U.S. patent application number 11/662751 was filed with the patent office on 2008-12-18 for composition and methods for improved lubrication, pour point, and fuel performance.
This patent application is currently assigned to C.M. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND RESEARCH, INC.. Invention is credited to Clyde Ritter.
Application Number | 20080312114 11/662751 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36060723 |
Filed Date | 2008-12-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080312114 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Ritter; Clyde |
December 18, 2008 |
Composition and Methods for Improved Lubrication, Pour Point, and
Fuel Performance
Abstract
An additive includes polyalphaolefin (PAO), a calcium source,
and one or more oils from, or components derived from, beans,
seeds, or roots, such as castor oil, jojoba oil, rape (canola) seed
oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, etc. The preferred
composition of matter comprises a calcium source, PAO, castor oil,
jojoba oil, and a soy methyl ester and/or rape seed methyl or ethyl
ester. The additive may be used in fuels that improve combustion
engine performance in terms of efficiency and emissions. The
additive may be used in lubricants that improve performance of both
ferrous and non-ferrous metal components of engines, guns, or other
machinery. The additive also may be used in cutting fluids for
machining and fabrication. Used in conjunction with other
additives, embodiments of the invention may be used, to lower pour
points in oils, esters and other similar products.
Inventors: |
Ritter; Clyde; (Bozeman,
MT) |
Correspondence
Address: |
PEDERSEN & COMPANY, PLLC
P.O. BOX 2666
BOISE
ID
83701
US
|
Assignee: |
C.M. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND
RESEARCH, INC.
Callaway
MN
|
Family ID: |
36060723 |
Appl. No.: |
11/662751 |
Filed: |
September 13, 2005 |
PCT Filed: |
September 13, 2005 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US05/33099 |
371 Date: |
April 7, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60610153 |
Sep 13, 2004 |
|
|
|
60636416 |
Dec 14, 2004 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
508/179 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10M 2205/028 20130101;
C10L 10/02 20130101; C10L 1/1802 20130101; C10L 1/19 20130101; C10M
2207/40 20130101; C10M 2207/281 20130101; C10N 2010/04 20130101;
C10L 10/08 20130101; C10L 10/16 20130101; C10N 2030/08 20130101;
C10M 161/00 20130101; C10L 1/143 20130101; C10L 1/2437 20130101;
C10L 10/14 20130101; C10N 2040/22 20130101; C10L 1/1641 20130101;
C10M 2219/044 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
508/179 |
International
Class: |
C10M 125/22 20060101
C10M125/22 |
Claims
1. An additive composition for motor fuels, metal lubricants, or
cutting fluids, the additive comprising: a polyalphaolefin (PAO)
component; a calcium source; and at least one plant oil or mixture
of plant oils; wherein the PAO component is present in 0.1-50 LV %,
the calcium source is present in 10-60 LV %, and said at least one
plant oil or mixture of plant oils is present in 0.1-89.9 LV % of
the additive.
2. An additive according to claim 1, wherein the calcium source is
calcium sulfonate.
3. An additive according to claim 1, wherein the plant oil is
selected from the group consisting of castor oil, jojoba oil, rape
seed (canola) oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and
mixtures thereof.
4. An additive according to claim 1, wherein the plant oil
comprises castor oil.
5. An additive according to claim 1, wherein the plant oil
comprises jojoba oil.
6. An additive according to claim 1, wherein the plant oil
comprises soy methyl ester.
7. An additive according to claim 1, wherein the plant oil
comprises soy ethyl ester.
8. An additive according to claim 1, wherein the plant oil is a
methyl or ethyl ester.
9. A composition for motor fuels, metal lubricants, or cutting
fluids, comprising: an additive comprising: a polyalphaolefin (PAO)
component; a calcium source; and at least one plant oil or mixture
of plant oils; wherein the PAO component is present in 25-35 LV %,
the calcium source is present in 25-35 LV %, and said at least one
plant oil or mixture of plant oils is present in 30-50 LV % of the
additive; and a motor fuel; wherein said additive is blended with
said motor fuel in a proportion of 0.1-5.0 LV % additive and
99.99%-95 LV-% fuel.
10. A composition according to claim 9, wherein said motor fuel is
gasoline.
11. A composition according to claim 9, wherein said motor fuel is
petroleum diesel.
12. A composition according to claim 9, wherein said motor fuel
comprises soy methyl ester or soy ethyl ester biodiesel.
13. A composition according to claim 9, wherein the calcium source
is calcium sulfonate.
14. A composition according to claim 9, wherein the plant oil is
selected from the group consisting of castor oil, jojoba oil, rape
seed (canola) oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and
mixtures thereof.
15. A composition according to claim 9, wherein the plant oil
comprises castor oil.
16. A composition according to claim 9, wherein the plant oil
comprises jojoba oil.
17. A composition according to claim 9, wherein the plant oil
comprises soy methyl ester.
18. An additive according to claim 1, wherein the plant oil
comprises soy ethyl ester.
19. An additive according to claim 1, wherein the plant oil is a
methyl or ethyl ester.
20. A pour point depressant composition for biodiesel fuel, the
composition comprising: a polyalphaolefin (PAO) component; a
calcium source; at least one plant oil or mixture of plant oils;
and a petroleum diesel pour point depressant; wherein the PAO
component is present in 30-40 LV %, the calcium source is present
in 30-45 LV %, said at least one plant oil or mixture of plant oils
is present in 5-35% LV % of the additive; and said pour point
depressant is present in 5-10 LV % of the additive.
Description
[0001] This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 60/610,153, filed Sep. 13, 2004, and U.S.
Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/636,416, filed Dec. 14, 2004,
the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by this
reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention relates to motor fuels or additives for motor
fuels that improve combustion engine performance in terms of
efficiency and emissions. The invention may also relate to
lubricants or additives for lubricants that improve performance of
both ferrous and non-ferrous metal components of engines, guns, or
other machinery. The invention may also relate to cutting fluids or
additives for cutting fluids used in machining and fabricating, as
well as mining and other similar cutting, shearing, and grinding
applications that benefit from ease of cutting and lower
temperatures. The invention may also act as an enhancer of pour
point depressant additives for fuels, oils, esters, grease, pasty
compounds such as cosmetics, as well as other fluids and
semi-solids.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present inventor, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,867 (issued
Apr. 9, 1996), has disclosed compositions of matter for inclusion
in fuels and lubricants that include overbased sulfonates, jojoba
oil, and castor oil. The combination of these three components,
when added to lubes oils for metals, was found to provide superior
lubrication performance. The combination of these three components,
when added to automotive diesel fuel, was found to provide superior
power, lower fuel consumption, and lower smoke emissions. The
combination of these three components, when added to 95 Research
Octane gasoline, allowed a single-engine aircraft engine to perform
without incipient detonation even while "leaning" the fuel by
20-25%.
[0004] Many other patents and products attempt to improve engine
performance and lube oil performance, with varying success. Many
commercial products are available from the major oil companies and
from smaller specialty producers that tout improved engine
performance and life due to removal of deposits, prevention of
deposits, lubrication of engine metal surfaces, removal of water
droplets in fuel, or rust inhibition.
[0005] Even in view of the present inventor's previous invention,
and in view of the many formulations available on the market, the
present inventor still believes that improvement in lube oil and
fuel additives and in methods of using the additives is needed.
Embodiments of the present invention meet these and other
needs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] The present invention comprises a composition of matter that
improves combustion performance and reduces harmful emissions from
combustion engines when added to fuels for said engines, or that
improves lubricant performance when added to lubricants for metals.
The present invention comprises polyalphaolefin (PAO), a calcium
source, and one or more plant oils from (components derived from,
beans, seeds, roots, or other vegetable and plant portions such as
castor oil, jojoba oil, rape seed (canola) oil, palm oil, sunflower
oil, soybean oil, etc.), blended together as an additive for fuels
and lubricants. While various formulations having these components
may be effective, the preferred composition of matter comprises a
calcium source, PAO, castor oil, jojoba oil, and soy methyl (or
ethyl) ester. Alternatively, another preferred composition of
matter comprises a calcium source, PAO, castor oil, and jojoba oil,
with or without soy methyl or ethyl ester, blended together for
addition to preferably a soy-based fuel or soy-containing fuel, for
example, soy methyl (or ethyl) ester "biodiesel." Preferably, the
fuel based on or containing said soy-based esters preferably
contains a pour point depressant, or, most preferably, the additive
is formulated for addition to the pour point depressant that is
then added to a biodiesel.
[0007] A preferred method comprises reducing harmful emissions,
particularly NOx, from vehicles and stationary engines, by adding
the invented composition of matter to stationary and non-stationary
combustion engine fuels, including diesel fuel, gasoline fuel,
two-stroke cycle fuel, aviation fuels, and ship fuels. The inventor
believes that embodiments of the invented additive may work well to
meet the EPA mandates for 2006 regarding ultra-low sulfur diesel
fuel and gasoline fuels to enhance combustion, improve
lubrication/anti-wear properties, and reduce a variety of toxic
emissions. The inventor also expects that embodiments of the
invented additive will be effective in Methanol E85 fuel that is
currently sold in some regions, which fuel is approximately 85%
methanol.
[0008] Embodiments of the invented composition of matter may work
well as an additive in lubricants for ferrous and non-ferrous
metals, plastics, composites, and other substances, for example,
liquid or solid lubricants and greases or anti-corrosion treatments
for guns and other machinery. The composition of matter also may be
used in cuttings fluids.
[0009] Embodiments of the invented additive may work well to meet
mandates for including biodiesel in conventional petroleum diesel
fuels, by means of the additive supplementing/enhancing pour point
depression most preferably via addition to a conventional pour
point depressant used in the biodiesel or less preferably via
direct addition to the biodiesel preferably already containing pour
point depressant. As an enhancer of pour point depressants,
embodiments of the invented additive may be used in combination
with conventional pour point depressants that are in and of
themselves not effective, or minimally effective, for lowering the
pour point of bean oils, seed oils, animal oils, esters, and other
oils, fuels including such oils, and other fuels. The combination
of the additive plus conventional pour point depressants greatly
suppresses pour point in the above-mentioned oils and fuels, for
example, making handling and storage of these substances much
easier and feasible even in cold climates. In the case of pasty
substances such as fats, cosmetics and similar substances,
embodiments of the invention may help maintain a softer more
pliable solid at lower temperatures.
[0010] The inventor also envisions that the invented composition of
matter may be used in other materials that are currently in use or
that may be in use in the future.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0011] Various embodiments of the invented composition may be
formulated for use alone, blended into fuels, lubricants,
treatments, or cutting oils, or blended into additives or pour
point depressants for said fuel, lubricants, treatments, or
cuttings. Various embodiments of the invented composition may be
used to treat various surfaces and improve combustion and/or
operation of combustion engines. In this way, machinery and
equipment operates with less wear and failure and with more
efficiency. Combustion engines operate with less wear and failure,
more efficiency, and/or lower pollutant emissions.
[0012] Of particular interest and benefit is that embodiments of
the invented composition of matter reduce harmful emissions from
combustion fuels a surprising amount. NOx, VOC's, HC, smoke, and
odor are reduced, even with small amounts of the composition of
matter added to the fuels under study. The inventor believes that
there is a synergistic effect from the invented composition of
matter, specifically, treatment of the metal engine surfaces and
improvement of combustion characteristics that together result in
greatly improved and cleaner engine performance. The immediate
effect is seen in terms of reduced harmful and unpleasant
emissions, and the longer-term effect is seen in that metal
surfaces appear to be changed, at least temporarily, so that an
engine run with the invented additive in its fuel continues to
exhibit improved performance (compared to pre-additive operation)
even when changed back to the original (pre-additive) fuel.
[0013] The preferred embodiments include polyalphaolefin (PAO); a
calcium source; and preferably a plurality of components from bean
oils, seed oils, or root oils. These preferred components are
discussed below:
[0014] The calcium source is preferably a liquid and may be a
calcium sulfonate, such as an overbased calcium sulfonate, but the
inventor envisions that other calcium-containing molecules may be
used. Many calcium sulfonates and overbased calcium sulfonates are
known (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,867 Related Art), and
are available commercially, for example, from Crompton
Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura).
[0015] The preferred combination of plant oils (liquid
vegetable/plant fats, carboxylic esters) are bean, seed and root
oils or derivatives thereof, and, most preferably, are castor oil,
jojoba, and one or more oils selected from the following group: a
soy oil or ester (most preferably soy methyl ester), canola (rape
seed) oil or ester (preferably, rape seed methyl or ethyl ester),
palm oil, and sunflower oil. The oil(s) selected from said group
may be selected for obtaining the desired flow characteristics for
the additive and/or for the desired lubrication, combustion,
emissions, and pour point effects. While the inventor prefers soy
methyl ester, one or more of the other oils may be substituted for,
or added with, the soy methyl ester, preferably with the sum of the
oils from this listed group being present in an amount of about
5-30 LV % of the additive.
[0016] While the inventor prefers polyalphaolefin, castor oil,
jojoba oil, soy methyl ester and calcium sulfonate, he also
envisions that alternative components may be used, both crystalline
and amorphic. For example, the inventor believes that polyolefinic
esters ("POE") may be used in place of, or in addition to, PAO. As
explained above, alternative calcium sources may be used.
Alternative bean, seed, or root oils may be used, with the selected
oils preferably having acid groups similar to those present in
castor oil or jojoba oil. The inventor envisions that ethyl
ester(s) may be used in addition to, or instead of, methyl ester.
Also, as explained above, while soy methyl ester in the range of
5-30 LV % is preferred due to the resulting flow characteristics
and excellent emissions reduction witnessed therewith, it should be
noted that, in some embodiments, the soy methyl ester may be
eliminated or reduced, and canola oil, palm oil, and/or sunflower
oil may be substituted for, or added to, the soy methyl ester,
still keeping the preferred 5-30 LV % range.
[0017] Preferred formulations for the invented composition of
matter are within the following ranges:
[0018] 10-60 LV-% Calcium sulfonate;
[0019] 0.1-50 LV-% polyalphaolefin;
[0020] 0.1-40 LV-% castor oil;
[0021] 0.1-30 LV-% jojoba oil; and
[0022] 5-80 LV-% soy methyl ester
[0023] Wherein components from these five groups are blended
together to form 100 liquid-volume-% of the "five-group additive"
composition. In view of the above formula, the preferred additive
may be said to be: 10-60 LV-% calcium sulfonate component, 0.1-50
LV-% polyalphaolefin component; and 0.1-89.9 LV % plant oil or
mixture of plant oils. More preferable ranges for the components
are 25-35 LV % calcium sulfonate component, 25-35 LV %
polyalphaolefin component, 5-10 LV % castor oil, 1-5 LV % jojoba
oil, and 1-45 LV % soy methyl ester. In view of this, the more
preferred ranges may be said to be: 25-35 LV % calcium sulfonate
component, 25-35 LV % polyalphaolefin component, and 30-50 LV %
plant oil or mixture of plant oils.
[0024] The blending process is best done by adding the jojoba oil
to the calcium sulfonate, and blending these two components very
well before adding any other components. After blending the first
two components, the castor oil, PAO, and finally the soy methyl
ester may be added. A thorough blending of these components, before
any other components are added, is believed by the inventor to be
very important to keeping all the components of the additive in
solution or suspension, and in keeping the additive in proper
solution or suspension with the oil, fuel, or lubricant into which
the additive is placed. While the components may be at a range of
temperatures during the blending process, it is preferred that the
components be blended at about room temperature up to about 100-140
degrees F.
[0025] The preferred five-group additive of calcium sulfonate, PAO,
Castor oil, jojoba oil, and soy methyl ester may be mixed with
components of other "groups" or "families", thus forming a "blended
additive". The blended additive may consist of, for example,
80-99.9 LV-% of the five group combination and 20-0.1 LV-% of
"additional components." Thus, the "additional components" may
range from a significant portion of the product (at about 20 LV-%,
for example) to a very small portion of the product (at about 0.1
LV-%, for example). Examples of components that may be added to the
"five-group additive" to form a "blended additive" include, but are
not limited to, a pour point suppressant, wintergreen oil, dyes,
oil, various esters, and/or various conventional additive packages
for fuels or for lubricants. Further, the five-group additive or
the blended additive may be added/blended with other materials,
preferably lube oil or fuels, which themselves may already contain
other "additives."
[0026] The five-group additive or the blended additive, may be
placed into lube oil in a concentration of 0.002-20.0 LV-%
five-group or blended additive with 99.998-80 LV-% lube oil, for
example. The five-group additive, or the blended additive, may be
placed into combustion engine fuel in a concentration of 0.1-5.0
LV-% five-group or blended additive with 99.998-95 LV-% fuel, for
example.
[0027] The inventor believes that many, if not all, polyalphaolefin
compounds will be effective in the preferred additives. Specific
examples of polyalphaolefin compounds that have been effective in
the below-described tests and examples are SYNTON.TM. PAOs (such as
SYNTON-40.TM. and SYNTON-80.TM.) available from Crompton
Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura), and DURASYN.TM.
PAO's available from BP Amoco.
[0028] The inventor envisions use of a wide range of concentrations
of the five-group additive or the blended additive in lube oils,
fuels, cutting oils, treatment oils, and that the more important
issue is that components from the five groups be present in the
lube or fuel, with or without other conventional or unconventional
additive components.
EXAMPLES
Section I
[0029] An embodiment of the invention, an additive including the
preferred five components, called herein "CA-40", was made
according to the following formula:
[0030] 30 LV-% Calcium Sulfonate
[0031] 30 LV-% Polyalphaolefin
[0032] 7 LV-% Castor Oil
[0033] 3 LV-% Jojoba Oil
[0034] 30 LV-% Soy Methyl Ester
[0035] Equaling 100 LV-% additive.
This formulation was blended by the methods described above. The
effect of the CA-40 additive was tested in various combustion
engines, as follows:
Test Sequence A
[0036] CA-40 was added to diesel fuel and to gasoline, and run in a
variety of engines, as noted in the table below.
[0037] Tests 1-9 were performed under no-load conditions, with
diesel fuel plus CA-40 (in a concentration of 1 ounce of CA-40 in
12 gallons of conventional, commercial diesel fuel) compared to the
same engine operating on only the diesel fuel. Tests 10 and 11 were
performed under no-load conditions, with gasoline plus CA-40 (in a
concentration of 1 ounce of CA-40 in 18 gallons of conventional 87
octane, commercial gasoline) compared to the same engine operating
with only the gasoline. All emissions results were obtained by
means of an analyzer in the vehicle tailpipe, such as a Ferret.TM.,
Sun.TM., or ECOM.TM. analyzer.
[0038] The results of this testing are shown below as percent
change in emissions when going from the diesel-only or
gasoline-only performances to the "diesel plus CA-40" or the
"gasoline plus CA-40" performance, respectively.
[0039] In Tests 1, 3-9 (no data available for Test No. 2): when
CA-40 was included, O.sub.2 increased by an average of 3%, while
NOx decreased by an average of approximately 18%, carbon monoxide
decreased by an average of approximately 27%, and carbon dioxide
decreased by an average of approximately 8%. When CA-40 was
included, NO.sub.2 decreased by an average of approximately 19%,
and NO decreased by an average of approximately 17%. Therefore,
significant and surprising improvements in each of these emissions
were seen in the diesel plus CA-40 operations. In Test 10 and 11:
when CA-40 was included, hydrocarbon ppm emissions dropped by very
large percentages, namely, approximately 100% and 67%, for an
average of an 83.5% decrease. Therefore, significant and surprising
improvement in emissions was seen in the gasoline plus CA-40
operations.
TABLE-US-00001 OVERVIEW OF EMISSIONS Test Sequence A VEHICLE #1
JOHN DEERE 4850 Diesel #2 JOHN DEERE 4650 Diesel #3 JOHN DEERE 8300
Diesel #4 CASE STIEGER 9390 Diesel #5 FORD 1900 Diesel #6 NEW
HOLLAND LX665 Diesel #7 BOBCAT Diesel #8 FREIGHTLINER CAT Diesel #9
DODGE RAM 1/2 TON Diesel #10 96 JEEPCHEROKEE 4.0 Gas #11 2000
PONTIAC BONNEVILLE 3.8 Gas DIESEL VEHICLE #1 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9
AVERAGE O2 +13% +1% +1% +5% +2% +1.1% +1% +0.3% 3% NOX -20% -14%
-15% -16% -12% -23% -18% -21% -18.25% CO -20% -21% -18% -49% -19%
-47% -25% -21% -27.50% CO2 -35% 0% -3% -14% -5% -14% -5% -4.80%
-8.22% NO2 -20% -25% -10% -9% -10% -41% -20% 19.30% -19.28% NO -26%
-7% -18% -17% -12% -18% -18% 24.90% -17.61% GAS VEHICLE % DROP #10
#11 AVERAGE HCPPM 100% 67% -83.50%
Test Sequence B
[0040] Testing was done in a Cummins B Series Turbo Diesel,
starting with conventional, commercial #2 diesel (Test No. 1),
followed by: the same diesel combined with CA-40 additive (Test No.
2), diesel with 2% bio-diesel additive and 1 ounce/10 gallons CA-40
additive (Test No. 3), diesel with 5% bio-diesel additive and 1
ounce/10 gallons CA-40 additive (Test No. 4), and the fuel of Test
No. 4 with an additional 1 ounce of CA-409 per 10 gallons of
fuel.
[0041] Testing was done at various engine rpm with no load, and at
various road speeds ("with load"). Emissions were reported as shown
in the table below, in the form of percent change from the base
test, that is, Test No. 1. The data shows substantial and
surprising improvement in NO.sub.X. with the addition of CA-40 and
CA-40 combined with bio-diesel. For example, NO.sub.X decreased
from about 7-14% at 2500 rpm, no load; 8-31% at 30 mph; 3-21% at 50
mph; and 4-8% at 70 mph.
TABLE-US-00002 Vehicle Dodge 2001 pick up VIN # 387KF23601G735111
Engine Cummin's B series Turbo Diesel Date of Testing Aug. 4, 2004
Test Condition O2 CO NOX CO2 800 RPM with No Load 1 18.5 286 282
1.8 Change -- -- -- -- 2 18.6 257 280 1.8 Change +.5% -10% -0.7% 0%
3 18.6 233 284 1.8 Change +0.5% -18.5% +0.7% 0% 4 18.5 163 298 1.8
Change 0% -43% +5.6% 0% 5 18.6 206 289 1.8 Change +0.5% -30% +2.4%
0% 2500 RPM with No Load 1 17.3 578 192 2.7 Change -- -- -- -- 2
17.3 751 167 2.7 Change 0% +29% -13% 0% 3 17.2 650 166 2.8 Change
-0.6% +12% -14% -3.7% 4 17.1 627 172 2.9 Change +1.1% +8% -10%
+7.4% 5 17.2 637 178 2.8 Change -0.6% -10% -7% +3.7% 30 MPH 1 15.5
460 587 4.0 Change -- -- -- -- 2 16.9 421 406 3.0 Change +9% -8.4%
-31% -25% 3 16.8 378 420 3.1 Change +9% -17.8% -28.% -23% 4 16.9
377 505 3.7 Change +9% -18% -14% -7.5% 5 15.7 369 536 4 Change -1%
-14% -8.6% 0% 50 MPH 1 13.5 202 760 5.5 Change -- -- -- -- 2 15.3
312 597 4.2 Change +13% +54% -21% -24% 3 14.2 243 669 4.8 Change
+7% +20% -15% -12.7% 4 13.3 284 636 4.8 Change -1.4% +40% -16%
-14.5% 5 13.6 243 733 5.8 Change +0.7% +20% -3.5% +5.5% 70 MPH 1
13.3 213 457 5.6 Change -- -- -- -- 2 13.8 307 427 5.3 Change +3.7%
+44% -6.5% -5.3% 3 13.4 305 421 5.6 Change +5.7% +43% -7.9% 0% 4
12.5 196 439 6.2 Change -6% -7.9% -3.9% -10.7% 5 13.4 281 426 5.6
Change +0.7% +32% 6.8% 0% Vehicle- Pont. Bonneville Testing
conditions 1. #2 diesel fuel 2. #2 diesel fuel with CA 40 treatment
at 1 oz per 10 gallons of fuel 3. #2 diesel fuel + 2% bio-diesel
with CA 40 treatment at 1 oz per 10 gallons of fuel 4. #2 diesel
fuel + 5% bio-diesel with CA 40 treatment at 1 oz per 10 gallons of
fuel 5. #4 fuel with additional 1 oz. CA 40 per 10 gallons of fuel
O2 = % CO = ppm NOX = ppm CO2 = % Change - Difference from
condition #1/condition 1 data
Test Sequence C
[0042] In this test, a gasoline vehicle was tested with load, at 75
mph. The vehicle was a 2001 Pontiac Bonneville with a 3800 engine
(not turbo-charged) Test No. 1 was performed at 75 mph with
conventional, commercial gasoline of 87 octane, and Test no. 2 was
performed at 75 mph with the same gasoline plus 1 ounce of CA-40
added per 10 gallons of the gasoline. The test results show
substantial and surprising results in CO emissions and in NOx
emissions. CO was reduced by over 15% and NOx was reduced by over
50%, as shown by the table below.
TABLE-US-00003 Test Condition HC CO CO2 O2 NOx 1 1 .39 15.2 0 19
Change -- -- -- -- -- 2 1 .33 15.1 0 9 Change 0% -15.3% -0.6% 0%
-53% ****While specific baseline and experimental data was not
formally collected, it appeared that spikes in HC and NOx during
and shortly after rapid acceleration were substantially reduced.
Test condition 1-75 mph without product 2-75 mph with 1 oz CA 40
per 10 gallons of gasoline HC = ppm CO = %, CO2 = %, O2 = %, Nox =
ppm
[0043] In addition to the emissions improvements, the inventor has
witnessed substantial improvements (reductions) in emissions of
smoke and odor, and improvements in engine efficiency in terms of
miles per gallon. Use of the CA-40 resulted in approximately 25%
improvement in miles per gallon in many of the under-load tests
above. In addition to NOx reductions and efficiency improvement,
the inventor believes that volatile organic compounds (VOC's) will
be reduced as well with use of the CA-40 or similar
formulations.
[0044] The inventor believes that the combination of the preferred
components has a synergistic, positive effect on emissions, smoke,
odor, and engine efficiency. The inventor believes that PAO and soy
methyl ester may be important to smoke emissions, NOx, and
7.degree. C.'s, and that there is a synergistic effect when said
PAO and ester are combined with the other components to greatly
improve the performance of the invented additive.
[0045] The inventor believes that formulations such as CA-40 and
others within the broad scope of this invention will be very
beneficial in a variety of applications. With use of the invented
additive, decreased emissions are achieved, and increased engine
efficiency translating into more miles per gallon. The inventor
believes that automobile, bus, truck, airplane, train, heavy
equipment, generators, etc. will benefit from the invented
additive. Another example of a benefit of an embodiment of the
invention is given below in Test Sequence D, wherein lawn mower
performance is tested with and without an additive according to one
embodiment of the invention.
Test Sequence D
Additive in Lawn Mower Fuel
[0046] Ambient Temp: 50 degrees Lawn Mower Stanley riding lawn
mower with Briggs & Stratton 21.beta.P two cylinder engine
Procedures & Measurements:
[0047] Engine was warmed up and run until it burned up all the fuel
in the tank and stopped.
[0048] The mower was then filled with three pints of Condition A
fuel (below); engine was started and mower deck immediately
engaged. RPM was held at 4400. A "Snap On" Tachometer was used to
check the RPM. The engine was run until all of the three pints was
burned and the engine stopped. A watch was set to measure the
running time of this condition.
[0049] The mower was then filled with three pints of Condition B
fuel (below); engine was started and mower deck immediately
engaged. RPM was held at 4400. As above, a "Snap On" Tachometer was
used to check the RPM. The engine was run until all of the three
pints was burned and the engine stopped. As above, a watch was set
to measure the running time of this condition.
Condition A fuel: 20 gallons gasoline with an octane rating of 87,
plus one (1) ounce additive according to one embodiment of the
invention:
[0050] Calcium Sulfonate: 30 LV %
[0051] Polyalphaolefin: 30 LV %
[0052] Castor Oil: 10 LV %
[0053] Jojoba Oil: 1 LV %
[0054] Soy Methyl Ester: 29 LV %
[0055] Equaling 100 LV-% additive.
Condition B used 100% gasoline with an octane rating of 87 (Not
treated with any embodiment of the invented additive). Condition A
ran for 2910 seconds Condition B ran for 2715 seconds 2910
seconds/2715 seconds=1.0712 approximately a 7% improvement in
performance.
Test Sequence E
Metal Conditioning Properties
[0056] Composition of Additive, according to one embodiment of the
invention:
PAO: 30 LV %
Calcium Sulfonate: 40 LV %
Castor Oil: 20 LV %
Jojoba Oil: 1 LV %
[0057] Soy methyl ester: 9 LV %
Equaling 100 LV % Additive
[0058] Testing the muzzle velocity of a 180 grain 30-06 bullet when
fired from a rifle as measured by a chronograph. Condition A:
hand-loaded cartridge (described above) was fired and velocity
measured. Condition B: identical to Condition A above except the
cartridges were first put in the above-described Additive and the
Additive with cartridges "soaking" therein were heated to 200
degrees F. After several minutes at 200 degrees F., the cartridges
were removed, wiped clean, cooled, hand-loaded, and fired.
Results:
[0059] Condition A: 2768 feet per second. Condition B: 2916 feet
per second. 2916/2768=1.0535--approximately a 5.4% increase in
muzzle velocity.
Test Sequence F
Mini-Masonry Chain Saw
[0060] Composition of Additive, according to one embodiment of the
invention:
PAO: 20 LV %
[0061] Calcium sulfonate: 40 LV %
Castor Oil: 20%
Jojoba Oil: 1 LV %
Soy Methyl Ester: 19 LV %
Equaling 100 LV % Additive
[0062] Method: Use a prototype masonry chain saw, temperature was
measured at the hottest point of the saw (tip). Also, an
observation was made regarding the speed of cutting. Condition A:
The saw was used to remove mortar between bricks on an existing
wall. Water was used as a coolant. Condition B: The saw was used to
remove mortar between bricks on an existing wall, as in Condition
A. Water, treated with PB 10 sulfur chlorinated water-soluble
cutting oil, was used as a coolant. Treatment rates: 1 oz per
gallon of water Condition C: The saw was used to remove mortar
between bricks on an existing wall, as in Conditions A and B.
Water, treated with the Condition B water soluble cutting oil and
the Additive listed above, was used as a coolant. Treatment rates:
1 oz of the Additive was added to 4 oz PB 10. One ounce of the
blend of Additive plus PB-10 was added per gallon of water.
Results:
[0063] Condition A: Tip Temperature=161 degree F. Condition B: Tip
Temperature=130 degrees F. Condition C: Tip Temperature=91 degrees
F.
Conclusions:
[0064] Water soluble oil as a coolant (Condition B) resulted in an
average 31 degree F. lower temperature compared to Condition A.
Additive plus Water Soluble Oil (Condition C) resulted in a
temperature 70 degrees F. lower than Condition A, and a temperature
39 degrees F. lower than Condition B. Other advantages included: In
Conditions A and B (that is, without the Additive), the cutting
debris stuck (impacted) to the chain and bar. Also, with the
additive, the operator reported a significant increase in power and
RPM, and that the rate of cutting appeared to double.
Examples
Section II
[0065] In some cases, not all of the preferred five
groups/components are necessary for the formulation. For example,
there are cases where the additive is formulated for addition to
one of the preferred five basic components described above, for
example, to soy methyl ester ("biodiesel"), that component may or
may not be in the additive. For example, PAO, calcium sulfonate,
castor oil, jojoba oil, and soy methyl ester may be added to
biodiesel (soy methyl ester preferably with pour point depressant
and/or other additives) or to a pour point depressant or other
additive package that will subsequently be added to biodiesel.
Also, the preferred components minus the soy methyl ester (PAO,
calcium sulfonate, castor oil, jojoba oil) may be blended to
formulate an additive that may be added to the biodiesel or to the
pour point depressant or other additive package for biodiesel.
Thus, when the additive is intended to be added to a larger amount
of one of the preferred components, that component need not
necessarily be included in the original additive formulation. For
example, a preferred formula for this application is:
TABLE-US-00004 40% Calcium Sulfonate 15% Castor Oil 34% Poly Alpha
Olefin (PAO) 10% Pour point depressant (RHO-Max 10 - 310) or other
conventional petroleum diesel pour point depressant 1% Jojoba Oil
Totaling 100 LV-%
Preferred ranges of the above components are: 30-45V % calcium
sulfonate component; 30-40 LV % PAO; and 5-35 LV % plant oils or
mixture of plant oil; and 5-10 LV % conventional pour point
depressant.
[0066] The inventor has found that an additive of PAO, calcium
sulfonate, castor oil, and jojoba oil, is especially beneficial as
a pour point suppression enhancer in biodiesel. This is especially
important in view of the fact that conventional pour point
depressants typically fail to reduce pour point to an acceptable
level. The "four-group" additive described in the test below, when
combined with a conventional pour point depressant and then added
to biodiesel, resulted in a pour point of less than -20 degrees F.
The inventor has seen this beneficial effect when the invented
additive is added to the pour point depressant (and then the
combination added to the biodiesel), but, as of the date of filing
this application, the inventor has not seen this beneficial effect
when the invented additive is added to the biodiesel directly
(separately from the pour point depressant).
[0067] These pour point improvements are particularly important for
regions wherein regulations will mandate that biodiesel be added to
conventional diesel or other fuels. Pour point of the biodiesel
during storage, handling, and blending into the conventional diesel
or other fuels has been problematic in the past. Embodiments of the
invention, therefore, may greatly assist in storage, handling and
blending of the biodiesel, as well as of the resulting blends, in
order to achieve the desired environmental and agricultural-economy
benefits of biodiesel.
Test Sequence G
Cold Temp Properties (Pour Point)
[0068] Soy Methyl Ester herein is called "Biodiesel" and "B-100"
(meaning 100% soy methyl ester). Two samples were used:
Sample A: B-100
[0069] Sample B: B-100 plus an embodiment of the invented additive
plus conventional pour point depressant (Rho-Max 10-310). The
embodiment of the invented additive consisted of (LV-%):
TABLE-US-00005 44.4% Calcium Sulfonate 16.7% Castor Oil 37.8% Poly
Alpha Olefin (PAO) 1.1% Jojoba Oil Totaling 100 LV-%
Pour point depressant was blended with the above additive,
resulting in:
TABLE-US-00006 40% Calcium Sulfonate 15% Castor Oil 34% Poly Alpha
Olefin (PAO) 10% Pour point depressant (RHO-Max 10 - 310) 1% Jojoba
Oil Totaling 100 LV-%
This blend of the additive plus pour point depressant was then
added to B-100 at a rate of one ounce per five gallons of B-100,
and heated to 104 degrees Fahrenheit for a period of five hours.
Method: Samples A and B were put in similar containers and brought
to lower temperatures. Viscosity and pourability were visually
checked. Results: Both Samples A and B were observed to have
similar viscosity and both samples poured at similar rates from 80
to 30 degrees F. Sample A became cloudy at about 25 degrees F. and
turned to a solid at 20 degrees F.
[0070] Sample B showed some clouding at -10 degrees F., but
continued to pour well at -20 degrees F. (that is, poured in a
manner similar to Sample A when Sample A was at 70 degrees F.).
Pourability of Sample B remained at this level with no observable
change for a period of two weeks. The sample was then diluted with
50% soy methyl ester (that is, 50 LV % more B-100 was added), and
identical results were noted. Therefore, the inventor believes the
additive to be highly effective as an enhancer for pour point
depressant over a wide range of concentrations.
Test Sequence H
Cold Temp Properties
[0071] The inventor has found that, when embodiments of the
invented additive are blended with a conventional pout point
depressant and then added to "B-20" (which is common terminology
for 80 LV-% conventional diesel fuel and 20 LV-% Biodiesel (soy
methyl ester)), the soy methyl ester does not separate from the
conventional diesel fuel
at -20 degrees F. This surprising result may be due to the invented
additive being a bonding agent between the esters and the
hydrocarbons. This benefit may extend to very low temperature, such
as -40 degrees F., wherein the additive may act as an
anti-gel/anti-separation agent for diesel fuels.
[0072] Although this invention has been described above with
reference to particular means, materials and embodiments, it is to
be understood that the invention is not limited to these disclosed
particulars, but extends instead to all equivalents within the
broad scope the following claims.
* * * * *