U.S. patent application number 12/214681 was filed with the patent office on 2008-12-25 for use of abscisic acid seed treatment to enhance corn emergence after early planting.
Invention is credited to Nicole Higgs, Peter D. Petracek, Franklin Paul Silverman, Prem Warrior, Dale O. Wilson, JR..
Application Number | 20080318783 12/214681 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40137101 |
Filed Date | 2008-12-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080318783 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Wilson, JR.; Dale O. ; et
al. |
December 25, 2008 |
Use of abscisic acid seed treatment to enhance corn emergence after
early planting
Abstract
This invention describes the use of S-(+)-abscisic acid (ABA) or
ABA analogs or ABA derivatives alone or with guanylate cyclase
activators as seed treatments to improve the survival of corn seeds
and seedlings when low temperature occurs after planting.
Inventors: |
Wilson, JR.; Dale O.; (Round
Lake Beach, IL) ; Higgs; Nicole; (Racine, WI)
; Silverman; Franklin Paul; (Highland Park, IL) ;
Petracek; Peter D.; (Grayslake, IL) ; Warrior;
Prem; (Green Oaks, IL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
WOOD, PHILLIPS, KATZ, CLARK & MORTIMER
500 W. MADISON STREET, SUITE 3800
CHICAGO
IL
60661
US
|
Family ID: |
40137101 |
Appl. No.: |
12/214681 |
Filed: |
June 20, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60936500 |
Jun 20, 2007 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
504/136 ;
504/307 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 37/42 20130101;
A01N 37/42 20130101; A01N 43/56 20130101; A01N 43/90 20130101; A01N
61/00 20130101; A01N 37/42 20130101; A01N 2300/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
504/136 ;
504/307 |
International
Class: |
A01N 43/54 20060101
A01N043/54; A01N 37/10 20060101 A01N037/10; A01P 21/00 20060101
A01P021/00 |
Claims
1. A method of improving cold tolerance a final stand or the yield
of a plant comprising applying an effective amount of
S-(+)-abscisic acid or a derivative or analog thereof to a seed of
said plant.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said plant is corn.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said effective amount is from
about 0.5 grams to about 2000 grams per 100 pounds of said
seed.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said effective amount is from
about 10 ppm to about 10,000 ppm.
5. A composition for enhancing plant growth comprising abscisic
acid or abscisic acid derivative or analog and a compound that
activates guanylate cyclase.
6. A composition as in claim 5 where the compound that activates
guanylate cyclase is
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole.
7. A composition as in claim 5 where the compound that activates
guanylate cyclase is
5-(cyclopropyl-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-yl]pyri-
midin-4-ylamine.
8. A method of enhancing the growth of plants or improving cold
tolerance of plants by applying an effective amount of the
composition of claim 7 to seeds or the root zone of seedlings or
plants.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the plant is corn.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention is directed to improving the emergence
of corn (Zea mays) seed after planting under early, cold seedbed
conditions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] S-(+)-abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that is found
in all photosynthetic organisms (Cutler and Krochko, 1999;
Finkelstein and Rock, 2002). ABA is involved in many major events
of plant growth and development including dormancy, germination,
bud break, flowering, fruit set, general growth and development,
stress tolerance, ripening and abscission. Soluble guanylate
cyclase (sGC) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of
guanosine triphosphate to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (Coggins,
M. P., and K. D. Bloch. 2007. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
27:1877-1885).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention involves treatment of corn seeds with
ABA, ABA analogs or ABA derivatives, alone or with sGC activators
for the purpose of increasing the resistance of germinating seed
and seedlings to cold conditions (0-8.degree. C.) during the first
few weeks after planting.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0004] This invention is directed to the treatment of dry seed with
S-(+)-abscisic acid (ABA; S-ABA; CAS no. 21293-29-8), analogs of
ABA or derivatives of ABA alone or in combination with
sGC-activators. Such treatment produces cold tolerance of the
seedlings and the germinating seed.
[0005] For the purposes of this application, abscisic acid analogs
are defined by Structures 1, 2, and 3, wherein for Structure 1:
[0006] the bond at the 2-position of the side chain is a cis- or
trans-double bond,
[0007] the bond at the 4-position of the side chain is a
trans-double bond or a triple bond,
[0008] the stereochemistry of the alcoholic hydroxyl group is S--,
R-- or an R,S-- mixture, the stereochemistry of the R.sub.1 group
is in a cis-relationship to the alcoholic hydroxyl group,
R.sub.1 is ethynyl, ethenyl, cyclopropyl or trifluoromethyl, and
R.sub.2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
##STR00001##
wherein lower alkyl is defined as containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in
a straight or branched chain, which may comprise one ring or
contain at least one double bond when 3 or more carbon atoms are
present.
[0009] A presently preferred compound of structure 1 is PBI-429
where R.sub.1 is ethynyl, and R.sub.2 is a methyl group.
For Structure 2:
[0010] the bond at the 4-position of the side chain is a triple
bond,
[0011] the bond at the 2-position of the side chain is a
trans-double bond or a cis-double bond,
[0012] the stereochemistry of the alcoholic hydroxyl group is S--,
R-- or an R,S-- mixture, and R.sub.1 is hydrogen or lower
alkyl;
##STR00002##
wherein lower alkyl is defined as containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in
a straight or branched chain, which may comprise one ring or
contain at least one double bond when 3 or more carbon atoms are
present.
[0013] A presently preferred compound of structure 2 is PBI-702
where R.sub.1 is a methyl group.
For Structure 3:
[0014] the bond at the 2-position of the side chain is a cis- or
trans-double bond,
[0015] the bond at the 4-position of the side chain is a
trans-double bond or a triple bond,
[0016] the stereochemistry of the alcoholic hydroxyl group is S--,
R-- or an R,S-- mixture, and R.sub.1 is hydrogen or lower
alkyl;
##STR00003##
wherein lower alkyl is defined as containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in
a straight or branched chain, which may comprise one ring or
contain at least one double bond when 3 or more carbon atoms are
present.
[0017] A presently preferred compound of structure 3 is PBI-488
where R.sub.1 is a methyl group.
[0018] Activators of soluble guanylate cyclase include, but are not
limited to YC-1 (3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole)
and BAY 41-2272
(5-cyclopropyl-2-[1-(2-fluoro-benzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine--
3-yl]pyrimidin-4-ylamine).
[0019] Depending on the species and the amount of delay needed, the
amount of ABA applied to seeds can vary within wide ranges and is
generally in the range of about 0.5 grams to 2000 grams, preferably
from 5 grams to 200 grams, per 100 pounds of seed. Applications
made to seedlings may range from 10 to 10,000 ppm, preferably from
100 to 1000 ppm, depending on the application volume and amount of
flowering delay needed.
[0020] When sGC-activators are used in combination with ABA, its
derivatives or its analogs, they are generally present in an amount
ranging from 0.1 to 50 ug/seed, preferably 1 to 20 ug/seed.
[0021] The ratio of ABA to the sGC-activator is from 20:1 to
2:1.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Effect of Dip Treatments with ABA and an Aba Analog on Cold Damage
in 2-Day Old Corn Seedlings
Method
[0022] Corn ("Hughes High" variety) was germinated in the dark in
moist rolled towels at 25.degree. C. for 2 days. Seedlings were
selected that were undamaged, with a radicle of 1-2 cm and a
coleoptile of 0.5 to 1 cm in length. Solutions in water with 5%
ethanol were made with different concentrations of ABA and PBI-429.
The seedlings were dipped in the solutions with gentle agitation
for approximately 30 seconds and drained. The seedlings were placed
on moist towels, gently rolled and held at 18.degree. C. for 16
hours. Then the rolled towels were packed in ice for four days.
After the chilling period, the rolled towels were blotted to remove
excess water and transferred to a 25.degree. C. chamber. Seedling
damage was scored 3 days later. Lethal injury of the shoot
consisted of either destruction of the mesocotyl or splitting or
reduction of the coleoptile judged sufficient to prevent emergence
of seedlings in the field (although this trial was conducted in
towels). Seedlings with destroyed roots had no living primary or
seminal roots. Seedlings with adventitious root growth from the
mesocotyl were counted.
Results
TABLE-US-00001 [0023] TABLE 1 Responses of 2-day corn seedlings to
brief dips with ABA solutions followed by exposure to 0.degree. C.
for 4 days. ABA Lethal Destroyed Adventitious root dose (ppm) shoot
(%) roots (%) growth (%) 0 76 90 0 10 62 86 7 100 47 84 20 1000 11
48 89
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Responses of 2-day corn seedlings to brief
dips with solutions of an ABA analog (PBI-429) solutions followed
by exposure to 0.degree. C. for 4 days. PBI-429 Lethal Destroyed
Adventitious root dose (ppm) shoot (%) roots (%) growth (%) 0 76 90
0 1 78 80 14 10 52 87 11 100 24 64 69
These results show that ABA or ABA analogs applied to the seedling
prior to cold stress, can provide protection from injury, and
stimulate adventitious root growth (Tables 1 and 2).
Example 2
Effect of Seed Treatment with ABA on Cold Damage During
Germination
BACKGROUND
[0024] Commercial seed treatment is performed by spraying a small
volume of an aqueous slurry onto the seeds just prior to bagging.
New ingredients must be compatible with this system. The slurry
usually includes a fungicide, a film forming agent and a colorant.
The process is simulated in the laboratory by preparing small
samples of slurry, and spraying them onto the seed in a
laboratory-scale seed-coating machine. The purpose of this
experiment was to evaluate the feasibility of commercial seed
treatment with ABA, and to determine what effect such treatment
might have on resistance to severe chilling stress during the
germination period.
Method
[0025] ABA was applied to corn seed at 0, 1, 5, 25 and 125 g/cwt
(seed weight basis). The ABA was first converted to the sodium salt
to render it soluble before making up the experimental seed
treatment slurries. The treatments were made up in 3 ml samples of
an aqueous slurry. All of the seed treatment slurry samples
contained CF-Clear film-forming agent and Colorcoat Red (Becker
Underwood), each at loz/cwt, and 0.167 oz/cwt Maxim XL fungicide
(Syngenta). The slurry application volume was 20 oz/cwt (cwt=100
lbs of seed). One hundred gram samples of "Hughes High" hybrid corn
seed were treated with the experimental slurries using a Hege 11
seed treater with a six-inch bowl.
[0026] Three replications of 50 seeds each were planted were
planted in moist towels and germinated in the dark at 25.degree. C.
for 48 hours. The rolled towels were then packed in ice for 4 days.
After the cold period the towels were blotted and germination
continued until the seedlings were large enough so that each
seedling could be scored. In the case of the 125 g rate, this took
2 weeks. Seedling organs were scored independently for damage to
the primary root, seminal roots, mesocotyl, coleoptile and the
scutellar node. A seedling was judged to exhibit lethal shoot
injury if the axis was severed above the scutellar node, or the
coleoptile was sufficiently distorted so as to render the seedling
unable to penetrate soil. A seedling was judged to exhibit lethal
root injury if no non-necrotic root tissue was observed at or below
the scutellar node, or if the scutellar node had been destroyed. A
seedling was rated as "Strong" if it was anatomically complete and
exhibited no lesions.
Results
TABLE-US-00003 [0027] TABLE 3 Seedlings with lethal root or shoot
injury from severe chilling during germination, after treatment of
the dry seed with different doses of ABA. Seedlings with Seedlings
with ABA dose Strong lethal shoot lethal root (g/cwt) seedlings (%)
injury (%) injury (%) 0 7.5 45.9 54.8 1 18.0 19.3 23.3 5 88.7 8.0
0.7 25 95.3 15.5 0.0 125 81.3 11.4 0.7
These results demonstrate that ABA can be delivered to the
germinating seed by treating the dry seed with ABA (Table 3).
Further, these results show that ABA treatment is compatible with
standard commercial practice.
Example 3
Effect of Seed Treatment with Aba on Survival of Corn Seedlings in
Soil Tests Subjected to Cold
Method
[0028] Corn seed (Hughes 1883) was treated with ABA ammonium salt
as described under Example 2. ABA rates of 0, 5, 10 and 25 g/cwt
were applied.
[0029] The seed was planted in plastic boxes containing lkg of
typical agricultural silt loam. Fifty seeds were planted 3 cm deep
in each plastic box, and the soil in the box was adjusted to 23%
soil moisture (wet-weight basis). Two replications of the
experiment were performed. Two kinds of cold tolerance assays were
conducted, "standard delayed chilling" and "chilling at spiking."
The boxes for the standard delayed chilling were held at for 2 days
and transferred to 1.degree. C. for four days. Boxes for the
"chilling at spiking" treatment were allowed to germinate at
25.degree. C. until the coleoptiles were first observed emerging
from the soil. This common point of development varied from 3 to 6
days depending upon the dose of ABA. Then these boxes too were
transferred to the 1.degree. C. chamber for four days.
[0030] After the cold treatment the boxes were moved to the
25.degree. C. chamber for one week. The soil was washed from the
seedlings and each seedling scored for damage as described under
Example 2. "Viable seedlings" were seedlings capable of surviving
under typical field conditions. Such seedlings exhibited an intact
root-shoot axis, coleoptile without major splits or distortion and
some living root tissue. "Strong seedlings" were anatomically
complete and exhibited no lesions.
Results
TABLE-US-00004 [0031] TABLE 4 Soil test results from seeds treated
with ABA and subjected to severe chilling after 2 days germination.
ABA dose (g/cwt) Strong seedlings (%) Viable seedlings (%) 0 0 2 5
53 99.5 10 96 99.5 25 100 100
These results show that ABA can be delivered as a seed treatment to
produce protection of germinating seeds and young seedlings in
field soil (Table 4).
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Soil test results from seeds treated with
ABA and subjected to severe chilling applied just at the point of
initial emergence (spiking assay). ABA dose (g/cwt) Strong
seedlings (%) Viable seedlings (%) 0 0 0 5 0 5 10 18 62 25 10
23
These results demonstrate that protection of seedlings from cold
damage produced by seed treatment with ABA, results not only from
delay of germination, but from induction of cold tolerance in the
tissue (Table 5).
Example 4
Effect of Seed Treatment with ABA and Stimulators of Guanylate
Cyclase on Cold damage during germination
Method
[0032] Corn seed (Hughes 5813) was treated with sodium ABA salt as
described under Example 3. ABA rates of 0 and 20 ug/seed were
applied either alone or with compounds that are selective and
potent activators of soluble guanylate cyclase in animal and plant
cells. These agent are YC-1
(3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole) and BAY 41-2272
(5-cyclopropyl-2-[1-(2-fluoro-benzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-yl]pyr-
imidin-4-ylamine).
Results
TABLE-US-00006 [0033] TABLE 6 Percent strong or viable seedlings
following cold damage during germination, after treatment of the
dry seed with different doses of YC-1 and ABA. Percent Strong
Seedlings Percent Viable Seedlings YC-1 Dose ABA Dose (.mu.g/seed)
ABA Dose (.mu.g/seed) (.mu.g/seed) 0 20 0 20 0 0 67 49 100 1 0 75
44 99 10 4 96 46 99
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Percent strong or viable seedlings following
cold damage during germination, after treatment of the dry seed
with different doses of Bay 41-2272 and ABA. Percent Strong
Seedlings Percent Viable Seedlings Bay 41-2272 ABA Dose
(.mu.g/seed) ABA Dose (.mu.g/seed) Dose (.mu.g/seed) 0 20 0 20 0 0
67 49 100 1 1 85 65 97 10 0 93 64 100
These results in Tables 6 and 7 demonstrate that sGC activators
alone have little effect on cold damage, but sGC activators
combined with ABA can protect seedlings from damage by cold more
than ABA alone. These results suggest that ABA activity for
protection from cold damage could be enhanced by increased
production or maintenance of cyclic nucleotides in plant cells,
using agents such as BAY 41-2272.
* * * * *