U.S. patent application number 11/914740 was filed with the patent office on 2008-10-09 for slow cooking heating formula.
This patent application is currently assigned to Tempra Technology, Inc.. Invention is credited to Michael Sheppard Bolmer, Kevin J. Pitz.
Application Number | 20080245358 11/914740 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37452967 |
Filed Date | 2008-10-09 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080245358 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Bolmer; Michael Sheppard ;
et al. |
October 9, 2008 |
Slow Cooking Heating Formula
Abstract
Chemical heating using a first reactant, a second reactant and a
complexing agent adapted to complex reversibly with the first
reactant and, thereby moderate the reaction between the first and
second reactants. The heating formula is particularly well suited
for heaters that are used to heat materials having relatively high
viscosities.
Inventors: |
Bolmer; Michael Sheppard;
(Sarasota, FL) ; Pitz; Kevin J.; (Ruskin,
FL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
FISH & RICHARDSON P.C.
P.O. BOX 1022
MINNEAPOLIS
MN
55440-1022
US
|
Assignee: |
Tempra Technology, Inc.
Bradenton
FL
|
Family ID: |
37452967 |
Appl. No.: |
11/914740 |
Filed: |
May 26, 2006 |
PCT Filed: |
May 26, 2006 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US06/20777 |
371 Date: |
April 15, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60685134 |
May 27, 2005 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
126/263.09 ;
126/263.1; 44/314; 44/320; 44/451 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A47J 36/28 20130101;
F24V 30/00 20180501; C09K 5/18 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
126/263.09 ;
44/451; 44/314; 44/320; 126/263.1 |
International
Class: |
F24J 1/00 20060101
F24J001/00; C10L 1/18 20060101 C10L001/18; C10L 1/30 20060101
C10L001/30; C10L 1/28 20060101 C10L001/28 |
Claims
1. A heating formula for a chemical heater, the formula comprising:
a first reactant; a second reactant; and a complexing agent that
complexes reversibly with at least a portion of the first reactant
so as to progressively release the complexed first reactant over
time as a concentration of uncomplexed first reactant decreases
during an exothermic reaction with the second reactant.
2. The heating formula of claim 1, wherein: the first reactant is
an oxidizing agent; the second reactant is an alcohol fuel; and the
complexing agent complexes reversibly with at least a portion of
the fuel so as to progressively release complexed fuel over time as
a concentration of uncomplexed fuel decreases during the exothermic
reaction with the oxidizing agent.
3. The heating formula of claim 1, wherein: the first reactant is
an alcohol fuel; the second reactant is an oxidizing agent; and the
complexing agent complexes reversibly with at least a portion of
the oxidizing agent so as to progressively release complexed
oxidizing agent over time as a concentration of uncomplexed
oxidizing agent decreases during the exothermic reaction with the
fuel.
4. The heating formula of claim 2 wherein the fuel comprises a
polyol.
5. The heating formula of claim 4 wherein the fuel comprises
aqueous glycerol.
6. The heating formula of claim 2 wherein the complexing agent
comprises boric acid or a borate.
7. The heating formula of claim 6 wherein the complexing agent
comprises borax.
8. The heating formula of claim 2 wherein the complexing agent is
selected from the group consisting of carbonate, nitrate, silicate
and sulfate.
9. The heating formula of claim 3 wherein the complexing agent
comprises a chelating agent.
10. The heating formula of claim 9 wherein the complexing agent
comprises ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
11. The heating formula of claim 2 wherein a ratio of complexing
agent to fuel is between 1:20 and 1:5.
12. The heating formula of claim 2 wherein a ratio of complexing
agent to fuel is between 1:100 and 1:1.
13. The heating formula of claim 2 wherein the oxidizing agent
comprises an alkali metal permanganate.
14. The heating formula of claim 13 wherein the oxidizing agent
comprises potassium permanganate.
15. The heating formula of claim 2 wherein the fuel and the
complexing agent comprise an aqueous solution.
16. The heating formula of claim 2 wherein the fuel concentration
is between 24 wt. % and 84 wt. %.
17. The heating formula of claim 2 wherein the fuel concentration
is between 34 wt. % and 44 wt. %.
18. A single-use chemical heater comprising: a disposable container
comprising a first compartment and a second compartment; a first
reactant disposed in the first compartment; a second reactant
disposed in the second compartment; a separator disposed between
the first compartment and the second compartment, wherein the
separator is compromisable to provide fluid communication between
the first compartment and the second compartment, wherein the fluid
communication initiates an exothermic chemical reaction between the
first reactant and the second reactant within the container; and
disposed in at least one of the first compartment and the second
compartment, a complexing agent that reversibly complexes with the
first reactant.
19. The heater of claim 18, wherein: the first reactant is an
oxidizing agent; the second reactant is an alcohol fuel; and the
complexing agent complexes reversibly with at least a portion of
the fuel so as to progressively release complexed fuel over time as
a concentration of uncomplexed fuel decreases during the exothermic
reaction with the oxidizing agent.
20. The heater of claim 18, wherein: the first reactant is an
alcohol fuel; the second reactant is an oxidizing agent; and the
complexing agent complexes reversibly with at least a portion of
the oxidizing agent so as to progressively release complexed
oxidizing agent over time as a concentration of uncomplexed
oxidizing agent decreases during the exothermic reaction with the
fuel.
21. The heater of claim 19 wherein the first compartment contains
aqueous polyol fuel, a portion of which is complexed with a borax
fuel-complexing agent.
22. The heater of claim 21 wherein the aqueous polyol fuel
comprises glycerol.
23. The heater of claim 19 wherein a ratio of complexing agent to
fuel is between 1:20 and 1:5.
24. The heater of claim 19 wherein a ratio of complexing agent to
fuel is between 1:100 and 1:1.
25. The heater of claim 19 wherein the fuel concentration is
between 34 wt. % and 44 wt. %.
26. The heater of claim 19 wherein the fuel concentration is
between 24 wt. % and 84 wt. %.
27. The heater of claim 19 wherein the fuel-complexing agent
comprises boric acid or borate.
28. The heater of claim 27 wherein the fuel-complexing agent
comprises borax.
29. The heater of claim 22 wherein the fuel-complexing agent is
selected from the group consisting of carbonate, nitrate, silicate
and sulfate.
30. The heater of claim 20 wherein the complexing agent comprises a
chelating agent.
31. The heater of claim 20 wherein the complexing agent comprises
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
32. The heater of claim 19 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises
sodium silicate-coated potassium permanganate.
33. A method of moderating a rate of heat generation from a
single-use chemical heater operable by exothermic chemical reaction
of a first reactant and a second reactant, the method comprising:
including in the exothermic chemical reaction a complexing agent
that complexes reversibly with at least a portion of the first
reactant so as to release portions of the first reactant to react
with the second reactant over time as a concentration of
uncomplexed first reactant decreases during the reaction.
34. The method of claim 33 wherein the first reactant is a fuel and
the second reactant is an oxidizing agent, wherein the complexing
agent complexes reversibly with at least a portion of the fuel so
as to release portions of the fuel to react with the oxidizer over
time as a concentration of uncomplexed fuel decreases during the
reaction.
35. The method of claim 33 wherein the first reactant is an
oxidizing agent and the second reactant is a fuel, wherein the
complexing agent complexes reversibly with at least a portion of
the oxidizing agent so as to release portions of the oxidizing
agent to react with the fuel over time as a concentration of
uncomplexed oxidizing agent decreases during the reaction.
36. The method of claim 34 wherein the complexing agent comprises
boric acid or a borate.
37. The method of claim 34 wherein the fuel is a polyhydroxol
compound and the complexing agent is borax.
38. The method of claim 34 wherein the complexing agent is selected
from the group consisting of carbonate, nitrate, silicate and
sulfate.
39. The method of claim 34 wherein the fuel is aqueous
glycerol.
40. The method of claim 34 wherein the fuel concentration is
between 34 wt. % and 44 wt. %.
41. The method of claim 34 wherein the fuel concentration is
between 24 wt. % and 84 wt. %.
42. The method of claim 34 wherein the ratio of complexing agent to
fuel is between 1:20 and 1:5.
43. The method of claim 34 wherein the oxidizing agent is potassium
permanganate.
44. The heating formula of claim 3 wherein the fuel comprises a
polyol.
45. The heating formula of claim 3 wherein the oxidizing agent
comprises an alkali metal permanganate.
46. The heating formula of claim 3 wherein the fuel and the
complexing agent comprise an aqueous solution.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 60/685,134, filed May 27, 2005.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This disclosure relates to a heating formula and, more
particularly to a slow cooking heating formula.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Single-use chemical heaters for heating objects, for example
food and beverage items, and body parts are well known. One type of
heater utilizes the exothermic reaction of a metal oxide, typically
calcium oxide, and water to generate heat. U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,230
("the '230 patent"), incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety, discloses heaters utilizing the oxidation of primary or
secondary alcohols by appropriate oxidizers to provide exothermic
chemical reactions. Compounds of manganese and chromium are the
most common oxidizing agents utilized. For primary alcohol fuels,
such as glycerol or ethylene glycol, alkali metal permanganates are
useful as oxidizing agents, generally in aqueous reactions. Water
dilutes the fuel component and lowers the chemical reaction rate by
reducing fuel-oxidizer contact. The '230 patent discloses embedding
solid oxidizer particles, particularly particles of potassium
permanganate, in a dissolvable binder, for example sodium silicate,
to further reduce fuel-oxidizer contact for control of the rate of
reaction.
[0004] PCT Publication No. WO 2005/108878 ("the '878 publication"),
published Nov. 17, 2005, incorporated by reference, discloses a
method of providing a releasable reaction suppressant composition,
and in response to a selected temperature occurring at a product
compartment, automatically releasing the suppressant composition
into the reaction chamber, thereby suppressing the exothermic
reaction.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 6,640,801 ("the '801 patent"), also
incorporated by reference, discloses a flexible disposable heating
device conformable to a shape defined by its surroundings. The
heating device includes a first zone containing a fuel, a second
zone containing an oxidizer and a collapsed third zone capable of
serving as an expansion chamber. A first frangible separator is
disposed between the first zone and the second zone, the first
frangible separator being manually operable to provide
communication there between, defining a reaction chamber comprising
at least one of said first and second chambers. A second frangible
separator is provided that is responsive to an exothermic chemical
reaction within the reaction chamber. The second frangible
separator is operable to provide vapor communication between the
reaction chamber and the third zone. Communication between the
first zone and the second zone allows mixing of the fuel and the
oxidizing agent to initiate an exothermic chemical reaction capable
of generating a vapor and an environmental parameter associated
with the exothermic chemical reaction operates the second frangible
separator, permitting said vapor to flow into said third zone,
thereby reducing pressure in the reaction chamber.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] This invention includes a heating formula, a portable,
single-use chemical heater comprising the heating formula and
heating methods utilizing the heating formula to modify reaction
rate.
[0007] The heating formula provides for extended duration heating
that may be useful, for example, for portable heating of food,
beverage, and other items. The heating formula includes a fuel, an
oxidizing agent and a complexing agent. The complexing agent
reversibly complexes with the fuel. Portions of the complexed fuel
are released over time in response to the decline in concentration
of uncomplexed fuel as it is used up by the reaction. Controlled
slow release is achieved by the type of complexing agent and amount
(relative to fuel) of complexing agent. The duration of the
reaction for a particular heater may be increased by adding more
complexing agent. Such an arrangement may be helpful to provide a
slower reaction of longer duration reaction to heat material with
low thermal conductivity, such as pasta, stews, or cements. The
longer duration permits more efficient and safe use of the heat
energy supplied by a heater.
[0008] The methods disclosed herein include the addition of a
fuel-complexing reagent to the reaction mixture of an
oxidation/reduction exothermic reaction between a fuel and an
oxidizing agent. In some implementations the fuel is an alcohol
fuel, preferably a polyol such as glycerol or ethylene glycol. In
some implementations the oxidizing agent is a compound of manganese
or chromium, preferably an alkali metal permanganate, more
preferably a solid oxidizer, and most preferably potassium
permanganate particles coated with a dissolvable binder, preferably
sodium silicate.
[0009] Preferred heaters include an oxidizer compartment,
preferably containing solid, coated potassium permanganate, and a
fuel compartment, preferably containing a liquid polyol such as
aqueous glycerol, wherein a user initiates the reaction by
compromising the separation of the compartments, permitting the
reactants to come into contact, thereby initiating an exothermic
chemical reaction. In certain implementations, heaters include a
fuel-complexing agent in one of the compartments. For polyol fuels
the complexing agent is a polyoxygenated ion such as borate,
carbonate, nitrate, silicate, or sulfate, preferably boric acid or
a borate, most preferably borax
(Na.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.7.10H.sub.2O). It is preferred to include the
fuel-complexing agent in the fuel compartment. In certain
implementations, heaters include a complexing agent adapted to
reversibly complex with the oxidizer. An example of an
oxidizer-complexing agent is a chelating agent, such as
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which is generally adapted
to complex with metal compounds.
[0010] In one aspect, a heating formula for a chemical heater is
disclosed. The formula includes a first reactant, a second reactant
and a complexing agent. The complexing agent is adapted to complex
reversibly with at least a portion of the first reactant so as to
progressively release the complexed first reactant over time as a
concentration of uncomplexed first reactant decreases during an
exothermic reaction with the second reactant.
[0011] In some implementations, the first reactant is an oxidizing
agent and the second reactant is an alcohol fuel. In those
implementations the complexing agent complexes reversibly with at
least a portion of the fuel so as to progressively release
complexed fuel over time as a concentration of uncomplexed fuel
decreases during the exothermic reaction with the oxidizing
agent.
[0012] In other implementations, the first reactant is an alcohol
fuel and the second reactant is an oxidizing agent. In those
implementations the complexing agent complexes reversibly with at
least a portion of the oxidizing agent so as to progressively
release complexed oxidizing agent over time as a concentration of
uncomplexed oxidizing agent decreases during the exothermic
reaction with the fuel.
[0013] According to certain implementations, the fuel is a polyol,
for example, aqueous glycerol. The complexing agent can be boric
acid, a borate or, more preferably, borax. Alternatively, the
complexing agent can be carbonate, nitrate, silicate or
sulfate.
[0014] Certain implementations include a complexing agent for the
oxidizing agent that is a chelating agent, for example,
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
[0015] In some implementations, a ratio of complexing agent to fuel
is between 1:20 and 1:5. In some implementations, the ratio of
complexing agent to fuel is between 1:100 and 1:1.
[0016] Some Implementations include an oxidizing agent of an alkali
metal permanganate, such as potassium permanganate. The fuel and
the complexing agent can form an aqueous solution. The fuel
concentration can be between 24 wt. % and 84 wt. %. The fuel
concentration can be between 34 wt. % and 44 wt. %.
[0017] In another aspect, a single-use chemical heater includes a
disposable container with a first compartment and a second
compartment. A first reactant is disposed in the first compartment
and a second reactant is disposed in the second compartment. A
separator is disposed between the first compartment and the second
compartment. The separator is compromisable to provide fluid
communication between the first compartment and the second
compartment. Fluid communication initiates an exothermic chemical
reaction between the first reactant and the second reactant within
the container. A complexing agent that reversibly complexes with
the first reactant is disposed in at least one of the first
compartment and the second compartment.
[0018] In some implementations, the first reactant is an oxidizing
agent and the second reactant is an alcohol fuel. In those
implementations, the complexing agent complexes reversibly with at
least a portion of the fuel so as to progressively release
complexed fuel over time as a concentration of uncomplexed fuel
decreases during the exothermic reaction with the oxidizing
agent.
[0019] In some other implementations, the first reactant is an
alcohol fuel and the second reactant is an oxidizing agent. In
those implementations, the complexing agent complexes reversibly
with at least a portion of the oxidizing agent so as to
progressively release complexed oxidizing agent over time as a
concentration of uncomplexed oxidizing agent decreases during the
exothermic reaction with the fuel.
[0020] Yet another aspect includes a method of moderating a rate of
heat generation from a single-use chemical heater operable by
exothermic chemical reaction of a first reactant and a second
reactant. The method includes including in the exothermic chemical
reaction a complexing agent that complexes reversibly with at least
a portion of the first reactant so as to release portions of the
first reactant to react with the second reactant over time as a
concentration of uncomplexed first reactant decreases during the
reaction.
[0021] In some implementations, the first reactant is a fuel and
the second reactant is an oxidizing agent. In those
implementations, the complexing agent complexes reversibly with at
least a portion of the fuel so as to release portions of the fuel
to react with the oxidizer over time as a concentration of
uncomplexed fuel decreases during the reaction.
[0022] According to other implementations, the first reactant is an
oxidizing agent and the second reactant is a fuel. In those
implementations, the complexing agent complexes reversibly with at
least a portion of the oxidizing agent so as to release portions of
the oxidizing agent to react with the fuel over time as a
concentration of uncomplexed oxidizing agent decreases during the
reaction.
[0023] In certain implementations, one or more of the following
advantages may be present. A portable heater may be provided that
is well suited for heating products having varying viscosities. The
heater may be particularly well suited to heat relatively high
viscosity fluids such as certain sauces, cement and the like. A
heater is able to provide heating over an extended period of time.
Additionally, the possibility that dangerous hot spots in such a
heater might occur may be reduced.
[0024] Other features and advantages will be apparent from the
descriptions, drawings and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] FIG. 1 is a plan view of a heater.
[0026] FIG. 2 is a bowl that was used to conduct Experiments 1, 2
and 3.
[0027] FIG. 3 is a graph showing temperature profiles related to
Examples 1, 2 and 3.
[0028] FIG. 4 is a bowl that was used to conduct Experiments 4 and
5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0029] This invention relates to a slow cooking heating formula
and, more particularly one adapted to be used in a chemical heater.
By "slow cooking" we mean an exothermic reaction whose rate of heat
generation is slowed, in this case by a release mechanism wherein
one of the reactants (e.g., fuel) already released into the
reaction mechanism inhibits release of additional fuel into the
reaction.
[0030] In one implementation, the slow cooking heating formula
includes a fuel and an oxidizing agent adapted to react
exothermically with the fuel. The slow cooking heating formula
further includes a fuel-complexing agent. In some implementations,
the complexing agent is adapted to affect the duration of the
exothermic reaction. More particularly, the complexing agent may be
adapted to extend the duration of the reaction and to regulate its
intensity.
[0031] Without being bound by a particular theory, the following
explanation for this phenomena is provided. It is believed that by
adding to the fuel-oxidizer formula a complexing agent that
reversibly complexes with the fuel, the amount of fuel available to
react at any given time is effectively reduced. That is because the
complexing agent complexes reversibly with the fuel so as to "tie
up" a portion of fuel and thereby prevent it from reacting. The
complexing agent does not itself react with the oxidizer. At any
particular time during the reaction, it is believed that only
uncomplexed portions of the fuel react with the oxidizer. Because
the complex formation is reversible, as the uncomplexed fuel reacts
with the oxidizing agent, the complexing agent releases "tied up"
portions of fuel, thereby replenishing the supply of uncomplexed
fuel available to react. It will be appreciated that reversible
complex formation provides a means to tailor or adapt a single-use
chemical heater to the ability of an object being heated to absorb
heat so as to avoid excessively high temperature, thereby slowing
heat generation as needed and providing slower and longer lasting
heating. It is believed that an approximate balance is maintained
between the complexed and uncomplexed fuel throughout the course of
the reaction. Accordingly, by including a complexing agent in the
heating formula, the intensity of heat generated by the reaction
may be moderated and the length of time of that the reaction lasts
may be extended.
[0032] The preferred complexing agent, borax, complexes with polyol
fuel in a 1:1 mole ratio. However, it has been found that a much
smaller ratio of complexing agent-to-fuel in the formula is
sufficient to moderate and extend the reaction. In a preferred
implementation, the complexing agent-to-fuel ratio is between 1:100
and 1:1. In another preferred implementation, the complexing agent
to fuel ratio is between 1:20 and 1:5. The complexing agent
typically is boric acid or a borate, and is preferably borax
(Na.sub.2B.sub.4O.sub.7.10H.sub.2O).
[0033] In some implementations, the oxidizer is a compound of
manganese or chromium. More preferably, the oxidizer is an alkali
metal permanganate. Most preferably, the oxidizer is potassium
permanganate. In a typical implementation, the oxidizer includes
solid potassium permanganate particles dispersed throughout a
dissolvable binder agent, preferably sodium silicate.
[0034] The fuel typically is an alcohol fuel. More preferably, the
fuel is a polyol such as glycerol or ethylene glycol in a liquid
state, preferably an aqueous solution. Our most preferred fuel is
aqueous glycerol. The fuel concentration in the aqueous solution
may be between 24% and 84%, based on weight, but preferably is
between 34% and 44%, based on weight. In certain implementations,
the fuel and the complexing agent are adapted to combine and form
an aqueous solution. It is noted that other oxidizing agents and
fuels may be suitable for use with the techniques disclosed
herein.
[0035] In some implementations, the moderating ("slow cooking")
heating formula is used in a disposable, single-use chemical heater
of the type that operates on the principle of evolution of the heat
of reaction between complementary pairs of chemical entities. An
exemplary chemical heater includes a first compartment containing
oxidizing agent, preferably solid, coated potassium permanganate,
and a second compartment containing a fuel, preferably a liquid
polyol such as aqueous glycerol. The chemical heater typically is
configured so that a user can initiate a reaction by compromising
the separation of the compartments, for example, turning a valve or
compromising a frangible separator, thereby permitting the fuel and
the oxidizing agent to come into contact with each other,
initiating an exothermic chemical reaction. The complexing agent is
initially provided in at least one of the compartments. For polyol
fuels, a preferable complexing agent is boric acid or a borate,
most preferably borax (Na.sub.2B.sub.4O.sub.7.10H.sub.2O). It is
preferred that the complexing agent initially be provided in the
fuel compartment. The complexing agent either is a liquid or
dissolves in the fuel or aqueous fuel mixture.
[0036] An example of such a heater is shown in FIG. 1. This example
is commonly known as a "heat pack." A heat pack typically comprises
two plastic sheets. The illustrated heater has a container 1 formed
by an upper sheet 2 and a lower sheet (not shown). The sheets are
sealed together at the edges by edge seals 3, 4, 5, and 6. Heat or
adhesive forms the edge seals, which preferably are made so that
they are not readily opened by a user. A separator 7 is disposed
from one edge seal of the heater 3 to another edge seal 5, thus
dividing the heater 1 into a first compartment 8 and a second
compartment 9. The separator 7, in this embodiment a frangible
seal, is adapted to be compromised by a user to compromise
separation of the components and establish fluid communication
between the first compartment 8 and the second compartment 9. The
heater's container is designed to include a space for vapor above
the reactants when the heat pack is in use.
[0037] In some implementations, the first compartment 8 contains an
aqueous solution of fuel and complexing agent and the second
compartment 9 includes an oxidizing agent. Fuel in the first
compartment 8 is complexed with the complexing agent so that only a
portion of the fuel in the first compartment is uncomplexed. When a
user compromises the separator 7, the aqueous solution containing
fuel and complexing agent is permitted to flow into the second
compartment 9 and to mix with the oxidizer. Uncomplexed portions of
the fuel react with the oxidizing agent. As the uncomplexed
portions of fuel react, complexed fuel is released essentially to
replenish a supply of fuel to react with the oxidizing agent.
[0038] Reversible complexing of fuel can be represented by the
formula
COMPLEX=FUEL+COMPLEXING AGENT.
[0039] It will be appreciated that as free FUEL on the right side
of the formula decreases due to reaction, fuel is released from the
COMPLEX to move the reaction toward equilibrium.
[0040] A number of implementations are disclosed herein. Adjustment
by simple trial and error can be made to tailor a particular
container/system to a product to be heated. Numerous modifications
are possible. For example, a heater may be provided with multiple
first and second compartments, with each compartment separated from
adjacent compartment(s) by a valve or frangible separator. As
another example, complexing agent may be provided in either one or
both of the first and second compartments. Additionally, it is
feasible that other fuels, oxidizing agents, binding agents and/or
complexing agents may be utilized.
[0041] Also, complexing agent may be adapted to reversibly complex
with the oxidizing agent. An example of such a complexing agent is
a chelating agent, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
(EDTA).
[0042] Additionally, the techniques disclosed herein may be
implemented in conjunction with any combination of the techniques
and devices for controlled single-use chemical heaters. For
example, in preferred implementations, a heater formulation may
include a solid oxidizer embedded in or coated with dissolvable
binding agent as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,230. The heat
packs disclosed in the '230 patent have separate zones of two
types. One zone type contains a dry reactant, i.e., short cylinders
comprising potassium permanganate crystals within a sodium silicate
binding agent. The other zone type contains an glycerol/water
solution, which serves as a fuel mixture. In certain
implementations, the fuel serves as a solvent, eliminating the need
for a separate solvent. The two types of zones are separated, for
example, by a frangible seal that is meant for single use. When the
frangible seal between the two zones is ruptured, the fuel solution
flows to the oxidizing agent pellets and reaction occurs. The rate
of reaction, and hence the rate of heat production, is moderated by
the rate of dissolution of the binding agent, as dissolution is
required to expose the oxidizer to the fuel. The formula and
methods disclosed herein could be readily incorporated into the
heat packs of the '230 patent.
[0043] In some implementations, a heater may include preformed
stiffenable gel as disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,984,953. The
heat packs disclosed in the '953 patent also utilize an exothermic
oxidation/reduction chemical reaction. In those heat packs, a
dissolvable binding agent was utilized. Additionally, a preformed
stiffenable gel was provided to affect the rate of reaction. By
adjustment of these two rate-controlling features, persons skilled
in the art would have been able to select and achieve rates of
temperature rise and operating temperature in heat packs. By
implementing stiffenable gel, the modulation of the exothermic
chemical reactions takes place through certain reversible physical
changes of the reaction medium in order to produce the
self-regulating effects desired in the heat packs of the invention.
Modulation helps prevent the exothermic chemical reaction from
raising the operating temperature of the heat pack above a
predetermined maximum temperature. Modulation also acts to increase
the rate of an ongoing exothermic reaction when the container
temperature falls low enough to reverse the physical changes of the
reaction medium. The formula and methods disclosed herein could be
readily incorporated into the heat packs of the '953 patent.
[0044] In some implementations, a heater may include a releasable
reaction suppressant to guard against high-temperature exotherms as
disclosed in the '878 publication. The methods disclosed in the
'878 publication include providing a container with a releasable
reaction suppressant composition, and in response to a selected
temperature occurring at the product compartment, automatically
releasing the suppressant composition into the reaction chamber,
thereby suppressing the exothermic reaction. In some
implementations, the suppressant composition includes water. The
formula and methods disclosed herein could be readily adapted to
the disclosure of the '878 publication.
[0045] In some implementations a heater may include an expansion
chamber as disclosed in the '801 patent. The '801 patent discloses
a flexible disposable heating device conformable to a shape defined
by its surroundings. The heating device includes a first zone
containing a fuel, a second zone containing an oxidizer and a
collapsed third zone capable of serving as an expansion chamber. A
first frangible separator is disposed between the first zone and
the second zone, the first frangible separator being manually
operable to provide communication therebetween, defining a reaction
chamber comprising at least one of said first and second chambers.
A second frangible separator is provided that is responsive to an
exothermic chemical reaction within the reaction chamber. The
second frangible separator is operable to provide vapor
communication between the reaction chamber and the third zone.
Communication between the first zone and the second zone allows
mixing of the fuel and the oxidizing agent to initiate an
exothermic chemical reaction capable of generating a vapor and an
environmental parameter associated with the exothermic chemical
reaction operates the second frangible separator, permitting said
vapor to flow into said third zone, thereby reducing pressure in
the reaction chamber. The formula and methods disclosed herein
could readily be incorporated into the heating devices of the '801
patent.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0046] FIG. 2 illustrates a prototype heater assembly that was used
to conduct the experimental work reported in this example.
[0047] The illustrated assembly includes a pair of nested circular
bowls, a 14 cm diameter.times.5 cm deep inner (or upper) plastic
bowl 21 nested in a 14 cm diameter.times.7 cm deep outer (or
bottom) plastic bowl 22, leaving an approximately 2 cm annular
clearance gap 24 between the top bowl 21 and the bottom bowl 22.
Several vents 11 were provided to allow the escape of vapor/steam
from the clearance area.
[0048] Forty-five grams of coated potassium permanganate crystals
23 were placed in the bottom of outer bowl 22, residing in the
clearance gap. The potassium permanganate crystals were coated with
a water-soluble barrier coating, so that potassium permanganate
crystals would not react until the coating was dissolved. The
soluble barrier coating was a sodium silicate.
[0049] The coated potassium permanganate 23 was a mixture of
crystals having coatings having various thickness. In particular,
25% of the potassium permanganate powder had a coating of 14% by
weight, 30% of the potassium permanganate powder had a coating of
17% by weight, and 45% of the potassium permanganate powder had a
coating of 20% by weight. Three hundred milliliters of water 24
were placed in the inner bowl 21 to serve as the product to be
heated. Thermocouples were placed in the water in the top bowl 21
and in the potassium permanganate powder 23 in the bottom bowl
22.
[0050] To achieve functionally what would happen if liquid fuel
were released from a separate compartment by breaking a seal or
opening a valve, approximately 70 ml of an aqueous solution of 38.2
wt. % glycerol was added to the bottom bowl 22 specifically to the
gap containing oxidizer 23, via the vents 11. The glycerol reacted
exothermically with the potassium permanganate powder 23 and
produced steam, which heated the water 24 in the top bowl 21.
[0051] FIG. 3 shows temperature profiles for the water (indicated
by curve "D") and the reactants (indicated by curve "A") for
several minutes following the addition of glycerol to the bottom
bowl 23. Curve "D" indicates that the temperature of the water
increased from about 21.degree. C. to about 64.degree. C. in
approximately 6 minutes. Curve "A" indicates that the temperature
of the reactants began decreasing after about 6 minutes.
Example 2
[0052] The test of Example 1 was repeated using a complexed fuel
according to this invention. The heater assembly of FIG. 2 was used
in this Example.
[0053] Forty-five grams of the same coated potassium permanganate
powder 23 as used in Example 1 were placed in the bottom bowl 22.
Three hundred milliliters of water 24 were placed in the top bowl
21. Thermocouples were placed in the water 24 and in the coated
potassium permanganate 23 in the bottom bowl 22. Seventy
milliliters of an aqueous solution of 37.9 wt. % glycerol and 0.9
wt. % borax (Na.sub.2B.sub.4O.sub.7.10H.sub.2O) was added to the
bottom bowl 22. The glycerol reacted with the potassium
permanganate and produced steam.
[0054] FIG. 3 shows temperature profiles for the water 24
(indicated by curve "E") and the reactants (indicated by curve "B")
for several minutes following the addition of glycerol to the
bottom bowl 22. Curve "E" indicates that the temperature of the
water increased from about 21.degree. C. to about 64.degree. C. in
approximately 6 minutes. Curve "B" indicates that the temperature
of the reactants 2 began decreasing after about 7 minutes,
representing a prolongation of heating at maximum temperature by
about one minute or about 17%.
Example 3
[0055] The test of Example 1 was again repeated, this time using a
more heavily complexed fuel according to this invention. The
assembly of FIG. 2 was used in this Example.
[0056] Forty-five grams of the same coated potassium permanganate
powder as used in Examples 1 and 2 were placed in the bottom bowl
22. Three hundred milliliters of water were placed in the top bowl
21. Thermocouples were placed in the water and in the coated
potassium permanganate powder 23. Seventy milliliters of an aqueous
solution of 37.4 wt. % glycerol and 2.2 wt. % borax was added to
the bottom bowl 22. The glycerol reacted with the permanganate and
produced steam.
[0057] FIG. 3 shows temperature profiles for the water (indicated
by curve "F") and the reactants (indicated by curve "C"). Curve "F"
indicates that the temperature of the water increased from about
21.degree. C. to about 64.degree. C. in approximately 8 minutes,
some two minutes or one-third slower than Example 1. Curve "C"
indicates that the temperature of the reactants began decreasing
after about 8 minutes.
[0058] In view of the above examples, it can be appreciated that by
adding progressively higher amounts of complexing agent, in this
embodiment by progressively increasing the concentration of borax
in the heating formulas, the rate of the exothermic reaction can be
slowed and the duration of the reaction can be progressively
extended. In Example 1 (no borax), the temperature of the reactants
began decreasing after about 6 minutes. In Example 2 (0.9% borax),
the temperature of the reactants began decreasing after about 7
minutes. Finally, in Example 3 (2.2% borax), the temperature of the
reactants began decreasing only after about 8 minutes.
[0059] It also is noted that, Examples 1, 2 and 3 illustrate that
the heating rate of the water in Examples 1, 2 and 3 (curves 4, 5
and 6, respectively) varied depending on the amount of borax
complexing agent added to the heating formula. For example, in
Examples 1 and 2 (no borax and 0.9% borax, respectively), the time
required to heat the water from about 21.degree. C. to about
64.degree. C. was about 6 minutes. However, in Example 3 (2.2%
borax), the time required to heat the water from about 21.degree.
C. to about 64.degree. C. was about 8 minutes.
[0060] The above examples illustrate certain ways in which
temperature profiles associated with exothermic chemical reactions
and the products being heated by those reactions can be altered by
adding borax to the reactants.
[0061] In some implementations it may be desirable to add more or
less borax to a heating formula depending on characteristics of the
product intended being heated. For example, for higher viscosity
products (e.g., stew or oatmeal), it might be desirable to add more
borax to the heating formula. That is because higher viscosity
products do not enjoy the same benefits associated with convection
heating currents as do lower viscosity products. Since fewer
connection currents flow in high viscosity products, it may be
desirable to extend the duration of a reaction. By extending the
duration of the reaction, it might be possible to more fully heat
the highly viscous product.
[0062] On the other hand, for lower viscosity products (e.g.,
coffee or tea), it might be desirable to add less borax to the
heating formula. That is because convection aids in distributing
heat throughout lower viscosity products. Accordingly, a shorter
duration of reaction time may be suitable to heat such
products.
[0063] FIG. 4 illustrates a heater assembly that was used to
conduct the tests reported in Examples 4 and 5.
[0064] The illustrated assembly includes a pair of rectangularly
shaped pans or trays, a 29 cm.times.23 cm.times.5 cm plastic top or
inner tray 41 that was nested in a 29 cm.times.23 cm plastic bottom
or outer tray 42, leaving an approximately 3 cm clearance gap 45
between the top tray 41 and the bottom tray 42. Clearance gap 45
extended cross the tray bottoms and up their vertical sides. A vent
43 also was provided in outer tray 42 to vent the space 45 between
the top tray and the bottom tray.
Example 4
[0065] Five hundred grams of the coated potassium permanganate
powder was placed in the bottom tray 42. Twenty-seven hundred
milliliters of water was placed in the top tray 41 as the product
to be heated. Thermocouples were placed in the water in the top
tray 41 and in the potassium permanganate powder in the bottom tray
42.
[0066] Seven hundred milliliters of an aqueous solution including
29.2% glycerol and 0.2% of Dow Corning H-10 silicone antifoam
emulsion was added to the bottom tray 42. The aqueous solution
included no complexing agent. The glycerol reacted with the
potassium permanganate and produced steam. Steam was allowed to
vent through the vent 43 throughout the duration of the reaction.
The reactants reached a maximum temperature of 119.degree. C. The
steam heated the water in the top tray 41 from an initial
temperature of about 21.degree. C. to a final temperature of about
66.degree. C. in approximately 21 minutes. Therefore, the average
heating rate was:
(66.degree. C.-21.degree. C.)/21 min=2.1.degree. C./min.
Example 5
[0067] Five hundred grams of coated potassium permanganate powder
(similar to the coated potassium permanganate powder 44 described
with reference to Example 1) were placed in the bottom tray 42.
Twenty-seven hundred milliliters of water were placed in the top
tray 41 to act as the product to be heated. Thermocouples were
placed in the water in the top tray 41 and in the potassium
permanganate powder in the bottom tray 42.
[0068] Six hundred milliliters of an aqueous solution of 33.5%
glycerol, 3.2% borax, and 0.2% of Dow Corning H-10 silicone
antifoam emulsion was added to the bottom tray 42. The glycerol
reacted with the potassium permanganate and produced steam. The
steam was allowed to escape through the vent 43 throughout the
duration of the reaction. The reactants reached a maximum
temperature of about 107.degree. C. The steam heated the water in
the top tray 41 from an initial temperature of about 21.degree. C.
to a final temperature of about 69.degree. C. in approximately 23
minutes. Therefore, the average heating rate for the water was:
(69.degree. C.-21.degree. C.)/23 min=2.1.degree. C./min.
[0069] While the heating rate and final water temperature for
Example 4 were similar to that of Example 5, the reactor
temperature was hotter, indicating that a more significant amount
of steam was lost through the vent 43 in Example 4 than in Example
5. Vented steam, of course, represents wasted heat, which was
reduced in Example 5.
[0070] Other implementations are within the scope of the following
claims.
* * * * *