U.S. patent application number 11/748588 was filed with the patent office on 2008-11-20 for retrofitting apparatus for reinforcement of roof frame structure.
Invention is credited to Stephen F. OGDEN, Robert E. PLATTS.
Application Number | 20080286038 11/748588 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40027635 |
Filed Date | 2008-11-20 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080286038 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
OGDEN; Stephen F. ; et
al. |
November 20, 2008 |
RETROFITTING APPARATUS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF ROOF FRAME
STRUCTURE
Abstract
A retrofitting apparatus for reinforcement of an existing roof
frame structure includes first and second plates normal to each
other and mounted to a roof support member and a side of a roof
frame, respectively. A load bearing member with a free end projects
from a top en of the second plate to engage the roof frame at the
side of the roof frame in order to prevent the roof frame from
moving upwardly under uplift forces.
Inventors: |
OGDEN; Stephen F.; (Surrey,
CA) ; PLATTS; Robert E.; (Ottawa, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
OGILVY RENAULT LLP
1981 MCGILL COLLEGE AVENUE, SUITE 1600
MONTREAL
QC
H3A2Y3
CA
|
Family ID: |
40027635 |
Appl. No.: |
11/748588 |
Filed: |
May 15, 2007 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
403/300 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04B 1/2608 20130101;
E04B 7/045 20130101; Y10T 403/57 20150115 |
Class at
Publication: |
403/300 |
International
Class: |
E04B 1/38 20060101
E04B001/38 |
Claims
1. A retrofitting apparatus for reinforcement of an existing roof
frame structure, comprising: a first plate adapted to be mounted to
a surface of a roof frame support member; a second plate connected
with the first plate, adapted to be selectively mounted to one of
opposed first and second sides of a roof frame supported by said
roof frame support member, the second plate being substantially
normal to the first plate, the first plate projecting away from the
second plate in a first direction; and a substantially flat first
load bearing member with a free end, projecting away from a first
end of the second plate in a second direction opposite to the first
direction for securing the roof frame when the second plate is
selected to be mounted to the first side of the root frame; and as
substantially flat second load member with a free end, projecting
away in the second direction from a second end of the second plate
which is opposite to the first end of the second plate, for
securing the roof frame when the second plate is selected to be
mounted to the second side of the roof frame.
2. The retrofitting apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein the
respective first and second load bearing members are normal to the
second plate, and in an angular position less than 90 degrees with
respect to the first plate.
3. The retrofitting apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein the
free end of each of the first and second load bearing members
comprises a tip.
4. The retrofitting apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein the
respective first and second plates comprise at least one mounting
aperture extending through the respective first and second
plates.
5. The retrofitting apparatus as defined in claim 4 wherein the at
least one mounting aperture in the second plate is located in a
position close to each of the opposed first and second ends of the
second plate.
6. The retrofitting apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein an
upper end of the first plate and a lower end of the second plate
are integrated together with a twisted middle section.
7. The retrofitting apparatus as defined in claim 2 further
comprising: a third plate substantially parallel to the second
plate, adapted to be mounted onto a second side of the roof frame;
and a supplementary substantially flat load bearing member with a
free end, projecting from a top end of the third plate and
extending toward the load bearing member of the second plate, for
securing the roof frame at the second side of the roof frame.
8. The retrofitting apparatus as defined in claim 7 wherein the
substantially flat load bearing members of the respective second
and third plates are defined substantially in one plane.
9. The retrofitting apparatus as defined in claim 7 further
comprising a connector for connecting an upper end of the first
plate with lower ends of the second and third plates.
10. The retrofitting apparatus as defined in claim 9 wherein the
connector comprises a fourth plate substantially normal to the
first, second and third plates.
11. (canceled)
12. (canceled)
13. (canceled)
14. A method for reinforcement of an existing roof frame structure,
comprising; (a) providing a retrofitting apparatus having at least
a first mounting plate and a second mounting plate substantially
normal to the first mounting plate, the second mounting plate
having a load bearing member with a free end extending away from a
top end of the second plate; (b) positioning the retrofitting
apparatus to allow the first and second mounting plates to be
placed against a surface of a wall and a side of a roof frame
supported on the wall, respectively, thereby causing the load
bearing member to engage the roof frame at a location adjacent to
an under side of a roof panel mounted on a top of the roof frame;
and c) securing the first and second mounting plates to the surface
of the wall and the side of the roof frame, respectively, by means
of fasteners in order to prevent the roof frame from moving
upwardly under uplift forces.
15. The method as defined in claim 14 wherein, in step (b) the load
bearing member is inserted from the side of the roof frame along an
interface between a top of the roof frame and the underside of the
roof panel.
16. The method as defined in claim 14 wherein, in step (b) a third
mounting plate substantially parallel to the second mounting plate,
is allowed to be placed against an opposite side of the roof frame,
thereby causing a load bearing member with a free end which extends
away from a top end of the third plate, to engage the roof frame at
another location adjacent to the under side of the roof panel.
17. The method as defined in claim 14 wherein, in step (c) a hole
is drilled through the roof frame, aligning with mounting apertures
in the respective second and third mounting plates, near to the top
thereof, and wherein a bolt is then inserted through the hole to
secure the second and third mounting plates to the roof frame and
to function as a back-up load bearer.
18. The retrofitting apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein the
first and second load bearing members are substantially symmetric
about a central axis of the second plate.
19. The retrofitting apparatus as defined in claims 18 wherein the
first plate is connected to a side edge of the second plate and
extends along an entire length of the side edge of the second
plate.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to reinforcement of wooden
roof structures of houses and low-rise buildings, and more
particularly to a retrofitting apparatus and method for
reinforcement of roof frame structures.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Many millions of houses and small buildings located in
hurricane or tornado areas in, for example, the United States, are
at high risk of damage from the strong winds of hurricanes or
tornadoes. Recent studies of hurricane damage indicate that the
most extensive damage to a house occurs when the roof is torn off,
allowing the rain which often accompanies strong winds, to ruin the
contents of the house and often allowing walls to collapse.
[0003] There is a great need for affordable retrofitting methods
for reinforcement of wooden roof frames. While prior art connectors
of steel strip tie-down types excel as affordable connectors of
roof structures to underlying walls in new construction of houses
and small buildings, they are not as applicable when retrofitting
existing roof frame structures. These fittings pose difficulties in
retrofitting applications because an upper portion of the
steel-strip tie must extend over the top of a rafter/truss and down
the other side in order to ensure adequate tie-down strength, by
applying the restraining force mainly at the top of the roof frame,
as compression across the grain, which wood withstands quite well.
If the tie-down connectors are simply nailed into the side of the
rafter/truss, as commonly done in the prior art, localized tensions
are induced across the grain of the wood such that the rafter/truss
member tends to split under high uplift conditions, which can
release the connector's nails.
[0004] The over-the-top method is now widely recommended or
required in the "Hurricane Belt" of the United States, even for
retrofits of existing buildings. During retrofitting however,
accessing the top portion of the rafter/truss requires removal and
later restoration of an area of roofing and sheathing, which are
laborious and costly operations, and thus tend to discourage such
retrofit upgrading of the existing housing and building stock.
[0005] Prior art efforts to devise retrofits for reinforcement of
roof structures have also been made. A number of United States
patents as examples of such efforts are briefly discussed
below.
[0006] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,257,483 (Netek) discloses some of the
complications of retrofitting by installing anchor points in fascia
and the wall below, allowing temporary placement of ties in the
face of an impending storm. Winger, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,319,816, and
several other inventors, disclose various temporary arrangements of
multiple cables or nets over the roof which are anchored to the
ground. Such temporary devices demand that the householder be at
home through the hurricane season, ready to react to storm warnings
quickly and competently.
[0007] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,708, Frye shows a retrofit roof
tie-down method in which lag screws are installed upwardly through
a steel angle into the lower edges of the rafter/trusses, a lower
leg of the steel angle being lag-screwed into the underlying wall.
Frye's lag screws into the narrow edge of the rafter/truss would
however invite splitting and cause tension failure. Furthermore,
only the screws near the junction of rafter/trusses with the top of
the wall would contribute effectively, and the usual absence of a
stud directly under a rafter/truss would leave Frye's wall lag
screws rather ineffective.
[0008] Thompson, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,763,634, tries to resolve the
retrofit problem by inserting ties down through the roofing and
sheathing from above, with one strip on each side of the
rafter/truss to form a saddle across it, which is able to
effectively hold down the roofing and sheathing together with the
rafter/truss. Thompson's ties extend down to connect to the
underlying wall below. All this entails laborious and uncertain
sealing of the roof penetrations, and interferes with any
subsequent re-roofing job.
[0009] Therefore, there is a need for an improved retrofitting
apparatus and method for reinforcement of roof frames
structures.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] One object of the present invention is to provide a
retrofitting apparatus and method for reinforcement of roof frame
structures.
[0011] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there
is a retrofitting apparatus provided for reinforcement of an
existing roof frame structure which comprises a first plate adapted
to be mounted to a surface of a roof frame support member; a second
plate connected with the first plate, adapted to be mounted to a
first side of a roof frame supported by said roof frame support
member, the second plate being substantially normal to the first
plate; and a substantially flat load bearing member with a free
end, projecting from a top end of the second plate for securing the
roof frame at the first side of the roof frame.
[0012] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
there is a method for reinforcement of an existing roof frame
structure which comprises (a) providing a retrofitting apparatus
having at least a first mounting plate and a second mounting plate
substantially normal to the first mounting plate, the second
mounting plate having a load bearing member with a free end
extending away from a top end of the second plate; (b) positioning
the retrofitting apparatus to allow the first and second mounting
plates to be placed against a surface of a wall and a side of a
roof frame supported on the wall, respectively, thereby causing the
load bearing member to engage the roof frame at a location adjacent
to an under side of a roof panel mounted on a top of the roof
frame; and (c) securing the first and second mounting plates to the
surface of the wall and the side of the roof frame, respectively by
means of fasteners in order to prevent the roof from moving
upwardly under uplift forces.
[0013] Other features and advantages of the present invention will
be better understood with reference to the preferred embodiments
described hereinafter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings
showing by way of illustration the preferred embodiment of the
present invention, in which:
[0015] FIG. 1 is a partial elevational isometric view of a roof
frame structure reinforced by a retrofitting apparatus according to
one embodiment of the present invention, with roof panels removed
to show a load bearing member of the retrofitting apparatus;
[0016] FIGS. 2A and 2B are partial elevational side views of the
roof structure of FIG. 1 with roof panels, showing exemplary
locations to position the load bearing member of the retrofitting
apparatus;
[0017] FIG. 3A is an isometric view of a retrofitting apparatus
according to another embodiment of the present invention;
[0018] FIG. 3B is a side elevational view of the retrofitting
apparatus of FIG. 3A, showing an angular position of the load
bearing member of the apparatus;
[0019] FIG. 4 is a top plane view of a sheet metal blank of the
retrofitting apparatus shown in FIG. 3A;
[0020] FIG. 5 is a partial perspective view of a roof frame
structure (with roof panels removed) incorporating the retrofitting
apparatus of FIG. 3;
[0021] FIG. 6 is an isometric view of a retrofitting apparatus
according to a further embodiment of the present invention;
[0022] FIG. 7 is a top plane view of a sheet metal blank of the
retrofitting apparatus shown in FIG. 6; and
[0023] FIG. 8 is a partial isometric view of a roof frame structure
(with roof panels removed) incorporating the retrofitting apparatus
of FIG. 6.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0024] FIGS. 1, 2A and 2B illustrate an existing wooden roof frame
structure incorporating one embodiment of the present invention for
reinforcement of the existing roof frame structure in a
retrofitting job. In a wooden roof frame structure, rafters and
trusses are roof structure members and usually present similar
rectangular cross-sections. Rafters and trusses generally extend
partially or wholly between exterior walls and provide locations
for reinforcing the structure where rafters and trusses cross over
such walls. In order to denote a roof structure member without the
need for unnecessary distinction between rafters and trusses, such
roof structure members are referred to as a "roof frame" throughout
the text of this specification and the appended claims, and are
indicated by numeral 10 in the drawings. The roof frame 10 has two
opposed relatively narrow sides referred two as top and bottom 12,
14 and two opposed relatively wide sides referred to as first and
second sides 16, 18 thereof. The roof frame 10 sits on a portion of
a wall which is generally a load-bearing exterior wall. An
underlying wall 20 denotes such a portion of the wall. A roof
sheathing panel 22 is attached to the top 12 of the roof frame 10
and represents the roof sheathing which ties the roof frames
together and supports the roofing material (not shown).
[0025] A retrofitting apparatus generally indicated by numeral 24,
according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention,
includes a first mounting plate 26 to be mounted to a surface of a
roof frame support member, for example the underlying wall 20, and
a second mounting plate 28 which is substantially normal to the
first mounting plate 26. The second mounting plate 28 is adapted to
be mounted to the first side 16 of the roof frame 10, and is
connected to the first mounting plate 26, preferably but not
necessarily in an integral form. In this embodiment the first and
second mounting plates 26, 28 are made from a single metal strip
which is twisted at a middle portion such that a lower section
thereof (which forms the first mounting plate 26) and an upper
portion (which forms the second mounting plate 28) are twisted
about 90 degrees with respect to each other. The second mounting
plate 28 includes a free end projecting from a top end of the
second plate 28 to form a substantially flat load bearing member 30
which may be substantially normal to the second mounting plate 28.
The load bearing member 30 functions to secure the roof frame at
the first side 16 thereof, near the top 12, to the underlying wall
20. In this embodiment, the load bearing member 30 can be
conveniently made by bending a top section of the second mounting
plate 28 into a right angled position with respect to the remaining
section of the second mounting plate 28.
[0026] When the respective mounting plates 26, 28 are mounted to
the surface of the underlying wall 20 and the first side 16 of the
frame 10 as illustrated in FIG. 1, the load bearing member 30 is
pressed from the first side 16 of the frame 10 either into the
frame 10 or into a location to engage the top 12 of the frame
10.
[0027] There are usually little or no gaps between an under side of
the roof sheathing panel 22 and the top 12 of the roof frame 10,
and therefore even when the load bearing member 30 is inserted
along the interface between the under side of the roof sheathing
panel 22 and the top 12 of the frame 10, as shown in FIG. 2A, the
load bearing member 30 is likely pressed somewhat into the body of
the roof frame 10. Therefore, it is optional to provide the load
bearing member 30 with a tipped free end such as in a tipped tooth
configuration, in order to provide convenience for engagement of
the load bearing member 30 with the roof frame 10. With such a
tooth configuration, the load bearing member 30 can also be
selectively positioned, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 2B in
contrast to the position shown in FIG. 2A, in order to engage the
frame 10.
[0028] The engagement position of the load bearing member 30 with
roof frame 10 is preferably but not necessarily adjacent to the
under side of the roof sheathing panel 22, or close to the top 12
of the roof frame 10 in order to allow a maximum cross-section of
roof frame 10 to bear a load under uplift forces caused by wind
passing over the attached roof sheathing panels 22 while the roof
frame 10 is restrained by the load bearing member 30 of the
retrofitting apparatus 24, from moving upwardly relative to the
underlying wall 20.
[0029] The load bearing member 30 may be in an angular position
less than 90 degrees with respect to the first mounting plate to
substantially match the roof angle in order to achieve an
engagement position as shown in FIG. 2A. This will be further
discussed hereinafter with reference to another embodiment of the
present invention.
[0030] The respective first and second mounting plates 26, 28 may
have one or more mounting holes 32, 34 for receiving fasteners
extending therethrough. Optionally, mounting hole 34 in the second
mounting plate 28 may be located near the top end of the second
mounting plate 28 and may have a relatively larger diameter. When
the retrofitting apparatus 24 is placed in position as shown in
FIG. 1, a drilling tool (not shown) may be guided by the hole 34 of
the second mounting plate 28 to drill a hole (not shown) through
roof frame 10 from side to side for receiving a bolt (not shown)
extending therethrough. Such a bolt functions as both a fastener to
secure the attachment of the second mounting plate 28 to the side
16 of roof frame 10 and as another load bearer to share with the
load bearing member 30 a load through the roof frame 10 caused by
an uplift force thereon.
[0031] In FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4 and 5 a retrofitting apparatus generally
indicated by numeral 36 is illustrated according to another
preferred embodiment of the present invention. The retrofitting
apparatus 36 includes a first mounting plate 38 adapted to be
mounted to a surface of, for example, the underlying wall 20, and a
second mounting plate 40 adapted to be mounted to the side 16 of
the roof frame 10. A substantially flat load bearing member 42 with
a free end projects from a top end of the second mounting plate 40.
Optionally, the substantially flat load bearing member 42 may be in
a normal position relative to the second mounting plate 40, may
also be in a angular position of less than 90 degrees with respect
to the first mounting plate 38, for a better engagement position
with the roof frame 10, similarly to that of the load bearing
member 30 of the retrofitting apparatus 24, shown in FIGS. 1 and
2A. The load bearing member 42 may optionally have a tipped free
end to form a tooth configuration.
[0032] The retrofitting apparatus 36 further includes a third
mounting plate 44 which may be similar to the second mounting plate
40, adapted to be mounted to side 18 of the roof frame 10 opposite
to the side 16. The third mounting plate 44 is substantially
parallel to the second mounting plate 40 and is spaced apart from
same at a distance slightly greater than the thickness of the roof
frame 10 such that the roof frame 10 is fitted into the space
between the second and third mounting plates 40, 44 when the
retrofitting apparatus 36 is in position, as shown in FIG. 5. A
substantially flat load bearing member 46 is provided, projecting
from at top end of the third mounting plate 44 and extending toward
the load bearing member 42 of the second mounting plate 40. It is
desirable but not necessary that load bearing members 46 and 42 are
similar and substantially defined in one plane.
[0033] The first, second and third mounting plates 38, 40 and 44
are connected together, for example, by a further plate 48
substantially normal to each of the respective mounting plates 38,
40 and 44. The fourth plate 48 is connected with an upper end of
the first mounting plate 38 and with lower ends of the second and
third mounting plates 40, 44.
[0034] In this embodiment, the retrofitting apparatus 36 is made
from a single piece of sheet metal blank indicated as 36a in FIG.
4. The sheet metal blank 36a includes a generally rectangular
portion 50 and a strip portion 52, configured symmetrically about a
central line 54. Mounting holes 56 and 58 are also drilled through
the metal sheet blank 36a in locations as shown in FIG. 4. It is
preferable but not necessary, to position the respective mounting
holes 58 close to the opposite ends of the strip portion 52. An
additional aperture 60 may optionally be provided in the generally
rectangular portion 50. The sheet metal blank 36a is marked with
lines 62, 64, 66, 68 and 70. The generally rectangular portion 50
is bent along line 62 in one direction, for example, toward the
inside of the paper about 90 degrees with respect to the strip
portion 52, thereby forming the first mounting plate 38 of the
retrofitting apparatus 36. The right and left sections of the strip
portions 52 are bent along respective lines 64, 66 towards an
opposite direction, for example, away from the paper about 90
degrees thereby, forming the substantially parallel second and
third mounting plates 40 and 44. The remaining center section
defined between the lines 64, 66 therefore forms the connecting
plate 48. Two corner portions defined by respective lines 68, 70 at
opposite ends of the strip portion 52, are bent along the
respective lines 68, 70 about 90 degrees with respect to the second
and third mounting plates 40, 44, towards each other, to form the
load bearing members 42, 46 respectively.
[0035] It should be noted that lines 68 and 70 might not be
parallel to lines 64, 66, but may define an angle A with respect to
line 62 (also the longitudinal edges of the strip portion 52). When
the corner sections of the opposite ends of the strip portion 52
are bent along lines 68, 70, the resulting substantially flat load
bearing members 42, 46 have an angular position resulting from the
angle A, as shown in FIG. 3B. When the angle A is less than 90
decrees and is substantially equal to the roof angle between the
roof sheathing panel 22 and a vertical direction, the load bearing
members 42, 46 are substantially parallel to the roof sheathing
panel 22 and can therefore be positioned adjacent to the under side
of the roof sheathing panel 22, as illustrated in FIG. 2A.
[0036] When the retrofitting apparatus 36 is placed in position as
shown in FIG. 5, standard fasteners (not indicated) may be received
in mounting holes 56 to secure the first mounting plate 38 to the
underlying wall 20. Similar to the mounting process of the
retrofitting apparatus 24, a bolt may be used to extend through
mounting holes 58 in the respective second and third mounting
plates 40, 44 and through a hole drilled through the roof frame 10.
The bolt serves to force the load bearing members 42, 46 into place
and also itself functions as a back-up load bearer. A nut and
washers (not shown) may be used to fasten the bolt to secure both
second and third mounting plates 40, 44 to the roof frame 10,
thereby causing the load bearing members 42, 46 to be in position
to securely engage the roof frame 10.
[0037] Referring now to FIGS. 6, 7 and 8, a retrofitting apparatus
generally indicated by numeral 72 is illustrated according to a
further embodiment of the present invention. Given the detailed
description of the previous embodiments, it is easy to understand
the retrofitting apparatus 72 which includes first and second
mounting plates 74, 76 and substantially flat load bearing members
78a or 78b in similar relations one to another and for similar
functions as those components of the previously described
embodiments. These similarities will not be repeated herein and the
description of this embodiment will merely focus on the specific
configuration of the retrofitting apparatus 72 in contrast to the
configurations of the previously described embodiments.
[0038] In this embodiment, the first mounting plate 74 of the
retrofitting apparatus 72, projects from a side edge (not
indicated) of the second mounting plate 76 and extends away from
one side of the second plate 76 while one substantially flat load
bearing member 78a with a free end (may have a tip to form a tooth
configuration) projects and extends away from an opposite side of
the second mounting plate 76. In addition, the substantially flat
load bearing member 78b with a free end, similar to the load
bearing member 78a, projects from a bottom end of the second
mounting plate 76, and is substantially normal to the second
mounting plate 76. The load bearing member 78b also defines an
angular position less than 90 degrees with the first mounting plate
74 but is not parallel to the angularly positioned load bearing
member 78a. It is preferable but not necessary that the angularly
positioned load bearing members 78a and 78b are symmetric about a
central axis 80 of the second mounting plate 76, as shown in FIG.
6. With such a configuration, the retrofitting apparatus 72 can be
mounted to the roof structure at either side 16 or 18. When the
second mounting plate 76 is to be mounted to the opposite side 18
of the roof frame 10 instead of to the side 16, the retrofitting
apparatus 72 must be positioned upside down in contrast to the
position at side 16 of the roof frame 10 and the load bearing
member 78b instead of load bearing member 78a will engage the roof
frame 10, as shown in FIG. 8.
[0039] Mounting holes (not indicated) are provided in the
respective first and second mounting plates 74, 76. The specific
shapes of the respective first and second mounting plates 74, 76 as
illustrated in this embodiment, are a choice of design, and any
other appropriate shapes such as simple strips may be selected.
[0040] The retrofitting apparatus 72 may be made from a single
sheet metal blank 72a in a similar process, as described with
reference to FIG. 4. Therefore, the formation process of
retrofitting apparatus 72 from the sheet metal blank 72a will not
be further described herein.
[0041] The present invention advantageously facilitates
retrofitting an existing roof frame such that it is securely
anchored to the main body of the structure without having to remove
the roof shingles or roof deck which is generally referred to as
roof sheathing panels or roof panels throughout this specification
and the appended claims. The present invention provides a simple
means for reinforcing the hold-down strength of a roof frame and
thus resists upward loads on the roof typically caused by winds.
The present invention will also reduce the risk of wood splitting
problems inherent in other retrofitting devices caused by insertion
of screws or nails.
[0042] Changes and modifications to the embodiments of the present
invention described above may be made without departure from the
spirit and scope of the invention. For example, other
configurations may be developed as a result of the implementation
of the general and common concept incorporated into the
above-described embodiments. Such modifications fall within the
scope of the present invention and will be apparent to those
skilled in the art in light of a review of this disclosure, and
such modifications are intended to fall within the appended
claims.
* * * * *