U.S. patent application number 11/574688 was filed with the patent office on 2008-10-09 for methods for preventing, removing, reducing, or disrupting biofilm.
This patent application is currently assigned to Novozymes A/S. Invention is credited to Carsten Andersen, Randy Deinhammer.
Application Number | 20080248558 11/574688 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36060538 |
Filed Date | 2008-10-09 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080248558 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Deinhammer; Randy ; et
al. |
October 9, 2008 |
Methods For Preventing, Removing, Reducing, or Disrupting
Biofilm
Abstract
The present invention relates to methods for preventing,
removing, reducing, or disrupting biofilm present on a surface,
comprising contacting the surface with an alpha-amylase derived
from a bacterium.
Inventors: |
Deinhammer; Randy; (Wake
Forest, NC) ; Andersen; Carsten; (Vaerloese,
DK) |
Correspondence
Address: |
NOVOZYMES NORTH AMERICA, INC.
500 FIFTH AVENUE, SUITE 1600
NEW YORK
NY
10110
US
|
Assignee: |
Novozymes A/S
Bagsvaerd
DK
|
Family ID: |
36060538 |
Appl. No.: |
11/574688 |
Filed: |
September 7, 2005 |
PCT Filed: |
September 7, 2005 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US05/31813 |
371 Date: |
March 5, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60608535 |
Sep 10, 2004 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
435/264 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C11D 3/386 20130101;
C12Y 304/22002 20130101; C12Y 304/22004 20130101; C02F 3/342
20130101; C12Y 304/21062 20130101; B08B 17/02 20130101; C11D
11/0023 20130101; C11D 3/38618 20130101; C02F 3/34 20130101; C02F
2305/04 20130101; C12Y 304/2404 20130101; C12N 9/2417 20130101;
B08B 7/00 20130101; B08B 9/032 20130101; C02F 2303/20 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/264 |
International
Class: |
D06M 16/00 20060101
D06M016/00 |
Claims
1-22. (canceled)
23. A method for preventing, removing, reducing or disrupting
biofilm present on a surface, comprising contacting the surface
with an alpha-amylase derived from a bacterium.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the alpha-amylase is derived
from a strain of Bacillus.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the alpha-amylase is derived
from a strain of Bacillus sp. NCIB 12289, NCIB 12512, NCIB 12513,
DSM 9375, DSMZ 12649, KSM AP1378, KSM K36, or KSM K38.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein the alpha-amylase has an amino
acid sequence of at least 60% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4 or 6.
27. The method of claim 24, wherein the alpha-amylase has the amino
acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4 or 6.
28. The method of claim 24, wherein the alpha-amylase has a
deletion in positions D183 and/or G184 (using SED ID NO; 2 for
numbering).
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the alpha-amylase further has
one or more of the following substitutions, R118K, N195F, R320K,
R458K (using SEQ ID NO: 2 for numbering).
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the alpha-amylase has the
following mutations: Delta (D183+G184)+R118K+N195F+R320K+R458K
(using SEQ ID NO: 2 for numbering).
31. The method of claim 24, wherein the alpha-amylase has a
substitution in position N195F (using SEQ ID NO: 2 for
numbering).
32. The method of claim 23, wherein the alpha-amylase comprises
Asn-Gly-Trh-Met-Met-Gin-Tyr-Phe-Glu-Trp in its N-terminal amino
acid region.
33. The method of claims 23, wherein the surface is contacted for
between 1 minute and 2 days.
34. The method of claim 23, which further comprises contacting the
surface with a surfactant.
35. The method of claim 23, wherein the alpha-amylase is used in a
concentration of between 0.005-500 mg enzyme protein.
36. The method of claim 23, wherein the alpha-amylase has a
percentage (%) of hydrolyzed starch that is higher than 15 after 5
hours at 40.degree. C., 3 mg enzyme protein per g starch, pH
8.0.
37. The method of claim 23, which further comprises contacting the
surface with one or more additional enzymes selected from the group
consisting of an aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase,
carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase,
cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase,
alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase,
alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, haloperoxidase, invertase,
laccase, lipase, mannosidase, oxidoreductases, pectinolytic enzyme,
peptidoglutamnase, peroxidase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase,
proteolytic enzyme, ribonucdease, transglutaminase, or
xylanase.
38. The method of claim 23, which further comprises contacting the
surface with one or more agents selected from the group consisting
of dispersants, surfactants, anti-microbials, and biocides.
39. The method of claim 23, wherein the surface is a hard, soft, or
porous surface.
40. The method of claim 39, wherein the surface is a membrane.
41. The method of claim 23, wherein the biofilm removal is done at
a temperature between 10-70.degree.C.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. provisional
application entitled "Methods for preventing, removing, reducing,
or disrupting biofilm", filed on Sep. 8, 2004 (Ser. No. 60/608,535)
which is hereby incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to improved methods of
preventing, removing, reducing, or disrupting biofilm formation on
a surface.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
[0003] Biofilms are biological films that develop and persist at
the surfaces of biotic or abiotic objects in aqueous environments
from the adsorption of microbial cells onto the solid surfaces.
This adsorption can provide a competitive advantage for the
microorganisms since they can reproduce, are accessible to a wider
variety of nutrients and oxygen conditions, are not washed away,
and are less sensitive to antimicrobial agents. The formation of
the biofilm is also accompanied by the production of exo-polymeric
materials (polysaccharides, polyuronic acids, alginates,
glycoproteins, and proteins) which together with the cells form
thick layers of differentiated structures separated by water-filled
spaces. The resident microorganisms may be individual species of
microbial cells or mixed communities of microbial cells, which may
include aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, algae, protozoa, and fungi.
Thus, the biofilm is a complex assembly of living microorganisms
embedded in an organic structure composed of one or more matrix
polymers which are secreted by the resident microorganisms.
[0004] Biofilms can develop into macroscopic structures several
millimeters or centimeters in thickness and cover large surface
areas. These formations can play a role in restricting or entirely
blocking flow in plumbing systems, decreasing heat transfer in heat
exchangers, or causing pathogenic problems in municipal water
supplies, food processing, medical devices (e.g., catheters,
orthopedic devices, implants, endoscopes). Moreover, biofilms often
decrease the life of materials through corrosive action mediated by
the embedded microorganisms. This biological fouling is a serious
economic problem in industrial water process systems, pulp and
paper production processes, cooling water systems, injection wells
for oil recovery, cooling towers, porous media (sand and soil),
marine environments, and air conditioning systems, and any closed
water recirculation system. Biofilms are also a severe problem in
medical science and industry causing dental plaque, infections
(Costerton et al., 1999, Science 284:1318-1322), contaminated
endoscopes and contact lenses, prosthetic device colonisation and
biofilm formation on medical implants.
[0005] The removal or prevention of biofilm traditionally requires
the use of dispersants, surfactants, detergents, enzyme
formulations, anti-microbials, biocides, boil-out procedures,
and/or corrosive chemicals, e.g., base. Procedures for using these
measures are well known in the art. For example, removal of biofilm
built-up in a paper machine in the pulp and paper industry
traditionally requires a deposit control program including proper
housekeeping to keep surfaces free of splashed stock,
anti-microbial treatment of fresh water and additives, the use of
biocides to reduce microbiological growth on the machine, and
scheduled boil-outs to remove the deposits that do form.
[0006] Bacteria growing in biofilms are more resistant to
antibiotics and disinfectants than planktonic cells and the
resistance increases with the age of the biofilm. Bacterial biofilm
also exhibits increased physical resistance towards desiccation,
extreme temperatures or light. As mentioned, biofilm formation
causes industrial, environmental and medical problems and the
difficulties in cleaning and disinfection of bacterial biofilm with
chemicals is a major concern in many industries. Furthermore, the
trend towards milder disinfection and cleaning compositions to
reduce their environmental impact may increase the insufficient
cleaning of surfaces covered with biofilm.
[0007] It is an object of the present invention to provide improved
methods for preventing or removing biofilm present on a
surface.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1 shows a comparison of the percentage (%) of total
hydrolysis of raw wheat starch for three different
alpha-amylases.
[0009] FIG. 2 is a chromatogram comparing 1) Alpha-amylase A, 2)
detergent alone 3) Alpha-amylase C biofilm removal.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The present invention relates to methods for preventing,
removing, reducing, or disrupt biofilm formation on a surface,
comprising contacting the surface with alpha-amylase derived from a
bacterium.
[0011] The term "surface" is defined herein as any surface which
may be covered by biofilm or is prone to biofilm formation.
Examples of surfaces may be any hard surface such as metal,
plastics, rubber, board, glass, wood, paper, concrete, rock,
marble, gypsum and ceramic materials, which optionally are coated,
for example, with paint or enamel; any soft surface such as fibers
of any kind (e.g., yarns, textiles, vegetable fibers, rock wool,
and hair); or any porous surfaces; skin (human or animal);
keratinous materials (e.g., nails); and internal organs (e.g.,
lungs). The hard surface can be present as a part of a cooling
tower, water treatment plant, water tanks, dairy, food processing
plant, chemical or pharmaceutical process plant, or medical device
(e.g., catheters, orthopedic devices, implants). The porous surface
can be present in a filter, e.g., a membrane filter.
[0012] The term "effective amount" is defined herein as the amount
of one or more alpha-amylases that is sufficient to degrade a
microbially-produced biofilm comprising alpha-1,4 glucosidic
linkages. The effective amount of the one or more alpha-amylase
will depend on factors including: the alpha-amylase(s) in question,
whether the aim is preventing, removing, or reducing biofilms
present on a surface, the period of time desirable for, e.g.,
degrading a microbially-produced biofilm. High
amounts/concentrations of enzyme(s) will in general require shorter
times of treatment, while low amounts/concentrations longer times.
Further, for instance, preventing biofilm on a surface prone to
biofilm formation will in general require lower
amounts/concentrations of enzyme(s) than the actual removal of
biofilm from a corresponding contaminated surface. However, typical
effective usage levels are between 0.005 to 500 mg of alpha-amylase
protein per L biofilm control solution, preferably between 0.01-100
mg of enzyme protein per L biofilm control solution. The term
"biofilm control solution" refers to a solution used according to
the invention for preventing, removing, reducing or disrupting
biofilm present on a surface. The method of the invention may
result in 10-10.sup.8-fold, preferably 10.sup.3-10.sup.6-fold
biofilm reduction in terms of average plate count under the
conditions indicated in Example 4 below.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The present invention relates to improved methods of
preventing, removing, or reducing biofilms present on a surface,
comprising contacting the surface with an effective amount of an
alpha-amylase as defined below. The methods of the present
invention may be used to prevent, remove, reduce, or disrupt
biofilm formation on a surface. One of ordinary skill in the art
will recognize that such methods may be employed at different
stages of biofim formation.
[0014] By using an alpha-amylase in an effective amount of surfaces
improved biofilm prevention and/or removal is obtained, especially
in those instances where some of the microbes present in the
biofilm produce alpha-1,4 linked glucose polysaccharides such as
amylose, amylopectin, mixtures of these two polysaccharides (i.e.,
starch), and glycogen.
[0015] In the first aspect the invention relates to a method for
preventing or removing biofilm on a surface, comprising contacting
the surface with an alpha-amylase derived from a bacterium. In a
preferred embodiment the bacterial alpha-amylase is derived from a
strain of Bacillus.
Alpha-Amylase
[0016] The alpha-amylase used according to the invention is derived
from a bacterium, preferably derived from a strain of Bacillus sp.,
especially selected from the group consisting of: the AA560
alpha-amylase disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 2 in WO 00/60060 (SEQ ID NO:
2 herein), the Bacillus flavothermus disclosed in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/877,847, Bacillus sp. alpha-amylases
disclosed in WO 95/26397, alpha-amylases derived from Bacillus sp.
NCIB 12289, NCIB 12512, NCIB 12513, DSM 9375, DSMZ no. 12649, KSM
AP1378 (WO 97/00324), KSM K36 or KSM K38 (EP 1,022,334), and the
#707 alpha-amylase disclosed by Tsukamoto et al., Biochemical and
Biophysical Research Communications, 151 (1988), pp. 25-31.
[0017] In a preferred specific embodiment of the invention the
alpha-amylase is the AA560 alpha-amylase shown in SEQ ID NO: 2
herein and/or the AMY1048 alpha-amylase shown in SEQ ID NO: 4
herein, or an alpha-amylase having a degree of identity of at least
60%, preferably at least 70%, more preferred at least 80%, even
more preferred at least 90%, such as at least 95%, at least 96%, at
least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% to any of the sequences
shown in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 4 herein.
[0018] In a preferred embodiment the alpha-amylase used is a
variant of the parent alpha-amylase disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 2
herein having a deletion in positions D183 and/or G184, preferably
wherein said alpha-amylase variant further has a substitution in or
corresponding to position N195F, especially wherein the parent
alpha-amylase has one or more of the following
deletions/substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 2 herein: Delta (R81-G182);
Delta (D183-G184); Delta (D183-G184)+N195F; R181Q+N445Q+K446N;
Delta (D183-G184)+R181Q, Delta (D183-G184) and one or more of the
following substitutions: R118K, N195F, R320K, R458K, especially
wherein said parent alpha-amylase has the following mutations:
[0019] Delta (D183+G184)+R118K+N195F+R320K+R458K (i.e., in SEQ ID
NO: 2 herein).
[0020] In another preferred embodiment the alpha-amylase is the
AA560 alpha-amylase shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or a variant thereof
further comprising one or more of the following substitutions: M9L,
M202L, V214T, M323T, M382Y or M9L, M202L, V214T, M323T and
E345R.
[0021] In a preferred embodiment the alpha-amylase has a percentage
(%) of hydrolyzed raw starch that is higher than 15, preferably 25,
especially 35, after 5 hours at 40.degree. C., 3 mg enzyme protein
per g starch, pH 8.0 (See Example 2 and FIG. 1).
[0022] In another preferred embodiment the alpha-amylase comprises
Asn-Gly-Thr-Met-Met-Gln-Tyr-Phe-Glu-Trp in its N-terminal amino
acid region. Examples of such alpha-amylase include Alpha-Amylase A
and Alpha-Amylase B used in Example 2.
[0023] In an embodiment the alpha-amylase is derived from a strain
of Bacillus licheniformis with the sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 6
herein, or an alpha-amylase having a degree of identity of at least
60%, preferably at least 70%, more preferred at least 80%, even
more preferred at least 90%, such as at least 95%, at least 96%, at
least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% to any of the sequences
shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 herein, preferably with a substitution in a
position corresponding to position M197, preferably M197L, T, I, N,
D, Q, E,P,W, especially M197L or T.
[0024] Commercially available alpha-amylase products or products
comprising alpha amylases include product sold under the following
trade names: STAINZYME.TM., DURAMYL.TM. (Novozymes A/S, Denmark),
BIOAMYLASE D(G), BIOAMYLASE.TM. L (Biocon India Ltd.), KEMZYM.TM.
AT 9000(Biozym Ges. m.b.H, Austria), PURASTAR.TM. ST, PURASTAR.TM.
HPAmL, PURAFECT.TM. OxAm, RAPIDASE.TM. TEX (Genencor Int. Inc,
USA), KAM (KAO, Japan).
[0025] In a preferred embodiment, surfaces prone to biofilm
formation may be subjected to the methods of the present invention
as a preventative measure prior to any biofilm formation so no
biofilm forms. Alternatively, at the first indication of biofim
formation, the methods may be used to prevent further formation and
to remove the biofim that has deposited on a surface. Furthermore,
in situations where there is a heavy build-up of biofilm on a
surface, the methods may be used to reduce the level of biofilm or
to remove it partially or completely.
[0026] A biofilm may comprise an integrated community of one or two
or more microorganisms or predominantly a specific microorganism
(Palmer and White, 1997, Trends in Microbiology 5: 435440;
Costerton et al., 1987, Annual Reviews of Microbiology 41: 435-464;
Mueller, 1994, TAPPI Proceedings, 1994 Biological Sciences
Symposium 195-201). In the methods of the present invention, the
one or more microorganisms may be any microorganism involved in
biofilm formation including, but not limited to, aerobic bacteria
or anaerobic bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative), fungi
(yeast or filamentous fungus), algae, and/or protozoa. Contemplated
bacteria include bacteria selected from the group consisting of.
Pseudomonas spp. including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Azotobacter
vinelandii, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium diphteriae,
Clostridium botulinum, Streptococcus spp, Acetobacter, Leuconostoc,
Betabacterium, Pneumococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Aeromonas,
Burkholderie, Flavobacterium, Salmonella, Staphylococcus.
[0027] In a preferred embodiment, the microorganism is an aerobic
bacterium. In a more preferred embodiment, the aerobic bacterium is
an Aeromonas strain. In another more preferred embodiment, the
aerobic bacterium is a Burkholderie strain. In another more
preferred embodiment, the aerobic bacterium is a Flavobacterium
strain. In another more preferred embodiment, the aerobic bacterium
is a Microbacterium strain. In another more preferred embodiment,
the aerobic bacterium is a Pseudomonas strain. In another more
preferred embodiment, the aerobic bacterium is a Salmonella strain.
In another more preferred embodiment, the aerobic bacterium is a
Staphylococcus strain. In another more preferred embodiment, the
aerobic bacterium is from the family Enterobacteriaceae (including
e.g., Escherichia coli).
[0028] In a most preferred embodiment, the aerobic bacterium is
Burkholderie cepacia. In another most preferred embodiment, the
aerobic bacterium is a Microbacterium imperiale or Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. In another most preferred embodiment, the aerobic
bacterium is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In another most preferred
embodiment, the aerobic bacterium is Pseudomonas fluorescens. In
another most preferred embodiment, the aerobic bacterium is
Pseudomonas oleovorans. In another most preferred embodiment, the
aerobic bacterium is Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. In another most
preferred embodiment, the aerobic bacterium is Salmonella
enteritidis. In another most preferred embodiment, the aerobic
bacterium is Staphylococcus aureus. In another most preferred
embodiment, the aerobic bacterium is Staphylococcus
epidermidis.
[0029] In another preferred embodiment, the microorganism is an
anaerobic bacteria. In another more preferred embodiment, the
anaerobic bacterium is a Desulfovibrio strain. In another most
preferred embodiment, the anaerobic bacterium is Desulfovibrio
desulfuricans.
[0030] In another preferred embodiment, the microorganism is a
fungus such as a yeast or filamentous fungus. In another more
preferred embodiment, the yeast is a Candida strain. In another
most preferred embodiment, the yeast is Candida albicans.
[0031] As mentioned above the treatment time for preventing or
removing biofilm will depend on the dosage of the alpha-amylase,
and the level of biofilm on the surface or prone to the area in
question, but should preferably be adapted to the time normally
used for conventional treatment of biofilm with antibiotics,
biocides, bactericides, fungicides, bleaching agents, surfactants,
caustic, and/or biopolymer degrading agents. Consequently, the
dosage of the alpha-amylase may be adjusted according to the time
period used during conventional treatments. However, where the
alpha-amylase treatment is a separate step in the processing, the
dosage of the alpha-amylase used will depend on the time period
desired to accomplish the treatment.
[0032] In terms of alpha-amylase activity, the appropriate dosage
of alpha-amylase for preventing or removing biofilms will depend on
the amount of biofilm on the surface or prone to the area in
question. The skilled person may determine a suitable alpha-amylase
unit dosage. The dosage may be expressed in alpha-amylase units.
Alpha-amylase units may be determined as "KNU", using the assay
described below in the "Materials & Methods"-section. Biofilm
contaminated or prone areas are preferably treated for between 1
minute and 2 days, preferably between 10 minutes and 1 day,
preferably between 1 hour and 15 hours, more preferably less that
10 hours, with an alpha-amylase dosage of between 0.005 to 500 mg
of alpha-amylase protein per L biofilm control solution, preferably
between 0.01 to 100 mg of alpha-amylase protein per L biofilm
control solution.
[0033] The alpha-amylase may be part of a composition to be used in
the methods of the present invention. The composition may be in any
form suitable for the use in question, e.g., in the form of a dry
powder, agglomerated powder, or granulate, in particular a
non-dusting granulate, liquid, in particular a stabilized liquid,
or protected alpha-amylase. Granulates and agglomerated powders may
be prepared by conventional methods, e.g., by spraying the
alpha-amylase onto a carrier in a fluid-bed granulator. The carrier
may consist of particulate cores having a suitable particle size.
The carrier may be soluble or insoluble, e.g., a salt (such as
sodium chloride or sodium sulfate), sugar (such as sucrose or
lactose), sugar alcohol (such as sorbitol), or starch. The
alpha-amylase may be contained in slow-release formulations.
Methods for preparing slow-release formulations are well known in
the art. Liquid alpha-amylase preparations may, for instance, be
stabilized by adding nutritionally acceptable stabilizers such as a
sugar, sugar alcohol, or another polyol, and/or lactic acid or
another organic acid according to established methods.
[0034] The composition may be augmented with one or more agents for
preventing or removing the formation of the biofilm. These agents
may include, but are not limited to, dispersants, surfactants,
detergents, other enzymes, anti-microbials, and biocides.
[0035] In a preferred embodiment, the agent is a surfactant. The
surfactant may be a non-ionic including semi-polar and/or anionic
and/or cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactant.
[0036] Anionic surfactants contemplated include linear
alkylbenzenesulfonate, alpha-olefinsulfonate, alkyl sulfate (fatty
alcohol sulfate), alcohol ethoxysulfate, secondary alkanesulfonate,
alpha-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester, alkyl- or alkenylsuccinic acid
or soap.
[0037] Non-ionic surfactants contemplated include alcohol
ethoxylate, nonylphenol ethoxylate, alkylpolyglycoside,
alkyldimethylamineoxide, ethoxylated fatty acid monoethanolamide,
fatty acid monoethanolamide, polyhydroxy alkyl fatty acid amide, or
N-acyl N-alkyl derivatives of glucosamine ("glucamides").
[0038] The surfactants may be present at a level of from 0.1% to
60% by weight of the enzyme biofilm removal composition.
[0039] In a more preferred embodiment, the surfactant is sodium
dodecyl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, alkyl pyridinium
iodides, Tween 80, Tween, 85, Triton X-100, Brij 56, biological
surfactants, rhamnolipid, surfactin, visconsin, or sulfonates.
[0040] The formation of biofilm is generally accompanied by the
production of exo-polymeric materials (polysaccharides, polyuronic
acids, alginates, glycoproteins, and proteins) which together with
the cells form thick layers of differentiated structures separated
by water-filled spaces (McEldowney and Fletcher, 1986, Journal of
General Microbiology 132: 513-523; Sutherland, Surface
Carbohydrates of the Prokaryotic Cell, Academic Press, New York,
1977, pp. 27-96). In the methods of the present invention, the
alpha-amylase composition may further comprise one or more other
enzymes capable of degrading the exo-polymeric materials such as
polysaccharides, polyuronic acids, alginates, glycoproteins, and
proteins.
Other Enzyme Activities
[0041] In a preferred embodiment, the one or more other enzymes may
be selected from the group consisting of an aminopeptidase,
amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase,
chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase,
deoxyribonuclease, esterase, alpha-galactosidase,
beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase,
beta-glucosidase, haloperoxidase, invertase, oxididases, including
carbohydrate oxidases, peroxidases, laccase, lipase, mannosidase,
pectinolytic enzyme, peptidoglutaminase, phytase,
polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease,
transglutaminase, or xylanase.
[0042] The other enzyme(s) may be selected according to the
properties of the specific biofilm which is to be removed, or a
combination of several enzymes having different enzyme activities
may be used.
[0043] In a preferred embodiment, the other enzyme is selected from
the group consisting of 1,2-1,3-alpha-D-mannan mannohydrolase,
1,3-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, 1,3-beta-D-glucan
glucanohydrolase, 1,3(1,3; 1,4)-alpha-D-glucan 3-glucanohydrolase,
1,3(1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan 3(4)-glucanohydrolase,
1,3-1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan
glucanehydrolase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucohydrolase,
1,4-(1,3:1,4)-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, 1,4-beta-D-glucan
glucohydrolase, 1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, 1,4-beta-D-mannan
mannanohydrolase, 1,5-alpha-L-arabinan
1,5-alpha-L-arabinanohydrolase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltohydrolase,
1,6-alpha-D-glucan 6-glucanohydrolase, 2,6-beta-D-fructan
fructanohydrolase, alpha-Dextrin 6-glucanohydrolase,
alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, alpha-D-glucoside
glucohydrolase, alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, acyineuraminyl
hydrolase, Aerobacter-capsular-polysaccharide galactohydrolase,
beta-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, beta-D-fucoside
fucohydrolase, beta-D-fructan fructohydrolase, beta-D-galactoside
galactohydrolase, beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase,
beta-D-glucuronoside, glucuronosohydrolase, beta-D-mannoside
mannohydrolase, beta-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminide N-acetylhexosamino
hydrolase, cellulose-sulfate sulfohydrolase, collagenase, dextrin
6-alpha-D-glucanohydrolase, glycoprotein-phosphatidylinositol
phosphatidohydrolase, hyaluronate 4-glycanohydrolase,
hyaluronoglucuronidase, pectin pectylhydrolase, peptidoglycan
N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase, phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase,
phosphatidylcholine 1-acylhydrolase,
poly(1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide),
poly(1,4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide))-glycanohydrolase, sucrose
alpha-glucosidase, triacylglycerol acylhydrolase, and
triacylglycerol protein-acylhydrolase.
Proteolytic Enzyme
[0044] The other enzyme may be any enzyme having proteolytic
activity under the actual process conditions. Thus, the enzyme may
be a proteolytic enzyme of plant origin, e.g., papain, bromelain,
ficin, or of animal origin, e.g., trypsin and chymotrypsin, or of
microbial origin, i.e., bacterial, yeast, or filamentous fungal. It
is understood that any mixture of various proteolytic enzyme may be
applicable in the process of the invention.
[0045] In another preferred embodiment, the other enzyme is a
proteolytic enzyme such as a serine protease, a metalloprotease, or
an aspartate protease.
[0046] A sub-group of the serine proteases are commonly designated
as subtilisins. A subtilisin is a serine protease produced by
Gram-positive bacteria or fungi. The amino acid sequence of a
number of subtilisins have been determined, including at least six
subtilisins from Bacillus strains, namely, subtilisin 168,
subtilisin BPN, subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin DY, subtilisin
amylosacchariticus, and mesentericopeptidase, one subtilisin from
an actinomycetales, thermitase from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, and
one fungal subtilisin, proteinase K from Tritirachium album. A
further subgroup of the subtilisins, subtilases, has been
recognised more recently. Subtilases are described as highly
alkaline subtilisins and comprise enzymes such as subtilisin PB92
(MAXACAL.RTM., Gist-Brocades NV), subtilisin 309 (SAVINASE.RTM.,
Novozymes A/S), and subtilisin 147 (ESPERASE.RTM., Novozymes
A/S).
[0047] A "subtilisin variant or mutated subtilisin protease" is
defined herein as a subtilisin that has been produced by an
organism which is expressing a mutant gene derived from a parent
microorganism which possessed an original or parent gene and which
produced a corresponding parent enzyme, the parent gene having been
mutated in order to produce the mutant gene from which said mutated
subtilisin protease is produced when expressed in a suitable host.
These mentioned subtilisins and variants thereof constitute a
preferred class of proteases which are useful in the method of the
invention. An example of a useful subtilisin variant is a variant
of subtilisin 309 (SAVINASE.RTM.) wherein, in position 195, glycine
is substituted by phenylalanine (G195F or .sup.195Gly to
.sup.195Phe).
[0048] Commercially available proteases may be used in the methods
of the present invention. Examples of such commercial proteases are
ALCALASE.RTM. (produced by submerged fermentation of a strain of
Bacillus licheniformis), ESPERASE.RTM. (produced by submerged
fermentation of an alkalophilic species of Bacillus),
RENNILASE.RTM. (produced by submerged fermentation of a
non-pathogenic strain of Mucor miehel), SAVINASE.RTM. (produced by
submerged fermentation of a genetically modified strain of
Bacillus), e.g., the variants disclosed in the International Patent
Application published as WO 92/19729, and DURAZYM.RTM. (a
protein-engineered variant of SAVINASE.RTM.), POLARZYME.TM.,
EVERLASE.TM.. All the above-mentioned commercial proteases are
available from Novozymes A/S, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
[0049] Other preferred serine proteases are proteases from
Aspergillus, Bacillus such as Bacillus alcalophilus, Bacillus
cereus, Bacillus vulgatus, Bacillus mycoide, Rhizopus, and
subtilins from Bacillus, especially proteases from the species
Nocardiopsis such as Nocardiopsis natto Nocardiopsis dassonvillei
(see, WO 88/03947), especially proteases from the species
Nocardiopsis sp. NRRL 18262, and Nocardiopsis dassonvillei NRRL
18133. Yet other preferred proteases are the serine proteases from
mutants of Bacillus subtilisins disclosed in the International
Patent Application No. PCT/DK89/00002 and WO 91/00345, and the
proteases disclosed in EP 415 296.
[0050] Another preferred class of proteases is the metalloproteases
of microbial origin. Conventional fermented commercial
metalloproteases may be used in the methods of the present
invention such as is NEUTRASE.RTM. (Zn) (produced by submerged
fermentation of a strain of Bacillus subtilis), available from
Novozymes A/S, DK-2880 Bagsvwerd, Denmark; BACTOSOL.RTM. WO and
BACTOSOL.RTM. SI, available from Sandoz AG, Basle, Switzerland;
TOYOZYME.RTM., available from Toyo Boseki Co. Ltd., Japan; and
PROTEINASE K.RTM. (produced by submerged fermentation of a strain
of Bacillus sp. KSM-K16), available from Kao Corporation Ltd.,
Japan.
[0051] The protease may be used in a dosage of between 0.005 to 500
mg enzyme protein per L biofilm control solution, preferably
between 0.01 to 100 mg enzyme protein per L biofilm control
solution.
Lipases
[0052] In another preferred embodiment, the other enzyme is a
lipase, especially a microbial lipase. As such, the lipase may be
selected from yeast, e.g., Candida; bacteria, e.g., Pseudomonas or
Bacillus; or filamentous fungi, e.g., Humicola or Rhizomucor. More
specifically, suitable lipases may be the Rhizomucor miehei lipase
(e.g., prepared as described in EP 238 023), Thermomyces lanuginosa
lipase e.g., prepared as described in EP 305 216, Humicola insolens
lipase, Pseudomonas stutzeri lipase, Pseudomonas cepacia lipase,
Candida antarctica lipase A or B, or lipases from RGPL, Absidia
blakesleena, Absidia corymbifera, Fusarium solani, Fusarium
oxysporum, Penicillum cyclopium, Penicillum crustosum, Penicillum
expansum, Rhodotorula glutinis, Thiarosporella phaseolina, Rhizopus
microsporus, Sporobolomyces shibatanus, Aureobasidium pullulans,
Hansenula anomala, Geotricum penicillatum, Lactobacillus curvatus,
Brochothrix thermosohata, Coprinus cinerius, Trichoderma harzanium,
Trichoderma reesei, Rhizopus japonicus, or Pseudomonas plantari.
Other examples of suitable lipases may be variants of any one of
the lipases mentioned above, e.g., as described in WO 92/05249 or
WO 93/11254.
[0053] Examples of commercially available lipases include:
LIPOLASE.TM., LIPOLASE ULTRA.TM., LIPOPRIME.TM., LIPEX.TM. from
Novozymes, Denmark).
[0054] The lipase may be used in a dosage of between 0.005 to 500
mg enzyme protein per L biofilm control solution, preferably
between 0.01 to 100 mg enzyme protein per L biofilm control
solution.
Cellulases
[0055] In another preferred embodiment, the other enzyme is a
cellulase or cellulolytic enzyme, which refers to an enzyme which
catalyses the degradation of cellulose to glucose, cellobiose,
triose and other cellooligosaccharides. Preferably, the cellulase
is an endoglucanase, more preferably a microbial endoglucanase,
especially a bacterial or fungal endoglucanase. Examples of
bacterial endoglucanases are endoglucanases obtained from or
producible by bacteria from the group of genera consisting of
Pseudomonas or Bacillus lautus.
[0056] The cellulase or endoglucanase may be an acid, neutral, or
alkaline cellulase or endoglucanase, i.e., exhibiting maximum
cellulolytic activity in the acid, neutral or alkaline pH range,
respectively. Accordingly, a useful cellulase or endoglucanase is
an acid cellulase or endoglucanase, preferably a fungal acid
cellulase or endoglucanase, more preferably a fungal acid cellulase
or endoglucanse enzyme with substantial cellulolytic activity under
acidic conditions, which is obtained from or producible by fungi
from the group consisting of Trichoderma, Actinomyces, Myrothecium,
Aspergillus, and Botrytis.
[0057] A preferred acid cellulase or endoglucanase is obtained from
the group consisting of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae,
Botrytis cinerea, Myrothecium verrucaria, Trichoderma
longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei, and Trichoderma viride.
[0058] Another useful cellulase or endoglucanase is a neutral or
alkaline cellulase or endoglucanse, preferably a fungal neutral or
alkaline cellulase or endoglucanse, more preferably a fungal
alkaline cellulase or endoglucanase with substantial cellulolytic
activity under alkaline conditions, which is obtained from fungi
selected from the group consisting of Acremonium, Aspergillus,
Chaetomium, Cephalosporium, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Humicola, Irpex,
Myceliophthora, Mycogone, Myrothecium, Papulospora, Penicillium,
Scopulariopsis, Stachybotrys, and Verticillium.
[0059] A preferred alkaline cellulase or endoglucanase is obtained
from the group consisting of Cephalosporium sp., Fusarium
oxysporum, Humicola insolens, or Myceliopthora thermnophila, or
preferably from the group consisting of Cephalosporium sp.,
RYM-202, Fusarium oxysporum, DSM 2672, Humicola insolens, DSM 1800,
or Myceliopthora thermophila, CBS 117.65.
[0060] In another preferred embodiment, the other enzyme is a
xylanase such as an endo-1,3-beta-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.32), xylan
1,4-beta-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37), and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase
(EC 3.2.1.55). Preferably the xylanase is obtained from Aspergillus
aculeatus (an enzyme exhibiting xylanase activity, which enzyme is
immunologically reactive with an antibody raised against a purified
xylanase derived from Aspergillus aculeatus CBS 101.43, see, for
example, WO 94/21785); Aspergillus oryzae (see, for example, SU
4610007); Aureobasidium pullulans (see, for example, EP 0 373 107
A2); Bacillus circulans (WO 91/18978); Bacillus pumilus (see, for
example, WO 92/03540); Bacillus stearothermophilus (see, for
example, WO 91/18976, WO 91/10724); Bacillus sp. AC13 (especially
the strain NCIMB 40482, see, for example, WO 94/01532); Humicola
insolens (see, for example, WO 92/17573); Rhodothermus (see, for
example, WO 93/08275); Streptomyces lividans (see, for example, WO
93/03155); Streptomyces viridosporus (see, for example, EP 496 671
A); Bacillus licheniformis (see, for example, JP 9213868);
Thermoascus aurantiacus (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No.
4,966,850); Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Chainia sp. (see, for
example, EP 0 353 342 A1); Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma
reseei (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,544); Thermomyces
lanuginosus (see, for example, EP 0 456 033 A2); Thermomonospora
fusca (see, for example, EP 0 473 545 A2); Trichoderma
longibrachiatum (see W. J. J. van den Tweel et al., Eds., Stability
of Enzymes, Proceedings of an International Symposium held in
Maastrich, The Netherlands, 22-25 November 1992, Fisk, R. S. and
Simpson, pp.323-328); Dictyoglomus (see, for example, WO 92/18612);
Streptomyces (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,746); and/or
Thermotoga (see, for example, WO 93/1917). Other examples of
suitable xylanases may be variants (derivatives or homologues) of
any one of the above-noted enzymes having xylanolytic activity.
[0061] Examples of commercially available cellulase containing
products include: NOVOZYM.TM. 342, CELLUZYME.TM., CAREZYME.TM.,
RENOZYME.TM. (all Novozymes, Denmark).
[0062] The cellulase may be used in a dosage of between 0.005 to
500 mg enzyme protein per L biofilm control solution, preferably
between 0.01 to 100 mg enzyme protein per L biofilm control
solution.
Pectinases
[0063] In another preferred embodiment, the other enzyme is a
pectinase such as a polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15), pectinesterase
(EC 3.2.1.11), or pectin lyase (EC4.2.2.10). A suitable source
organism for pectinases may be Aspergillus niger.
[0064] In another preferred embodiment, the other enzyme in the
alpha-amylase composition comprises a hydrolytic enzyme composition
produced by a strain of the fungus Aspergillus aculeatus,
preferably Aspergmlus aculeatus, CBS 101.43. It is known that this
strain produces an enzyme composition comprising pectinolytic and a
range of hemicellulolytic enzyme activities.
[0065] Examples of commercially available cellulase containing
products include: BioPrep.TM., SCOURZYME.TM. and PECTAWASH.TM.
(Novozymes, Denmark).
[0066] The pectinase may be used in a dosage of between 0.005 to
500 mg enzyme protein per L biofilm control solution, preferably
between 0.01 to 100 mg enzyme protein per L biofilm control
solution.
Oxidoreductase
[0067] In another embodiment of the invention the alpha-amylase is
combined with an oxidoreductase, such as an oxidase, peroxidase, or
laccase. [0068] a) Laccases act on molecular oxygen and yield water
(H.sub.2O) without any need for peroxide (e.g. H.sub.2O.sub.2),
[0069] b) Oxidases act on molecular oxygen (O.sub.2) and yield
peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2), and [0070] c) Peroxidases act on
peroxide (e.g. H.sub.2O.sub.2) and yield water (H.sub.2O).
[0071] Examples of laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2) include laccases
derived from a strain of Polyporus sp., in particular a strain of
Polyporus pinsitus or Polyporus versicolor, or a strain of
Myceliophthora sp., in particular M. thermophila, a strain of
Scytalidium sp., in particular S. thermophilium, a strain of
Rhizoctonia sp., in particular Rhizoctonia praticola or Rhizoctonia
solani, or a strain of a Rhus sp., in particular Rhus vernicifera.
The laccase may also be derived from a fungus such as Collybia,
Fomes, Lentinus, Pleurotus, Aspergillus, Neurospora, Podospora,
Phlebia, e.g. P. radiata (WO 92/01046), Coriolus sp., e.g., C.
hirsitus (JP 2-238885), or Botrytis.
[0072] In specifically contemplated embodiments, the laccase may be
selected from the group consisting of: the Polyporus pinisitus
laccase (also called Trametes villosa laccase) described in WO
96/00290, the Myceliophthora thermophila laccase described in WO
95/33836, the Scytalidium thermophilium laccase described in WO
95/33837, the Pyricularia oryzae laccase which can be purchased
from SIGMA under the trade name SIGMA no. L5510, the Coprinus
cinereus laccase described in WO 96/06930, and the Rhizoctonia
solani laccase described WO 95/07988.
[0073] Examples of peroxidases (1.11.1.7) include peroxidases
derived from plants (e.g., horseradish peroxidase) or
micro-organisms including fungi and bacteria, such as a strain of
Coprinus sp., such as Coprinus cinereus or Coprinus macrorhizus, or
bacteria such as Bacillus, such as Bacillus pumilus.
[0074] In specifically contemplated embodiments, the peroxidase may
be selected from the group consisting of: the Coprinus cinereus
IFO8371 peroxidase or variants thereof described in WO 95/10602,
and the haloperoxidase originating from a strain of Curvularia
verruculosa CBS 147.63 described in WO 97/04102.
[0075] Contemplated oxidases include especially carbohydrate
oxidases, which are enzymes classified under EC 1.1.3. Carbohydrate
oxidases include glucose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.4), hexose oxidase
(E.C. 1.1.3.5) xylitol oxidase, galactose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.9),
pyranose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.10), alcohol oxidase (E.C.
1.1.3.13).
[0076] Carbohydrate oxidases may be derived from any origin,
including, bacterial, fungal, yeast or mammalian origin.
[0077] Examples of glucose oxidases include glucose oxidases
derived from Aspergillus sp., such as a strain of Aspergillus
niger, or from a strain of Cladosporium sp. in particular
Cladosporium oxysporum, especially Cl. oxysporum CBS 163 described
in WO 95/29996.
[0078] Examples of hexose oxidases include hexose oxidases produced
by the red sea-weed Chondrus crispus (commonly known as Irish moss)
(Sullivan and Ikawa, (1973), Biochim. Biophys. Acts, 309, p. 11-22;
Ikawa, (1982), Meth. in Enzymol. 89, carbohydrate metabolism part
D, 145-149) that oxidizes a broad spectrum of carbohydrates and the
red sea-weed Iridophycus flaccidum that produces easily extractable
hexose oxidases, which oxidize several different mono- and
disaccharides (Bean and Hassid, (1956), J. Biol. Chem, 218, p. 425;
Rand et al. (1972, J. of Food Science 37, p. 698-710).
[0079] The oxidoreductase may be used in a dosage of between 0.005
to 500 mg enzyme protein per L biofilm control solution, preferably
between 0.01 to 100 mg enzyme protein per L biofilm control
solution.
[0080] In a final aspect the invention relates to the use of a
Bacillus alpha-amylase for preventing, removing, reducing, or
disrupting biofilm formation on a surface. In a preferred
embodiment the alpha-amylase is a Bacillus alpha-amylase,
preferably one mentioned above in the "Alpha-Amylase" section.
[0081] The present invention is further described by the following
examples which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the
invention.
Materials & Methods
[0082] Chemicals used as buffers and reagents were commercial
products of at least reagent grade.
Enzymes:
[0083] Alpha-amylase A is a variant alpha-amylase of the parent
Bacillus sp. alpha-amylase disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 2 in WO
00/60060. The amino acid sequence of said alpha-amylase has the
following six amino acid deletions/substitutions:
D183*+G184*+R118K+N195F+R320K+R458K
[0084] The variant is also disclosed in WO 01/66712. The alkaline
alpha-amylase was produced in batch 03AGE014-4.
[0085] Alpha-amylase B is derived from a strain of Bacillus
flavothermus and is disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0086] Alpha-amylase C is derived from a strain of Bacillus
licheniformis and is shown as SEQ ID NO: 6 in WO 99/19467.
[0087] Protease E is a Bacillus clausii (old name: Bacillus lentus
C360=NCIB 10309) subtilisin having a M222S substitution covered by
EP patent no. 396,608-B1 (Available on request from Novozymes,
Denmark).
[0088] Lipase A is a lipase variant derived from Humicola
lanuginosa strain DSM 4109 having the following mutations: T231R,
N233R disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,939,702-B (Available on request
from Novozymes).
[0089] Cellulase A is a multi-component cellulase from Humicola
insolens (Available on request from Novozymes, Denmark).
Bacterial strains. [0090] Bacillus subtilis obtained from ATCC
10774. [0091] E. coli ATCC #11229 and ATCC #25922 [0092] Biofilm
medium. Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB, purchased from VWR, P/N DF0370-07)
medium was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions,
then diluted to 5% with water. 2 ml of trace elements were added
per liter. [0093] Agar. Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA, purchased from VWR,
P/N DF0369-17) was used as per the manufacturer's directions.
[0094] Trace element solution. Per liter: 1.5 g CaCl.sub.2, 1.0 g
FeSO.sub.47.H.sub.2O, 0.35 g MnSO.sub.4.2H.sub.2O, 0.5 g,
NaMoO.sub.4. [0095] Stainless steel coupons. Stainless steel
coupons No. 304 were obtained from Metal Samples Company (Munford,
Ala.). [0096] BiOLC Ion Chromatography System. The IC system
consisted of the following components: [0097] GP50 Gradient Pump
(P/N 059493) [0098] ED50A Electrochemical Detector (P/N 059499)
[0099] AS50 Temperature Controlled Autosampler (P/N 056565) [0100]
Electrochemical Cell for Integrated Amperometry, complete with Gold
Electrode and Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode (P/N 060386) [0101]
Chromelion Data Control Software CHM-1-IC (P/N 060930) [0102] CDC
Biofilm Reactor. Purchased from Biosurface Technologies, Inc. (P/N
CBR 90-2) complete with polycarbonate coupons (24 for each reactor,
P/N RD 128-PC). [0103] Detergent Cleaner Base. Obtained from Weiman
Products (IL, USA) as Burnishine Me.--multiple enzyme detergent.
The enzymes were denatured prior to use by heating in a microwave
on high setting for 1 minute.
Methods:
Alpha-Amylase Activity (KNU)
[0104] The amylolytic activity may be determined using potato
starch as substrate. This method is based on the break-down of
modified potato starch by the enzyme, and the reaction is followed
by mixing samples of the starch/enzyme solution with an iodine
solution. Initially, a blackish-blue color is formed, but during
the break-down of the starch the blue color gets weaker and
gradually turns into a reddish-brown, which is compared to a
colored glass standard.
[0105] One Kilo Novo alpha amylase Unit (KNU) is defined as the
amount of enzyme which, under standard conditions (i.e. at
37.degree. C..+-.0.05; 0.0003 M Ca.sup.2+; and pH 5.6) dextrinizes
5260 mg starch dry substance Merck Amylum solubile.
[0106] A folder EB-SM-0009.02/01 describing this analytical method
in more detail is available upon request to Novozymes A/S, Denmark,
which folder is hereby included by reference.
Determination of Degree of Identity Between Two Sequences
[0107] For purposes of the present invention, the degree of
identity between two amino acid sequences is determined by the
Clustal method (Higgins, 1989, CABIOS 5: 151-153) using the
LASERGENE.TM. MEGALIGN.TM. software (DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, Wis.)
with an identity table and the following multiple alignment
parameters: Gap penalty of 10, and gap length penalty of 10.
Pairwise alignment parameters were Ktuple=1, gap penalty=3,
windows=5, and diago-nals=5.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0108] Biofilm Removal Using Alpha-Amylase A and Al pha-Amylase
C
[0109] Biofilm reactors consisted of a 400 ml beaker, a magnetic
stirrer, and 2 stainless steel coupons. The coupons are taped
vertically to the sides of the beaker so that the bottom edge of
the coupon rested on the bottom of the beaker. A stir bar is added
and the beakers are covered with a circle of aluminum foil and
autoclaved. 200 ml of sterile biofilm medium is added to each
beaker. To prepare the inoculum, each bacterial strain (from
Bacillus subtilis) is grown overnight at 28.degree. C. on plate
count agar. Using a sterile swab, each is suspended in sterile
water to an OD.sub.686 of 0.100 and then diluted additionally to
10.sup.-1. Each assay consisted of 4 control beakers without
enzyme, 2 beakers with 50 mg of enzyme protein per liter of
solution, and 2 beakers with 100 mg of enzyme protein per liter of
solution. Beakers are first incubated at 37.degree. C. overnight
with stirring to grow the biofilm on the stainless steel coupons.
Following this incubation step, the enzymes are added in the 2
dosages noted above as per the table below and incubated for an
additional 2 hours at 40.degree. C. Thereafter, each beaker and
stainless steel coupon is rinsed carefully with sterile water,
stained with crystal violet, rinsed with steile water, the
remaining biofilm solubilized with acetic acid, and the absorbance
of an aliquot of each solution is measured at 600 nm using a
spectrophotometer. The measured absorbances of the solutions
provide a direct indication of the amount of biofilm remaining on
the stainless steel coupons. A low absorbance corresponds to a good
enzyme effect and little remaining biofilm, whereas a high
absorbance corresponds to a poor (or lack thereof) enzyme effect
and considerable remaining biofilm.
TABLE-US-00001 Sample # Enzyme Used Enzyme Protein Conc. 1
Alpha-amylase A 50 mg per L & 100 mg per L 2 Alpha-Amylase C 50
mg per L & 100 mg per L 3 No enzyme (control) NA
Example 2
Raw Starch Solubilization Using Alpha-Amylase A, B, and C
[0110] The rate at which various alpha-amylases solubilize raw,
unhydrated wheat starch was measured. Alpha-Amylase A, B and C,
respectively, were used in the study.
[0111] Twenty five milliliters of a 1% raw wheat starch solution
with pH 8 tris buffer and 15.degree. dH was poured into a tube with
lid and placed in a 40.degree. C. water bath. The starting level of
"reducing ends" was measured prior to addition of enzyme. The
enzyme concentration used in the study was 3 mg enzyme protein per
g raw wheat starch. One milliliter samples were taken out at
different times. Twenty microliters of 1 M HCl was added prior to
incubation at 99.degree. C. for 10 minutes. The combination of acid
and heat inactivates the amylase. Then 20 microL 1M NaOH was added
to make sure the sample was no longer acidic. The sample was then
diluted, incubated with color reagent (PHABH, potassium sodium
tartrate, NaOH) at 95.degree. C. for 10 minutes and finally
centrifuged before measuring the OD at 410 nm on the supernatant.
The control (100% hydrolyzed starch) was made by incubating a
solution of 1% raw wheat starch in 1M HCl in an oven at 110.degree.
C. for 4 hours. This treatment was used to calculate the maximum
amount of glucose which could be produced per gram of the raw wheat
starch. This value was set to 100% in the graph shown in FIG.
1.
[0112] For Alpha-Amylase A and B it can be seen that the initial
rate of raw wheat starch solubilization observed within the first 5
hours is significantly more rapid than for Alpha-Amylase C. This
resulted in a greater percentage of the starch being solubilized by
the former two alpha-amylases vs. for the latter over this time
period.
Example 3
[0113] Biofilm Removal Using Alpha-Amylase A and C in Combination
with Protease E and Detergent
[0114] A mono-component biofilm of Escherichia coli (ATCC #11229)
is grown on polycarbonate coupons in a pre-sterilized CDC biofilm
reactor. At the start of the experiment, cultures of E. coli were
grown on tryptic soy agar (TSA) overnight at 37.degree. C. The next
morning, a single colony was picked from the plate using a 1 microL
sterile inoculation loop and added to a solution of 40 g TSB/liter
of water. This solution was incubated at 37.degree. C. overnight to
grow up the culture. The following day, 1 milliliter of this
culture was added to 400 milliliters of minimal media (0.30 g
TSB/liter sterile water) contained in the CDC biofilm reactor. The
solution was slowly stirred at 130 rpm and grown for 2 days at
22.degree. C. in a non fed batch mode. After the 2 day growth
period, the coupon holder rods and coupons were removed from the
reactor, rinsed in sterile dilution water to remove planktonic
cells, the coupons were carefully removed from the rods and then
incubated at 40.degree. C. for 1 hour in the following solutions
(30 milliliters each). [0115] A: Detergent cleaner base alone, 0.21
g detergent in sterile water [0116] B: Detergent cleaner base, 0.21
g+0.51 mg enzyme protein Protease E+0.06 mg enzyme protein
Alpha-amylase A [0117] C: Detergent cleaner base, 0.21 g+0.51 mg
enzyme protein Protease E+0.16 mg enzyme protein Alpha-amylase
C.
[0118] Following the incubation step, the coupons were removed. The
solutions were filtered through 0.45 .quadrature.micro m Nylon
syringe filters and their sugar contents measured by Ion
Chromatography. PA100 guard and analytical columns (P/N 043055)
were used for the separation. A mobile phase gradient between 60/40
deionized water/100 mM NaOH and 100% 100 mM NaOH/1M Sodium Acetate
(exponential gradient started 10 minutes into the separation and
ended at 85 minutes) was used to effect the separation. FIG. 2
shows an overlay of the 3 chromatograms generated in this
experiment. When Alpha-Amylase A is used, a significantly higher
level of low molecular weight sugars (glucose=glu, maltose=mal,
maltotriose=DP3, maltotetraose=DP4, maltopentaose=DP5) were
generated versus with the detergent alone or with Alpha-Amylase C.
This indicated an increased level of biofilm removal through
increased breakdown of the amylopectin exopolysaccharides produced
by the Ecoli bacteria.
Example 4
[0119] Biofilm Removal Using Alpha-Amylase A and C in Combination
with Protease E, Cellulase A, Lipase A and Detergent.
[0120] Two CDC biofilm reactors filted with polycarbonate coupons
were autoclaved and filled with sterile 1/10 strength tryptic soy
broth (TSB, 3 g/liter strength) and inoculated with 1 ml log phase
culture of Escherichia coli (ATCC # 25922). The initial cell count
in the reactors averaged to 5.times.10.sup.8 cfu/mL. Both reactors
were operated for 24 hours in batch mode at 37.degree. C. (no
inflow or outflow). After this period, continuous flow of the 1/10
TSB was started at a flowrate of 12 ml/min at 37.degree. C. The E.
coli biofilm was grown for 4 days. After this time, 1 rod from each
reactor (labeled as reactor 1 or 2) was pulled and placed into
sterile glass beakers containing two hundred milliliters of the
following filter-sterilized solutions. [0121] A: Detergent cleaner
base alone, 1.4 g detergent in sterile water [0122] B: Detergent
cleaner base, 1.4 g+3.4 mg enzyme protein Protease E+0.48 mg enzyme
protein Lipase A+0.23 mg enzyme protein Cellulase A+0.40 mg enzyme
protein Alpha-amylase A [0123] C: Detergent cleaner base, 1.4 g+3.4
mg enzyme protein Protease E+0.48 mg enzyme protein Lipase A+0.23
mg enzyme protein Cellulase A+0.40 mg enzyme protein Alpha-amylase
C.
[0124] The solutions in each of the beakers were incubated at
40.degree. C. with moderate stirring for 30 minutes, after which
each of the rods were gently rinsed in sterile water. Finally, E.
coli was enumerated on 2 of the 3 coupons from each rod using
tryptic soy agar (TSA). The average plate count results obtained
from the study were as follows:
TABLE-US-00002 Average log.sub.10 cfu/cm.sup.2 Treatment on coupons
A 4 .times. 10.sup.7 B 3 .times. 10.sup.4 C 2 .times. 10.sup.5
[0125] The invention described and claimed herein is not to be
limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed,
since these embodiments are intended as illustrations of several
aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended
to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various
modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and
described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art
from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also
intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. In the
case of conflict, the present disclosure including definitions will
control.
[0126] Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of
which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Sequence CWU 1
1
611455DNABacillus sp.CDS(1)..(1455)AA560 1cac cat aat ggt acg aac
ggc aca atg atg cag tac ttt gaa tgg tat 48His His Asn Gly Thr Asn
Gly Thr Met Met Gln Tyr Phe Glu Trp Tyr1 5 10 15cta cca aat gac gga
aac cat tgg aat aga tta agg tct gat gca agt 96Leu Pro Asn Asp Gly
Asn His Trp Asn Arg Leu Arg Ser Asp Ala Ser 20 25 30aac cta aaa gat
aaa ggg atc tca gcg gtt tgg att cct cct gca tgg 144Asn Leu Lys Asp
Lys Gly Ile Ser Ala Val Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Trp 35 40 45aag ggt gcc
tct caa aat gat gtg ggg tat ggt gct tat gat ctg tat 192Lys Gly Ala
Ser Gln Asn Asp Val Gly Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Asp Leu Tyr 50 55 60gat tta
gga gaa ttc aat caa aaa gga acc att cgt aca aaa tat gga 240Asp Leu
Gly Glu Phe Asn Gln Lys Gly Thr Ile Arg Thr Lys Tyr Gly65 70 75
80acg cgc aat cag tta caa gct gca gtt aac gcc ttg aaa agt aat gga
288Thr Arg Asn Gln Leu Gln Ala Ala Val Asn Ala Leu Lys Ser Asn Gly
85 90 95att caa gtg tat ggc gat gtt gta atg aat cat aaa ggg gga gca
gac 336Ile Gln Val Tyr Gly Asp Val Val Met Asn His Lys Gly Gly Ala
Asp 100 105 110gct acc gaa atg gtt agg gca gtt gaa gta aac ccg aat
aat aga aat 384Ala Thr Glu Met Val Arg Ala Val Glu Val Asn Pro Asn
Asn Arg Asn 115 120 125caa gaa gtg tcc ggt gaa tat aca att gag gct
tgg aca aag ttt gac 432Gln Glu Val Ser Gly Glu Tyr Thr Ile Glu Ala
Trp Thr Lys Phe Asp 130 135 140ttt cca gga cga ggt aat act cat tca
aac ttc aaa tgg aga tgg tat 480Phe Pro Gly Arg Gly Asn Thr His Ser
Asn Phe Lys Trp Arg Trp Tyr145 150 155 160cac ttt gat gga gta gat
tgg gat cag tca cgt aag ctg aac aat cga 528His Phe Asp Gly Val Asp
Trp Asp Gln Ser Arg Lys Leu Asn Asn Arg 165 170 175att tat aaa ttt
aga ggt gat gga aaa ggg tgg gat tgg gaa gtc gat 576Ile Tyr Lys Phe
Arg Gly Asp Gly Lys Gly Trp Asp Trp Glu Val Asp 180 185 190aca gaa
aac ggt aac tat gat tac cta atg tat gca gat att gac atg 624Thr Glu
Asn Gly Asn Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Met Tyr Ala Asp Ile Asp Met 195 200
205gat cac cca gag gta gtg aat gag cta aga aat tgg ggt gtt tgg tat
672Asp His Pro Glu Val Val Asn Glu Leu Arg Asn Trp Gly Val Trp Tyr
210 215 220acg aat aca tta ggc ctt gat ggt ttt aga ata gat gca gta
aaa cat 720Thr Asn Thr Leu Gly Leu Asp Gly Phe Arg Ile Asp Ala Val
Lys His225 230 235 240ata aaa tac agc ttt act cgt gat tgg att aat
cat gtt aga agt gca 768Ile Lys Tyr Ser Phe Thr Arg Asp Trp Ile Asn
His Val Arg Ser Ala 245 250 255act ggc aaa aat atg ttt gcg gtt gcg
gaa ttt tgg aaa aat gat tta 816Thr Gly Lys Asn Met Phe Ala Val Ala
Glu Phe Trp Lys Asn Asp Leu 260 265 270ggt gct att gaa aac tat tta
aac aaa aca aac tgg aac cat tca gtc 864Gly Ala Ile Glu Asn Tyr Leu
Asn Lys Thr Asn Trp Asn His Ser Val 275 280 285ttt gat gtt ccg ctg
cac tat aac ctc tat aat gct tca aaa agc gga 912Phe Asp Val Pro Leu
His Tyr Asn Leu Tyr Asn Ala Ser Lys Ser Gly 290 295 300ggg aat tat
gat atg agg caa ata ttt aat ggt aca gtc gtg caa aga 960Gly Asn Tyr
Asp Met Arg Gln Ile Phe Asn Gly Thr Val Val Gln Arg305 310 315
320cat cca atg cat gct gtt aca ttt gtt gat aat cat gat tcg caa cct
1008His Pro Met His Ala Val Thr Phe Val Asp Asn His Asp Ser Gln Pro
325 330 335gaa gaa gct tta gag tct ttt gtt gaa gaa tgg ttc aaa cca
tta gcg 1056Glu Glu Ala Leu Glu Ser Phe Val Glu Glu Trp Phe Lys Pro
Leu Ala 340 345 350tat gct ttg aca tta aca cgt gaa caa ggc tac cct
tct gta ttt tat 1104Tyr Ala Leu Thr Leu Thr Arg Glu Gln Gly Tyr Pro
Ser Val Phe Tyr 355 360 365gga gat tat tat ggc att cca acg cat ggt
gta cca gcg atg aaa tcg 1152Gly Asp Tyr Tyr Gly Ile Pro Thr His Gly
Val Pro Ala Met Lys Ser 370 375 380aaa att gac ccg att cta gaa gcg
cgt caa aag tat gca tat gga aga 1200Lys Ile Asp Pro Ile Leu Glu Ala
Arg Gln Lys Tyr Ala Tyr Gly Arg385 390 395 400caa aat gac tac tta
gac cat cat aat atc atc ggt tgg aca cgt gaa 1248Gln Asn Asp Tyr Leu
Asp His His Asn Ile Ile Gly Trp Thr Arg Glu 405 410 415ggg aat aca
gca cac ccc aac tcc ggt tta gct act atc atg tcc gat 1296Gly Asn Thr
Ala His Pro Asn Ser Gly Leu Ala Thr Ile Met Ser Asp 420 425 430ggg
gca gga gga aat aag tgg atg ttt gtt ggg cgt aat aaa gct ggt 1344Gly
Ala Gly Gly Asn Lys Trp Met Phe Val Gly Arg Asn Lys Ala Gly 435 440
445caa gtt tgg acc gat atc act gga aat cgt gca ggt act gtt acg att
1392Gln Val Trp Thr Asp Ile Thr Gly Asn Arg Ala Gly Thr Val Thr Ile
450 455 460aat gct gat gga tgg ggt aat ttt tct gta aat gga gga tca
gtt tct 1440Asn Ala Asp Gly Trp Gly Asn Phe Ser Val Asn Gly Gly Ser
Val Ser465 470 475 480att tgg gta aac aaa 1455Ile Trp Val Asn Lys
4852485PRTBacillus sp. 2His His Asn Gly Thr Asn Gly Thr Met Met Gln
Tyr Phe Glu Trp Tyr1 5 10 15Leu Pro Asn Asp Gly Asn His Trp Asn Arg
Leu Arg Ser Asp Ala Ser 20 25 30Asn Leu Lys Asp Lys Gly Ile Ser Ala
Val Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Trp 35 40 45Lys Gly Ala Ser Gln Asn Asp Val
Gly Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Asp Leu Tyr 50 55 60Asp Leu Gly Glu Phe Asn Gln
Lys Gly Thr Ile Arg Thr Lys Tyr Gly65 70 75 80Thr Arg Asn Gln Leu
Gln Ala Ala Val Asn Ala Leu Lys Ser Asn Gly 85 90 95Ile Gln Val Tyr
Gly Asp Val Val Met Asn His Lys Gly Gly Ala Asp 100 105 110Ala Thr
Glu Met Val Arg Ala Val Glu Val Asn Pro Asn Asn Arg Asn 115 120
125Gln Glu Val Ser Gly Glu Tyr Thr Ile Glu Ala Trp Thr Lys Phe Asp
130 135 140Phe Pro Gly Arg Gly Asn Thr His Ser Asn Phe Lys Trp Arg
Trp Tyr145 150 155 160His Phe Asp Gly Val Asp Trp Asp Gln Ser Arg
Lys Leu Asn Asn Arg 165 170 175Ile Tyr Lys Phe Arg Gly Asp Gly Lys
Gly Trp Asp Trp Glu Val Asp 180 185 190Thr Glu Asn Gly Asn Tyr Asp
Tyr Leu Met Tyr Ala Asp Ile Asp Met 195 200 205Asp His Pro Glu Val
Val Asn Glu Leu Arg Asn Trp Gly Val Trp Tyr 210 215 220Thr Asn Thr
Leu Gly Leu Asp Gly Phe Arg Ile Asp Ala Val Lys His225 230 235
240Ile Lys Tyr Ser Phe Thr Arg Asp Trp Ile Asn His Val Arg Ser Ala
245 250 255Thr Gly Lys Asn Met Phe Ala Val Ala Glu Phe Trp Lys Asn
Asp Leu 260 265 270Gly Ala Ile Glu Asn Tyr Leu Asn Lys Thr Asn Trp
Asn His Ser Val 275 280 285Phe Asp Val Pro Leu His Tyr Asn Leu Tyr
Asn Ala Ser Lys Ser Gly 290 295 300Gly Asn Tyr Asp Met Arg Gln Ile
Phe Asn Gly Thr Val Val Gln Arg305 310 315 320His Pro Met His Ala
Val Thr Phe Val Asp Asn His Asp Ser Gln Pro 325 330 335Glu Glu Ala
Leu Glu Ser Phe Val Glu Glu Trp Phe Lys Pro Leu Ala 340 345 350Tyr
Ala Leu Thr Leu Thr Arg Glu Gln Gly Tyr Pro Ser Val Phe Tyr 355 360
365Gly Asp Tyr Tyr Gly Ile Pro Thr His Gly Val Pro Ala Met Lys Ser
370 375 380Lys Ile Asp Pro Ile Leu Glu Ala Arg Gln Lys Tyr Ala Tyr
Gly Arg385 390 395 400Gln Asn Asp Tyr Leu Asp His His Asn Ile Ile
Gly Trp Thr Arg Glu 405 410 415Gly Asn Thr Ala His Pro Asn Ser Gly
Leu Ala Thr Ile Met Ser Asp 420 425 430Gly Ala Gly Gly Asn Lys Trp
Met Phe Val Gly Arg Asn Lys Ala Gly 435 440 445Gln Val Trp Thr Asp
Ile Thr Gly Asn Arg Ala Gly Thr Val Thr Ile 450 455 460Asn Ala Asp
Gly Trp Gly Asn Phe Ser Val Asn Gly Gly Ser Val Ser465 470 475
480Ile Trp Val Asn Lys 48531860DNABacillus
flavothermusCDS(1)..(1857)sig_peptide(1)..(99)mat_peptide(100)..(1857)mis-
c_feature(100)..(1551)catalytic domain 3atg tcc cta ttc aaa aaa agc
ttt ccg tgg att tta tcc cta ctt ctt 48Met Ser Leu Phe Lys Lys Ser
Phe Pro Trp Ile Leu Ser Leu Leu Leu -30 -25 -20ttg ttt tcg ttt att
gct cct ttt tcc att caa aca gaa aaa gtc cga 96Leu Phe Ser Phe Ile
Ala Pro Phe Ser Ile Gln Thr Glu Lys Val Arg -15 -10 -5gct gga agt
gtg ccg gta aat ggc aca atg atg caa tat ttc gaa tgg 144Ala Gly Ser
Val Pro Val Asn Gly Thr Met Met Gln Tyr Phe Glu Trp-1 1 5 10 15tac
ctt cca gac gat gga aca cta tgg acg aaa gta gca aat aac gct 192Tyr
Leu Pro Asp Asp Gly Thr Leu Trp Thr Lys Val Ala Asn Asn Ala 20 25
30caa tct tta gcg aat ctt ggc att act gcc ctt tgg ctt ccc cct gcc
240Gln Ser Leu Ala Asn Leu Gly Ile Thr Ala Leu Trp Leu Pro Pro Ala
35 40 45tat aaa gga aca agc agc agt gac gtt gga tat ggc gtt tat gat
tta 288Tyr Lys Gly Thr Ser Ser Ser Asp Val Gly Tyr Gly Val Tyr Asp
Leu 50 55 60tat gac ctt gga gag ttt aat caa aaa gga act gtc cga aca
aaa tac 336Tyr Asp Leu Gly Glu Phe Asn Gln Lys Gly Thr Val Arg Thr
Lys Tyr 65 70 75ggg aca aaa aca caa tat atc caa gca atc caa gcg gcg
cat aca gca 384Gly Thr Lys Thr Gln Tyr Ile Gln Ala Ile Gln Ala Ala
His Thr Ala80 85 90 95ggg atg caa gta tat gca gat gtc gtc ttt aac
cat aaa gcc ggt gca 432Gly Met Gln Val Tyr Ala Asp Val Val Phe Asn
His Lys Ala Gly Ala 100 105 110gat gga aca gaa cta gtc gat gca gta
gaa gta aat cct tct gac cgc 480Asp Gly Thr Glu Leu Val Asp Ala Val
Glu Val Asn Pro Ser Asp Arg 115 120 125aat caa gaa ata tca gga aca
tat caa atc caa gcg tgg aca aaa ttt 528Asn Gln Glu Ile Ser Gly Thr
Tyr Gln Ile Gln Ala Trp Thr Lys Phe 130 135 140gat ttt cct ggt cgt
gga aac acc tat tct agt ttt aaa tgg cgt tgg 576Asp Phe Pro Gly Arg
Gly Asn Thr Tyr Ser Ser Phe Lys Trp Arg Trp 145 150 155tat cat ttc
gat gga acg gac tgg gat gag agt aga aaa cta aat cgt 624Tyr His Phe
Asp Gly Thr Asp Trp Asp Glu Ser Arg Lys Leu Asn Arg160 165 170
175att tac aag ttc cgc ggc acg gga aaa gca tgg gat tgg gaa gta gat
672Ile Tyr Lys Phe Arg Gly Thr Gly Lys Ala Trp Asp Trp Glu Val Asp
180 185 190aca gaa aac ggg aat tat gac tat ctc atg tat gca gat tta
gat atg 720Thr Glu Asn Gly Asn Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Met Tyr Ala Asp Leu
Asp Met 195 200 205gat cat cca gag gtt gta tcc gaa cta aaa aat tgg
gga aag tgg tat 768Asp His Pro Glu Val Val Ser Glu Leu Lys Asn Trp
Gly Lys Trp Tyr 210 215 220gta acc aca acc aat atc gac gga ttc cgt
ctg gat gca gtg aag cat 816Val Thr Thr Thr Asn Ile Asp Gly Phe Arg
Leu Asp Ala Val Lys His 225 230 235att aaa tat agc ttt ttc ccg gac
tgg cta tcg tac gta cga acc caa 864Ile Lys Tyr Ser Phe Phe Pro Asp
Trp Leu Ser Tyr Val Arg Thr Gln240 245 250 255aca caa aag cct ctt
ttt gcc gtt ggg gaa ttt tgg agc tat gac att 912Thr Gln Lys Pro Leu
Phe Ala Val Gly Glu Phe Trp Ser Tyr Asp Ile 260 265 270agc aag ttg
cac aac tat att aca aag acg aac ggc tct atg tcc cta 960Ser Lys Leu
His Asn Tyr Ile Thr Lys Thr Asn Gly Ser Met Ser Leu 275 280 285ttc
gat gcc ccg ctg cat aac aat ttt tat ata gca tcg aaa tca ggc 1008Phe
Asp Ala Pro Leu His Asn Asn Phe Tyr Ile Ala Ser Lys Ser Gly 290 295
300ggt tat ttt gat atg cgc aca tta ctc aac aac aca ttg atg aaa gat
1056Gly Tyr Phe Asp Met Arg Thr Leu Leu Asn Asn Thr Leu Met Lys Asp
305 310 315cag cct aca tta gca gtc aca tta gtg gat aat cac gat act
gag cca 1104Gln Pro Thr Leu Ala Val Thr Leu Val Asp Asn His Asp Thr
Glu Pro320 325 330 335ggg caa tct ctg cag tca tgg gtc gag cca tgg
ttt aaa ccg tta gct 1152Gly Gln Ser Leu Gln Ser Trp Val Glu Pro Trp
Phe Lys Pro Leu Ala 340 345 350tac gca ttt atc ttg acc cgc caa gaa
ggt tat cct tgc gtc ttt tat 1200Tyr Ala Phe Ile Leu Thr Arg Gln Glu
Gly Tyr Pro Cys Val Phe Tyr 355 360 365gga gat tac tat ggt att cca
aaa tac aac att cct gcg ctg aaa agc 1248Gly Asp Tyr Tyr Gly Ile Pro
Lys Tyr Asn Ile Pro Ala Leu Lys Ser 370 375 380aaa ctt gat ccg ctg
tta att gcc aga aga gat tat gcc tat gga aca 1296Lys Leu Asp Pro Leu
Leu Ile Ala Arg Arg Asp Tyr Ala Tyr Gly Thr 385 390 395cag cac gac
tat att gac agt gcg gat att atc ggt tgg acg cgg gaa 1344Gln His Asp
Tyr Ile Asp Ser Ala Asp Ile Ile Gly Trp Thr Arg Glu400 405 410
415gga gtg gct gaa aaa gca aat tca gga ctg gct gca ctc att acc gac
1392Gly Val Ala Glu Lys Ala Asn Ser Gly Leu Ala Ala Leu Ile Thr Asp
420 425 430ggg cct ggc gga agc aaa tgg atg tat gtt gga aaa caa cac
gct ggc 1440Gly Pro Gly Gly Ser Lys Trp Met Tyr Val Gly Lys Gln His
Ala Gly 435 440 445aaa acg ttt tat gat tta acc ggc aat cga agt gat
aca gtg aca atc 1488Lys Thr Phe Tyr Asp Leu Thr Gly Asn Arg Ser Asp
Thr Val Thr Ile 450 455 460aat gct gat gga tgg gga gaa ttt aaa gtc
aat gga ggg tct gta tcc 1536Asn Ala Asp Gly Trp Gly Glu Phe Lys Val
Asn Gly Gly Ser Val Ser 465 470 475ata tgg gtt cca aaa ata tca acc
act tcc caa ata aca ttt act gta 1584Ile Trp Val Pro Lys Ile Ser Thr
Thr Ser Gln Ile Thr Phe Thr Val480 485 490 495aat aac gcc aca acc
gtt tgg gga caa aat gta tac gtt gtc ggg aat 1632Asn Asn Ala Thr Thr
Val Trp Gly Gln Asn Val Tyr Val Val Gly Asn 500 505 510att tcg cag
ctg ggg aac tgg gat cca gtc cac gca gtt caa atg acg 1680Ile Ser Gln
Leu Gly Asn Trp Asp Pro Val His Ala Val Gln Met Thr 515 520 525ccg
tct tct tat cca aca tgg act gta aca atc cct ctt ctt caa ggg 1728Pro
Ser Ser Tyr Pro Thr Trp Thr Val Thr Ile Pro Leu Leu Gln Gly 530 535
540caa aac ata caa ttt aaa ttt atc aaa aaa gat tca gct gga aat gtc
1776Gln Asn Ile Gln Phe Lys Phe Ile Lys Lys Asp Ser Ala Gly Asn Val
545 550 555att tgg gaa gat ata tcg aat cga aca tac acc gtc cca act
gct gca 1824Ile Trp Glu Asp Ile Ser Asn Arg Thr Tyr Thr Val Pro Thr
Ala Ala560 565 570 575tcc gga gca tat aca gcc agc tgg aac gtg ccc
tag 1860Ser Gly Ala Tyr Thr Ala Ser Trp Asn Val Pro 580
5854619PRTBacillus flavothermus 4Met Ser Leu Phe Lys Lys Ser Phe
Pro Trp Ile Leu Ser Leu Leu Leu -30 -25 -20Leu Phe Ser Phe Ile Ala
Pro Phe Ser Ile Gln Thr Glu Lys Val Arg -15 -10 -5Ala Gly Ser Val
Pro Val Asn Gly Thr Met Met Gln Tyr Phe Glu Trp-1 1 5 10 15Tyr Leu
Pro Asp Asp Gly Thr Leu Trp Thr Lys Val Ala Asn Asn Ala 20 25 30Gln
Ser Leu Ala Asn Leu Gly Ile Thr Ala Leu Trp Leu Pro Pro Ala 35 40
45Tyr Lys Gly Thr Ser Ser Ser Asp Val Gly Tyr Gly Val Tyr Asp Leu
50 55 60Tyr Asp Leu Gly Glu Phe Asn Gln Lys Gly Thr Val Arg Thr Lys
Tyr 65 70 75Gly Thr Lys Thr Gln Tyr Ile Gln Ala Ile Gln Ala Ala His
Thr Ala80 85 90 95Gly Met Gln Val Tyr Ala Asp Val Val Phe Asn His
Lys Ala Gly Ala 100 105 110Asp Gly Thr Glu Leu Val Asp Ala Val Glu
Val Asn Pro Ser Asp Arg 115 120 125Asn Gln Glu Ile Ser Gly Thr Tyr
Gln Ile Gln Ala Trp Thr Lys Phe 130 135 140Asp Phe Pro Gly
Arg Gly Asn Thr Tyr Ser Ser Phe Lys Trp Arg Trp 145 150 155Tyr His
Phe Asp Gly Thr Asp Trp Asp Glu Ser Arg Lys Leu Asn Arg160 165 170
175Ile Tyr Lys Phe Arg Gly Thr Gly Lys Ala Trp Asp Trp Glu Val Asp
180 185 190Thr Glu Asn Gly Asn Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Met Tyr Ala Asp Leu
Asp Met 195 200 205Asp His Pro Glu Val Val Ser Glu Leu Lys Asn Trp
Gly Lys Trp Tyr 210 215 220Val Thr Thr Thr Asn Ile Asp Gly Phe Arg
Leu Asp Ala Val Lys His 225 230 235Ile Lys Tyr Ser Phe Phe Pro Asp
Trp Leu Ser Tyr Val Arg Thr Gln240 245 250 255Thr Gln Lys Pro Leu
Phe Ala Val Gly Glu Phe Trp Ser Tyr Asp Ile 260 265 270Ser Lys Leu
His Asn Tyr Ile Thr Lys Thr Asn Gly Ser Met Ser Leu 275 280 285Phe
Asp Ala Pro Leu His Asn Asn Phe Tyr Ile Ala Ser Lys Ser Gly 290 295
300Gly Tyr Phe Asp Met Arg Thr Leu Leu Asn Asn Thr Leu Met Lys Asp
305 310 315Gln Pro Thr Leu Ala Val Thr Leu Val Asp Asn His Asp Thr
Glu Pro320 325 330 335Gly Gln Ser Leu Gln Ser Trp Val Glu Pro Trp
Phe Lys Pro Leu Ala 340 345 350Tyr Ala Phe Ile Leu Thr Arg Gln Glu
Gly Tyr Pro Cys Val Phe Tyr 355 360 365Gly Asp Tyr Tyr Gly Ile Pro
Lys Tyr Asn Ile Pro Ala Leu Lys Ser 370 375 380Lys Leu Asp Pro Leu
Leu Ile Ala Arg Arg Asp Tyr Ala Tyr Gly Thr 385 390 395Gln His Asp
Tyr Ile Asp Ser Ala Asp Ile Ile Gly Trp Thr Arg Glu400 405 410
415Gly Val Ala Glu Lys Ala Asn Ser Gly Leu Ala Ala Leu Ile Thr Asp
420 425 430Gly Pro Gly Gly Ser Lys Trp Met Tyr Val Gly Lys Gln His
Ala Gly 435 440 445Lys Thr Phe Tyr Asp Leu Thr Gly Asn Arg Ser Asp
Thr Val Thr Ile 450 455 460Asn Ala Asp Gly Trp Gly Glu Phe Lys Val
Asn Gly Gly Ser Val Ser 465 470 475Ile Trp Val Pro Lys Ile Ser Thr
Thr Ser Gln Ile Thr Phe Thr Val480 485 490 495Asn Asn Ala Thr Thr
Val Trp Gly Gln Asn Val Tyr Val Val Gly Asn 500 505 510Ile Ser Gln
Leu Gly Asn Trp Asp Pro Val His Ala Val Gln Met Thr 515 520 525Pro
Ser Ser Tyr Pro Thr Trp Thr Val Thr Ile Pro Leu Leu Gln Gly 530 535
540Gln Asn Ile Gln Phe Lys Phe Ile Lys Lys Asp Ser Ala Gly Asn Val
545 550 555Ile Trp Glu Asp Ile Ser Asn Arg Thr Tyr Thr Val Pro Thr
Ala Ala560 565 570 575Ser Gly Ala Tyr Thr Ala Ser Trp Asn Val Pro
580 58551920DNABacillus licheniformisCDS(421)..(1872) 5cggaagattg
gaagtacaaa aataagcaaa agattgtcaa tcatgtcatg agccatgcgg 60gagacggaaa
aatcgtctta atgcacgata tttatgcaac gttcgcagat gctgctgaag
120agattattaa aaagctgaaa gcaaaaggct atcaattggt aactgtatct
cagcttgaag 180aagtgaagaa gcagagaggc tattgaataa atgagtagaa
gcgccatatc ggcgcttttc 240ttttggaaga aaatataggg aaaatggtac
ttgttaaaaa ttcggaatat ttatacaaca 300tcatatgttt cacattgaaa
ggggaggaga atcatgaaac aacaaaaacg gctttacgcc 360cgattgctga
cgctgttatt tgcgctcatc ttcttgctgc ctcattctgc agcagcggcg 420gca aat
ctt aat ggg acg ctg atg cag tat ttt gaa tgg tac atg ccc 468Ala Asn
Leu Asn Gly Thr Leu Met Gln Tyr Phe Glu Trp Tyr Met Pro1 5 10 15aat
gac ggc caa cat tgg agg cgt ttg caa aac gac tcg gca tat ttg 516Asn
Asp Gly Gln His Trp Arg Arg Leu Gln Asn Asp Ser Ala Tyr Leu 20 25
30gct gaa cac ggt att act gcc gtc tgg att ccc ccg gca tat aag gga
564Ala Glu His Gly Ile Thr Ala Val Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Tyr Lys Gly
35 40 45acg agc caa gcg gat gtg ggc tac ggt gct tac gac ctt tat gat
tta 612Thr Ser Gln Ala Asp Val Gly Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Asp Leu Tyr Asp
Leu 50 55 60ggg gag ttt cat caa aaa ggg acg gtt cgg aca aag tac ggc
aca aaa 660Gly Glu Phe His Gln Lys Gly Thr Val Arg Thr Lys Tyr Gly
Thr Lys65 70 75 80gga gag ctg caa tct gcg atc aaa agt ctt cat tcc
cgc gac att aac 708Gly Glu Leu Gln Ser Ala Ile Lys Ser Leu His Ser
Arg Asp Ile Asn 85 90 95gtt tac ggg gat gtg gtc atc aac cac aaa ggc
ggc gct gat gcg acc 756Val Tyr Gly Asp Val Val Ile Asn His Lys Gly
Gly Ala Asp Ala Thr 100 105 110gaa gat gta acc gcg gtt gaa gtc gat
ccc gct gac cgc aac cgc gta 804Glu Asp Val Thr Ala Val Glu Val Asp
Pro Ala Asp Arg Asn Arg Val 115 120 125att tca gga gaa cac cta att
aaa gcc tgg aca cat ttt cat ttt ccg 852Ile Ser Gly Glu His Leu Ile
Lys Ala Trp Thr His Phe His Phe Pro 130 135 140ggg cgc ggc agc aca
tac agc gat ttt aaa tgg cat tgg tac cat ttt 900Gly Arg Gly Ser Thr
Tyr Ser Asp Phe Lys Trp His Trp Tyr His Phe145 150 155 160gac gga
acc gat tgg gac gag tcc cga aag ctg aac cgc atc tat aag 948Asp Gly
Thr Asp Trp Asp Glu Ser Arg Lys Leu Asn Arg Ile Tyr Lys 165 170
175ttt caa gga aag gct tgg gat tgg gaa gtt tcc aat gaa aac ggc aac
996Phe Gln Gly Lys Ala Trp Asp Trp Glu Val Ser Asn Glu Asn Gly Asn
180 185 190tat gat tat ttg atg tat gcc gac atc gat tat gac cat cct
gat gtc 1044Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Met Tyr Ala Asp Ile Asp Tyr Asp His Pro
Asp Val 195 200 205gca gca gaa att aag aga tgg ggc act tgg tat gcc
aat gaa ctg caa 1092Ala Ala Glu Ile Lys Arg Trp Gly Thr Trp Tyr Ala
Asn Glu Leu Gln 210 215 220ttg gac ggt ttc cgt ctt gat gct gtc aaa
cac att aaa ttt tct ttt 1140Leu Asp Gly Phe Arg Leu Asp Ala Val Lys
His Ile Lys Phe Ser Phe225 230 235 240ttg cgg gat tgg gtt aat cat
gtc agg gaa aaa acg ggg aag gaa atg 1188Leu Arg Asp Trp Val Asn His
Val Arg Glu Lys Thr Gly Lys Glu Met 245 250 255ttt acg gta gct gaa
tat tgg cag aat gac ttg ggc gcg ctg gaa aac 1236Phe Thr Val Ala Glu
Tyr Trp Gln Asn Asp Leu Gly Ala Leu Glu Asn 260 265 270tat ttg aac
aaa aca aat ttt aat cat tca gtg ttt gac gtg ccg ctt 1284Tyr Leu Asn
Lys Thr Asn Phe Asn His Ser Val Phe Asp Val Pro Leu 275 280 285cat
tat cag ttc cat gct gca tcg aca cag gga ggc ggc tat gat atg 1332His
Tyr Gln Phe His Ala Ala Ser Thr Gln Gly Gly Gly Tyr Asp Met 290 295
300agg aaa ttg ctg aac ggt acg gtc gtt tcc aag cat ccg ttg aaa tcg
1380Arg Lys Leu Leu Asn Gly Thr Val Val Ser Lys His Pro Leu Lys
Ser305 310 315 320gtt aca ttt gtc gat aac cat gat aca cag ccg ggg
caa tcg ctt gag 1428Val Thr Phe Val Asp Asn His Asp Thr Gln Pro Gly
Gln Ser Leu Glu 325 330 335tcg act gtc caa aca tgg ttt aag ccg ctt
gct tac gct ttt att ctc 1476Ser Thr Val Gln Thr Trp Phe Lys Pro Leu
Ala Tyr Ala Phe Ile Leu 340 345 350aca agg gaa tct gga tac cct cag
gtt ttc tac ggg gat atg tac ggg 1524Thr Arg Glu Ser Gly Tyr Pro Gln
Val Phe Tyr Gly Asp Met Tyr Gly 355 360 365acg aaa gga gac tcc cag
cgc gaa att cct gcc ttg aaa cac aaa att 1572Thr Lys Gly Asp Ser Gln
Arg Glu Ile Pro Ala Leu Lys His Lys Ile 370 375 380gaa ccg atc tta
aaa gcg aga aaa cag tat gcg tac gga gca cag cat 1620Glu Pro Ile Leu
Lys Ala Arg Lys Gln Tyr Ala Tyr Gly Ala Gln His385 390 395 400gat
tat ttc gac cac cat gac att gtc ggc tgg aca agg gaa ggc gac 1668Asp
Tyr Phe Asp His His Asp Ile Val Gly Trp Thr Arg Glu Gly Asp 405 410
415agc tcg gtt gca aat tca ggt ttg gcg gca tta ata aca gac gga ccc
1716Ser Ser Val Ala Asn Ser Gly Leu Ala Ala Leu Ile Thr Asp Gly Pro
420 425 430ggt ggg gca aag cga atg tat gtc ggc cgg caa aac gcc ggt
gag aca 1764Gly Gly Ala Lys Arg Met Tyr Val Gly Arg Gln Asn Ala Gly
Glu Thr 435 440 445tgg cat gac att acc gga aac cgt tcg gag ccg gtt
gtc atc aat tcg 1812Trp His Asp Ile Thr Gly Asn Arg Ser Glu Pro Val
Val Ile Asn Ser 450 455 460gaa ggc tgg gga gag ttt cac gta aac ggc
ggg tcg gtt tca att tat 1860Glu Gly Trp Gly Glu Phe His Val Asn Gly
Gly Ser Val Ser Ile Tyr465 470 475 480gtt caa aga tag aagagcagag
aggacggatt tcctgaagga aatccgtttt 1912Val Gln Argtttatttt
19206483PRTBacillus licheniformis 6Ala Asn Leu Asn Gly Thr Leu Met
Gln Tyr Phe Glu Trp Tyr Met Pro1 5 10 15Asn Asp Gly Gln His Trp Arg
Arg Leu Gln Asn Asp Ser Ala Tyr Leu 20 25 30Ala Glu His Gly Ile Thr
Ala Val Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Tyr Lys Gly 35 40 45Thr Ser Gln Ala Asp
Val Gly Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Asp Leu Tyr Asp Leu 50 55 60Gly Glu Phe His
Gln Lys Gly Thr Val Arg Thr Lys Tyr Gly Thr Lys65 70 75 80Gly Glu
Leu Gln Ser Ala Ile Lys Ser Leu His Ser Arg Asp Ile Asn 85 90 95Val
Tyr Gly Asp Val Val Ile Asn His Lys Gly Gly Ala Asp Ala Thr 100 105
110Glu Asp Val Thr Ala Val Glu Val Asp Pro Ala Asp Arg Asn Arg Val
115 120 125Ile Ser Gly Glu His Leu Ile Lys Ala Trp Thr His Phe His
Phe Pro 130 135 140Gly Arg Gly Ser Thr Tyr Ser Asp Phe Lys Trp His
Trp Tyr His Phe145 150 155 160Asp Gly Thr Asp Trp Asp Glu Ser Arg
Lys Leu Asn Arg Ile Tyr Lys 165 170 175Phe Gln Gly Lys Ala Trp Asp
Trp Glu Val Ser Asn Glu Asn Gly Asn 180 185 190Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Met
Tyr Ala Asp Ile Asp Tyr Asp His Pro Asp Val 195 200 205Ala Ala Glu
Ile Lys Arg Trp Gly Thr Trp Tyr Ala Asn Glu Leu Gln 210 215 220Leu
Asp Gly Phe Arg Leu Asp Ala Val Lys His Ile Lys Phe Ser Phe225 230
235 240Leu Arg Asp Trp Val Asn His Val Arg Glu Lys Thr Gly Lys Glu
Met 245 250 255Phe Thr Val Ala Glu Tyr Trp Gln Asn Asp Leu Gly Ala
Leu Glu Asn 260 265 270Tyr Leu Asn Lys Thr Asn Phe Asn His Ser Val
Phe Asp Val Pro Leu 275 280 285His Tyr Gln Phe His Ala Ala Ser Thr
Gln Gly Gly Gly Tyr Asp Met 290 295 300Arg Lys Leu Leu Asn Gly Thr
Val Val Ser Lys His Pro Leu Lys Ser305 310 315 320Val Thr Phe Val
Asp Asn His Asp Thr Gln Pro Gly Gln Ser Leu Glu 325 330 335Ser Thr
Val Gln Thr Trp Phe Lys Pro Leu Ala Tyr Ala Phe Ile Leu 340 345
350Thr Arg Glu Ser Gly Tyr Pro Gln Val Phe Tyr Gly Asp Met Tyr Gly
355 360 365Thr Lys Gly Asp Ser Gln Arg Glu Ile Pro Ala Leu Lys His
Lys Ile 370 375 380Glu Pro Ile Leu Lys Ala Arg Lys Gln Tyr Ala Tyr
Gly Ala Gln His385 390 395 400Asp Tyr Phe Asp His His Asp Ile Val
Gly Trp Thr Arg Glu Gly Asp 405 410 415Ser Ser Val Ala Asn Ser Gly
Leu Ala Ala Leu Ile Thr Asp Gly Pro 420 425 430Gly Gly Ala Lys Arg
Met Tyr Val Gly Arg Gln Asn Ala Gly Glu Thr 435 440 445Trp His Asp
Ile Thr Gly Asn Arg Ser Glu Pro Val Val Ile Asn Ser 450 455 460Glu
Gly Trp Gly Glu Phe His Val Asn Gly Gly Ser Val Ser Ile Tyr465 470
475 480Val Gln Arg
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