U.S. patent application number 12/221604 was filed with the patent office on 2008-12-18 for device including inductively heatable fluid retainment region, and method.
This patent application is currently assigned to Applera Corporation. Invention is credited to Steven J. Boege, Adrian Fawcett, Douglas W. Grunewald, Stephen J. Gunstream, Marc Haberstroh, Mark F. Oldham.
Application Number | 20080308160 12/221604 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37397118 |
Filed Date | 2008-12-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080308160 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Boege; Steven J. ; et
al. |
December 18, 2008 |
Device including inductively heatable fluid retainment region, and
method
Abstract
A device is provided that comprises one or more fluid retainment
regions each having at least one wall, and one or more loops in
heat-transfer communication with the at least one wall. Each of the
loops can comprise an electrical conductor that surrounds the same
or a different fluid retainment region. A device is provided that
comprises one or more fluid retainment regions each having
particulates disposed therein. A system is provided that includes a
platen adapted to hold a device including fluid retainment regions
and one or more electrical conductors in heat-transfer
communication with the fluid retainment regions. Methods of heating
a sample are also provided.
Inventors: |
Boege; Steven J.; (San
Mateo, CA) ; Oldham; Mark F.; (Los Gatos, CA)
; Haberstroh; Marc; (San Jose, CA) ; Gunstream;
Stephen J.; (San Francisco, CA) ; Fawcett;
Adrian; (Pleasanton, CA) ; Grunewald; Douglas W.;
(Livermore, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
KILYK & BOWERSOX, P.L.L.C.
3925 CHAIN BRIDGE ROAD, SUITE D401
FAIRFAX
VA
22030
US
|
Assignee: |
Applera Corporation
Foster City
CA
|
Family ID: |
37397118 |
Appl. No.: |
12/221604 |
Filed: |
August 5, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11417756 |
May 4, 2006 |
7446288 |
|
|
12221604 |
|
|
|
|
60678737 |
May 6, 2005 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
137/341 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B 2214/04 20130101;
B01L 2300/0803 20130101; B01L 2300/0809 20130101; B01L 2300/1816
20130101; H05B 6/109 20130101; Y10T 137/6606 20150401; B01L 3/50851
20130101; B01F 13/0818 20130101; H05B 6/108 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
137/341 |
International
Class: |
F16L 53/00 20060101
F16L053/00 |
Claims
1. A system comprising: a fluid processing device comprising one or
more fluid retainment regions each comprising at least one wall,
and one or more loops in heat-transfer communication with the at
least one wall of at least one of the one or more fluid retainment
regions and surrounding at least one of the one or more fluid
retainment regions, wherein each of the one or more loops comprises
a material adapted to be inductively heated by a
magnetically-induced electric current; and one or more vials, each
vial adapted to be removably disposed respectively in the one or
more fluid retainment regions and each vial comprising at least one
outer wall that is complementary to the at least one wall of the
one or more fluid retainment regions.
2. A system comprising: a holder adapted to hold one or more fluid
processing devices comprising a substrate and a plurality of fluid
retainment regions disposed in or on the substrate; an electrical
conductor in heat-transfer communication with at least one of the
plurality of fluid retainment regions, when a fluid processing
device is disposed in the holder; and a magnetic field source
adapted to form a varying magnetic field in the electrical
conductor, wherein the electrical conductor is adapted to be heated
by an electric current induced by the varying magnetic field.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the magnetic field source
comprises an electromagnet and a power supply adapted to provide
power having at least one of a varying amplitude or a varying
frequency to the electromagnet.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein the magnetic field source
comprises a magnet providing a constant magnetic field, and a drive
device adapted to cyclically move at least one of the holder and
the magnet relative to the other of the holder and the magnet, such
that in operation of the drive device a varying magnetic field is
generated by the magnet in the electrical conductor.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the holder is disposed in or on a
rotatable platen having a central axis of rotation, and the drive
device is adapted to spin the rotatable platen relative to the
magnet, when one or more fluid processing devices are disposed in
the holder.
6. The system of claim 4, wherein the drive device is adapted to
reciprocally move the holder relative to the magnet, when one or
more fluid processing devices are disposed in the holder.
7. The system of claim 2, wherein there is a one to n
correspondence between the plurality of fluid retainment regions
and the electrical conductor, and n is greater than one.
8. The system of claim 2, wherein there is a n to one
correspondence between the plurality of fluid retainment regions
and the electrical conductor, and n is greater than one.
9. The system of claim 2, further comprising a temperature
indicator adapted to measure a temperature of at least one of the
one or more fluid retainment regions.
10. A system comprising: a holder adapted to hold one or more
fluid-processing devices, each fluid-processing device comprising
one or more fluid retainment regions and an electrical conductor
surrounding at least one of the one or more fluid retainment
regions and in heat-transfer communication with at least one of the
one or more fluid retainment regions; a magnetic field source
adapted to form a magnetic field; and a drive device adapted to
cyclically move at least one of the holder and the magnetic field
source relative to the other of the holder and the magnetic field
source, such that in operation of the drive device a magnetic field
generated by the magnetic field source induces at least one eddy
current in the electrical conductor to heat the electrical
conductor.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the magnetic field source
comprises an electromagnet and a power supply adapted to provide
power having a varying amplitude to the electromagnet.
12. The system of claim 10, wherein the magnetic field source
comprises an electromagnet and an power supply adapted to provide
power having a varying frequency to the electromagnet.
13. The system of claim 10, wherein the magnetic field source
comprises a magnet providing a constant magnetic field, and a drive
device adapted to cyclically move at least one of the holder and
the magnet relative to the other of the holder and the magnet, such
that in operation of the drive device a varying magnetic field is
generated by the magnet in the electrical conductor.
14. The system of claim 10, wherein the electrical conductor
comprises magnetic material particulates adapted to be inductively
heated by a magnetically-induced electric current in one or more of
the magnetic material particulates.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] The present application is a divisional application of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 11/417,756, filed May 4, 2006, which in
turn claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119(e) from earlier
filed U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/678,737, filed May 6,
2005, which is herein incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
INTRODUCTION
[0002] The present teachings relate to a device and method for
regulating the temperature of a fluid in a fluid retainment region
using one or more heating elements.
SUMMARY
[0003] According to various embodiments, a fluid processing device
is provided that can comprise a substrate, a plurality of fluid
retainment regions disposed in or on the substrate, and one or more
conductors in heat-transfer communication with at least one of the
plurality of fluid retainment regions. Each of the one or more
conductors can comprise a material adapted to be inductively heated
by a magnetically-induced electric current.
[0004] According to various embodiments, a fluid processing device
is provided that can comprise one or more fluid retainment regions
each comprising at least one wall and one or more loops in
heat-transfer communication with the at least one wall of at least
one of the one or more fluid retainment regions and surrounding at
least one of the one or more fluid retainment regions. Each of the
one or more loops can comprise a material adapted to be inductively
heated by a magnetically-induced electric current.
[0005] According to various embodiments, a fluid processing device
is provided that can comprise one or more fluid retainment regions
and a biological material suspension disposed in the fluid
retainment region. The biological material suspension can comprise
magnetic material particulates adapted to be heated by a
magnetically-induced electric current in one or more of the
magnetic material particulates.
[0006] According to various embodiments, a fluid processing system
is provided that can comprise: a holder adapted to hold one or more
fluid processing devices comprising a substrate and a plurality of
fluid retainment regions disposed in or on the substrate; an
electrical conductor in heat-transfer communication with at least
one of the plurality of fluid retainment regions, when a fluid
processing device is disposed in the holder; and a magnetic field
source adapted to form a varying magnetic field in the electrical
conductor. The electrical conductor can be adapted to be heated by
an electric current induced by the varying magnetic field.
[0007] According to various embodiments, a fluid processing system
is provided that can comprise: a holder adapted to hold one or more
fluid-processing devices; a magnetic field source adapted to form a
magnetic field; and a drive device adapted to cyclically move at
least one of the holder and the magnetic field source relative to
the other of the holder and the magnetic field source, such that in
operation of the drive device a magnetic field generated by the
magnetic field source induces at least one eddy current in the
electrical conductor to heat the electrical conductor. Each
fluid-processing device can comprise one or more fluid retainment
regions and an electrical conductor surrounding at least one of the
one or more fluid retainment regions and in heat-transfer
communication with at least one of the one or more fluid retainment
regions.
[0008] According to various embodiments, a method is provided that
can comprise: generating a varying magnetic field; and heating a
plurality of fluid samples disposed in a plurality of fluid
retainment regions in heat transfer communication with an
electrical conductor adapted to be heated by an eddy current
induced by the varying magnetic field wherein the plurality of
fluid retainment regions are disposed in or on a substrate.
[0009] According to various embodiments, a method is provided that
can comprise: providing one or more fluid retainment regions one or
more magnetically-inducible electrical conductors surrounding the
one or more fluid retainment regions and in heat-transfer
communication with at least one of the one or more fluid retainment
regions, and a fluid sample disposed in the one or more fluid
retainment region; providing a magnetic field; and moving the one
or more electrical conductors cyclically through the magnetic field
to cause current through the electrical conductor and heat the
fluid sample.
[0010] According to various embodiments, a container is provided
that can comprise one or more fluid retainment regions each having
at least one wall, and one or more loops in heat-transfer
communication with the at least one wall and surrounding the one or
more fluid retainment regions. The loops can loop around the one or
more fluid retainment regions. An electrical circuit comprising the
loops and a resistive element in heat-transfer communication with
the at least one wall, can induce a current in the loops and can
energize the resistive element. Each of the one or more loops can
comprise an element in which electrical currents can be induced to
result in inductive heating of the element. The one or more loops
can comprise a spiral or a plurality of loops wherein each loop is
electrically isolated from the others of the plurality of loops.
Heat-transfer communication between the one or more fluid
retainment regions and the one or more loops can be established by
one or more of conduction, convection, and radiation.
[0011] According to various embodiments, a system is provided that
can comprise a platen adapted to hold a fluid-processing device, a
magnetic field source adapted to form a magnetic field, and a drive
device adapted to move at least one of a fluid-processing device
held on or in the platen, and the magnetic field source, relative
to one another. The fluid-processing device can include one or more
fluid retainment regions and one or more electrical conductors each
in heat-transfer communication with a respective one of the fluid
retainment regions. During operation of the system, the magnetic
field can form at least one eddy current in the one or more
electrical conductors. The one or more electrical conductors can
each include a resistive heater or a partially conductive
electrical circuit. The one or more electrical conductors can each
be shaped to complement an outer periphery of at least one of the
one or more fluid retainment regions. The one or more electrical
conductors can comprise a plurality of electrical conductors
electrically isolated from one another. Heat-transfer communication
can be established between the one or more electrical conductors
and the one or more fluid retainment regions, by one or more of
conduction, convection, and radiation.
[0012] According to various embodiments, a fluid-processing device
is provided that can be used with a system as described herein. The
device can comprise a substrate having an axis of rotation, a
plurality of fluid retainment regions disposed in or on the
substrate, and one or more electrical conductors in heat-transfer
communication with at least one of the fluid retainment regions.
The fluid retainment regions can be disposed in or on a surface of
the substrate. The one or more electrical conductors can comprise a
plurality of electrical conductors each electrically isolated from
one another. Each electrical conductor can include a resistive
heater. The substrate can comprise an electrically insulating
material, a plastic material, and/or a thermally conductive
material having a thermal conductivity of about 0.5 Watts per meter
Kelvin (W/m.degree. K) or greater, for example, about 1.0
W/m.degree. K or greater. Each electrical conductor can comprise a
pinch point or relatively narrow section adapted to locally modify
current flow.
[0013] According to various embodiments, a fluid-processing device
is provided that can comprise a substrate, a plurality of fluid
retainment regions disposed in or on the substrate, and a plurality
of electrical conductors electrically isolated from one another and
each in heat-transfer communication with at least one of the fluid
retainment regions. The fluid retainment regions can be disposed in
or on a surface of the substrate. The electrical conductor can
further comprise a pinch point or relatively narrow portion adapted
to locally modify current flow.
[0014] According to various embodiments, a device is provided that
comprises one or more fluid retainment regions and particulates
disposed in a suspension in the fluid retainment region. The
particulates can comprise a magnetic material having an average
particulate diameter of about 50 micrometers (microns) or less. A
system comprising the device and an oscillating magnetic field
system is also provided.
[0015] According to various embodiments, a method is provided for
inducing an electrical current in a fluid-processing device and
heating a fluid retainment region of the device. The method can
comprise providing a substrate, one or more fluid retainment
regions disposed in or on the substrate, and one or more
magnetically-induceable electrical conductors disposed in
heat-transfer communication with the fluid retainment region, and a
fluid sample disposed in the one or more fluid retainment regions.
The method can further comprise providing a magnetic field and
moving the one or more electrical conductors through the magnetic
field to create a current and thus cause the one or more electrical
conductors to heat-up. The magnetic field can be static or dynamic.
The method can comprise heating the one or more fluid retainment
regions. At least one of the one or more electrical conductors can
comprise an electrically-resistant material. Moving the one or more
electrical conductors can comprise spinning the substrate. The one
or more electrical conductors can comprise a plurality of
electrical conductors each electrically isolated from the others.
The one or more fluid retainment regions can comprise a plurality
of fluid retainment regions, for example, a plurality of chambers
or wells.
[0016] According to various embodiments, a method is provided that
comprises providing one or more fluid retainment regions each
containing a particulate that comprises a magnetic material having
an average particle diameter of about 50 micrometers or less, and
applying a magnetic field to the particulates.
[0017] Additional features and advantages of the present teachings
will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in
part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by
practice of the present teachings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] Various embodiments of the present teachings are exemplified
in the accompanying drawings. The teachings are not limited to the
embodiments depicted, and include equivalent structures and methods
as set forth in the following description and as known to those of
ordinary skill in the art. In the drawings:
[0019] FIG. 1 is a top view of a fluid-processing device according
to various embodiments;
[0020] FIG. 2 is a top view of a fluid-processing device according
to various embodiments;
[0021] FIG. 3 is a partial side cross-sectional view of a fluid
retainment region and a sample vial according to various
embodiments;
[0022] FIG. 4 is a side view of a container comprising two fluid
retainment regions and two corresponding caps according to various
embodiments;
[0023] FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional side view of a fluid
retainment region according to various embodiments;
[0024] FIG. 6A is a side, partial cross-sectional view of a system
according to various embodiments;
[0025] FIG. 6B is a perspective view of a system according to
various embodiments,
[0026] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an arrangement of a magnetic
field source and a platen according to various embodiments;
[0027] FIG. 8A is a perspective view of a system according to
various embodiments;
[0028] FIG. 8B is a schematic view of a system according to various
embodiments;
[0029] FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, and 9D are schematic views of a system
according to various embodiments and particulates in a liquid to be
heated;
[0030] FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C are cross-sectional views of three
different devices according to various embodiments; and
[0031] FIG. 10D is a cross-sectional view of a fluid retainment
region and a platen comprising an electrical conductor.
[0032] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general
description and the following detailed description are exemplary
and explanatory only and are intended to provide a further
explanation of various embodiments of the present teachings.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS
[0033] According to various embodiments, the fluid processing
device can comprise a fluid retainment region having at least one
wall and a plurality of loops in heat-transfer communication with
the at least one wall. Each of the loops can comprise an element in
which currents can be induced to result in inductive heating of the
element. Each loop can be electrically isolated from the other of
the plurality of loops. Each loop does not have to be completely
electrically isolated from the other of the plurality of loops, for
example, the loops can be shaped as a plurality of unconnected
rings, a spiral, a helix, or other set of loops formed from a
single length of an electrical conductor, for example, a wire, a
film, or an electrical lead comprising a coating of an electrical
conductor disposed in or on a printed circuit board (PCB). The
electrical conductor can be electrically isolated between adjacent
edges of the loops. The loops can be connected serially or in
parallel. Heat-transfer communication can be established by one or
more of conduction, convection, and radiation.
[0034] According to various embodiments, the inductively-heatable
material of the one or more loops can comprise a material that is
adapted to increase in temperature when exposed to an alternating
magnetic flux, for example, through eddy-current heating. The
inductively-heatable material can be used to power an electrical
circuit comprising resistance intentionally built into an
inductively-induced current path. According to various embodiments,
the system can heat a fluid retainment region with heat generated
from the loops themselves. The system can heat a fluid retainment
region that is in heat-transfer communication with a resistor or
resistors that can be intentionally fabricated or disposed
adjacent, at, or near the fluid retainment region. The fabricated
resistor can be trimmed, for example, by a laser, after
manufacture, to be within acceptable tolerances. The electrical
resistor or resistors can each have a resistance of, for example, 1
ohm per linear foot or greater, 10 ohms per linear foot or greater,
100 ohms per linear foot or greater, or 1000 ohms per linear foot
or greater.
[0035] If a plurality of loops are provided, they can be evenly or
unevenly spaced from one-another. At least one of the one or more
loops can be provided in the form of a film, a coating, a layer, a
thin sheet, a thin coating of an electrically conductive material,
a thin coating of metal, a wire, or a combination thereof. The one
or more loops can be corrosion resistant. The one or more loops can
be inert or coated such that the loops do not act as contaminants
to fluids in the fluid retainment region.
[0036] The material to be inductively heated is referred to herein
as an electrically conductive material, whether it is a solid, a
fluid, or both. Resistance and permeability can vary substantially
in conductive materials. Suitable materials can be classified by
their magnetic properties as diamagnetic materials, paramagnetic
materials, and/or ferromagnetic materials. Suitable diamagnetic
materials that can be used include copper, gold, and silver.
Suitable paramagnetic materials that can be used can include
aluminum, platinum, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof.
Suitable ferromagnetic materials that can be used include iron,
nickel, steel, rare earth metals, alloys thereof, and combinations
thereof.
[0037] According to various embodiments, heat can be generated in
the electrically-conductive material by subjecting the material to
a magnetic field, where either the conductive material or the
magnetic field is in motion. According to various embodiments, a
varying or moving magnetic field can be used to produce eddy
currents in the conductive material of the one or more loops. A
changing magnetic field can be used to cause rapid movement of the
electrons in the conductive material, and thereby generate heat.
Permanent magnet heating can be used whereby high flux densities
can be generated directly in the area of a loop and/or loop
material to be heated. Variables that effect the amount of heat
generated can include: the strength of the magnetic field, the
magnetic flux density, the magnetic field intensity, the number of
magnets, the spacing between the permanent magnets, the relative
speed of movement between the permanent magnets and the electrical
conductor, the material to be heated, the flux density, the rate at
which the flux lines are cut by or moved through, the loops, and
the resistance of the system. Other factors that can be modified to
effect the amount of heat generated are the resistivity,
permeability, size, and shape, of the loop of material to be
heated, and the magnet size and shape. The greater the magnetic
field strength is, the greater the heat generated in a conductive
material passing through the magnetic field. A greater relative
speed causes greater heat generation.
[0038] According to various embodiments, the at least one wall of
the fluid retainment region can comprise an electrically insulating
material. The at least one wall can comprise a plastic material.
The at least one wall can comprise a thermally conductive material
having a thermal conductivity of, for example, about 0.5
W/m.degree. K or greater, about 1.0 W/m.degree. K or greater, or
about 5.0 W/m.degree. K or greater. The thermal conductivity of the
thermally conductive material can be even lower than about 0.5
W/m.degree. K, if the wall is relatively thin, for example, about
one millimeter or less in thickness, or about 0.1 millimeters or
less in thickness. The at least one wall can comprise a conical
portion, a cylindrical portion, a pyramidal portion, a frusto
conical portion, or a combination of such portions. The at least
one wall can be of other shapes, for example, a generally
rectangular shape. The at least one wall can comprise one or more
sidewalls. The one or more loops can comprise a plurality of loops
disposed on an outer periphery of the at least one wall, on an
inner periphery of the at least one wall, in a body portion of the
at least one wall, at or on a surface of the at least one wall, or
disposed in, at, or on a combination thereof. According to various
embodiments, the at least one wall can comprise one or more
electrical conductors and the one or more loops can comprise a
plurality of loops that are electrically isolated from the
wall.
[0039] According to various embodiments, each fluid retainment
region can comprise an opening and the container can further
comprise a cap to seal the opening. The cap can be removably
attachable to seal the opening. The container can comprise a fluid
sample disposed in the fluid retainment region. The sample can be
electrically isolated from the one or more loops. The cap itself
can be a surface in or on which loops can be disposed.
[0040] The fluid retainment region can have a volume, for example,
of from about 0.05 nl to about 100 ml, from about 1 nl to about 50
ml, from about 10 nl to about 10 ml, from about 100 nl to five ml,
or from about 1000 nl to about two ml. The container can comprise a
connecting member, for example, a substrate, and a plurality of
fluid retainment regions can be formed in or on the connecting
member.
[0041] According to various embodiments, a system is provided that
can comprise a platen adapted to hold a fluid-processing device,
for example, with or in a holder. The fluid-processing device can
comprise one or more fluid retainment regions and one or more
electrical conductors, each in heat-transfer communication with at
least one of the one or more fluid retainment regions. The system
can comprise a magnetic field source adapted to form a magnetic
field, and a drive device adapted to move the one or more fluid
retainment regions and/or the magnetic field source relative to the
other. During operation of the system, the magnetic field can form
at least one eddy current in the one or more electrical conductors.
The one or more electrical conductors can include, for example, a
resistive heater or a partially conductive electrical circuit. The
one or more electrical conductors can be shaped to complement an
outer periphery of at least one fluid retainment region of the one
or more fluid retainment regions. The one or more electrical
conductors can comprise a plurality of electrical conductors
electrically isolated from one another. Heat-transfer communication
can be established between the one or more electrical conductors
and the one or more fluid retainment regions by one or more of
conduction, convection, and radiation. According to various
embodiments, a loop can be disposed away from the sample, and the
current induced in the loop can be conducted to a resistive element
proximate the sample.
[0042] According to various embodiments, the system can comprise a
substrate having a surface, and fluid retainment regions disposed
in or on the surface. At least one of the fluid retainment regions
can comprise a cavity or recess disposed in or on the surface. At
least one of the fluid retainment regions can comprise a frame or
recess capable of holding or accommodating a sample container, for
example, a vial or tube. There can be a one to one correspondence
between the one or more fluid retainment regions and the one or
more electrical conductors. There can be a one to n correspondence
between the fluid retainment regions and the plurality of
electrical conductors, wherein n can be greater than one, for
example, 2, 5, 10, 25, or more. There can be an n to 1
correspondence between the fluid retainment region and the one or
more electrical conductors. Separated loops can be made from a
common conductor. Resistors can be in series or in parallel.
[0043] According to various embodiments, the magnetic field source
can comprise a pair of magnets arranged with a north pole of one of
the magnets aligned with a north pole of the other magnet of the
pair, and a gap can be provided between the magnets. At least one
of the one or more fluid retainment regions can be disposed in the
gap or aligned to be moved through the gap. The magnetic field
source can comprise a pair of magnets arranged with a north pole of
one of the magnets aligned with a south pole of the other of the
magnets, and a gap can be provided between the magnets. At least
one of the one or more fluid retainment regions can be disposed in
the gap or aligned to be moved through the gap. The magnetic field
source can comprise at least one of a permanent magnet or an
electromagnet. The magnetic field source can comprise a plurality
of magnets or magnetic field sources. The magnetic field source can
be adapted to oscillate a generated magnetic field.
[0044] According to various embodiments, a single magnet, for
example, a horseshoe shaped magnet, can be configured with a small
gap, and the loops can pass through the gap. The fluid retainment
region does not need to pass through the gap, whereas the one or
more electrical conductors can pass through the gap. According to
various embodiments, a single large loop, having inner and outer
edges with different respective radii, can be configured to have an
edge, for example, the inner edge, pass outside the gap while the
other (outer) edge of the loop can pass inside the gap. This can
cause the magnetic flux lines to be cut by the loop as the disk is
rotated and can induce a current in the loop.
[0045] According to various embodiments, the platen can comprise a
rotatable platen having a center of rotation. The platen can
comprise a substrate holder capable of holding a substrate.
According to various embodiments, the drive device can be adapted
to move the loops relative to the magnetic field source, for
example, in a circular pattern and through the magnetic field. The
drive device can be adapted to spin the container, loops, and fluid
retainment regions relative to the magnetic field source. The
system can comprise a drive control device adapted to control the
drive device.
[0046] According to various embodiments, the system can comprise a
magnetic field source control device adapted to control the
magnetic field source. The magnetic field source control device can
be adapted to control the magnetic field strength by at least one
of moving the magnetic field source, varying a current passing
through the magnetic field source, varying a relative velocity of
movement between the magnetic field source and the one or more
loops, varying the frequency of an oscillation of the magnetic
field, varying the strength of the magnetic field directly, for
example, with an electromagnet, providing an alternate path for the
magnetic field, or a combination thereof. Controlling the magnetic
field strength can comprise one or more of controlling magnetic
flux density, controlling magneto motive force, and controlling
magnetic field intensity.
[0047] According to various embodiments, the system can comprise at
least one air circulation or disturbance device that can be
provided to create an air current in heat-transfer communication
with at least one of the one or more loops or one or more of the
fluid retainment regions. The air circulation device can comprise,
for example, a cooling fin or fan blade attached to the substrate
or formed integrally therewith, or attached to or formed with the
magnetic field source. The system can comprise a temperature sensor
adapted to measure a temperature of at least one of the one or more
fluid retainment regions.
[0048] According to various embodiments, a method can be provided
for heating a fluid sample by inducing a current in a
fluid-processing device. The method can comprise providing a
substrate, one or more fluid retainment regions disposed in or on
the substrate, and one or more electrical conductors each disposed
in heat-transfer communication with one or more of the fluid
retainment regions. The method can further comprise providing or
generating a magnetic field and moving the one or more electrical
conductors through the magnetic field. The method can comprise
moving the one or more electrical conductors relative to the
magnetic field and heating the one or more fluid retainment
regions. An electrical conductor can comprise an
electrically-resistant material. In other embodiments, an
electrical conductor can comprise a pinch point or narrowed
thickness in a portion thereof. In various embodiments, an
electrical conductor can comprise a resistor added in series with a
loop.
[0049] According to various methods, one or more samples can be
provided in one or more of the fluid retainment regions. The sample
can comprise an electrolyte. The method can comprise spinning the
substrate. The one or more electrical conductors can comprise a
plurality of electrical conductors, each electrically isolated from
the others. The one or more fluid retainment regions can comprise a
plurality of fluid retainment regions. The method can involve the
use of any of the devices, containers, or systems described
herein.
[0050] According to various embodiments, the method can comprise
manipulating a magnetic field strength of the magnetic field by at
least one of varying a distance between the one or more electrical
conductors and the magnetic field source, varying a current passing
through the electro-magnetic field source, varying a relative
velocity of movement between the magnetic field source and the one
or more fluid retainment regions, varying a frequency of an
oscillation of the magnetic field, varying the flux density passing
through an area of the electrical conductors by moving the magnet
or by shunting the flux, or by varying a combination of such
parameters.
[0051] According to various embodiments, the method can comprise
sensing a temperature of at least one of the one or more fluid
retainment regions. The method can comprise controlling the
temperature of the at least one fluid retainment region to obtain a
desired operating temperature, for example, within an acceptable
deviation range. The method can comprise using a radiant
temperature sensor to detect the temperature of one or more fluid
retainment regions. The temperature sensor can be powered by the
power generated by the inductive coupling system. The temperature
sensor can be powered by other non-contact methods, for example, by
optical energy transfer. The temperature sensor can be powered
directly by a system that is not rotated, or powered through
rotating contacts. The temperature sensor can transmit its data
optically, using RF transmissions, by varying the impedance of the
inductive coupling system, or by direct electrical
communication.
[0052] The temperature of the conductor, and in turn the
temperature of the fluid retainment region, can be inferred by
utilizing a conductor material that has a permeability that changes
with an operating temperature.
[0053] The temperature of a conductor and thus the temperature of a
fluid retainment region can be inferred by determining the change
in resistivity of a conductor by using a conductor material having
a temperature dependent resistivity.
[0054] According to various embodiments, one or more magnets can be
used to induce currents in the one or more electrical conductors
while in motion, for example, by moving the one or more electrical
conductors. The current can be used, for example, to heat samples
without having to create or maintain a conductive path from a fixed
power supply to the container.
[0055] The container can be a single use container, for example, a
sample vial, tube, or well. The one or more fluid retainment
regions can be formed in or on a platen, formed in a multi-well
tray, mounted in a frame, held by a fluid retainment region holder,
or mounted using a fixture mount known in the art that is in
heat-transfer communication with the one or more fluid retainment
regions.
[0056] According to various embodiments, the system can use a
static magnetic field. The static magnetic field can be provided by
a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. The static magnetic field
can induce at least one eddy current in an electrical conductor by,
for example, a cyclical motion of the electrical conductor relative
to the magnetic field. The magnets can be configured as bar
magnets, horseshoe magnets, or other magnet configurations known in
the art.
[0057] Energy transfer into configurations utilizing stationary
magnetic fields can be increased by increasing angular velocity.
The amount of current produced and thus the amount of heat
delivered to a sample can be increased by increasing a rate of the
cyclical movement, for example, by spinning a device-holding platen
or by increasing the angular velocity.
[0058] According to various embodiments, a system can provide a
time varying magnetic field as the magnetic field source. The
energy to induce at least one current in at least one conductor can
be supplied by a circuit driving the electromagnets. The amplitude
of an induced current and/or heat generated can be changed by
increasing a distance between the fluid-processing device and the
magnetic field source, by changing an angular velocity of a
cyclically moving fluid retainment region, by changing the magnetic
field strength, by changing a frequency of the magnetic field
oscillation, or by a combination thereof.
[0059] According to various embodiments, variable power can be
delivered to each sample of a plurality of samples by changing the
aforementioned parameters in synchronization with the cyclical
movement of one or more of the electrical conductors through the
magnetic field.
[0060] According to various embodiments, the relative cyclical
motion can be provided by, for example, spinning the
fluid-processing device while holding the magnet still, spinning
the magnet while holding the fluid-processing device still,
spinning the magnet and the fluid-processing device at different
relative angular velocities, spinning the magnet and the
fluid-processing device in opposing directions, or vibrating one of
or both of the fluid-processing device and the magnet. The relative
motion can be defined by a field of travel for either or both of
the magnetic field source and the fluid-processing device. The
field of travel can be planar. The direction of the magnetic field
can alternate in adjacent sectors of the field of travel,
increasing the amount of field change a particular electrical
conductor is exposed to.
[0061] According to various embodiments, a constant power level can
be supplied to some or all electrical conductors disposed in
thermal contact with a fluid retainment region by a magnetic field.
In other embodiments, different power levels can be supplied to
different electrical conductors by a magnetic field. This can allow
for different heating of fluid retainment regions in thermal
contact with the electrical conductors. Power levels can be varied
to different sections of a fluid processing device. A gradient or a
step function can provide separate temperature zones across a fluid
processing device. Synchronization of a cyclical movement between a
magnetic field source and an electrical conductor, for example,
spinning can be provided using a stepper motor and/or
dead-reckoning, for example, by including a "home sensor" for
synchronization of a motion of a holder holding the fluid
processing device, for example, a platen. In other embodiments,
power levels can be different across a fluid processing device by
using varying resistance levels of electrical conductor, for
example, a film can comprise a pinch point or an extra resistor in
series with the electrical conductor. A holder can support a
plurality of fluid processing devices. Different power levels can
be supplied to each one of the fluid processing devices disposed in
or on the holder using, for example, varying magnetic field
strengths.
[0062] According to various embodiments, an induced current can be
used to power an electrical circuit. For example, the induced
current can be converted into heat by using a resistive heater
material as the electrical conductor. The amount of current induced
and/or heat generated can be controlled. A distance between the
electrical conductor and the at least one magnet can be increased
or decreased to respectively reduce or increase the magnetic field
strength that the electrical conductor is exposed to. A change in
the angular velocity of a cyclically moving conductor can affect
the amount of the induced current.
[0063] The field strength can be modified by changing the coupling
of magnetic flux from one or both sides of a magnet to concentrate
the flux into a desired area of a fluid-processing device
comprising an electrical conductor. The field strength can be
modified by moving the magnet in a desired direction, so that the
flux density at the position of the fluid-processing device is
increased or diminished.
[0064] According to various embodiments, at least one fin, air
disturbance mechanism or other element or elements to facilitate
heat transfer through one or more of conduction, convection, and
radiation can be provided on a drive, a shaft, a platen supporting
the fluid retainment region, or the like. The magnetic field can be
turned off or decreased in strength, while the conductor is
cyclically moved at a higher angular velocity. The fins can form an
air flow. The air flow can transfer heat away from the fluid
retainment region through convection. As angular velocity is
increased, more heat can be transferred away from the fluid
retainment region. The fluid retainment region can be cooled by
increasing the angular velocity and the cooling can comprise
extinguishing or diminishing the magnetic field.
[0065] According to various embodiments, the resistivity of the
electrical conductor or loops described above can be tuned to
direct a desired amount of heat toward specific portions of a fluid
retainment region. Within practical limitations, the current in all
of the loops undergoing the same change in magnetic field can be
the same. Thus, the current induced in each of the loops can be the
same amount. By changing the resistance of a desired loop, the
power or thermal energy generated in the loop's electrical
conductor material can be effected directly according to the
formula P=I.sup.2R, wherein P is power, I is current, and R is
resistance.
[0066] According to various embodiments, induction heating of a
fluid retainment region can be provided. The electrical conductor
can be ferrous or non-ferrous. The electrical conductor can be
disposed as a loop. The electrical conductor can be in a shape
other than a loop. Spinning the fluid retainment region can be
useful, for example, to even out variability in the shape of the
magnetic field across the fluid retainment region.
[0067] According to various embodiments, a sample can be
inductively heated using inert micron-sized metallic beads in a
suspension. The sample can be heated from within by subjecting the
micro sized beads to an oscillating magnetic field. The oscillating
magnetic field can be formed using a permanent magnet or an
electromagnet. The oscillation of the magnetic field can be
achieved by a relative movement of a fluid retainment region
wherein the particulates are disposed and a movement of the magnet
itself. The magnetic beads or particulates can be micron-sized
having an average diameter of, for example, from about 0.05 microns
to about 100 microns, from about 0.5 microns to about 25 microns,
or from about 10 microns to 20 microns. The beads can heat up
through induction and in turn can heat up a surrounding or
enveloping sample. The particulates can comprise any magnetic
material. Currents induced by a magnetic field can be used to heat
the sample. The particulates can be combined with reagents. The
reagents can comprise a primer, a probe, and a dye, for example, a
PCR master mix. The reagents and/or particulates can be loaded at
time-of-use or preloaded at manufacturing. The fluid retainment
regions and samples therein can be subjected to thermal cycling by
controlling the oscillating magnetic field.
[0068] According to various embodiments, internal induction heating
can provide a number of advantages over present PCR thermal
cycling. A sample can be heated from the inside out. This can
potentially increase ramp rates as well as thermal homogeneity of
the sample. It can be possible to control, for example, the
temperature, heating or cooling rate of a sample, or thermal
homogeneity of a sample, by varying the concentration of beads in
the sample. It can be possible to have different cycling
temperatures for each fluid retainment region in a plurality of the
fluid retainment regions without modifying the thermal control
algorithms of a thermal cycler adapted to operate on a plurality of
fluid retainment regions. The particulates can be used for sample
preparation, sample thermal manipulation, sample mixing, sample
purification, post-reaction sample processing, or a combination
thereof, in an integrated manner. For example, the particulates can
be used for lysing, heating, mixing, and/or purification when a
samples is subjected to a PCR. The particulates can be used, for
example, in a purification step and a heating step. The
particulates can be used for example, in a lysing step and a
heating step. The particulates can be used as beads or supports.
These beads or supports are typically used in the field of
biochemistry, for example, for nucleic acid sequence amplification,
for purification and/or separation techniques, or for synthesizing
oligonucleotides. Thus, it can be possible to perform thermal
cycling on a sample after an initial preparation process has
occurred using the same particulates.
[0069] According to various embodiments, the fluid retainment
region containing the particulates can be adapted for use in
optical detection systems, for example, spectroscopy, for example,
luminance, fluorescence, or translucence. Optical detection can be
optimized and detection interference can be reduced by moving the
particulates away from a focal point of the detection system, for
example, the particulates can be trapped against a wall of a fluid
retainment region by a steady, non-oscillating, magnetic field that
is oriented or shaped to trap the particulates.
[0070] According to various embodiments, a fluid processing device
is provided that comprises one or more fluid retainment regions and
particulates disposed in the fluid retainment region. The
particulates comprise a magnetic material that can have an average
particulate diameter of about 50 microns or less. The device can
comprise a suspension wherein the particulates are suspended. The
particulates can comprise a ferromagnetic material. The
particulates can comprise at least one of a diametric material or a
paramagnetic material. The particulates can comprise micron-sized
metallic beads having an average diameter of about 0.05 microns to
about 25 microns. The particulates can be inert. The particulates
can be coated with an inert material comprising, for example, a
plastic.
[0071] According to various embodiments, a system is provided that
comprises the fluid processing device and an oscillating magnetic
field system adopted to form an oscillating magnetic field
traversing the one or more fluid retainment regions. The
oscillating magnetic field system can comprise an electromagnet and
an oscillating power supply. The oscillating magnetic field system
can comprise a permanent magnet and a device adapted to provide a
relative motion to the permanent magnet and the fluid retainment
region.
[0072] According to various embodiments, a method is provided that
comprises providing one or more fluid retainment regions with
particulates disposed therein and applying an oscillating magnetic
field to the particulates. The particulates can comprise a magnetic
material having an average particulate diameter of 50 microns or
less. The particulates can be provided in a suspension. The method
can comprise heating a sample in the fluid retainment region by
induction heating of the particulates. The method can comprise
sensing a temperature of the sample. The method can comprise
thermal cycling the sample. The method can comprise achieving and
maintaining the sample at a desired temperature. The method can
comprise alternating a pattern of the oscillating magnetic field to
impart a motion onto the particulates thus mixing the sample. The
method can comprise storing a nucleic acid sequence with the
particulates, for example, an oligonucleotide synthesizer can bind
synthesized oligonucleotides to the particulates. The method can
provide storing a PCR master mix with the particulates. The method
can comprise detecting an optical property of the sample. The
detection can comprise detecting an optical property of a sample
wherein the particulates are moved away from the focal point of an
optical detection system. The optical detection can comprise, for
example, the fluorescence detection of a reaction or real-time PCR
detection. The particulates can comprise purifying particles, for
example, size-exclusion ion-exchange particles and the method can
comprise purifying a sample and/or reaction products with the
particulates. The sample can comprise a PCR master mix, one or more
nucleic acid sequences, one or more enzymes, a buffer, one or more
probes, one or more primers, and/or one or more other components
for a nucleic acid sequence amplification, sequencing,
purification, labelling, and/or detection assay.
[0073] Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a top view of a
fluid-processing device 100 according to various embodiments. Fluid
retainment regions 108, 118, 119 can be disposed in or on a surface
142 of a substrate 140. Electrical conductors as exemplified by
reference numerals 104, 114, 120, 122, 124, can be disposed in or
on surface 142 of substrate 140. Although differently shaped
electrical conductors are illustrated, all the electrical
conductors of the device can be of the same size and/or shape. A
portion of the substrate or another material that differs from the
electrical conductor can intervene between an outer periphery of a
fluid retainment region and the electrical conductor. For example,
an outer peripheral wall 106 can be disposed around fluid
retainment region 108 and the electrical conductor. Outer
peripheral portions 106, 116 need not be present at all. For some
conductors, the sample can be in direct fluid communication with
the electrical conductor.
[0074] Temperature sensors 102, 112 can be disposed at one or more
locations around fluid-processing device 100, as desired.
Temperature sensors 102, 112 can be disposed proximate to a desired
fluid retainment region. Device 100 can comprise one or more
sensors.
[0075] Substrate 140 can comprise a plastic material, for example,
a polycarbonate, a polyolefin, a polypropylene, and/or a cyclic
polyolefin copolymer such as TOPAS, available from Ticona
(Celanease AB) of Summit, N.J., USA. Electrical conductor 104, 114,
120, 122, 124 can comprise a metal, metal oxide, and/or metal alloy
material. According to various embodiments, electrical conductor
104, 114, 120, 122, 124 can comprise carbon or carbon nanotubes.
Electrical conductor 104, 114, 120, 122, 124 can be disposed on the
surface 142 of substrate 140, for example, as a film, as an
electroplate layer, or co-molded with carbon. According to various
embodiments, each electrical conductor can be in heat-transfer
communication with two or more respective fluid retainment regions,
for example, electrical conductors 114 is shown in heat-transfer
communication with fluid retainment regions 118 and 119. Electrical
conductors 120 and 122 are shown as squares, electrical conductor
124 is shown as a hexagon, 104 is shown as a ring. Various other
shapes and sizes, including other polygon shapes, can be used for
the electrical conductors.
[0076] Fluid-processing device 100 can be used with a system
comprising a magnetic field source that generates a magnetic field
130. Magnetic field 130 can intercept or traverse electrical
conductors 104, 114, 120, 122, 124, upon rotation of substrate 140
about a center of rotation 110. A periodic or cyclic intersection
or transversal of magnetic field 130 relative to electrical
conductor 104, 114, 120, 122, 124, can induce a current in
electrical conductor 104, 114, 120, 122, 124. The current can be an
eddy current.
[0077] The loops can intercept flux lines. The conductor can
traverse magnetic field lines by a moving of the magnetic source,
or by using an alternating magnetic source. According to various
embodiments, the flux lines can pass through the apertures
associated with the fluid confinement zones, and the induced
current can flow in a circle around the fluid retainment region. In
these and other embodiments, the conductor can comprise an
electrically conductive material, for example, aluminum, copper,
iron, other metals, alloys, conductive carbon material,
combinations thereof, and the like.
[0078] Although many of the conductors exemplified in FIG. 1 and
elsewhere herein appear as loops around a confinement zone, it is
to be understood that according to various embodiments, conductor
shapes other than loops can be instead or additionally
implemented.
[0079] FIG. 2 is a top view of a fluid-processing device 200
comprising a plurality of fluid retainment regions exemplified as
region 206. Fluid retainment region 206 can be in heat-transfer
communication with an electrical conductor 204. Electrical
conductor 204 can comprise at least one pinch point 209 where the
thickness of electrical conductor 204 narrows. Pinch point 209 can
be used to restrict or limit the flow of an eddy current in
electrical conductor 204 and can be used to control heating.
[0080] Fluid-processing device 200 can be formed in or on a
substrate 240. Substrate 240 can include a surface 242 and
electrical conductor 204 can be disposed as a film on surface 242,
for example, as a separate layer laminated on top of surface 242.
Electrical conductor 204 can be disposed in multiple layers, for
example, stacked one upon the other. There can be an electrical
insulator between the electrical conductor layers, to increase the
number of turns for electrical conductor 204. According to various
embodiments, substrate 240 can comprise a laminate with layers of
metal interspersed with other materials, for example, a printed
circuit board. In operation, a magnetic field 230 can traverse and
intersect electrical conductor 204 when fluid-processing device 200
is spun about a center of rotation 210. A temperature sensor 212
can be disposed in or on substrate 212, for example, in close
proximity to one or more respective fluid retainment regions.
Remote temperature sensing of fluid retainment regions can be used.
A cover layer 244, for example, a thin, transparent, polymeric film
or substrate can be disposed on top of one or both of surface 242
and electrical conductor 204.
[0081] FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional, side view of a
fluid-processing device 300 comprising a fluid retainment region
302 disposed in a substrate 304. Fluid retainment region 302 can
comprise a sidewall 306. Loops, exemplified by those labeled 312,
314, and 316, can be disposed in substrate 304 proximate to and/or
along wall 306. Loops 312, 314, and 316 can be spaced apart. The
spacing between loops 312, 314, and 316 can be uneven or even.
Loops 312, 324, and 316 can be segments of a helix, creating a
single multi-loop coil. The spacing between loops 312, 314, and 316
can be increased or decreased to provide more or less heat to a
particular portion of fluid retainment region 302, as desired. The
resistivity of the wire can be increased or decreased, for example,
by changing a circumference of the wire. A decrease in the spacing
between loops 312, 314, and 316 can provide an increased amount of
heat proximate wider portions of fluid retainment region 302,
whereas greater spacing distances can be used where the
cross-sectional area of fluid retainment region 302 narrows. Fluid
retainment region 302 can comprise a conical portion 320 and/or a
cylindrical portion. Other shapes amenable to retain a fluid know
in the art are also possible As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the loops
can be spaced farther apart as they approach the apex of the cone
if less heating is desired at the smaller diameter portions of the
fluid retainment region. Fluid retainment region 306 can comprise a
partial sphere 322.
[0082] Fluid retainment region 306 can be disposed in multi-well
tray, a tray shaped as a micro-titer tray, in a card-type device,
or in any other suitable substrate. A sample can be disposed in
fluid retainment region 302. A sample tube 326 can be removably
disposed in fluid retainment region 302 and a sample can be
disposed in sample tube 326. Heat generated by loops 312, 314, and
316 can be conveyed to the sample through fluid retainment region
wall 306 and through sidewall 328 of sample tube 326.
[0083] FIG. 4 is a side view of a device 400, according to various
embodiments. Device 400 can include a wall 402 and a plurality of
loops comprising electrical conductors 412, 414, 416 can be
disposed around an outer periphery of wall 402. Electrical
conductors 412, 414, 416 can be segments of a helix, creating a
single multi-loop coil. A respective cap 408 can be attached to
wall 402 of each fluid retainment region, for example, using a
connector 410. A fluid retainment region can be defined by inner
surface of wall 402 and can comprise an opening 405. A connecting
member 442 can inter-connect device 400 to another identical or
different device 424. Cap 408 can comprise a lip 420 that can
tightly fit against the inside surface of wall 402, to seal fluid
retainment region of device 400. Connector 410 can be pliable and
can be capable of bending to allow lip 420 to be removably fit
against wall 402 without breaking. Connector 410 can be designed so
that cap 408 can be hinged, perforated, or separable relative to
device 400.
[0084] According to various embodiments, multiple loops of an
electrical conductor can be disposed in or around a respective
fluid retainment region. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the spacing of
the loops can be tuned to the amount of heat needed in a particular
portion of the fluid retainment region. Portions of the fluid
retainment region with a larger thermal mass, for example, the
wider top portion of a sample tube device shown can have the loops
spaced closer together, whereas the loops disposed at the bottom of
the sample tube device shown, where the thermal mass can be lower,
can have loops spaced further apart. Such loop arrangements are
depicted in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, for example.
[0085] FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional view of a fluid-processing
device 500. Fluid-processing device 500 can comprise one or more
fluid retainment regions 502, 512 disposed in a surface 526 of a
substrate 524. Fluid retainment regions 502, 512 can each be shaped
as a well or a cavity in substrate 524. Electrical conductors 504,
514 can be disposed around the outer periphery of fluid retainment
regions 502, 512, respectively. Electrical conductors 504, 514 can
be disposed to form a single loop circuit on surface 526.
Electrodes 508, 518 can supply a current induced in electrical
conductors 504, 514, to a respective sample 522, 523 disposed in
fluid retainment regions 502, 512, respectively. Samples 522, 523
can comprise an electrolyte. The electrolyte can provide a
decreased resistance to an electrical current compared to a sample
that is not an electrolyte. Electrical conductor 504, 514 can have
lower resistance than the electrolyte. A second surface 528 of
substrate 524 can have a film 520 disposed thereupon. Film 520 can
be a cover for fluid retainment regions 502, 512. Film 520 can
comprise a coating. Film 520 can be a thermal insulator, electrical
insulator, a thermal conductor, or an electrical conductor, as
desired. When Film 520 comprises an electrical conductor, Film 520
can be heated. Film 520 can form additional or alternative loop
structures.
[0086] FIG. 6A is a side view in partial cross-section of a system
600 according to various embodiments. A platen 602 can be spun by a
shaft 654. Platen 602 can comprise a fluid retainment region 604
disposed in a surface 606 of platen 602. Platen 602 can comprise a
thermal insulator material 610. An electrical conductor 608 can be
disposed around fluid retainment region 604. Fluid retainment
region 604 can traverse through a magnetic field 634 formed by
magnets 630, 632. Shaft 654 can be propelled directly or via a
transmission (not shown) using a drive device 640. Drive device 640
can be controlled by a drive control device 642. Magnets 630, 632
can be moved radially, towards or away from shaft 654. Magnets 630,
632 can be moved to change the length of gap 662. Adjustments to
the length of gap 662 between magnets 630, 632 can be used to
manipulate the strength of magnetic field 634 provided by magnets
630, 632. The pole of magnet 630 can be arranged to align with an
opposite pole of magnet 632, for example, a north pole of magnet
630 can be arranged in alignment with a south pole of magnet 632,
or similar poles can be aligned. The poles of a single horseshoe
magnet can comprise magnets 622, 624, respectively. Platen 652 can
transverse a gap in the horseshoe magnet. A cooling device, for
example, fan blades 644 can be provided on shaft 654 or arranged
co-axially with shaft 654.
[0087] FIG. 6B is a perspective view of a system 650 according to
various embodiments. System 650 can comprise a platen 652 that can
be spun by a shaft 666. Fluid-processing devices 614, 615 can be
disposed in platen 652. Each fluid-processing device 614, 615 can
comprise one or more fluid retainment regions 616, 617. An
electrical conductor 618 can be disposed around each fluid
retainment region 616, 617. Fluid-processing device 614 can be
disposed on platen 652 using one or more holders 612. A cover layer
609 can be disposed on top of fluid-processing device 614. Shaft
666 can be spun using a drive device 662 controlled by a drive
control device 664. One or more fluid retainment regions 616, 617
can traverse a magnetic field 620 formed between a magnet 624 and a
magnet 622. Magnet 624 can be oriented, to direct a south pole
toward platen 652. Magnet 622 can be disposed to direct a north
pole in the direction of platen 652. Magnets 622, 624 can be
controlled by a magnet control device 660. Magnets 622, 624 can be
adapted to reverse their respective poles. Fluid-processing devices
614, 615 can be spaced apart on platen 652 to maintain a rotational
balance of platen 652. Fluid-processing devices 614, 615 can
include one or more alignment features.
[0088] FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a system 700 according to
various embodiments. System 700 can comprise a platen 756 disposed
to be spun around a shaft 754. A drive device 750 controlled by a
drive control device 752 can spin shaft 754. A stationary magnetic
platform 702 can be disposed around shaft 754 using a bearing 708,
for example. A support 701 can support magnetic platform 702, to
prevent magnetic platform 702 from spinning around shaft 754. A
fluid-processing device 714 can be disposed in platen 710. One or
more holders 712 can hold fluid-processing device 714. Magnetic
platform 702 can comprise a plurality of magnets 704 and 706 to
provide alternating orientations of a magnetic field. Magnetic
platform 702 can be moveable axially with shaft 754 to alter or
vary a distance from platen 756 to stationary magnetic platform
702. Upon rotation of platen 702, the interleaving arrangement of
magnetic poles induces a current in each electrical conductor
disposed as part of fluid-processing device 714. Alternatively,
platen 756 can be held stationary or rotated in a different
direction than magnetic platform 702.
[0089] FIG. 8A illustrates a system that uses a vibrator 802 and a
fluid retainment region holder 804 to move a fluid retainment
region 808 in a reciprocating motion in a gap between the north and
south poles in a U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped magnet 806. An
electrical conductor 810 can be disposed in or on a surface of the
wall of fluid retainment region 808 in a spiral or helix pattern.
The reciprocating movement of fluid retainment region 808 by
vibrator 802 can cause a change in magnetic flux 814 effected on
electrical conductor 810, causing a current to be induced. This
current can cause inductive heating to occur, and raise a
temperature of a sample 812 in heat-transfer communication with
electrical conductor 810.
[0090] FIG. 8B illustrates a system 850 comprising electro-magnets
854 and 856 that can be supplied with power from a power supply
858. Power supply 858 can be capable of supplying a Direct Current
(DC) and an Alternating Current (AC). Power supply 858 can be
controlled by a magnetic power control device 860. Magnetic power
control device 860 can control the intensity of the magnetic flux
between electromagnets 854 and 856 by varying the output of power
supply 858. Magnetic power control device 860 can control power
supply 858 and in turn control the amount of magnetic flux
affecting an electrical conductor 868. This control of the magnetic
flux can allow magnetic power control device 860 to tune and
control a temperature increase rate of a sample in a sample holder
862. Magnetic power control device 860 can be a biological
instrument controller coupled to a temperature sensor. The amount
of magnetic flux affected on electrical conductor 868 can be
changed by moving a shunt 852 into or out of the magnetic flux, for
example, by mounting shunt 852 on a movable arm (not shown), or a
solenoid. In various embodiments, movement of shunt 852 can be
controlled by magnetic power control device 860.
[0091] FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, and 9D depict a system 900 that can be
used to heat and/or mix a sample 916 using particulates 912 in a
fluid retainment region 910. Sample 916 can be a biological
suspension comprising particulates 912. A pair of magnets 902 and
908 or two respective poles of a U-shaped magnet can generate an
oscillating magnetic field 914. Magnets 902 and 908 can be reversed
or switched in various patterns to cause magnetic particulates 912
to spin and move about in sample 916 and/or heat sample 916 by
induction currents induced in particulates 912. Magnets 902 and 908
can form a magnetic field adapted to move and/or trap particulates
912 against a portion of a wall of fluid retainment region 910.
Particulates 912 can comprise materials that are paramagnetic,
ferromagnetic, and/or diamagnetic, as desired. Different magnetic
properties of particulates 912 can cause different motions in
sample 916. Different compositions of particulates 912 can provide
different heating properties. Particulates 912 can comprise
different materials having different magnetic properties to heat
and mix sample 916, as desired. In various embodiments,
particulates 912 can be electrically conductive.
[0092] In various embodiments, the particulates can comprise
electrically low or nonconductive magnetic material. The low or
nonconductive material particulates can heat due to magnetic
polarization losses, for example. An electrically conductive
particulate can be coated, for example, with an electrically
insulating plastic that is nonreactive with a reaction to take
place in the fluid retainment region.
[0093] FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, and 9D collectively illustrate a possible
movement pattern for particulates 912 disposed in sample 916. The
movement pattern of the particulates 912 can result in a mixing of
sample 916. A temperature sensor (not shown) and a thermal cycler
control device (not shown) can be used with this system to control
thermal parameters of sample 916. System 900 can be, for example,
used in a thermal cycler to perform PCR on a sample. System 900 can
be used to perform a thermal regulatory reaction such as an
isothermal nucleic acid sequence amplification or sequencing
reaction. In some embodiments, particulates 912 can be used for
other processing of a biological sample in addition to a second
reaction, for example, sample 916 can be lysed or
ion-exchange-purified with particulates 912 as the particulates 912
are used to heat or mix sample 916. For example, an ion-exchange
material coating can be provided on the particulates 912.
[0094] According to various embodiments, the particulates in the
sample can comprise about 25% or less in volume of the sample, for
example, about 10% or less, about 5% or less, about 1% or less, or
about 0.25% or less, based on the volume of the sample. For
example, a 30 nl sample can comprise about 10 particulates having a
combined volume of about 7.5 nl or less, for example, about 3 nl or
less, about 1.5 nl or less, about 0.3 nl or less, or about 0.075 nl
or less.
[0095] Various embodiments of a fluid retainment region are
described. Referring to FIG. 10A, a fluid processing device 250 can
comprise a substrate 254 comprising a fluid retainment region 260.
Fluid retainment region 260 can be defined as a well in substrate
254. An opening of fluid retainment region 260 can be defined in a
surface of substrate 254. The opening can be closed using a cover
252. Cover 252 can be, for example, a non-conductive optical seal.
Cover 252 and other covers described herein can be attached,
secured, or otherwise affixed to the substrate 254 by, for example,
an adhesive, a hot melt seal, a dielectric layer, a heat-seal
arrangement, a combination thereof, or the like. For example, cover
252 can be adhered or otherwise attached to substrate 254 by a
layer of polyethylene, another polyolefin, or a blended polymer.
Cover 252 can be capable of being used for real-time PCR. Cover 252
can allow an excitation beam used, for example, in real-time PCR to
pass through. An excitation beam emitted from a sample disposed in
fluid retainment region 260 can pass through cover 252. Cover 252
can be disposed on substrate 254, for example, at least in a
portion of substrate 254 wherein fluid retainment region 260 is
disposed. A conductive layer 256 can be disposed on a surface
opposite the surface comprising the opening. Conductive layer 256
can be disposed in at least in an area proximate fluid retainment
region 260. A thermally insulating layer 258 can be optionally
disposed in thermal contact with conductive layer 256. Thermally
insulating layer 258 can prevent heat transfer from conductive
layer 256 to a media off the fluid processing device, for example,
air, a platen, or a fluid retainment region holder. Inductive heat
produced in conductive layer 256 can be transferred to a sample
disposed in fluid retainment region 250.
[0096] Referring to FIG. 10B, a fluid processing device 262 can
comprise a substrate 264 comprising a fluid retainment region 270
disposed on or in substrate 264. A conductive layer 266 can close,
seal, secure, or cover an opening of fluid retainment region 270. A
thermally insulating layer 268 can be optionally disposed in
thermal contact with conductive layer 266. Conductive layer 266 can
be disposed in at least a portion of substrate 264 wherein fluid
retainment region 270 is defined. Cover 252 and other covers
described herein can be attached, secured, or otherwise affixed to
the substrate 254 by, for example, an adhesive, a hot melt seal, a
dielectric layer, a heat-seal arrangement, a combination thereof,
or the like. For example, cover 252 can be adhered or otherwise
attached to substrate 254 by a layer of polyethylene, another
polyolefin, or a blended polymer. Thermally insulating layer 268
can be optionally disposed on conductive layer 266, for example, at
least in a portion of conductive layer 266 wherein fluid retainment
region 270 is defined in substrate 264.
[0097] In another embodiment, referring to FIG. 10C, a fluid
processing device 282 can comprise a substrate 274 comprising a
fluid retainment region 280. Fluid retainment region 280 can
comprise a through hole in substrate 274. A first end of fluid
retainment region or through hole 280 can be sealed utilizing a
conductive layer 276. A second end of fluid retainment region or
through hole 280 can be sealed using a cover 272. Cover 272 can be
electrically non-conductive. Cover 272 can be optically clear. A
seal between cover 272 and substrate 274 can be formed using, for
example, an adhesive, friction, or a thin layer of a liquid. Cover
252 and other covers described herein can be attached, secured, or
otherwise affixed to the substrate 254 by, for example, an
adhesive, a hot melt seal, a dielectric layer, a heat-seal
arrangement, a combination thereof, or the like. For example, cover
252 can be adhered or otherwise attached to substrate 254 by a
layer of polyethylene, another polyolefin, or a blended polymer. A
seal between conductive layer 276 and substrate 274 can be formed
using, for example, an adhesive, a friction, or a thin-layer of
fluid (not shown). Inductive heat generated in conductive layer 276
can heat a sample disposed in fluid retainment region 280.
[0098] In various embodiments, an electrical conductor can be
inductively heated, for example, using a stationary primary
magnetic field, using a static magnetic field, and using a relative
movement of the magnetic service and the conductive layer. The
conductive layer can be in cyclic motion, for example, by spinning
the substrate. The spinning of a substrate can allow a uniform
heating of a fluid retainment region or a plurality of fluid
retainment regions disposed on the substrate. In various
embodiments, the conductive layer can be inductively heated by
providing a cyclical motion to the conductive layer in a
time-constant magnetic field. In various embodiments the conductive
layer can be thin, for example, about 5 mm or less, about 2 mm or
less, about 0.5 mm or less, about 0.25 mm or less, or about 0.10 mm
or less. A thin conductive layer can increase conductive losses of
the conductor, for example, by an increase in the resistance of the
conductive layer. In various embodiments, a thin conductive layer
can decrease the heat capacity of the conductive layer. This
decrease in heat capacity can allow for faster temperature changes
of the conductive layer. In various embodiments, utilizing a
conductive layer as a seal for a fluid retainment region can
increase thermal coupling between the conductive layer and the
sample disposed in the fluid retainment region. This increase in
thermal coupling can allow for faster heating of a sample disposed
in the fluid retainment region.
[0099] The conductive layer can comprise a metal, a very thin
metal, for example, foil. The conductive layer can be attached or
affixed to the substrate, for example, using an adhesive. An
adhesive can separate a sample from the conductive layer. In
various embodiments, the adhesive can be utilized to provide
separation between the conductive layer and fluid retainment region
contents, for example, biological reagents, when the conductive
layer is not compatible with a chemistry or a reaction to take
place in the fluid retainment region. For example, a PCR reaction
can be incompatible with a metal. A conductive layer can comprise a
coating on the substrate. A conductive layer can comprise a printed
layer on a substrate, for example, a layer of a conductive ink
imprinted on the substrate.
[0100] According to various embodiments, a time of heat dissipation
of a substrate can be reduced by utilizing a layer of thermally
less conducting or thermally insulating material. A thermally
insulating material can be disposed in or on the substrate, and can
comprise a layer of a laminate comprising the substrate. The
thickness and material of the thermally insulating layer can be
utilized as parameters to achieve an optimum balance between
cooling through a spinning of a substrate and a heating of the
substrate through inductive heating.
[0101] FIG. 10D is an embodiment of a fluid processing device 294
comprising a substrate 284, a fluid retainment region 296, and a
cover 292. Fluid processing device 294 can be disposed on a platen
290. Platen 290 can comprise a conductive layer 286. Platen 290 can
optionally comprise a thermally insulating layer 288. Platen 290
can comprise a fluid processing device holder (not shown), adapted
to hold fluid processing device 294 while platen 290 is subjected
to a cyclical motion, for example, spinning or vibrating. Fluid
processing device 294 can be disposed in a magnetic field. A
thermal interface material 296 having a high thermal conductivity
can be optionally disposed between conductive layer 286 and fluid
processing device 294. Thermal interface material 296 can be a
compressible material.
[0102] According to various embodiments, a thermal interface
material (TIM) can provide a good thermal contact between two
surfaces, for example, between a platen and a fluid processing
device, or between a conductive layer and a substrate. The TIM can
include silicone-based greases, elastomeric pads, thermally
conductive tapes, thermally conductive adhesives, or a combination
thereof. Zinc-oxide silicone can be used as a TIM. According to
various embodiments, Gap-Pad products, for example, GAP PAD VO
ULTRA SOFT materials or SIL-PAD, materials available from Berquist
Company of Chanhassen, Minn., can be used as thermal interface
materials. A TIM is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,457 to
Bergerson, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. According
to various embodiments, a TIM can be disposed between a conductive
layer and a substrate. In other embodiments, a TIM can be disposed
between a platen and a fluid processing device.
[0103] In one embodiment, the fluid processing device can comprise
no conductive layer. A platen can comprise a fluid processing
device holder and a conductive layer. The fluid processing device,
for example, a fluid processing device comprising a homogeneous
polymer, can be disposed in the fluid processing device holder in
thermal contact with the conductive layer on the platen. A
compressible thermal coupler can be disposed in the fluid
processing device holder. The plastic disc can comprise fluid
retainment regions disposed therein. The conductive layer of the
platen can be aligned with the fluid processing regions. The
substrate can be spun in a magnetic field. The conductive layer
will heat up by conductive heating. At least a portion of the heat
generated by the conductive layer can be conducted to the fluid
containment region. Via either a portion of a substrate or through
a sealing film. The system comprising a platen comprising a
conductive layer and a fluid processing device without a conductive
layer can allow for low cost heating of the fluid retainment
regions disposed in the fluid processing device.
[0104] Detection systems can be combined with the systems described
herein to detect samples or products as they are processed.
Exemplary detection systems that can be used include those
described, for example, in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 10/440,719, filed May 19, 2003, in co-pending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/216,620, filed Aug. 9, 2002, in co-pending
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/700,536, filed Nov. 29, 2001,
in international patent application No. WO 99/60381, published Nov.
29, 1999, in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/440,920, filed May 19, 2003, in co-pending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/440,852, filed on May 19, 2003, in U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 10/735,339, filed Dec. 12, 2003, and in
co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/981,440, filed on
Nov. 4, 2004, all of which are incorporated herein in their
entireties by reference. The combined systems can be used, for
example, to perform real-time PCR detection on a sample.
[0105] According to various embodiments, iron, nickel, cobalt, some
of the rare earths (gadolinium, dysprosium) exhibit ferromagnetic
properties. Most of these materials can comprise poly-crystalline
form. Samarium and neodynium in alloys with cobalt can be used to
fabricate very strong rare-earth magnets. Such magnets can have
very high coercivity, remanence, and maximum energy product. In
other embodiments, some of the amorphous (non-crystalline)
ferromagnetic metallic alloys can exhibit low coercivity, low
hysteresis loss, and high permeability. Such amorphous alloys can
be fabricated by very rapid quenching (cooling) of a liquid alloy
(usually Fe, Co, or Ni with B, C, Si, P, or Al). One example of
such an amorphous alloy is Fe.sub.80B.sub.20 (Metglas 2605).
[0106] Other embodiments of the present teachings will be apparent
to those skilled in the art from consideration of the present
specification and practice of the present teachings disclosed
herein. It is intended that the present specification and examples
be considered as exemplary.
* * * * *