U.S. patent application number 12/153671 was filed with the patent office on 2008-09-25 for transporting apparatus and method, and image forming apparatus.
This patent application is currently assigned to FUJI XEROX CO., LTD.. Invention is credited to Shigeo Ishida, Masato Matsuzuki.
Application Number | 20080230975 12/153671 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 11737577 |
Filed Date | 2008-09-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080230975 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Matsuzuki; Masato ; et
al. |
September 25, 2008 |
Transporting apparatus and method, and image forming apparatus
Abstract
A paper transporting apparatus transporting continuous paper to
a paper processing part that performs designated processing on the
continuous paper includes a drive roller that transports the
continuous paper in a forward direction with respect to the paper
processing part and a direction opposite to the forward direction
by a frictional force, a pre-centering mechanism, disposed upstream
of the drive roller with respect to the forward direction, that
regulates a position of the continuous paper with respect to the
forward direction and a direction orthogonal to the forward
direction by abutting against the continuous paper, and a tension
increasing mechanism, disposed upstream of the pre-centering
mechanism with respect to the forward direction, that increases
tension on the continuous paper.
Inventors: |
Matsuzuki; Masato;
(Kawasaki-shi, JP) ; Ishida; Shigeo;
(Kawasaki-shi, JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
OLIFF & BERRIDGE, PLC
P.O. BOX 320850
ALEXANDRIA
VA
22320-4850
US
|
Assignee: |
FUJI XEROX CO., LTD.
Tokyo
JP
|
Family ID: |
11737577 |
Appl. No.: |
12/153671 |
Filed: |
May 22, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10483065 |
Jan 7, 2004 |
7395025 |
|
|
PCT/JP01/06358 |
Jul 23, 2001 |
|
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12153671 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
270/52.08 ;
270/18 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65H 20/02 20130101;
B65H 23/1882 20130101; B65H 20/40 20130101; B41J 15/046 20130101;
B41J 15/165 20130101; B65H 23/10 20130101; B65H 2701/132 20130101;
B65H 23/038 20130101; B65H 23/02 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
270/52.08 ;
270/18 |
International
Class: |
B65H 39/00 20060101
B65H039/00; B65H 7/00 20060101 B65H007/00 |
Claims
1. A paper transporting apparatus transporting continuous paper to
a paper processing part that performs designated processing on the
continuous paper, the paper transporting apparatus comprising: a
drive roller that transports the continuous paper to the paper
processing part by a frictional force; and a skew roller, disposed
upstream of the drive roller with respect to a transport direction
toward the paper processing part from the drive roller, and on the
skew by a variable angle with respect to the transport direction,
that energizes the continuous paper while changing the angle so as
to converge swing of the continuous paper with respect to a
direction orthogonal to the transport direction to zero, wherein a
distance between the drive roller and the designated position is
greater than a distance between the paper processing part and the
drive roller.
2. The paper transporting apparatus according to claim 1, further
including: a detection part that detects the position of the
continuous paper with respect to the orthogonal direction; and, a
control part that controls change of the designated angle of the
skew roller based on a detection result of the detection part.
3. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image forming part
that forms a designated image on continuous paper; a drive roller
that transports the continuous paper to the image forming part by a
frictional force; and a skew roller, disposed upstream of the drive
roller with respect to a transport direction, and on the skew by a
designated angle with respect to the transport direction, that
energizes the continuous paper so that the continuous paper is in a
designated position with respect to a direction orthogonal to the
transport direction, the designated angle being set variable,
wherein a distance between the drive roller and the designated
position is greater than a distance between the paper processing
part and the drive roller.
Description
[0001] This is a Division of application Ser. No. 10/483,065 filed
Jan. 7, 2004, which in turn is a National Stage of Application No.
PCT/JP01/06358 filed Jul. 23, 2001. The disclosure of the prior
applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a transporting apparatus
and method. The present invention is suitable for a transport
mechanism of a pinless printer transporting continuous paper having
no feed pins (or tractor pins). The continuous paper here falls
into two categories: paper folded back at perforations formed per
given length, and a continuous roll of paper.
[0004] 2. Description of Related Art
[0005] Conventional continuous paper is formed with sprocket holes
serving as through holes at side edges provided separably from a
main body used as a printable area. The continuous paper is
transported while feed pins of a paper transport system of a
printer are engaging in the sprocket holes. Although such
continuous paper has the advantage of being transported in a
transport direction without being skewed or becoming slack, it
takes processing costs to form through holes at both side edges.
Furthermore, since the both side edges are unusable for printing,
they must be separated at the termination of printing, leaving dust
behind. For this reason, there are demands for the use of
continuous paper having no holes at the both side edges. In this
case, however, technologies are required for transporting the
continuous paper in the transport direction without being skewed or
becoming slack.
[0006] In a transport mechanism disclosed by Japanese Translation
of Unexamined PCT Appln. No. 507666/1997, a paper position
regulation unit is provided that presses one edge of holeless
continuous paper against a stopper to regulate the position of the
continuous paper with respect to a direction orthogonal to a
transport direction, and a tension increasing unit and an
accumulator are disposed at the following stage of the paper
position regulation unit with respect to the transport direction
(forward direction). The tension increasing unit, which is made up
of a vacuum brake, increases tension on the paper to prevent swing
or paper skew in the direction orthogonal to the transport
direction of the paper. The accumulator, which is made up of a
roller moving vertically, increases tension on the paper to remove
slack in the paper in a back feed operation for transporting the
paper in a direction opposite to the transport direction (forward
direction) during printing. The paper is transported in the forward
direction and the backward direction by a drive roller provided at
the following stage of the accumulator with respect to the
transport direction.
[0007] Since printers have been sped up, paper overruns several
inches when it stops, and the paper must be run preparatorily
several inches when printing is started. Accordingly, when printing
is stopped and restarted, a back feed is performed to pull back the
paper in the backward direction by the sum of the distances of the
overrun and the preparatory run, thereby preventing an excessive
space between an image printed previously and the next image to be
printed. To stabilize the run of the high-speed printers during
paper activation, a back feed amount must be increased to drop
activation acceleration. This is because a high activation
acceleration leaves inertia in a motor for driving a following
drive roller and disables quick transition to a constant speed.
[0008] The above-described patent application has several problems.
Specifically, (1) the separate arrangement of the tension
increasing unit and the accumulator increases the size and cost of
the transport mechanism. (2) Since the accumulator removes slack in
the paper by vertical movement of the roller, large slack in the
paper would increase the distance of vertical movement of the
accumulator. Accordingly, if a back feed amount is increased to
cope with the speedup of printers, a space for the vertical
movement of the accumulator must be allocated in the apparatus,
increasing the size of the apparatus. (3) Since vertical movement
of the accumulator causes vertical changes in the transport
direction, the paper is easily skewed and runs unstably. (4) The
vacuum brake is susceptible to wear. Since the vacuum brake applies
brake force in accordance with the width of the paper, a different
brake force is applied for a different paper width. Therefore, for
different paper types, the vacuum brake cannot always apply desired
brake forces. (5) Since the tension increasing unit is disposed at
the following stage of the paper position regulation unit with
respect to the transport direction, paper slack occurring between
the paper position regulation unit and the tension increasing unit
cannot be removed. (6) Since the tension increasing unit must press
a paper edge against the stopper so as not to crush (buckle) it, it
is difficult to adjust press forces. Paper buckling limitations
limit the types of usable paper. In other words, such a tension
increasing mechanism is unsuitable for treating thin paper.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] Accordingly, the present invention provides a paper
transporting apparatus and method that can achieve paper run
stability during transport and the miniaturization and cost
reduction of the apparatus with a relatively simple construction,
and an image forming apparatus having the paper transporting
apparatus.
[0010] According to an aspect of the present invention, the paper
transporting apparatus transports continuous paper to a paper
processing part that performs designated processing on the
continuous paper, wherein the paper transporting apparatus includes
a drive roller that transports the continuous paper in a forward
direction with respect to the paper processing part and a direction
opposite to the forward direction by a frictional force, a
pre-centering mechanism, disposed upstream of the drive roller with
respect to the forward direction, that regulates a position of the
continuous paper with respect to the forward direction and a
direction orthogonal to the forward direction by abutting against
the continuous paper, and a tension increasing mechanism, disposed
upstream of the pre-centering mechanism with respect to the forward
direction, that increases tension on the continuous paper. Since
the paper transporting apparatus has the tension increasing
mechanism provided upstream of the pre-centering mechanism, slack
in the continuous paper between the tension increasing mechanism
and the drive roller can be removed.
[0011] Alternatively, the tension increasing mechanism may increase
tension on the continuous paper when the drive roller transports
the continuous paper in the forward direction and the backward
direction. Since the tension increasing mechanism has both the
function for increasing tension when the continuous paper is
transported in the forward direction, and the function for
increasing tension when the continuous paper is transported in the
backward direction, more contribution can be made to the
miniaturization and cost reduction of the apparatus than when a
different tension increasing mechanism is provided for each of the
both transport directions.
[0012] The tension increasing mechanism may include a roller that
rotates in the forward direction at a circumferential speed slower
than a transport speed of the drive roller when the drive roller
transports the continuous paper in the forward direction, and that
rotates in the backward direction at a circumferential speed faster
than the transport speed of the drive roller when the drive roller
transports the continuous paper in the backward direction. Tension
can be increased by speeding up the downstream roller in a
direction in which the paper is transported.
[0013] The pre-centering mechanism may include a guide part that
abuts against an edge of the continuous paper to regulate its
position, and a skew roller, provided on the skew by a designated
angle with respect to the guide part, that energizes the continuous
paper so as to press the continuous paper against the guide part
when the continuous paper is transported in the forward direction
and the backward direction, the designated angle being set
variable. Since the designated angle is variable, the pre-centering
mechanism can center the continuous paper in any of the transport
direction of the continuous paper, the forward direction, and the
backward direction.
[0014] According to another aspect of the present invention, the
paper transporting apparatus transports continuous paper to a paper
processing part that performs designated processing on the
continuous paper, wherein the paper transporting apparatus includes
a drive roller that transports the continuous paper to the paper
processing part by a frictional force, and a skew roller, disposed
upstream of the drive roller with respect to a transport direction
toward the paper processing part from the drive roller, and on the
skew by a variable angle with respect to the transport direction,
that energizes the continuous paper while changing the angle so as
to converge swing of the continuous paper with respect to a
direction orthogonal to the transport direction to zero, wherein a
distance between the drive roller and the designated position is
greater than a distance between the paper processing part and the
drive roller. The paper transporting apparatus regulates the swing
of the continuous paper with respect to a direction orthogonal to
the transport direction by a frictional force by the skew roller
without pressing the continuous paper against a stopper and the
like. Therefore, the buckling (crush) of the continuous paper can
be prevented. Since a designated angle of the skew roller is
variable, the continuous paper can be precisely positioned to
reduce the fluctuation of the continuous paper in the paper
processing part. Position regulation control can be achieved by a
detection part that detects the position of the continuous paper
with respect to the orthogonal direction, and a control part that
controls change of the designated angle based on a detection result
of the detection part.
[0015] An image forming apparatus having the above-described paper
transport apparatus also constitutes another aspect of the present
invention. This image forming apparatus also has the function of
the above-described paper transporting apparatus.
[0016] A paper transport method as another aspect of the present
invention includes the steps of: driving a drive roller that nips
continuous paper together with plural driven rollers and transports
the continuous paper to a paper processing part performing
designated processing on the continuous paper by a frictional force
in a forward direction and a direction opposite to the forward
direction; increasing tension on the continuous paper when the
continuous paper is transported via a tension increasing mechanism
provided upstream of a pre-centering mechanism with respect to the
forward direction, wherein the pre-centering mechanism is disposed
upstream of the drive roller with respect to the forward direction
and regulates the position of the continuous paper with respect to
the forward direction and a direction orthogonal to the forward
direction by abutting against the continuous paper; and controlling
the driving step and/or the increasing step so that a relation of
W>U>W/N holds, where W is a transport force by the drive
roller, N is the number of the driven rollers, and U is a paper
load force by the tension increasing mechanism. This method also
has the same function as the above-described apparatus.
Particularly, the above-described relational expression makes it
possible to remove minor slack generated in the continuous paper
due to disturbance in cooperation between the drive roller and the
tension increasing mechanism.
[0017] When a distance between a portion of the pre-centering
mechanism abutting against the continuous paper and the drive
roller is A, and a width of the continuous paper is L, the control
step may control the driving step or the increasing step so that
A/L is 1.0 or more. This method also has the same function as the
above-described apparatus. Particularly, the above-described
relational expression makes it possible to promote automatic
correction on slack by the drive roller. As described above,
tension can be increased by speeding up a roller downstream with
respect to the direction in which the paper is transported.
[0018] A transport method as another aspect of the present
invention includes the steps of: driving a drive roller that nips
continuous paper together with plural driven rollers and transports
the continuous paper to a paper processing part performing
designated processing on the continuous paper by a frictional
force; driving a skew roller, disposed upstream of the drive roller
with respect to a transport direction toward the paper processing
part from the drive roller, and on the skew by a variable angle
with respect to the transport direction, that energizes the
continuous paper to regulate the position of the continuous paper
with respect to a direction orthogonal to the transport direction;
detecting the position of the continuous paper with respect to the
orthogonal direction; and controlling change of the angle so as to
converge swing of the continuous paper with respect to the
orthogonal direction to zero based on a result of the detecting
step. This transport method also has the same function as the
above-described paper transporting apparatus.
[0019] Other characteristics of the present invention will be made
apparent by embodiments described with reference to the
accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be
described in detail based on the followings, wherein:
[0021] FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a printer of a first
embodiment of the present invention;
[0022] FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view showing the
neighborhood of a drive roller of the printer shown in FIG. 1;
[0023] FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view showing a portion from a
back tension roller to a drive roller for explaining the removal of
slack in continuous paper by the printer shown in FIG. 1;
[0024] FIG. 4 is a plan view showing the neighborhood of the back
tension roller of the printer shown in FIG. 1;
[0025] FIG. 5 is an enlarged plan view showing the neighborhood of
the back tension roller of the printer shown in FIG. 1;
[0026] FIG. 6 is a schematic sectional view showing the
neighborhood of the back tension roller shown in FIG. 5;
[0027] FIG. 7 is a plan view showing a pre-centering mechanism of
the printer shown in FIG. 1;
[0028] FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the pre-centering mechanism
shown in FIG. 7;
[0029] FIG. 9 is a schematic sectional view for explaining the
disposition of an image forming part, a driver roller, and a stuff
roller of the printer shown in FIG. 1;
[0030] FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing a control system of the
printer shown in FIG. 1;
[0031] FIG. 11 is a timing chart used for a transport control
method performed by the control system shown in FIG. 10;
[0032] FIG. 12 is a flowchart of printing start processing
performed by the control system shown in FIG. 10;
[0033] FIG. 13 is a flowchart of printing end processing performed
by the control system shown in FIG. 10;
[0034] FIG. 14 is a plan view for explaining the operation of
correcting a skew of continuous paper by the drive roller;
[0035] FIG. 15 is an enlarged plan view showing the neighborhood of
the drive roller shown in FIG. 14;
[0036] FIG. 16 is a plan view for explaining moment force generated
in continuous paper;
[0037] FIG. 17 is a plan view showing the state in which continuous
paper having slack at the left side thereof is transported
downstream of the drive roller;
[0038] FIG. 18 is a sectional view of a printer of a second
embodiment of the present invention;
[0039] FIG. 19 is a schematic plan view of a pre-centering
mechanism of the printer shown in FIG. 18;
[0040] FIG. 20 is a timing chart showing the relationship between
detection results of a detection unit and a drive signal to a
solenoid;
[0041] FIG. 21 is a plan view for explaining the behavior of
continuous paper as results of control by a control part;
[0042] FIG. 22 is a plan view showing the neighborhood of a
detection unit for explaining a skew correction method;
[0043] FIG. 23 is a graph showing the relationship between paper
edge fluctuation amounts and paper transport speeds in the
neighborhood of the detection unit shown in FIG. 22; and
[0044] FIG. 24 is a graph for explaining the effects of reducing
the amount of continuous paper fluctuation in transfer
positions.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0045] Hereinafter, a printer 1 of a first embodiment of the
present invention will be described with reference to the
accompanying drawings. As shown in FIG. 1, the printer 1 includes:
a hopper 10, that stores continuous paper P; a stacker 20 that
stores continuous paper P on which designated images are formed; a
transporting mechanism 100; an image forming part 200; and a
control system 300 (not shown in FIG. 1). FIG. 1 is a sectional
view of the printer 1.
[0046] The continuous paper p, which has no holes for tractor pins,
excels perforated continuous paper in processing and environment
aspects, and is inexpensive. It does not matter whether the
continuous paper P is paper folded along perforations formed every
a given length or a continuous roll of paper. The hopper 10 and the
stacker 20 are not described in detail here because they can employ
any constructions known to the industry regardless of their
names.
[0047] The transporting mechanism 100 transports the continuous
paper P from the hopper 10 to the stacker 20 and removes and
prevents the slack and a horizontal deviation of the continuous
paper P so as to form high-quality images on it. The continuous
paper P is fed from the hopper 10 to the stacker 20 automatically
or manually by the user during initialization of the printer.
[0048] The transporting mechanism 100 includes a transporting
system 110, a back tension roller part 140, and a pre-centering
mechanism 160.
[0049] The transporting system 110 transports the continuous paper
P. The continuous paper P is transported in a direction F shown in
FIG. 1 during printing, and a direction B opposite to the direction
F during back feed described later. The present patent application
refers to the direction F as a forward direction and the direction
B as a backward direction. The transporting system 110 includes
round bar guides 112 and 114, a wraparound roller 116, a drive
roller 118, a spring 119, plural pinch rollers 120, plural scuff
rollers 122, a spring 123, and a scuff driven roller 124. The pinch
rollers 120, though omitted in FIG. 1, are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
The spring 123 and the scuff driven roller 124 are schematically
shown in FIG. 9 described later.
[0050] The round bar guides 112 and 114, provided between the
hopper 10 and the back tension roller part 140 (and the
pre-centering mechanism 160), guide the continuous paper P fed from
the hopper 10 to the back tension roller part 140 (and the
pre-centering mechanism 160) while bending it in its transport
direction. The round bar guides 112 and 114 are plastic or metallic
rods that are of identical cylindrical shape and dimensions, and
their longitudinal direction is orthogonal to the transport
direction of the continuous paper P. The number of round bar guides
is not limited to two.
[0051] The wraparound roller 116 changes the transport direction F
of the continuous paper P to guide the continuous paper P at a
designated wraparound angle between the drive roller 118 and the
pinch roller 120. The wraparound roller 116 has a slip-proof
construction such as metallic or plastic shafts covered with resin
so as to produce a desired frictional force between the wraparound
roller 116 and the continuous paper P.
[0052] The drive roller 118 and the pinch rollers 120 are provided
downstream of the pre-centering mechanism 160 with respect to the
transport direction F. The drive roller 118 is a driving roller and
the pinch rollers 120 are driven rollers. Although the drive roller
118 is upward in this embodiment, the pinch rollers 120 may be
upward. FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view showing the
relationship between the drive roller 118 and the pinch rollers
120. FIG. 3 is a schematic plan diagram showing a portion from the
back tension roller part 140 to the drive roller 118.
[0053] The drive roller 118 is of cylindrical shape wider than the
continuous paper P and its rotation shaft 118a is orthogonal to the
transport direction. The rotation shaft 118a of the drive roller
118 is directly or indirectly connected to the motor shaft of a
motor not shown, and power to the motor is controlled by the
control system 300 shown in FIG. 10 described later. Seven of the
pinch rollers 120 as shown by the dotted line in FIG. 3 are
provided in this embodiment, and juxtaposed at equal intervals in a
direction orthogonal to the transport direction F. The width of
each pinch roller 120 is narrower than that of the drive roller 118
as shown in FIG. 3, and the distance between the two pinch rollers
120 at both ends is almost equal to the width of the continuous
paper P.
[0054] Each pinch roller 120 is energized against the drive roller
118 via the continuous paper P by one or more press springs 119.
The energized force is far greater than the energized force of the
back tension roller part 140 described later. Although energized
force by the spring 119 is constant in this embodiment, energized
force may be made changeable. In this case, spring pressure by the
spring 119 may be made changeable according to the thickness of the
continuous paper P, for example.
[0055] The energized force of the spring 119 causes a frictional
force between the drive roller 118 and the continuous paper P.
Using the frictional force, the drive roller 118 guides and
transports the continuous paper P to the image forming part 200.
The drive roller 118 and the pinch rollers 120 have slip-proof
constructions such as metallic shafts covered with resin so as to
produce a desired frictional force between the continuous paper P
and them.
[0056] Three of the scuff rollers 122 are provided in this
embodiment, and guide the continuous paper P passing through the
image forming part 200 to the stacker 20. The number of the scuff
rollers 122 is three as an example in this embodiment. The scuff
rollers 122 are driving rollers and transport the continuous paper
P by a frictional force between the continuous paper P and them.
The relationship among the scuff rollers 122, the press spring 123,
and the scuff driven roller 124 is not described in detail here
because it is the same as the relationship among the drive roller
118, the spring 119, and the pinch rollers 120. The scuff rollers
122 have the same construction as that of the drive roller 118,
except that their diameter is smaller than that of the drive roller
118. Transport force is produced by the nips of the scuff rollers
122 and the scuff driven roller 124. The transport force and
transport speed of the scuff rollers 122 will be described
later.
[0057] The scuff rollers 122 are provided correspondingly to flash
fixing units 270 (described later) of the printer 1 of this
embodiment. Specifically, if the printer 1 uses fixing units
performing fixing processing by pressurization and heating, since
heat rollers are used, the scuff rollers 122 may be omitted. A
control method of the present invention described later can apply
to even printers having no scuff rollers 122.
[0058] The back tension roller part 140 removes slack in the
continuous paper P when it is fed in the forward direction F or the
backward direction B. As shown in FIGS. 4 to 6, the back tension
roller part 140 includes a driving (upper) roller 142, a spring
143, and a driven (lower) roller 144, the relationship among which
is the same as that among the drive roller 118, the spring 119, and
the pinch roller 120. FIG. 4 is a plan view of the back tension
roller part 140 and the pre-centering mechanism 160. FIG. 5 is an
enlarged plan view of the back tension roller part 140. FIG. 6 is a
schematic sectional view of the back tension roller part 140. The
length and the number of the rollers 142 and 144, and the interval
between them can be freely set so long as the continuous paper P
can be transported.
[0059] As described later, the back tension roller 142 rotates in
the forward direction F at a circumferential speed slower than a
paper transport speed when the continuous paper P is transported in
the forward direction F, and rotates at a circumferential speed
faster than the transport speed of the drive roller 118 when the
continuous paper P is transported in the backward direction B (that
is, the continuous paper P is fed back). Thereby, the back tension
roller 142 can increase tension on the continuous paper P all the
time during transport in the transport direction F and the backward
direction B. In FIG. 6, D1 designates the forward direction in
which paper is transported during printing, and D2 designates the
backward direction in which paper is fed back.
[0060] The rotation shaft 142a of the roller 142 is directly or
indirectly connected to the motor shaft of a motor described later,
and power to the motor is controlled by the control system 300
shown in FIG. 10. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the rotation shaft
142a of the roller 142 is orthogonal to the transport direction F.
The construction of the roller 142 is the same as that of the drive
roller 118, except that its diameter is smaller than that of the
drive roller 118.
[0061] As shown in FIG. 6, the spring 143 presses the roller 144
against the roller 142 through the continuous paper P. The roller
142 is at a constant distance from the drive roller 118, and does
not move vertically as the accumulator described in the
above-described patent publication does. The roller 142 can apply a
frictional force to the continuous paper P by the press force of
the spring 143 and can increase the tension of the continuous paper
P by transport force and/or transport speed different from those of
the drive roller 118.
[0062] The back tension roller part 140 is provided upstream of the
pre-centering mechanism 160 with respect to the transport
direction. The back tension roller part 140 increases tension on
the continuous paper P when the continuous paper P is transported
in the forward direction F and the backward direction B.
Accordingly, the continuous paper P can be transported without
slack between the back tension roller part 140 and the drive roller
118. With conventional constructions, since tension has been
applied to continuous paper only between a tension increasing unit
and a drive roller, it has been impossible to remove slack
occurring in the continuous paper between a paper position
regulation part upstream of the tension increasing unit with
respect to a transport direction and the tension increasing unit.
However, since the back tension roller part 140 of the present
embodiment is provided upstream of the pre-centering mechanism 160
with respect to the transport direction F, the continuous paper P
can be stably transported without slack.
[0063] Since the back tension roller part 140 applies tension to
the continuous paper P when the drive roller 118 transports the
continuous paper P in the forward direction F and the backward
direction B, it has both the functions of conventional accumulators
and tension increasing units. Therefore, the transporting apparatus
of the present invention can be made more compact in size and lower
in cost than the conventional paper transporting apparatus
described in the above-described patent publication.
[0064] Since the rollers 142 and 144 of the back tension roller
part 140 do not move vertically, the transport direction of the
continuous paper P is not changed vertically. Accordingly, the back
tension roller part 140 excels conventional accumulators in running
stability because it causes no skew in the continuous paper P. The
back tension roller part 140 also excels conventional tension
increasing units including vacuum brakes in that it wears little
and can apply constant tension regardless of the width of the
continuous paper P.
[0065] The pre-centering mechanism 160 has a function for
regulating the position of the continuous paper P in a direction
orthogonal to the transport direction thereof to prevent a
positional deviation in the transfer position TR (in the area where
a photosensitive drum 210 and the continuous paper P contact) of an
image forming part 200 described later. The pre-centering mechanism
160 has, as shown in FIGS. 1, 3, 7, and 8, a paper guide 161, an
edge guide 162, and a skew roller part 170. FIG. 7 is a plan view
of the pre-centering mechanism 160, and FIG. 8 is a sectional view
of the pre-centering mechanism 160.
[0066] The paper guide 161 is formed as a plate member disposed
beneath the paper P in parallel to the transport direction, and
guides the continuous paper P. The edge guide 162 is, as shown in
FIG. 8, a plate-shaped member vertically secured to an edge of the
paper guide 161. The edge guide 162 extends along the transport
direction, abuts against an edge of the continuous paper P, and
regulates the position of the continuous paper P in a direction
orthogonal to the transport direction.
[0067] The skew roller part 170 includes a pair of upper and lower
rollers 170a and 170b, a skew roller base 171, a base rotation
shaft 172, connecting members 173a to 173f, a pull spring 174 for
pressurizing the upper skew roller 170a, a solenoid 178, and a pull
spring 179 for restoring the solenoid 178. FIG. 7 shows connecting
members 173b to 173d but omits the skew roller base 171, the
connecting member 173a, and the like.
[0068] Both the skew rollers 170a and 170b are driven rollers
accompanying paper transport. The elastic force of the spring 174
described later causes the upper and lower skew rollers 170a and
170b to nip the continuous paper P and transport it in a direction
orthogonal to a roller shaft not shown. The roller shaft is
disposed on the skew by a certain angle with respect to the
transport direction (or in the direction in which the edge guide
162 extends). Such an angle is set variable as described later. The
skew rollers 170a and 170b are mounted on the common skew roller
base 171.
[0069] The base rotation shaft 172 is, as shown in FIG. 6, secured
erectly to the plate-shaped base 171, and disposed beneath the
center of the skew rollers 170a and 170b. As a result, the skew
roller base 171 can rotate about the rotation shaft 172. The shaft
172 is disposed vertically to the continuous paper P via the point
where the skew rollers 170a and 170b nip the continuous paper P.
Such a disposition is made to prevent an excess force from being
exerted on the continuous paper P when the skew rollers 170a and
170b are driven. FIG. 7 is a top-down view of FIG. 8 and
conveniently shows the base rotation shaft 172 positioned at the
center of the skew rollers 170a and 170b; actually the base
rotation shaft 172 is hidden from view. One end of the base
rotation shaft 172 is secured to a lower face 171a of the base 171
and the other end is supported to a rotatable member not shown in
the figure.
[0070] On the base 171, a pair of plate-shaped connecting members
173a erect in parallel forward and backward of FIG. 8 and are
respectively provided with through holes 173g. The plate-shaped
connecting members 173a face forward and backward of FIG. 8. On the
other hand, the plate-shaped connecting members 173b are machined
flat in the T-character shape, and T-character arms are machined in
a cylindrical shape and respectively rotatably inserted in the
through holes 173g. Alternatively, cylindrical rods are inserted in
the through holes 173g so that the plate-shaped connecting members
173b are secured to the cylindrical rods. In any case, the
plate-shaped connecting members 173b are rotatably supported to the
through holes 173g at the right side edge thereof as shown in FIG.
8. The plate-shaped connecting members 173b face upward and
downward of FIG. 8.
[0071] The plate-shaped connecting members 173b are connected with
the plate-shaped connecting members 173c at the left side edge of
FIG. 8. As seen from FIG. 7, the plate-shaped connecting members
173c face the right side and the left side of FIG. 8. The
plate-shaped connecting members 173c erect vertically to the
plate-shaped connecting members 173b, and are connected with one
end of the cylindrical connecting members 173d at the left side
thereof as shown in FIG. 8. The upper skew roller 170a is secured
to the cylindrical connecting members 173d. One end of the pull
spring 174 for pressurizing the upper skew roller 170a is secured
to the lower face of the plate-shaped connecting members 173b. The
other end of the spring 174 is secured to the upper face 171b of
the base 171. As a result, the spring 174 presses the skew roller
170a against the continuous paper P through the connecting members
173b and 173c.
[0072] On the other hand, a plate-shaped connecting member 173e is
secured vertically and erectly to the upper face 171b of the base
171. The plate-shaped connecting members 173e face the right side
and the left side of FIG. 8. The plate-shaped connecting member
173e is connected with one end of cylindrical connecting members
173f at the left side thereof. The lower skew roller 170b is
secured to the cylindrical connecting members 173f. As a result,
the continuous paper P is nipped by the skew rollers 170a and
170b.
[0073] The solenoid 178 is connected to the base 171, as briefly
shown in FIG. 7. The solenoid 178 connects with a spring 179 for
restoring it. The solenoid 178 is turned on and off to change an
angle (referred to as a skew angle) for skewing the continuous
paper P. A skew angle corresponds to the angle of a roller shaft
(not shown) of the above-described skew roller 170a with respect to
the transport direction. The solenoid 178 rotates the skew rollers
170a and 170b about the base rotation shaft 172 to change a skew
angle.
[0074] In this embodiment, skew angles are changed according to the
transport direction of the continuous paper P (that is, the forward
direction F or the backward direction B). For example, if the
continuous paper P is transported in the forward direction F, a
skew angle is changed to +2 degrees, and if transported in the
backward direction B, a skew angle is changed to -2 degrees. In
this embodiment, for example, if the continuous paper P is
transported in the forward direction F, a skew angle is kept
constant. However, in another different embodiment, a skew angle is
changed even for the duration of time that the continuous paper P
is being transported in the forward direction F. Thereby, a
resilient force exerted on the continuous paper P from the edge
guide 162 can be changed, making it possible to prevent the
continuous paper P from being buckled.
[0075] Upon going on, the solenoid 178 rotates the base 171 about
the rotation shaft 172, and when it goes off, the pull spring 179
restores the solenoid 178, so that the base 171 is also restored.
Power to the solenoid 178 is controlled by the control system 300
shown in FIG. 10 described later. Alternatively, the other end of
the rotation shaft 172 is connected to a motor shaft not shown, or
a gear is formed about the rotation shaft 172 and a gear engaged
with that gear is connected to the motor shaft not shown. In any
case, the rotation about the rotation shaft 172 of the base 171 can
be controlled by the control system 300.
[0076] The rollers 170a and 170b are secured to the base 171
through the connecting members 173a to 173f on the skew at a
designated angle with respect to the edge guide 162 (and the
transport direction F). A skew angle of the rollers 170a and 170b
can be changed according to the transport direction of the
continuous paper P so that the continuous paper P is energized
against the edge guide 162 when the continuous paper P is
transported in the forward direction F and the backward direction
B. Specifically, since the base 171 can rotate about the rotation
shaft 172, the rollers 170a and 170b rotate in response to the
rotation of the base 171. As a result, the pre-centering mechanism
160 can, whether the continuous paper P is transported in the
forward direction F or the backward direction B, regulate the
position of the continuous paper P with respect to a direction
orthogonal to the transport direction by pressing it against the
edge guide 162.
[0077] Although the image forming part 200 forms an image on the
continuous paper P by an electrophotographic system, an image
forming unit of the present invention is not limited to the
electrophotographic system. The image forming part 200 includes the
photosensitive drum 210, an optical unit 220, a transfer
electrostatic charger 240, and the flash fixing unit 270. These
members are briefly shown in FIGS. 1 and 9, and FIG. 11 described
later. FIG. 9 is a schematic sectional view for explaining a
positional relationship among major components of the image forming
part 200, the driver roller 118, and the stuff roller 122. The
image forming part 200 includes other components such as an
electrostatic charger and a developing unit, which will not be
described in detail because any known constructions can apply to
the components.
[0078] The photosensitive drum 210 has a photosensitive dielectric
layer on a rotatable drum-shaped conductive supporting member and
is used as an image holding member. For example, the photosensitive
drum 210 is a drum-shaped aluminum plate on the surface of which a
film about 20 .mu.m thick of separated-function organic
photosensitive material is coated, and rotates in the direction of
the arrow at a circumferential speed of 70 mm/s. The electrostatic
charger is a scorotron electrostatic charger, which supplies a
fixed amount of electric charges onto the surface of the
photosensitive drum 210. Thereby, the surface of the photosensitive
drum 210 can be evenly electrified with about -700V.
[0079] The optical unit 220 exposes the photosensitive drum 210
according to image data by use of a light source such as an LED
head and a semiconductor laser. As a result of the exposure, the
electrification potential of the surface of the photosensitive drum
210 rises to about -70V such that a latent image in accordance with
the image data of an image to be recorded is formed. The developing
unit supplies fine electrified particles (referred to as toner)
supplied from a toner cartridge not shown to the photosensitive
drum. By the photosensitive drum 210 and the electrified toner, the
latent image on the photosensitive drum 210 is developed and
visualized. A developer supplied by the developing unit may be a
toner of one ingredient or contain two ingredients such as a toner
and a carrier.
[0080] The transfer electrostatic charger 240 is configured as a
corona electrostatic charger that generates an electric field so as
to electrostatically attract the toner and uses a transfer current
to transfer the toner image attracted onto the photosensitive drum
210 to the continuous paper P. A transfer guide 242 is provided in
the vicinity of the transfer electrostatic charger 240. The
transfer guide 242 brings the continuous paper P into intimate
contact with the photosensitive drum 210 and separates the
continuous paper from the photosensitive drum 210. To form
high-quality images on the continuous paper P, it is necessary to
prevent horizontal deviation of the paper P in a transfer position
TR.
[0081] The flash fixing unit 270 irradiates the continuous paper P
with light without contact (or applies light energy) and
permanently fixes the toner to the continuous paper P. Since the
toner after the transfer adheres weakly to the paper P, it will
peel off easily. Accordingly, the toner is fixed using energy.
However, to obtain sufficient fixing capability, it is necessary to
liquefy the solid toner. As energy is applied, the solid toner
undergoes changes in state such as semi-solution, spread, and
penetration before fixing is completed. As described above, as the
flash fixing unit 270, a fixing unit using other than light such as
heat and pressure may be used. In this case, a heat roller of the
fixing unit contacts the continuous paper P and fixes the toner by
pressurizing and heating. In such a fixing unit, since the heat
roller has the function of the scuff roller 122 as well, the scuff
roller 122 may be omitted. As described above, however, the paper
transport control method and the paper transporting apparatus of
the present invention can also apply to such a printer.
[0082] The control system 300 includes, as shown in FIG. 10, a
memory 302, a control part 310, a driver 320 for driving a motor
(not shown in the figure) connected to a drive roller 118, a driver
330 for driving a motor (not shown in the figure) connected to a
scuff roller 122, a driver 340 for driving a motor (not shown in
the figure) connected to a back feed roller 142, a driver 350 for
driving a solenoid 178, a communication part 360, different types
of sensors 370 such as a photosensor, an operation panel 380, and
an oscillator 390 for oscillating clocks. FIG. 10 is a schematic
block diagram of the control system 300.
[0083] The memory 302 stores data necessary for the control method
of the present invention and its execution. The memory 302
includes, ROM, RAM, and the like. For example, the memory 302
stores time TX (X-1, 2 . . . ), velocity VD, and the like.
[0084] The control part 310 controls a printing operation by the
image forming part 200 while establishing synchronization between
the printing operation and a transport operation so that required
information is recorded in designated positions of the continuous
paper P. The control part 310 executes the control method of the
present invention described later through communication with the
memory 302. The control part 310 communicates with a host device H
(e.g., a personal computer (hereinafter simply referred to as
"PC")) (through a printer driver stored in the PC) connected to the
printer 1 through the communication part 360. The control part 310
communicates with the operation panel 380 and performs required
processing according to input operations of the operation panel 380
by the user of the printer 1.
[0085] The oscillator 390 generates basic clocks used for different
types of timing processing by use of a pulse oscillator, a counter,
and other known technologies. The control part 310, in response to
commands from the host device H or the operation panel 380, using
the sensor 360 if necessary, controls various drivers 320 to 350
based on the oscillator 390 to control the drive roller 118, the
scuff roller 122, and back tension roller 142, and the solenoid
178.
[0086] Hereinafter, referring to FIGS. 11 to 13, the control method
of the present invention will be described along with the operation
of the printer 1. FIG. 11 is a timing chart used for a control
method performed by the control system 300. FIG. 12 is a flowchart
of printing start processing performed by the control system 300.
FIG. 13 is a flowchart of printing end processing performed by the
control system 300.
[0087] Printing start processing is described with reference to
FIGS. 11 and 12. The control part 310 starts printing start
processing upon receiving a print command from the host device H
such as PC through the communication part 360 or a print command
inputted from the operation panel 380 by the user.
[0088] For the image forming part 200, the control part 310 rotates
the photosensitive drum 210 and evenly electrifies the
photosensitive drum 210 with negative charges (e.g., about -700V)
by an electrostatic charger not shown. Then, the control part 310
drives the optical unit 220 (e.g., LED head) to irradiate the
photosensitive drum 210 with light beams. In FIG. 11, an
irradiation period of the optical unit 220 is WD. As a result, the
even irradiation onto the photosensitive drum 210 forms a latent
image of a portion corresponding to an image exposed by laser
beams. Writing to the photosensitive drum 210 is started time T11
before the activation of the drive roller 118 described later. The
time T11 is time necessary for the photosensitive drum 210 to move
from a write position by the optical unit 220 to a transfer
position by the transfer electrostatic charger 240. The time T11
and the like are stored in the memory 302.
[0089] Thereafter, the latent image is developed by a developing
unit not shown. As a result, the latent image on the photosensitive
drum 210 is visualized as a toner image.
[0090] For the transporting mechanism 100, the control part 310
controls the driver 330 to rotate a motor (not shown) for driving
the scuff roller 122 to start the rotation of the scuff roller 122,
and sets the transport speed of the scuff roller 122 at VS (step
1002). The transport speed VS (or a value corresponding to it
(current value and voltage value)) and the like are stored in the
memory 302 as described above.
[0091] Upon detecting using the oscillator 390 that time T8 has
elapsed after the activation of the scuff roller 122 (step 1004),
the control part 310 controls the driver 320 to rotate a motor (not
shown) for driving the drive roller 118 to start the driving of the
drive roller 118, and sets the transport speed of the drive roller
118 at VD (step 1006). The T8, which is time necessary for the
activation of the forward rotation of the scuff roller 122, is
controlled by the control part 310.
[0092] Upon detecting using the oscillator 390 that time T1 has
elapsed after the activation of the scuff roller 122 (step 1008),
the control part 310 controls the driver 340 to rotate a motor (not
shown) for driving the back tension roller 142 to start the driving
of the back tension roller 142, and sets the transport speed of the
back tension roller 142 at VB (step 1010). The relation of
VS>VD>VB exists among the transport speeds VS, VD, and
VB.
[0093] The control part 310 waits for time T2 (step 1012),
terminates the printing start processing, and proceeds to a
printing operation. The time T2 is activation time for the forward
rotation of the back tension roller 142, and T3, the sum of the
times T1 and T2, is activation time for the forward rotation of the
drive roller 118. The times T2 and T3 are controlled by the control
part 310.
[0094] Meanwhile, the non-perforated continuous paper P is fed from
the hopper 10, is bent by the round bar guides 112 and 114, and is
transported to the back tension roller part 140 and the
pre-centering mechanism 160. The pre-centering mechanism 160
presses and abuts the paper P against the guide edge 162 by the
skew rollers 170a and 170b having a skew angle with respect to the
transport direction F. Since the solenoid 178 is off, the skew
rollers 170a and 170b are maintained in a position indicated by the
dotted line in FIG. 7.
[0095] Thereafter, the continuous paper P reaches the drive roller
118 via the wraparound roller 116. The wraparound roller 116 has a
sufficient wraparound angle for the drive roller 118. The drive
roller 118 nips and transports the continuous paper P to the
transfer position TR of the image forming part 200 by a frictional
force along the transport direction F. The continuous paper P runs
stably between the drive roller 118 and the back tension roller 142
because the tension of the continuous paper P is increased and its
skew is reduced.
[0096] Hereinafter, referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, a description
will be made of how the drive roller 118 autonomously corrects a
skew in the continuous paper P if any. FIG. 14 is a plan view for
explaining the operation of correcting a skew of the continuous
paper P by the drive roller 118. FIG. 15 is an enlarged plan view
showing the neighborhood of the drive roller 118 in FIG. 14. In
FIG. 14, the solid line P1 indicates the continuous paper P not
skewed and the dotted line P2 indicates the continuous paper P
skewed due to disturbance. The center of the dot indicated by K in
the transfer position TR indicates an ideal position of an edge of
the paper P. In FIG. 15, P3 indicates the position of the paper P
before transport, and P4 indicates the position of the paper P
after it is transported by transport force in the transport
direction F by the drive roller 110. SK indicates the movement of
the continuous paper P in a skew direction.
[0097] In the case where a skew occurs in the continuous paper P
due to some disturbance, the disturbance causes the continuous
paper P to rotate by a minute angle, centering around the edge
guide 162 because of the regulation of the edge guide 162 by the
skew rollers 170a and 170b of the pre-centering mechanism 160.
Assume the angle at that time is .theta..
[0098] On the other hand, the drive roller 118 produces force to
transport the continuous paper P in a direction orthogonal to its
axis. As a result, if the continuous paper P is skewed by angle
.theta., the edge of the continuous paper P and the axis line of
the drive roller 118 will not become orthogonal to each other, and
the edge of the continuous paper P will move in the right direction
of FIG. 15 as the continuous paper P is transported. The amount of
the movement is represented by an expression below.
skew speed of paper=paper transport speed.times.tan .theta.
Expression 1
[0099] According to the expression 1, if .theta. is negative (that
is, the paper P is skewed in the right direction shown in FIGS. 14
and 15), the skew speed of the paper P becomes negative (left
direction), and if .theta. is positive (that is, the paper P is
skewed in the right direction shown in FIGS. 14 and 15), a skew
speed becomes positive (right direction). If .theta. is 0, no skew
speed is generated. That is, if the paper P is skewed due to
disturbance, a skew speed (or energized force) in the direction of
correcting the skew is produced by the drive roller 118, and
eventually the continuous paper P is stabilized in a state in which
the axis line of the drive roller 118 and the edge of the paper P
are orthogonal to each other. The autonomous correction function of
the drive roller 118 stabilizes paper running.
[0100] If the skew in the drive roller 118 is corrected and the
tension of the paper P between the pre-centering mechanism 160 and
the transfer position TR is sufficiently obtained, the edge of the
paper P in the transfer position TR stabilizes in the position
where a line orthogonal to the drive roller 118 with the edge guide
162 as a starting point and a line orthogonal to the transport
direction F via the transfer position TR cross each other. This is
because the edge of the continuous paper P is held almost linear
when the continuous paper P is applied with tension and is not
slack.
[0101] For the above-described reason, the paper edge in the
transfer position TR stabilizes in almost the same position,
reducing errors of writing positions in the transfer position.
Although, in FIG. 15, the paper P is transported in parallel from
position P3 to position P4 with .theta. kept, actually .theta.
becomes smaller according to motion SK in the skew direction of the
paper if the edge is regulated by the edge guide 162 and the paper
is not slack with tension maintained.
[0102] Next, a description will be made of the behavior of the
paper P upstream of the drive roller in the case where the paper P
is sufficiently applied with tension and is not slack. As described
above, in the case where the paper P is skewed by angle .theta. and
the .theta. is brought near to 0 by the autonomous correction
function of the drive roller 118, the paper P will rotate by a
minute angle in the drive roller 118. As a result, the elements of
paper speed in the transport direction differ slightly
correspondingly to the rotation motion, depending on the width
direction of the continuous paper P. On the other hand, since the
circumferential speed of the drive roller 118 is constant in the
width direction, a minute slip will occur between the paper P and
the surface of the drive roller 118. A frictional load caused by
the slip generates moment force on the paper P. This mechanical
behavior is shown in FIG. 16. FIG. 16 is a plan view for explaining
moment force generated in the paper P. In FIG. 16, 118b designates
a line indicating the position where the drive roller 118 nips the
paper P, and FR designates the range of frictional force produced
by a slip of the drive roller. R0 designates a function point by
the edge guide 162.
[0103] When the paper is positioned as shown by the solid line of
FIG. 16, the paper P is to rotate in the rotation direction
(clockwise) CW shown in the figure by the autonomous correction
function of the drive roller 118. At this time, friction with the
drive roller 118 exerts a frictional force on the paper P on the
line 118b in the position where the drive roller 118 nips the paper
P. The frictional force ranges in the width direction of the paper
P as indicated by the range FR of FIG. 16. The frictional force
becomes maximum at the both ends of the paper P and is represented
by W/L (force per unit length). As shown in FIG. 16, L designates
the width of the paper P and W designates the full transport force
of the drive roller 118 when the paper P having a width of L is
transported. The moment M of force applied to the paper P by the
frictional force is represented as the product of the position of
the paper P in the width direction and a frictional force in that
position as shown by an expression below.
M=W.times.L/6 Expression 2
[0104] Since the moment force must be offset by resilient force R
in the function point R0 of the edge guide 162, when the distance
between the drive roller 118 and the edge guide 162 is A as shown
in FIG. 16, the following expression will hold.
R.times.A=M=W.times.L/6 Expression 3
[0105] As a variant of the expression 3, expression 4 is
obtained.
A/L=W/(6.times.R) Expression 4
[0106] As a result of executing the expression 4, the value of R
becomes L/(A.times.6) times W. W must be such a value as not to
cause a large slip during normal transport, about 5 kgf or more per
paper 15 inches in width. This is because a smaller value of W
would cause the paper to be transported while slipping on the drive
roller 118 all the time, resulting in unstable printing positions
in the transport direction. On the other hand, R is preferably 0.8
kgf or less in order for the edge guide 162 to regulate the paper p
without damaging it. This is because a larger value of R would
cause an edge of the paper P to be damaged by the edge guide 162.
If R=0.8 and W=5 are set in the above expression,
A/L=1.0 Expression 5
holds, and the distance A must be 1.0 or more times the paper width
L. If a larger value of W or a smaller value of R is desired, it is
necessary to have a higher A/L ratio. In short, to stabilize paper
skews by the autonomous correction function of the drive roller 118
requires that the distance A between the drive roller 118 and the
edge guide 162 be larger than a value found by the above expression
from a mechanical standpoint, preferably at least about 1.0 or more
times the paper width.
[0107] Referring to FIG. 3, a description is made below of the
reason why tension applied to the paper P would produce no slack.
FIG. 3 is a plan view for explaining a case where the continuous
paper P having slack in the left of it is transported by the drive
roller 118 and the back tension roller 142. In FIG. 3, like FIG.
16, R0 designates a function point by the edge guide 162. Assume
that the transport force of the drive roller 118 is set at W across
the paper, N driven rollers 120 are abutted against the drive
roller 118 at the back of the paper P, and a nip of the paper P by
the rollers 118 and 120 applies transport force to the paper P. In
this case, the transport force of one driven roller 120 is set at
W/N.
[0108] Since a force applied to the paper P by the drive roller 118
is reaction to the transport load of the paper P, the smaller the
transport load is, the smaller the transport force of the drive
roller 118 is, and the larger the transport load is, the larger the
transport force of the drive roller 118 is. Furthermore, if the
load is larger than W, the drive roller 118 will cause a slip with
the paper P. Accordingly, the specified transport force W is the
largest value of endurable paper load, and a force actually applied
to the paper changes depending on transport loads.
[0109] When slack S2 occurs at the left side of the paper P as
shown in FIG. 3, hardly any load occurs in several driven rollers
120 at the left as shown by the arrows. This is because when the
paper P moves to be transported by the drive roller 118, force
against the transport is not exerted until the slack is absorbed
and removed. Accordingly, a paper transport force, which is a
resilient force of the paper load, becomes almost zero in this
portion.
[0110] On the other hand, in the rightmost driven roller 120 of the
figure, the largest transport force W/N occurs because there is no
slack upstream of it. The transport force is a force for overcoming
a paper load force U of the back tension roller part 140. If the
relation of U<W/N or U=0 (the back tension roller part 140 is
not provided) holds, the paper P can be transported without slip in
the rightmost driven roller 120 attempting transport with the
transport force W/N, and its transport speed becomes equal to the
circumferential speed of the drive roller 118. Since the transport
loads of the driven rollers 120 at other locations are small and
have an identical transport speed, the slack of the paper P is not
removed and the paper P is transported with the slack
remaining.
[0111] On the other hand, if the relation of U>W/N is set, the
rightmost driven roller 120 cannot overcome the paper load force U
of the back tension roller part 140, so that the roller transports
the paper P while slipping with the paper P. As a result, the
transport speed of the paper P becomes slower than the
circumferential speed of the drive roller 118.
[0112] On the other hand, since the driven rollers 120 at other
locations transport the paper at the same speed as the
circumferential speed of the drive roller 118, the paper P will
rotate a little in the direction in which the slack of the paper P
is removed. As a result, the slack will be removed as the paper P
is transported. If the slack is removed, the transport forces of
all the driven rollers 120 become U/N. At this time, to normally
transport the paper P without slip requires the relation of U<W.
If the relation of U>W exists, the paper will slip even if there
is no slack, so that printing positions in the transport direction
F will go out of alignment. In summary, it is desirable that U is
within a range shown by an expression below.
W>U>W/N Expression 6
[0113] If the load force U of the back tension roller part 140 is
set as shown by the expression 6, even if a minute slack occurs in
the paper P due to disturbance and the like, the slack can be
removed by the interaction between the back tension roller part 140
and the drive roller 118, and the state in which the paper P is
always free of slack can be formed. For example, U can be obtained
by measuring current values of a motor actually driven, using the
principle that there is a certain relationship between current
values of a motor for driving the back tension roller 142 and the
paper load force U. W can be measured by a spring balance, for
example. U can be adjusted by the elastic force of the spring 145,
the materials of roller (that is, a frictional force between the
roller 142 and the paper P), a transport speed difference between
the rollers 142 and 118, and a scuff transport force Y described
later.
[0114] As is apparent from the foregoing, the slack removal effect
of the back tension roller part 140 is effective only between the
drive roller 118 and the back tension roller part 140. Since the
slack of the paper P must not exist between the pre-centering
mechanism 160 and the drive roller 118, the back tension roller
part 140 must be provided upstream of the pre-centering mechanism
160. This is for the following reason. If the back tension roller
part 140 is provided downstream of the pre-centering mechanism 160
in the transport direction F, since a slack occurring between the
pre-centering mechanism 160 and the back tension roller part 140 is
not removed, paper transport becomes unstable.
[0115] In the printing operation, referring back to FIG. 11, the
control part 310 controls a transfer guide 242 not shown to bring
the continuous paper P into intimate contact with the
photosensitive drum 210. In FIG. 11, J1 designates the state in
which the transfer guide 242 separates the paper P from the drum
210, and J2 designates the state in which the transfer guide 242
brings the continuous paper P into intimate contact with the drum
210.
[0116] The control part 310 sets the transport speed of the drive
roller 118 at VD during the period of the intimate contact.
Thereby, toner images formed on the photosensitive drum 210 are
transferred to the continuous paper P transported in front of the
transfer electrostatic charger 240. Specifically, the toner images
on the surface of the photosensitive drum 210 are attracted and
adhered to the print paper P, so that the toner images are
transferred to the paper P. In other words, the paper P is printed
during the period in which the transport speed of the drive roller
118 is VD.
[0117] Residual toners on the photosensitive drum 210 are cleaned
by a cleaning part not shown in the figure. Then, the continuous
paper P is fed to the flash fixing unit 270 by the transporting
mechanism 100. The toners on the continuous paper P are permanently
fixed by passing through the flash fixing unit 270.
[0118] Thereafter, the continuous paper P is ejected to the stacker
20 by the scuff roller 122. The control part 310 sets the transport
speed of the started-up scuff rollers 122 at VS. The scuff rollers
122 are set to have a circumferential speed slightly higher than
that of the drive roller 118 (accordingly VS>VD). The transport
force Y of the scuff rollers 122 is set smaller than the transport
force W of the drive roller 118, and the circumferential speed of
the scuff rollers 122 is set higher than that of the drive roller
118. This generates tension in the continuous paper P after the
drive roller 118. The continuous paper P is housed in the stacker
20 in a desired form such as the continuous paper P folded by a
folding mechanism not shown.
[0119] Referring to FIG. 17, a description will be made of the
behavior of the paper P downstream of the drive roller 118 with
respect to the forward direction F. If the paper P is slack
downstream of the drive roller 118, not only are printing positions
in the paper width direction unstable but also transfer fails due
to a poor contact of the paper P with the photosensitive drum 210,
and unfixed toner images collapse because the transferred paper P
rubs against a front end portion of the fixing unit 270 before it
is fixed. FIG. 17 is a plan view showing a transport path
downstream of the drive roller 118.
[0120] If the paper P is transported without slack, since the
circumferential speed VS of the scuff rollers 122 is set higher
than the circumferential speed VD of the drive roller 118, the
scuff rollers 122 attempt to pull the paper P out of the drive
roller 118. However, since the transport force Y of the scuff
rollers 122 is smaller than the transport force W of the drive
roller 118, a slip occurs between the scuff rollers 122 and the
paper P, and the paper P is normally transported without slip in
the drive roller 118. Although W is shown in an upward direction in
FIG. 3, when force balance downstream of the drive roller 118 with
respect to the forward direction (transport direction) F is
considered, since the drive roller 118 acts as a brake against the
transport force Y of the scuff rollers 122, W is shown by a
downward arrow in FIG. 17.
[0121] When slack S3 occurs at the left side of the paper P as
shown in FIG. 17, since a load against the transport force Y of the
scuff rollers 122 does not function at the left side of the paper P
in which the slack S3 occurs, the paper P is transported at the
speed of the scuff rollers 122 faster than the circumferential
speed of the drive roller 118. On the other hand, a transport load
W of the drive roller 118 functions at the right side of the paper
P where no slack occurs, and the paper P is transported at a normal
circumferential speed of the drive roller 118. In this way,
transport speeds differ in the width direction of the paper P,
rotation force occurs in the paper P in the direction that absorbs
the slack, and the slack is removed as the paper is transported.
Thus, also in the downstream side of the drive roller 118 with
respect to the transport direction F, since a minute slack in the
paper P, if any, is immediately removed by the interaction between
the drive roller 118 and the scuff rollers 122, the state in which
the paper P is always free of slack can be formed.
[0122] If print data is exhausted, the printer 1 terminates the
printing operation. If print data remains, the control part 310
performs a back feed operation described later. In the back feed
operation, the drive roller 118 and the back feed operation 142
feed the continuous paper P back to the direction B. If the paper
is immediately stopped at the termination of printing and transport
driving is immediately started at the start of printing, the back
feed operation is not required when printing is stopped. As
described above, however, since printers have been sped up, an
overrun occurs when paper is stopped, and a preparatory run is
required when the transport of paper is started. For this reason,
after the termination of printing, the continuous paper P is fed
back in the backward direction B so that the interval between an
image printed previously and the next image to be printed falls
within a designated range.
[0123] During the back feed operation, the scuff rollers 122 stop.
To perform printing termination processing, upon the termination of
a printing operation, the control part 310 instructs the transfer
guide 242 to separate the continuous paper P from the
photosensitive drum 210. Printing termination processing is
described below with reference to FIG. 13.
[0124] The control part 310, at the termination of the intimate
contact of the continuous paper P with the photosensitive drum 210
by the transfer guide 242, starts deactivation operations on the
drive roller 118 and the back tension roller 142 and controls the
drivers 320 and 340 so that their transport speeds become zero
(step 1102). The deactivation time of (the forward rotation of) the
drive roller 118 is set at time T3, and the deactivation time of
(the forward rotation of) the back tension roller 142 is set at
time T2. Since the relation of T3-T2=T1>0 holds as described
above, the back tension roller 142 has a transport speed of 0
earlier than the drive roller 118. The termination of the intimate
contact of the continuous paper P with the photosensitive drum 210
by the transfer guide 242 occurs when time T11 has elapsed after
the termination of writing to the photosensitive drum 210 by the
optical unit 220.
[0125] The control part 310 detects using the oscillator 390 that
time T3 has elapsed after the deactivation of the drive roller 118
and the scuff rollers 122 was started (step 1104). Then, the
control part 310 starts a deactivation operation on the scuff
rollers 122 and controls the driver 330 so that their transport
speed becomes zero (step 1106). The deactivation time of the scuff
rollers 122 is set at time T8. Thus, the scuff rollers 122 are
driven earlier than the drive roller 118, and continue to rotate
for a designated time even after the drive roller 118 terminates
printing.
[0126] The control part 310 detects using the oscillator 390 that
time T7 has elapsed after the deactivation of the scuff rollers 122
was started (or after the drive roller 118 stopped printing) (step
1108). Then, the control part 310 controls the driver 350 so that
the solenoid 178 goes on (step 1110). The solenoid 178 undergoes
displacement against an energized force of the spring 179, with the
result that the skew rollers 170a and 170b move from the position
indicated by the dotted line shown in FIG. 7 to the position
indicated by the solid line. The relation of T7<T8 exists
between time T7 and time T8.
[0127] The control part 310 detects using the oscillator 390 that
time (T8-T7-T4) has elapsed after the deactivation of the drive
roller 118 and the solenoid 178 was turned on (step 1112). Then,
the control part 310 starts the activation of the backward rotation
of the back tension roller 142 and controls the driver 340 so that
and its transport speed becomes VBR (step 1114). The activation of
the backward rotation of the back tension roller 142 is started
time (T3+T7) after the deactivation of the forward rotation of the
back tension roller 142 is started, and its transport speed is zero
for a period of T1+T7. Activation time at the backward rotation of
the back tension roller 142 is set at T6.
[0128] The control part 310 detects using the oscillator 390 that
time T4 has elapsed after the activation of the backward rotation
of the back tension roller 142 was started (step 1116). Then, the
control part 310 starts the activation of the backward rotation of
the drive roller 118 and controls the driver 320 so that its
transport speed becomes VDR (step 1118). The relation of VBR>VDR
holds between the transport speeds VDR and VBR. Activation time at
the backward rotation of the drive roller 118 is set at time
T5.
[0129] The control part 310 controls the drivers 320 and 340 so
that the back feed operations on the continuation paper P by the
drive roller 118 and the back tension roller 142 occur for time T9
at the same time. The transport speed of the scuff rollers 122
remains zero during the back feed transport period T9. The skew
rollers 170a and 170b abut the continuous paper P against the edge
guide 162 in the position indicated by the solid line shown in FIG.
7 to prevent it from swinging. A back feed operation pulls the
paper P back to form slack S1 in the vicinity of the round bar
guides 112 and 114 as shown by the dotted line in FIG. 1.
[0130] The control part 310 detects using the oscillator 390 that
time T5+T9 has elapsed after the activation of the backward
rotation of the drive roller 118 was started (step 1120). Then, the
control part 310 starts the deactivation of the backward rotation
of the drive roller 118 and the back tension roller 142 and
controls the drivers 320 and 340 so that their transport speeds
become zero (step 1122). Deactivation time at the backward rotation
of the drive roller 118 is set at time T5, and deactivation time at
the backward rotation of the back tension roller 142 is set at time
T6. The relation of T6-T5=T4 exists among times T4 to T6.
[0131] In this way, the back tension roller 142 is, during
printing, rotationally driven in the forward direction at the speed
VB slower than the speed VD of the driver roller 118. The back
tension roller 142 is driven later than the drive roller 118, and
deactivated earlier than the drive roller 118. Even at the start
and termination of the driving of the back tension roller 142,
tension on the continuous paper P is secured. On the other hand,
during back feed, the back tension roller 142 is backward driven at
the speed VBR faster than the speed VDR of the drive roller 118. In
this case, the back tension roller 142 is driven earlier than the
drive roller 118, and deactivated later than the drive roller 118.
Also in this case, tension on the continuous paper P is
secured.
[0132] The control part 310 detects using the oscillator 390 that
time T5+T10 has elapsed after the activation of the backward
rotation of the drive roller 118 and the back tension roller 142
was started (step 1124). Then, the control part 310 controls the
driver 350 so that the solenoid 178 goes off (step 1126). The time
T10 is set as a period after the backward rotation of the drive
roller 118 terminates and the drive roller 118 is stopped until the
solenoid 178 goes off. As a result, the solenoid 178 is returned to
its original position by the spring 179, and the skew rollers 170a
and 170b return from the position indicated by the solid line of
FIG. 7 to the position indicated by the dotted line. Thereby, the
skew rollers 170a and 170b can provide for transport in the
direction F in a following printing operation. In this way, the
solenoid 178 is controlled so that it is off during normal printing
and goes on during back feed.
[0133] As a result, the printing termination processing is
terminated. By the printing termination processing, the continuous
paper P is fed back by a designated distance and positioned so that
the next printing start position follows at a designated distance
from a previous printing termination position.
[0134] With the above-described construction, the back tension
roller part 140 increases tension on the paper P to prevent slack
in it when the paper P is transported in both the forward direction
F and the backward direction B. Therefore, a lower cost and a
smaller size of the apparatus can be achieved than if a different
tension increasing unit is provided for each of the both transport
directions. Also, since the back tension roller part 140 removes
slack by rotation, the apparatus can be made more compact than
conventional accumulators removing slack by vertical movement, and
stable paper running can be achieved because of freedom from
vertical movement in the transport directions. The back tension
roller part 140 has higher resistance to wear than vacuum brakes
and can produce stable tension increasing effects for paper sheets
having different paper widths as well. Moreover, since the back
tension roller part 140 is provided upstream of the pre-centering
mechanism 160, an increase in paper slack can be prevented in a
wide range.
[0135] Hereinafter, a printer 1A of a second embodiment of the
present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 18. FIG.
18 is a sectional view of the printer 1A. As shown in the figure,
the printer 1A includes: a hopper 10 that stores continuous paper
P; a stacker 20 that stores continuous paper P on which designated
images are formed; a transporting mechanism 100A; an image forming
part 200; and a control system 300A (not shown in FIG. 1). Members
shown in FIG. 18 that are identical to members shown in FIG. 1 are
identified by the same reference numbers, and will not be described
duplicately.
[0136] The transporting mechanism 100A includes a transporting
system 110, a pre-centering mechanism 160A, and a back tension
roller part 190. The pre-centering mechanism 160A has a function
for adjusting or bringing within a permissible range the position
of the continuous paper P in a direction orthogonal to the
transport direction F of the paper P, and a skew roller 170 and a
detection unit 180 as shown in FIG. 19. Also, the pre-centering
mechanism 160A further includes the same paper guide 161 (omitted
in FIG. 19) as shown in FIG. 8. FIG. 19 is a plan view of the
pre-centering mechanism 160.
[0137] Thus, the pre-centering mechanism 160A of this embodiment
does not include the edge guide 162 as shown in FIG. 8. If the skew
roller part 170 is used to press the paper P against the edge guide
162, in the case where the paper P is flexible thin paper, an edge
of the paper P may be crushed when it is pressed against the edge
guide 162. For this reason, the pre-centering mechanism 160A
positions the paper P by letting the paper P eliminate swing in a
direction orthogonal to the transport direction F without pressing
an edge of the paper P against the edge guide. Thus, the
pre-centering mechanism 160A of this embodiment is particularly
suitable for flexible paper such as thin paper.
[0138] The pre-centering mechanism 160A is different from the
pre-centering mechanism 160 in that it has a detection unit 180.
The detection unit 180 is part of the sensor 370 shown in FIG. 10.
The detection unit 180, which detects the position of the edges of
the paper P, includes a translucent or reflective optical sensor.
Detection results by the detection unit 180 are sent to the control
part 310, which controls the driver 330 as described later, based
on the detection results.
[0139] The buffer roller part 190, when the drive roller 118 feeds
back the continuous paper P, applies tension to the paper P to
remove slack from the paper P. The buffer roller part 190 is made
up of a conventional accumulator swinging vertically, as described
in the above-described patent publication. Thus, in this
embodiment, the buffer roller part 190 is used instead of the back
tension roller part 140. The manner in which the buffer roller part
190 moves vertically is shown by the dotted lines and the arrow in
FIG. 18.
[0140] The control system 300A (not shown in FIG. 18) is the same
as the control system 300 shown in FIG. 10, except that the driver
340 does not exist. Control of the driver 350 by the control part
300A is different from that in the first embodiment, in that a skew
angle of the skew roller part 170 is changed while the paper P is
transported in the transport direction F. Hereinafter, control of
the driver 350 (and the skew roller part 170) by the control part
310 will be described with reference to FIGS. 20 and 21. FIG. 20 is
a timing chart showing the relationship between detection results
of the detection unit 180 and a drive signal to the solenoid 178.
FIG. 21 is a plan view for explaining the behavior of continuous
paper as results of control by the control part 310.
[0141] The detection unit 180 is made up of a translucent sensor
having a light emitting element and a light receiving element.
Assume the case where it is disposed vertically at the position
(the cross position of FIG. 19 ideal to the right end of the paper
P) through which the right end of the paper P shown in FIG. 19 is
transported without skew. A detection result of the detection unit
180 when the right edge of the paper P is at the ideal position may
be on (or high) or off (or low). In FIG. 19, if the right end of
the paper P is at the right of the ideal position, the detection
unit 180 detects the right end of the paper P and a detection
result goes on. If the right end of the paper P is at the left of
the ideal position, since the detection unit 180 does not detect
the right end of the paper P, a detection result goes off. It is
understood from FIG. 20 that the detection unit 180 does not go on
or off at a constant cycle and the paper P fluctuations in the
width direction.
[0142] The skew rollers 170a and 170b, when the solenoid 178 is on,
skew the paper P rightward (toward the detection unit 180), and
when the solenoid 178 is off, skew the paper P leftward (in a
direction that moves away from the detection unit 180). The skew
angles are about .+-.2 degrees.
[0143] The control part 310, based on the detection result of the
detection unit 180, controls the driver 350 for driving the
solenoid 178 so that the right edge of the paper P comes over the
detection unit 180, and adjusts skew angles within a range from
-.theta..sub.0 to +.theta..sub.0. Such control causes the right
edge of the paper P to swing a little over the detection unit 180.
That is, the swing or vibration of the paper P can be reduced but
cannot be zeroed.
[0144] A study is made of a fluctuation amount (represented by ET)
of an edge of the paper P in the transfer position TR when the
paper edge swings in the vicinity of the detection unit 180. As
shown in FIG. 21, since the paper P is nipped by the drive roller
118 and the driven rollers 120, the paper P moves little in the
paper width direction and rotates by a minute angle, centering
around the drive roller part. In other words, if a fluctuation
amount (represented by ES) in the width direction of the paper P in
the vicinity of the detection unit 180 is larger, the fluctuation
amount ET also becomes larger, and therefore transfer capability
worsens and printing quality reduces.
[0145] One idea for preventing such a problem is to reduce ES. A
method of correcting ES to reduce it is described with reference to
FIG. 22. FIG. 22 is a plan view showing the neighborhood of the
detection unit 180 for explaining a method of correcting ES to
reduce it. To approximately calculate the fluctuation amount ES, if
.theta. is sufficiently small, when a paper transport speed is VP,
a skew speed VS by the correction can be represented by an
expression below.
VS=VP.times..theta..times..pi./180 Expression 7
.theta. (degree) is an actual swing angle of the skew rollers 170a
and 170b and is a value satisfying the expression below.
-.theta..sub.0.ltoreq..theta..ltoreq..theta..sub.0 Expression 8
[0146] .theta. can be approximately estimated by an expression
below.
.theta.=.theta..sub.0.times.Sin(.pi./T.times.t) Expression 9
[0147] T is time required when the skew rollers 170a and 170b moves
from -.theta..sub.0 to .theta..sub.0.
[0148] From these values, a fluctuation amount ES of the paper P in
the detection unit 180 is estimated from a VS time integral value
by an expression below.
ES=VP.times..theta..sub.0.times.T.times.2/180 Expression 10
[0149] ES is represented by a graph as shown in FIG. 23. The
horizontal axis indicates the paper transport speed VP, the
vertical axis indicates the fluctuation amount ES of the paper P in
the detection unit 180, and 20 ms is assigned to T for calculation.
It is understood from the graph and the expression 10 that an
increase in the paper transport speed VP because of recent demands
for high-speed transport (and high-speed printing) would entail an
increase in the paper fluctuation amount ES in the detection unit
180. One idea for reducing ES is to reduce .theta..sub.0. This is
because the graph produced based on the values of .theta..sub.0 of
7 and 10 degrees shows that the smaller .theta..sub.0 value of 7
degrees yields a smaller ES value and the expression 10 indicates
that smaller .theta..sub.0 values yield smaller ES values. Also,
although not shown in the graph, it is understood from the
expression 10 that smaller T values yield smaller ES values.
[0150] However, there is a limitation in the speedup of the paper
transport speed VP to meet market demands for high speed transport
of printers and therefore a reduction in .theta..sub.0 and/or T.
The reasons for it are that (1) a reduction in .theta..sub.0
requires severe mounting precision of the skew roller part 170 and
invites higher costs, and (2) a reduction in T requires quick
response of the solenoid 178 and other driving units, and increases
the sizes and costs of the solenoid 178 and other components.
Accordingly, a method of reducing ES only by reducing .theta..sub.0
and T is not advisable under demands for the speedup of the paper
transport speed VP and cannot often be achieved in terms of
costs.
[0151] Accordingly, as a result of examining FIG. 21 again, the
present invention focused attention on the fact that the
fluctuation amount ET of a paper edge in the transfer position TR
is determined from the fluctuation amount ES in the detection unit
180, the distance L1 between the drive roller 118 and the transfer
position TR, and the distance L2 between the pre-centering
mechanism 160A (detection unit 180) and the drive roller 118 by an
expression below.
ET=ES.times.L1/L2 Expression 11
ET/ES=L1/L2 Expression 12
[0152] The above-described expression shows that ET (fluctuation
amount) is increased for larger values of L1/L2 and reduced for
smaller ones. To eliminate variations in printing positions due to
fluctuation of the paper P, it is desirable to reduce ET by
minimizing L1/L2. At least to prevent an increase in fluctuation,
L1/L2 must be equal to or smaller than 1.
[0153] Thus, the present invention reduces the fluctuation amount
ET of the paper P in the transfer position TR regardless of the
existence of ES, the fluctuation amount ET influencing actual
printing position precision. In other words, the present invention
intends to reduce the values of ET with respect to ES, that is,
make .eta. of an expression below positive.
Reduction effect .eta.=(ES-ET)/ES Expression 13
[0154] If .eta. is positive and its absolute value is larger, the
effect of reducing ET becomes greater. If .eta. is negative, no
reduction effect is produced and ET becomes larger than ES. The
relationship between .eta. and L2/L1 is shown in FIG. 24. The graph
shows that making L2 larger would make .eta. larger; that is, the
fluctuation amount ET of the paper P in the transfer position TR is
reduced. The hatched area in FIG. 24 is an area having an ET
reduction effect obtained by the present invention. A reduction
effect occurs in areas where L2/L1 is equal to or greater than 1
and .eta. is positive. If L2/L1 is larger, a reduction effect
becomes greater. However, if L2/L1 is equal to or less than 1, no
reduction effect is produced because .eta. becomes negative, and ET
becomes larger than ES. A reduction effect occurs only in areas
where L2/L1 is equal to or greater than 1. The present invention
does not hinder reduction of ES together with reduction of L2/L1.
Therefore, .theta..sub.0 and/or T may be reduced together with
reduction of L2/L1.
[0155] A paper transporting apparatus according to an aspect of the
present invention contributes to a lower cost and a smaller size of
the apparatus while maintaining running stability of paper. A paper
transporting apparatus according to another aspect of the present
invention regulates the position of paper in a direction orthogonal
to a transport direction of the paper without pressing a paper
edge. With this construction, the paper transporting apparatus can
prevent the paper from being buckled and is suitable for transport
of a variety of paper types. In addition, the paper transporting
apparatus can reduce fluctuation amounts in transfer positions and
prevent reduction in printing quality.
* * * * *