U.S. patent application number 11/347147 was filed with the patent office on 2008-11-13 for balloon catheters and methods for treating paranasal sinuses.
Invention is credited to Bruce Becker.
Application Number | 20080281349 11/347147 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 32029474 |
Filed Date | 2008-11-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080281349 |
Kind Code |
A2 |
Becker; Bruce |
November 13, 2008 |
Balloon catheters and methods for treating paranasal sinuses
Abstract
A set of sinus balloon catheters are provided for treating a
patient's paranasal sinus system, including dilating prepared
openings, and natural ostia and ducts and excising sinus cavities.
These include a balloon catheter with a bend placing a distal
segment at 90.degree. to a proximal segment and a balloon catheter
which is substantially straight. The catheters have sufficient
stiffness and column strength that the balloon carrying distal
segment of the catheter can be pushed into the prepared opening,
natural ostium or duct, or sinus to be excised. The catheters have
appropriate inflated working diameters and appropriate outer
diameters with the balloon deflated that will enable the catheter
to be pushed into the respective prepared opening, natural ostium
or duct, or sinus cavity to be excised. The methods use the balloon
catheters to dilate prepared openings to selected parts of the
sinus system, to dilate natural ostia and ducts of the sinus
system, and/or to dilate sinus cavities to remove them.
Inventors: |
Becker; Bruce; (Encino,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
CHARMASSON, BUCHACA & LEACH, LLP
1545 HOTEL CIRCLE SOUTH, SUITE 150
SAN DIEGO
CA
92108-3426
UNITED STATES
619-294-2922
619-294-8674
|
Prior
Publication: |
|
Document Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20060149310 A1 |
July 6, 2006 |
|
|
Family ID: |
32029474 |
Appl. No.: |
11/347147 |
Filed: |
February 2, 2006 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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10/259,300 |
Sep 30, 2002 |
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11/347,147 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
606/196 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61M 2210/0681 20130101;
A61B 17/32 20130101; A61M 25/10181 20131105; A61M 29/02 20130101;
A61M 25/1002 20130101; A61M 25/10 20130101; A61M 2210/0618
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
606/196 |
International
Class: |
A61M 29/00 20060101
A61M029/00 |
Claims
1-67. (canceled)
68. A method of treating a patient's maxillary sinus having an
obstructed or narrowed maxillary ostium, the method comprising:
pushing a distal segment of a balloon catheter through the
obstructed or narrowed maxillary ostium; and inflating a balloon of
the balloon catheter in the obstructed or narrowed maxillary
ostium.
69. The method of claim 68 wherein the obstructed or narrowed
maxillary ostium is naturally occurring and does not have scar
tissue.
70. The method of claim 68, further comprising: shifting a proximal
segment of the balloon catheter to position the distal segment to
enter from the patient's nasal cavity into the maxillary
ostium.
71. The method of claim 68, further comprising: rotating a proximal
segment of the balloon catheter to position the distal segment to
enter from the patient's nasal cavity into the maxillary
ostium.
72. The method of claim 68, wherein the balloon catheter has
sufficient stiffness and column strength that the distal segment
can be pushed through the maxillary ostium.
73. The method of claim 68, wherein the distal segment of the
balloon catheter is at an angle of seventy degrees to one hundred
fifteen degrees to a proximal segment of the balloon catheter at
inflation of the balloon.
74. The method of claim 73, wherein the angle is ninety
degrees.
75. The method of claim 68, further comprising: selecting the
balloon catheter such that the distal segment with the balloon
deflated will fit snugly with the obstructed or narrowed maxillary
ostium.
76. The method of claim 68, further comprising: medially retracting
the patient's middle turbinate.
77. The method of claim 68, further comprising: removing part of
the patient's uncinate process.
78. The method of claim 77, further comprising: using cutting
forceps to remove part of the patient's uncinate process.
79. The method of claim 68, further comprising: inflating the
balloon to nine atmospheres.
80. The method of claim 68, further comprising: deflating the
balloon; repositioning the balloon; and inflating the balloon.
81. The method of claim 68, further comprising: inflating the
balloon of the balloon catheter in an infundibulum.
82. The method of claim 68, further comprising: creating a prepared
opening in a wall of the patient's maxillary sinus.
83. The method of claim 82, further comprising: pushing the distal
segment of the balloon catheter through the prepared opening.
Description
[0001] This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/259,300, filed Sep. 30, 2002.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates to balloon catheters and methods
using such catheters for treating paranasal sinuses.
BACKGROUND
[0003] To fully understand the invention, it is necessary to
consider the anatomy and physiology of the sinus system. FIGS.
4-16, which show various steps of methods of the invention, also
show important features of sinus anatomy. The maxillary sinus 21
lies lateral to the nasal cavity 38, inferior to the eye orbit 23
and superior to the palate or roof of the mouth. The medial wall of
the maxillary sinus forms the lateral nasal wall 44 inferiorly. The
frontal sinus 35 (FIG. 16) lies above the orbit and its floor is
formed by the frontal bone and is contiguous with part of the
orbital roof. The right and left frontal sinuses are divided by the
interfrontal septum. The frontal sinus drains into the nasal cavity
and its outflow tract is in the inferomedial sinus, which connects
to the frontonasal duct 36. Frontonasal duct 36 empties into the
nasal cavity through lateral nasal wall 44 under the middle
turbinate 20.
[0004] The ethmoid sinus is divided into anterior and posterior
ethmoid air cells 29 and 31. The ethmoid sinus consists of multiple
spaces or cells divided by thin bony septae. The ethmoid sinus is
contained in the ethmoid bone. The lateral wall of the ethmoid
sinus composes the medial wall of the orbit. The medial wall of the
ethmoid sinus composes the lateral wall 44 of the nasal cavity
superiorly. Anterior ethmoid air cells 29 drain through lateral
nasal wall 44 into the middle meatus 22 beneath middle turbinate
20.
[0005] The sphenoid sinus 39 is posterior to the ethmoid sinus 29
and 31. Sphenoid sinus 39 has a lateral wall that is adjacent to
the optic nerve, carotid artery, and cavernous sinus. The floor of
sphenoid sinus 39 lies above maxillary sinus 21 and pterygopalatine
fossa. Lateral nasal wall 44 is partially covered by inferior 46,
middle 20, and superior 17 turbinates.
[0006] Sinus physiology will now be considered. The mucosa of nasal
cavity 38 contains secretory elements (mucosal glands and goblet
cells) and a dense ciliary layer. The paranasal sinuses are covered
by a similar mucosa, although the secretory cells and cilia may be
sparser in the more remote areas of the sinuses. The secretory
cells produce a large volume of mucus that is normally actively
transported by the cilia (mucociliary transport) in a specific
pattern (not a gravity dependant pattern) from the sinus through
the opening between the sinus and the nasal cavity (sinus ostium).
Cellular debris and bacteria are transported in the mucus from the
sinus cavity through the ostium into the nose.
[0007] Inflammation of the sinus and nasal mucosa causes hyperemia,
lymphatic swelling, stasis in the blood and lymphatic pathways and
leads to increased secretion of mucus and reduced mucociliary
transport. The inflammation may be caused by allergies, noxious
agents, nasal polyps, and other factors. Over time there is a
pathologic increase in inflammatory cells, ground substance, and
fibers with a permanent disruption of mucociliary transport and
lymphatic drainage. An obstruction of the narrow ducts and ostia
between the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity develops, resulting
in a vicious cycle of increased secretions, edema, and ultimately
organized connective tissue and mucosal hyperplasia. Bacteria are
not cleared from the sinuses and multiply in the fertile
inflammatory environment worsening the chronic sinus inflammation
(sinusitis).
[0008] Treatment with antibiotics, corticosteroids in nasal sprays
or systemically, and antihistamines may result in resolution of
sinusitis. However some patients become resistant to medical
treatment and surgery becomes necessary.
[0009] Modem sinus surgery is usually performed endoscopically and
is based on the principle of restoring patency of the sinus ducts
and ostia by enlarging the opening and allowing mucociliay
clearance of mucus from the sinus into the nose to resume. If
mucociliary clearance is re-established, then the inflammatory
changes in the sinus mucosa described above will resolve. In
classic sinus surgery, an incision was made along the side of the
nose in the medial canthus to access the ethmoid or sphenoid
sinuses. This incision could be extended to beneath the medial half
of the brow to also access the frontal sinus. An incision through
the gums above the upper teeth and creation of a large bony opening
in the maxilla with excision of large areas of sinus mucosa was
used to perform maxillary sinus surgery. A large opening was
created through the medial wall of the maxillary sinus into the
nose in the inferior meatus (maxillary antrostomy) to allow
postoperative drainage of the sinus.
[0010] The development of endoscopic sinus surgery allowed sinus
surgery to be performed from an intranasal approach, thus
eliminating the need for external incisions, the creation of very
large bony openings, and reducing morbidity. However, endoscopic
sinus surgery requires the excision of large areas of bone and
nasal mucosa and has reported complications of blindness from
damage to the optic nerve, double vision from damage to the orbit
and medial rectus muscle, damage to the nasolacrimal duct resulting
in tearing and dacryocstitis, leakage of central nervous system
fluid and infection of the brain and meninges, loss of the sense of
taste, and pain and neuralgia of the face and scalp, and infection
of the skull base.
[0011] As shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,021,043 and 5,169,043, I have
previously co-invented balloon catheters for use in the lacrimal
system. In my application "Transnasal Method and Catheter for
Lacrimal System," filed herewith, I teach that a balloon catheter
can be introduced transnasally to treat the lacrimal system.
[0012] A review of the prior art shows a number of patents (Katz
U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,478; Brennan U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,465; Akiyama
U.S. Pat. No. 4,102,342; Payton U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,941; Katz U.S.
Pat. No. 5,454,817; Stangerup U.S. Pat. No. 5,546,964 and Shippert
U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,224) which teach the use of expandable devices
(usually a balloon) into the nasal cavity or sinuses. Most of these
are for the treatment of nose bleeds or the control of
bleeding.
[0013] A number of articles disclose the use of a balloon catheter
in sinuses to hold fractured bones in place, stop bleeding by
tamponade, prevent fluid from flowing out of the nose into the
pharynx, or to maintain a low intranasal air pressure. In one case,
a catheter was used to stent a duct after surgery; and the balloon
was inflated in the sinus to deep the stent in position. However,
there are no teachings in the prior are to use a balloon catheter
to create a new opening from a sinus into the nose, to dilate an
ostium or duct, or excise a sinus. A balloon was never used to
directly treat sinus disease.
SUMMARY
[0014] The present inventions teaches the use of sinus balloon
catheters to treat sinus disease by creating a new opening from a
sinus into the nose, to dilate a sinus ostium or duct, or to excise
a sinus. The balloon catheters of the invention constitute a set of
catheters having different configurations and dimensions suitable
for the treatment of different parts of the paranasal sinus system.
The catheters comprise a hypotube formed of stainless steel of
sufficient stiffness and column strength to act as a pushable
member to be pushed through a surgically prepared small, tight
opening from a sinus into the nose, through a sinus ostium or duct,
or into a sinus cavity. The small opening may be created surgically
or may be the natural ostium or duct of the sinus. In other words,
the balloon acts as an expandable and contractable member which in
a smaller, contracted or deflated profile can be pushed into a
space in the patient's sinus and then expanded to a larger,
expanded or inflated profile. After waiting a period, the
expandable and contractable member can be contracted or deflated
and removed to dilate the space.
[0015] One of the balloon catheters used in the invention has a
proximal segment and a circular bend placing a distal segment at an
angle of 70 degrees to 115 degrees, preferably 90 degrees to the
proximal segment. A balloon is mounted over the distal segment
which has a slot permitting a fluid under the pressure applied to
the proximal end of the proximal segment to inflate the balloon. In
other words, the tube acts as a fluid supply conduit in fluid
communication with the balloon.
[0016] The angled distal segment allows the surgeon to rotate or
shift the position of the long proximal catheter shaft, thus
positioning the distal segment to enter from the nasal cavity into
the sinus at various angles appropriate to each individual patient.
The balloon catheter with the 90 degree angle is used to treat
maxillary and frontal sinus disease.
[0017] The distal segment of the balloon catheter from the outside
of the bend to the end of the catheter is 14 mm. The length of the
distal segment is short enough to allow it to be rotated within the
nasal cavity and thus enter from the nasal cavity into the sinus at
the desired angle. The distal segment is long enough to allow a
balloon of sufficient length and diameter to be attached to the
hypotube for dilation of an opening through the lateral nasal and
sinus wall, duct, or ostium. The balloon material is attached with
adhesive to the very distal portion of the distal segment and to
the proximal portion of the distal segment, the bend, and the very
distal portion of the long proximal segment. A longer working
segment of balloon can be used because the area of adhesion of the
balloon includes the bend and the distal portion of the proximal
segment. A 9 mm inflated diameter angled balloon is used to treat
the maxillary sinus and a 5 mm inflated diameter angled balloon is
to treat the frontal sinus.
[0018] Another balloon catheter of the invention is straight or has
a minimal angle at the junction of the distal segment and the
proximal segment. This balloon catheter is used for ethmoidectomy
and sphenoid sinusotomy and uses a balloon with an inflated
diameter of 9 mm. Each of the balloon catheters of the invention
have a sufficiently small deflated profile to fit through the sinus
ostium, duct, or opening in the nasal wall or scar tissue into the
sinus.
[0019] It is useful to apply a lubricious coating to the balloon
material to facilitate pushing it through the lateral nasal wall
and sinus wall into the sinus. The proximal catheter shaft has a
luer lock with wings or an expansion to allow the catheter to be
attached to tubing from the inflation device. The wings allow the
surgeon to more easily manipulate the balloon catheter.
[0020] The methods of the invention open or enlarge an obstructed
or narrowed ostium or duct of a sinus using a balloon and allow the
sinus to drain into the nose. This is accomplished without causing
damage to the surrounding structures such as the optic nerve,
extraocular muscles that move the eye, the orbit, brain, meninges,
or nasolacrimal duct.
[0021] Another method of the invention removes a sinus and cures
sinus disease without damage to the surrounding structures such as
the optic nerve, extraocular muscles, orbit, brain, meninges, and
nasolacrimal duct. The methods of the invention are useful for
opening a sinus ostium or duct which has been narrowed or
obstructed by scar tissue from previous surgery or trauma, for
creating a new opening in the wall of a sinus which has scar tissue
to allow proper drainage of the sinus into the nose, and for
removing a sinus which has scar tissue.
[0022] The methods of the invention include a balloon catheter
antrostomy of the maxillary ostium, a balloon catheter middle
meatal maxillary antrostomy, a balloon catheter inferior meatal
antrostomy, a balloon catheter ethmoidectomy of the anterior
ethmoid sinus, a balloon catheter ethmoidectomy of the posterior
ethmoid sinus, a balloon catheter sinusotomy of the sphenoid sinus,
and a balloon catheter frontal sinusotomy.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0023] FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of one embodiment of the sinus
balloon catheter of the invention;
[0024] FIG. 2 is a closeup schematic drawing of the tip of the
distal segment of the sinus balloon catheter of FIG. 1;
[0025] FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of a second embodiment of a
sinus balloon catheter of the invention;
[0026] FIG. 3a is a closeup schematic drawing of the tip of the
sinus balloon catheter of FIG. 3;
[0027] FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of a step of a method of the
invention, showing the uncinate process being removed with a punch
to expose the ethmoid infundibulum and semilunar hiatus;
[0028] FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing of another step of the method
of FIG. 4 showing the sinus balloon catheter dilating and thereby
enlarging the ostium of the maxillary sinus;
[0029] FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of a step of a second method
of the invention showing the Blakesely punch creating a small
opening in the fontanelle of the lateral nasal wall in the middle
meatus thus creating a communication between the maxillary sinus
and nasal cavity;
[0030] FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of another step of the method
of FIG. 6 showing the sinus balloon catheter dilating the opening
in the fontanelle of the lateral nasal wall in the middle meatus
thus creating a large communication opening (antrostomy) for
drainage from the maxillary sinus into the nasal cavity;
[0031] FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing of a step of a third method of
the invention showing the dissector perforating the lateral nasal
wall in the inferior meatus into the maxillary sinus;
[0032] FIG. 9 is a schematic drawing of another step of the method
of FIG. 8 showing the sinus balloon catheter dilating the opening
in the lateral nasal wall in the inferior meatus thus creating a
large antrostomy for drainage from the maxillary sinus into the
nasal cavity;
[0033] FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a fourth method of the
invention showing the cutting forceps making a new opening in the
anterior wall of the ethmoid bulla;
[0034] FIG. 11 is a schematic view of another step of the method of
FIG. 10 showing the straight sinus balloon catheter dilating the
ethmoid bulla;
[0035] FIG. 12 is a schematic view of yet another step of the
method of FIG. 10 showing the straight sinus balloon catheter
dilating the ethmoid air cells and thus completing the anterior
ethmoidectomy;
[0036] FIG. 13 is a schematic view of yet another step of the
method of FIG. 10 showing a punch perforating the basal lamella of
the middle turbinate;
[0037] FIG. 14 is a schematic view of still another step of the
method of FIG. 10 showing the straight sinus balloon catheter
dilating the posterior ethmoid air cells and thus completing the
posterior ethmoidectomy;
[0038] FIG. 15 is a schematic view of an additional step of the
method of FIG. 10 showing the sinus balloon catheter dilating the
anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus;
[0039] FIG. 16 if a schematic view of a further step of the method
of FIG. 10 showing the angled sinus balloon catheter dilating the
frontonasal duct.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
[0040] As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a first embodiment of a sinus
balloon catheter 130 of the invention is assembled from a tube 136,
preferably a stainless steel hard tempered hypotube which has a
circular bend 138 of 0.13'' radius such that distal segment 137 is
oriented 70.degree. to 115.degree., preferably 90.degree., to
proximal segment 139. A slot 140 is provided in segment 137. The
distance from the distal tip 184 of distal segment 137 to the outer
wall of proximal segment 139 of hypotube 136 is 4 mm to 30 mm,
preferably 14 mm, as shown in FIG. 1. The distal tip 184 of the
hypotube 136 is closed, whereas the proximal end 142 is open.
However, the lumen of tube 136 may be closed in distal segment 137,
up to 10 mm from distal tip 184, allowing distal tip 184 to remain
open. In either case, tube 136 is closed distally of slot 140. The
proximal end 142 of hypotube 136 is inserted into a mold for
forming luer 144 and plastic is injected into the mold to form luer
144 attached to the end of proximal segment 139. The inner diameter
of the luer 144 matches the external diameter of the hypotube 136.
The luer 144 has wings 143 or other enlargement or expansion on it
to enable the surgeon to better hold and manipulate balloon
catheter 130. Catheter 130 is 4'' to 10'' long, preferable 6'' in
length as measured from proximal end 142 to distal tip 184, as
shown in FIG. 1. The wall of tube 136 should be of such thickness
that the tube has sufficient stiffness and column strength with
marked resistance to lateral bending that distal segment 137 can be
pushed through a prepared small, tight opening from a sinus into
the nose, pushed through a sinus ostium or duct, or pushed into a
sinus cavity which may require considerable pressure in some cases.
It has been found that a tube with a wall thickness of at least
0.035 inch will be satisfactory. A preferred tube has an outer
diameter of 0.083'' and an inner diameter of 0.039'' with a wall
thickness of 0.044''.
[0041] Port 140 in distal segment 137 is formed by inserting
temporarily a discardable wire segment into the tube 136. This is
done before inserting hypotube 136 into luer 144. A transverse slot
is cut in the tube 136 approximately 2 mm to 14 mm, preferably 4
mm, from its distal end 184 to form port 140. The slot extends in
depth to approximately one third of the diameter of tube 136. A
wire wheel is used to remove any burrs, and the discardable core
wire is removed and discarded.
[0042] A balloon 134 is preferably formed of polyethylene
terephthalate and has a length of approximately 4 mm to 30 mm,
preferably 14 mm, and a working inflated diameter of 2 mm to 14 mm,
preferably 9 mm, for use in the sinus system, except for use in the
nasofrontal duct where the preferable inflated working diameter is
5 mm. The balloon has a distal neck 170, a distal tapered region
172, a center region 174, a proximal tapered region 176, and a
proximal neck 178. During installation, tube 136 is cleaned with
isoproponol and then coated with a primer, "Loctite 770." The
balloon is placed over the distal end of tube 136 to align the
distal end of distal neck 170 with distal end 184 of tube 136. An
adhesive, such as cyanoacrylate, is used. An acceptable adhesive
"Loctite 4081" is available from Loctite Corporation. The adhesive
is applied to distal end of distal neck 170 and the proximal end of
proximal neck 178 to form bonds 180 and 182, respectively. The
adhesive is applied to the balloon necks 170, 178 using a small
mandrel such as a wire approximately 0.010'' to 0.014'' in
diameter. The adhesive wicks into the necks due to capillary
action. Proximal neck 178 may be bonded on distal segment 137 of
tube 136 or extend over bend 138 onto the distal end portion of
proximal segment 139 of tube 136. Extension of the proximal neck
178 onto bend 138 and proximal segment 139 allows a greater length
of the working diameter, i.e., center region 174, to be on distal
segment 137 of tube 136.
[0043] A second embodiment of sinus catheter of the invention is
shown in FIG. 3. The catheter 230 is assembled from a tube 236,
formed of stainless steel hard tempered hypotube which is straight
or has a mild circular bend distally such that distal segment 237
is oriented 130 to 180, preferably 180 degrees, to a long proximal
segment 239. The distance from the distal tip 284 of distal segment
237 to the outer wall of proximal segment 239 of hypotube 236 is 10
to 100 mm, preferably 16 mm. The distal tip 284 of the hypotube 236
preferably is closed whereas the proximal end 242 is open. However,
the lumen of tube 236 may be closed 0 to 10 mm from distal tip 284
allowing distal tip 284 to be open. The proximal end 242 of
hypotube 236 is inserted into a mold for forming luer 244. Heated
plastic is injected into the mold to form luer 244 attached to the
end of proximal segment 239. The inner diameter of luer 244 matches
the external diameter of hypotube 236. The luer 244 has wings 243
or expansions on it to enable the surgeon to better hold and
manipulate balloon catheter 230.
[0044] Catheter 230 has a port 240 in distal segment 237 which is
formed by inserting temporarily a discardable wire segment into the
tube 236. This is done before inserting hypotube 236 into luer 244.
A transverse slot is cut in tube 236 approximately 2 to 14 mm,
preferably 4 mm, from its distal end 284 to form port 240. The slot
extends in depth to approximately 1/3 of the diameter of tube 236.
A wire wheel is used to remove any burrs, and the discardable core
wire is removed and discarded.
[0045] It is desirable for the catheter 230 to have column strength
and marked resistance to lateral bending. The deflated catheter
must be capable of being pushed through an initial prepared small
opening in the nasal or sinus wall, an ostium or duct, and into a
sinus cavity. This may require considerable pressure in some
cases.
[0046] A balloon 234, preferably formed of polyethylene
terephthalate, has a length of approximately 4 to 30 mm, preferably
14 mm, and an inflated working diameter of 3 to 15 mm, preferably 9
mm. The balloon has a distal neck 270, a distal tapered region 272,
a center region 274, a proximal tapered region 276, and a proximal
neck 278. Necks 270 and 278 are bonded to hypotube 236, forming
bonds 280 and 282, in the same manner as is described above with
respect to the attachment of necks 178 and 170 to hypotube 136.
[0047] As will be described below, angled catheter 130 and
"straight" catheter 230 will be used in different method steps for
treating various prepared openings, naturally occurring ostia and
ducts, and sinus cavities. It is also to be noted that dimensions
of the catheters are selected to accommodate different conditions
in the paranasal sinus system. For example, the outer diameters of
the distal segments with the balloon deflated are selected so that
the respective distal segments with the balloon deflated will fit
snugly with the prepared openings, natural ostia or ducts and sinus
cavities into which these distal segments are to be pushed. As
already mentioned, the working inflated diameters of the balloons
differ depending on the size required to treat different parts of
the paranasal sinus system. Accordingly, the surgeon must, at the
time surgery is begun, have available a set of sinus balloon
catheters which are angled or straight, the balloons of which have
appropriate inflated working diameters, and which have appropriate
outer diameters with the balloon deflated that will enable the
catheter in question to be pushed into the respective prepared
opening, natural ostium or duct or sinus cavity to be excised.
[0048] Turning to FIGS. 4 and 5, in a method of performing balloon
catheter antrostomy of the maxillary ostium, the middle turbinate
20 is retracted medially to gain access to the middle meatus 22. In
some cases the middle turbinate is resected. The ethmoid
infundibulum 24 is exposed by using cutting forceps 67 to remove
part of the uncinate process 26 (FIG. 4). Distal segment 137 of
balloon catheter 130 is then pushed through the maxillary ostium 41
(which is in ethmoid infundibulum 24) into the maxillary sinus 21.
As seen in FIG. 5, balloon 134 is inflated to 9 bars (atmospheres)
for 20 seconds then deflated. Distal segment 137 of balloon
catheter 130 is slightly repositioned to insure full dilation and
inflated again to 9 bars for 20 seconds. Balloon 134 is then
deflated, and catheter 130 is removed from the now enlarged ostium
41.
[0049] Turning to FIGS. 6 and 7, in a method of performing a middle
meatal maxillary antrostomy, an initial opening is made in the
fontanelle 40 (section of thin membranous tissue without bone of
the medial maxillary sinus wall 42 which is also a portion of the
lateral nasal wall 44). This is performed by bringing a 45 degree
upbiting Blakesely punch 60 into nasal cavity 38 along the lateral
nasal wall 44 just superior to the inferior turbinate 46 at the
midpoint of its horizontal axis to perforate fontanelle 40 to
create a new 3 mm opening 50 (FIG. 6). The punch 60 is removed, and
sinus balloon catheter 130 is brought into nasal cavity 38 and
pushed into the new opening 50 in fontanelle 40 of lateral nasal
wall 44 (FIG. 7). Balloon 134 is inflated to 9 bars for 20 seconds
then deflated. Balloon catheter 130 is slightly repositioned in the
enlarged opening 50 to insure thorough dilation and inflated again
to 9 bars for 20 seconds. Balloon catheter 130 is then deflated and
withdrawn from opening 50 and nasal cavity 38.
[0050] As seen in FIGS. 8 and 9, in a method of inferior meatal
antrostomy, the inferior turbinate 46 has been displaced medially.
A sharp dissector 64 is introduced into nasal cavity 38 and used to
perforate lateral nasal wall 44 in the inferior meatus 52 to create
an opening 56 in lateral nasal wall 44 (FIG. 8). Dissector 64 is
withdrawn from nasal cavity 38. The deflated balloon catheter 130
is introduced into the nasal cavity 38, and distal segment 137 of
balloon catheter 130 is pushed through opening 56 in lateral nasal
wall 44. The balloon 134 is inflated to 9 bars for 20 seconds then
deflated. Deflated balloon 134 is slightly repositioned to assure
total dilation of the opening 56. A second dilation of the balloon
134 to a pressure of 9 bars for 20 seconds is performed. The
balloon catheter 130 is then deflated and withdrawn from opening 56
and nasal cavity 38.
[0051] A balloon catheter ethmoidectomy of the anterior ethmoid
sinus is shown in FIGS. 10-12. The middle turbinate 20 (FIG. 5) has
been retracted medially to gain access to the middle meatus 22
(FIG. 5). In some cases, the middle turbinate may be partially or
totally removed. The ethmoid infundibulum 24 is exposed by removing
part of the uncinate process 26 (FIG. 4). A fine cutting forceps 66
is used to remove the anterior wall 30 of the ethmoid bulla 28
(FIG. 10). After anterior wall 30 of ethmoid bulla 28 is removed,
the straight balloon catheter 230 is brought into nasal cavity 38,
and distal segment 237 is pushed into bulla 28 (FIG. 11). Balloon
234 is inflated to 9 bars for 20 seconds then deflated. Balloon
catheter 230 is then withdrawn from bulla 28. Distal segment 237 of
balloon catheter 230 is then pushed into the anterior ethmoid air
cells 29 which lie posterior to the previously removed ethmoid
bulla 28 (FIG. 12). Balloon 234 is inflated to 9 bars for 20
seconds then deflated. Balloon catheter 230 is then slightly
repositioned to insure thorough dilation and inflated again to 9
bars for 20 seconds, deflated, and removed from the area of
anterior ethmoid cells 29.
[0052] FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate an ethmoidectomy of the posterior
ethmoid sinus. When the posterior ethmoid sinus cells 31 must be
removed, the basal lamella 32 of the middle turbinate 20 is
perforated with a punch 68 (FIG. 13). Distal segment 237 of balloon
catheter 230 is then pushed through the new opening 34 in the basal
lamella 32 of the middle turbinate 20 into the posterior ethmoid
air cells 31 and inflated 9 bars for 20 seconds (FIG. 14). Balloon
catheter 230 is then deflated, slightly repositioned, and again
inflated 9 bars for 20 seconds. Balloon catheter 230 is then
deflated and withdrawn.
[0053] FIG. 15 shows sinusotomy of the sphenoid sinus. After
anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy, distal segment 237 of balloon
catheter 230 is inserted through the anterior wall 37 of sphenoid
sinus 39 (FIG. 15). The balloon 234 is then inflated to 9 bars for
20 seconds then deflated. The balloon catheter 230 is slightly
repositioned to insure thorough dilation and inflated again to 9
bars for 20 seconds, then deflated, and withdrawn.
[0054] FIG. 16 illustrates sinusotomy of the frontal sinus. After
an anterior ethmoidectomy the nasofrontal duct 36 is exposed and in
the surgeon's view. The distal segment 137 of an angled catheter
130 with a 5 mm inflated working diameter is brought into the
frontnasal duct 36 and inflated to 9 bars, then deflated. The
distal segment 137 of the balloon catheter 130 is slightly
repositioned to insure complete dilation of the nasofrontal duct 36
and inflated to 9 bars for 20 seconds then deflated and
withdrawn.
[0055] All of the above procedures may be performed in a similar
fashion in patients who have had previous sinus surgery and the
sinus openings have been obstructed by scar tissue or granulation
tissue.
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