 as the
capacitor(s) 228. The exemplary communication device 232 is an RF
communication device. Other suitable communication devices include,
but are not limited to, oscillating magnetic field communication
devices, static magnetic field communication devices, optical
communication devices, ultrasound communication devices and direct
electrical communication devices.
[0050] A controller 236 (FIG. 12), such as a microprocessor,
microcontroller or other control circuitry, is carried on the other
side of the board 230. The controller controls the operations of
the infusion device 200 in accordance with instructions stored in
memory 238 and/or provided by an external device (e.g. the remote
control 200 described below) by way of the communication device
232. For example, the controller 236 may be used to control the
fluid transfer device 100 to supply fluid to the patient in
accordance with, for example, a stored basal delivery schedule or a
bolus delivery request. The controller 236 may also be used to
monitor sensed pressure in the manner described below.
[0051] Referring to FIGS. 9, 10 and 12, the exemplary infusion
device 200 is also provided with a side port 240 that is connected
to the passageway 220 between the outlet of the fluid transfer
device 100 and the outlet port 218. The side port 240 facilitates
access to an implanted catheter 222, typically by way of a
hypodermic needle. For example, the side port 240 allows clinicians
to push fluid into the catheter 222 and/or draw fluid from the
catheter for purposes such as checking catheter patency, sampling
CSF, injecting contrast dye into the patient and/or catheter,
removing medication from the catheter prior to dye injection,
injecting additional medication into the region at the catheter
outlet 224, and/or removing pharmaceuticals or other fluids that
are causing an allergic or otherwise undesirable biologic
reaction.
[0052] The outlet port 218, a portion of the passageway 220, the
antenna 234 and the side port 240 are carried by a header assembly
242. The header assembly 242 is a molded, plastic structure that is
secured to the housing 202. The housing 202 includes a small
aperture through which portions of the passageway 220 are connected
to one another, and a small aperture through which the antenna 234
is connected to the board 230.
[0053] The exemplary infusion device 200 illustrated in FIGS. 9-12
also includes a pressure sensor 244 that is connected to the
passageway 220 between the outlet of the fluid transfer device 100
and the outlet port 218. As such, the pressure sensor 244 senses
the pressure at the outlet port 218 which, in the illustrated
embodiment, is also the pressure within the catheter 222. The
pressure sensor 244 is connected to the controller 236 and may be
used to analyze a variety of aspects of the operation of the
exemplary implantable infusion device 200. For example, pressure
measurements may be used to determine whether or not the fluid
transfer device 100 is functioning properly and whether or not
there is a complete or partial blockage in the catheter 222 and, in
response to a improper fluid transfer device functioning or a
catheter blockage, actuate an audible alarm 248.
[0054] Although the inventions disclosed herein have been described
in terms of the preferred embodiments above, numerous modifications
and/or additions to the above-described preferred embodiments would
be readily apparent to one skilled in the art. By way of example,
but not limitation, the present inventions have application in
infusion devices that include multiple reservoirs and/or outlets.
It is intended that the scope of the present inventions extend to
all such modifications and/or additions and that the scope of the
present inventions is limited solely by the claims set forth
below.
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