U.S. patent application number 12/179767 was filed with the patent office on 2008-11-13 for managing bandwidth allocation to a plurality of subscribers utilizing opportunistic bandwidth.
Invention is credited to Luis Avila, James F. McDonald, Arturo A. Rodriguez, William E. Wall.
Application Number | 20080279217 12/179767 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37478713 |
Filed Date | 2008-11-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080279217 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
McDonald; James F. ; et
al. |
November 13, 2008 |
Managing Bandwidth Allocation to a Plurality of Subscribers
Utilizing Opportunistic Bandwidth
Abstract
In a resource manager, a method for managing bandwidth
allocation to a plurality of subscribers utilizing opportunistic
bandwidth including tracking a bandwidth utilization on multiple
links, receiving a request for services along one of the links, and
selecting a video data rate on the one of the links that meets
available bandwidth.
Inventors: |
McDonald; James F.;
(Atlanta, GA) ; Rodriguez; Arturo A.; (Norcross,
GA) ; Avila; Luis; (Suwanee, GA) ; Wall;
William E.; (Atlanta, GA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
THOMAS, KAYDEN, HORSTEMEYER & RISLEY;SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA, A CISCO COMPANY
600 GALLERIA PKWY SE, SUITE 1500
ATLANTA
GA
30339-5994
US
|
Family ID: |
37478713 |
Appl. No.: |
12/179767 |
Filed: |
July 25, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11162345 |
Sep 7, 2005 |
|
|
|
12179767 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
370/468 ;
348/E7.071 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04N 7/17318 20130101;
H04N 21/2662 20130101; H04N 21/4334 20130101; H04N 21/25808
20130101; H04N 21/4122 20130101; H04N 21/6373 20130101; H04N
21/2402 20130101; H04N 21/25825 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
370/468 |
International
Class: |
H04J 3/16 20060101
H04J003/16 |
Claims
1. In a resource manager, a method for managing bandwidth
allocation to a plurality of subscribers utilizing opportunistic
bandwidth, said method comprising the steps of: tracking a
bandwidth utilization on multiple links; receiving a request for
services along one of the links; and selecting a video data rate on
the one of the links that meets available bandwidth.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of tracking comprises
tracking the bandwidth utilization on the multiple links to a
single subscriber and wherein the step of selecting comprises
selecting the video data rate on the one of the links to the single
subscriber that optimizes another video data rate on another one of
the links to the one subscriber.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of selecting step
comprises reducing the video data rate on one or more of the links
to optimize video data rates to one or more of the other links.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of allocating
bandwidth based on rules defined at a server.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of selecting comprises
selecting the video data rate based upon a display type that meets
the available bandwidth.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of selecting comprises
selecting a non-real-time video data rate to reduce traffic
load.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of selecting comprises
tailoring the video data rate to correspond to a display type.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of selecting comprises
reducing the video data rate on one or more of the links to
optimize video data rates to one or more of the other links.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of utilizing
a map to identify set-top boxes associated with each of the
links.
10. In a resource manager, a method for managing bandwidth
allocation to a plurality of subscribers to preclude
oversubscription, the method comprising the steps of: tracking a
bandwidth utilization on multiple links; detecting packets being
dropped on at least one of the links as a result of
oversubscription; and selecting a video data rate on at least one
the links to one of the subscribers to meet available
bandwidth.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of selecting step
comprises selecting a reduced video data rate on at least one of
the links to optimize video data rates to one or more of the other
links.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of selecting comprises
selecting a reduced video data rate on at least one of the links to
optimize video data rates to the at least one of the links.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of tracking comprises
tracking the bandwidth utilization on the multiple links to a
single subscriber and wherein the step of selecting comprises
selecting the video data rate on the one of the links to the single
subscriber that optimizes another video data rate on another one of
the links to the one subscriber.
14. A server device, comprising: a resource manager configured with
a processor to track a bandwidth utilization on multiple links,
receive a request for services along one of the links, and select a
video data rate on the one of the links that meets available
bandwidth.
15. The server device of claim 14, wherein the resource manager is
further configured to: detect packets being dropped on at least one
of the links as a result of oversubscription; and select a video
data rate on at least one the links to one of the subscribers to
meet the available bandwidth.
16. The server device of claim 14, wherein the resource manager is
further configured to select a reduced video data rate on at least
one of the links to optimize video data rates to one or more of the
other links.
17. The server device of claim 14, wherein the resource manager is
further configured to allocate bandwidth based on rules defined at
the server device.
18. The server device of claim 14, wherein the resource manager is
further configured to select the video data rate based upon a
display type that meets the available bandwidth.
19. The server device of claim 14, wherein the resource manager is
further configured to select a non-real-time video data rate to
reduce traffic load.
20. The server device of claim 14, wherein the resource manager is
further configured to utilize a map to identify set-top boxes
associated with each of the links, wherein the resource manager is
further configured to update the bandwidth utilization of the
set-top boxes in the map periodically.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a divisional of copending U.S. Utility
application entitled, "Optimizing Bandwidth Utilization to a
Subscriber Premises," having Ser. No. 11/162,345, filed Sep. 7,
2005, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to IP television and bandwidth
management. More particularly, the present invention relates to
individualizing the video data rate for a particular
television.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The advent of higher-bandwidth Internet services over
existing communication networks has created an alternative method
to deliver video programming. However, Internet Protocol, or IP,
based digital video distribution is capable of utilizing network
infrastructures other than those used by the traditional Internet
services. IP video or IP television (IPTV) is the transmission of
television signals (digital video and audio) through data networks
such as, for example, DSL, cable modem or wireless broadband.
[0004] Delivering video over IP is bandwidth intensive and,
therefore, bandwidth to the home is a precious commodity due to the
fact that broadband-quality video consumes a significant portion of
a communication channel's data transmission capacity. IPTV services
may be on a subscription basis paid for by the recipient for access
to the network and requires an IP set-top box and an associated
display device or TV within a subscriber premises, rather than a
conventional cable television (CATV) set-top box. In order to
retain customers, network access providers such as telephone
companies may wish to provide IPTV over their existing
infrastructure. This requires that they evolve their network.
[0005] When accessing a network such as the Internet, for example,
a subscriber might connect through a high speed connection, such as
Digital Subscriber Link, or DSL, that uses the same pair of copper
wires as a regular telephone line. The pair of copper wires is
capable of carrying a much greater bandwidth than what is typically
demanded for voice. To use DSL, there is a DSL modem or transceiver
at the subscriber's location. There is also a DSL Access
Multiplexer (DSLAM) to receive subscriber connections at the
location of the DSL service provider such as an Internet service
provider or a telephone company. The DSLAM aggregates the
subscriber connections onto a single high-capacity connection to
the Internet. One way for a telephone company to provide DSL
service is to have a DSLAM at its central office.
[0006] Also, many network operators oversubscribe the bandwidth on
their network to maximize the return on investment in their network
infrastructure. Oversubscribing bandwidth means the bandwidth a
user subscribes to is not always available to them. Subscribers
compete for available bandwidth and they receive more or less
bandwidth depending on the amount of traffic from other subscribers
on the network at any given time. When a network becomes
increasingly congested, packets are dropped. Therefore, audio and
video becomes corrupt due to packets being dropped when a link to a
subscriber is oversubscribed.
[0007] Because there is never enough bandwidth, the traditional
solution of the DSL service providers is to increase transmission
line throughput, such as with equipment of significant cost, or
reduce the bit-rate per channel for better encoding. However,
services delivered to the home must be perceived to be of high
quality and, thus, bit-rate reduction may not always be a suitable
alternative. Therefore, in order to improve their video system,
there is a need to intelligently manage and optimize the data rate
for video services across a broadband connection such as DSL. In
particular, individualized link bandwidth allocation is needed to
manage and optimize bandwidth.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of an xDSL communications
network having a plurality of subscriber premises in communications
with a central office over a local loop.
[0009] FIG. 2 illustrates a screen-shot of a graphical user
interface screen depicting a selectable item.
[0010] FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of implementing
individualized bandwidth allocation according to the present
invention.
[0011] FIG. 4 illustrates a video system capable of providing
discrete resolutions and data rates according to one embodiment of
the present invention.
[0012] FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of managed resources to a
client according to one embodiment of the present invention.
[0013] FIG. 6 illustrates a process for optimizing bandwidth
utilization when commencing a video session according to one
embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0014] The present invention will be described more fully
hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which
like numerals represent like elements throughout the several
figures, and in which an exemplary embodiment of the invention is
shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different
forms and should not be construed as being limited to the
embodiments set forth herein; rather, the embodiments are provided
so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will
fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the
art. The present invention is described more fully hereinbelow.
[0015] Throughout this specification, the transmission of a
television signal, television program, or video program (e.g., a
movie), are used interchangeably and refers to the transmission of
a corresponding set of one or more streams that make up the
television program or movie, such as a compressed digital video
stream, a compressed digital audio stream, associated data streams,
and/or an associated media stream.
[0016] Throughout this specification, the amount of bandwidth
consumption refers to the amount of consumption in a transmission
channel's capacity. Data rate and bit-rate have analogous meaning
and refer to the amount of channel capacity consumption or
bandwidth consumption.
[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates a broadband communications network 10,
such as an xDSL communication network, having at least one
subscriber premises 12 which communicates with a central office 14
through a local loop 16. Other types of broadband networks which
support IP-based digital distribution such as fiber-to-the-home
(FTTH) are within the scope of the present invention. The
communications network 10 can provide xDSL communications in the
xDSL band frequency while conventional communications take place
over the voice band frequency. The local loop 16 includes the
communication network of the plain old telephone system (POTS). The
subscriber premise 12 includes at least one or more home
communications terminals with IP/xDSL capability that may be
commonly referred to as an entertainment server or a set-top box
(STB) 20. FIG. 1 depicts only one subscriber premises 12 having
only one STB 20 as a matter of convenience. Each STB 20 in each
subscriber premises may be coupled to or integrated into a
corresponding display device such as a standard or high definition
television which is capable of xDSL communication with an internal
or external xDSL modem.
[0018] The subscriber premises 10 may also include voice equipment
24 such as conventional telephones and fax machines that
communicate using the voice channel. In one embodiment, each STB
20, voice equipment 24, and personal computer 28 is coupled to a
splitter 26 which separates communications over the local loop 16
into a digital channel and a voice channel. Preferably,
transmission priority is given to media or video data destined to
be processed by the STB 20 rather than data destined to be
processed by the personal computer 28. Also, real-time service to
one device requiring real-time media processing should have
priority over a non-real-time service to another device.
[0019] The central office 14 includes a splitter 30 to direct
communications over the voice channel to the public switched
telephone network (PSTN) 34 and to direct digital communications to
a broadband network 36. A DSLAM 40, usually located at the central
office 14, aggregates the incoming digital signals from the
subscribers and de-multiplexes them. The DSLAM 40 transfers the
aggregated communications to the public broadband network 36.
However, the DSLAM 40 may be distributed into the public network
36.
[0020] At the subscriber premises 12, each STB 20 is coupled to a
display device such as a standard definition (SD) or high
definition (HD) television with a respective characteristic or set
of characteristics. For a given digital video coding specification
or video coding algorithm, the perceived picture fidelity, often
referred to as perceived video quality, depends on several factors.
A first set of factors influencing perceived picture quality is the
inherent characteristics exhibited in the information of the video
itself. Video being a sequence of pictures, such as those imaged by
a video camera or scanned from film, exhibits information
complexity that depends on the content of the imaged scene,
including the motion of objects in the scene, the "speed of" and
the "amount of" magnification exercised on the scene through the
video or film generation process, the scene's lighting, and the
spatial properties of the imaged objects in the scene, such as
their respective textures, colors and shapes. Included in the
inherent video characteristics is the native scan format of the
video's pictures: either progressive or interlaced.
[0021] A second set of factors attributing to the perceived picture
fidelity of video is a result of how the sequence of digitized
pictures is compressed while exercising the video coding algorithm.
The perceived picture quality is dependent on the spatial picture
resolution and picture rate used in encoding the pictures, and the
amount of compression effected by the video coding algorithm. In
particular, the second set of factors' influence on perceived
picture quality is directly correlated to the bit-rate of the
compressed video. In one embodiment of the invention, the
compression characteristics of the video include whether the video
is compressed as a sequence of pictures in progressive scan format
or interlaced scan format.
[0022] A third set of factors influencing the perceived video
quality concerns the characteristics of the display device or
television in which the video is displayed. A display device's
characteristics include its picture rendering capabilities, the
physical dimension characteristics of its screen, and its type of
display. Picture rendering capabilities include the native spatial
screen resolution, often called the native display resolution, in
which the display device processes the information in the pictures
to be displayed and emits or outputs them as visible light; the
"displayed or output picture rate;" the aspect ratio of the
physical screen or visual spatial area (e.g., 16:9 or 4:3), and
whether the sequence of pictures are displayed in progressive or
interlaced picture format.
[0023] A display device's picture rendering capabilities includes
the real-time processing of the sequence of input pictures, for
example, as provided real-time by STB 20 in decompressed form
through a standardized physical interface that couples STB 20 and
the display device, to systematically convert the sequence of input
pictures to visible light according to its display characteristics.
That is, the display device processes the sequence of input
pictures to convert them spatially and temporally to its internal
native display resolution, its output picture rate, its aspect
ratio, and if necessary, to its native displayed picture
format.
[0024] The physical screen is the surface where the information of
each picture is effected into light for viewing by a subscriber.
The physical screen's dimension and its shape (e.g., flat or
elliptical) influences the suitable viewer's position and distance
from the screen.
[0025] The type of display is characterized by one of the several
technologies employed in its design for emitting the pictures
corresponding to video or television signals as visible light.
Display types include a cathode-ray tube (CRT) device, a plasma
technology display, a liquid-crystal display (LCD), a digital light
projection (DLP) display, liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS)
technology, a display device based on nanotubes technology, a rear
or front projection device based on internal processing of light, a
display device incorporating optical processing mechanisms, or any
combination of these technologies.
[0026] A fourth set of factors influencing the perceived picture
quality of video concerns the characteristics (of STB 20). Video is
compressed according to the syntax and semantics of a particular
video coding specification and transmitted to STB 20. Without any
limitation to the invention, examples of video coding
specifications include: "ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000(E), Information
technology--Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio
information: Video (second edition)," and "ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC:
Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services (2003)."
[0027] Compressed pictures are decompressed by a video
decompression engine or video decoder in STB 20 to counter the
effects of the video compression algorithm on the compressed
sequence of pictures and to reconstruct the pictures into
displayable form. One or more two-dimensional arrays of picture
elements or pixels correspond to the spatial resolution of a
picture in displayable form. Reconstruction of a picture after its
decompression typically results in storing its corresponding one or
more two-dimensional arrays in a memory in STB 20 until the picture
is displayed or until its information is no longer required for
performing decompression and reconstruction of additional
compressed pictures.
[0028] The characteristics of STB 20 may comprise the amount of
resources it possesses or its capabilities to perform decompression
for one or more of a plurality of digital video coding
specifications (or video compression algorithms). For instance, a
first STB 20 may possess limited amount of resources and be capable
of decoding a first compressed video stream corresponding to a
first instance of a first video program but incapable of decoding a
second compressed video stream corresponding to a second instance
of the first video program.
[0029] In one embodiment, the first compressed video stream
requires less computational resources in performing video
decompression on the first compressed video stream than on
performing decompression on the second compressed video stream. The
amount of resources required to decompress a video compressed
according to a particular video coding specification may correspond
to: an amount of memory, an amount of memory bus bandwidth (or
memory bus access), a required memory speed, an amount or quantity
of throughput or processing, a processor's speed or computational
capability, a digital signal processor's speed or computational
capability, a media processor's speed or computational capability,
or a processor with the capability to perform one or more specific
types of computations or instructions. As a non-limiting example,
the amount of resources required to decompress a compressed video
may correspond to STB 20 possessing capabilities to perform one or
more real-time video processing operations on picture data.
[0030] In an alternate embodiment, the first compressed video
stream corresponds to one compressed according to the syntax and
semantics of a first digital video coding specification and the
second compressed video stream corresponds to one compressed
according to the syntax and semantics of a second digital video
coding specification. For instance, the first video coding
specification may correspond to ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000 and the second
coding specification to ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC.
[0031] A fifth set of factors influencing the perceived picture
quality of video concerns characteristics of local loop 16. Loop
characteristics are known a priori and convey the maximum bit-rate
for real-time transmission of a video program to a subscriber.
Furthermore, the loop characteristics may change depending on the
number from a plurality of subscribers being serviced by a first
local loop that are simultaneously requesting or viewing video
programs. STB 20 has a unique identification that allows a message
to be transmitted to VHO 30 to communicate information pertaining
to the characteristics of STB 20, the characteristics of the first
local loop 16 coupling STB 20 to the VHO 330, and the
characteristics of the display device coupled to STB 20.
[0032] The perceived picture quality by the subscriber is dependent
on the combined effect of the first, second, third, fourth, and
fifth sets of factors on the video. In alternate embodiments, one
or more of the sets of factors, or portions thereof, may not
contribute to the perceived picture quality.
[0033] The novel methods and systems described herein control,
manage and optimize the transmission of a video program in
compressed form to STB 20 by minimizing the consumption of the
transmission channel's capacity. Specifically, the real-time
transmission of the compressed video program is managed by lowering
the bit-rate of the compressed video program to a level that does
not degrade the perceived picture quality of the video beyond from
what is capable of being provided by the display device coupled to
STB 20, local loop 16, and/or by the processing capabilities of STB
20. The objective of the invention is to tailor the transmission of
a video program to STB 20 as an individualized transmission, not
wasting bandwidth unnecessarily. The video program is transmitted
real-time in a sufficiently low bit-rate that provides at least the
best perceived picture quality being capable of being provided or
resolved by the ensemble comprised by the display device coupled to
STB 20, local loop 16 and STB 20. Accordingly, the best perceived
picture quality being capable of being provided or resolved is
determined at VHO 330 from information related to the
characteristics of the display device, STB 20, and/or local loop
16. Information related to one or more of these three different
characteristics are either known at central office 14, VHO 330, or
VSO 320, ahead of time or transmitted in one or more messages from
STB 20 to a central office 14, VHO 330, or VSO 320 to manage the
bit-rate in delivery of video programs to STB 20.
[0034] In a first embodiment, according to the characteristic or
set of characteristics of a first display device coupled to a first
STB 20, a first instance of a first video program is transmitted to
the first STB 20. The first instance of the first video program
exhibits one or more compression characteristics corresponding to
one or more characteristics of the first display device. In
particular, the compression characteristics of the first instance
of the first video program are such that the spatial picture
resolution, picture rate, or picture scan format, or any
combination thereof, are modified from their corresponding original
form at the time the video was created or imaged, in order to
reduce the amount of information that must be compressed and
transmitted to STB 20. The result is that the first instance of the
first video program exhibits an increased amount of compression,
or, equivalently, a lower bit-rate in its real-time transmission.
However, the amount of modification of one or more video parameters
in a compressed video from their corresponding original values at
the time the video was imaged is according to the perceived picture
quality that is capable of being provided by the display device,
which in turn is dependent on the display device's characteristics.
As a non-limiting example, an HD video program that was originally
imaged at a 1920.times.1080 picture resolution may be compressed as
a first compressed video stream or first instance, in which each
picture is first reduced to a lower spatial resolution (e.g.,
1440.times.1080) using signal processing methods, filters, and/or
sample rate converters, and a second compressed video stream or
second instance is compressed in its original spatial resolution
(1920.times.1080).
[0035] As a non-limiting example, a first display device's
characteristics may exhibit a native display resolution of
1280.times.1024. Upon or prior to receiving a request for viewing
an HD video program, information corresponding to the display
device coupled to STB 20 is transmitted by the STB 20 to VSO 320 or
VHO 330, as shown in FIG. 3. Responsive to receiving the
information corresponding to the display device, one or more
computing devices cause retrieval of the display device's
characteristics as necessary, if not already contained in the
transmitted information or message from STB 20. The transmission of
the first video program is effected by transmitting an instance of
the requested HD video program as a compressed video stream in
which compressed pictures have a spatial resolution that is lower
than 1920.times.1080, resulting in a lower bit-rate. However, in
order to match the perceived image quality capable of being
provided by the display device, the first instance of the first
video program has a spatial resolution in compressed form that is
equal to 1280.times.1024, or one from a plurality of predetermined
spatial resolution larger than or equal to 1280.times.1024 but
smaller than 1920.times.1080. Alternatively, one from a plurality
of compressed versions or instances of the first video program,
each exhibiting a respective set of compression characteristics
that is different from the others, is determined a priori to be the
best match for the first display device according to the first
display device's characteristics. Accordingly, real-time
transmission of the first video program to STB 20 is effected with
a compressed version or instance that was determined a priori to
possess the best set of compression characteristics to match the
first display device's capabilities while simultaneously resulting
in a lower bit-rate.
[0036] As another non-limiting example, a first display device's
characteristics may display pictures in an interlaced format, often
called an interlaced display. Upon or prior to receiving a request
for viewing a first video program that was natively imaged as
progressive pictures at frame rates equal to or superseding the
field rate of the first display device. For instance, the first
video program may be a natively imaged program of 1280.times.720
(or 1920.times.1080) spatial resolution and 60 frames per second,
whereas the first display device outputs pictures as interlaced
pictures (or fields) at 60 Hertz. Information corresponding to the
first display device coupled to STB 20 is transmitted by the STB 20
to VHO 330 or VSO 320, as previously described. The transmission of
the first video program is effected by transmitting an instance of
the requested video program as a compressed video stream in which
compressed pictures are indicated as interlaced and having a total
number of picture elements that is half of the native format of the
first video program. Consequently, the bit-rate is significantly
reduced from the compressed version of the first video program
containing all the pixels of the native pictures in progressive
format. Alternatively, one from a plurality of compressed versions
or instances of the first video program, each exhibiting a
respective set of compression characteristics that is different
from the others, is determined a priori to be the best match for
the first display device according to the first display device's
rendering of interlaced pictures. Accordingly, real-time
transmission of the first video program to STB 20 is effected with
a compressed version or instance that was determined a priori to
possess a best format of interlaced compressed pictures that match
the first display device's interlaced rendering capabilities while
simultaneously resulting in a lower bit-rate.
[0037] In an alternate embodiment, a compressed version of the
first video program is selected for transmission to STB 20
according to the first display device's characteristics and
according to the characteristics of STB 20. For instance, if STB 20
is capable of receiving a compressed video stream corresponding to
a second video specification that provides superior compression in
comparison to a first video coding specification, the first video
program is transmitted to STB 20 as a compressed version that
matches the first display device's characteristics and according to
the syntax and semantics of the second video specification. On the
other hand, if STB 20 is capable of decompressing compressed video
streams corresponding to the first video specification, the
transmitted video stream is one that matches the first display
device's characteristics and according to the syntax and semantics
of the first video specification.
[0038] In yet another embodiment, a compressed version of the first
video program is selected for transmission to STB 20 in accordance
with the first display device's characteristics, the
characteristics of STB 20, and the inherent video characteristics
of the first video program.
[0039] In yet another embodiment, a compressed version of the first
video program is selected for transmission to STB 20 in accordance
with the first display device's characteristics and the
characteristics of local loop 16.
[0040] In yet another embodiment, a compressed version of the first
video program is selected for transmission to STB 20 in accordance
with the first display device's characteristics, the
characteristics of STB 20, and the characteristics of local loop
16.
[0041] In yet another embodiment, a compressed version of the first
video program is selected for transmission to STB 20 in accordance
with the first display device's characteristics, the
characteristics of STB 20, the inherent video characteristics of
the first video program, and the characteristics of local loop
16.
[0042] In yet another embodiment, a compressed version of the first
video program is selected for transmission to STB 20 in accordance
with the first display device's characteristics, the inherent video
characteristics of the first video program, and the characteristics
of local loop 16.
[0043] In yet another embodiment, a compressed version of the first
video program is selected for transmission to STB 20 in accordance
with the characteristics of STB 20 and the characteristics of local
loop 16.
[0044] In yet another embodiment, a compressed version of the first
video program is selected for transmission to STB 20 in accordance
with the characteristics of STB 20, the inherent video
characteristics of the first video program, and the characteristics
of local loop 16.
[0045] In yet another embodiment, a compressed version of the first
video program is selected for transmission to STB 20 in accordance
with the inherent video characteristics of the first video program
and the characteristics of local loop 16.
[0046] In a second embodiment, a first display device is coupled to
a first STB 20 and a second display device is coupled to a second
STB 20 (not shown). The first STB 20 is coupled to a first loop 16
and second STB 20 is coupled to a second loop 16. A first request
for the first video program (e.g., effected by a television channel
change or as a movie purchase) is generated from the first STB 20
and a second request for the first video program is generated from
the second STB 20. Responsive to the first request for the first
video program, a first instance of the first video program is
transmitted to the first STB 20 and responsive to the second
request for the first video program, a second instance of the first
video program is transmitted to the second STB 20, the compression
characteristics of the first instance of the first video program in
compressed form being different than the compression
characteristics of the second instance of the first video program
in compressed form. The compression characteristics of the first
instance of the first video program in compressed form are
determined according to information transmitted from the first STB
20, or known ahead of time, and according to one or more of the
first display device's characteristics, the characteristics of the
first local loop 16, the characteristics of the first STB 20, and
the inherent video characteristics of the first video program. The
compression characteristics of the second instance of the first
video program in compressed form are determined according to
information transmitted from the second STB 20 and according to one
or more of the second display device's characteristics, the
characteristics of the second local loop, the characteristics of
the second STB 20, and the inherent video characteristics of the
first video program.
[0047] In a third embodiment, the first and second instance of the
first video program in compressed form differ only when
transmitting the first video program, or any portions thereof,
simultaneously in real-time to the first STB 20 and the second STB
20.
[0048] In a fourth embodiment, the first and second instance of the
first video program in compressed form do not differ when
transmitting the first video program, or any portions thereof,
simultaneously in real-time to the first STB 20 and the second STB
20. The compression characteristics of the common instance of the
first video program in compressed form are determined according to
information transmitted from the first STB 20 and the second STB 20
and according to one or more of the first display device's
characteristics, the characteristics of the first STB 20, the
second display device's characteristics, the characteristics of the
second STB 20, and the inherent video characteristics of the first
video program.
[0049] In a fifth embodiment, a first display device coupled to a
first STB 20 possesses capabilities for displaying pictures only in
a progressive scan format and the first video program possesses a
native interlaced picture scan format. The first instance of the
first video program in compressed form is such that the native
interlaced pictures are first deinterlaced prior to compression and
compressed as progressive pictures according to one from possibly
several video coding specifications. The de-interlaced method
performed in the interlaced pictures is performed a priori to match
one or more compression versions or instances of the first program
to display devices that render in a native progressive picture
format. Given the low cost nature of consumer electronic devices
like televisions and display devices, their built-in de-interlacing
mechanisms are often compromised. By employing a superior
de-interlacing mechanism, one that is not cost nor resources
constrained, compression of pictures is effected on the
deinterlaced version of the interlaced pictures.
[0050] In a sixth embodiment, the first STB 16 and the second STB
16 are coupled to the first local loop 16. In accordance to the
characteristics of the first local loop 16, the first instance of
the first video program in compressed form is transmitted to the
first STB 20 as a third instance of the first video program when
the first video program, or any portions thereof, is transmitted in
real-time to the first STB 20 simultaneously with the transmission
of any video program in compressed form to the second STB 20. The
bit-rate and compression characteristics of the third instance of
the first video program in compressed form differ from the bit-rate
and compression characteristics of the first instance of the first
video program in compressed form. The first instance of the first
video program in compressed form is employed for real-time
transmission to the first STB 20 only when the first video program,
or parts thereof, is not being transmitted in real-time to the
first STB 20 simultaneously with the transmission of any video
program in compressed form to the second STB 20.
[0051] As a non-limiting example of how the display characteristics
affect perceived picture quality, as the native display resolution
and/or the display device's physical screen dimension decreases,
the video resolution required to maintain constant video quality as
perceived by the subscriber is also reduced. Therefore, the digital
data rate to maintain a perception of a video picture quality that
is consistent with a lower picture quality induced by the display
device coupled to STB 20 is controlled according to the display
device's characteristics. A lower bit rate for a video program is
thus attainable by transmitting a video program to STB 20 at a
decreased bit-rate, for instance, obtained by encoding the picture
at a lower spatial resolution or frame rate that is consistent with
the particular display device's characteristics. The bit-rate of a
video program decreases as the television's picture quality
capability decreases. This relationship applies for both SD and HD
video.
[0052] Some STBs, such as Scientific-Atlanta's HD set-tops, query
television display attributes. Information relating to the type of
display and resolution of the display are stored in the STB
connected to the television. At the time of the installation of the
STB, the type of display, such as SD, HD, or other, one or more
display characteristics and the size of the display can be required
to be entered into the STB. As a non-limiting example, a display
characteristic can be a display's manufacturer, display model
number, manufacturer's product serial number, or product series.
The type of display can also be entered, being for example a
plasma, CRT, LCD, LCos, DLP, front projection, rear projection, or
other, or any combination of theses. FIG. 2 illustrates a
screen-shot of one example of a graphical user interface screen
depicting the type of television as a selectable item as part of
the discovery setup of the STB such as the discovery system and
method described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/761,777,
titled "Interactive Discovery of Display Device Characteristics",
filed Jan. 21, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference. In
one embodiment, buttons on the remote control can be used to
highlight and select whether the television is SD or HD. Other
attributes which may be queried may include the television's model
number or aspect ratio. This information can be used to determine
display resolution. Alternatively, the display attributes or
characteristics can be queried directly from the STB. With the
appropriate information stored in each STB, an identifying tag
related to the display screen size can be used each time a request
is made to provide programming.
[0053] However, the required digital data rate to maintain a
perception of constant video picture quality by the subscriber is
also dependent on the type of content received at the television.
For example, sports events require a higher digital data rate than
do movies because of differences in the amount of motion and detail
between the two types of content. News programs have lower detail
and motion than sports events and, therefore, allow lower digital
data rates for video than for sports events in order to have
similar perception of video picture quality. One embodiment which
may be utilized to ascertain the type of content currently being
viewed is to utilize metadata associated with the content that was
created for distinguishing types of content. This metadata may be
manually coded and associated with each particular program instance
by the local operator or by the programmer.
[0054] FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of the present invention
for implementing individualized link bandwidth allocation. First,
the STB 20 initiates the discovery process to provide the display
attributes of the display 310 to a video serving office (VSO) 320
of the central office 14 that typically includes video transport
equipment. In particular, the monitor or television type as well as
the model number could be provided as shown on branch 322. A video
hub office (VHO) 330, typically separate from the central office
14, includes a database 340 which receives the television type and
model number as input. Alternatively, the identifying tag related
to the display screen size and one or more display characteristics
of a particular link, stored in database 340 can be used each time
a request is made to provide programming. Also, the metadata
corresponding with a requested program instance may also be
forwarded to the VSO 320 and VHO 330. From the database 340, the
link bandwidth for the specific display 310 and/or the currently
viewed program instance is configured as shown in block 350. Branch
360 depicts a video/VoIP/data link back to the STB 20 which is
tailored to the display 310. Because a link is tailored to a
display associated with each STB, a particular program instance may
be viewed on different size displays at different rates while
maintaining a constant video quality perception.
[0055] Recently new functionality has been added to conventional
STTs--namely the ability to record an incoming video stream in
digitized form onto a mass storage device, such as a hard disk
drive, and play back that recorded video as desired by the user.
This functionality has become known as a "digital video recorder"
(DVR) or personal video recorder (PVR) and is viewed as a superior
alternative to conventional video tape recorders for capture and
subsequent playback of programming content. DVR settops allow a
subscriber to view recorded video rather than view real-time
video.
[0056] Simultaneous viewing and recording of the same video content
may not happen frequently. If a DVR settop is being used, logic
within the DVR settop can be used to determine if incoming video
signals are being recorded, but not being simultaneously viewed.
The data rate for storing material on a hard drive that is not
simultaneously being viewed can be reduced below the real-time rate
to reduce the traffic load to that subscriber. Although the time to
complete storage of a given program will then be lengthened, the
playback rate can be in real-time and the desired video resolution
can be preserved. Therefore, non-real-time recording at lower data
rates optimizes the overall data rate to each subscriber. DVR
capability is another characteristic communicated by STB 20 to the
VSO 320 or the VHO 330, for example, for attaining bandwidth
management.
[0057] FIG. 4 illustrates a video system 400 capable of providing
several discrete resolutions and data rates. The video system 400
includes video encoders 410 for receiving content 412. Encoders 410
convert the content 412 into multiple resolutions and bit rates.
For example, as shown in FIG. 4, encoders 410 generate high
resolution HD and enhanced-resolution HD streams 420 and 422,
respectively, and medium resolution SD and low resolution SD
streams 424 and 426, respectively. Video steams 420, 422, 424, and
426 are multicast across the broadband network 36 to the DSLAM 40.
In one embodiment, the video system 400 may be configured to
include digital content managers (DCMs) as part of the network 36.
Each DCM is a specialized hardware based server for video content
management that provides transrating for each DSL link which is the
ability to dynamically recode the video to lower data rates. Each
DCM also provides multiplexing and encryption for each DSL
link.
[0058] The video system 400 also includes a system resource manager
(SRM) 450 which may be implemented at a server of the VSO 320, VHO
330, or distributed in the network 36. The SRM 450 includes a map
to identify each STB which is periodically updated so that the SRM
450 can track the bandwidth utilization on each of the DSL links to
each of the subscribers. The SRM 450 allocates bandwidth preferably
based on rules defined at a policy server at the central office 14
in order to prevent the DSL link from being oversubscribed. These
rules are preferably based at least in part on allotted bandwidth
per subscriber, display screen sizes, and content type. For
example, the bandwidth per client may be managed as shown in FIG.
5.
[0059] The SRM 450 manages bandwidth allocation to a plurality of
subscribers by utilizing opportunistic bandwidth to preclude
oversubscription. For example, the SRM 450 tracks bandwidth
utilization on multiple links to one or more subscribers and
selects data rates on one or more of the links that optimizes the
bandwidth to each of the subscribers. The bandwidth to a subscriber
may be optimized by reducing a data rate on one or more links to
that subscriber to allow the total bandwidth to that subscriber to
be maintained at a desired amount or to allow an increased data
rate to one or more other links to that subscriber. In another
embodiment, the SRM 450 may detect that packets are being dropped
to one or more subscribers along one or more links. In such case,
the SRM 450 may select a data rate to meet the available bandwidth
to the subscriber. For example, the SRM 450 may select a reduced
data rate along the one link having the dropped packets or
alternatively select a reduced rate along another link to the same
subscriber.
[0060] Also, in order to optimize bandwidth, when the STB 20
requests a video service, the display type of the display coupled
to the STB 20 requesting service is reported by the STB 20 along
its link, or retrieved from storage at the central office 14, along
with the DSL link identification, to the SRM 450. Therefore, the
SRM 450 selects the optimum data rate stream for that particular
display type that meets the available bandwidth. Because a link may
be tailored to a particular display associated with each STB, the
data rate to the display may be reduced to permit a higher data
rate along another link to the subscriber that meets available
bandwidth to that subscriber. Also, because a non-real-time stream
may be used to reduce the traffic load, another link may utilize a
higher data rate that meets available bandwidth requirements.
[0061] Scheduled DVR recordings may use an elastic buffer in the
network 36 and use opportunistic bandwidth. FIG. 6 illustrates one
embodiment of a process 600 of the present invention for optimizing
bandwidth utilization when a video session is initiated by a DVR
capable device. The process 600 begins at decision block 610 where
it is determined whether a particular stream is being watched live
by the subscriber or if it is being recorded. If the stream is
being watched live, the content is streamed according to rules
based upon the screen size and/or the type of content as shown in
process block 620. On the other hand, if the stream is being
recorded, but not being simultaneously watched, then a
non-real-time file transfer is implemented utilizing a buffer of X
minutes, rather than real-time streaming as shown in process block
630. As shown in process block 640, if the stream is not being
viewed, transfer of the file is continued using only available
excess bandwidth in the transmission line. However, as shown in
decision block 650, the process 600 determines whether there is a
request for a higher priority session while non-real-time file
transfer is being implemented. If a higher priority session is
requested, such as real-time viewing of a different video signal in
HD, the file transfer may be slowed as shown in process block 660.
See U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/590,521, titled Systems and
Method for Adaptive Scheduling and Dynamic Bandwidth Resource
Allocation Management in A Digital Broadband Delivery System, filed
Jun. 9, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference. After the
file transfer has been slowed as a result of the request for the
higher priority session, or if the higher priority session has not
been requested at all, the process 600 would continue to decision
block 670 to determine whether the subscriber, if viewing content
from the buffer, has caught up with the recorded content from the
buffer. If the subscriber has caught up, the YES branch is followed
back to process block 620 where the content is streamed according
to the screen sizes. On the other hand, if subscriber has not yet
caught up with the content from the buffer, then the process
follows the NO branch back to process block 640 where the transfer
is continued using only available excess bandwidth.
[0062] The foregoing has broadly outlined some of the more
pertinent aspects and features of the present invention. These
should be construed to be merely illustrative of some of the more
prominent features and applications of the invention. Other
beneficial results can be obtained by applying the disclosed
information in a different manner or by modifying the disclosed
embodiments. Accordingly, other aspects and a more comprehensive
understanding of the invention may be obtained by referring to the
detailed description of the exemplary embodiments taken in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in addition to the
scope of the invention defined by the claims.
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