U.S. patent application number 12/151342 was filed with the patent office on 2008-12-04 for pulsed electrolysis apparatus and method of using same.
This patent application is currently assigned to Kuzo Holding Inc.. Invention is credited to Nehemia Davidson.
Application Number | 20080296172 12/151342 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40086898 |
Filed Date | 2008-12-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080296172 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Davidson; Nehemia |
December 4, 2008 |
Pulsed electrolysis apparatus and method of using same
Abstract
An electrolysis system (100) and method of using same is
provided. In addition to an electrolysis tank (101) and a membrane
(105) separating the tank into two regions, the system includes a
plurality of metal members comprised of at least a first and a
second metal member (121/123) contained within the first tank
region and at least a third and a fourth metal member (125/127)
contained within the second tank region. The system also includes a
plurality of high voltage electrodes comprised of at least an anode
(117) interposed between the first and second metal members and at
least a cathode (115) interposed between the third and fourth metal
members. The high voltage applied to the plurality of high voltage
electrodes is pulsed.
Inventors: |
Davidson; Nehemia;
(Rosh-Haayin, IL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
PATENT LAW OFFICE OF DAVID G. BECK
P. O. BOX 1146
MILL VALLEY
CA
94942
US
|
Assignee: |
Kuzo Holding Inc.
Christ Church
BB
|
Family ID: |
40086898 |
Appl. No.: |
12/151342 |
Filed: |
May 6, 2008 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
205/639 ;
204/229.4; 205/335; 205/637 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02E 60/366 20130101;
C25B 9/00 20130101; C25B 1/04 20130101; Y02E 60/36 20130101; C25B
15/02 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
205/639 ;
204/229.4; 205/637; 205/335 |
International
Class: |
C25B 1/10 20060101
C25B001/10; C25B 9/10 20060101 C25B009/10; C25B 15/02 20060101
C25B015/02 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 30, 2007 |
CA |
2,590,490 |
Claims
1. An electrolysis system comprising: an electrolysis tank; a
membrane separating said electrolysis tank into a first region and
a second region, wherein said membrane permits ion and electron
exchange between said first and second regions; a plurality of
metal members contained within said electrolysis tank, said
plurality of metal members comprised of at least a first metal
member and a second metal member contained within said first
region, and said plurality of metal members comprised of at least a
third metal member and fourth metal member contained within said
second region; a plurality of high voltage electrodes contained
within said electrolysis tank, said plurality of high voltage
electrodes comprised of at least a first high voltage anode
contained within said first region and interposed between said
first metal member and said second metal member, and said plurality
of high voltage electrodes comprised of at least a first high
voltage cathode contained within said second region and interposed
between said third metal member and said fourth metal member; a
high voltage source electrically connected to said plurality of
high voltage electrodes; and means for pulsing said high voltage
source voltage at a specific frequency and with a specific pulse
duration.
2. The electrolysis system of claim 1, further comprising means for
cooling said electrolysis system.
3. The electrolysis system of claim 2, wherein said cooling means
is comprised of a conduit containing a heat transfer medium,
wherein a portion of said conduit is in thermal communication with
at least a portion of said electrolysis tank.
4. The electrolysis system of claim 1, further comprising a liquid
within said electrolysis tank, wherein said liquid includes at
least one of water, deuterated water, tritiated water, semiheavy
water, heavy oxygen water, water containing an isotope of hydrogen,
or water containing an isotope of oxygen.
5. The electrolysis system of claim 4, further comprising an
electrolyte within said liquid, said electrolyte having a
concentration of between 0.05 and 10.0 percent by weight.
6. The electrolysis system of claim 1, wherein said first metal
member is comprised of a first material, wherein said second metal
member is comprised of a second material, wherein said third metal
member is comprised of a third material, wherein said fourth metal
member is comprised of a fourth material, wherein said first high
voltage anode is comprised of a fifth material, wherein said first
high voltage cathode is comprised of a sixth material, and wherein
said first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth materials are
selected from the group consisting of steel, nickel, copper, iron,
stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium, platinum,
palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon, graphite,
carbon-graphite, metal hydrides and alloys of steel, nickel,
copper, iron, stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium,
platinum, palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon,
graphite, carbon-graphite and metal hydrides.
7. The electrolysis system of claim 1, further comprising a system
controller coupled to said electrolytic system, wherein said system
controller is coupled to at least one of said high voltage source,
said pulsing means, a temperature monitor contained within said
electrolysis tank, a pH monitor contained within said electrolysis
tank, a resistivity monitor contained within said electrolysis
tank, a liquid level monitor contained within said electrolysis
tank, and a flow valve coupled to means for filling said
electrolysis tank with liquid.
8. A method of operating an electrolysis system comprising the
steps of applying a high voltage to at least a first high voltage
anode and a first high voltage cathode contained within an
electrolysis tank, said high voltage applying step further
comprising the step of pulsing said high voltage at a first
frequency and with a first pulse duration, and wherein said first
high voltage anode is interposed between at least a first metal
member and a second metal member within a first region of said
electrolysis tank, and wherein said first high voltage cathode is
interposed between a third metal member and a fourth metal member
within a second region of said electrolysis tank, said first and
second regions of said electrolysis tank separated by a
membrane.
9. A method of operating an electrolysis system comprising the
steps of: filling an electrolysis tank with a liquid; positioning a
plurality of metal members within said electrolysis tank, wherein
said plurality of metal members is comprised of at least a first
metal member, a second metal member, a third metal member and a
fourth metal member, wherein said positioning step further
comprises the steps of positioning said first and second metal
members within a first region of said electrolysis tank and
positioning said third and fourth metal members within a second
region of said electrolysis tank, said first and second regions of
said electrolysis tank separated by a membrane; positioning a
plurality of high voltage electrodes within said electrolysis tank,
wherein said plurality of high voltage electrodes is comprised of
at least a first high voltage anode and a first high voltage
cathode, wherein said positioning step further comprises the steps
of positioning said first high voltage anode between said first and
second metal members within said first region of said electrolysis
tank and positioning said first high voltage cathode between said
third and fourth metal members within said second region of said
electrolysis tank; and applying a high voltage to said plurality of
high voltage electrodes, said high voltage applying step further
comprising the step of pulsing said high voltage applied to said
plurality of high voltage electrodes at a first frequency and with
a first pulse duration.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of selecting
said liquid from the group consisting of water, deuterated water,
tritiated water, semiheavy water, heavy oxygen water, water
containing an isotope of hydrogen, or water containing an isotope
of oxygen.
11. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of adding an
electrolyte to said liquid.
12. The method of claim 9, further comprising the steps of:
fabricating said first metal member from a first material;
fabricating said second metal member from a second material;
fabricating said third metal member from a third material;
fabricating said fourth metal member from a fourth material;
fabricating said first high voltage anode from a fifth material;
fabricating said first high voltage cathode from a sixth material;
and selecting said first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth
materials from the group consisting of steel, nickel, copper, iron,
stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium, platinum,
palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon, graphite,
carbon-graphite, metal hydrides and alloys of steel, nickel,
copper, iron, stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium,
platinum, palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon,
graphite, carbon-graphite and metal hydrides.
13. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of selecting
said high voltage to be within the range of 50 volts to 50
kilovolts.
14. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of selecting
said first frequency to be within the range of 50 Hz to 1 MHz.
15. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of selecting
said first pulse duration to be between 0.01 and 75 percent of a
time period defined by said first frequency.
16. The method of claim 9, further comprising the steps of:
monitoring pH of said liquid within said electrolysis tank; and
adding electrolyte to said liquid when said monitored pH falls
outside of a preset range.
17. The method of claim 9, further comprising the steps of:
monitoring resistivity of said liquid within said electrolysis
tank; and adding electrolyte to said liquid when said monitored
resistivity falls outside of a preset range.
18. The method of claim 9, further comprising the steps of:
monitoring a liquid level within said electrolysis tank; and adding
more of said liquid to said electrolysis tank when said monitored
liquid level falls below a preset value.
19. The method of claim 9, further comprising the steps of:
monitoring heat generation of said electrolysis system; selecting
an operating parameter from at least one of said high voltage, said
first frequency, and said first pulse duration; and optimizing said
operating parameter of said electrolysis system in response to said
monitored heat generation.
20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of
achieving a preset value for said heat generation prior to
performing said optimizing step.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] Under 35 U.S.C. 119, the present application claims the
benefit of the earlier filing date and the right of priority to
Canadian Patent Application Serial No. 2,590,490, filed May 30,
2007, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference
for any and all purposes.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to electrolysis
systems and, more particularly, to a high efficiency electrolysis
system and methods of using same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Fossil fuels, in particular oil, coal and natural gas,
represent the primary sources of energy in today's world.
Unfortunately in a world of rapidly increasing energy needs,
dependence on any energy source of finite size and limited regional
availability has dire consequences for the world's economy. In
particular, as a country's need for energy increases, so does its
vulnerability to disruption in the supply of that energy source.
Additionally, as fossil fuels are the largest single source of
carbon dioxide emissions, a greenhouse gas, continued reliance on
such fuels can be expected to lead to continued global warming.
Accordingly it is imperative that alternative, clean and renewable
energy sources be developed that can replace fossil fuels.
[0004] Hydrogen-based fuel is currently one of the leading
contenders to replace fossil fuel. There are a number of techniques
that can be used to produce hydrogen, although the primary
technique is by steam reforming natural gas. In this process
thermal energy is used to react natural gas with steam, creating
hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This process is well developed, but
due to its reliance on fossil fuels and the release of carbon
dioxide during production, it does not alleviate the need for
fossil fuels nor does it lower the environmental impact of its use
over that of traditional fossil fuels. Other, less developed
hydrogen producing techniques include (i) biomass fermentation in
which methane fermentation of high moisture content biomass creates
fuel gas, a small portion of which is hydrogen; (ii) biological
water splitting in which certain photosynthetic microbes produce
hydrogen from water during their metabolic activities; (iii)
photoelectrochemical processes using either soluble metal complexes
as a catalyst or semiconducting electrodes in a photochemical cell;
(iv) thermochemical water splitting using chemicals such as bromine
or iodine, assisted by heat, to split water molecules; (v)
thermolysis in which concentrated solar energy is used to generate
temperatures high enough to split methane into hydrogen and carbon;
and (vi) electrolysis.
[0005] Electrolysis as a means of producing hydrogen has been known
and used for over 80 years. In general, electrolysis of water uses
two electrodes separated by an ion conducting electrolyte. During
the process hydrogen is produced at the cathode and oxygen is
produced at the anode, the two reaction areas separated by an ion
conducting diaphragm. Electricity is required to drive the process.
An alternative to conventional electrolysis is high temperature
electrolysis, also known as steam electrolysis. This process uses
heat, for example produced by a solar concentrator, as a portion of
the energy required to cause the needed reaction. Although lowering
the electrical consumption of the process is desirable, this
process has proven difficult to implement due to the tendency of
the hydrogen and oxygen to recombine at the technique's high
operating temperatures.
[0006] A high temperature heat source, for example a geothermal
source, can also be used as a replacement for fossil fuel. In such
systems the heat source raises the temperature of water
sufficiently to produce steam, the steam driving a turbine
generator which, in turn, produces electricity. Alternately the
heat source can raise the temperature of a liquid that has a lower
boiling temperature than water, such as isopentane, which can also
be used to drive a turbine generator. Alternately the heat source
can be used as a fossil fuel replacement for non-electrical
applications, such as heating buildings.
[0007] Although a variety of alternatives to fossil fuels in
addition to hydrogen and geothermal sources have been devised, to
date none of them have proven acceptable for a variety of reasons
ranging from cost to environmental impact to availability.
Accordingly, what is needed is a new energy source, or a more
efficient form of a current alternative energy source, that can
effectively replace fossil fuels without requiring an overly
complex distribution system. The present invention provides such a
system and method of use.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention provides an electrolysis system and
method of using same. In addition to an electrolysis tank and a
membrane separating the tank into two regions, the system includes
a plurality of metal members and a plurality of high voltage
electrodes. The plurality of metal members includes at least a
first metal member and a second metal member contained within the
first region of the electrolysis tank and at least a third metal
member and a fourth metal member contained within the second region
of the electrolysis tank. The plurality of high voltage electrodes
includes at least a first high voltage anode contained within the
first region of the electrolysis tank and interposed between the
first and second metal members, and at least a first high voltage
cathode contained within the second region of the electrolysis tank
and interposed between the third and fourth metal members. The high
voltage applied to the high voltage electrodes is pulsed.
Preferably the liquid within the tank is comprised of one or more
of, water, deuterated water, tritiated water, semiheavy water,
heavy oxygen water, and/or any other water containing an isotope of
either hydrogen or oxygen.
[0009] Preferably the high voltage pulses occur at a frequency
between 50 Hz and 1 MHz, and more preferably at a frequency between
100 Hz and 10 kHz. Preferably the high voltage pulses have a pulse
duration of between 0.01 and 75 percent of the time period defined
by the frequency, and more preferably a pulse duration of between 1
and 50 percent of the time period defined by the frequency.
Preferably the high voltage is between 50 volts and 50 kilovolts,
more preferably between 100 volts and 5 kilovolts. The metal
members and the high voltage electrodes are fabricated from any of
a variety of materials, although preferably the material is
selected from the group consisting of steel, nickel, copper, iron,
stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium, platinum,
palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon, graphite,
carbon-graphite, metal hydrides and alloys thereof. The metal
members and the high voltage electrodes can utilize any of a
variety of surface shapes and can be either positioned parallel to
one another or not parallel to one another.
[0010] In at least one embodiment, the concentration of electrolyte
in the liquid is between 0.05 and 10 percent by weight. In at least
one other embodiment of the invention, the concentration of
electrolyte in the liquid is between 0.05 and 2.0 percent by
weight. In yet at least one other embodiment of the invention, the
concentration of electrolyte in the liquid is between 0.1 and 0.5
percent by weight.
[0011] In at least one embodiment, the electrolysis system is
cooled. Cooling is preferably achieved by thermally coupling at
least a portion of the electrolysis system to a portion of a
conduit containing a heat transfer medium. The conduit can surround
the electrolysis tank, be integrated within the walls of the
electrolysis tank, or be contained within the electrolysis
tank.
[0012] In at least one embodiment, the electrolysis system also
contains a system controller. The system controller can be used to
perform system optimization, either during an initial optimization
period or repeatedly throughout system operation.
[0013] A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the
present invention may be realized by reference to the remaining
portions of the specification and the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 is an illustration of an exemplary embodiment of the
invention;
[0015] FIG. 2 is an illustration of an alternate exemplary
embodiment utilizing multiple pairs of low voltage electrodes;
[0016] FIG. 3 is an illustration of an alternate exemplary
embodiment utilizing multiple pairs of high voltage electrodes;
[0017] FIG. 4 is an illustration of an alternate exemplary
embodiment utilizing multiple pairs of low voltage electrodes and
multiple pairs of high voltage electrodes;
[0018] FIG. 5 is an illustration of an alternate exemplary
embodiment utilizing a horizontal cylindrical tank;
[0019] FIG. 6 is an illustration of an alternate exemplary
embodiment utilizing a horizontal cylindrical tank and a separation
membrane running lengthwise in the tank;
[0020] FIG. 7 is an illustration of one mode of operation;
[0021] FIG. 8 is an illustration of an alternate mode of operation
that includes initial process optimization steps;
[0022] FIG. 9 is an illustration of an alternate, and preferred,
mode of operation in which the process undergoes continuous
optimization; and
[0023] FIG. 10 is an illustration of an exemplary embodiment based
on the embodiment of FIG. 1, except for the inclusion of a system
controller.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
[0024] FIG. 1 is an illustration of an exemplary embodiment of the
invention. Electrolysis system 100 includes a tank 101 comprised of
a non-conductive material, the size of the tank depending primarily
upon the desired output of the system as well as the dimensions of
the electrodes and the metal members contained within the tank.
Although tank 101 is shown as having a rectangular shape, it will
be appreciated that the invention is not so limited and that tank
101 can utilize other shapes, for example cylindrical, square,
irregularly-shaped, etc. Tank 101 is substantially filled with
liquid 103. In at least one preferred embodiment, liquid 103 is
comprised of water with an electrolyte, the electrolyte being
either an acid electrolyte or a base electrolyte. Exemplary
electrolytes include potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. The
term "water" as used herein refers to water (H.sub.2O), deuterated
water (deuterium oxide or D.sub.2O), tritiated water (tritium oxide
or T.sub.2O), semiheavy water (HDO), heavy oxygen water
(H.sub.2.sup.18O or H.sub.2.sup.17O) or any other water containing
an isotope of either hydrogen or oxygen, either singly or in any
combination thereof (for example, a combination of H.sub.2O and
D.sub.2O).
[0025] A typical electrolysis system used to decompose water into
hydrogen and oxygen gases utilizes relatively high concentrations
of electrolyte. The present invention, however, has been found to
work best with relatively low electrolyte concentrations, thereby
maintaining a relatively high initial water resistivity. Preferably
the water resistivity prior to the addition of an electrolyte is on
the order of 1 to 28 megohms. Preferably the concentration of
electrolyte is in the range of 0.05 percent to 10 percent by
weight, more preferably the concentration of electrolyte is in the
range of 0.05 percent to 2.0 percent by weight, and still more
preferably the concentration of electrolyte is in the range of 0.1
percent to 0.5 percent by weight.
[0026] Separating tank 101 into two regions is a membrane 105.
Membrane 105 permits ion/electron exchange between the two regions
of tank 101 while keeping separate the oxygen and hydrogen bubbles
produced during electrolysis. Maintaining separate hydrogen and
oxygen gas regions is important not only as a means of allowing the
collection of pure hydrogen gas and pure oxygen gas, but also as a
means of minimizing the risk of explosions due to the inadvertent
recombination of the two gases. Exemplary materials for membrane
105 include, but are not limited to, polypropylene,
tetrafluoroethylene, asbestos, etc. In at least one embodiment,
membrane 105 is 25 microns thick and comprised of
polypropylene.
[0027] As noted herein, the present system is capable of generating
considerable heat. Accordingly, system components such as tank 101
and membrane 105 that are expected to be subjected to the heat
generated by the system must be fabricated from suitable materials
and designed to indefinitely accommodate the intended operating
temperatures as well as the internal tank pressure. For example, in
at least one preferred embodiment the system is designed to operate
at a temperature of approximately 90.degree. C. at standard
pressure. In an alternate exemplary embodiment, the system is
designed to operate at elevated temperatures (e.g., 100.degree. C.
to 150.degree. C.) and at sufficient pressure to prevent boiling of
liquid 103. In yet another alternate exemplary embodiment, the
system is designed to operate at even higher temperatures (e.g.,
200.degree. C. to 350.degree. C.) and higher pressures (e.g.,
sufficient to prevent boiling). Accordingly, it will be understood
that the choice of materials (e.g., for tank 101 and membrane 105)
and the design of the system (e.g., tank wall thicknesses,
fittings, etc.) will vary, depending upon the intended system
operational parameters (primarily temperature and pressure).
[0028] Other standard features of electrolysis tank 101 are gas
outlets 107 and 109. As hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode and
oxygen gas is produced at the anode, in the exemplary embodiment
shown in FIG. 1 oxygen gas will exit tank 101 through outlet 107
while hydrogen gas will exit through outlet 109. Replenishment of
liquid 103 is preferably through a separate conduit, for example
conduit 111. In at least one embodiment of the invention, another
conduit 113 is used to remove liquid 103 from the system. If
desired, a single conduit can be used for both liquid removal and
replenishment. It will be appreciated that the system can either be
periodically refilled or water and electrolyte can be continuously
added at a very slow rate during system operation.
[0029] The electrolysis system of the invention uses a combination
of metal members and high voltage electrodes. The metal members
include at least two metal members within each region of the
electrolysis tank. The high voltage electrodes include at least one
high voltage cathode interposed between at least two metal members
within one region of the tank, and at least one high voltage anode
interposed between at least two metal members within the other
region of the tank. Assuming multiple high voltage cathodes and/or
multiple high voltage anodes, all cathodes are kept in one region
of tank 101 while all anodes are kept in the other tank region, the
two tank regions separated by membrane 105.
[0030] In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, although a single
high voltage cathode 115 and a single high voltage anode 117 are
shown, it should be understood that the invention can utilize more
than one high voltage cathode and more than one high voltage anode.
High voltage electrodes 115/117 are coupled to a high voltage
source 119. Preferably and as shown, the faces of the individual
high voltage electrodes are parallel to one another. It should be
understood, however, that the faces of the electrodes do not have
to be parallel to one another.
[0031] As previously noted, the high voltage cathode (or cathodes)
is positioned between at least one pair of metal members and the
high voltage anode (or anodes) is positioned between at least one
pair of metal members. Thus in the exemplary embodiment shown in
FIG. 1, high voltage cathode 115 is positioned between metal
members 121 and 123, and high voltage anode 117 is positioned
between metal members 125 and 127.
[0032] In one preferred embodiment, electrodes 115/117 and metal
members 121/123/125/127 are comprised of titanium. In another
preferred embodiment, electrodes 115/117 and metal members
121/123/125/127 are comprised of stainless steel. It should be
appreciated, however, that other materials can be used and that the
same material does not have to be used for both the metal members
and the high voltage electrodes, nor does the same material have to
be used for both the high voltage anodes and the high voltage
cathodes, nor does the same material have to be used for all of the
metal members. In addition to titanium and stainless steel, other
exemplary materials that can be used for the metal members and the
high voltage electrodes include, but are not limited to, copper,
iron, stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, nickel, platinum,
palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon, graphite,
carbon-graphite, metal hydrides and alloys of these materials. As
used in the present specification, a metal hydride refers to any
compound of a metal and hydrogen or an isotope of hydrogen (e.g.,
deuterium, tritium).
[0033] Preferably the surface area of the faces of the metal
members is a large percentage of the cross-sectional area of tank
101, typically on the order of at least 40 percent of the
cross-sectional area of tank 101, and often between approximately
70 percent and 90 percent of the cross-sectional area of tank 101.
The high voltage electrodes (e.g., electrodes 115 and 117) may be
larger, smaller or the same size as the metal members (e.g., metal
members 121, 123, 125 and 127).
[0034] Typically the voltage applied to high voltage electrodes
115/117 by source 119 is within the range of 50 volts to 50
kilovolts, and preferably within the range of 100 volts to 5
kilovolts. Rather than continually apply voltage to the electrodes,
source 119 is pulsed, preferably at a frequency of between 50 Hz
and 1 MHz, and more preferably at a frequency of between 100 Hz and
10 kHz. The pulse width (i.e., pulse duration) is preferably
between 0.01 and 75 percent of the time period defined by the
frequency, and more preferably between 1 and 50 percent of the time
period defined by the frequency. Thus, for example, for a frequency
of 150 Hz, the pulse duration is preferably in the range of 0.67
microseconds to 5 milliseconds, and more preferably in the range of
66.7 microseconds to 3.3 milliseconds. Alternately, for example,
for a frequency of 1 kHz, the pulse duration is preferably in the
range of 0.1 microseconds to 0.75 milliseconds, and more preferably
in the range of 10 microseconds to 0.5 milliseconds. The frequency
and/or pulse duration can be changed during system operation, thus
allowing the system output efficiency to be continually optimized.
Although voltage source 119 can include internal pulsing means,
preferably an external pulse generator 129 controls a high voltage
switch 131 which, in turn, controls the output of voltage source
119. Other means for pulsing the voltage source are clearly
envisioned, for example using a switching power supply coupled to
an external pulse generator or using a switching power supply with
an internal pulse generator.
[0035] As described herein, the electrolysis process of the
invention generates considerable heat. It will be appreciated that
if the system is allowed to become too hot for a given pressure,
the fluid within tank 101 will begin to boil. Additionally, various
system components may be susceptible to heat damage. Although the
system can be turned off and allowed to cool when the temperature
exceeds a preset value, for example using a control system coupled
to a thermocouple or other heat monitor which triggers the control
system when the system (or tank fluid) exceeds the preset value,
this is not a preferred approach due to the inherent inefficiency
of stopping the process, allowing the system to cool, and then
restarting the system. A more efficient, and preferred, approach
uses means which actively cool the system to maintain the
temperature within an acceptable range. In at least one preferred
embodiment, the cooling system does not allow the temperature to
exceed 90.degree. C. Although it will be appreciated that the
invention is not limited to a specific type of cooling system or a
specific implementation of the cooling system, in at least one
embodiment tank 101 is surrounded by coolant conduit 133, portions
of which are shown in FIGS. 1-6 and 10. Within coolant conduit 133
is a heat transfer medium, for example water. Coolant conduit 133
can either surround a portion of the electrolysis tank as shown, or
be contained within the electrolysis tank, or be integrated within
the walls of the electrolysis tank. The coolant pump and
refrigeration system is not shown in the figures as cooling systems
are well known by those of skill in the art.
[0036] As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, there
are numerous minor variations of the system described herein and
shown in FIG. 1 that will function substantially the same as the
disclosed system. As previously noted, alternate configurations can
utilize differently sized/shaped tanks, different electrolytic
solutions, and a variety of different electrode configurations and
materials. Additionally the system can utilize a range of input
powers, frequencies and pulse widths (i.e., pulse duration). In
general, the exact configuration depends upon the desired output as
well as available space and power. FIGS. 2-6 illustrate a few
alternate configurations, including the use of multiple sets of
metal members (i.e., FIG. 2), multiple sets of high voltage
electrodes (i.e., FIG. 3), multiple sets of metal members and high
voltage electrodes (e.g., FIG. 4), and horizontal cylindrical tanks
(e.g., FIGS. 5 and 6).
[0037] FIG. 2 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the system
shown in FIG. 1, the alternate configuration replacing metal member
121 with four metal members 201-204, replacing metal member 123
with four metal members 205-208, replacing metal member 125 with
four metal members 209-212, and replacing metal member 127 with
metal members 213-216. Note that in FIG. 2, membrane 105 hides all
but a small portion of metal member 211 and all of metal member
212.
[0038] FIG. 3 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the system
shown in FIG. 1, the alternate configuration replacing high voltage
electrode 115 with two high voltage electrodes 301-302 and
replacing high voltage electrode 117 with two high voltage
electrodes 303-304.
[0039] FIG. 4 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the system
shown in FIG. 1, the alternate configuration replacing metal member
121 with four metal members 401-404, replacing metal member 123
with four metal members 405-408, replacing metal member 125 with
four metal members 409-412, replacing metal member 127 with four
metal members 413-416, replacing high voltage electrode 115 with
two high voltage electrodes 417-418 and replacing high voltage
electrode 117 with two high voltage electrodes 419-420. Note that
in FIG. 4, membrane 105 hides all but a small portion of metal
member 411 and all of metal member 412.
[0040] FIG. 5 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the system
shown in FIG. 1, the alternate configuration replacing tank 101
with a horizontally configured cylindrical tank 501, replacing
membrane 105 with an appropriately shaped membrane 503, replacing
metal member 121 with disc-shaped metal member 505, replacing metal
member 123 with disc-shaped metal member 507, replacing metal
member 125 with disc-shaped metal member 509, replacing metal
member 127 with disc-shaped metal member 511, replacing high
voltage electrode 115 with disc-shaped high voltage electrode 513,
and replacing high voltage electrode 117 with disc-shaped high
voltage electrode 515.
[0041] FIG. 6 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the system
shown in FIG. 1, the alternate configuration replacing tank 101
with a horizontally configured cylindrical tank 601 which utilizes
a lengthwise membrane 603. Additionally, metal member 121 is
replaced with metal member 605, metal member 123 is replaced with
metal member 607, metal member 125 is replaced with metal member
609, metal member 127 is replaced with metal member 611, high
voltage electrode 115 is replaced with high voltage electrode 613,
and high voltage electrode 117 is replaced with high voltage
electrode 615.
[0042] It should be understood that the present invention can be
operated in a number of modes, the primary differences between
modes being the degree of process optimization used during
operation. For example, FIG. 7 illustrates one method of operation
requiring minimal optimization. As illustrated, initially the
electrolysis tank is filled with liquid, e.g., water (step 701).
Assuming the use of an electrolyte as preferred, the electrolyte
can either be mixed into the water prior to filling the tank or
after the tank is filled. The frequency of the pulse generator is
then set (step 703) as well as the pulse duration (step 705) and
the output of the high voltage power supply (step 707). It will be
appreciated that the order of set-up, i.e., steps 703-707, is
clearly not critical to the electrolysis process. Once set-up is
complete, electrolysis is initiated (step 709) and continues (step
711) until the process is terminated (step 713).
[0043] After process termination, electrolysis can be re-initiated
when desired. Prior to electrolysis re-initiation, if desired the
water in the electrolysis tank can be removed (step 715) and the
tank refilled (step 717). Prior to refilling the tank, a series of
optional steps can be performed. For example, the tank can be
washed out (optional step 719) and the electrodes can be cleaned,
for example to remove oxides, by washing the electrodes with
diluted acids (optional step 721). Spent, or used up, electrodes
can also be replaced prior to refilling (optional step 723).
[0044] The above sequence of processing steps works best once the
operational parameters have been optimized for a specific system
configuration since the system configuration will impact the heat
production efficiency of the process and therefore the system
output. Exemplary system configuration parameters that affect the
optimal electrolysis settings include tank size, quantity of water,
type and/or quality of water, electrolyte composition, electrolyte
concentration, pressure, electrode size, electrode composition,
electrode shape, electrode configuration, electrode separation,
metal member size, metal member composition, metal member shape,
metal member configuration, high voltage setting, pulse frequency
and pulse duration.
[0045] FIG. 8 illustrates an alternate procedure appropriate, for
example, for use with new, untested system configurations, the
approach providing optimization steps. Initially the tank is filled
(step 801) and initial settings for pulse frequency (step 803),
pulse duration (step 805) and high voltage supply output (step 807)
are made. Typically the initial settings are based on previous
settings that have been optimized for a similarly configured
system. For example, assuming that the new configuration was the
same as a previous configuration except for the composition of the
electrodes, a reasonable initial set-up would be the optimized
set-up from the previous configuration.
[0046] After the initial set-up is completed, electrolysis is
initiated (step 809) and the output of the system is monitored
(step 811), for example the rate of temperature increase. System
optimization can begin immediately or the system can be allowed to
run for an initial period of time (step 813) prior to optimization.
The initial period of operation can be based on achieving a
predetermined output, for example a specific rate of temperature
increase, or achieving a steady state output (e.g., a specific
temperature). Alternately the initial period of time can simply be
a predetermined time period, for example 3 hours.
[0047] After the initial time period is exceeded, assuming that the
selected approach uses step 813, the system output is monitored
(step 815) while optimizing one or more of the operational
parameters. Although the order of parameter optimization is not
critical, in at least one preferred embodiment the first parameter
to be optimized is pulse duration (step 817) followed by the
optimization of the pulse frequency (step 818). Then the voltage of
the high voltage supply is optimized (step 819). In this embodiment
after optimization is complete the electrolysis process is allowed
to continue (step 821) without further optimization until the
process is halted, step 823. In another, and preferred, alternative
approach illustrated in FIG. 9, optimization steps 817-819 are
performed continuously throughout the electrolysis process until
electrolysis is suspended. Alternately a subset of steps 817-819
are performed continuously throughout the electrolysis process.
[0048] The optimization process described relative to FIGS. 8 and 9
can be performed manually. In the preferred embodiment, however,
the system and the optimization of the system are controlled via a
system controller such as controller 1001 shown in FIG. 10.
Assuming that controller 1001 is used to control and optimize the
pulse frequency, pulse duration and high voltage, system controller
1001 is coupled to the pulse generator and the power supply as
shown. If the system controller is only used to control and
optimize a subset of these parameters, the system controller is
coupled accordingly (i.e., coupled to the pulse generator to
control pulse frequency and duration; coupled to the high voltage
source to control the high voltage). In order to allow complete
automation, preferably system controller 1001 is also coupled to a
system monitor, for example at least one temperature monitor 1003
as shown. In at least one preferred embodiment system controller
1001 is also coupled to a monitor 1005, monitor 1005 providing
either the pH or the resistivity of liquid 103 within electrolysis
tank 101, thereby providing means for determining when additional
electrolyte needs to be added. In at least one preferred embodiment
system controller 1001 is also coupled to a liquid level monitor
1007, thereby providing means for determining when additional
liquid needs to be added to the electrolysis tank. Preferably
system controller 1001 is also coupled to one or more flow valves
1009 which allow water, electrolyte, or a combination of water and
electrolyte to be automatically added to the electrolysis system in
response to pH/resistivity data provided by monitor 1005 (i.e.,
when the monitored pH/resistivity falls outside of a preset range)
and/or liquid level data provided by monitor 1007 (i.e., when the
monitored liquid level falls below a preset value).
[0049] As will be understood by those familiar with the art, the
present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without
departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof.
Accordingly, the disclosures and descriptions herein are intended
to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention
which is set forth in the following claims.
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