U.S. patent application number 12/036752 was filed with the patent office on 2008-09-18 for compositions and methods for increasing cholesterol efflux and raising hdl using atp binding cassette transporter protein abc1.
Invention is credited to Michael Garvin, Richard M. Lawn, David Wade.
Application Number | 20080227099 12/036752 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33437179 |
Filed Date | 2008-09-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080227099 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lawn; Richard M. ; et
al. |
September 18, 2008 |
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INCREASING CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX AND
RAISING HDL USING ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER PROTEIN ABC1
Abstract
The present invention relates to novel ABC1 polypeptides and
nucleic acid molecules encoding the same. The invention also
relates to recombinant vectors, host cells, and compositions
comprising ABC1 polynucleotides, as well as to methods for
producing ABC1 polypeptides. The invention also relates to
antibodies that bind specifically to ABC1 polypeptides. In
addition, the invention relates to methods for increasing
cholesterol efflux as well as to methods for increasing ABC1
expression and activity. The present invention further relates to
methods for identifying compounds that modulate the expression of
ABC1 and methods for detecting the comparative level of ABC1
polypeptides and polynucleotides in a mammalian subject. The
present invention also provides kits and compositions suitable for
screening compounds to determine the ABC1 expression modulating
activity of the compound, as well as kits and compositions suitable
to determine whether a compound modulates ABC1-dependent
cholesterol efflux.
Inventors: |
Lawn; Richard M.; (San
Francisco, CA) ; Wade; David; (Palo Alto, CA)
; Garvin; Michael; (San Francisco, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
CV THERAPEUTICS, INC.
3172 PORTER DRIVE
PALO ALTO
CA
94304
US
|
Family ID: |
33437179 |
Appl. No.: |
12/036752 |
Filed: |
February 25, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10920989 |
Aug 18, 2004 |
7351535 |
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12036752 |
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09596141 |
Jun 16, 2000 |
6821774 |
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10920989 |
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60140264 |
Jun 18, 1999 |
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60153872 |
Sep 14, 1999 |
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60166573 |
Nov 19, 1999 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
435/6.18 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K 14/705 20130101;
C12N 2799/022 20130101; C12N 2799/027 20130101; A61K 38/00
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/6 |
International
Class: |
C12Q 1/68 20060101
C12Q001/68 |
Claims
1. A kit suitable for screening a compound to determine the ABC1
expression modulating activity of the compound comprising a
recombinant reporter construct comprising a reporter cDNA
operatively linked to an expression modulating portion of the
mammalian ABC1 gene in an amount sufficient for at least one assay
and instructions for use.
2. The kit of claim 1, wherein the expression modulating portion of
the mammalian ABC1 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 3.
3. The kit of claim 1, wherein the expression modulating portion of
the mammalian ABC1 gene comprises nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643,
1181-1643, 1292-1643, 1394-1643, or 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
4. The kit of claim 1, wherein the reporter cDNA is selected from
the group consisting of luciferase, -galactosidase, chloramphenicol
acetyl transferase, and green fluorescents protein cDNA.
5. The kit of claim 2, wherein the reporter cDNA is a luciferase
cDNA.
6. The kit of claim 3, wherein the reporter cDNA is a luciferase
cDNA.
7. The kit of claim 5, wherein the recombinant reporter construct
is pAPR1.
8. The kit of claim 1, further comprising means for detecting the
reporter gene.
Description
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser.
No. 10/920,989, filed Aug. 18, 2004 which is a divisional of U.S.
application Ser. No. 09/596,141 filed Jun. 16, 2000, now U.S. Pat.
No. 6,821,774, issued Nov. 23, 2004, which claims benefit of U.S.
Provisional Application No. 60/140,264 filed Jun. 18, 1999, U.S.
Provisional Application No. 60/153,872 filed Sep. 14, 1999 and U.S.
Provisional Application No. 60/166,573 filed Nov. 19, 1999, each of
which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD OF INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to novel ABC1 polypeptides and
nucleic acid molecules encoding the same. The invention also
relates to recombinant vectors, host cells, and compositions
comprising ABC1 polynucleotides, as well as to methods for
producing ABC1 polypeptides. The invention also relates to
antibodies that bind specifically to ABC1 polypeptides. In
addition, the invention relates to methods for increasing
cholesterol efflux as well as to methods for increasing ABC1
expression and activity. The present invention further relates to
methods for identifying compounds that modulate the expression of
ABC1 and methods for detecting the comparative level of ABC1
polypeptides and polynucleotides in a mammalian subject. The
present invention also provides kits and compositions suitable for
screening compounds to determine the ABC1 expression modulating
activity of the compound, as well as kits and compositions suitable
to determine whether a compound modulates ABC1-dependent
cholesterol efflux.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Circulating lipids in human plasma or lymphatic fluid
consist of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, triglycerides and
phospholipids. These lipids are transported in large molecular
complexes called lipoproteins, which consist of a core of
cholesteryl esters and/or triglycerides, an envelope of
phospholipids and free cholesterol, and apolipoproteins (Scriver et
al., Eds., The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease,
7.sup.th Ed., p. 1841-1851 (McGraw-Hill, New York 1995)).
Apolipoproteins are involved in the assembly and secretion of the
lipoprotein, as well as the activation of lipoprotein modifying
enzymes, such as lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT). In
addition, apolipoproteins provide structural integrity and are
ligands for a large spectrum of receptors and membrane docking
proteins. The plasma lipoproteins are categorized into five types
according to size: chylomicrons (largest in size and lowest in
density), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate
density lipoproteins (IDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high
density lipoprotein (HDL).
[0004] Chylomicrons, VLDLs, IDLs, and LDLs transport exogenous and
endogenous cholesterol and triacylglycerols to peripheral sites,
where the lipids play a role in various metabolic pathways and
serve as a major constituent of cell membranes. Chylomicrons are
assembled in the intestinal mucosa as a means to transport dietary
cholesterol and triacylglycerols to various tissues. VLDLs are
formed in the liver to transport endogenous cholesterol and
triacylglycerols synthesized by the liver to extra-hepatic tissues,
such as muscle and adipose tissue. In fasting serum, VLDLs contain
10-15% of the total serum cholesterol and most of the triglyceride.
In circulation, VLDLs are converted to LDLs through the action of
lipoprotein lipase. LDLs are the primary plasma carriers of
cholesterol for delivery to all tissues, typically containing
60-70% of the total fasting serum cholesterol.
[0005] In contrast, HDLs are involved in "reverse cholesterol
transport", the pathway by which excess cholesterol is transported
from peripheral sites back to the liver, where it is excreted in
the form of bile salts (Glomset, J. A., J. Lipid Res., 9, 155-167
(1968)). Nascent HDLs are synthesized de novo in the liver and
small intestine, as protein-rich disc-shaped particles devoid of
cholesterol and cholesterol esters. In fact, a major function of
HDLs is to act as circulating stores of apolipoproteins, primarily
apo C-I, apo C-II, and apoE. The nascent or protein-rich HDLs are
converted into spherical lipoprotein particles through the
accumulation of cholesteryl esters obtained from cellular sources.
The HDL normally contain 20-30% of the total fasting serum
cholesterol.
[0006] According to current theories, the reverse efflux of
cellular cholesterol to HDL is mediated through two mechanisms: an
aqueous diffusion pathway and an apolipoprotein-mediated pathway.
The relative importance of these distinguishable mechanisms depends
on the cell type and metabolic state (Oram et al., J. Lipid Res.,
37:2743-2491 (1996); Rothblat et al., J. Lipid Res., 40:781-796
(1999); Stein et al., Atherosclerosis, 144:285-301 (1999)). For
many cells, the aqueous diffusion pathway is the principle pathway
through which cholesterol efflux occurs (Johnson et al., Biochim.
Biophys. Acta, 1085:273-298 (1991)). This pathway involves the
bidirectional exchange of cholesterol between cell membranes and a
lipoprotein acceptor, such as HDL, in the extracellular space
through a process of passive transport (Remaley et al.,
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 17:1813-1821 (1997); Rothblat et
al., J. Lip. Res., 40:781-796 (1999)). The exchange may occur
primarily at surface microdomains known as caveolae (Fielding et
al., Biochemistry, 34:14288-14292 91995)). Net efflux can be driven
by conversion of cholesterol in the extracellular compartment to
cholesteryl ester by the action of LCAT.
[0007] Alternatively, in macrophage and fibroblast cells,
cholesterol and phospholipid efflux is primarily mediated through
apolipoproteins, such as apo A-I, apo A-II, and Apo E (Remaley,
supra (1997); Francis, et al., J. Clin. Invest., 96:78-87 (1995);
Vega et al., J. Intern. Med., 226:5-15 (1989); Sakar et al.,
Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1438: 85-98 (1999); Hara et al., J. Biol.
Chem., 266:3080-3086 (1991); Fielding et al., J. Lipid Res., 38,
1503-1521 (1997); Oram et al., J. Lipid Res., 37, 2743-2491
(1996)). The process of apolipoprotein-mediated lipid efflux
particularly dominates in macrophages and other scavenger cells
when they are cholesterol-loaded and/or growth-arrested.
Apolipoprotein-mediated efflux is an active transport process that
requires the direct interaction of the apolipoprotein with the cell
surface, the lipidation of the apolipoprotein, and the subsequent
dissociation of the lipid-apolipoprotein particle from the cell
(Oram, supra (1996); Mendez, A. J., J. Lipid Res., 38, 1807-1821
(1997); Remaley, supra (1997); Mendez, A. J., J. Lipid Res., 37,
2510-2524 (1996)). Once removed from the cell, the cholesterol-rich
HDL particles are transported to the liver and removed from the
body as described.
[0008] Abnormal lipoprotein function and/or metabolism resulting
from genetic defect or as a secondary effect of another disorder
can have serious biological consequences. In addition to dietary
influences, disorders such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, and liver
disease can result in elevated plasma levels of LDL-cholesterol and
triglycerides. Elevated levels of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides
have been identified as major risk factors associated with the
incidence of coronary heart disease, which is the primary cause of
death in the United States and other industrialized nations
(Hokanson et al., J. Cardiovasc. Risk., 3:213-219 (1996); The
Expert Panel, JAMA, 269:3015-3023 (1993)). The accumulation of
excess LDL-cholesterol on arterial walls can lead to the formation
of atherosclerotic plaques, which play a major role in the
development of heart disease. A plaque is believed to form when
free radicals released from arterial walls oxidize LDL. According
to theory, the oxidized form of LDL triggers an inflammatory
response, attracting circulating cells to the site which contribute
to the formation of a lipid plaque. Among these are macrophages and
other cells that contain scavenger receptors that accumulate
cholesterol in an unregulated manner (Brown et al., Ann. Rev.
Biochem., 52:223-261 (1986)). Vast stores of internal cholesterol
result in conversion to a foam cell phenotype, which is believed to
be a major contributor to the development of vascular lesions. As
the plaque builds up, the arterial walls constrict, reducing blood
flow to the heart.
[0009] Interestingly, however, an estimated 60% of heart attacks
occur in persons who do not have elevated blood levels of
LDL-cholesterol. Of these, an estimated 45% are associated with
below average blood levels of HDL-cholesterol, indicating that low
HDL-cholesterol level is a significant risk factor for coronary
heart disease. In fact, recent studies have indicated that a
decreased HDL-cholesterol level is the most common lipoprotein
abnormality seen in patients with premature coronary artery disease
(Genest J., Circulation, 85:2025-2033 (1992); Genest et al.,
Arterioscler. Thromb., 13:1728-1737 (1993)). Although the basis for
the inverse association between HDL-cholesterol and coronary heart
disease is not well understood, it has been suggested that the
cardioprotective role of HDL may stem from its activity relating to
the promotion of cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells in
atherosclerotic lesions.
[0010] One example of cardiovascular disease associated with low
HDL is Tangier disease (TD), a rare genetic disorder characterized
by a near or complete absence of circulating HDL. In addition to
near zero plasma levels of HDL, patients with TD have a massive
deposition and accumulation of cholesteryl esters in several
tissues, including tonsils, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, thymus,
intestine, and Schwann cells (Fredrickson, D. S., J. Clin. Invest.,
43, 228-236 (1964); Assmann et al., The Metabolic Basis of
Inherited Disease, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995)). Although the
cellular mechanisms have not been previously identified, recent
studies have shown that cells from subjects with TD are defective
in the process of apolipoprotein-mediated removal of cholesterol
and phospholipids (Remaley et al., Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc.
Biol., 17, 1813-1821 (1997); Francis et al., J. Clin. Invest., 96,
78-87 (1995); Rogler et al., Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 15,
683-690 (1995)). These results have led to the proposal that the
severe HDL deficiency in TD patients stems from the inability of
nascent apo A-I to acquire lipids. Because they do not mature into
lipid-rich particles, the nascent HDL in TD patients is rapidly
catabolized and removed from the plasma, resulting in the near zero
levels of circulating HDL (Remaley, supra (1997); Francis, supra
(1995); Horowitz et al., J. Clin. Invest., 91, 1743-1752 (1993);
Schaefer et al., J. Lip. Res., 22:217-228 (1981)).
[0011] Other disorders associated with severe premature
atherosclerosis and high risk for coronary heart disease resulting
from diminished HDL-cholesterol levels are hypoalphalipoproteinemia
and familial HDL deficiency syndrome (FHA). Persons with these
disorders often have normal LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride
levels. In addition, disorders such as diabetes, alcoholism,
hypothyroidism, liver disease, and elevated blood pressure can
result in diminished plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol, although
many of these disorders are also accompanied by elevated
LDL-cholesterol and triglceride levels.
[0012] Current treatments for coronary heart disease have focused
primarily on diet manipulations and/or drug therapies aimed at
lowering the plasma level of LDL-cholesterol by inhibiting LDL
secretion or promoting LDL turnover. Derivatives of fibric acid,
such as clofibrate, gemfibrozil, and fenofibrate, promote rapid
VLDL turnover by activating lipoprotein lipase. Nicotinic acid
reduces plasma levels of VLDL and LDL by inhibiting hepatic VLDL
secretion. In addition, HMG-CoaA reductase inhibitors, such as
mevinolin, mevastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, and
lovastatin reduce plasma LDL levels by inhibiting the intracellular
synthesis of cholesterol, which causes an increase in the cellular
uptake of LDL. In addition, bile acid-binding resins, such as
cholestyrine, colestipol and probucol decrease the level of
LDL-cholesterol by increasing the catabolism of LDL-cholesterol in
the liver.
[0013] However, many of these therapies are associated with low
efficacy and/or side effects that may prevent long-term use. For
example, use of HMG-CoaA reductase inhibitors carry a significant
risk of toxicity because they inhibit the synthesis of mevalonate,
which is required for the synthesis of other important isoprenoid
compounds in addition to cholesterol. Also, gemfibrozil and
nicotinic acid are associated with serious adverse effects,
including renal injury, myopathy, myoglobinuria and intolerable
skin flushing and itching. In addition, the role of probucol in
treating patients with coronary heart disease is uncertain because
its administration results in lower HDL-cholesterol levels as a
side effect of reducing LDL-cholesterol.
[0014] Furthermore, treating patients who have isolated low
HDL-cholesterol levels provides a particularly difficult
therapeutic challenge. For instance, patients with Tangier disease
exhibit a 4- to 6-fold increase in cardiovascular disease even
though their LDL levels are already reduced by about 50%. While
there is some evidence that gemfibrozil and nicotinic acid may
simultaneously elevate HDL levels, in general, therapies aimed at
lowering plasma LDL-cholesterol levels are not effective for
Tangier patients who suffer from coronary heart disease as a result
of diminished HDL levels. Likewise, patients with
hypoalphalipoproteinemia, familial HDL deficiency syndrome, or
other cardiovascular disease resulting from low levels of HDL will
not benefit from therapies aimed at lowering the level of plasma
LDL.
[0015] The problems associated with current therapies for
cardiovascular disease stem partially from the fact that the
biology involved in the movement of cholesterol in and out of cells
is not fully understood. Furthermore, the proteins that play a role
in cholesterol movement are not fully known. Therefore, there
remains a need for a better understanding of cholesterol cell
biology, as well as new methods for treating humans suffering from
cardiovascular disease and other disorders associated with
hypercholesterolemia. Additionally, there remains a need for new
methods of diagnosing cardiovascular disease and new methods of
screening patients to identify those at high risk for developing
cardiovascular disease.
[0016] The identification of genes and proteins involved in
cholesterol transport would be useful in the development of
pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of heart disease and other
disorders associated with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
In addition, the identification of such genes would be useful in
the development of screening assays to screen for compounds that
regulate the expression of genes associated with cholesterol
transport. The identification of such regulatory compounds would be
useful in the development of further therapeutic agents.
Furthermore, the identification of genes and proteins involved in
cholesterol transport would be useful as diagnostic indicators of
cardiovascular disease and other disorders associated with
hypercholesterolemia.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0017] The present invention provides novel polypeptides and
polynucleotides involved in cholesterol efflux. Specifically, the
present invention provides novel ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC1)
polypeptides and novel polynucleotides that encode ABC1
polypeptides. The terms "ABC1" and "ABCA1" are alternative names
for the same ATP-Binding Cassette protein and gene. The invention
provides ABC1 polypeptides, polypeptide fragments, and polypeptide
variants. In one preferred embodiment, the present invention
provides an isolated polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2. In
another preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an
isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at
least 98% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. The present invention also
provides ABC1 polypeptides from Tangier disease patients. In one
preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated
polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 8. In another preferred
embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated polypeptide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0018] In addition, the present invention provides ABC1
polynucleotides, polynucleotide fragments, and polynucleotide
variants. In one preferred embodiment, the present invention
provides an isolated polynucleotide that encodes the polypeptide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 2. In another preferred embodiment, the
invention provides an isolated polynucleotide that encodes a
polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 98%
identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. Also, in other preferred embodiments, the
invention provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a
nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a polynucleotide
encoding the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or an isolated
polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that is
complementary to a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide
comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 98% identity to
SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0019] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention
provides an isolated ABC1 polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.
In a further preferred embodiment, the present invention provides
an isolated polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ
ID NO: 1. In yet another preferred embodiment, the invention
provides a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that has
at least 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. More preferably, the
polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence that has at least
95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In other more preferred
embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence
that has at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 1.
Also, in other preferred embodiments, the present invention
provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide
sequence that is complementary to the polynucleotide comprising SEQ
ID NO: 1, an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide
sequence that is complementary to a polynucleotide comprising
nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and an isolated
polynucleotide that is complementary to a polynucleotide comprising
a nucleotide sequence that has at least 90% identity with SEQ ID
NO: 1.
[0020] The present invention also provides ABC1 polynucleotides
corresponding to the 5' flanking region of the ABC1 gene. In one
preferred embodiment, the invention provides an isolated
polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 3. In other preferred
embodiments, the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide
comprising nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or
1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3. Preferably, the isolated polynucleotide
comprises nucleotides 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In another
preferred embodiment, the invention provides an isolated
polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a
polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 3. Also, in other preferred
embodiments, the present invention provides an isolated
polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a
polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643,
1292-1643, or 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In yet another preferred
embodiment of the present invention, an isolated polynucleotide
that has at least 80% identity to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ
ID NO: 3 is provided. More preferably, the polynucleotide has at
least 90% identity to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 3.
Even more preferably, the polynucleotide has at least 95% identity
to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 3. Also provided in
preferred embodiments is an isolated polynucleotide that has at
least 80% identity to a polynucleotide comprising nucleotides
1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO:
3. More preferably, the polynucleotide has at least 90% identity,
and even more preferably at least 95% identity, to a polynucleotide
comprising nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or
1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In addition, the present invention
provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide
sequence that is complementary to the above described 5' flanking
ABC1 polynucleotides. In one preferred embodiment, the invention
provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide
sequence that is complementary to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ
ID NO: 3. In another preferred embodiment, the present invention
provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide
sequence that is complementary to a polynucleotide comprising
nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or 1394-1532
of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0021] The present invention also provides ABC1 polynucleotides
corresponding to the 3' flanking region of the ABC1 gene. In
preferred embodiments, the invention provides an isolated
polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO:
6, and the complementary sequences thereof. In other preferred
embodiments, the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide that
hybridizes under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6, and the
complementary sequences thereof. In still other preferred
embodiments, the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide that
has at least 80% identity to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:
4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6, and the complementary sequence
thereof. More preferably, the polynucleotide has at least 90%
identity to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5,
or SEQ ID NO: 6. Even more preferably, the polynucleotide has at
least 95% identity to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ
ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0022] In addition, the present invention also provides ABC1
polynucleotides from Tangier disease patients. In one preferred
embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated
polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 8. In
another preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an
isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 7. In yet another
embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated
polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 10.
In still another preferred embodiment, the present invention
provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 9. The
present invention further provides an isolated polynucleotide
comprising a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the
described polynucleotides.
[0023] In another aspect, the present invention provides a
composition comprising any of the above described polynucleotides
and a suitable carrier. In one preferred embodiment, the present
invention provides a composition comprising an isolated
polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2, a
polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, a polynucleotide comprising
nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a polynucleotide encoding
a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least
98% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, and a suitable carrier. In another
preferred embodiment, the composition comprises an isolated
polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that has at least
90% identity with a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 and a
suitable carrier. In other preferred embodiments, the composition
comprises an isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 3 or an
isolated polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643,
1181-1643, 1292-1643, or 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3 and a suitable
carrier. In still other preferred embodiments, the invention
provides a composition comprising a polynucleotide that hybridizes
under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID
NO: 3, or a polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 1-1532,
1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3, as
well as a composition comprising a polynucleotide that has at least
80% identity to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 3, or a
polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643,
1292-1643, or 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3 and a suitable carrier.
Also provided by the present invention is a composition comprising
an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that is
complementary to any of the described polynucleotides and a
suitable carrier.
[0024] In addition, the present invention provides recombinant
vectors and host cells comprising any of the described ABC1
polynucleotide sequences. In one preferred embodiment, the present
invention provides a recombinant vector comprising an isolated
polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2, an
isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, an isolated
polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or
an isolated polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide comprising an
amino acid sequence that has at least 98% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.
In another preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises
an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that
has at least 90% identity, and more preferably at least 95%
identity, with a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1. In still
another preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises an
isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 9.
The present invention further provides a recombinant vector
comprising an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide
sequence that is complementary to any of the described
polynucleotides. In yet another preferred embodiment, the
recombinant vector comprises any of the described polynucleotides
and further comprises a heterologous promoter polynucleotide. One
suitable heterologous promoter is a cytomegalovirus promoter. In a
particularly preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector is
pCEPhABC1.
[0025] The present invention also provides a recombinant vector
comprising an isolated polynucleotide comprising an ABC1 5'
flanking sequence. In one preferred embodiment, the invention
provides a recombinant vector comprising an isolated polynucleotide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 3 or an isolated polynucleotide comprising
nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or 1394-1532
of SEQ ID NO: 3. In still other preferred embodiments, the
invention provides a recombinant vector comprising a polynucleotide
that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the polynucleotide of
SEQ ID NO: 3, or a polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 1-1532,
1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3, as
well as a recombinant vector comprising a polynucleotide that has
at least 80% identity to these polynucleotides. The present
invention further provides a recombinant vector comprising an
isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that is
complementary to any of the described polynucleotides. In yet
another preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises any
of the described polynucleotides and further comprises at least one
polynucleotide encoding a heterologous polypeptide. Suitable
heterologous polypeptides include luciferase, .beta.-galactosidase,
chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, and green fluorescent proteins.
Preferably, the heterologous polypeptide is a luciferase protein.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector is
pAPR1.
[0026] In addition, the present invention provides host cells
comprising any of the described recombinant vectors. The present
invention further provides compositions comprising any of the
described recombinant vectors and a suitable carrier.
[0027] The present invention also provides methods for producing
the ABC1 protein in a mammalian host cell as well as methods for
expressing the ABC1 protein in a mammalian subject. The method for
producing an ABC1 protein in a mammalian host cell comprises the
steps of: (a) transfecting the mammalian host cell with a
recombinant expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding
ABC1 in an amount sufficient to produce a detectable level of ABC1
protein, and (b) purifying the produced ABC1 protein. The method
for expressing ABC1 protein in a mammalian subject comprises the
step of administering to a mammalian subject a recombinant
expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding ABC1 in an
amount sufficient to express ABC1 protein in the mammalian
subject.
[0028] In addition, the present invention provides compositions and
methods suitable for increasing cholesterol efflux from cells of a
mammalian subject. In one preferred embodiment, the method
comprises administering to the mammalian subject a recombinant
expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding ABC1 in an
amount sufficient to increase cholesterol efflux from the cells.
Suitable recombinant expression vectors include vectors comprising
an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID
NO: 2, an isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, an
isolated polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ ID
NO: 1, and an isolated polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide
comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 98% identity to
SEQ ID NO: 2. Preferred expression vectors include viral vectors,
especially adenoviral vectors and lentiviral vectors. In other
embodiments, the invention provides non-viral delivery systems,
including DNA-ligand complexes, adenovirus-ligand-DNA complexes,
direct injection of DNA, CaPO.sub.4 precipitation, gene gun
techniques, electroporation, liposomes and lipofection.
[0029] In another preferred embodiment, the method for increasing
cholesterol efflux from cells of a mammalian subject comprises
administering to the mammalian subject a therapeutic amount of a
compound that increases the expression of ABC1 in the cells. One
suitable method comprises administering to the mammalian subject a
cAMP analogue. Suitable cAMP analogues include 8-bromo cAMP,
N6-benzoyl cAMP, and 8-thiomethyl cAMP. Another suitable method
comprises administering to the mammalian subject a compound that
increases the synthesis of cAMP, e.g. forskolin. Yet another
suitable method comprises administering to the mammalian subject a
compound that inhibits the degradation of cAMP, such as a
phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Suitable phosphodiesterase inhibitors
include rolipram, theophylline, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine,
R020-1724, vinpocetine, zaprinast, dipyridamole, milrinone,
aminone, pimobendan, cilostamide, enoximone, peroximone, and
vesnarinone.
[0030] In addition, another suitable method for increasing
cholesterol efflux from cells of a mammalian subject comprises
administering to the mammalian subject a least one ligand for a
nuclear receptor in an amount sufficient to increase cholesterol
efflux. Suitable ligands include LXR, RXR, FXR, SXR and PPAR
ligands. In one preferred embodiment, the method comprises
administering to a mammalian subject a ligand for an LXR nuclear
receptor. Suitable LXR ligands include 20(S) hydroxycholesterol,
22(R) hydroxycholesterol, 24(S) hydroxycholesterol,
25-hydroxycholesterol, and 24(S), 25 epoxycholesterol. Preferably,
the LXR ligand is 20(S) hydroxycholesterol. In another preferred
embodiment, the method comprises administering to a mammalian
subject a ligand for an RXR nuclear receptor. Suitable RXR ligands
include 9-cis retinoic acid, retinol, retinal, all-trans retinoic
acid, 13-cis retinoic acid, acitretin, fenretinide, etretinate, CD
495, CD564, TTNN, TTNNPB, TTAB, and LGD 1069. Preferably, the RXR
ligand is 9-cis retinoic acid. In another preferred embodiment, the
method comprises administering to a mammalian subject a ligand for
a PPAR nuclear receptor. One suitable ligand is a ligand selected
from the class of thiazolidinediones. In yet another preferred
embodiment, the method comprises administering at least two ligands
for a nuclear receptor. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the
ligands are 20(S) hydroxycholesterol and 9-cis retinoic acid.
[0031] In addition, another suitable method for increasing
cholesterol efflux from cells of a mammalian subject comprises
administering to the mammalian subject an eicosanoid in an amount
sufficient to increase cholesterol efflux. Suitable eicosanoids
include prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin J2, and prostacyclin
(prostaglandin I2).
[0032] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
method for increasing cholesterol efflux from cells of a mammalian
subject comprising administering to the mammalian subject a
compound that increases ABC1 activity in an amount sufficient to
increase cholesterol efflux from the cells.
[0033] The present invention also provides methods suitable for
increasing the gene expression of ABC1 in a mammalian subject. In
one preferred embodiment, the method comprises administering to the
mammalian subject at least one ligand for a nuclear receptor in
anamount sufficient to increase the gene expression of ABC1.
Suitable ligands include ligands for LXR, RXR, FXR, SXR, and PPAR
nuclear receptors. In another preferred embodiment, the method
comprises administering to the mammalian subject a cAMP analogue in
an amount sufficient to increase the gene expression of ABC1. In
yet another preferred embodiment, the method comprises
administering to the mammalian subject a compound that increases
the synthesis of cAMP in an amount sufficient to increase the gene
expression of ABC1.
[0034] In addition, the present invention provides a method for
screening a test compound for ABC1 expression modulating activity
comprising the steps of: (a) operatively linking a reporter cDNA
with an expression modulating portion of the mammalian ABC1 gene to
produce a recombinant reporter construct; (b) transfecting the
recombinant reporter construct into a population of host cells; (c)
assaying the level of reporter gene expression in a sample of the
host cells; (d) contacting the host cells with the test compound
being screened; (e) assaying the level of reporter gene expression
in a sample of the host cells after contact with the test compound;
and (f) comparing the relative change in the level of reporter gene
expression caused by exposure to the test compound, thereby
determining the ABC1 expression modulating activity. The
recombinant reporter construct comprises a reporter gene
operatively linked to an expression modulating portion of the
mammalian ABC1 gene, such as any of the ABC1 5' flanking region
sequences provided by the present invention. In one preferred
embodiment, the expression modulating portion of the ABC1 gene
comprises SEQ ID NO: 3. In another preferred embodiment, the
expression modulating portion of the ABC1 gene comprises
nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, 1394-1643, or
1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3. Suitable reporter cDNAs include
luciferase, .beta.-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyl
transferase, and green fluorescent protein cDNA. Preferably, the
host cell is a mammalian cell. In a particularly preferred
embodiment of the method, the recombinant reporter construct is
pAPR1.
[0035] Also provided by the present invention is a method for
screening a test compound to determine whether the test compound
promotes ABC1-mediated cholesterol efflux from cells in culture
comprising the steps of: (a) assaying the level of cholesterol
efflux in a sample of mammalian cells maintained in culture to
determine a control level of cholesterol efflux; (b) contacting the
cells with the test compound being screened; (c) assaying the level
of cholesterol efflux in a sample of cells after contact with the
test compound; (d) assaying the level of ABC1-mediated cholesterol
efflux in a sample of cells after contact with the test compound,
thereby determining whether the test compound promotes
ABC1-mediated cholesterol efflux from cells in culture. The cells
can be derived from primary cultures or a cell line. Suitable cells
for screening the test compound include fibroblast, macrophage,
hepatic, and intestinal cell lines. Preferably, the cell line is
RAW 264.7. In one preferred embodiment, the ABC1-mediated
cholesterol efflux is measured using an anti-ABC1 antibody that
inhibits the activity of ABC1 upon binding. In another preferred
embodiment, the ABC1-mediated cholesterol efflux is measured using
an antisense ABC1 polynucleotide. In a particularly preferred
embodiment, the antisense polynucleotide comprises SEQ ID NO:
57.
[0036] In addition, the present invention provides methods for
detecting the comparative level of ABC1 expression in cells of a
mammalian subject. Such methods can be used to determine the
susceptibility of a subject to coronary heart disease. A method for
detecting the comparative level of ABC1 expression in cells of a
mammalian subject is provided which comprises (a) obtaining a cell
sample from the mammalian subject, (b) assaying the level of ABC1
mRNA expression in the cell sample; and (c) comparing the level of
ABC1 mRNA expression in the cell sample with a pre-determined
standard level of ABC1 mRNA expression, thereby detecting the
comparative level of ABC1 gene expression in the cells of a
mammalian subject. Suitable methods for measuring the level of ABC1
mRNA expression include, for example, RT-PCR, northern blot, and
RNAse protection assay.
[0037] The present invention also provides methods for detecting
the comparative level of ABC1 protein in cells of a mammalian
subject. Such methods can be used to determine the susceptibility
of a subject to coronary heart disease. A method for detecting the
comparative amount of ABC1 protein in the cells of a mammalian
subject is provided which comprises (a) obtaining a cell sample
from the mammalian subject, (b) assaying the amount of ABC1 protein
in the cell sample, and (c) comparing the amount of ABC1 protein in
the cell sample with a pre-determined standard amount of ABC1
protein, thereby detecting the comparative level of ABC1 protein in
the cells of the mammalian subject. The amount of ABC1 protein can
be determined using various immunoassays available in the art. For
example, the amount of ABC1 protein can be determined by (a)
contacting the cell sample with a population of anti-ABC1
antibodies and (b) detecting the specific-binding ABC1 antibodies
associated with the sample. Suitable methods for detecting ABC1
antibodies include western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and
FACS.
[0038] In another aspect, the present invention provides antibodies
that bind specifically to the described ABC1 polypeptides. In one
preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated
antibody that binds specifically to an isolated polypeptide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 2. In another preferred embodiment, the
invention provides an isolated antibody that bind specifically to
an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has
at least 98% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. The antibody can be a
monoclonal antibody or the antibody can be a polyclonal antibody.
In yet another embodiment, the antibody, upon binding to an ABC1
polypeptide, inhibits the cholesterol transport activity of the
ABC1 polypeptide.
[0039] In addition, the present invention provides kits suitable
for screening a compound to determine the ABC1 expression
modulating activity of the compound comprising a reporter cDNA
operatively linked to an expression modulating portion of the
mammalian ABC1 gene in an amount sufficient for at least one assay
and instructions for use. In one preferred embodiment, the kit
further comprises means for detecting the reporter gene. In another
preferred embodiment, the expression modulating portion of the
mammalian ABC1 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 3. In yet another
preferred embodiment, the expression modulating portion of the
mammalian ABC1 gene comprises nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643,
1181-1643, 1292-1643, 1394-1643, or 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
Suitable reporter cDNAs include luciferase, .beta.-galactosidase,
chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, and green fluorescent protein
cDNA. Preferably, the reporter cDNA is luciferase. In a
particularly preferred embodiment of the method, the recombinant
reporter construct is pAPR1.
[0040] The present invention also provides kits suitable for
screening a compound to determine whether the compound modulates
ABC1-dependent cholesterol efflux. In one preferred embodiment, the
kit comprises an inactivating anti-ABC1 antibody in an amount
sufficient for at least one assay and instructions for use. In
another preferred embodiment, the kit comprises an antisense ABC1
oligonucleotide in an amount sufficient for at least one assay and
instructions for use. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the
antisense ABC1 oligonucleotide comprises SEQ ID NO: 53.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0041] FIG. 1A-D is a graphical representation showing the results
of control cholesterol efflux and cholesterol efflux in the
presence of HDL and apo A-I from normal fibroblast cells (1A, C)
and fibroblast cells from Tangier disease patients (1B, D). The
open circles represent the cholesterol efflux from cells that were
not exposed to HDL or apo A-I, the closed circles represent the
cholesterol efflux from cells exposed to HDL, and the closed
diamonds represent the cholesterol efflux from cells exposed to apo
A-I;
[0042] FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of a gene expression
microarray analysis showing a comparison of the gene expression
found in cells from a Tangier patient (TD1) and that found in
normal cells, whereby a total of 58,800 human cDNAs were hybridized
with cDNA prepared from mRNA of cAMP-treated TD1 cells cDNA
(labeled with Cy3 dye) and with cDNA prepared from mRNA of
cAMP-treated normal cells (labeled with Cy5 dye);
[0043] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a restriction map of
the recombinant expression vector pCEPhABC1, which contains the
open reading frame of the human ABC1 gene;
[0044] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the gene structure of human
ABC1, showing a comparison between the published human ABC1 amino
acid sequence (GenBank, Accession #AJ012376) and the presently
disclosed and claimed human ABC1 amino acid sequence ("CVT") which
has sixty additional amino acids at the N-terminal end;
[0045] FIG. 5 is a graphical representation showing the inhibitory
effect that ABC1 transport inhibitors
4,4-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and
sulphobromophtaleine (BSP) have on apo A-I-mediated cholesterol
efflux, wherein the open circles indicate the apo A-I-mediated
cholesterol in the presence of BSP and the closed circles indicate
the apo A-I-mediated cholesterol in the presence of DIDS;
[0046] FIG. 6 is a graphical representation showing the inhibitory
effect of an antisense ABC1 oligonucleotide on apo A-I-mediated
cholesterol efflux, showing the apo A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux
in cells incubated without antisense oligonucleotide, the apo
A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux in cells exposed to 30 .mu.M
.beta.-globin antisense oligonucleotide, and the apo A-J-mediated
cholesterol efflux in cells exposed to 30 .mu.M ABC1 antisense
oligonucleotide;
[0047] FIG. 7 is a graphical representation demonstrating the
stimulation of apo A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux caused by
overexpression of the ABC1 gene using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage
cells stably transfected with an expression plasmid for human ABC1
(pCEPhABC1), showing the apo A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux in
control parental cells (no pCEPhABC1) and the apo A-I-mediated
cholesterol efflux in clonal cells transfected with pCEPhABC1 (L3,
L5, L6);
[0048] FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses showing
the level of ABC1 gene expression in normal cells and cells from
Tangier's disease patients (TD1 and TD2) that have been either
exposed to albumin (closed bars), exposed to 8-Br-cAMP (open bars),
cholesterol-loaded (shaded bars), or cholesterol-loaded and
subsequently exposed to apo A-I (hatched bars);
[0049] FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of the results of
RT-PCR analyses showing the level of ABC1 gene expression in RAW
264.7 cells exposed to either ethanol (0.1% v/v), 9-cis retinoic
acid (9-cis RA; 10 .mu.M), 20(S) hydroxycholesterol (20(S)-OH; 10
.mu.M), or 9-cis RA and 20(S)-OH (10 .mu.M each);
[0050] FIG. 10 shows the results of immunoprecipitation analyses
indicating the level of cell-surface ABC1 protein found in normal
fibroblasts (NL1, 10A) and fibroblasts from a Tangier's disease
patient (TD1, 10B) in the presence of either no additives
(control), 8-Br-cAMP (1 mM), cholesterol (30 .mu.g/ml), or
cholesterol and 8-Br-cAMP (30 .mu.g/ml and 1 mM, respectively);
[0051] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a restriction map of
the recombinant expression vector pAPR1, which contains the 5'
flanking region of the ABC1 gene positioned upstream of the open
reading frame of the luciferase reporter gene;
[0052] FIG. 12 is a graphical representation showing the level of
luciferase reporter gene expression induced in RAW 264.7 cells
transfected with pAPR1 in the presence of either EtOH (control),
20(S)-OH (10 .mu.M), 9-cis RA (10 .mu.M), or both 20(S)-OH and
9-cis RA (10 .mu.M each);
[0053] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of the 5' flanking region of
the ABC1 gene.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0054] In accordance with the present invention, novel polypeptides
that increase the cholesterol efflux from cells are provided. In
particular, the present invention provides novel ATP-Binding
Cassette 1 (ABC1) polypeptides that have been shown to increase
cholesterol efflux.
[0055] ABC1 is a member of the family of ATP-binding cassette
proteins that reside in cell membranes and utilize ATP hydrolysis
to transport a wide variety of substrates across the plasma
membrane. It should be noted that the terms "ABC1" and "ABCA1" both
refer to the same ATP-binding cassette protein. The term "ABCA1"
was introduced in 1999 by a nomenclature committee and has received
limited acceptance in the field. To date, more than 30 members of
this family have been identified in the human genome. These
homologous proteins contain channel-like structures through which
molecules are transported through the cell membrane and one or two
domains which bind to ATP to couple energy generating
ATP-hydrolysis to transport. Family members include the multidrug
resistance factors (MDR/P-glycoproteins; Chen et al., Cell, 47:
381-389 (1986); Stride et al., Mol. Pharmacol., 49:962-971 (1996)),
transporters associated with antigen presentation (Neefjes et al.,
Science, 261:769-771 (1993); Shepherd et al., Cell, 74:577-584
(1993)), and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance
regulator (Chang et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269:18572-18575 (1994);
Rommens et al., Science, 245: 1059-1065 (1989)). Members of the ABC
transporter family are generally composed of 4 domains found within
two symmetric halves that are linked by a long charged region and a
highly hydrophobic segment. Each half contains a hydrophobic
domain, containing 6 transmembrane segments and a hydrophilic
nucleotide binding domain containing highly conserved Walker A and
B sequence motifs typical of many ATPases (Hyde et al., Nature,
346:362-365 (1990); Luciani et al., Genomics, 21: 150-159 (1994)).
The transporter activity is dependent on the interaction with ATP
at the nucleotide binding domains and by regulation via
phosphorylation of residues in the region linking the two symmetric
halves (Becq et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272: 2695-2699 (1997)).
[0056] Several lines of evidence described herein identified ABC1
as a pivotal protein in the apolipoprotein-mediated mobilization of
intracellular cholesterol stores. First, the studies presented
herein showed that ABC1 is defective in Tangier disease, a genetic
disorder characterized by abnormal HDL-cholesterol metabolism. As
shown previously, and herein at Example 1, the genetic defect in
Tangier disease causes a defect in the pathway of apolipoprotein
mediated efflux of cholesterol from within cells, resulting in
significantly decreased cholesterol efflux activity and low
HDL-cholesterol levels (Oram et al., J. Lipid Res., 37:2743-2491
(1996); Francis et al., J. Clin. Invest., 96: 78-87 (1995)).
Genetic linkage analysis of families with Tangier disease assigned
the defective gene to an interval on chromosome 9q31 (Rust et al.,
Nature Genetics, 20: 96-98 (1998)). A search of public databases
revealed that the ABC1 gene was localized to chromosome 9q22-9q31,
which is broader than, but includes the interval revealed in Rust
et al. (Luciani et al., supra (1994)). Based on that data,
radiation hybrid mapping of the human ABC1 gene was performed,
which placed the gene between two markers squarely within the 7-cM
region of human chromosome 9q31 reported by Rust et al. In
addition, as shown in Example 2, microarray analysis revealed that
the ABC1 gene is 2.5-fold underexpressed in Tangier patient cells
as compared with normal cells. These studies identified the
defective gene in Tangier disease as ABC1. In addition, further
studies presented herein linked ABC1 activity to cholesterol efflux
activity. First, studies showed that inhibitors of ABC1 transport
activity, such as 4,4-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
(DIDS) and sulphobromophtaleine (BSP), also inhibited
apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux from fibroblast cells (see
Example 6). Also, inhibition of ABC1 gene expression, using an
antisense ABC1 oligonucleotide, was shown to inhibit apoAI-mediated
cholesterol efflux from fibroblast cells (Example 7). In contrast,
transfection studies, in which the ABC1 gene was transfected into
mouse monocyte cells, showed that overexpression of ABC1 results in
an increase in apoAI-mediated efflux (Example 8). Finally, RT-PCR
performed using wildtype and Tangier patient mRNA revealed that
ABC1 mRNA expression is regulated by cellular conditions related to
cholesterol efflux in normal skin fibroblast cells, but not in
Tangier patient fibroblasts (Example 9). Based on these findings,
it was determined that ABC1 plays a major role in cholesterol
efflux.
[0057] It is postulated that ABC1 plays a role in the translocation
of intracellular cholesterol to the outer leaflet of the plasma
membrane. Deficient transport of intracellular cholesterol due to a
lack of ABC1 or defective ABC1 results in a lack of cholesterol in
specific membrane domains with which apoAI and other
apolipoproteins specifically interact (Stangl et al., J. Biol.
Chem., 273: 31002-31008 (1998); Babitt et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272:
13242-13249 (1997))). The failed delivery of cholesterol to apoAI
leads to the formation of cholesterol-deficient HDL particles that
are rapidly removed from the plasma. (Bojanovski et al., J. Clin.
Invest., 80: 1742-1747 (1987)).
DEFINITIONS
[0058] The following definitions are provided to facilitate
understanding of certain terms used throughout this
specification.
[0059] In the present invention, "isolated" refers to material
removed from its original environment (e.g., the natural
environment if it is naturally occurring), and thus is altered "by
the hand of man" from its natural state. For example, an isolated
polynucleotide could be part of a vector or a composition of
matter, or could be contained within a cell, and still be
"isolated" because that vector, composition of matter, or
particular cell is not the original environment of the
polynucleotide.
[0060] As used herein, the term "polynucleotide(s)" is defined to
encompass DNA and RNA of both synthetic and natural origin. The
polynucleotide may exist as single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA,
or an RNA/DNA heteroduplex. Thus, the polynucleotide of the present
invention can be composed of any polyribonucleotide or
polydeoxyribonucleotide, which may be unmodified RNA or DNA or
modified RNA or DNA. For example, polynucleotides can be composed
of single- and double-stranded DNA, DNA that is a mixture of
single- and double-stranded regions, or single, double-, and
triple-stranded regions, single- and double-stranded RNA, and RNA
that is mixture of single- and double-stranded regions, hybrid
molecules comprising DNA and RNA that may be single-stranded or,
more typically, double-stranded or triple-stranded, or a mixture of
single- and double-stranded regions. In addition, the
polynucleotide can be composed of triple-stranded regions
comprising RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA. A polynucleotide may
also contain one or more modified bases or DNA or RNA backbones
modified for stability or for other reasons. "Modified" bases
include, for example, tritylated bases and unusual bases such as
inosine. A variety of modifications can be made to DNA and RNA;
thus, "polynucleotide" embraces chemically, enzymatically, or
metabolically modified forms of polynucleotides. The term
"polynucleotide(s)" also embraces short polynucleotides often
referred to as oligonucleotide(s).
[0061] The term "polypeptide(s)" refers to any peptide or protein
comprising two or more amino acids joined to each other by peptide
bonds or modified peptide bonds. "Polypeptide" refers to both short
amino acid sequences, commonly referred to as peptides, as well as
longer amino acid sequences, generally referred to as proteins. The
polypeptide may contain amino acids other than the 20 gene encoded
amino acids. Moreover, the polypeptide may be modified either by
natural processes, such as processing and other post-translational
modifications, or by chemical modification techniques, which are
well-known in the art. A given polypeptide may contain many types
of modifications. Also, the same type of modification may be
present in the same or varying degree at one or more sites in the
polypeptide. Modifications may occur anywhere in the polypeptide,
including the peptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains, and the
amino or carboxyl termini. Modifications include, but are not
limited to, acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation,
formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, hydroxylation,
iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation,
phosphorylation, prenylation, sulfation, and selenoylation, as well
as the covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide
derivative, a lipid or lipid derivative, or a phosphotidylinositol.
Other modifications include cross-linking, cyclization, formation
of pyroglutamate, GPI anchor formation, proteolytic processing,
racemization, and t-RNA-mediated addition of amino acids, such as
arginylation and ubiquitination. See, for example,
Proteins--Structure and Molecular Properties, 2.sup.nd Ed., T. E.
Creighton, W. H. Freedman and Co., New York (1993); Wold, F.,
Posttranslational Protein Modification: Perspectives and Prospects,
in Posttranslational Covalent Modification of Proteins, B. C.
Johnson, Ed., Academic Press, New York (1983); Seifter et al.,
Meth. Enzymol., 182: 626-646 (1990); and Rattan et al., Protein
Synthesis: Posttranslational Modifications and Aging, Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci., 663: 48-62 (1992)). The polypeptides of the invention
can be prepared in any suitable manner. Such polypeptides include
isolated naturally occurring polypeptides, recombinantly produced
polypeptides, synthetically produced polypeptides, or polypeptides
produced by a combination of these methods. Means for preparing
such polypeptides are well understood in the art.
[0062] A "polynucleotide" of the present invention also includes
those polynucleotides capable of hybridizing, under stringent
hybridization conditions, to SEQ ID NO:3 or nucleotides 1-1532,
1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, 1394-1643, or 1394-1532 of SEQ ID
NO: 3, or the complements thereof. A polynucleotide of the present
invention also includes those polynucleotides capable of
hybridizing, under stringent hybridization conditions, to SEQ ID
NO:4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6 or the complements thereof.
[0063] "Stringent hybridization conditions" refers to an overnight
incubation at 42.degree. C. in a solution comprising 50% formamide,
5.times.SSC (750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium
phosphate (pH 7.6), 5.times.Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran
sulfate, and 20 .mu.g/ml denatured, sheared salmon sperm DNA,
followed by washing the filters in 0.1.times.SSC at about
65.degree. C.
[0064] As used herein, the term "complementary" refers to the
hybridization or base pairing between nucleotides, such as, for
example, between the two strands of a double-stranded
polynucleotide or between an oligonucleotide primer and a primer
binding site on a single-stranded polynucleotide to be amplified or
sequenced. Two single-stranded nucleotide molecules are said to be
complementary when the nucleotides of one strand, optimally aligned
with appropriate nucleotide insertions, deletions or substitutions,
pair with at least about 80% of the nucleotides of the other
strand.
[0065] "Identity", as known in the art, is a relationship between
two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide
sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. "Identity" or
"similarity" also has an art-recognized meaning that refers to the
degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide or
polynucleotide sequences, as determined by the match between
strings of such sequences. "Identity" and "similarity" can be
calculated using a number of well known methods, including those
published in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed.,
Oxford University Press, New York, (1988); Biocomputing:
Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press,
New York, (1993); Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I,
Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey,
(1994); Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G.,
Academic Press, (1987); and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M.
and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, (1991); and
Carillo, H., and Lipton, D., SIAM J Applied Math 48:1073 (1988)).
Methods commonly employed to determine identity or similarity
between two sequences include, but are not limited to, those
disclosed in "Guide to Huge Computers," Martin J. Bishop, ed.,
Academic Press, San Diego, (1994), and Carillo, H., and Lipton, D.,
SIAM J Applied Math 48:1073 (1988). Preferred methods to determine
identity are designed to give the largest match between the
sequences tested. Methods for aligning polynucleotides or
polypeptides are codified in computer programs, including the GCG
program package (Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research
(1984) 12(1):387 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, FASTA (Atschul, S. F. et
al., J. Molec. Biol. 215:403 (1990), Bestfit program (Wisconsin
Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer
Group, University Research Park, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis.
53711 (using the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman,
Advances in Applied Mathematics 2:482-489 (1981)).
[0066] When using any of the sequence alignment programs to
determine whether a particular sequence is, for instance, 90%
identical to a reference sequence, the parameters are set so that
the percentage of identity is calculated over the full length of
the reference polypeptide or polynucleotide and that gaps in
identity of up to 10% of the total number of nucleotides in the
reference polynucleotide are allowed.
[0067] A preferred method for determining the best overall match
between a query sequence (a sequence of the present invention) and
a subject sequence, also referred to as a global sequence
alignment, can be determined using the FASTDB computer program
based on the algorithm of Brutlag et al. (Comp. App. Biosci.
6:237-245 (1990)). The term "sequence" includes nucleotide and
amino acid sequences. In a sequence alignment the query and subject
sequences are either both nucleotide sequences or both amino acid
sequences. The result of said global sequence alignment is in
percent identity. Preferred parameters used in a FASTDB search of a
DNA sequence to calculate percent identity are: Matrix=Unitary,
k-tuple=4, Mismatch Penalty=1, Joining Penalty=30, Randomization
Group Length=0, and Cutoff Score=1, Gap Penalty=5, Gap Size Penalty
0.05, and Window Size=500 or query sequence length in nucleotide
bases, whichever is shorter. Preferred parameters employed to
calculate percent identity and similarity of an amino acid
alignment are: Matrix=PAM 150, k-tuple=2, Mismatch Penalty=1,
Joining Penalty=20, Randomization Group Length=0, Cutoff Score=1,
Gap Penalty=5, Gap Size Penalty=0.05, and Window Size=500 or query
sequence length in amino acid residues, whichever is shorter.
[0068] As an illustration, a polynucleotide having a nucleotide
sequence of at least 90% "identity" to a sequence contained in SEQ
ID NO: 1 means that the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide
is identical to a sequence contained in SEQ ID NO: 1 except that
the polynucleotide sequence may include up to ten point mutations
per each 100 nucleotides of the total length of SEQ ID NO: 1. In
other words, to obtain a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide
sequence that has at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, up to 10%
of the nucleotides in the sequence contained in SEQ ID NO: 1 can be
deleted, inserted, or substituted with other nucleotides. These
changes may occur anywhere throughout the polynucleotide, and may
be interspersed either individually among nucleotides or in one or
more contiguous groups within SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0069] Similarly, a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at
least 98% "identity" to a sequence contained in SEQ ID NO: 2 means
that the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is identical to a
sequence contained in SEQ ID NO: 2 except that the polypeptide
sequence may include up to 2 amino acid alterations per each 100
amino acids of the total length of SEQ ID NO: 2. In other words, to
obtain a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 98%
identical to SEQ ID NO: 2, up to 2% of the amino acid residues in
the sequence contained in SEQ ID NO: 2 can be deleted, inserted, or
substituted with other amino acid residues. These changes may occur
anywhere throughout the polypeptide, and may be interspersed either
individually among residues or in one or more contiguous groups
within SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0070] "A polypeptide having biological activity" refers to a
polypeptide exhibiting activity similar, but not necessarily
identical, to an activity of a polypeptide of the present invention
(e.g. cholesterol transport activity), as measured in a particular
biological assay, with or without dose dependency. In the case
where dose dependency does exist, it need not be identical to that
of the polypeptide, but rather substantially similar to the
dose-dependence in a given activity as compared to the polypeptide
of the present invention (i.e., the candidate polypeptide will
exhibit greater activity or not more than about 25-fold less and,
preferably, not more than about tenfold less activity, and most
preferably, not more than about three-fold less activity relative
to the polypeptide of the present invention.).
[0071] "Polypeptide variant" refers to a polypeptide differing from
the ABC1 polypeptide of the present invention, but retaining
essential properties thereof. Generally, variants are overall
closely similar, and, in many regions, identical to the polypeptide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 2. Preferably, the polypeptide variant
retains its biological activity, i.e., cholesterol transport
activity. Variants include, but are not limited to, splice variants
and allelic variants, as well as addition, deletion, and
substitution variants.
[0072] Likewise, "polynucleotide variant" refers to a
polynucleotide differing from the polynucleotide of the present
invention, but retaining essential properties thereof. The variants
may contain alterations in the coding regions, non-coding regions,
or both. Thus, for example, an ABC1 polynucleotide variant has a
nucleotide sequence that differs from that of SEQ ID NO: 1, but
encodes a polypeptide that has cholesterol transport activity.
Also, for example, a polynucleotide variant has a nucleotide
sequence that differs from that of SEQ ID NO: 3, but retains
promoter activity. Especially preferred are polynucleotide variants
containing alterations that produce silent substitutions,
additions, or deletions, but do not alter the properties or
activities of the encoded polypeptide. Nucleotide variants produced
by silent substitutions due to the degeneracy of the genetic code
are preferred. Moreover, variants in which 10-20, 5-10, 1-5, or 1-2
amino acids are substituted, deleted, or added in any combination
are also preferred. Polynucleotide variants can be produced for a
variety of reasons, e.g., to optimize codon expression for a
particular host (e.g. changing codons in the human mRNA to those
preferred by a bacterial host such as E. coli).
[0073] "Allelic variants" are naturally-occurring variants that
refer to one of several alternate forms of a gene occupying a given
locus on a chromosome of an organism. (Genes II, Lewin, B., ed.,
John Wiley & Sons, New York (1985).) These allelic variants can
vary at either the polynucleotide and/or polypeptide level.
Alternatively, non-naturally occurring variants may be produced by
mutagenesis techniques or by direct synthesis.
[0074] The term "conservative amino acid substitution" refers to a
substitution of a native amino acid residue with a normative
residue such that there is little or no effect on the polarity or
charge of the amino acid residue at that position. For example, a
conservative substitution results from the replacement of a
non-polar residue in a polypeptide with any other non-polar
residue. Another example of a conservative substitution is the
replacement of an acidic residue with another acidic residue.
Conservative substitutions are expected to produce ABC1
polypeptides having functional and chemical characteristics similar
to those of the naturally-occurring ABC1 polypeptide.
[0075] The term "ortholog" refers to a polypeptide that corresponds
to a polypeptide identified from a different species. For example,
mouse and human ABC1 polypeptides are considered orthologs.
[0076] The term "vector" is used to refer to any molecule (e.g.
nucleic acid, plasmid, or virus) used to transfer coding
informationto a host cell.
[0077] The term "expression vector" refers to a vector that is
suitable for transformation of a host cell and contains nucleic
acid sequences that direct and/or control the expression of
inserted heterologous nucleic acid sequences. Expression includes,
but is not limited to, processes such as transcription,
translation, and RNA splicing, if introns are present.
[0078] As used herein, the term "transcriptional regulatory region"
or "expression modulating portion" refers to any region of the
gene, including, but not limited to, promoters, enhancers, and
repressors.
[0079] As used herein, the term "promoter" refers to an
untranscribed sequence located upstream (i.e., 5') to the start
codon of a structural gene (generally within about 100 to 1000 bp)
that controls the transcription of the structural gene.
[0080] As used herein the term "enhancers" refers to cis-acting
elements of DNA, usually about 10-300 bp in length, that act on the
promoter to increase transcription. Enhancers are relatively
orientation and position independent. They have been found 5' and
3' to the transcription unit.
[0081] "Host cell" is a cell that has been transformed or
transfected, or is capable of transformation or transfection by an
exogenous polynucleotide sequence. The term includes the progeny of
the parent cell, whether or not the progeny is identical in
morphology or in genetic make-up to the original parent, so long as
the selected gene is present.
[0082] The term "operatively linked" is used herein to refer to an
arrangement of flanking sequences wherein the flanking sequences so
described are configured or assembled so as to perform their usual
function. Thus, a flanking sequence operably linked to a coding
sequence may be capable of effecting the replication, transcription
and/or translation of the coding sequence. For example, a coding
sequence is operably linked to a promoter when the promoter is
capable of directing transcription of that coding sequence. A
flanking sequence need not be contiguous with the coding sequence,
so long as it functions correctly. Thus, for example, intervening
untranslated yet transcribed sequences can be present between a
promoter sequence and the coding sequence and the promoter sequence
can still be considered "operably linked" to the coding
sequence.
[0083] The term "transfection" is used to refer to the uptake of
foreign or exogenous DNA by a cell, and a cell has been
"transfected" when the exogenous DNA has been introduced inside the
cell membrane. A number of transfection techniques are well known
in the art and are disclosed herein. See, e.g., Graham et al.,
1973, Virology 52:456; Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A
Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, 1989); Davis et
al., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology (Elsevier, 1986); and Chu
et al., 1981, Gene 13:197. Such techniques can be used to introduce
one or more exogenous DNA moieties into suitable host cells.
ABC1 Polypeptodes
[0084] The present invention relates to novel human ABC1
polypeptides. In one embodiment, the ABC1 polypeptide comprises the
amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. In contrast to the human
ABC1 protein reported by others, the ABC1 polypeptide shown in SEQ
ID NO: 2 has an additional 60 amino acids at the amino terminus,
revealing an ABC1 protein of 2261 amino acids rather than 2201
amino acids (see Langmann et al. in Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.,
257, 29-33 (1999)). In addition, the ABC1 polypeptide shown in SEQ
ID NO: 2 differs from other reported sequences at several amino
acid residues. Specifically, the present ABC1 polypeptide shown in
SEQ ID NO: 2 has a K for R at residue 159, I for V at 765, M for 1
at 823, I for T at 1495, L for P at 1588, K for R at 1914, and L
for P at 2108. To remain consistent with published notation, the
above amino acid numbers are those of Lawn et al., J. Clin.
Invest., 104: R25-31 (1999), rather than those of SEQ ID NO: 2. As
discussed in further detail below, the sequence difference likely
arises from the fact that the first ABC1 cDNA was cloned from mouse
using a PCR-based strategy and the subsequently reported human ABC1
cDNA sequences were predicted from the sequence of the mouse
protein. The ABC1 protein has an approximate molecular weight of
240 kD as determined by SDS-PAGE.
[0085] The present invention also relates to ABC1 polypeptides
comprising amino acid sequences which preferably have at least 98%
identity over their entire length to the amino acid sequence of SEQ
ID NO: 2. More preferably, the polypeptide has at least 99%
identity over its entire length to the amino acid sequence of SEQ
ID NO: 2. Most preferably, the polypeptide has 100% identity over
its entire length to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. As
defined previously, the term "identity" refers to the degree of
sequence relatedness between polypeptide sequences, which is
further defined below.
[0086] Such related ABC1 polypeptides include substitution,
deletion, and insertion variants, as well as allelic variants,
splice variants, fragments, derivatives, and orthologs. Preferred
polypeptides and polypeptides fragments include those polypeptides
and fragments that possess the biological activity of ABC1. In
particular, those polypeptides and fragments that mediate reverse
cholesterol transport are preferred. Also preferred are
polypeptides and fragments that have improved reverse cholesterol
transport activity.
[0087] Substitution, deletion, and insertion variants refer to ABC1
polypeptides comprising amino acid sequences that contain one or
more amino acid sequence substitutions, deletions, and/or additions
as compared to the ABC1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
2. In preferred embodiments, the variants have from about 1 to 5,
or from about 1 to 10, or from about 1 to 20, or from about 1 to
40, or from about 1 to 65 amino acid substitutions, additions,
and/or deletions. For example, the variants can have an addition of
one or more amino acid residues anywhere in the polypeptide as well
as at the carboxyl terminus and/or at the amino terminus, as long
as the variant retains biological function. Also, for example, one
or more amino acids can be deleted from any region of the
polypeptide, including the carboxyl terminus and/or amino terminus,
without substantial loss of biological function (Ron et al., J.
Biol. Chem., 268: 2984-2988 (1993); Dobeli et al., J.
Biotechnology, 7: 199-216 (1988)). The amino acid substitution(s)
can be conservative, non-conservative, or any combination thereof,
as long as the ABC1 variant retains its biological activity. In
addition, the substitution(s) can be with non-conserved amino acid
residues, where the substituted residues may or may not be encoded
by the genetic code, and with amino acid residues having a
substituent group.
[0088] Suitable variants of ABC1 polypeptides can be determined
using well-known techniques. For example, suitable ABC1 variants
can be determined by identifying regions of the ABC1 molecule that
may be changed without destroying biological activity. Also, as
realized in the art, even regions that may be important for
biological activity or for structure may be subject to conservative
amino acid substitutions without destroying the biological activity
or without adversely affecting the polypeptide structure. Amino
acid residues that can be changed without destroying biological
activity can be determined by identifying regions of the ABC1
polypeptide that are not important for activity (Bowie et al.,
Science, 247: 1306-1310 (1990)). For example, ABC1 polypeptides
from various species can be compared to determine the amino acid
residues and regions of ABC1 molecules that are conserved across
species. The conserved amino acid residues are likely important for
biological function and/or structure. In contrast, changes in
regions of the ABC1 molecule that are not conserved across species
and are thus tolerated by natural selection would be less likely to
adversely affect biological activity and/or structure. Accordingly,
ABC1 polypeptides with additions, deletions, or substitutions in
the non-conserved regions are likely suitable variants. Even in
relatively conserved regions, chemically similar amino acids may be
substituted for the naturally occurring residues while retaining
activity.
[0089] In addition, suitable ABC1 variants can be identified using
structure-function studies to determine residues in other members
of the ATP-binding cassette protein family, such as ABCR and ABC-C,
that are important for activity or structure. Such studies allow
the prediction of important amino acid residues in an ABC1 variant
that correspond to amino acid residues that are important for
activity or structure in other ATP-binding cassette proteins. For
example, based on structure-function studies of other ATP-binding
cassette proteins, important amino acid residues in ABC1 are likely
found in regions associated with nucleotide binding and sterol
transport. Suitable variants include, for example, polypeptides
having chemically similar amino acid substitutions for such
predicted important amino acid residues of the ABC1
polypeptide.
[0090] Suitable ABC1 variants can also be determined using genetic
engineering techniques to introduce amino acid changes at specific
positions in order to identify regions critical for polypeptide
function. Amino acid changes can be made using, for example,
site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis
(Cunningham et al., Science, 244: 1081-1085 (1989)). The resultant
ABC1 variants can then be tested for biological activity using, for
example, any one of the cholesterol efflux assays described herein.
Variants having a particular amino acid residue substitution that
results in destroyed cholesterol efflux activity would not be
considered a suitable ABC1 variant.
[0091] Additional methods for identifying suitable variants are
known in the art. Furthermore, one skilled in the art would realize
amino acid changes that are likely to be permissive at certain
amino acid positions in the protein (Bowie et al., supra (1990)).
For example, it is generally known that the most buried or interior
(within the tertiary structure of the protein) amino acid residues
require nonpolar side chains, whereas fewer features of surface or
exterior side chains are generally conserved. Moreover, it is known
that tolerated conservative amino acid substitutions involve
replacement of the aliphatic or hydrophobic amino acids Ala, Val,
Leu and Ile, replacement of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr,
replacement of the acidic residues Asp and Glu, replacement of the
amide residues Asn and Gln, replacement of the basic residues Lys,
Arg, and His, replacement of the aromatic residues Phe, Tyr, and
Trp, and replacement of the small-sized amino acids Ala, Ser, Thr,
Met, and Gly.
[0092] The ABC1 variants can be naturally-occurring or artificially
constructed. Examples of naturally-occurring variants are allelic
variants and splice variants. Allelic variants refer to one of
several alternate forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a
chromosome of an organism or population of organisms (Lewin, B.,
ed., Genes II, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1985)). Allelic
variants can vary at either the polynucleotide and/or polypeptide
level. Splice variants refer to a nucleic acid molecule, usually
RNA, which is generated by alternative processing of intron
sequences in an RNA transcript, and the corresponding polypeptide.
Alternatively, the ABC1 variants can be artificially constructed.
For example, ABC1 variants can be constructed using the technique
of site-directed mutagenesis. Also, for example, ABC1 variants can
be prepared from the corresponding nucleic acid molecules encoding
said variants, which have a DNA sequence that varies as described
from the wild-type DNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0093] Polypeptide fragments refer to polypeptides which comprise
less than the full length amino acid sequence of ABC1 set forth in
SEQ ID NO: 2. Preferred polypeptides fragments include those
fragments that possess the biological activity of ABC1. In
particular, those fragments that mediate reverse cholesterol
transport or have improved reverse cholesterol transport activity
are preferred. ABC1 fragments can have one or more amino acids
deleted from any region of the polypeptide, including the carboxyl
terminus and/or amino terminus, as long as biological function is
maintained. The ABC1 polypeptide fragments can occur naturally,
such through alternative splicing or in vivo protease activity, or
can be artificially constructed using well-known methods.
[0094] The invention also relates to ABC1 polypeptide derivatives,
which refer to ABC1 polypeptides, variants, or fragments, as
defined herein, that have been chemically modified. The derivatives
are modified in a manner that is different from naturally-occurring
ABC1 polypeptides, either in type or location of the molecules
attached to the polypeptide. Derivatives may further include
polypeptides formed by the deletion of one or more chemical groups
which are naturally attached to the ABC1 polypeptides. In addition,
the ABC1 polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID
NO: 2, as well as the above-described ABC1 variants and fragments,
may be fused to a homologous polypeptide to form a homodimer or to
a heterologous polypeptide to form a heterodimer.
[0095] Another aspect of the present invention relates to mutant
ABC1 polypeptides and fragments thereof, corresponding to
polypeptides isolated from Tangier patients. In one preferred
embodiment, the ABC1 polypeptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 8. The
protein was isolated from a Tangier patient (TD1) and sequenced as
described in Examples 1 and 5. The amino acid sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO: 8 is similar to the wild-type sequence with the
exception of a glutamine to arginine residue substitution at
position 537 (the residue number is that of Lawn et al., J. Clin.
Invest., 104: r25-31 (1999), corresponding to position 597 of SEQ
ID NO: 8). The location of this residue is within the
amino-terminal hydrophilic domain, near the first predicted
transmembrane domain. The substitution alters the charge of the
amino acid in this region of the protein, resulting in an ABC1
protein that has significantly decreased cholesterol efflux
activity, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0096] In another preferred embodiment, the mutant ABC1 polypeptide
comprises SEQ ID NO: 10. The protein corresponds to a polypeptide
isolated from a Tangier patient (TD2) and sequenced as described in
Examples 1 and 5. The amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
10 is similar to the wild-type sequence with the exception of an
arginine to tryptophan substitution at residue 527 (the residue
number is that of Lawn et al., supra (1999), corresponding to
position 587 of SEQ ID NO: 10). Like the TD1 polypeptide, this
substitution alters the charge of the amino acid residue in the
amino-terminal hydrophilic domain of the ABC1 protein. The
resultant mutant ABC1 protein also has significantly decreased
cholesterol efflux activity, as shown in FIG. 1.
ABC1 Polynucleotides
[0097] Another aspect of the present invention relates to isolated
polynucleotides that encode the novel ABC1 polypeptides and
variants thereof. The present invention provides, for example,
isolated polynucleotides encoding the full-length ABC1 polypeptide,
polynucleotides containing the full-length cDNA of wild-type ABC1,
polynucleotides containing the entire length of the coding sequence
of wild-type ABC1, and polynucleotides containing non-coding 5' and
3' sequences of ABC1, as well as polynucleotides of related ABC1
variants. The present invention also provides isolated
polynucleotides that encode mutant ABC1 polypeptides, such as those
of Tangier patients.
[0098] In one preferred embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide
comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide comprising
SEQ ID NO: 2. Importantly, in contrast to the published sequence of
Langmann et al. which codes for a protein of 2201 amino acids based
on a predicted start methionine found in exon 3 (Langmann et al.,
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 257: 29-33 (1999) (GenBank Accession
No. AJO12376), the presently claimed nucleotide sequence contains
50 exons and codes for a protein of 2261 amino acids (see FIG. 4).
The corresponding nucleotide sequence of the present invention
contains a coding sequence that includes an additional 180
nucleotides at the 5' end corresponding to the following 60
amino-terminal amino acids:
[0099] MACWPQLRLLLWKNLTFRRRQTCQLLLEVAWPLFIFLILISVRLSYPPYEQHECHFPNKA
(SEQ ID NO: 58). Given that there is an in-frame stop codon 6 to 9
nucleotides upstream from this location, the newly predicted start
site is the first methionine codon that could produce a continuous
open reading frame. Alignment of this new ABC1 cDNA sequence with
related ABC transporter sequences ABCR and ABC-C (also known as
ABC3) which also contain open reading frames for the 60 additional
amino acids, indicates a high degree of similarity, implying that
the homologous ABC transporter proteins begin with sequences
related to the amino terminal extension sequence proposed for human
ABC1. It is likely that the earlier published start site of the
human ABC1 was predicted from the published mouse ABC1 cDNA
sequence (Luciani et al., Genomics, 21150-159 (1994); GenBank
Accession no.: X75926) which contains an extra nucleotide "n" in
the extension region such that the newly disclosed methionine is
not in-frame. However, if the "n" nucleotide in the mouse sequence
is ignored, the mouse and human sequences of the extension region
are identical. In light of these results, it is likely that the
full length human ABC1 protein contains 2261 amino acids rather
than 2201 amino acids, as previously suggested by Langmann et al.
and others. Accordingly, Langmann et al. do not present the full
open reading frame of human ABC1.
[0100] In another preferred embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide
comprises the full-length ABC1 cDNA, including at least a portion
of either non-coding 5' and 3' sequences. Preferably, the
polynucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID
NO: 1. The 10.4 kb human ABC1 cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1
contains an open reading frame of 6783 nucleotides plus 5' and 3'
untranslated regions. There is a start codon at position 291 and a
stop codon at position 7074. The present ABC1 cDNA shown in SEQ ID
NO: 1 differs from the published ABC1 cDNA (GenBank Accession No.
AJO12376) in several respects. First, the present ABC1 cDNA
includes an additional 350 nucleotides at the 5' end and an
additional 3136 nucleotides at the 3' end (not including the
poly(A) tail). The present ABC1 sequence also differs from the
published ABC1 cDNA by the substitution of 10 nucleotides in the
coding region. Of the ten differences, seven nucleotide differences
predict amino acid changes. To remain consistent with published
notation, the following nucleotide and amino acid numbers are those
of Lawn et al., J. Clin. Invest., 104: R25-31 (1999) and GenBank
Accession No. AJO12376, rather than those of SEQ ID NO: 1. The
nucleotide and amino acid changes are as follows: (1) A for G at
nucleotide 414; (2) A for G at nucleotide 596 (K for R at amino
acid 159); (3) T for C at nucleotide 705; (4) A for C at nucleotide
1980; (5) A for G at 2413 (I for V at amino acid 765); (6) G for A
at 2589 (M for I at amino acid 823); (7) T for C at 4604 (I for T
at amino acid 1495); (8) T for C at 4883 (L for P at amino acid
1588); (9) A for G at 5861 (K for R at amino acid 1914); and (10) T
for C at 6443 (L for P at amino acid 2108). Five of the amino acid
changes are conservative amino acid changes and may represent
polymorphisms or sequence errors. In two instances, the present
sequence predicts important amino acid differences from the GenBank
sequence. The differences result in a leucine rather than a proline
at residue 1588 and at residue 2108. Interestingly, at both
positions, the predicted leucine was also found in each of the
three TD samples analyzed as well as the highly conserved mouse
ABC1 protein sequence.
[0101] The present invention also relates to ABC1 polynucleotides
comprising nucleotide sequences that preferably have at least 80%
identity over their entire length to the polynucleotide comprising
SEQ ID NO: 1. More preferably, the polynucleotide has at least 90%
identity over its entire length to the polynucleotide comprising
SEQ ID NO: 1. Even more preferably, the polynucleotide has at least
95% identity over its entire length to the polynucleotide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 1. Most preferably the polynucleotide has
100% identity over its entire length to the polynucleotide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 1. Such related ABC1 polynucleotides include
substitution, deletion, and insertion variants, as well as allelic
variants, splice variants, fragments, derivatives, and orthologs,
wherein one or more nucleotides have been substituted, deleted,
inserted, or derivatized. Preferred polynucleotides include those
polynucleotides that encode ABC1 polypeptides possessing biological
activity, such as cholesterol efflux activity.
[0102] In another preferred embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide
comprises the entire coding sequence of ABC1. In a particularly
preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises the sequence
shown as nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ ID NO: 1. This isolated
polynucleotide contains an ABC1 open reading frame of 6783
nucleotides and encodes a polypeptide of 2261 amino acids, as
described above.
[0103] In yet another preferred embodiment, the isolated
polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes an ABC1
variant polypeptide. In particular, the isolated polynucleotide
comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide
comprising an amino acid sequence which is at least 98% identical
to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. Also preferred is an
isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that
encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence which is at
least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
Accordingly, the invention includes those polynucleotides that
encode the above-described ABC1 polypeptides, including the
described substitution, deletion, and insertion variants, as well
as ABC1 allelic variants, splice variants, fragments, derivatives,
fusion polypeptides, and orthologs. Preferred polynucleotides are
those polynucleotides that encode polypeptides that possess the
biological activity of ABC1. In particular, those polynucleotides
that encode polypeptides that mediate reverse cholesterol transport
are preferred. Also preferred are polynucleotides that enocode
polypeptides that have improved reverse cholesterol transport
activity.
[0104] Yet another aspect of the invention relates to isolated
polynucleotides that encode mutant ABC1 polypeptides from Tangier
patients. In one preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide encodes
the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 8, which polypeptide is isolated from
patient TD1 and is described above. In another preferred
embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence
set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. The nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO: 7 contains the full open reading frame, as well as 5' and 3'
flanking sequences. The open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of
2261 amino acids, containing, among other substitutions, a
nucleotide substitution that results in an A to G substitution at
position 537 (using the numbering of Lawn et al., supra
(1999)).
[0105] In another preferred embodiment relating to polynucleotides
that encode mutant ABC1 polypeptides, the polynucleotide encodes
the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 10, which polypeptide is isolated
from Tangier patient TD2 and is also described above. In yet
another preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises the
nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9. The nucleotide
sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 contains the full open reading
frame, as well as 5' and 3' flanking sequences. The open reading
frame encodes a polypeptide of 2261 amino acids, containing, among
other substitutions, a polynucleotide substitution that results in
an Arg to Tryp substitution at residue 527 (using the numbering of
Lawn et al., supra (1999)).
[0106] Another aspect of the present invention relates to isolated
polynucleotides that comprise the non-coding 5' flanking and 3'
flanking regions of ABC1. In one embodiment, the isolated
polynucleotide comprises the non-coding 5' flanking region of ABC1.
Preferably, the 5' flanking region contains, but is not limited to,
the ABC1 promoter region. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the
polynucleotide comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3. As
demonstrated by heterologous reporter assays, discussed in Example
15, the polynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 contains the
transcriptional regulatory region of the ABC1 gene. As shown in
FIG. 13, the polynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 is a 1643
b.p. non-coding sequence that contains several transcription
regulatory elements, including a TATA box at positions 1522, 1435,
and 1383, as well as transcription factor binding sites, including
several putative SPI sites, and several nuclear receptor half
sites. In addition, an identified sterol response element is found
at position 1483-1500. Further heterologous reporter assays
described in Example 18 revealed that several discrete portions of
SEQ ID NO: 3 retained promoter activity. Accordingly, in another
preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises nucleotides
1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or 1394-1643 of SEQ ID NO:
3. In an especially preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide
comprises nucleotides 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3, which sequence has
been shown to have ABC1 promoter activity (see Example 18). In yet
another preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises
nucleotides 1480-1510 of SEQ ID NO: 3, which is shown to regulate
the ABC1 transcriptional response to LXR ligands.
[0107] The 5' flanking polynucleotide also comprises a nucleotide
sequence that hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to the
nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the
nucleotide sequence has ABC1 promoter activity. In yet another
embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence that
hybridizes, under stringent conditions, to the nucleotide sequence
comprising nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or
1394-1643 of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the nucleotide sequence has ABC1
promoter activity.
[0108] In another embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide comprises
the 3' flanking region of ABC1. Several 3' untranslated regions
have been identified which may represent alternate sites of
polyadenylation of the ABC1 transcript. Preferably, the 3' flanking
region contains regulatory sequences. For example, the full length
3' UTR (SEQ ID NO: 6) contains 46 sequences (AA)nCU/UC(AA)n (SEQ ID
NO: 59) which have been shown to be necessary for binding of
Vigilin. Vigilin, a ubiquitous protein with 14K homology domains,
is the estrogen-inducible vitellogenin mRNA 3'-untranslated region
binding protein (J. Biol. Chem., 272: 12249-12252 (1997)). In
addition to binding HDL, Vigilin has been shown to bind to the 3'
flanking region of mRNAs and to increase the half-life of the mRNA
transcript (Mol. Cell. Biol., 18:3991-4003 (1998)). Thus, the 3'
flanking region could be altered, for example, to increase the
binding of Vigilin, thereby increasing the half-life of the ABC1
mRNA. Preferably, the isolated polynucleotide comprises the
sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4. Also preferably, the isolated
polynucleotide comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5. In
another preferred embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide comprises
the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6. In other preferred embodiments,
the polynucleotide comprises a sequence that hybridizes, under
stringent conditions, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ
ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0109] The present invention also includes related ABC1 5' and 3'
flanking polynucleotides. Accordingly, the invention relates to
polynucleotides comprising nucleotide sequences that have at least
80% identity over their entire length to the polynucleotide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 3, the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:
4, the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, the polynucleotide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 6, or the polynucleotide comprising
nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or 1394-1643
of SEQ ID NO: 3. Preferably, the polynucleotide has at least 80%,
more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%,
and most preferably 100% identity over its entire length to any one
of the aforementioned flanking polynucleotides. Preferred
polynucleotides include those polynucleotides that possess
biological activity, such as transcriptional regulatory
activity.
[0110] It is understood that the present invention further relates
to isolated polynucleotides that are complementary to any one of
the above-described polynucleotide sequences. As used herein, the
term "complementary" refers to the hybridization or base pairing
between nucleotides, such as, for example, between the two strands
of a double-stranded polynucleotide. Two single-stranded nucleotide
molecules are said to be complementary when the nucleotides of one
strand, optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions,
deletions or substitutions, pair with at least about 80% of the
nucleotides of the other strand.
[0111] Another aspect of the present invention relates to
compositions comprising the novel ABC1 polynucleotides described
above and a suitable carrier. In one embodiment, the composition
comprises a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide comprising SEQ
ID NO: 2, a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, a
polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or
a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid
sequence which is at least 98% identical to the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a suitable carrier. In another embodiment, the
composition comprises a polynucleotide having at least 80%,
preferably 90%, or more preferably 95% identity over its entire
length to the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 and a suitable
carrier.
[0112] In another embodiment, the composition comprises a
polynucleotide comprising an ABC1 5' flanking sequence and a
suitable carrier. Preferably, the composition comprises a
polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 3 or a polynucleotide
comprising nucleotide fragments 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643,
1292-1643, or 1394-1643 of SEQ ID NO: 3 and a suitable carrier.
Also preferably, the composition comprises a polynucleotide having
at least 80%, 90%, or 95% identity over its entire length to the
polynucleotide comprising any one of the described 5' flanking
sequences and a suitable carrier. In yet another embodiment, the
composition comprises a polynucleotide comprising an ABC1 3'
flanking sequence and a suitable carrier. Preferred compositions
comprise a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, a polynucleotide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, or a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:
6, as well as a polynucleotide having at least 80%, preferably 90%,
or more preferably 95% identity over its entire length to any of
these polynucleotides, and a suitable carrier. Still other
compositions of the invention comprise mutant ABC1 polynucleotides.
Preferably, the composition comprises a polynucleotide comprising
SEQ ID NO: 7 or a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 9 and a
suitable carrier.
[0113] In addition, a composition of the present invention may
comprise, in any combination, two or more of the above-described
ABC1 polynucleotides and a suitable carrier. Any suitable aqueous
carrier can be used in the composition. Preferably, the carrier
renders the composition stable at a desired temperature, such as
room temperature or storage temperature (i.e. 4.degree. C. to
-20.degree. C.), and is of approximately neutral pH. Examples of
suitable carriers are known to those of skill in the art and
include Tris-EDTA buffer and DEPC-H.sub.2O.
ABC1 Vectors and Host Cells
[0114] The present invention also relates to recombinant vectors
that comprise one or more of the above-described ABC1
polynucleotides, host cells that are genetically engineered with
the vectors comprising ABC1 polynucleotides, and the production of
ABC1 polypeptides by recombinant techniques. As mentioned, the
invention provides recombinant vectors that comprise one or more of
the above-described wild-type ABC1 polynucleotides. In preferred
embodiments, the recombinant vector comprises the polynucleotide
encoding the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2, the
polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, and the polynucleotide
comprising nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another
preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises the variant
polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid
sequence which is at least 98% identical to the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO: 2. Also, in another preferred embodiment, the
recombinant vector comprises a variant polynucleotide that is at
least 80% identical to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1. In
still another preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector
comprises a polynucleotide that is complementary to any of these
polynucleotides.
[0115] In another embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises a
polynucleotide comprising a mutant ABC1 polynucleotide isolated
from a Tangier disease patient. In a preferred embodiment, the
recombinant vector comprises the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID
NO: 8. In another preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector
comprises the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 10. The
recombinant vectors may also comprise a polynucleotide sequence
that is complementary to these sequences.
[0116] It is also understood that the recombinant vector may also
comprise, in any combination, two or more of the above-described
wild-type, variant, or mutant ABC1 polynulceotides.
[0117] An isolated ABC1 polynucleotide, such as any of the
above-described wild-type, variant, or mutant polynucleotides, is
inserted into a vector using well-known ligation and cloning
techniques. Cloning techniques have been described in several
standard laboratory manuals, including Davis et al., Basic Methods
in Molecular Biology (1986); Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual, 2.sup.nd Ed., (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold
Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989)); Ausubel et al. eds., Current Protocols
in Molecular Biology, (Wiley and Sons (1994)); Goeddel, ed., Gene
Expression Technology (Methods in Enzymology (1991)); Murray, ed.,
Gene Transfer and Expression Protocols (Human Press, Clifton,
N.J.).
[0118] Any vector suitable for ABC1 polynucleotide insertion can be
used. The vector is typically selected to be functional in the
particular host cell employed (i.e., the vector is compatible with
the host cell machinery such that amplification and/or expression
of the gene can occur). Preferably, the vector is compatible with
bacterial, insect, or mammalian host cells. Also preferably, the
vector is an expression vector (for a review of expression vectors,
see Goeddel, D. V. ed., Methods Enzymol., Academic Press Inc., San
Diego, Calif. (1990)). The vector may be, for example, a phage,
plasmid, viral, or retroviral vector. Retroviral vectors may be
replication competent or replication defective. In the latter case,
viral propagation generally will occur only in complementing host
cells.
[0119] Typically, expression vectors used in any of the host cells
will contain sequences for plasmid maintenance and for cloning and
expression of exogenous nucleotide sequences. Such sequences,
collectively referred to as "flanking sequences" should preferably
include one or more of the following nucleotide sequences: a
promoter, one or more enhancer sequences, an origin of replication,
a transcriptional termination sequence, a complete intron sequence
containing a donor and acceptor splice site, a sequence encoding a
leader sequence for polypeptide secretion, a ribosome binding site,
a polyadenylation sequence, a polylinker region for inserting the
nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide to be expressed, and a
selectable marker element.
[0120] The flanking sequences may be homologous (i.e., from the
same species and/or strain as the host cell), heterologous (i.e.,
from a species other than the host cell species or strain), hybrid
(i.e., a combination of flanking sequences from more than one
source), or synthetic. Also, the flanking sequences may be native
sequences which normally function to regulate ABC1 polypeptide
expression. The source of a flanking sequence may be any
prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism, any vertebrate or invertebrate
organism, or any plant, provided that the flanking sequence is
functional in, and can be activated by, the host cell
machinery.
[0121] The vector should also preferably include at least one
selectable marker for propagation in a host. A selectable marker is
a gene element that encodes a protein necessary for the survival
and growth of a host cell grown in a selective culture medium.
Suitable selection marker genes encode proteins that (a) confer
resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g., ampicillin,
tetracycline, or kanamycin for prokaryotic host cells; (b)
complement auxotrophic deficiencies of the cell; or (c) supply
critical nutrients not available from complex media. Preferred
selectable markers include zeocin, G418, hygromycin, or neomycin
resistance for eukaryotic cell culture and tetracycline, kanamycin,
or ampicillin resistance for culturing in E. coli and other
bacteria.
[0122] Other suitable selection genes include those that are used
to amplify the expressed gene. Amplification is the process wherein
genes that are in greater demand for the production of a protein
critical for growth are reiterated in tandem within the chromosomes
of successive generations of recombinant cells. Examples of
suitable selectable markers for mammalian cells include
dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidine kinase. The mammalian
cell transformants are placed under selection pressure wherein only
the transformants are uniquely adapted to survive by virtue of the
selection gene present in the vector. Selection pressure is imposed
by culturing the transformed cells under conditions in which the
concentration of selection agent in the medium is successively
changed, thereby leading to the amplification of both the selection
gene and the ABC1 gene. As a result, increased quantities of ABC1
polypeptide are synthesized from the amplified DNA.
[0123] The vector should also preferably contain a transcription
termination sequence, which is typically located 3' of the end of a
polypeptide coding region and serves to terminate transcription.
Usually, the transcription termination sequence in prokaryote cells
is a G-C rich fragment followed by a poly T sequence. The sequence
can be purchased as part of a commercial vector or synthesized
using well-known methods for nucleic acid synthesis.
[0124] The vector should also preferably contain a ribosome binding
site, which is usually necessary for translation initiation of mRNA
and is characterized by a Shine-Dalgarno sequence (prokaryotes) or
a Kozak sequence (eukaryotes). The element is typically located 3'
to the promoter and 5' to the coding sequence of the ABC1
polypeptide to be expressed. The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is varied
but is typically a polypurine (i.e., having a high A-G content).
Many Shine-Dalgarno sequences have been identified, each of which
can be readily synthesized using well-known methods.
[0125] The vector should also preferably contain a promoter that is
recognized by the host organism and operably linked to the encoded
polynucleotide. The promoter can be an inducible promoter or a
constitutive promoter. Inducible promoters initiate increased
levels of transcription from DNA under their control in response to
some change in culture conditions, such as the presence or absence
of a nutrient or a change in temperature. In contrast, constitutive
promoters initiate continual gene product production; consequently
there is little or no control over gene expression. A suitable
promoter is operably linked to a polynucleotide, by removing the
promoter from the source DNA by restriction enzyme digestion and
inserting the desired promoter sequence into the vector. As
mentioned, a native promoter can be used to direct amplification
and/or expression of the polynucleotide. Thus, the recombinant
vector can comprise any one of the above-described wild-type,
variant, or mutant ABC1 polynulceotides and an ABC1 promoter, such
as that found in SEQ ID NO: 3. The recombinant vector can also
comprise, in any combination, two or more of the above-described
wild-type, variant, or mutant ABC1 polynulceotides and an ABC1
promoter.
[0126] Preferably, a heterologous promoter is used if it permits
greater transcription and higher yields of ABC1 protein as compared
to the native ABC1 promoter, and if it is compatible with the host
cell system that has been selected for use. The heterologous
promoter can be used alone or in conjunction with the native ABC1
promoter. Thus, in one preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector
comprises any one of the above-described wild-type ABC1
polynucleotides and a heterologous promoter. In another preferred
embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises any one of the
above-described variant ABC1 polynucleotides and a heterologous
promoter. In yet another preferred embodiment, the recombinant
vector comprises any one of the above-described mutant ABC1
polynucleotides and a heterologous promoter. Preferred embodiments
also include recombinant vectors that contain any combination of
two or more of the above-described wild-type, variant, and mutant
ABC1 polynucleotides and a heterologous promoter.
[0127] Heterologous promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic
hosts include, but are not limited to, the beta-lactamase and
lactose promoter systems (Villa-Kamaroff et al., 1978, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 75:3727-31), alkaline phosphatase, a tryptophan
(trp) promoter system, and hybrid promoters such as the tac
promoter (Villa-Kamaroff et al., 1978, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
U.S.A., 75:3727-31). Their sequences have been published, thereby
enabling one skilled in the art to ligate them to the desired DNA
sequence, using linkers or adapters as needed to supply any useful
restriction sites. Other suitable heterologous promoters will be
known to those skilled in the art.
[0128] Suitable heterologous promoters for use with mammalian host
cells are also well known and include, but are not limited to,
those obtained from the genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus,
fowlpox virus, adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma
virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, retroviruses,
hepatitis-B virus and Simian Virus 40 (SV40). Other suitable
mammalian promoters include heterologous mammalian promoters, for
example, heat-shock promoters and the actin promoter. Additional
suitable promoters include, but are not limited to: the SV40 early
promoter and late promoter region (Bernoist and Chambon, 1981,
Nature 290:304-10); the promoter contained in the 3' long terminal
repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto, et al., 1980, Cell
22:787-97); the herpes thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et al.,
1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:1444-45); and the regulatory
sequences of the metallothionine gene (Brinster et al., 1982,
Nature 296:39-42). Preferably, the promoter is a cytomegalovirus or
SV40 promoter. Thus, in especially preferred embodiments, the
recombinant vector comprises one of the above-described wild-type
ABC1 polynucleotides, one of the above-described variant ABC1
polynucleotides, or one of the above-described mutant ABC1
polynucleotides and a cytomegalovirus promoter. In another
especially preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises,
in any combination, two or more of the above-described wild-type,
variant, or mutant ABC1 polynulceotides and a cytomegalovirus
promoter.
[0129] The vector also preferably contains an enhancer sequence to
increase the transcription of a polynucleotide, such as ABC1.
Suitable enhancers for the activation of eukaryotic promoters
include viral enhancers, such as the SV40, cytomegalovirus early
promoter, polyoma, and adenovirus enhancers.
[0130] Expression vectors of the invention may be constructed from
a starting vector, such as a commercially available vector, which
may or may not contain all of the desired flanking sequences. Where
one or more of the flanking sequences described herein are not
already present in the vector, they may be individually obtained
and ligated into the vector. Methods used for obtaining each of the
flanking sequences are well known to one skilled in the art.
[0131] Preferred vectors are those which are compatible with
bacterial, insect, and mammalian host cells. Vectors preferred for
use in bacteria include, for example, pQE70, pQE60, and pQE-9
(Quiagen, Inc.), pBluescript vectors, Phagescript vectors, pNH16A,
pNH18A, pNH46A (Stratagene Cloning Systems, Inc.), ptrc99a,
pKK223-3, pDR540, pRIT5 (Pharmacia Biotech, Inc.), and pCEP4
(Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.). Preferred eukaryotic vectors
include, but are not limited to, pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXTI and
pSG (Stratagene), pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, and pSVL (Pharmacia), and pGL3
(Promega, Madison, Wis.). Other suitable vectors will be readily
apparent to the skilled artisan.
[0132] In an especially preferred embodiment, the recombinant
vector comprises pCEPhABC1, which is described in Example 4 and
shown in FIG. 3. The recombinant vector pCEPhABC1 comprises the
plasmid pCEP4 (Invitrogen), an expression vector containing the
cytomegalovirus promoter and enhancer. The vector pCEPhABC1 further
comprises an ABC1 polynucleotide operatively linked to the
heterologous cytomegalovirus promoter. The ABC1 polynucleotide
comprises SEQ ID NO: 1, which contains the full-length ABC1 cDNA,
including non-coding 5' flanking (i.e., native ABC1 promoter) and
3' flanking sequences.
[0133] In addition, the present invention provides recombinant
vectors comprising ABC1 flanking sequence polynucleotides. In one
embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises a polynucleotide
comprising a ABC1 5' flanking sequence that preferably contains
promoter activity. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the recombinant
vector comprises the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 3. In
another preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises the
polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643,
1292-1643, or 1394-1643 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In an especially preferred
embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises nucleotides 1394-1532 of
SEQ ID NO: 3. Also, in another embodiment, the recombinant vector
comprises a polynucleotide that hybridizes, under stringent
conditions, to the polynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or the
polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643,
1292-1643, or 1394-1643 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In yet another embodiment,
the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence that has at
least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and even more preferably
at least 95% identity over its entire length to the polynucleotide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 3 or the polynucleotide comprising
nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or 1394-1643
of SEQ ID NO: 3. The recombinant vector also comprises a
polynucleotide that is complementary to any of the above-described
5' flanking sequences.
[0134] In another embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises a
polynucleotide comprising a 3' flanking sequence of ABC1. In a
preferred embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises the
polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4. In another preferred
embodiment, the recombinant vector comprises the polynucleotide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 5. In an equally preferred embodiment, the
recombinant vector comprises the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID
NO: 6. Also, in another embodiment, the recombinant vector
comprises a polynucleotide that hybridizes, under stringent
conditions, to the polynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID
NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6. In yet another embodiment, the
polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence that has at least
80%, more preferably at least 90%, and even more preferably at
least 95% identity over its entire length to the polynucleotide
comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6. The
recombinant vector also comprises a polynucleotide that is
complementary to any of the above-described 3' flanking
sequences.
[0135] An isolated ABC1 flanking sequence polynucleotide, such as
any of the above-described 5' or 3' flanking sequence
polynucleotides, is inserted into a vector using well-known
ligation and cloning techniques. Any of the previously described
vectors can be used. Preferably, the vector is compatible with
bacterial, insect, or mammalian host cells. Also preferably, the
vector is an expression vector. The vector may be, for example, a
phage, plasmid, viral, or retroviral vector.
[0136] In addition to the ABC1 flanking sequence, the vector may
contain one or more of the following flanking nucleotide sequences:
a promoter, one or more enhancer sequences, an origin of
replication, a transcriptional termination sequence, a complete
intron sequence containing a donor and acceptor splice site, a
sequence encoding a leader sequence for polypeptide secretion, a
ribosome binding site, a polyadenylation sequence, a polylinker
region for inserting the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide to
be expressed, and a selectable marker element. Any of the
previously described flanking nucleotide sequences are suitable.
The flanking sequences may be homologous, heterologous, hybrid, or
synthetic. Also, the flanking sequences may be native sequences
which normally function to regulate ABC1 polypeptide expression.
The source of a flanking sequence may be any prokaryotic or
eukaryotic organism, any vertebrate or invertebrate organism, or
any plant, provided that the flanking sequence is functional in,
and can be activated by, the host cell machinery.
[0137] Preferred vectors are those which are compatible with
bacterial, insect, and mammalian host cells. Suitable vectors have
been previously described and include pQE70, pQE60, pQE9,
pBluescript vectors, Phagescript vectors, pNH16A, pNH18A, pNH46A,
ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pDR540, pRIT5, and pCEP4 for use in bacteria and
pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1, pSG, pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, pSVL, and
pGL3 for use in eukaryotic cells.
[0138] In one particularly preferred embodiment, the recombinant
vector comprises a polynucleotide comprising the 5' flanking region
of the ABC1 gene and further comprises at least one polynucleotide
encoding a heterologous polypeptide. The heterologous
polynucleotide is operatively linked to the ABC1 5' flanking
sequence. The ABC1 5' flanking sequence preferably contains the
ABC1 promoter. Thus, preferably, the 5' flanking sequence comprises
the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. Equally preferably, the 5'
flanking sequence comprises nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643,
1181-1643, 1292-1643, or 1394-1643 of SEQ ID NO: 3. The
heterologous polynucleotide preferably encodes a polypeptide that
is a complete protein or a biologically active fragment of a
protein. The vector may also contain more than one heterologous
polynucleotide. More preferably, the heterologous polynucleotide
encodes a reporter protein. In such case, the recombinant vector
preferably does not contain any additional promoter sequences.
Examples of suitable reporter proteins include luciferase,
.beta.-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, and green
fluorescent protein. Preferably, the reporter polypeptide is
luciferase. Thus, in one especially preferred embodiment, the
recombinant vector comprises the 5' flanking sequence set forth in
SEQ ID NO: 3 and a luciferase reporter polynucleotide. In other
equally preferred embodiments, the recombinant vector comprises a
polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643,
1292-1643, or 1394-1643 of SEQ ID NO: 3 and a luciferase reporter
polynucleotide.
[0139] Expression vectors comprising the ABC1 5' flanking sequence
can be constructed from a starting vector, such as a commercially
available vector, which contains a reporter polynucleotide.
Examples of suitable expression vectors include pGL3-Basic, which
contains a luciferase reporter gene (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and
p.beta.Gal-Basic (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). A preferred vector
is the pGL3-Basic luciferase reporter vector, which is
promoterless. A 5' flanking sequence containing the ABC1 promoter,
for example SEQ ID NO: 3, can be ligated into one of the above
expression vectors using well-known methods, including the methods
described herein (see Example 15). Thus, in an especially preferred
embodiment, the recombinant vector is pAPR1, a reporter gene
construct comprising SEQ ID NO: 3 and a luciferase reporter gene in
a pGL3 vector (see FIG. 11).
[0140] The present invention also relates to host cells comprising
any one of the above-described recombinant vectors. After the
vector has been constructed, the completed vector can be inserted
into a suitable host cell for amplification and/or polypeptide
expression. Host cells may be prokaryotic host cells (such as E.
coli) or eukaryotic host cells (such as a yeast cell, an insect
cell, or a vertebrate cell). The host cell, when cultured under
appropriate conditions, synthesizes an ABC1 polypeptide or,
alternatively, a reporter polypeptide, which can be subsequently
measured. The host cell can be a mammalian host cell, such as a
primate cell line or a rodent cell line, including transformed cell
lines. Normal diploid cells, cell strains derived from in vitro
culture of primary tissue, as well as primary explants, are also
suitable. Candidate host cells may be genotypically deficient in
the selection gene, or may contain a dominantly acting selection
gene.
[0141] A number of suitable host cells are known in the art and
many are available from the American Type Culture Collection
(ATCC), Manassas, Va. Suitable mammalian host cells include, but
are not limited to, chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), CO
DHFR-cells (Urlaub et al., 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,
97:4216-20), human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 or 293T cells, or 3T3
cells, monkey COS-1 and COS-7 cell lines, and the CV-1 cell line.
Other suitable mammalian cell lines include but are not limited to,
mouse neuroblastoma N2A cells, HeLa cells, mouse 1-929 cells, 3T3
lines derived from Swiss, Balb-c or NIH mice, BHK or HAK hamster
cell lines, Thp-1, HepG2, and mouse RAW cell lines. Each of these
cell lines is known by and available to those skilled in the art of
protein expression. A preferred host cell is the mouse monocytic
cell line RAW 264.7, which use is described in Example 8.
[0142] Suitable bacterial host cells include various strains of E.
coli (e.g., HB101, DH50, DH11, and MC 1061), which are well-known
as host cells in the field of biotechnology. Various strains of B.
subtilis, Pseudomonas spp., other Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp.,
and the like may also be employed in this method. Also, many
strains of yeast cells are also available as host cells for the
expression of ABC1 polypeptides. Preferred yeast cells include, for
example, Saccharomyces cerivisae and Pichia pastoris. Additionally,
insect cell systems may be suitable host cells. Insect cell systems
are described, for example, in Kitts et al., 1993, Biotechniques,
14:810-17; Lucklow, 1993, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 4:564-72; and
Lucklow et al., 1993, J. Virol., 67:4566-79. Preferred insect cells
are Sf-9 and Hi5 (Invitrogen).
[0143] The present invention also provides a method for expressing
an ABC1 protein in a mammalian host cell comprising the steps of:
(a) transfecting the mammalian host cell with a recombinant
expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding ABC1 in an
amount sufficient to produce a detectable level of ABC1 protein;
and (b) purifying the produced ABC1 protein. In one preferred
embodiment, the recombinant expression vector comprises a
polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2. In
another preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID
NO: 1. In yet another preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide
comprising nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In still another
preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide
that is at least 98% identical to the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID
NO: 2.
[0144] Introduction of the recombinant ABC1 vector into a mammalian
host cell can be effected by methods well-known in the art and
described in standard laboratory manuals, such as Sambrook, supra.
Preferably, the recombinant vector is introduced into a host cell
in a precipitate or in a complex with a charged lipid. Suitable
methods for introduction of the ABC1 vector include calcium
phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection,
cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation,
transduction, infection, or other methods known in the art. These
methods are described, for example, in Davis et al., Basic Methods
in Molecular Biology (1986). If the recombinant ABC1 vector is a
viral vector, it may be packaged in vitro using an appropriate
packaging cell line and then transduced into host cells.
[0145] The ABC1 polypeptide can be recovered and purified from
recombinant cell cultures using well-known methods, including
ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid, extraction, anion
or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography,
hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography,
hydroxylapatite chromatoraphy, and lectin chromatography (see,
e.g., Smith and Johnson, Gene 67:31-40 (1988)). Preferably,
affinity chromotography using anti-ABC1 antibodies is employed for
purification.
[0146] In addition, the present invention provides a method for
expressing ABC1 protein in a mammalian subject comprising the step
of administering to a mammalian subject a recombinant expression
vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding ABC1 in an amount
sufficient to express ABC1 protein in said mammalian subject.
Preferably, the recombinant expression vector comprises a
polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2,
the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, the polynucleotide
comprising nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or the
polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide that is at least 98%
identical to the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2. Introduction
of the recombinant ABC1 vector into a mammalian subject can be
effected by methods well-known in the art and are described in
detail herein below. Expression of ABC1 can be measured by
obtaining a blood sample from the subject to whom the recombinant
ABC1 vector was administered, separating the monocyte population,
and measuring the ABC1 gene expression in macrophage cells. The
ABC1 gene expression can be measured using methods well-known in
the art, such as RT-PCR, and methods described herein (see Examples
9 and 10). The level of ABC1 protein can be measured by obtaining a
blood sample from the subject, separating the monocyte population
and measuring the ABC1 protein in macrophage cells using well-known
methods, such as immunoprecipitation, described herein at Example
11.
Methods and Compounds for Increasing Cholesterol Efflux
[0147] In another aspect of the present invention, a method
suitable for increasing cholesterol efflux from cells in a
mammalian subject is provided. Such method comprises administering
to the mammalian subject a recombinant expression vector comprising
an ABC1 polynucleotide in an amount sufficient to increase
cholesterol efflux from said cells. The recombinant vector can be
any of the above-described vectors containing any of the previously
described wild-type or variant ABC1 polynucleotides, as long as the
encoded ABC1 polypeptide has biological activity (i.e., cholesterol
transport activity). Preferably, the recombinant vector comprises
the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:
2, the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, the polynucleotide
comprising nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or the
polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid
sequence which is at least 98% identical to the amino acid sequence
of SEQ ID NO: 2. Also, preferably, the recombinant vector comprises
a variant polynucleotide that is at least 80%, 90%, or 95%
identical to the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, as long as
the encoded ABC1 polypeptide has cholesterol transport
activity.
[0148] The administration of a recombinant ABC1 expression vector
to a mammalian subject can be used to express the ABC1 gene in said
subject for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Specifically,
this method would achieve its therapeutic effect by the
introduction of the ABC1 gene into macrophage cells and other
cholesterol-accumulating cells found in the arterial lesions of
mammals with cardiovascular disease. Expression of the ABC1
polynucleotide in target cells would effect greater production of
the ABC1 protein. The subsequently produced ABC1 protein would
ameliorate the disease by increasing the efflux of cholesterol from
macrophage and other cholesterol-laden cells found in arterial
lesions onto nascent HDL particles. The cellular efflux would lead
to the overall removal of cholesterol from peripheral sites, such
as the cholesterol-rich core of arterial plaques. A concurrent
reduction in the size of these pathological lesions reduces the
risk of arterial blockage that leads to heart attacks and angina.
This method could also be used prophylactically to prevent the
accumulation of cholesterol in arterial walls.
[0149] A sufficient amount of ABC1 expression vector is the amount
of ABC1 vector that increases cholesterol efflux from the cells of
a mammalian subject. Such amount can be determined by measuring the
cholesterol efflux in the cells of a subject before (control level)
and after administration of the recombinant ABC1 expression vector
at various dosages and determining the dose that effects an
increase in cholesterol efflux compared to control level. The
cholesterol efflux can be measured by obtaining a blood sample from
the subject, separating the monocyte population, and measuring the
amount of cholesterol efflux in a subject's macrophage cells. Any
of the assays described herein can be used to measure cholesterol
efflux.
[0150] In addition, cholesterol efflux can be measured by
determining the level of plasma HDL-cholesterol in a subject before
(control) and after administration of a recombinant ABC1 expression
vector. An observed increase in HDL-cholesterol in the serum of a
subject following administration of a recombinant ABC1 expression
vector indicates an increase in cholesterol efflux. HDL-cholesterol
levels in serum can be determined using methods well-known in the
art.
[0151] In addition, cholesterol efflux can be measured by measuring
the size of atherosclerotic lesions found in the arterial wall of a
subject before (control level) and after administration of the
recombinant ABC1 expression vector. A reduction in the size of the
arterial lesion indicates an increase in cholesterol efflux. Assays
for measuring arterial lesions are well known in the art. For
example, increased cholesterol efflux from arterial lesions can be
measured using the mouse model of atherosclerosis described in Lawn
et al., Nature, 360: 670-672 (1992)), as well as any of the other
known models. Using the LDL receptor knockout mouse described in
Lawn et al., cholesterol efflux can be measured before and after
administration of the ABC1 vector. Fatty streak lesion size in
groups of animals fed an atherogenic diet can be measured by
oil-red O staining of aortic sections as described in Lawn et al. A
reduction in size of fatty streak lesions in the group receiving
the ABC1 expression vector compared to a group receiving a control
vector indicates an increase in cholesterol efflux from the
lesions. In humans, the size of atherosclerotic lesions found in
arterial walls can be measured using, for example, angiography and
non-invasive ultrasound methods.
[0152] Alternatively, cholesterol efflux can be measured by
obtaining a blood sample and measuring the level of ABC1 mRNA or
ABC1 protein in the macrophage cells of a subject before and after
administration of a recombinant ABC1 expression vector. Routine
assays can be performed to determine the correlation between
increasing ABC1 mRNA concentrations and cholesterol efflux.
Likewise, assays can be performed to correlate the amount of ABC1
protein with the amount of cholesterol efflux. Using such
correlation data, an observed increase in ABC1 mRNA or ABC1 protein
in the cells of a subject following administration of a recombinant
ABC1 expression vector can be used to indicate an increase in
cholesterol efflux. ABC1 mRNA and ABC1 protein levels can be
measured using the assays described herein and other well-known
techniques for mRNA and protein quantitation. Therapeutic dosages
and formulations are discussed in further detail below.
[0153] There are available to one skilled in the art multiple viral
and non-viral methods suitable for introduction of a nucleic acid
molecule into a target cell. For example, viral delivery vectors
suitable for gene therapy include, but are not limited to,
adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, pox virus (i.e., vaccinia),
hepatitis virus, parvovirus, papovavirus, alphavirus, coronavirus,
rhabdovirus, papilloma virus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), polio
virus, and RNA viruses, such as a retroviruses and Sindbis virus.
The ABC1 polynucleotide can also be delivered using a non-viral
delivery system, such as naked DNA delivery (direct injection),
receptor-mediated transfer (DNA-ligand complexes), electroporation,
adenovirus-ligand-DNA complexes, calcium phosphate (CaPO.sub.4)
precipitation, microparticle bombardment (gene gun techniques),
liposome-mediated transfer, and lipofection.
[0154] Genetic modification of a cell may be accomplished using one
or more techniques well known in the gene therapy field (Mulligan,
R., 1993, Science, 260 (5110): 926-32). Gene therapy materials and
methods can include inducible promoters, tissue-specific
enhancer-promoters, DNA sequences designed for site-specific
integration, DNA sequences capable of providing a selective
advantage over the parent cell, labels to identify transformed
cells, negative selection systems and expression control systems
(safety measures), cell-specific binding agents (for cell
targeting), cell-specific internalization factors, and
transcription factors to enhance expression by a vector as well as
methods of vector manufacture. Examples of methods and materials
for the practice of gene therapy techniques are described in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 4,970,154 (involving electroporation techniques),
5,679,559 (describing a lipoprotein-containing system for gene
delivery), 5,676,954 (involving liposome carriers), 5,593,875
(describing methods for calcium phosphate transfection), and
4,945,050 (describing a process wherein biologically active
particles are propelled at cells at a speed whereby the particles
penetrate the surface of the cells and become incorporated into the
interior of the cells), and PCT Pub. No. WO 96/40958 (involving
nuclear ligands).
[0155] Adenoviral vectors have proven especially useful for gene
transfer into eukaryotic cells (Rosenfeld, M., et al., Science,
252: 431-4 (1991); U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,236). The first trial of
Ad-mediated gene therapy in human was the transfer of the cystic
fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene to lung
(Crystal, R., et al., 1994, Nat. Genet., 8 (1): 42-51).
Experimental routes for administrating recombinant Ad to different
tissues in vivo have included intratracheal instillation
(Rosenfeld, M., et al., 1992, Cell, 68 (1): 143-55) injection into
muscle (Quantin, B., et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,
89 (7): 2581-4), peripheral intravenous injection (Herz, J., and
Gerard, R., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90 (7): 2812-6)
and stereotactic inoculation to brain (Le Gal La Salle, G., et al.,
1993, Science, 259 (5097): 988-90). The adenoviral vector, then, is
widely available to one skilled in the art and is suitable for use
in the present invention.
[0156] Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has recently been introduced as
a gene transfer system with potential applications in gene therapy.
Wild-type AAV demonstrates high-level infectivity, broad host range
and specificity in integrating into the host cell genome (Hermonat,
P., and Muzyczka, N., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 81 (20):
6466-70). Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a preferred vector
system (Geller, A., et al., 1991, Trends Neurosci., 14 (10):
428-32; Glorioso, J., et al., 1995, Mol. Biotechnol., 4 (1): 87-99;
Glorioso, J., et al., 1995, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 49: 675-710).
Vaccinia virus, of the poxvirus family, has also been developed as
an expression vector (Smith, G., and Moss, B., 1983, Gene, 25 (1):
21-8; Moss, B., 1992, Biotechnology, 20: 345-62; Moss, B., 1992,
Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 158: 25-38). Each of the
above-described vectors is widely available to one skilled in the
art and would be suitable for use in the present invention.
[0157] Preferably, the viral delivery system utilizes a retroviral
vector. Retroviral vectors are capable of infecting a large
percentage of the target cells and integrating into the cell genome
(Miller, A., and Rosman, G., Biotechniques, 7(9): 980-2, 984-6,
989-90 (1989); U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,510). Retroviruses were
developed as gene transfer vectors relatively earlier than other
viruses, and were first used successfully for gene marking and
transducing the cDNA of adenosine deaminase (ADA) into human
lymphocytes. Preferably, the retroviral vector is a derivative of a
murine or avian retrovirus, or is a lentiviral vector. An
especially preferred retroviral vector is a lentiviral vector.
Examples of retroviral vectors in which a single foreign gene can
be inserted include, but are not limited to: Moloney murine
leukemia virus (MoMuLV), Harvey murine sarcoma virus (HaMuSV),
murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), SIV, BIV, HIV and Rous Sarcoma
Virus (RSV). A number of additional retroviral vectors can
incorporate multiple genes. All of these vectors can transfer or
incorporate a gene for a selectable marker so that transduced cells
can be identified and generated.
[0158] Since recombinant retroviruses are defective, they require
assistance in order to produce infectious vector particles. This
assistance can be provided, for example, by using helper cell lines
that contain plasmids encoding all of the structural genes of the
retrovirus under the control of regulatory sequences within the
LTR. The helper plasmids are missing a nucleotide sequence that
enables the packaging mechanism to recognize an RNA transcript for
encapsitation. Thus, helper cell lines produce empty virions, since
no genome is packaged. Suitable helper cell lines include, but are
not limited to .PSI.2, PA317 and PA12. If a retroviral vector is
introduced into such cells in which the packaging signal is intact,
but the structural genes are replaced by other genes of interest,
the vector can be packaged and vector virion produced. The vector
virions produced by this method can then be used to infect a tissue
cell line, such as NIH 3T3 cells, to produce large quantities of
chimeric retroviral virions.
[0159] The vectors of the present invention may be constructed
using standard recombinant techniques widely available to one
skilled in the art. Such techniques may be found in common
molecular biology references such as Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual (Sambrook, et al., 1989, Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press), Gene Expression Technology (Methods in
Enzymology, Vol. 185, edited by D. Goeddel, 1991, Academic Press,
San Diego, Calif.), and PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and
Applications (Innis, et al. 1990, Academic Press, San Diego,
Calif.).
[0160] In order to obtain transcription of the ABC1 polynucleotide
within a target cell, a transcriptional regulatory region capable
of driving gene expression in the target cell must be utilized. The
transcriptional regulatory region preferably comprises a promoter
and/or enhancer, which is operatively linked to the ABC1
polynucleotide. The promoter can be homologous or heterologous to
the ABC1 gene, provided that it is active in the cell or
tissue-type into which the construct will be inserted. The
transcriptional regulatory region chosen should drive high level
gene expression in the target cell. Preferably, a
macrophage-specific promoter, such as a scavenger receptor type A,
matrix metalloproteinase promoter (MMP-12), or macrophage-tropic
lentivirus promoter (Fabunmi et al., Atherosclerosis, 148: 375-386
(1999)), is used. A particularly preferred promoter is the 5'
region of the scavenger receptor type A gene, which contains a
strong macrophage promoter that can be used to drive the
transcription of the ABC1 gene. In addition, a means to increase
endogenous ABC1 polypeptide expression in a cell is to insert one
or more enhancer elements into the promoter region, where the
enhancer elements can serve to increase transcriptional activity of
the ABC1 gene. Similarly, the enhancer element(s) used is selected
based on the tissue in which one desires to activate the gene.
Thus, for example, enhancer elements known to confer promoter
activation in cells found in arterial tissue, especially macrophage
cells, will be selected. Other transcriptional regulatory regions
suitable for use in the present invention include but are not
limited to the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early
enhancer/promoter, the SV40 early enhancer/promoter, the JC
polyomavirus promoter, the albumin promoter, PGK and the
.alpha.-actin promoter coupled to the CMV enhancer (Doll, R., et
al., 1996, Gene Ther., 3 (5): 437-47).
[0161] Other components of the vector construct may optionally
include DNA molecules designed for site-specific integration (e.g.,
endogenous sequences useful for homologous recombination),
tissue-specific promoters, DNA molecules capable of providing a
selective advantage over the parent cell, DNA molecules useful as
labels to identify transformed cells, negative selection systems,
cell specific binding agents (e.g., for cell targeting),
cell-specific internalization factors, transcription factors
enhancing expression from a vector, and factors enabling vector
production.
[0162] In one embodiment, the vector can include targeting DNA for
site-specific integration. The targeting DNA is a nucleotide
sequence that is complementary (homologous) to a region of the gene
of interest, for example, the ABC1 gene. Through homologous
recombination, the DNA sequence to be inserted into the genome can
be directed to the ABC1 gene by attaching it to the targeting DNA.
DNA sequences for insertion include, for example, regions of DNA
that may interact with or control the expression of an ABC1
polypeptide, e.g. flanking sequences. Thus, the expression of the
desired ABC1 polypeptide is achieved not by transfection of DNA
that encodes the ABC1 gene itself, but rather by the use of
targeting DNA coupled with DNA regulatory segments that provide the
endogenous gene sequence with recognizable signals for
transcription of an ABC1 polypeptide (Sauer, Curr. Opin.
Biotechnol., 5:521-27 (1994); Sauer, Methods Enzymol., 225:890-900
(1993)).
[0163] In yet other embodiments, regulatory elements can be
included for the controlled expression of the ABC1 gene in the
target cell. Such elements are turned on in response to an
appropriate effector. In this way, a therapeutic ABC1 polypeptide
can be expressed when desired. One conventional control means
involves the use of small molecule dimerizers or rapalogs to
dimerize chimeric proteins which contain a small molecule-binding
domain and a domain capable of initiating a biological process,
such as a DNA-binding protein or transcriptional activation protein
(see PCT Pub. Nos. WO 96/41865, WO 97/31898, and WO 97/31899). The
dimerization of the proteins can be used to initiate transcription
of the transgene. Another suitable control means or gene switches
includes the use of mifepristone (RU486), which is a progesterone
antagonist. The binding of a modified progesterone receptor
ligand-binding domain to the progesterone antagonist activates
transcription by forming a dimer of two transcription factors that
then pass into the nucleus to bind DNA. The ligand-binding domain
is modified to eliminate the ability of the receptor to bind to the
natural ligand. The modified steroid hormone receptor system is
further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,791 and PCT Pub. Nos. WO
96/40911 and WO 97/10337. Yet another control means uses a positive
tetracycline-controllable transactivator. This system involves a
mutated tet repressor protein DNA-binding domain (mutated tet R-4
amino acid changes which resulted in a reverse
tetracycline-regulated transactivator protein, i.e., it binds to a
tet operator in the presence of tetracycline) linked to a
polypeptide which activates transcription. Such systems are
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,464,758, 5,650,298, and 5,654,168.
Additional expression control systems and nucleic acid constructs
are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,741,679 and 5,834,186.
[0164] Viral delivery vectors containing an ABC1 polynucleotide can
be made target specific by altering the viral coat such that it
contains a ligand that is specific for another molecule found on
the target cell. This will allow the vector to bind specifically to
the desired cell-type. The ligand can be any compound of interest
that will bind specifically to a molecule found on the target cell,
such as a cell-surface receptor. Preferably, the receptor is found
exclusively on target cells and not on other cells. For example,
ligands for scavenger receptor A can be used to direct viral
delivery vectors to macrophage cells. Alternatively, the viral coat
can be altered such that it contains an antibody or antibody
fragment, such as Fab, or F(ab').sub.2, that recognizes and binds
to an antigenic epitope on the target cells. The viral coat can be
altered by inserting an additional polynucleotide that encodes the
ligand into the viral genome. Those of skill in the art will know
of other specific polynucleotide sequences which can be inserted
into the viral genome to allow target specific delivery of the
vector containing the ABC1 polynucleotide.
[0165] In addition, a naked ABC1 polynucleotide can be
administered. ABC1 polynucleotides and recombinant ABC1 expression
vectors, such as those described above, can be administered as a
pharmaceutical composition. Such a composition comprises an
effective amount of an ABC1 polynucleotide or recombinant ABC1
expression vector, as previously defined herein, and a
pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent selected for
suitability with the mode of administration. Suitable formulation
materials preferably are non-toxic to recipients at the
concentrations employed and are described herein below.
[0166] The pharmaceutical composition comprising an ABC1
polynucleotide or an ABC1 recombinant expression vector may contain
formulation materials for modifying, maintaining, or preserving,
for example, the pH, osmolarity, viscosity, clarity, color,
isotonicity, odor, sterility, stability, rate of dissolution or
release, adsorption, or penetration of the composition. Suitable
formulation materials include, but are not limited to, amino acids
(such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine, or lysine),
antimicrobials, antioxidants (such as ascorbic acid, sodium
sulfite, or sodium hydrogen-sulfite), buffers (such as borate,
bicarbonate, Tris-HCl, citrates, phosphates, or other organic
acids), bulking agents (such as mannitol or glycine), chelating
agents (such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)),
complexing agents (such as caffeine, polyvinylpyrrolidone,
beta-cyclodextrin, or hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin), fillers,
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates (such as
glucose, mannose, or dextrins), proteins (such as serum albumin,
gelatin, or immunoglobulins), coloring, flavoring and diluting
agents, emulsifying agents, hydrophilic polymers (such as
polyvinylpyrrolidone), low molecular weight polypeptides,
salt-forming counterions (such as sodium), preservatives (such as
benzalkonium chloride, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, thimerosal,
phenethyl alcohol, methylparaben, propylparaben, chlorhexidine,
sorbic acid, or hydrogen peroxide), solvents (such as glycerin,
propylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol), sugar alcohols (such as
mannitol or sorbitol), suspending agents, surfactants or wetting
agents (such as pluronics; PEG; sorbitan esters; polysorbates such
as polysorbate 20 or polysorbate 80; triton; tromethamine;
lecithin; cholesterol or tyloxapal), stability enhancing agents
(such as sucrose or sorbitol), tonicity enhancing agents (such as
alkali metal halides--preferably sodium or potassium chloride--or
mannitol sorbitol), delivery vehicles, diluents, excipients and/or
pharmaceutical adjuvants. See Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences
(18.sup.th Ed., A. R. Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Company
1990).
[0167] The pharmaceutically active compounds (i.e. ABC1
polynucleotide or ABC1 vector) can be processed in accordance with
conventional methods of pharmacy to produce medicinal agents for
administration to patients, including humans and other mammals.
Thus, the pharmaceutical composition comprising an ABC1
polynucleotide or an ABC1 recombinant expression vector may be made
up in a solid form (including granules, powders or suppositories)
or in a liquid form (e.g., solutions, suspensions, or emulsions).
Solid dosage forms for oral administration may include capsules,
tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms,
the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent
such as sucrose, lactose, or starch. Such dosage forms may also
comprise, as in normal practice, additional substances other than
inert diluents, e.g., lubricating agents such as magnesium
stearate. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage
forms may also comprise buffering agents. Tablets and pills can
additionally be prepared with enteric coatings.
[0168] Liquid dosage forms for oral or parenteral administration
may include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions,
suspensions, syrups, and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly
used in the art, such as water. Such compositions may also comprise
adjuvants, such as wetting sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming
agents. For example, a suitable carrier for injection may be water,
physiological saline solution, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid,
possibly supplemented with other materials common in compositions
for parenteral administration. Neutral buffered saline or saline
mixed with serum albumin are further exemplary carriers. Other
exemplary pharmaceutical compositions comprise Tris buffer of about
pH 7.0-8.5, or acetate buffer of about pH 4.0-5.5, which may
further include sorbitol or a suitable substitute.
[0169] The dosage regimen for treating a cardiovascular disease
with a composition comprising an ABC1 polynucleotide or ABC1
expression vector is based on a variety of factors, including the
type of cardiovascular disease, the age, weight, sex, medical
condition of the patient, the severity of the condition, the route
of administration, and the particular compound employed. Thus, the
dosage regimen may vary widely, but can be determined routinely
using standard methods. For example, the amount of ABC1
polynucleotide or ABC1 expression vector to be administered is an
amount sufficient to increase cholesterol efflux from the cells of
a mammalian subject. Such amount can be determined, for example, by
measuring the plasma HDL-cholesterol level of a subject before and
after administration of the ABC1 polynucleotide or ABC1 expression
vector. A sufficient amount of ABC1 polynucleotide or ABC1
expression vector is an amount that increases the plasma
HDL-cholesterol level of a subject. Accordingly, the clinician can
titer the dosage and modify the route of administration to obtain
the optimal therapeutic effect. A typical dosage may range from
about 0.1 g/kg to about 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors
mentioned above.
[0170] The frequency of dosing will depend upon the pharmacokinetic
parameters of the ABC1 polynucleotide or vector in the formulation
being used. Typically, a clinician will administer the composition
until a dosage is reached that achieves the desired effect. The
composition may therefore be administered as a single dose, as two
or more doses (which may or may not contain the same amount of the
desired molecule) over time, or as a continuous infusion via
implantation device or catheter. Further refinement of the
appropriate dosage is routinely made by those of ordinary skill in
the art and is within the ambit of tasks routinely performed by
them. Appropriate dosages may be ascertained through use of
appropriate dose-response data.
[0171] The cells of a mammalian subject may be transfected in vivo,
ex vivo, or in vitro. Administration of an ABC1 polynucleotide or a
recombinant vector containing an ABC1 polynucleotide to a target
cell in vivo may be accomplished using any of a variety of
techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For example,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,344 describes an in vivo viral-mediated gene
transfer system involving a recombinant neurotrophic HSV-1 vector.
The above-described compositions of ABC1 polynucleotides and
recombinant ABC1 vectors can be transfected in vivo by oral,
buccal, parenteral, rectal, or topical administration as well as by
inhalation spray. The term "parenteral" as used herein includes,
subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal, infusion
techniques or intraperitoneally.
[0172] For oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition
containing the ABC1 polynucleotide or recombinant ABC1 vector may
be in the form of, for example, a capsule, a tablet, a suspension,
or liquid. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the
form of a dosage unit containing a given amount of DNA or viral
vector particles. For example, these may contain an amount from
about 10.sup.3-10.sup.15 viral particles, preferably from about
10.sup.6-10.sup.12 viral particles. A suitable daily dose for a
human or other mammal may vary widely depending on the condition of
the patient and other factors, but, once again, can be determined
using routine methods.
[0173] The pharmaceutical composition containing the ABC1 DNA or
recombinant ABC1 vector can also be administered rectally. Suitable
suppositories for rectal administration of the vector can be
prepared by mixing the vector with a suitable non-irritating
excipient such as cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols that are
solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature
and will therefore melt in the rectum and release the vector.
[0174] A pharmaceutical composition also can be formulated for
inhalation. For example, an ABC1 polynucleotide or vector may be
formulated as a dry powder for inhalation. Also, ABC1
polynucleotide or vector inhalation solutions can be formulated
with a propellant for aerosol delivery. In yet another embodiment,
solutions may be nebulized.
[0175] The pharmaceutical composition containing the ABC1 DNA or
recombinant ABC1 vector can also be injected. Injectable
preparations, such as sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous
suspensions, may be formulated according to the known methods using
suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The
sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable
solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable
diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. A
particularly suitable carrier for parenteral injection is sterile
distilled water in which an ABC1 polynucleotide or vector is
formulated as a sterile, isotonic solution, properly preserved.
Among the other acceptable carriers and solvents that may be
employed are Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride
solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally
employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any
bland fixed oil may be employed, including synthetic mono- or
diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use
in the preparation of injectables. Yet another preparation can
involve the formulation of the desired ABC1 molecule with an agent,
such as injectable microsperes, bio-erodible particles, polymeric
compounds, beads or liposomes, that provides for the controlled or
sustained release of the ABC1 product (see, e.g. PCT/US93/00829;
Eppstein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 82: 3688-3692 (1985)).
[0176] Also, the pharmaceutical composition containing the ABC1 DNA
or recombinant ABC1 vector can administered topically. For topical
administration, the vector may comprise from 0.001% to 10% w/w,
e.g., from 1% to 2% by weight of the formulation, although it may
comprise as much as 10% w/w, but preferably not more than 5% w/w,
and more preferably from 0.1% to 1% of the formulation.
Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or
semi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin
(e.g., liniments, lotions, ointments, creams, or pastes) and drops
suitable for administration to the eye, ear, or nose. A suitable
topical dose of active ingredient of a vector of the present
invention is administered one to four, preferably two or three
times daily.
[0177] While the nucleic acids and/or vectors of the invention can
be administered as the sole active pharmaceutical agent, they can
also be used in combination with one or more vectors of the
invention or other agents. When administered as a combination, the
therapeutic agents can be formulated as separate compositions that
are given at the same time or different times, or the therapeutic
agents can be given as a single composition.
[0178] In another embodiment of the present invention, a target
cell is transfected in vivo by implantation of a "producer cell
line" in proximity to the target cell population (Culver, K., et
al., 1994, Hum. Gene Ther., 5 (3): 343-79; Culver, K., et al., Cold
Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol., 59: 685-90; Oldfield, E., 1993,
Hum. Gene Ther., 4 (1): 39-69). The producer cell line is
engineered to produce a viral vector containing the ABC1
polynucleotide and to release its viral particles in the vicinity
of the target cells, i.e. preferably macrophage cells found in
atherosclerotic lesions. A portion of the released viral particles
contact the target macrophage cells and infect those cells, thus
delivering an ABC1 polynucleotide to the target macrophage cell.
Following infection of the target cell, expression of the ABC1
polynucleotide occurs, providing the macrophage cell with
functional ABC1 protein.
[0179] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of
treating a cardiovascular disease by the ex vivo introduction of an
ABC1 polynucleotide or recombinant ABC1 expression vector. In such
instances, cells, tissues, or organs that have been removed from
the patient are exposed to ABC1 compositions after which the cells,
tissues, or organs are subsequently implanted back into the
patient. For example, one method includes the removal of a blood
sample from a subject with cardiovascular disease, enriching the
sample for monocytes, and contacting the isolated monocytes with a
recombinant expression vector containing the ABC1 polynucleotide
and, optionally, a target specific gene. Optionally, the monocyte
cells can be treated with a growth factor, such as GM-CSF, to
stimulate cell growth, before reintroducing the cells into the
subject. When reintroduced, the cells will specifically target the
cell population from which they were originally isolated. In this
way, the transport activity of the ABC1 polypeptide may be used to
promote cholesterol efflux in a subject.
[0180] Another method of ex vivo administration involves
introducing the ABC1 polynucleotide or recombinant ABC1 vector into
the mammalian subject by means of skin transplants of cells
containing the virus. Preferably, a retrovius used for this method
of administration. Long term expression of foreign genes in
implants, using cells of fibroblast origin, may be achieved if a
strong housekeeping gene promoter is used to drive transcription.
For example, the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene promoter may
be used. Cells such as fibroblasts, can be infected with virions
containing a retroviral construct containing the ABC1
polynucleotide together with a gene which allows for specific
targeting, such as scavenger receptor A, and a strong promoter. The
infected cells can be embedded in a collagen matrix that can be
grafted into the connective tissue of the dermis in the recipient
subject. As the retrovirus proliferates and escapes the matrix it
will specifically infect the target cell population. In this way
the transplantation results in increased amounts of cholesterol
efflux activity in cells manifesting the transport disorder.
[0181] In another embodiment, the recombinant expression vector
comprising the ABC1 polynucleotide can be administered using in
vitro techniques, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,346. For
example, an ABC1 polypeptide can be delivered by implanting certain
cells that have been genetically engineered, using methods such as
those described herein, to express the ABC1 polypeptide. In order
to minimize a potential immunological reaction in patients being
administered an ABC1 polypeptide, as may occur with the
administration of a polypeptide of a foreign species, it is
preferred that the natural cells producing ABC1 polypeptide be of
human origin and produce human ABC1 polypeptide. Thus, it is
preferred that the recombinant cells producing ABC1 polypeptide be
transformed with an expression vector containing a gene encoding a
human ABC1 polypeptide. The cells can be autologous or
heterologous. Optionally, the cells can be immortalized. In order
to decrease the chance of an immunological response, the cells may
be encapsulated to avoid infiltration of surrounding tissues. The
encapsulation materials are typically biocompatible, semi-permeable
polymeric enclosures or membranes that allow the release of the
protein product(s) but prevent the destruction of the cells by the
patient's immune system or by other detrimental factors from the
surrounding tissues. The transfected cells can be administered to a
patient using the above-described methods.
[0182] Techniques for the encapsulation of living cells are known
in the art, and the preparation of the encapsulated cells and their
implantation in patients may be routinely accomplished. For
example, Baetge et al. (PCT Pub. No. WO 95/05452 and
PCT/US94/09299) describe membrane capsules containing genetically
engineered cells for the effective delivery of biologically active
molecules. The capsules are biocompatible and are easily
retrievable. The capsules encapsulate cells transfected with
recombinant DNA molecules comprising DNA sequences coding for
biologically active molecules operatively linked to promoters that
are not subject to down regulation in vivo upon implantation into a
mammalian host. The devices provide for the delivery of the
molecules from living cells to specific sites within a recipient.
In addition, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,892,538; 5,011,472; and
5,106,627. A system for encapsulating living cells is described in
PCT Pub. No. WO 91/10425 (Aebischer et al). See also, PCT Pub. No.
WO 91/10470 (Aebischer et al.); Winn et al., 1991, Exper. Neurol.
113:322-29; Aebischer et al., 1991, Exper. Neurol. 111:269-75; and
Tresco et al., 1992, ASAIO 38:17-23.
[0183] Another delivery system for polynucleotides encoding ABC1 is
a "non-viral" delivery system. Techniques that have been used or
proposed for gene therapy include DNA-ligand complexes,
adenovirus-ligand-DNA complexes, direct injection of DNA,
CaPO.sub.4 precipitation, gene gun techniques, electroporation,
lipofection, and colloidal dispersion (Mulligan, R., 1993, Science,
260 (5110): 926-32). Any of these methods are widely available to
one skilled in the art and would be suitable for use in the present
invention. Other suitable methods are available to one skilled in
the art, and it is to be understood that the present invention may
be accomplished using any of the available methods of transfection.
Several such methodologies have been utilized by those skilled in
the art with varying success (Mulligan, R., 1993, Science, 260
(5110): 926-32).
[0184] Preferably, the non-viral delivery system is a colloidal
dispersion system. Colloidal dispersion systems include
macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and
lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles,
mixed micelles, and liposomes. The preferred colloidal system of
this invention is a liposome, which is an artificial membrane
vesicle useful as delivery vehicles in vitro and in vivo. Liposomes
are self-assembling, colloidal particles in which a lipid bilayer,
composed of amphiphilic molecules such as phosphatidyl serine or
phosphatidyl choline, encapsulates a portion of the surrounding
media such that the lipid bilayer surrounds a hydrophilic interior.
Unilammellar or multilammellar liposomes can be constructed such
that the interior contains a desired chemical, drug, or, as in the
instant invention, an isolated DNA molecule. For example, it has
been shown that large unilamellar vesicles (LUV), which range in
size from 0.2-4.0 .mu.m can encapsulate a substantial percentage of
an aqueous buffer containing large macromolecules, such as RNA, DNA
and intact virions. Once encapsulated within the aqueous interior,
these macromolecules can be delivered to mammalian cells in a
biologically active form (Fraley, R. and Papahadjopoulos, D. 1981,
Trends Biochem. Sci., 6: 77-80). In order for a liposome to be an
efficient gene transfer vehicle, the following characteristics
should be present: (1) encapsulation of the genes of interest at
high efficiency while not compromising their biological activity;
(2) preferential and substantial binding to a target cell in
comparison to non-target cells; (3) delivery of the aqueous
contents of the vesicle to the target cell cytoplasm at high
efficiency; and (4) accurate and effective expression of genetic
information (Mannino, R., et al., 1988, Biotechniques, 6 (7):
682-90).
[0185] The composition of the liposome is usually a combination of
phospholipids, particularly high-phase-transition-temperature
phospholipids, usually in combination with steroids, especially
cholesterol. Other phospholipids or other lipids may also be used.
The physical characteristics of liposomes depend on pH, ionic
strength, and the presence of divalent cations. Examples of lipids
useful in liposome production include phosphatidyl compounds, such
as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine,
phosphatidyletha-nolamine, sphingolipids, cerebrosides, and
gangliosides. Particularly useful are diacylphosphatidylglycerols,
where the lipid moiety contains from 14-18 carbon atoms,
particularly from 16-18 carbon atoms, and is saturated.
Illustrative phospholipids include egg phosphatidylcholine,
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and
distearoylphosphatidylcholine.
[0186] The targeting of liposomes has been classified based on
anatomical and mechanistic factors. Anatomical classification is
based on the level of selectivity, for example, organ-specific,
cell-specific, and organelle-specific. Mechanistic targeting can be
distinguished based upon whether it is passive or active. Passive
targeting utilizes the natural tendency of liposomes to distribute
to cells of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) in organs which
contain sinusoidal capillaries. Active targeting, on the other
hand, involves alteration of the liposome by coupling the liposome
to a specific ligand, such as a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody,
sugar, glycolipid, or protein, or by changing the composition or
size of the liposome in order to achieve targeting to organs and
cell types other than the naturally occurring sites of
localization. Preferably, the ligand is a polyclonal or monoclonal
antibody which can be used to target liposomes to specific
cell-surface ligands. The ligand can also be an antibody fragment,
such as Fab, or F(ab').sub.2, as long as it binds efficiently to an
the antigenic epitope on the target cells. Preferably, the antibody
or antibody fragment recognizes an antigen that is found
exclusively on the target cell. For example, certain antigens
expressed specifically on macrophage cells, such as scavenger
receptor A, may be exploited for the purpose of targeting
antibody-ABC1 liposomes directly to a macrophage cell.
[0187] A number of procedures can be used to covalently attach
either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to a liposome bilayer.
Also, lipid groups can be incorporated into the lipid bilayer of
the liposome in order to maintain the targeting ligand in stable
association with the liposomal bilayer. In addition, various
linking groups can be used for joining the lipid chains to the
targeting ligand.
[0188] Studies presented herein showed that ligands for nuclear
receptors were able to effect an increase in cholesterol efflux.
Accordingly, in another embodiment, the present invention provides
a method suitable for increasing cholesterol efflux from cells in a
mammalian subject comprising the step of administering to the
mammalian subject at least one ligand for a nuclear receptor in an
amount sufficient to increase cholesterol efflux from said cells. A
pharmaceutical composition comprising a ligand for a nuclear
receptor can prepared and administered using the above-described
methods for formulating and administering pharmaceutical
compositions. A sufficient amount of a nuclear receptor ligand is
the amount of ligand that increases cholesterol efflux. Such amount
can be determined by measuring the cholesterol efflux before and
after administration of the ligand at various dosages and
determining the dose that effects an increase in cholesterol
efflux. The cholesterol efflux can be measured using assays
previously described.
[0189] Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors
that play a critical role in vertebrate development and adult
physiology by transducing the effects of small, lipophilic hormones
into transcriptional responses. Several families of nuclear
receptors exist, including peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptors (PPARs), liver X receptors (LXR), retinoid X receptor
(RXR), the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and the steroid and
xenobiotic receptor (SXR). The PPAR family comprises the three
closely related gene products PPAR.alpha., PPAR.gamma., and
PPAR.beta./.delta.. PPAR.alpha. has been implicated as a key
regulator of intra- and extracellular lipid metabolism. When bound
to fatty acids, PPAR.alpha. stimulates the proliferation of
peroxisomes and induces the synthesis of several enzymes involved
in the .beta.-oxidation of fatty acids. The PPAR.alpha. receptor is
also the molecular target for the fibrates, drugs that are
prescribed for the reduction of high triglyceride levels (Isseman
et al., Nature, 347, 645 (1990)). Fibrates act as PPAR ligands to
regulate the transcription of a large number of genes that affect
lipoprotein and fatty acid metabolism. In addition, PPAR.gamma.
ligands, such as compounds belonging to the class of
thiazolidinediones compounds, have been shown to increase HDL and
reduce triglyceride levels in humans.
[0190] LXR is an oxysterol receptor that regulates the catabolism
of excess cholesterol. LXR.alpha. has been shown to bind as a
heterodimer with RXR to a DNA response element in the CYP7a gene,
which encodes the enzyme responsible for the rate-limiting step in
the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. Studies have shown
that mice lacking LXR.alpha. accumulate enormous amounts of
cholesterol esters in their livers when fed a cholesterol-rich
diet, due to their inability to increase CYP7a gene transcription
in response to dietary cholesterol (Peet et al., Cell, 93: 693
(1998)). Further studies with LXR.alpha. null mice show that
LXR.alpha. is also involved in the regulation of several other
genes that participate in cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis.
The biological role of a closely related nuclear receptor,
LXR.beta., which is expressed in several tissues and is activated
by the same oxysterols as LXR.alpha., remains unclear (Song et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 91: 10809 (1994); Seol, Mol. Endocrinol.,
9: 72 (1995)).
[0191] FXR, which is evolutionarily related to LXR.alpha., is also
involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Like LXR.alpha., FXR functions
as a heterodimer with the RXR receptor (Schwartz et al., Curr.
Opin. Lipidol., 9: 113 (1998); Vlahcevic et al., Gastroenterology,
113: 1949 (1997)). FXR is activated by the synthetic retinoid TTNPB
and superphysiological concentrations of all-trans retinoic acid
(Zavacki et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94: 7909 (1997)). Recent
studies indicate that FXR is a nuclear bile acid receptor. First,
FXR is abundantly expressed in tissues through which bile acids
circulate, including the liver, intestine, and kidney (Seol et al.,
Mol. Endocrinol., 9: 72 (1995); Forman et al., Cell, 81: 687
(1995)). Also, FXR has recently been shown to serve as a receptor
for physiological concentrations of several bile salts, among which
chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is the most potent (Kliewer et al.,
Science, 284: 757-284 (1999); Makishima et al., Science, 284:
1362-1363 (1999)). CDCA is known to regulate the expression of
several genes that participate in bile salt homeostasis, including
those encoding CYP7a and the intestinal bile acid-binding
protein.
[0192] As described in detail in Example 13, ligands for LXR, RXR,
and PPAR nuclear receptors were shown to increase apoAI-induced
cholesterol efflux in cholesterol-loaded mouse macrophage cells.
For example, administration of 9 cis-retinoic acid (30 ng/ml)
produced approximately a 3-fold increase in apoAI-induced
cholesterol efflux in these cells. Similarly, administration of
22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (5 .mu.g/ml) produced approximately a
3-fold increase in apoAI-induced cholesterol efflux. Cells that
received fenfibrate (3 .mu.g/ml) produced an approximate 2-fold
increase in cholesterol efflux. These results indicate that nuclear
receptors may be modulated to increase the rate of
apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages.
Furthermore, as described in Example 13, 9-cis-RA mediated
cholesterol efflux from macrophage cells in a dose-dependent
manner. Other nuclear receptor activators, such as bezafibrate,
were shown to increase cholesterol efflux (data not shown).
[0193] Accordingly, in the method for increasing cholesterol efflux
by administering a nuclear receptor ligand, the ligand is
preferably selected from the group consisting of LXR, RXR, PPAR,
FXR, and SXR nuclear receptor ligands. In the preferred embodiment
wherein a LXR ligand is used to increase cholesterol efflux, the
ligand is more preferably selected from the group consisting of
20(S) hydroxycholesterol, 22(R) hydroxycholesterol,
24-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, and 24(S), 25
epoxycholesterol LXR ligands. Most preferably, the LXR ligand is
20(S) hydroxycholesterol. In the preferred embodiment wherein a RXR
ligand is used to increase cholesterol efflux, the ligand is more
preferably selected from the group consisting of 9-cis retinoic
acid, retinol, retinal, all-trans retinoic acid, 13-cis retinoic
acid, acitretin, fenretinide, etretinate, CD 495, CD564, TTNN,
TTNNPB, TTAB, LGD 1069. Most preferably, the RXR ligand is 9-cis
retinoic acid. In another preferred embodiment wherein a PPAR
ligand is used to increase cholesterol efflux, the ligand is
preferably selected from the class of thiazolidinedione
compounds.
[0194] In another preferred embodiment, more than one nuclear
receptor ligand is administered to the mammalian subject to
increase cholesterol efflux. Preferably, when two or more nuclear
receptor ligands are administered to a subject, the ligands are an
LXR and an RXR ligand. More preferably, the nuclear receptor
ligands are 20(S) hydroxycholesterol and 9-cis retinoic acid.
[0195] In still another embodiment, the present invention provides
a method suitable for increasing cholesterol efflux from cells in a
mammalian subject comprising the step of administering to the
mammalian subject an eicosanoid in an amount sufficient to increase
cholesterol efflux. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an
eicosanoid can be prepared and administered using the
above-described methods for formulating and administering
pharmaceutical compositions. A sufficient amount of eicosanoid is
the amount that increases cholesterol efflux. Such amount can be
determined by measuring the cholesterol efflux before and after
administration of the eicosanoid at various dosages and determining
the dose that effects an increase in cholesterol efflux. The
cholesterol efflux can be measured using assays and methods
previously described.
[0196] As described in Example 14, eicosanoids were shown to
increase apoAI-induced cholesterol efflux in cholesterol-loaded
mouse macrophage cells. For example, administration of PGI2 (25 nm)
produced approximately a 2-fold increase in apoAI-induced
cholesterol efflux in these cells. Likewise, administration of PGE1
(25 nM) produced approximately a 3-fold increase in apoAI-induced
cholesterol efflux. These results demonstrate that eicoasnoids can
increase the rate of apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux
from macrophages. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the
eicosanoid is selected from the group consisting of prostaglandin
E2, prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2), and prostaglandin J2
eicosanoids.
Methods and Compounds for Increasing ABC1 Expression/Activity
[0197] Given that ABC1 functions to promote cholesterol efflux, one
way to increase cholesterol efflux is to increase the cellular
expression of ABC1. Accordingly, the present invention also
provides methods suitable for increasing cholesterol efflux from
cells in a mammalian subject by administering to the mammalian
subject a therapeutic amount of a compound that increases the
expression of ABC1 in said cells. A therapeutic amount of compound
is the amount of compound that increases ABC1 expression. Such
amount can be determined by measuring the gene expression of ABC1
before and after administration of the compound at various dosages
and determining the dose that effects an increase in ABC1 gene
expression. The ABC1 gene expression can be measured by obtaining a
blood sample from the subject, separating the monocyte population,
and determining the concentration of ABC1 mRNA using methods known
in the art and described herein, such as RT-PCR.
[0198] In one preferred embodiment, the method comprises
administering a cAMP analogue to increase the gene expression of
ABC1. As shown in FIG. 8, cAMP increases the expression of ABC1
mRNA in normal fibroblast cells approximately 10-fold. Preferably,
the cAMP analogue is selected from the group consisting of 8-bromo
cAMP, N6-benzoyl cAMP, and 8-thiomethyl cAMP. In another preferred
embodiment, the method comprises administering a compound that
increases the synthesis of cAMP to increase the gene expression of
ABC1. Preferably, the compound is forskolin. In yet another
preferred embodiment, the method comprises administering a compound
that inhibits the breakdown of cAMP to increase the gene expression
of ABC1. An example of such a compound is a phosphodiesterase
inhibitor. Preferably, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor is selected
from the group consisting of rolipram, theophylline,
3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, R020-1724, vinpocetine, zaprinast,
dipyridamole, milrinone, aminone, pimobendan, cilostamide,
enoximone, peroximone, and vesnarinone phosphodiesterase
inhibitors.
[0199] In another preferred embodiment, the method comprises
administering to the mammalian subject a ligand for a nuclear
receptor in an amount sufficient to increase the gene expression of
ABC1. As described in Example 17 and shown in FIG. 12, ligands for
nuclear receptors can up-regulate the gene expression of ABC1.
Transfection studies using pAPR1, which contains a luciferase
reporter gene under the control of the ABC1 promoter, showed that
the ABC1 promoter was activated in the presence of ligands for LXR
and RXR nuclear receptors. Specifically, macrophage cells
transfected with pAPR1 produced a 19-fold increase in luciferase
reporter activity in the presence of 200H-chol, a 16-fold increase
in luciferase activity in the presence of 9-cis RA, and a 280-fold
increase in luciferase activity in the presence of both ligands
compared with EtOH control. The results indicate that both sterols
and retinoids elicit a strong transcription response from the ABC1
promoter. Further, there is an apparent synergistic effect between
the two classes of compounds, as can be seen by the dramatic
increase in luciferase activity found in cells treated with both
ligands. In accordance with the inventive method, preferably, the
ligand is selected from the group consisting of LXR, RXR, PPAR,
FXR, and SXR ligands.
[0200] In addition to increasing cellular levels of ABC1 protein,
reverse cholesterol transport can be promoted by enhancing the
activity of ABC1 protein. Thus, in another embodiment, the present
invention provides a method suitable for increasing cholesterol
efflux from cells in a mammalian subject comprising the step of
administering to the mammalian subject a therapeutic amount of a
compound that increases ABC1 activity in an amount sufficient to
increase cholesterol efflux. A pharmaceutical composition
comprising such a compound can prepared and administered using the
above-described methods for formulating and administering
pharmaceutical compositions. A therapeutic amount of compound is
the amount of compound that increases cholesterol efflux. Such
amount can be determined by measuring the cholesterol efflux before
and after administration of the compound at various dosages and
determining the dose that effects an increase in cholesterol efflux
using methods previously described. To determine whether an
increase in cholesterol efflux is due to an increase in ABC1
activity, the amount of ABC1 protein present in a cell sample
before and after administration of the compound is determined,
using methods described herein (see Example 11). For both
measurements (i.e. pre- and post-administration of the compound),
the amount of cholesterol efflux activity is divided by the
concentration of ABC1 protein to determine the amount of
cholesterol activity found in a standard concentration of ABC1
protein. An observed increase in cholesterol activity standardized
to protein concentration indicates that the increase is due to an
increase in ABC1 activity.
Methods for Identifying Therapeutic Compounds
[0201] Another aspect of the present invention relates to methods
for screening a compound to determine whether the compound
modulates (i.e., up-regulates or down-regulates) the gene
expression of ABC1. Such compounds may be useful in the development
of therapeutic compounds that increase ABC1 expression and thereby
promote cholesterol efflux and raise blood levels of
HDL-cholesterol. Accordingly, methods for identifying compounds
that may be useful in the treatment of cardiovascular disease are
provided. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a
method for screening a test compound for ABC1 expression modulating
activity comprising the steps of: (a) operatively linking a
reporter cDNA with an expression modulating portion of the
mammalian ABC1 gene to produce a recombinant reporter construct;
(b) transfecting the recombinant reporter construct into a
population of host cells; (c) assaying the level of reporter gene
expression in a sample of the transfected host cells; (d)
contacting the transfected host cells with the test compound being
screened; (e) assaying the level of reporter gene expression in a
sample of the transfected host cells after contact with the test
compound; and (f) comparing the relative change in the level of
reporter gene expression caused by exposure to the test compound,
thereby determining the ABC1 expression modulating activity.
[0202] First, a recombinant reporter construct comprising a
heterologous reporter gene operatively linked to an expression
modulating portion of the ABC1 gene is constructed. The ABC1
expression modulating polynucleotide and reporter gene can be
inserted into a vector using well-known ligation and cloning
techniques, such as those described herein and in standard
laboratory manuals, including Davis et al., Basic Methods in
Molecular Biology (1986); Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual, 2.sup.nd Ed., (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold
Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989)); and Ausubel et al. eds., Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology, (Wiley and Sons (1994)).
Alternatively, the ABC1 expression modulating polynucleotide can be
inserted into a commercially available reporter construct, such as
those previously described. Any vector suitable for ABC1
polynucleotide and reporter gene insertion can be used. The chosen
vector should be functional in the particular host cell employed.
Preferably, the vector is compatible with mammalian host cells.
[0203] Preferably, the expression modulating portion of the ABC1
gene is the 5' flanking region of ABC1, containing ABC1 promoter
activity. In one preferred embodiment, the expression modulating
portion of the ABC1 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 3. In another
preferred embodiment, the expression modulating portion of the ABC1
gene comprises nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643,
1394-1643, or 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3. Also, preferably the
heterologous reporter is selected from the group consisting of
polynucleotides that encode the luciferase, .beta.-galactosidase,
chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, and green fluorescent proteins.
More preferably, the heterologous reporter is a polynucleotide that
encodes the luciferase protein. In a particularly preferred
embodiment, the recombinant reporter construct is pAPR1, shown in
FIG. 11.
[0204] Next, the recombinant reporter construct is transfected into
a population of host cells. The recombinant reporter construct can
be introduced into the host cells using any of the previously
described transfection methods, as well as the methods described in
Examples 8 and 15. For example, the reporter construct can be
transfected using calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran
mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection,
electroporation, transduction, infection, or any of the other known
and described methods (see, e.g., Davis et al., Basic Methods in
Molecular Biology (1986)). The host cell can be any cell that, when
cultured under appropriate conditions, synthesizes a reporter
polypeptide, which can be subsequently measured. Preferably, the
host cell is a mammalian host cell. More preferably, the mammalian
host cell is a macrophage, fibroblast, hepatic, or intestinal cell.
Most preferably, the host cell is selected from the group
consisting of RAW 264.7 cells, Thp-1 cells, and HepG2 cells. The
concentration of reporter construct and duration of the
transfection can vary, depending on the transfection method and the
type and concentration of host cell used. Determination of the
appropriate concentration of reporter construct and transfection
time is well within the skill of the ordinary artisan.
[0205] Following transfection, a sample of transfected host cells
that was not exposed to the test compound is assayed to determine
the level of reporter gene expression. The level of reporter gene
expression found in the sample of unexposed transfected host cells
provides a control measurement. The transfected host cells are
lysed and the level of reporter gene expression is assayed using
any of the methods well-known in the art. The assays used to
measure the level of reporter gene expression differ, depending on
the reporter construct used in the transfections. For example, if a
luciferase reporter construct is used, the luciferase activity of
the cell lysate is measured as light units using a luminometer, as
described in Example 15.
[0206] A different sample of the transfected host cells is
contacted with the test compound being screened and the level of
reporter gene expression found in these cells is subsequently
measured. Preferably, the transfected host cells are contacted with
the test compound for about 4-48 hours. More preferably, the
transfected host cells are contacted with the test compound for
about 8-36 hours. Even more preferably, the transfected host cells
are contacted with the test compound for about 24 hours. The same
assay used to measure the level of reporter gene expression in
unexposed (control) cells should be used to measure the level of
reporter gene expression in the cells exposed to the test
compound.
[0207] Finally, the level of reporter gene expression found in
unexposed control cells is compared with the level of reporter gene
expression found in cells exposed to the test compound to determine
whether the test compound has ABC1 expression modulating activity.
If the level of gene expression in both cell samples are the same
or about the same, the test compound does not modulate ABC1 gene
expression. A higher level of reporter gene expression in cells
exposed to the test compound relative to the level of reporter gene
expression found in control cells, indicates that the test compound
up-regulates the gene expression of ABC1. A lower level of reporter
gene expression in cells exposed to the test compound relative to
the level of reporter gene expression found in control cells,
indicates that the test compound down-regulates the gene expression
of ABC1.
[0208] Another aspect of the present invention relates to methods
for screening a test compound to determine whether the compound
promotes ABC1-mediated cholesterol efflux. Such method comprises:
(a) assaying the level of cholesterol efflux in a sample of
mammalian cells maintained in culture to determine a control level
of cholesterol efflux, (b) contacting the mammalian cells with the
test compound being screened; (c) assaying the level of cholesterol
efflux in a sample of cells after contact with the test compound;
and (d) assaying the level of ABC1-dependent cholesterol efflux in
a sample of cells after contact with the test compound, thereby
determining whether the test compound promotes ABC1-mediated
cholesterol efflux from cells in culture.
[0209] The level of cholesterol efflux in a sample of cultured
cells can be determined using methods known in the art and
described herein (see Example 1). Any mammalian cells that can be
maintained in culture can be used to measure cholesterol efflux.
The cells can be derived from primary cultures or from immortalized
cell lines. For convenience, cells can be immortalized by
transfecting them with amphotropic retroviruses containing vectors
with inserts of human papillomavirus 16, oncogenes E6 and E7, and a
selectable marker gene, as described in Example 1. Preferably, the
cultured cells are fibroblast, macrophage, hepatic, or intestinal
cells. More preferably, the cultured cells are RAW 264.7 cells.
[0210] The level of cholesterol efflux in a sample of cells that
has not been contacted with the test compound is measured to obtain
a control level of cholesterol efflux. In addition, the level of
cholesterol efflux in a sample of mammalian cells that has been
contacted with the test compound is measured to determine the
amount of cholesterol efflux affected by the test compound. Also,
the level of ABC1-mediated cholesterol efflux in a sample of
mammalian cells that has been contacted with the test compound is
measured to determine the amount of ABC1-mediated cholesterol
efflux affected by the test compound. Preferably, the cells are
contacted with the test compound for about 8-24 hours before
cholesterol efflux or ABC1-mediated cholesterol efflux is assayed.
The level of ABC1-mediated cholesterol efflux can be assayed using
an anti-ABC1 antibody that, upon binding, inhibits the activity of
ABC1. Alternatively, the level of ABC1-mediated cholesterol efflux
can be assayed using an anti-sense ABC1 polynucleotide that
inhibits the expression of ABC1. For example, the level of
ABC1-mediated cholesterol efflux can be assayed using the
anti-sense ABC1 polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 57 (see
Example 7). The cells should be contacted with the anti-ABC1
antibody or anti-sense ABC1 polynucleotide at the same time and for
the same duration that it is contacted with the test compound.
[0211] If the level of control cholesterol efflux is the same or
about the same as the level of cholesterol efflux found in cells
contacted with the test compound, the compound does not promote
cholesterol efflux. An increase in the level of cholesterol efflux
found in cells contacted with test compound over the control level
of cholesterol efflux indicates the amount of cholesterol efflux
promoted by the test compound. The difference between the
cholesterol efflux found in cells contacted with test compound
alone and the cholesterol efflux found in cells contacted with test
compound and anti-ABC1 antibody or anti-sense ABC1 polynucleotide
indicates the amount of cholesterol efflux mediated through ABC1.
For example, if control level of cholesterol efflux is 1.0 and the
level of cholesterol efflux found in cells contacted with test
compound is 1.1, the test compound promotes cholesterol efflux by
10%. If the cholesterol efflux found in cells contacted with test
compound and anti-ABC1 antibody or anti-sense ABC1 polynucleotide
is 1.0, the increase in cholesterol efflux caused by the test
compound is entirely ABC1-mediated.
Methods for Detecting Susceptibility to Coronary Heart Disease
[0212] The present invention also relates to methods for detecting
the comparative level of ABC1 gene or protein expression in a
mammalian subject, including a human subject. Given the role of
ABC1 in cholesterol efflux, the determination of a decreased level
of ABC1 gene or protein expression in a mammalian subject relative
to a pre-determined standard level of ABC1 gene or protein
expression can be used to indicate a susceptibility to coronary
heart disease in the subject. Accordingly, the present invention
provides a method for detecting the comparative level of ABC1 gene
expression in a mammalian subject comprising the steps of: (a)
obtaining a test cell sample from the mammalian subject; (b)
assaying the level of ABC1 mRNA expression in the test cell sample;
and (c) comparing the level of ABC1 mRNA expression in the test
cell sample with a pre-determined standard level of ABC1 mRNA
expression, thereby detecting the comparative level of ABC1 gene
expression in the mammalian subject.
[0213] A test cell sample is first obtained from a mammalian
subject, including a human subject. The test cell sample can be a
blood sample, wherein the monocyte population has been enriched.
Monocytes can be enriched using well-known cell separation
procedures based on, for example, cell size, cell density or cell
affinity. Next, the level of ABC1 mRNA expression in the test cell
sample is assayed. The level of ABC1 mRNA expression can be assayed
using any of the well-known methods for mRNA preparation and
detection, including the methods described herein at Examples 2 and
9. For example, the concentration of ABC1 mRNA can be determined by
reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, northern blot
analysis, or RNAse protection assay. The ABC1 mRNA concentration
should be standardized to the concentration of total mRNA found in
the test cell sample. Finally, the ABC1 expression in the test cell
sample is compared with a pre-determined standard level of ABC1
mRNA expression. A pre-determined standard level of ABC1 mRNA
expression can be obtained by determining the average
concentrations and distribution of ABC1 mRNA found in cell samples
taken from a representative population of mammalian subjects,
wherein the mammalian subjects are the same species as the subject
from which the test cell sample was obtained, and wherein the
mammalian subjects do not have coronary heart disease, Tangier
disease, or other disease associated with low HDL-cholesterol and
are considered to have cholesterol efflux activity within a normal
range (i.e., as indicated by an HDL-cholesterol level within a
normal range). The determination of a decreased level of ABC1 mRNA
expression in the test cell sample of a mammalian subject relative
to the pre-determined standard level of ABC1 mRNA expression can be
used to indicate a susceptibility to coronary heart disease in the
mammalian subject.
[0214] Likewise, the detection of a decreased level of ABC1 protein
can be used to indicate decreased capacity for cholesterol efflux
and a susceptibility to coronary heart disease. Accordingly,
another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for
detecting the comparative level of ABC1 protein in a mammalian
subject. Such method comprises the steps of: (a) obtaining a test
cell sample from the mammalian subject; (b) assaying the amount of
ABC1 protein in the test cell sample; and (c) comparing the amount
of ABC1 protein in the test cell sample with a pre-determined
standard amount of ABC1 protein, thereby detecting the comparative
level of ABC1 protein in the mammalian subject.
[0215] The amount of ABC1 protein can be assayed using any of the
well-known methods of measuring protein. Preferably, the amount of
ABC1 protein is measured using an immunoassay. In one embodiment,
the amount of ABC1 protein is determined by (a) contacting the cell
sample with a population of anti-ABC1 antibodies and (b) detecting
the anti-ABC1 antibodies associated with the cell sample. For
example, the ABC1 protein can be contacted with an antiserum raised
against a synthetic peptide corresponding to KNQTVVDAVLTSFLQDEKVKES
(SEQ ID NO: 60) located at the C-terminus, as described in Example
11. The anti-ABC1 antibodies can be detected using several methods
known in the art, including, for example, western blotting,
immunoprecipitation, and FACS, wherein the detection can be
accomplished using radioactive, colorometric, or fluorescent
labeling. One preferred method for measuring the amount of ABC1
protein in a cell sample is immunoprecipitation, wherein
biotinylated ABC1 proteins are contacted with anti-ABC1 antibody
and the bound anti-ABC1 antibody is detected using streptavidin
horse radish peroxidase.
[0216] The amount ABC1 protein in the test cell sample is compared
with a pre-determined standard amount of ABC1 protein. A
pre-determined standard amount of ABC1 protein can be obtained by
determining the average concentration of ABC1 protein found in cell
samples taken from a population of mammalian subjects, wherein the
mammalian subjects are the same species as the subject from which
the test cell sample was obtained, and wherein the mammalian
subjects do not have coronary heart disease, Tangier disease, or
other disease associated with low HDL-cholesterol and are
considered to have cholesterol efflux activity within a normal
range (i.e., as indicated by an HDL-cholesterol level within a
normal range).
ABC1 Antibodies
[0217] As used herein, the term "antibody" (Ab) or "monoclonal
antibody" (Mab) is meant to include intact molecules as well as
antibody fragments (such as, for example, Fab and F(ab')2
fragments) which are capable of specifically binding to protein.
Fab and F(ab')2 fragments lack the Fc fragment of intact antibody,
clear more rapidly from the circulation, and may have less
non-specific tissue binding than an intact antibody (Wahl et al.,
J. Nucl. Med., 24:316-325 (1983)). Thus, these fragments are
preferred, as well as the products of a FAB or other immunoglobulin
expression library. Moreover, antibodies of the present invention
include chimeric, single chain, and humanized antibodies.
[0218] Additional embodiments include chimeric antibodies, e.g.,
humanized versions of murine monoclonal antibodies. Such humanized
antibodies may be prepared by known techniques, and offer the
advantage of reduced immunogenicity when the antibodies are
administered to humans. In one embodiment, a humanized monoclonal
antibody comprises the variable region of a murine antibody (or
just the antigen binding site thereof) and a constant region
derived from a human antibody. Alternatively, a humanized antibody
fragment may comprise the antigen binding site of a murine
monoclonal antibody and a variable region fragment (lacking the
antigen-binding site) derived from a human antibody. Procedures for
the production of chimeric and further engineered monoclonal
antibodies include those described in Riechmann et al. (Nature
332:323, 1988), Liu et al. (PNAS 84:3439, 1987), Larrick et al.
(Bio/Technology 7:934, 1989), and Winter and Harris (TIPS 14:139,
May, 1993).
[0219] One method for producing an antibody comprises immunizing a
non-human animal, such as a transgenic mouse, with a polypeptide
translated from a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, a
polynucleotide comprising nucleotides 291-7074 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or
a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that has at least
90% identity with a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, whereby
antibodies directed against the polypeptide translated from the
described polynucleotides are generated in said animal. Procedures
have been developed for generating human antibodies in non-human
animals. The antibodies may be partially human, or preferably
completely human. Non-human animals (such as transgenic mice) into
which genetic material encoding one or more human immunoglobulin
chains has been introduced may be employed. Such transgenic mice
may be genetically altered in a variety of ways. The genetic
manipulation may result in human immunoglobulin polypeptide chains
replacing endogenous immunoglobulin chains in at least some
(preferably virtually all) antibodies produced by the animal upon
immunization. Antibodies produced by immunizing transgenic animals
with a polypeptide translated from any of the described
polynucleotides are provided herein.
[0220] Mice in which one or more endogenous immunoglobulin genes
are inactivated by various means have been prepared. Human
immunoglobulin genes have been introduced into the mice to replace
the inactivated mouse genes. Antibodies produced in the animals
incorporate human immunoglobulin polypeptide chains encoded by the
human genetic material introduced into the animal. Examples of
techniques for production and use of such transgenic animals are
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,814,318, 5,569,825, and 5,545,806,
which are incorporated by reference herein.
[0221] Monoclonal antibodies may be produced by conventional
procedures, e.g., by immortalizing spleen cells harvested from the
transgenic animal after completion of the immunization schedule.
The spleen cells may be fused with myeloma cells to produce
hybridomas, by conventional procedures.
[0222] A method for producing a hybridoma cell line comprises
immunizing such a transgenic animal with a immunogen comprising at
least seven contiguous amino acid residues of a polypeptide
translated from one of the described polynucleotides; harvesting
spleen cells from the immunized animal; fusing the harvested spleen
cells to a myeloma cell line, thereby generating hybridoma cells;
and identifying a hybridoma cell line that produces a monoclonal
antibody that binds a polypeptide translated from one of the
described polynucleotides. Such hybridoma cell lines, and
monoclonal antibodies produced therefrom, are encompassed by the
present invention. Monoclonal antibodies secreted by the hybridoma
cell line are purified by conventional techniques.
[0223] The antibodies, upon specific binding to an ABC1
polypeptide, may inhibit the activity of the ABC1 polypeptide.
Preferably, the antibody, upon binding, inhibits the cholesterol
transport activity of the ABC1 polypeptide. Such antibodies can be
made by immunizing a non-human animal with a polypeptide
corresponding to the region essential for cholesterol transport.
The antibody can be tested to determine whether it inhibits
cholesterol efflux using any of the described cholesterol efflux
assays. Such inactivating antibodies can be employed in an in vitro
assay, such as any of the cholesterol efflux assays described
herein, to determine whether a test compound promotes ABC1-mediated
cholesterol efflux. The inactivating antibodies can also be used in
in vitro assays to detect the comparative level of ABC1 protein in
the cells of a mammalian subject. The inactivating antibodies are
also useful in kits suitable for screening a compound to determine
whether the compound modulates ABC1-dependent cholesterol
efflux.
Kits for Identifying Therapeutic Compounds
[0224] The present invention also includes a kit suitable for
screening a compound to determine the ABC1 expression modulating
activity of a compound. The kit includes, in an amount sufficient
to perform at least one assay, a recombinant reporter construct
comprising a reporter cDNA operatively linked to an expression
modulating portion of the mammalian ABC1 gene, as a separately
packaged reagent. Instructions for use of the packaged reagent(s)
are also typically included. The expression modulating portion of
the mammalian ABC1 gene comprises the 5' flanking sequence. In one
preferred embodiment, the expression modulating portion of the
mammalian ABC1 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 3. In other preferred
embodiments, the expression modulating portion of the mammalian
ABC1 gene comprises nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643,
1292-1643, 1394-1643, or 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3. The reporter
cDNA can be any suitable reporter gene, including In a particularly
preferred embodiment, the recombinant reporter construct is pAPR1.
In another embodiment, the kit further comprises means for
detecting the reporter protein. Thus, the kit comprises reagents,
such as buffers and substrates, used for reporter protein
detection.
[0225] As used herein, the term "package" refers to a solid matrix
or material such as glass, plastic (e.g., polyethylene,
polypropylene or polycarbonate), paper, foil and the like capable
of holding within fixed limits a recombinant vector of the present
invention. Thus, for example, a package can be a glass vial used to
contain milligram quantities of a contemplated vector.
[0226] "Instructions for use" typically include a tangible
expression describing the reagent concentration or at least one
assay method parameter such as the relative amounts of reagent and
sample to be admixed, maintenance time periods for reagent--sample
admixtures, temperature, buffer conditions and the like.
[0227] In addition, the present invention also includes a kit
suitable for screening a compound to determine whether the compound
modulates ABC1-dependent cholesterol efflux.
[0228] In one embodiment, the kit includes, in an amount sufficient
to perform at least one assay, an inactivating anti-ABC1 antibody,
as a separately packaged reagent. Instructions for use of the
packaged reagent(s) are also typically included.
[0229] In another embodiment, the kit includes an antisense ABC1
oligonucleotide in an amount sufficient for at least one assay and
instructions for use. Preferably, the antisense ABC1
oligonucleotide comprises SEQ ID NO: 53.
Microarrays
[0230] It will be appreciated that DNA microarray technology can be
utilized in accordance with the present invention. DNA microarrays
are miniature, high-density arrays of nucleic acids positioned on a
solid support, such as glass. Each cell or element within the array
contains numerous copies of a single nucleic acid species that acts
as a target for hybridization with a complementary nucleic acid
sequence (e.g., mRNA). In expression profiling using DNA microarray
technology, mRNA is first extracted from a cell or tissue sample
and then converted enzymatically to fluorescently labeled cDNA.
This material is hybridized to the microarray and unbound cDNA is
removed by washing. The expression of discrete genes represented on
the array is then visualized by quantitating the amount of labeled
cDNA that is specifically bound to each target nucleic acid
molecule. In this way, the expression of thousands of genes can be
quantitated in a high throughput, parallel manner from a single
sample of biological material.
[0231] This high throughput expression profiling has a broad range
of applications with respect to the ABC1 molecules of the
invention, including, but not limited to: the identification and
validation of ABC1 disease-related genes as targets for
therapeutics; molecular toxicology of related ABC1 molecules and
inhibitors thereof, stratification of populations and generation of
surrogate markers for clinical trials; and enhancing related ABC1
polypeptide small molecule drug discovery by aiding in the
identification of selective compounds in high throughput
screens.
[0232] As discussed herein at Example 2, a method has been
developed that uses samples of RNA derived from cells of an
individual with a genetic abnormality and compares them to the RNA
from a normal individual. Historically, identification of the cause
of inherited diseases resulted from years of biochemical analysis
or, more recently, from years of gene mapping and positional
cloning to identify the suspect gene within an interval of millions
of base pairs which had been shown to be closely linked to the
defect in inheritance studies (linkage analysis). The use of
multigene expression analysis, most notably via "gene chips" can
revolutionize the pace of such discovery. Comparing the expression
of samples of RNA derived from cells from an abnormal individual
with a genetic disease versus RNA from an normal individual can
quickly reveal genes whose corresponding mRNA is missing, severely
underrepresented or severely overrepresented in the abnormal
diseased cell.
[0233] The term "individual" and used herein refers to any living
organism that has RNA such as, for example, mammals, plants. This
method is preferably used to identify the source of human genetic
abnormalities. More preferably, the method is useful for detecting
genetic sources of human cardiac and cardiovascular disorders such
as identifying ABC1 as the genetic defect in Tangier's disease.
[0234] The term "abnormality" as it is used herein refers to
genetic differences that cause a physiological deviation in small
number of individuals in a species in comparison to the majority of
individuals of the species. The abnormality may be a positive
abnormality or a negative abnormality. For example, a positive
plant abnormality would be a genetic difference that causes some
individual plants to be drought resistant in comparison to the
other individuals in the species. A negative abnormality would be
one that causes an individual in the same species of plant to me
more prone to drought damage than a normal plant.
[0235] The method can best be described by reference to our
investigation into the genetic cause of Tangier's disease. We began
our investigation by using RNA from cells cultured from an
individual with Tangier disease to probe microarrays containing
nearly 60,000 normal human genes, and we were able to use the probe
results to identify ABC1 as the defective gene in this monogenic
disease in which patients have near zero levels of circulating high
density lipoprotein (HDL) and an increased risk of heart disease.
It is not necessary that the defective gene results in a zero level
of detectable mRNA signal in such an experiment. In this successful
example, roughly 175 out of the 58,800 probes on the micro-array
were more than 2.5 fold underexpressed in the Tangier disease RNA
versus normal. Several additional steps may be taken to confirm the
identity of the culprit gene. They include repeating such a
micro-array probe with an unrelated individual with Tangier
disease, determining the chromosome map location of each gene to
compare with a reported large genetic interval that was linked to
the disease, consideration of the likely function of the candidate
proteins and their homologs, biochemical tests, and sequencing the
best candidate gene in patients to find mutations. In these ways,
gene expression micro-array analysis can lead to the identification
of inherited genetic defects such as the identification of ABC1 as
the defect in Tangier disease
[0236] A further utility in this method is that other genes that
are either under- or over-expressed in the disease sample vs.
normal should include those that are differentially regulated in
consequence of the genetic defect in the patient, either as
compensatory responses or as contributors to the disease pathology.
This could provide identification of other proteins in the relevant
biological pathways that may be amenable to drug development and
help elucidate the pathology of the disease, with implications for
treatment and diagnosis. In the cases where a gene deletion or
other mutation causes complete absence of mRNA, as observed in many
examples of thalassemia (globin gene defects) and other genetic
diseases, gene expression analysis of disease versus normal samples
can lead to the identification of the missing gene in a more
straightforward manner.
[0237] Although in these examples, the gene expression array that
was probed with RNA samples was of the type in which probe samples
were cDNAs arrayed on microscope slides, alternative array
technologies would suffice. These would include, but not limited to
those which array DNA samples on filter membranes or use
oligonucleotide probes synthesized on "gene chips" by
photolithography.
[0238] Generally, the term microarray refers to an array of
distinct oligonucleotides synthesized on a substrate, such as
paper, nylon or other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide,
or any other suitable solid support. Microarrays may be prepared,
used, and analyzed using methods known in the art. (See, e.g.,
Brennan, T. M. et al. (1995) U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,796; PCT
application WO95/251116; Shalon, D. et al. (1995) PCT application
WO95/35505; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,662 the specifications of each
of which are incorporated herein by reference)
[0239] A chemical coupling procedure and an ink jet device can be
used to synthesize array elements on the surface of the substrate.
An array analogous to a dot or slot blot may also be used to
arrange and link elements to the surface of a substrate using
thermal, UV, chemical, or mechanical bonding procedures. A typical
array may be produced by hand or using available methods and
machines and contain any appropriate number of elements. After
hybridization, nonhybridized probes are removed and a scanner used
to determine the levels and patterns of fluorescence. The degree of
complimentrity and the relative abundance of each probe which
hybridizes to an element on the microarray may be assessed through
analysis of the scanned images.
[0240] Full-length cDNAs, Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), or
fragments thereof may comprise the elements of the microarray.
Fragments suitable for hybridization can be selected using software
well known in the art such as LASERGENE software (DNASTAR).
Full-length cDNAs, ESTs, or fragments thereof corresponding to the
nucleotide sequences of an abnormal individual and a normal
individual are arranged on an appropriate substrate, e.g., a glass
slide. The cDNA is fixed to the slide using, e.g., UV cross-linking
followed by thermal and chemical treatments and subsequent drying.
(See, e.g., Schena, M. et al. (1995) Science 270:467-470; Shalon,
D. et al. (1996) Genome Res. 6:639-645.) Probes, such as
fluorescent probes are prepared and used for hybridization to the
elements on the substrate.
[0241] In order to conduct sample analysis using the microarrays,
the RNA or DNA from a biological sample is made into hybridization
probes. The mRNA is isolated, and cDNA is produced and used as a
template to make antisense RNA (aRNA). The aRNA is amplified in the
presence of fluorescent nucleotides, and labeled probes are
incubated with the microarray so that the probe sequences hybridize
to complementary oligonucleotides of the microarray. Incubation
conditions are adjusted so that hybridization occurs with precise
complementary matches or with various degrees of less
complementarity. After removal of nonhybridized probes, a scanner
is used to determine the levels and patterns of fluorescence. The
scanned images are examined to determine degree of complementarity
and the relative abundance of each oligonucleotide sequence on the
microarray. The biological samples may be obtained from any bodily
fluids (such as blood, urine, saliva, phlegm, gastric juices,
etc.), cultured cells, biopsies, or other tissue preparations. A
detection system may be used to measure the absence, presence, and
amount of hybridization for all of the distinct sequences
simultaneously. This data may be used for large scale correlation
studies on the sequences, mutations, variants, or polymorphisms
among samples.
[0242] The microarray is preferably composed of a large number of
unique, single-stranded nucleic acid sequences, usually either
synthetic antisense oligonucleotides or fragments of cDNAs fixed to
a solid support. Microarrays may contain oligonucleotides which
cover the known 5', or 3', sequence, or contain sequential
oligonucleotides which cover the full length sequence; or unique
oligonucleotides selected from particular areas along the length of
the sequence. Polynucleotides used in the microarray may be
oligonucleotides that are specific to a gene or genes of interest
in which at least a fragment of the sequence is known or that are
specific to one or more unidentified cDNAs which are common to a
particular cell type, developmental or disease state.
[0243] In order to produce oligonucleotides to a known sequence for
a microarray, the gene of interest is examined using a computer
algorithm which starts at the 5' or more preferably at the 3' end
of the nucleotide sequence. The algorithm identifies oligomers of
defined length that are unique to the gene, have a GC content
within a range suitable for hybridization, and lack predicted
secondary structure that may interfere with hybridization. The
oligomers are synthesized at designated areas on a substrate using
a light-directed chemical process. The substrate may be paper,
nylon or other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide or any
other suitable solid support. An array may be produced by hand or
using available devises (slot blot or dot blot apparatus) materials
and machines (including robotic instruments) and contain grids of 8
dots, 24 dots, 96 dots, 384 dots, 1536 dots or 6144 dots, or any
other multiple which lends itself to the efficient use of
commercially available instrumentation.
[0244] Once the genetic causes of the inherited abnormality are
narrowed or identified, the potentially or actual defective
portions of the genes can be used as targets in a microarray. The
microarray can be used to monitor the expression level of a large
number of genes to develop and monitor the activities of potential
therapies and therapeutic agents.
[0245] The following examples further illustrate the present
invention but should not be construed to limit the present
invention in any way.
Example 1
[0246] This example demonstrates that patients with Tangier Disease
(TD) have an absence of apo A-I-mediated lipid efflux.
[0247] Cell Cultures: Human fibroblasts were obtained from skin
explants from two normal subjects (NL1) and three unrelated
patients with Tangier disease (TD). TD1 cells were obtained from a
53 year-old female with extremely low plasma HDL cholesterol and
apo A-I levels and clinical symptoms typical of Tangier disease.
TD2 cells were obtained from a 56 year-old male with clinical,
morphological, and biochemical features of Tangier disease,
including very low levels of plasma HDL cholesterol and apoA-I
(Francis, et al., J. Clin. Invest., 96, 78-87 (1995)). TD3 cells
were obtained from an 18 year-old male with Tangier disease who
presented with orange tonsil remnants, asymmetrical motor
neuropathy, plasma HDL cholesterol of 5 mg/dL, and LDL cholesterol
of 16 mg/dL (Lawn et al., J. Clin. Invest., 104, R25-R31 (1999)).
The normal cells and TD subject cells were immortalized as
described in Oram et al., Lipid Res., 40: 1769-1781 (1999).
Briefly, the cells were transfected with amphotropic retroviruses
containing vectors with inserts of human papillomavirus 16
oncogenes E6 and E7 and a neomycin resistance selectable marker.
Control cells were infected with vector alone (mock-infected).
Pooled cell populations were selected in the presence of G418 for
two passages, after which G418 was excluded from the medium.
Fibroblasts were used between the fifth and sixteenth passage
(primary) or sixth and fourteenth passage (immortalized). The
immortalized normal and TD cells were seeded into 16-mm wells or
35-mm dishes and grown to confluence in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's
medium (DMEM) plus 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) before experimental
use. RAW 264.7 mouse monocytic cells (American Type Culture
Collection, Rockville, Md.) were also maintained in DMEM containing
10% FBS.
[0248] Assay to Measure Lipid Effux: Apo AI-mediated efflux of
cholesterol and phospholipid was assayed according to the method
described in Francis, et al., J. Clin. Invest., 96: 78-87 (1995).
The cultured skin fibroblasts from normal and TD subjects were
labeled by growth to confluence in the presence of 0.2-0.5
.mu.Ci/ml [.sup.3H]cholesterol (40-60 Ci/mmol, Amersham Corp.,
Arlington Heights, Ill.). The radioactive cholesterol was added to
serum-containing growth medium when the cells were 60-80%
confluent. After 3 days, the cells were washed twice with PBS/BSA
and simultaneously growth-arrested and cholesterol-loaded to
maximize apolipoprotein-mediated lipid efflux. This was achieved by
incubating the cells for 48 hours in serum-free DMEM plus 2 mg/ml
fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (DMEM/BSA) (Sigma Chemical
Co., St. Louis, Mo.) and 30 .mu.g/ml non-radioactive cholesterol.
RAW 264.7 cells were cholesterol-loaded through the scavenger
receptor by 24-hour incubation with acetylated LDL as described in
Smith et al., J. Biol. Chem., 271:30647-30655 (1996). Briefly, RAW
264.7 cells in 24-well dishes were cholesterol-loaded and labeled
overnight in 0.5 ml of DMEM supplemented with 50 .mu.l/ml 1M
glucose, 10 .mu.l/ml 200 mM glutamine and 2% BSA and with 50
.mu.g/ml acetylated low density lipoprotein (AcLDL) and
[.sup.3H]-cholesterol which had been pre-incubated for 30 minutes
at 37.degree. C. with AcLDL to yield a final concentration of 0.33
.mu.Ci/ml [.sup.3H]-cholesterol. Cells were subsequently washed
five times with PBS containing 1% BSA and incubated overnight
(16-18 hours) in DMEM/BSA to allow for equilibrium of cholesterol
pools.
[0249] After equilibrium of cholesterol pools, cells were rinsed
four times with PBS/BSA and incubated for one hour at 37.degree. C.
with DMEM/BSA before the efflux incubations. Efflux medium
(DMEM/BSA) containing either albumin alone (control), albumin plus
HDL (40 .mu.g protein/ml), or albumin plus apo A-I (10 .mu.g/ml,
Biodesign International, Kennebunk, Me.) was added and the cells
were incubated for 4, 24, or 48 hours. Phospholipids were labeled
by including 10 .mu.Ci/ml [.sup.3H]choline (75-85 Ci/mmol, Amersham
Corp.) in the DMEM/BSA overnight equilibrium medium. The
radioactivity found in the culture medium was measured by
scintillation counting after a 15-minute centrifugation at 12,000
g. The radioactivity in the cells was measured by scintillation
counting after solubilization in 0.5 ml of 0.2M NaOH (Smith et al.,
J. Biol. Chem., 271:30647-30655 (1996)) or extraction in
hexane:isopropanol (3:2 v/v) as described in Francis, et al., J.
Clin. Invest., 96, 78-87 (1995). Cells containing labeled
phospholipids were extracted with 1 ml of isopropanol for 1 hour
and then with hexane:isopropanol as described above. The efflux of
cholesterol or phospholipid was expressed as the percentage of
tritiated lipid counts in the medium over the total tritiated lipid
counts recovered from the cells and medium (cpm medium/cpm
(medium+lysate).times.100).
[0250] As shown in FIGS. 1A and C, the addition of HDL or apo A-I
results in the removal of cholesterol from cholesterol-laden
fibroblasts obtained from normal subjects. However, in TD cells,
the ability of HDL to remove cholesterol is slightly diminished and
the ability of apo A-I to remove cholesterol is completely absent.
FIG. 1 shows that normal and TD fibroblast cells release about 3-4%
of the cellular [.sup.3H]-cholesterol into the medium during
48-hour incubation with albumin. Addition of HDL to the albumin
medium increased the efflux of [.sup.3H]-cholesterol from both
normal and TD fibroblasts, although to a lesser extent with TD
cells (FIGS. 1B, D). Addition of apo A-I promoted the efflux of
[.sup.3H]-cholesterol from normal fibroblasts (FIGS. 1A, C), but
had little or no effect on [.sup.3H]-cholesterol efflux from TD
fibroblasts (FIGS. 1B, D).
Example 2
[0251] This example demonstrates that 175 genes show at least
2.5-fold decreased expression and 375 genes show at least 2.5-fold
increased expression in TD cells compared with normal cells. The
differential gene expression was determined using gene-expression
microarray (GEM) analysis of cDNAs from normal individuals (non-TD)
and from patients with TD.
[0252] Cell Cultures: The immortalized cell cultures obtained from
normal individuals and TD patients described in Example 1 were
used. Confluent cultures were maintained in DMEM/BSA and
supplemented for 24 hours with 1 mM 8-Bromo cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.).
[0253] mRNA Extraction and cDNA Synthesis: mRNA from both normal
and TD fibroblast cells was prepared from total RNA extracted from
cells with Trizol (Life Technologies Inc., Bethesda, Md., Cat.
#15596-026). The mRNA was isolated using the Oligotex mRNA kit
(Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif., Cat. #70022) according to vendor's
protocols. The mRNA was reverse transcribed using Cy3 or Cy5
fluorescent dye to create fluorescently labeled cDNA according to
the method described in DeRisi et al., Science, 24:680-686 (1997).
The resultant cDNA from TD cells was labeled with Cy3 fluorescent
dye and cDNA from normal cells was labeled with Cy5 fluorescent dye
(Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto, Calif.).
[0254] Microarray Analysis: To analyze differential gene expression
in cells from individuals with TD and normal individuals, Cy3 and
Cy5 fluorescent labeled cDNA samples prepared as described above
were hybridized to a set of Gene Album microarrays (GEMs) on
microscope slides (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto, Calif.). Each of six
slides contained about 9,800 human cDNA samples plus 200 control
samples, resulting in a microarray of 58,800 partial cDNAs.
Therefore, allowing for estimates of redundancy, approximately
30-50% of expressed human genes were represented. The hybridization
of Cy3-labeled cDNA prepared from TD1 cells and Cy5-labled cDNA
from normal cells allowed comparison of the relative RNA content of
TD cells versus normal cells for the expressed genes. In addition,
Cy3-labeled cDNA prepared from TD2 cells and Cy5-labled cDNA from
normal cells were hybridized to the same set of microarrays to
examine the variation of gene expression between different TD
patients.
[0255] Results: Data were analyzed using GemTools software (Incyte
Genomics, Palo Alto, Calif.) and expressed as ratios of TD cell to
normal cell mRNA. The results indicated that the majority of genes
are comparably expressed in TD1 and normal cells. As shown in FIG.
2 (in the section above and to the left of the diagonal) only 175
genes were more than 2.5-fold underexpressed in TD1 cells compared
with normal cells, whereas 375 genes were more than 2.5-fold
overexpressed in TD1 cells compared with normal cells (below and to
the right of the diagonal). Genes more highly expressed in the TD
cells could include those that are differentially regulated as a
consequence of the Tangier mutation, either as a compensatory
response or as a contributor to the disease pathology. Among the
genes that could contribute to the observed phenotype of TD and are
more highly expressed in TD cells include interferon-.beta.
(IFN-.beta.), macrophage inflammatory protein-2.alpha., granulocyte
chemotactic protein-2, IL-11, prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2
(COX-2), thrombospondin, and monocyte chemotactic proteins 1, 3,
and 4 (Lawn et al., J. Clin. Invest., 104:R25-R31 (1999).
[0256] No single RNA that was expressed in the normal fibroblasts
was found completely absent in either the TD1 or TD2 cells. Also,
comparison of the differentially expressed genes in TD1 and TD2
revealed very little variation between the individual TD patients.
For instance, of the most highly down-regulated genes in TD2 cells,
92% were also under-expressed in TD1 cells compared with normal
cells. One of the genes more than 2.5-fold under-expressed in TD1
or TD2 versus normal cells was the gene for ABC1 protein. The ABC1
gene was pursued due to the ascribed functions of some of its
homologues and also because the gene was localized to the
approximate chromosome region reported as the TD gene region.
Example 3
[0257] This example demonstrates that the ABC1 gene is localized to
the human chromosome 9q31.
[0258] Previous genetic linkage analysis mapped the TD gene to the
7-cM region of human chromosome 9q31 (Rust et al., Nat. Genet., 20,
96-98 (1998)). In addition, in situ hybridization analyses revealed
that the ABC1 gene was localized to the broader chromosomal
interval 9q22-9q31 (Luciani et al., Genomics, 21, 150-159 (1994)).
Using PCR methods with the GeneBridge 4 panel of human/hampster
radiation hybrids (Research Genetics, Inc., Huntsville, Ala.),
human ABC1 was determined to be located between the markers
WI-14706 and WI-4062, corresponding to the 7-cM region of human
chromosome 9q31. DNA from 93 human/hampster hybrid cell lines was
amplified by PCR using human ABC1-specific primers LF:
CCTCTCATTACACAAAAACCAGAC (SEQ ID NO: 11) and LR:
GCTTTCTTTCACTTCTCATCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 12). Each line was scored as
positive or negative for the human ABC1 amplification product and
the mapping of ABC1 derived from analysis of this data was
accomplished using the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome
Research software, accessed via the internet. These results were
further confirmed by southern blot hybridization to human
genomic/yeast artificial chromosome clones (Research Genetics,
Inc.) from the equivalent interval. In addition, public database
searching (GeneMap '98; National Center for Biotechnology
Information) and radiation hybrid mapping eliminated the other
significantly underexpressed genes in the microarray data from the
location in the reported genetic interval. These complementary data
demonstrate that the ABC1 gene is located on human chromosome 9q31
and further indicate that the ABC1 gene is associated with Tangier
disease.
Example 4
[0259] This example shows the determination of the nucleotide
sequence of the wildtype ABC1 gene, including the flanking regions
and the entire coding region.
[0260] DNA sequencing was performed using an ABI Prism 310 Genetic
Analyzer or by Davis Sequencing (Davis, Calif.). Both strands were
sequenced throughout. The sequence of the open reading frame of the
ABC1 gene from a normal subject was determined from a full-length
cDNA clone obtained from an expression plasmid library constructed
from normal fibroblast RNA. To construct the plasmid library, cDNA
was synthesized according to the Stratagene kit protocol
(Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). Briefly, first strand cDNA was
synthesized from mRNA using an oligo-dT primer with an XhoI site
and MMLV reverse transcriptase in the presence of 5-methyl dCTP.
The second strand was synthesized using RNase H and DNA polymerase
I in the presence of unmodified dNTPs. After the cDNA was
blunt-ended with pfu DNA polymerase, an EcoRI linker was ligated to
the cDNA. The cDNA was then digested with XhoI, creating XhoI ends
at the 3' end of the cDNA. The internal XhoI sites were protected
from this digestion due to the semi-methylation during the first
strand synthesis. The synthesized cDNA was cloned into the HindIII
and XhoI sites of the plasmid pCEP4 (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad,
Calif. #VO44-50), an expression vector containing the
cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer. A 585 bp ABC1 probe was
generated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) using primers based on known ABC1 sequence, which were
5'-TCCTTGGGTTCAGGGGATTATC (SEQ ID NO: 13) and
5'-CAATGTTTTTGTGGCTTCGGC (SEQ ID NO: 14). Using this ABC1 probe, a
clone containing a 10.5 kb insert of human ABC1 cDNA was recovered
from the library using the CloneCapture selection kit according to
the manufacturer's protocol (CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc., Palo
Alto, Calif.). This clone is shown in FIG. 3 as pCEPhABC1. The 10.5
kb ABC1 cDNA insert sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Sequence
determination confirmed that pCEPhABC1 contains the human ABC1 open
reading frame of 6783 nucleotides plus 5' and 3' untranslated
regions, having a larger open reading frame than the cDNA sequence
reported by Langmann et al. in Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 257,
29-33 (1999) (GenBank Accession No. AJO12376).
Example 5
[0261] This example demonstrates the sequence differences between
the wildtype ABC1 gene and the TD1, TD2, and TD3 gene
sequences.
[0262] cDNA Synthesis of TD1 TD2 and TD3: cDNA was prepared from
TD1, TD2, and TD3 cells by reverse transcription polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) using the Superscript Choice cDNA system and the
Advantage cDNA polymerase mix following the manufacturer's protocol
(CLONTECH, Palo Alto, Calif.; Cat. #8417-1) using two sets of
primer pairs designed from the normal human ABC1 gene sequence,
designated: (1) sacIhabcf,
5'-AGTCGAGCTCCAAACATGTCAGCTGTTACTGGAAGTGGCC (SEQ ID NO: 15);
habcr3851, 5'-TCTCTGGATTCTGGGTCTATGTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 16) and (2)
habcf3585, 5'-GGGAGCCTTTGTGGAACTCTTTC (SEQ ID NO: 17); habcrsalI,
5'-ACTGGTCGACCATTGAATTGCATTGCATTGAATAGTATCAG (SEQ ID NO: 18).
Amplification of 0.2-0.5 .mu.g polyA+ RNA with these primers at a
final concentration of 0.4 .mu.M generated two overlapping
templates of approximately 3.5 kb. The templates were gel-purified
using the QIAEX II system (QIAGEN, Inc., Valencia, Calif.; Cat.
#20021) and adjusted to a concentration of 100 ng/.mu.l.
[0263] Sequencing of TD1 TD2 and TD3 cDNA: Eight .mu.l of each
template generated as described above was sequenced in a reaction
with individual sequencing primers designed on the basis of
wildtype ABC1 sequence at a final concentration of 0.5 .mu.M. The
primers were as follows:
TABLE-US-00001 1F: 5'TTTCCTGGTGGACAATGAA, (SEQ ID NO: 19) 2F:
5'-AGTGACATGCGACAGGAG; (SEQ ID NO: 20) 3F: 5'-GATCTGGAAGGCATGTGG;
(SEQ ID NO: 21) 4F: 5'-CCAGGCAGCATTGAGCTG; (SEQ ID NO: 22) 5F:
5'-GGCCTGGACAACAGCATA; (SEQ ID NO: 23) 6F: 5'-GGACAACCTGTTTGAGAGT;
(SEQ ID NO: 24) 7F: 5'-AAGACGACCACCATGTCA; (SEQ ID NO: 25) 8F:
5'-ATATGGGAGCTGCTGCTG; (SEQ ID NO: 26) 9F:
5'-GGGCATGAGCTGACCTATGTGCTG; (SEQ ID NO: 27) 10F:
5'-AAGAGACTGCTAATTGCC; (SEQ ID NO: 28) 11F: 5'-AGCGACAAAATCAAGAAG;
(SEQ ID NO: 29) 12F: 5'-TGGCATGCAATCAGCTCT; (SEQ ID NO: 30) 13F:
5'-TCCTCCACCAATCTGCCT; (SEQ ID NO: 31) 14F: 5'-TTCTTCCTCATTACTGTT;
(SEQ ID NO: 32) 15F: 5'-GATGCCATCACAGAGCTG; (SEQ ID NO: 33) 16F:
5'-AGTGTCCAGCATCTAAA; (SEQ ID NO: 34) 1R: 5'-CAAAGTTCACAAATACTT;
(SEQ ID NO: 35) 2R: 5'-CTTAGGGCACAATTCCACA; (SEQ ID NO: 36) 3R:
5'-TGAAAGTTGATGATTTTC; (SEQ ID NO: 37) 4R: 5'-TTTTTCACCATGTCGATGA;
SEQ ID NO: 38) 5R: 5'-CTCCACTGATGAACTGC; (SEQ ID NO: 39) 6R:
5'-GTTTCTTCATTTGTTTGA; (SEQ ID NO: 40) 7R: 5'-AGGGCGTGTCTGGGATTG;
(SEQ ID NO: 41) 8R: 5'-CAGAATCATTTGGATCAG; (SEQ ID NO: 42) 9R:
5'-CATCAGAACTGCTCTGAG; (SEQ ID NO: 43) 10R: 5'-AGCTGGCTTGTTTTGCTTT,
SEQ ID NO: 44) 11R: 5'-TGGACACGCCCAGCTTCA, (SEQ ID NO: 45) 12R:
5'-CCTGCCATGCCACACACA, (SEQ ID NO: 46) 13R: 5'-CTCATCACCCGCAGAAAG,
(SEQ ID NO: 47) 14R: 5'-CACACTCCATGAAGCGAG, (SEQ ID NO: 48) 15R:
5'-TCCAGATAATGCGGGAAA, (SEQ ID NO: 49) 16R: 5'-TCAGGATTGGCTTCAGGA,
(SEQ ID NO: 50) UTR1R: 5'-AAGTTTGAGCTGGATTTCTTG. (SEQ ID NO:
51)
[0264] Results: The nucleotide numbering follows the numbering
found in Lawn et al. (1999). Patient TD1 retained the full open
reading frame, with 2 substantial differences from the wild-type
sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8). One of these is an A to G substitution,
resulting in a change from a glutamine to arginine residue at
position 537 of the 2201 amino acid sequence, as published by Lawn
et al. (1999). The location of this residue is within the
NH2-terminal hydrophilic domain, near the first predicted
transmembrane domain. Patient TD2 also retained the open reading
frame with an arginine to tryptophan substitution at residue 527
(SEQ ID NO: 10). Thus, both TD1 and TD2 contain a substitution
altering the charge of an amino acid in the same region of the
protein. TD3 DNA contains a 14 nucleotide insertion in its ABC1
cDNA following nucleotide 5697 in one allele and a 138 bp insertion
after nucleotide 5062 in the other allele.
[0265] Genomic sequencing of the TD1, TD2, and TD3 DNAs confirmed
the changes found in the respective cDNAs. The genomic sequence was
generated by PCR amplification of a 156 bp region of genomic DNA
isolated from fibroblasts that contained the mutations found in the
cDNA from TD1 and TD2. The genomic sequencing also indicated that
patient TD1 was homozygous for the glutamine to arginine
substitution. Genomic DNA analysis showed that TD2 was a compound
heterozygote with one allele containing the detected substitution
and the second allele (which failed to produce detectable mRNA)
containing an undetermined defect. Neither of the substitution
mutations was found in more than 80 alleles of genomic DNA of
non-TD individuals. TD3 insertions were identified by sequence
analysis and confirmed by RT-PCR using primers surrounding the
insertion points. The 14-bp insertion following nucleotide 5697
causes a frameshift, resulting in the replacement of the wild-type
amino acid sequence from a location before the second ATP binding
domain, up to the point of a premature protein termination. The 138
bp insertion following nucleotide 5062 in the other allele contains
an inframe stop codon.
Example 6
[0266] This example demonstrates that inhibitors of ABC1 transport
activity also inhibit apo A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux from
fibroblast cells.
[0267] To test whether inhibition of ABC1 could affect the process
of apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux, two compounds
reported to be ABC1 inhibitors were tested in assays which monitor
apolipoprotein mediated cholesterol efflux. The compounds
4,4-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and
sulphobromophthaleine (BSP) were reported to inhibit anion
transport activities of ABC1 in a dose-dependent fashion (Becq et
al., J. Biol. Chem., 272:2695-2699 (1997); Hamon et al., Blood,
90:2911-2915 (1997)). The apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol
efflux assays were performed as described in Example 1 with the
noted changes. Cholesterol-loaded and [.sup.3H]cholesterol-labeled
normal fibroblasts (n=3) were incubated for 6 hours with or without
5 .mu.g/ml apo A-I and either 0, 0.2 mM, or 0.4 mM DIDS. In
addition, cholesterol-loaded and [.sup.3H]cholesterol-labeled
normal fibroblasts (n=3) were incubated for 6 hours with or without
5 .mu.g/ml apo A-I and either 0, 0.2 mM, or 0.4 mM BSP.
[.sup.3H]cholesterol efflux was measured by scintillation counting
as described in Example 1 and calculated as the percentage of total
radiolabeled cholesterol appearing in the medium. The results are
shown in FIG. 5 as the mean .+-.SD (n=3) of efflux in the presence
of apo A-I after subtraction of values for apo A-I-free medium.
FIG. 5 shows that both DIDS and BSP inhibit the 6-hour efflux of
tritiated cholesterol mediated by apolipoprotein A-I. In addition,
similar inhibition was observed with the efflux of tritiated
phosphatidyl choline using DIDS and BSP (data not shown). The
results of these tests mimic the efflux defect in fibroblasts
derived from patients with TD, described in Example 1.
Example 7
[0268] This example demonstrates that antisense inhibition of ABC1
mRNA expression inhibits apo A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux from
fibroblast cells.
[0269] Normal skin fibroblasts were labeled with
[.sup.3H]cholesterol as described in Example 1. The cells were then
loaded with oligonucleotide by scraping in the presence of either
30 .mu.M control Morpholino oligonucleotide
(5'-CCTCTTACCTCAGTTACAATTTATA-3' corresponding to the antisense
complement of a .beta.-globin thalassemic mRNA; SEQ ID NO: 52) or
30 .mu.M ABC1 antisense Morpholino oligonucleotide
(5'-CATGTTGTTCATAGGGTGGGTAGCTC-3'; SEQ ID NO: 53) and reseeding on
new dishes. Control cells were mock-loaded after
[.sup.3H]cholesterol-labeling by scraping and reseeding in the
absence of oligonucleotide. Apo A-I-mediated efflux was measured
after 12 hours by scintillation counting as the percentage of total
radiolabeled cholesterol appearing in the medium. The results are
shown in FIG. 6 as the mean .+-.SEM of three separate experiments,
normalized to the value for apo A-I-specific efflux in the absence
of oligonucleotide in each experiment. As shown in FIG. 6,
antisense oligonucleotides directed against ABC1 mRNA caused a 50%
reduction in cholesterol efflux from normal fibroblasts compared
with control antisense oligonucleotide (.beta.-globin antisense
oligonucleotide).
Example 8
[0270] This example demonstrates that over expression of the human
ABC1 gene results in an increase in apo A-I-mediated cholesterol
efflux from monocyte cells.
[0271] Stable Transfection of RAW 264.7 Cells: Mouse monocytic RAW
264.7 cells were stably transfected with the pCEPhABC1 expression
plasmid for human ABC1. Construction of the pCEPhABC1 plasmid
containing the open reading frame of human ABC1 is described in
Example 4. Approximately 1.times.10.sup.6 RAW 264.7 cells were
transfected for 5 hours with 2 .mu.g of pCEPhABC1 DNA and 12 .mu.l
Geneporter transfection reagent (Gene Therapy Systems, Inc., San
Diego, Calif.; Cat. #T201007) in 0.8 ml serum-free DMEM. Two days
later, cells were split at ratios ranging from 1:2-1:50 and
selection applied by adding 150 .mu.g/ml hygromycin to the culture
medium. After two weeks, hygromycin-resistant colonies were picked
and expanded.
[0272] Apo A-I-mediated Cholesterol Efflux Assay: Parental RAW
264.7 cells and three clonal lines (L3, L5, and L6) stably
expressing human ABC1 were grown to confluence. The cells were
cholesterol-loaded and labeled by incubation for 24 hours with 0.5
.mu.Ci/ml [.sup.3H]cholesterol and 50 .mu.g/ml acetylated LDL as
described in Example 1. After equilibrium of cholesterol pools by
an overnight incubation in DMEM/BSA, cells were washed and the
efflux medium was added as described in Example 1. Apo A-I-mediated
cholesterol efflux was measured as previously described by
scintillation counting of the tritiated cholesterol in the cell
medium, expressed as a percentage of the total counts recovered
from the cells and medium. The results are presented as the mean
.+-.SEM of three separate experiments normalized to the value for
apo A-I-specific efflux from parental RAW 264.7 cells within each
experiment. FIG. 7 shows the apo A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux
from parental RAW 264.7 cells and L3, L5, and L6 transfected cell
lines. As can be seen, transfection with the ABC1 expression vector
results in a 4-fold (L6) to 8-fold (L3 and L5) increase in apo
A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux. These results indicate that
overexpression of the ABC1 gene can substantially increase the
amount of cholesterol efflux from macrophage cells.
Example 9
[0273] This example demonstrates that ABC1 mRNA expression is
regulated by cellular conditions related to cholesterol efflux in
normal skin fibroblasts, but not in TD fibroblasts.
[0274] To determine whether ABC1 plays a rate-limiting role in
cellular sterol efflux, the synthesis of ABC1 was measured under
various cellular conditions related to cholesterol efflux
processes. Specifically, normal fibroblasts and TD fibroblasts were
individually exposed to conditions of excess cAMP, cholesterol, or
Apo A-I. Cell cultures of normal skin fibroblasts and TD1 and TD2
fibroblasts were prepared as described in Example 1. The level of
ABC1 mRNA was measured by RT-PCR.
[0275] Cell cultures: Immortalized cell cultures of normal skin
fibroblasts and TD1 and TD2 fibroblasts were prepared as described
in Example 1. Cells were grown to subconfluence in DMEM/10% FBS
before replacement with DMEM/BSA and the indicated additive for 24
or 48 hours. RNA was prepared as described in Example 2.
[0276] RT-PCR: Quantitative PCR was carried out using the GeneAmp
5700 Sequence Detection System (Perkin-Elmer Applied Biosystems,
Foster City, Calif.). Briefly, 500 ng of DNase-treated mRNA was
reverse transcribed using random hexamer primers at 2.5 .mu.M.
Approximately 5% of this reaction was amplified by PCR using the
SYBR green core kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.;
Cat. #430-4886) and human ABC1 primers LF:
5'-CCTCTCATTACACAAAAACCAGAC (SEQ ID NO: 11) and LR:
5'-GCTTTCTTTCACTTCTCATCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 12) to yield an 82 bp
fragment corresponding to nucleotides 7018-7099 of human ABC1. PCR
cycle conditions were as follows: 10 minutes 95.degree. C.;
followed by 40 cycles of 95.degree. C., 15 seconds; and 60.degree.
C., 60 seconds. The mRNA in each sample was quantitated by
detecting the increase in fluorescence caused by SYBR green binding
to the double-stranded amplification product generated during each
PCR cycle. All samples were run in triplicate and normalized
against .beta.-actin mRNA, amplified in parallel reactions with
primers actinF: 5'-TCACCCACACTGTGCCATCTACGA (SEQ ID NO: 54) and
actinB: 5'-CAGCGGAACCGCTCATTGCCAATGG (SEQ ID NO: 55). Standard
curves were run for both ABC1 and .beta.-actin on the same PCR
plate.
[0277] 8-Br-cAMP Assay: Normal, TD1, and TD2 fibroblast cells were
grown to subconfluence in DMEM/10% FBS and then treated with 1 mM
8-Br-cAMP in DMEM/BSA for 24 hours.
[0278] Cholesterol Assay: Normal, TD1, and TD2 fibroblast cells
were grown to subconfluence in DMEM/10% FBS and then treated with
30 .mu.g/ml free cholesterol in DMEM/BSA for 48 hours followed by
18-24 hours of equilibrium in DMEM/BSA.
[0279] Apo A-I Assay: Normal, TD1, and TD2 fibroblast cells were
grown to subconfluence in DMEM/10% FBS and then treated with 30
.mu.g/ml free cholesterol in DMEM/BSA for 48 hours followed by
18-24 hours of equilibrium in DMEM/BSA plus 10 .mu.g/ml apo
A-I.
[0280] Results: FIG. 8 shows that in normal fibroblasts ABC1 mRNA
is increased approximately 10-fold by exposure to 8-Br-cAMP and
increased approximately 17-fold by exposure to cholesterol in
serum-free medium. Subsequent exposure of cholesterol-loaded cells
to Apo A-I results in a marked decrease in ABC1 mRNA expression.
Although the mechanism has not been demonstrated, previous studies
have shown that cholesterol efflux is promoted in the presence of
such compounds as cAMP and cholesterol (Hokland et al., J. Biol.
Chem., 268:25343-25349 (1993)). The present results indicate that
in normal fibroblasts, ABC1 mRNA is induced by these known
effectors of the cholesterol efflux pathway and repressed by
exposure to an apolipoprotein cholesterol acceptor, demonstrating
that the expression of ABC1 is regulated by cellular conditions
related to apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux. In contrast,
fibroblast cells from TD patients are not regulated by effectors of
cholesterol efflux. First, the cAMP-inducible level of ABC1 mRNA in
both TD1 and TD2 cells is only approximately 40% of that in normal
cells. Further, exposure of cholesterol-loaded cells to Apo A-I
either did not alter ABC1 expression (TD1 cells) or slightly
increased ABC1 expression (TD2 cells). These results reflect the
defect in Apo-A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux described for TD
cells. Interestingly, growth of cells in serum-containing medium
suppressed ABC1 message to near the limit of detection (data not
shown). This may reflect the fact that functioning of the lipid
efflux pathway requires cell quiescence or other cellular states of
reduced cholesterol need. In conclusion, conditions that are
associated with increased efflux of cellular cholesterol (i.e.,
cholesterol loading, cAMP treatment, serum deprivation) also result
in increased expression of ABC1 mRNA in normal fibroblast cells.
Conversely, exposure of cholesterol-loaded normal fibroblast cells
to apo A-I reduces ABC1 expression.
Example 10
[0281] This example demonstrates that ligands for the LXR nuclear
receptor, such as 20-hydroxycholesterol, and ligands for the RXR
receptor, such as 9-cis retinoic acid, can increase ABC1 gene
expression in mouse RAW 264.7 cells.
[0282] LXR nuclear receptors are transcription factors that form
obligate heterodimers with the nuclear receptor RXR, and are
activated to enhance transcription of their target genes by binding
a class of oxysterols including 22-hydroxycholesterol and
20-hydroxycholesterol (Janowski et al., Nature, 383:728-731
(1996)). As such, they are candidates for the mediation of
cholesterol-induced gene transcription. Further, in light of
studies which showed that ABC1 mRNA and protein increase in
fibroblasts and macrophages in response to cholesterol loading, and
other studies which showed that LXR and RXR expression increase in
cholesterol-loaded macrophage cells by exposure to oxidized LDL,
the LXR and RXR nuclear receptors are highly plausible candidates
for transcriptional activators of the ABC1 gene. To determine
whether LXR and RXR receptors play a role in ABC1 gene expression,
the level of ABC1 mRNA was measured in response to
20-hydroxycholesterol and 9-cis retinoic acid.
[0283] Mouse RAW 264.7 cells were grown to subconfluence in
DMEM/10% FBS and then treated for 24 hours in serum-free DMEM/BSA
with either 9-cis retinoic acid (10 .mu.M), 20-hydroxycholesterol
(10 .mu.M), or both ligands together (20 .mu.M total). Control
cells received ethanol vehicle only (0.1% v/v). RNA was extracted,
treated with DNase, and ABC1 mRNA measured by RT-PCR using PE
Biosystems SYBR Green Technology as described in Example 9. FIG. 9
shows that treatment with either 20-hydroxycholesterol or 9-cis
retinoic acid results in an increase in ABC1 mRNA expression. In
addition, FIG. 9 shows that treatment with both ligands together
results in a markedly synergistic effect, with an approximate
6-fold increase over the ABC1 expression observed with either
ligand alone. These results demonstrate that ligands for the
nuclear receptors LXR and RXR can increase the expression of the
ABC1 gene.
Example 11
[0284] This example demonstrates that enhanced expression of ABC1
protein in the plasma membrane is associated with lipid efflux.
[0285] Cell-surface labeling and immunoprecipitation was used to
determine whether increased expression of ABC1 protein in the
plasma membrane is correlated with an increase in cholesterol
efflux (FIG. 10). The relative amount of ABC1 on the cell surface
was determined by cross-linking surface proteins on intact cells
with the membrane-impermeable agent sulfo-NHS-biotin, followed by
the steps of membrane solubilization, immunoprecipitation with ABC1
antibody, SDS-PAGE, and detection with streptavidin.
[0286] Cell Culture: Normal and TD1 fibroblast cells were
immortalized as described in Example 1. Both normal and TD1 cells
were cultured under control conditions and conditions known to
increase apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux (Oram, et al.,
J. Lip. Res., 40: 1769-1781 (1999)). Control cells were grown to
confluence in DMEM/10% FBS and then incubated in DMEM/BSA for 18
hours with no additives (control). cAMP-treated cells were grown to
confluence in DMEM/10% FBS and then incubated in DMEM/BSA for 18
hours with 1 mM 8-Br-cAMP (cAMP). Cholesterol-loaded cells were
grown to confluence in DMEM/10% FBS and then incubated in DMEM/BSA
for 48 hours with 30 .mu.g/ml cholesterol plus 18 hours with no
additives (cholesterol). Cholesterol-loaded cells treated with cAMP
were grown to confluence in DMEM/10% FBS and then incubated in
DMEM/BSA for 48 hours with 30 .mu.g/ml cholesterol plus 18 hours
with 1 mM 8-Br-cAMP (cholesterol+cAMP).
[0287] Cell-Surface Labeling: For selective labeling of plasma
membrane ABC1, the cells were incubated for 30 minutes at 0.degree.
C. with PBS containing 1 mg/ml sulfo-NHS-biotin (Pierce, Rockford,
Ill.; Cat. #21217) to biotinylate cell-surface proteins (see Walker
et al., Biochemistry, 50:14009-14014 (1993)).
[0288] Immunoprecipitation: Rabbit antiserum for ABC1 was raised
against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the deduced peptide
KNQTVVDAVLTSFLQDEKVKES (SEQ ID NO: 60) located at the C-terminus of
human ABC1. Immunoprecipitation was performed by solubilizing the
cells in PBS containing 1% Triton X-100 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) and
protease inhibitors leupeptin (1 mM), pepstatin (1 mM), and
aprotinin (1 mM). The cell extract was incubated overnight at
4.degree. C. with anti-ABC1 antiserum at 1:200 dilution followed by
an additional 1 hour incubation with 5 .mu.l proteinA-coated
magnetic beads (Dynal, Lake Success, N.Y.; Cat. #1001.01). The
antibody-antigen complex was sedimented with a magnet, the beads
were washed twice with 1% Triton-X/PBS, and the proteins were
eluted with 1% acetic acid.
[0289] Detection of ABC1 Protein: The eluted biotinylated proteins
were subjected to SDS-PAGE (6% gel; 150V, 5 hours) and transferred
to nitrocellulose membrane (200 mA, 18 hours). The nitrocellulose
was probed with streptavidin-horse radish peroxidase (Amersham
Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.; Cat. #RPN 1231) diluted 300-fold and
detected by enhanced chemiluminescence labeling (ECL) according to
vendor's protocol (Amersham Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). To test
for possible biotinylation of intracellular proteins, the
post-immunoprecipitation supernatant was treated with a mouse
monoclonal antibody to the intracellular protein .beta.-COP and
immunoprecipitated biotinylated .beta.-COP was assayed by
streptavidin blotting. None was detected.
[0290] Results: As shown in FIG. 10, the 240 kDa ABC1 protein
appears as a doublet. The ABC1 protein is partially localized to
the plasma membrane in both normal (10A) and TD1 (10B) fibroblast
cells. Similar results were seen with a second normal fibroblast
cell line and with TD2 fibroblasts (data not shown). Cell-surface
expression of ABC1 was increased slightly when cells grown in serum
(normal and TD1 cells) were treated with 8-Br-cAMP. Serum
deprivation and cholesterol-loading of both normal and TD1 cells
markedly increased cell-surface expression of ABC1, which was
further enhanced by cAMP treatment. These results indicate that
expression of ABC1 at the cell surface is regulated by conditions
that enhance apolipoprotein-mediated lipid efflux, consistent with
the idea that its localization to the plasma membrane plays a key
role in its lipid transport function. The mutations in TD1 and TD2
cells do not appear to severely impair expression or processing of
ABC1, implying that secondary effects on lipid transport or
interactions with accessory proteins depend on its NH2-terminal
domain, where the mutations occur.
Example 12
[0291] This example shows that agents that inhibit the degradation
of 3'5' cyclic AMP, such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, increase
apolipoprotein A-I-mediated efflux from macrophage cells.
[0292] As shown in FIG. 10, cAMP increases the activity of ABC1.
The present studies were performed to determine the cholesterol
efflux from macrophage cells in the presence of elevated cAMP.
Elevated levels of cAMP can be attained in the presence of agents
that either stimulate cAMP synthesis or inhibit the degradation of
cAMP. For example, rolipram is a compound that regulates cAMP
levels by inhibiting phosphodiesterases, a group of enzymes that
degrade cAMP. The effect of elevated cAMP on cholesterol efflux was
determined using the apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux
assays described in Example 1. Briefly, RAW 264.7 cells suspended
at a density of 1.25.times.10.sup.5 cells/ml were grown in DMEM/10%
FBS supplemented with pyruvate. After 24 hours, the medium was
removed and replaced with DMEM/BSA plus radiolabeled cholesterol (1
.mu.Ci/ml .sup.3 [H]-cholesterol) and 50 .mu.g/ml of acetylated LDL
for 24 hours. The cells were then maintained for 24 hours in
equilibrium medium consisting of DMEM/BSA plus either apo A-I alone
(20 .mu.g/ml), apo A-I and 8-bromo 3',5' cAMP (1 mM) or apo A-I and
rolipram (50 .mu.M). After 12-24 hours, [.sup.3H]cholesterol efflux
was measured by scintillation counting as described in Example 1
and calculated as the percentage of total radiolabeled cholesterol
appearing in the medium. The results indicated that
cholesterol-loaded control cells that received no apo A-I showed a
3% cholesterol efflux, while cells that received apo A-I only
showed a 5% efflux. Cholesterol-loaded cells that received apo A-I
and cAMP showed a 32% cholesterol efflux, demonstrating that
elevated cAMP promotes cholesterol efflux. Similarly, cells that
received apo A-I and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (rolipram)
showed a 17% cholesterol efflux.
Example 13
[0293] This example shows that agents that are ligands for nuclear
receptors, such as LXR, RXR, and PRAR nuclear receptors, increase
apolipoprotein A-I-mediated efflux from macrophage cells.
[0294] To determine whether ligands for nuclear receptors affect
the process of apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux, various
ligands were tested using the apo A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux
assay described in Example 12. The nuclear receptor superfamily
includes several members, such as the liver receptor LXR, the
retinoid receptor RXR, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor PPAR, which have been implicated in lipid metabolism
(Russell. D. W., Cell, 97:539-542 (1999); Spiegelman, B. W., Cell,
93:153-155 (1998); Janowski et al., Nature, 383:728-731 (1996)).
Further, ligands for some of these receptors have been observed to
increase plasma HDL and gene expression profiling (microarray) data
have shown that hormone receptors respond to cholesterol loading
via oxidized LDL. Using the above-described assay, 9 cis-retinoic
acid (RXR ligand), oxysterol (LXR ligand), and fenfibrate (PPAR
ligand) was tested to determine the effect on cholesterol efflux.
Cholesterol-loaded control cells that received no apo A-I showed a
3% cholesterol efflux, while cells that receive apo A-I only showed
a 5% efflux. In contrast, cholesterol-loaded cells that receive apo
A-I and 9 cis-retinoic acid (30 ng/ml) showed a 16% cholesterol
efflux. Cells that receive apo A-I and oxysterol (5 .mu.g/ml)
showed a 14% cholesterol efflux. Cells that receive apo A-I and
fenfibrate (3 .mu.g/ml) showed a 10% cholesterol efflux. These
results indicate that hormone receptors may be modulated to
increase the rate of apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux
from macrophages.
[0295] Further, when the efflux assay was performed using various
concentrations of 9-cis-RA (0.3 ng/ml, 3.0 ng/ml, or 30 ng/ml), the
results showed that 9-cis-RA mediated cholesterol efflux from
macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, control
cells (apo A-I only) showed 1890 c.p.m., 0.3 ng/ml 9-cis-RA showed
1522 c.p.m., 3.0 ng/ml 9-cis-RA showed 3568c.p.m., and 30 ng/ml
9-cis-RA showed 8597 c.p.m. In addition, using a similar assay
where RAW 264.7 cells were cholesterol-loaded for 48 hours, other
nuclear receptor activators, such as 22-hydroxycholesterol (LXR
ligand) and benzfibrate, were shown to increase cholesterol efflux
(data not shown).
Example 14
[0296] This example shows that eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin
E1 and prostacyclin PG12, increase apolipoprotein A-I-mediated
efflux from macrophage cells.
[0297] Eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins and prostacyclins, have
been shown to be effective in the treatment of
hypercholesterolemia. To determine whether eicosanoids affect the
process of apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux, PGE1 and
PG12 were tested using the apo A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux
assay described in Example 12. This assay showed that
cholesterol-loaded control cells that receive no apo A-I have a 3%
cholesterol efflux, while cells that receive apo A-I only have a 5%
efflux. Cholesterol-loaded cells that receive apo A-I and PG12 (25
nm) showed a 10% cholesterol efflux. Cells that receive apo A-I and
PGE1 (25 nM) showed a 15% cholesterol efflux. These results
demonstrate that eicoasnoids can increase the rate of
apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages.
Example 15
[0298] This example demonstrates that a reporter gene under the
control of an ABC1 promoter can be used to test compounds for the
ability to regulate ABC1 gene expression.
[0299] The pGL3 luciferase reporter vector system (Promega,
Madison, Wis.) was used to create a recombinant plasmid to measure
reporter gene expression under control of the ABC1 promoter.
[0300] Construction of Reporter Plasmids: Plasmid pGL3-Basic
(Promega, Madison, Wis.; Cat. #E1751) was used as a control plasmid
containing the promoterless luciferase gene. The reporter construct
containing the ABC1 promoter and luciferase gene was made by
cloning a genomic fragment from the 5' flanking region of the ABC1
gene (hAPR15' promoter, corresponding to nucleotides 1080-1643 of
SEQ ID NO: 3) into the SacI site of the GL3-Basic plasmid to
generate plasmid GL-6a. Next, plasmid GL-6a was digested with SpeI
and Acc65I. A BsiWI-SpeI fragment excised from a lambda subclone,
representing the ABC1 genomic sequence corresponding to nucleotides
1-1534 of SEQ ID NO: 3 was ligated into the remaining vector/ABC1
promoter fragment produced by this digestion. The resultant
plasmid, pAPR1, encodes the luciferase reporter gene under
transcriptional control of 1.75 kb of the human ABC1 promoter
sequence.
[0301] Transfection of Reporter Constructs: The above-described
control or pAPR1 plasmid was transfected into confluent cultures of
RAW 264.7 cells maintained in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine
serum. Each well of a 12 well dish was transfected for 5 hours with
either pGL3-Basic, pGL3-Promoter or pAPR1DNA (1 .mu.g), luciferase
plasmid DNA (1 .mu.g), and 12 .mu.l of Geneporter reagent (Gene
Therapy Systems, San Diego, Calif.; Cat. #T201007). In addition,
0.1 .mu.g of pCMV, plasmid DNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif., Cat.
#6177-1) was added as a control for transfection efficiency. After
5 hours, the culture medium was replaced with serum-free DMEM/BSA
in the presence of or absence of acetylated LDL (100 .mu.g/ml) and
incubated for 24 hours.
[0302] For added convenience in high throughput screening, cultured
cells can be stably transfected with reporter plasmids using the
following procedure. First, 5.times.10.sup.6 RAW 264.7 cells are
transfected for 5 hours in a 60 mm dish with 9 .mu.g of the pAPR1
plasmid and pCMVscript (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) in 10 ml of
serum-free DMEM with 50 .mu.l Geneporter transfection reagent (Gene
Therapy Systems, San Diego, Calif.). Subsequently, the transfection
medium is replaced with complete medium and the cells incubated
overnight at 37.degree. C. Subsequently, the cells are transferred
to separate dishes at dilutions ranging from 1:5 to 1:1000 and
incubated in selection medium containing 800 .mu.g/ml G418 (Life
Technologies, Bethesda, Md.) for 20 days. Visible colonies are
picked, expanded, and assayed for luciferase activity as described
below. Using this method, five clonal cell lines positive for
luciferase activity were identified for use in high throughput
assays.
[0303] Luciferase Assay: Following transfection, the cells in each
well were lysed in 70 .mu.l of 1.times. cell lysis reagent
(Promega, Madison, Wis., Cat. #E3971), subjected to one freeze-thaw
cycle, and the lysate cleared by centrifugation for 5 minutes at
12,000 g. After centrifugation, 100 .mu.l of luciferase assay
reagent (Promega, Madison, Wis.; Cat. #E1501) was added to 10 .mu.l
of lysate. The luciferase activity of each lysate was measured as
light units using a luminometer. Additionally, the
.beta.-galactosidase activity of each lysate was measured using the
chemiluminescent assay reagents supplied in the Galacto-light kit
according to the manufacturer's instructions (Tropix Inc., Bedford,
Mass.: Cat. #BL100G). The normalized luciferase activity for each
lysate was determined by dividing the luciferase activity value by
the determined .beta.-galactosidase value and reported as relative
light units.
[0304] Results: The luciferase activity detected in cells
transfected with pAPR1 was 3.3-fold higher than the activity
detected in control cells transfected with pGL3-Basic plasmid
containing luciferase cDNA only. These results indicated that the
transcriptional regulatory regions of ABC1 were in place. When the
pAPR1 transfected cells were incubated with 100 .mu.g/ml acetyl LDL
for 24 hours, the luciferase activity was 3.25-fold higher than in
cells that had not been treated with acetyl LDL. These results
suggest that the genomic ABC1 sequence contains a "cholesterol
responsive" element found in the 5' flanking region which mediates
the cholesterol loading response of the native ABC1 gene. This
reporter system can also be used to test other compounds to
determine whether the compound modulates ABC1 expression.
Example 16
[0305] This example demonstrates an additional assay that can be
used to test compounds for the ability to regulate ABC1 gene
expression using a reporter gene under the control of an endogenous
ABC1 promoter.
[0306] This assay involves constructing a recombination vector that
contains a promoterless reporter gene and a selection marker gene.
The vector is linearized and transfected into cells such that the
reporter gene is integrated into the cellular genome downstream of
the endogenous ABC1 promoter. Using this assay, expression of the
reporter gene is driven by the endogenous ABC1 promoter in response
to a test compound.
[0307] Construction of Reporter Plasmids: The recombination vector
containing a promoterless reporter gene can be made starting with a
7 kb EcoRI genomic fragment of ABC1 that contains exon 0 (which
includes the ABC1 start sites) and part of intronl. Using
site-directed mutagenesis, a SalI restriction site can be generated
in the exon 0 sequence downstream of the two known start sites. The
recombination vector is generated by inserting a DNA fragment
containing a promoterless reporter gene, such as luciferase, and a
promoterless selective marker, such as puromycin resistance, into
the SalI site. An internal ribosome entry signal should be inserted
between the reporter gene and marker gene so that the genes will be
transcribed in the correct orientation. The recombination vector
contains two Eco47III sites, one of which must be eliminated,
using, for example, site-directed mutagenesis. The remaining
Eco47III site, located upstream of exon 0, is used to linearize the
vector.
[0308] Transfection of Reporter Constructs: The linearized
recombination vector containing the reporter gene and marker gene
is introduced into cultured cells, including human cells, by any of
the various transfection methods known in the art. For example, the
linearized vector can be transfected using the methods described in
Example 15. The linearized recombination vector contains ABC1
sequences which allow the vector to integrate into the cellular
genome at the site of the endogenous ABC1 gene. The addition of an
appropriate antibiotic to the culture medium allows the selection
of only those cells in which the reporter gene and marker gene have
integrated downstream of the endogenous ABC1 promoter in the proper
orientation. For instance, if the vector contains a puromycin
resistance gene inserted downstream of the reporter gene, the
transfected cells should be grown in the presence of puromycin.
Only those cells that have a properly integrated puromycin
resistance gene, and can thereby encode a functional protein, will
survive in the presence of puromycin. Thus, the transfected cells
should be grown under conditions that induce ABC1 promoter activity
in the presence of the appropriate antibiotic. Surviving cells can
be clonally cultured and the DNA sequenced using PCR or southern
blot analysis to test for proper integration of genomic
sequences.
[0309] The resultant cells containing a reporter gene under the
control of the endogenous ABC1 promoter can be used to determine
whether a test compound modulates the expression of ABC1. The ABC1
modulating activity of a compound is determined by assaying the
level of reporter gene expression found in the cells exposed to the
test compound. For example, cells having an integrated luciferase
gene can be used to determine the ABC1 modulating activity of a
test compound by measuring the amount of luciferase activity found
in cells exposed to the compound.
Example 17
[0310] This example demonstrates that ligands for nuclear receptors
up-regulate the expression of a reporter gene under the control of
the ABC1 promoter.
[0311] To determine whether ligands for the LXR.alpha., LXR.beta.
and RXR.alpha. nuclear receptors could regulate ABC1 gene
expression, the pAPR1 plasmid containing the luciferase reporter
gene under control of the ABC1 promoter was transfected into RAW
264.7 cells treated with at least one ligand for the nuclear
receptors (FIG. 12).
[0312] Construction and Transfection of Reporter Constructs:
Reporter construct pAPR1 and control reporter construct pGL3-Basic
were obtained as described in Example 15. RAW 264.7 cells were
maintained in culture and transfected with either pGL3-Basic (1
.mu.g) or pAPR1 (1 .mu.g) as described in Example 15. The
transfected RAW 264.7 cells were treated with either ethanol (EtOH)
(0.1% v/v), 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol (20(S)OH-chol) (10M), 9-cis
retinoic acid (9-cis RA) (10 .mu.M) or both 20(S)OH-chol and 9-cis
RA (20 .mu.M total) for 24 hours. The luciferase activity was
measured and reported as relative light units as described in
Example 15.
[0313] Results: The results of this study are shown in FIG. 12.
Control cells transfected with pGL3-Basic showed no luciferase
activity (data not shown). Cells transfected with pAPR1 produced a
19-fold increase in luciferase reporter activity in the presence of
200H-chol, a 16-fold increase in luciferase activity in the
presence of 9-cis RA, and a 280-fold increase in luciferase
activity in the presence of both ligands compared with EtOH
control. These results indicate that both the sterol and retinoid
elicit a strong transcription response from the ABC1 5' flanking
sequence in pAPR1. Further, there is an apparent synergistic effect
of the two classes of compounds, as can be seen by the dramatic
increase in luciferase activity found in cells treated with both
ligands. It is known that LXR.alpha. and RXR.alpha. receptors form
active heterodimers. Thus, the ligand-induced activation of both
nuclear receptors simultaneously could produce the observed
synergistic increase in transcription.
[0314] These data demonstrate that hydroxy sterols, such as 20(S)
hydroxycholesterol, and retinoids, such as 9-cis retinoic acid,
activate the ABC1 promoter, indicating that these and related
compounds can be useful in the development of therapeutic compounds
to increase ABC1 expression in macrophage cells to rid peripheral
sites of excess cholesterol. Additionally, the present ABC1
promoter/reporter gene screening assay can be used to screen other
compounds that increase ABC1 expression to identify further
therapeutic compounds.
Example 18
[0315] This example demonstrates the further characterization of
the ABC1 promoter region, including the identification of an LXR
response element.
[0316] To determine which portion of the 5' flanking region of ABC1
retains transcriptional activity in response to nuclear ligands,
various plasmids containing a different portion of the 5' flanking
region and a luciferase reporter gene were transfected into RAW
264.7 cells treated with at least one ligand for the nuclear
receptors. Using this system, a sterol response element
corresponding to nucleotides 1480-1510 of SEQ ID NO: 3 was
identified. The sterol response element contains a direct repeat-4
element TGACCGatagTAACCT (SEQ ID NO: 61). Confirmation of the
sterol response element was obtained using site-directed
mutagenesis and band-shift assay techniques.
[0317] Construction of Reporter Constructs: Reporter construct
pAPR1 and control reporter construct pGL3-Basic were obtained as
described in Example 15. Reporter constructs containing either
nucleotides 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643, 1292-1643, or 1394-1643
of SEQ ID NO: 3 were also constructed. A reporter construct
containing nucleotides 1080-1643 of SEQ ID NO: 3 (GL-6a) was
constructed as described in Example 15. A reporter construct
containing nucleotides 1-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3 was constructed by
digestion of pAPR1 with Spe I and Nhe I, and re-ligation of the
gel-purified vector fragment. A reporter construct containing
nucleotides 1181 to 1643 was constructed by firstly digesting GL-6a
with Sty I, blunting the cohesive ends with Klenow enzyme,
digesting the resultant vector with Sac I, and isolating the 462
base pair blunt-Sac I cohesive end fragment. This was cloned into a
vector obtained by digestion of GL-6a with Acc65 I, blunting of the
cohesive ends with Klenow enzyme, digestion with Sac I and gel
isolation of the vector fragment. A reporter construct containing
nucleotides 1292-1643 was constructed by consecutive digestion of
GL-6a with Acc65 I, blunting the ends with Klenow enzyme, digestion
with Sac II, blunting the ends with T4 polymerase, and re-ligation
of the gel-isolated vector fragment. A reporter construct
containing nucleotides 1394-1643 was constructed by digestion of
GL-6a with Acc65 I, blunting the ends with Klenow enzyme,
subsequent digestion with Apa I, end-blunting with T4 polymerase
and re-ligation of the gel-isolated vector fragment.
[0318] Transfection of Reporter Constructs: The RAW 264.7 cells
were maintained in culture and transfected with either pGL3-Basic
(1 .mu.g), pAPR1 (1 .mu.g), or one of the other reporter constructs
according to the method described in Example 15. The transfected
RAW 264.7 cells were treated with either ethanol (EtOH) (0.1% v/v),
20(S)-hydroxycholesterol (20(S)OH-chol) (10 .mu.M),
22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22(R)OH-chol) (10 .mu.M), 9-cis retinoic
acid (9-cis RA) (10 .mu.M), or both 20(S)OH-chol and 9-cis RA (20
.mu.M total) for 24 hours. The luciferase activity was measured and
reported as relative light units as described in Example 15.
[0319] Site-Directed Mutagenesis: The sterol response element
corresponding to nucleotides 1480-1510 of SEQ ID NO: 3 was mutated
in the 1080-1643 sequence described above using site-directed
mutagenesis. Specifically, the response element containing a direct
repeat-4 element TGACCGatagTAACCT (SEQ ID NO: 61) was mutated to
CTGCACatagTAACCT (SEQ ID NO: 62) using the GeneEditor system
(Promega, Madison, Wis.) according to the manufacturer's
protocol.
[0320] Gel-Shift Assays: Nuclear extract was prepared from RAW
264.7 cells by the method of Ohlsson et al., Cell, 45:35-44 (1986).
.sup.32P-labeled oligonucleotides (5 ng) corresponding to the LXR
response element (TCGAGTGACCGATAGTAACCTCTCGA; SEQ ID NO: 56) and
its mutated counterpart (TCGAGCTGCACATAGTAACCTCTCGA; SEQ ID NO: 57)
were individually incubated with 5 .mu.g of nuclear protein for 30
minutes at room temperature in 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.9, 60 mM KCL, 1 mM
MgCl.sub.2, 1 mM DTT, 66.6 .mu.g/ml poly(dIdC), and 10% glycerol in
the presence or absence of 1 .mu.g antiserum to LXR.alpha. and
LXR.beta. (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat. No. SC-1591, Santa Cruz,
Calif.) or antiserum to RXR (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat. No.
SC-774, Santa Cruz, Calif.). The protein-DNA complexes were applied
to a 4% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel for 1.5 hours at 150V in
0.5.times. TBE buffer. The protein-DNA complexes were detected by
autoradiography of the dried gel.
[0321] Results: Transfection with the individual reporter
constructs containing the 5' flanking region corresponding to
nucleotides 1-1643 (i.e., pAPR1), 1-1532, 1080-1643, 1181-1643,
1292-1643, or 1394-1643 of SEQ ID NO: 3 each produced the same
results. All of the individual constructs produced a 3 to 4-fold
increase in luciferase reporter activity in the presence of 20
(S)OH-chol or 22 (R)OH-chol compared with EtOH control. Also, all
of the individual constructs produced an 8 to 10-fold increase
luciferase reporter activity in the presence of 9-cis RA. In
addition, transfection with any of the constructs produced a 25 to
50-fold increase in luciferase activity in the presence of
oxysterol ligand (either (20 (S)OH-chol or 22(R)OH-chol)) and
retinoid ligand (9-cis RA) together compared with EtOH control,
indicating a synergistic interaction. Each of the described
constructs demonstrated comparable levels of luciferase activity in
response to the ligands tested, indicating that even the shorter 5'
flanking sequences contained transcriptional regulatory sequences
for sterols and retinoids. Specifically, these results demonstrated
that the transcriptional regulatory sequences for sterols and
retinoids are located in the 5' flanking region corresponding to
nucleotides 1394-1532 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0322] These results were confirmed by luciferase assays using a
reporter construct containing the wild-type sequence corresponding
to nucleotides 1080-1643 of SEQ ID NO: 3 and a reporter construct
containing a mutated sequence corresponding to nucleotides
1080-1643 of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the sterol response element
found at nucleotides 1480-1500 was mutated as described above.
Transfection with the wild-type sequence produced a transcriptional
response, as measured by an increase in luciferase activity, in the
presence of either 20 (S)OH-chol or 9-cis RA alone and produced a
synergistic response in the presence of both ligands together. In
contrast, transfection with the mutated sequence did not produce a
transcriptional response in the presence of 20 (S)OH-chol or 22
(R)OH-chol. Transfection of the mutated sequence preserved a
reduced response to 9-cis RA, producing a 4 to 5-fold increase in
transcriptional activity, rather than the 8 to 10-fold increase
observed with the wild-type sequence. Transfection of the mutated
sequence also abolished the synergistic transcriptional response
seen in the presence of 20 (S)OH-chol and 9-cis RA together. These
results were further confirmed by gel-shift assays using the sterol
consensus sequence (nucleotides 1480-1510) and its mutated
counterpart. The gel-shift assays showed that while nuclear binding
proteins isolated from RAW 264.7 cells bound to the sterol
consensus sequence, nuclear proteins did not bind to the mutated
sequence. Furthermore, incubation of nuclear proteins with the
wild-type sterol consensus sequence in the presence of LXR
antiserum resulted in the formation of supershifted complexes (i.e.
antibody-protein-DNA complexes), identifying the sequence as a
sterol response element that binds nuclear receptor LXR. In
contrast, incubation of nuclear proteins with the wild-type sterol
response element in the presence of RXR antiserum did not result in
the formation of supershifted complexes, indicating that RXR does
not bind to this sequence. These results show that the mutation
which destroys nuclear protein binding to the consensus sequence
also abolishes the transcriptional response to LXR ligands and
diminishes the response to RXR ligands. Furthermore, the nuclear
binding studies performed in the presence of LXR or RXR antiserum
confirmed that the consensus sequence found at nucleotides
1480-1510 is an LXR response element. This element also mediates a
partial response to 9-cis RA.
[0323] All of the references cited herein, including patents and
publications, are hereby incorporated in their entireties by
reference. While the invention has been described with an emphasis
upon preferred aspects of the invention, it will be readily
apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations of
the preferred embodiments can be used and that it is intended that
the invention can be practiced otherwise than is specifically
described herein. Accordingly, the present invention includes all
modifications encompassed within the spirit and scope of the
invention as defined by the following claims.
Sequence CWU 1
1
62110442DNAHomo sapiensunsure(1)..(10442)All n's are unknown.
1ggccgggacc cgcagagccg agccgaccct tctctcccgg gctgcggcag ggcagggcgg
60ggagctccgc gcaccaacag agccggttct cagggcgctt tgctccttgt tttttccccg
120gttctgtttt ctccccttct ccggaaggct tgtcaagggg taggagaaag
agacgcaaac 180acaaaagtgg aaaacagtta atgaccagcc acgggcgtcc
ctgctgtgag ctctggccgc 240tgccttccag ggctcccgag ccacacgctg
ggcgtgctgg ctgagggaac atggcttgtt 300ggcctcagct gaggttgctg
ctgtggaaga acctcacttt cagaagaaga caaacatgtc 360agctgttact
ggaagtggcc tggcctctat ttatcttcct gatcctgatc tctgttcggc
420tgagctaccc accctatgaa caacatgaat gccattttcc aaataaagcc
atgccctctg 480caggaacact tccttgggtt caggggatta tctgtaatgc
caacaacccc tgtttccgtt 540acccgactcc tggggaggct cccggagttg
ttggaaactt taacaaatcc attgtggctc 600gcctgttctc agatgctcgg
aggcttcttt tatacagcca gaaagacacc agcatgaagg 660acatgcgcaa
agttctgaga acattacagc agatcaagaa atccagctca aacttgaagc
720ttcaagattt cctggtggac aatgaaacct tctctgggtt cctatatcac
aacctctctc 780tcccaaagtc tactgtggac aagatgctga gggctgatgt
cattctccac aaggtatttt 840tgcaaggcta ccagttacat ttgacaagtc
tgtgcaatgg atcaaaatca gaagagatga 900ttcaacttgg tgaccaagaa
gtttctgagc tttgtggcct accaaaggag aaactggctg 960cagcagagcg
agtacttcgt tccaacatgg acatcctgaa gccaatcctg agaacactaa
1020actctacatc tcccttcccg agcaaggagc tggctgaagc cacaaaaaca
ttgctgcata 1080gtcttgggac tctggcccag gagctgttca gcatgagaag
ctggagtgac atgcgacagg 1140aggtgatgtt tctgaccaat gtgaacagct
ccagctcctc cacccaaatc taccaggctg 1200tgtctcgtat tgtctgcggg
catcccgagg gaggggggct gaagatcaag tctctcaact 1260ggtatgagga
caacaactac aaagccctct ttggaggcaa tggcactgag gaagatgctg
1320aaaccttcta tgacaactct acaactcctt actgcaatga tttgatgaag
aatttggagt 1380ctagtcctct ttcccgcatt atctggaaag ctctgaagcc
gctgctcgtt gggaagatcc 1440tgtatacacc tgacactcca gccacaaggc
aggtcatggc tgaggtgaac aagaccttcc 1500aggaactggc tgtgttccat
gatctggaag gcatgtggga ggaactcagc cccaagatct 1560ggaccttcat
ggagaacagc caagaaatgg accttgtccg gatgctgttg gacagcaggg
1620acaatgacca cttttgggaa cagcagttgg atggcttaga ttggacagcc
caagacatcg 1680tggcgttttt ggccaagcac ccagaggatg tccagtccag
taatggttct gtgtacacct 1740ggagagaagc tttcaacgag actaaccagg
caatccggac catatctcgc ttcatggagt 1800gtgtcaacct gaacaagcta
gaacccatag caacagaagt ctggctcatc aacaagtcca 1860tggagctgct
ggatgagagg aagttctggg ctggtattgt gttcactgga attactccag
1920gcagcattga gctgccccat catgtcaagt acaagatccg aatggacatt
gacaatgtgg 1980agaggacaaa taaaatcaag gatgggtact gggaccctgg
tcctcgagct gacccctttg 2040aggacatgcg gtacgtctgg gggggcttcg
cctacttgca ggatgtggtg gagcaggcaa 2100tcatcagggt gctgacgggc
accgagaaga aaactggtgt ctatatgcaa cagatgccct 2160atccctgtta
cgttgatgac atctttctgc gggtgatgag ccggtcaatg cccctcttca
2220tgacgctggc ctggatttac tcagtggctg tgatcatcaa gggcatcgtg
tatgagaagg 2280aggcacggct gaaagagacc atgcggatca tgggcctgga
caacagcata ctctggttta 2340gctggttcat tagtagcctc attcctcttc
ttgtgagcgc tggcctgcta gtggtcatcc 2400tgaagttagg aaacctgctg
ccctacagtg atcccagcgt ggtgtttgtc ttcctgtccg 2460tgtttgctgt
ggtgacaatc ctgcagtgct tcctgattag cacactcttc tccagagcca
2520acctggcagc agcctgtggg ggcatcatct acttcacgct gtacctgccc
tacgtcctgt 2580gtgtggcatg gcaggactac gtgggcttca cactcaagat
cttcgctagc ctgctgtctc 2640ctgtggcttt tgggtttggc tgtgagtact
ttgccctttt tgaggagcag ggcattggag 2700tgcagtggga caacctgttt
gagagtcctg tggaggaaga tggcttcaat ctcaccactt 2760cgatctccat
gatgctgttt gacaccttcc tctatggggt gatgacctgg tacattgagg
2820ctgtctttcc aggccagtac ggaattccca ggccctggta ttttccttgc
accaagtcct 2880actggtttgg cgaggaaagt gatgagaaga gccaccctgg
ttccaaccag aagagaatgt 2940cagaaatctg catggaggag gaacccaccc
acttgaagct gggcgtgtcc attcagaacc 3000tggtaaaagt ctaccgagat
gggatgaagg tggctgtcga tggcctggca ctgaattttt 3060atgagggcca
gatcacctcc ttcctgggcc acaatggagc ggggaagacg accaccatgt
3120caatcctgac cgggttgttc cccccgacct cgggcaccgc ctacatcctg
ggaaaagaca 3180ttcgctctga gatgagcacc atccggcaga acctgggggt
ctgtccccag cataacgtgc 3240tgtttgacat gctgactgtc gaagaacaca
tctggttcta tgcccgcttg aaagggctct 3300ctgagaagca cgtgaaggcg
gagatggagc agatggccct ggatgttggt ttgccatcaa 3360gcaagctgaa
aagcaaaaca agccagctgt caggtggaat gcagagaaag ctatctgtgg
3420ccttggcctt tgtcggggga tctaaggttg tcattctgga tgaacccaca
gctggtgtgg 3480acccttactc ccgcagggga atatgggagc tgctgctgaa
ataccgacaa ggccgcacca 3540ttattctctc tacacaccac atggatgaag
cggacgtcct gggggacagg attgccatca 3600tctcccatgg gaagctgtgc
tgtgtgggct cctccctgtt tctgaagaac cagctgggaa 3660caggctacta
cctgaccttg gtcaagaaag atgtggaatc ctccctcagt tcctgcagaa
3720acagtagtag cactgtgtca tacctgaaaa aggaggacag tgtttctcag
agcagttctg 3780atgctggcct gggcagcgac catgagagtg acacgctgac
catcgatgtc tctgctatct 3840ccaacctcat caggaagcat gtgtctgaag
cccggctggt ggaagacata gggcatgagc 3900tgacctatgt gctgccatat
gaagctgcta aggagggagc ctttgtggaa ctctttcatg 3960agattgatga
ccggctctca gacctgggca tttctagtta tggcatctca gagacgaccc
4020tggaagaaat attcctcaag gtggccgaag agagtggggt ggatgctgag
acctcagatg 4080gtaccttgcc agcaagacga aacaggcggg ccttcgggga
caagcagagc tgtcttcgcc 4140cgttcactga agatgatgct gctgatccaa
atgattctga catagaccca gaatccagag 4200agacagactt gctcagtggg
atggatggca aagggtccta ccaggtgaaa ggctggaaac 4260ttacacagca
acagtttgtg gcccttttgt ggaagagact gctaattgcc agacggagtc
4320ggaaaggatt ttttgctcag attgtcttgc cagctgtgtt tgtctgcatt
gcccttgtgt 4380tcagcctgat cgtgccaccc tttggcaagt accccagcct
ggaacttcag ccctggatgt 4440acaacgaaca gtacacattt gtcagcaatg
atgctcctga ggacacggga accctggaac 4500tcttaaacgc cctcaccaaa
gaccctggct tcgggacccg ctgtatggaa ggaaacccaa 4560tcccagacac
gccctgccag gcaggggagg aagagtggac cactgcccca gttccccaga
4620ccatcatgga cctcttccag aatgggaact ggacaatgca gaacccttca
cctgcatgcc 4680agtgtagcag cgacaaaatc aagaagatgc tgcctgtgtg
tcccccaggg gcaggggggc 4740tgcctcctcc acaaagaaaa caaaacactg
cagatatcct tcaggacctg acaggaagaa 4800acatttcgga ttatctggtg
aagacgtatg tgcagatcat agccaaaagc ttaaagaaca 4860agatctgggt
gaatgagttt aggtatggcg gcttttccct gggtgtcagt aatactcaag
4920cacttcctcc gagtcaagaa gttaatgatg ccatcaaaca aatgaagaaa
cacctaaagc 4980tggccaagga cagttctgca gatcgatttc tcaacagctt
gggaagattt atgacaggac 5040tggacaccag aaataatgtc aaggtgtggt
tcaataacaa gggctggcat gcaatcagct 5100ctttcctgaa tgtcatcaac
aatgccattc tccgggccaa cctgcaaaag ggagagaacc 5160ctagccatta
tggaattact gctttcaatc atcccctgaa tctcaccaag cagcagctct
5220cagaggtggc tctgatgacc acatcagtgg atgtccttgt gtccatctgt
gtcatctttg 5280caatgtcctt cgtcccagcc agctttgtcg tattcctgat
ccaggagcgg gtcagcaaag 5340caaaacacct gcagttcatc agtggagtga
agcctgtcat ctactggctc tctaattttg 5400tctgggatat gtgcaattac
gttgtccctg ccacactggt cattatcatc ttcatctgct 5460tccagcagaa
gtcctatgtg tcctccacca atctgcctgt gctagccctt ctacttttgc
5520tgtatgggtg gtcaatcaca cctctcatgt acccagcctc ctttgtgttc
aagatcccca 5580gcacagccta tgtggtgctc accagcgtga acctcttcat
tggcattaat ggcagcgtgg 5640ccacctttgt gctggagctg ttcaccgaca
ataagctgaa taatatcaat gatatcctga 5700agtccgtgtt cttgatcttc
ccacattttt gcctgggacg agggctcatc gacatggtga 5760aaaaccaggc
aatggctgat gccctggaaa ggtttgggga gaatcgcttt gtgtcaccat
5820tatcttggga cttggtggga cgaaacctct tcgccatggc cgtggaaggg
gtggtgttct 5880tcctcattac tgttctgatc cagtacagat tcttcatcag
gcccagacct gtaaatgcaa 5940agctatctcc tctgaatgat gaagatgaag
atgtgaggcg ggaaagacag agaattcttg 6000atggtggagg ccagaatgac
atcttagaaa tcaaggagtt gacgaagata tatagaagga 6060agcggaagcc
tgctgttgac aggatttgcg tgggcattcc tcctggtgag tgctttgggc
6120tcctgggagt taatggggct ggaaaatcat caactttcaa gatgttaaca
ggagatacca 6180ctgttaccag aggagatgct ttccttaaca aaaatagtat
cttatcaaac atccatgaag 6240tacatcagaa catgggctac tgccctcagt
ttgatgccat cacagagctg ttgactggga 6300gagaacacgt ggagttcttt
gcccttttga gaggagtccc agagaaagaa gttggcaagg 6360ttggtgagtg
ggcgattcgg aaactgggcc tcgtgaagta tggagaaaaa tatgctggta
6420actatagtgg aggcaacaaa cgcaagctct ctacagccat ggctttgatc
ggcgggcctc 6480ctgtggtgtt tctggatgaa cccaccacag gcatggatcc
caaagcccgg cggttcttgt 6540ggaattgtgc cctaagtgtt gtcaaggagg
ggagatcagt agtgcttaca tctcatagta 6600tggaagaatg tgaagctctt
tgcactagga tggcaatcat ggtcaatgga aggttcaggt 6660gccttggcag
tgtccagcat ctaaaaaata ggtttggaga tggttataca atagttgtac
6720gaatagcagg gtccaacccg gacctgaagc ctgtccagga tttctttgga
cttgcatttc 6780ctggaagtgt tctaaaagag aaacaccgga acatgctaca
ataccagctt ccatcttcat 6840tatcttctct ggccaggata ttcagcatcc
tctcccagag caaaaagcga ctccacatag 6900aagactactc tgtttctcag
acaacacttg accaagtatt tgtgaacttt gccaaggacc 6960aaagtgatga
tgaccactta aaagacctct cattacacaa aaaccagaca gtagtggacg
7020ttgcagttct cacatctttt ctacaggatg agaaagtgaa agaaagctat
gtatgaagaa 7080tcctgttcat acggggtggc tgaaagtaaa gaggaactag
actttccttt gcaccatgtg 7140aagtgttgtg gagaaaagag ccagaagttg
atgtgggaag aagtaaactg gatactgtac 7200tgatactatt caatgcaatg
caattcaatg caatgaaaac aaaattccat tacaggggca 7260gtgcctttgt
agcctatgtc ttgtatggct ctcaagtgaa agacttgaat ttagtttttt
7320acctatacct atgtgaaact ctattatgga acccaatgga catatgggtt
tgaactcaca 7380cttttttttt ttttttgttc ctgtgtattc tcattggggt
tgcaacaata attcatcaag 7440taatcatggc cagcgattat tgatcaaaat
caaaaggtaa tgcacatcct cattcactaa 7500gccatgccat gcccaggaga
ctggtttccc ggtgacacat ccattgctgg caatgagtgt 7560gccagagtta
ttagtgccaa gtttttcaga aagtttgaag caccatggtg tgtcatgctc
7620acttttgtga aagctgctct gctcagagtc tatcaacatt gaatatcagt
tgacagaatg 7680gtgccatgcg tggctaacat cctgctttga ttccctctga
taagctgttc tggtggcagt 7740aacatgcaac aaaaatgtgg gtgtctctag
gcacgggaaa cttggttcca ttgttatatt 7800gtcctatgct tcgagccatg
ggtctacagg gtcatcctta tgagactctt aaatatactt 7860agatcctggt
aagaggcaaa gaatcaacag ccaaactgct ggggctgcaa gctgctgaag
7920ccagggcatg ggattaaaga gattgtgcgt tcaaacctag ggaagcctgt
gcccatttgt 7980cctgactgtc tgctaacatg gtacactgca tctcaagatg
tttatctgac acaagtgtat 8040tatttctggc tttttgaatt aatctagaaa
atgaaaagat ggagttgtat tttgacaaaa 8100atgtttgtac tttttaatgt
tatttggaat tttaagttct atcagtgact tctgaatcct 8160tagaatggcc
tctttgtaga accctgtggt atagaggagt atggccactg ccccactatt
8220tttattttct tatgtaagtt tgcatatcag tcatgactag tgcctagaaa
gcaatgtgat 8280ggtcaggatc tcatgacatt atatttgagt ttctttcaga
tcatttagga tactcttaat 8340ctcacttcat caatcaaata ttttttgagt
gtatgctgta gctgaaagag tatgtacgta 8400cgtataagac tagagagata
ttaagtctca gtacacttcc tgtgccatgt tattcagctc 8460actggtttac
aaatataggt tgtcttgtgg ttgtaggagc ccactgtaac aatattgggc
8520agcctttttt tttttttttt aattgcaaca atgcaaaagc caagaaagta
taagggtcac 8580aagtttaaac aatgaattct tcaacaggga aaacagctag
cttgaaaact tgctgaaaaa 8640cacaacttgt gtttatggca tttagtacct
tcaaataatt ggctttgcag atattggata 8700ccccattaaa tctgacagtc
tcaaattttt catctcttca atcactagtc aagaaaaata 8760taaaaacaac
aaatacttcc atatggagca tttttcagag ttttctaacc cagtcttatt
8820tttctagtca gtaaacattt gtaaaaatac tgtttcacta atacttactg
ttaactgtct 8880tgagagaaaa gaaaaatatg agagaactat tgtttgggga
agttcaagtg atctttcaat 8940atcattacta acttcttcca ctttttccaa
aatttgaata ttaacgctaa aggtgtaaga 9000cttcagattt caaattaatc
tttctatatt ttttaaattt acagaatatt atataaccca 9060ctgctgaaaa
agaaaaaaat gattgtttta gaagttaaag tcaatattga ttttaaatat
9120aagtaatgaa ggcatatttc caataactag tgatatggca tcgttgcaat
ttacagtatc 9180ttcaaaaata cagaatttat agaataattt ctcctcattt
aatatttttc aaaatcaaag 9240ttatggtttc ctcattttac taaaatcgta
ttctaattct tcattatagt aaatctatga 9300gcaactcctt acttcggttc
ctctgatttc aaggccatat tttaaaaaat caaaaggcac 9360tgtgaactat
tttgaagaaa acacgacatt ttaatacaga ttgaaaggac ctcttctgaa
9420gctagaaaca atctatagtt atacatcttc attaatactg tgttaccttt
taaaatagta 9480attttttaca ttttcctgtg taaacctaat tgtggtagaa
atttttacca actctatact 9540caatcaagca aaatttctgt atattccctg
tggaatgtac ctatgtgagt ttcagaaatt 9600ctcaaaatac gtgttcaaaa
atttctgctt ttgcatcttt gggacacctc agaaaactta 9660ttaacaactg
tgaatatgag aaatacagaa gaaaataata agccctctat acataaatgc
9720ccagcacaat tcattgttaa aaaacaacca aacctcacac tactgtattt
cattatctgt 9780actgaaagca aatgctttgt gactattaaa tgttgcacat
cattcattca ctgtatagta 9840atcattgact aaagccattt gctgtgtttt
cttcttgtgg ntgnatatat caggtaaaat 9900attttccaaa gagccatgtg
tcatgtaata ctgaaccctt tgatattgag acattaattt 9960ggacccttgg
tattatctac tagaataatg taatactgna gaaatattgc tctaattctt
10020tcaaaatggt gcatccccct taaaangttc tatttccata aggatttagc
ttgcttatcc 10080cttcttatac cctaagatga agctgttttt gtgctctttg
ttcatcattg gccctcattc 10140caagcacttt acgctgtctg taatgggatc
tatttttgca ctggaatatc tgagaattgc 10200aaaactagac aaaagtttca
caacagattt ctaagttaaa tcattttcat taaaaggaaa 10260aaagaaaaaa
aattttgtat gtcaataact ttatatgaag tattaaaatg catatttcta
10320tgttgtaata taatgagtca caaaataaag ctgtgacagt tctgttaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa 10380aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 10440aa 1044222261PRTHomo sapiens 2Met Ala
Cys Trp Pro Gln Leu Arg Leu Leu Leu Trp Lys Asn Leu Thr1 5 10 15Phe
Arg Arg Arg Gln Thr Cys Gln Leu Leu Leu Glu Val Ala Trp Pro 20 25
30Leu Phe Ile Phe Leu Ile Leu Ile Ser Val Arg Leu Ser Tyr Pro Pro
35 40 45Tyr Glu Gln His Glu Cys His Phe Pro Asn Lys Ala Met Pro Ser
Ala 50 55 60Gly Thr Leu Pro Trp Val Gln Gly Ile Ile Cys Asn Ala Asn
Asn Pro65 70 75 80Cys Phe Arg Tyr Pro Thr Pro Gly Glu Ala Pro Gly
Val Val Gly Asn 85 90 95Phe Asn Lys Ser Ile Val Ala Arg Leu Phe Ser
Asp Ala Arg Arg Leu 100 105 110Leu Leu Tyr Ser Gln Lys Asp Thr Ser
Met Lys Asp Met Arg Lys Val 115 120 125Leu Arg Thr Leu Gln Gln Ile
Lys Lys Ser Ser Ser Asn Leu Lys Leu 130 135 140Gln Asp Phe Leu Val
Asp Asn Glu Thr Phe Ser Gly Phe Leu Tyr His145 150 155 160Asn Leu
Ser Leu Pro Lys Ser Thr Val Asp Lys Met Leu Arg Ala Asp 165 170
175Val Ile Leu His Lys Val Phe Leu Gln Gly Tyr Gln Leu His Leu Thr
180 185 190Ser Leu Cys Asn Gly Ser Lys Ser Glu Glu Met Ile Gln Leu
Gly Asp 195 200 205Gln Glu Val Ser Glu Leu Cys Gly Leu Pro Lys Glu
Lys Leu Ala Ala 210 215 220Ala Glu Arg Val Leu Arg Ser Asn Met Asp
Ile Leu Lys Pro Ile Leu225 230 235 240Arg Thr Leu Asn Ser Thr Ser
Pro Phe Pro Ser Lys Glu Leu Ala Glu 245 250 255Ala Thr Lys Thr Leu
Leu His Ser Leu Gly Thr Leu Ala Gln Glu Leu 260 265 270Phe Ser Met
Arg Ser Trp Ser Asp Met Arg Gln Glu Val Met Phe Leu 275 280 285Thr
Asn Val Asn Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Thr Gln Ile Tyr Gln Ala Val 290 295
300Ser Arg Ile Val Cys Gly His Pro Glu Gly Gly Gly Leu Lys Ile
Lys305 310 315 320Ser Leu Asn Trp Tyr Glu Asp Asn Asn Tyr Lys Ala
Leu Phe Gly Gly 325 330 335Asn Gly Thr Glu Glu Asp Ala Glu Thr Phe
Tyr Asp Asn Ser Thr Thr 340 345 350Pro Tyr Cys Asn Asp Leu Met Lys
Asn Leu Glu Ser Ser Pro Leu Ser 355 360 365Arg Ile Ile Trp Lys Ala
Leu Lys Pro Leu Leu Val Gly Lys Ile Leu 370 375 380Tyr Thr Pro Asp
Thr Pro Ala Thr Arg Gln Val Met Ala Glu Val Asn385 390 395 400Lys
Thr Phe Gln Glu Leu Ala Val Phe His Asp Leu Glu Gly Met Trp 405 410
415Glu Glu Leu Ser Pro Lys Ile Trp Thr Phe Met Glu Asn Ser Gln Glu
420 425 430Met Asp Leu Val Arg Met Leu Leu Asp Ser Arg Asp Asn Asp
His Phe 435 440 445Trp Glu Gln Gln Leu Asp Gly Leu Asp Trp Thr Ala
Gln Asp Ile Val 450 455 460Ala Phe Leu Ala Lys His Pro Glu Asp Val
Gln Ser Ser Asn Gly Ser465 470 475 480Val Tyr Thr Trp Arg Glu Ala
Phe Asn Glu Thr Asn Gln Ala Ile Arg 485 490 495Thr Ile Ser Arg Phe
Met Glu Cys Val Asn Leu Asn Lys Leu Glu Pro 500 505 510Ile Ala Thr
Glu Val Trp Leu Ile Asn Lys Ser Met Glu Leu Leu Asp 515 520 525Glu
Arg Lys Phe Trp Ala Gly Ile Val Phe Thr Gly Ile Thr Pro Gly 530 535
540Ser Ile Glu Leu Pro His His Val Lys Tyr Lys Ile Arg Met Asp
Ile545 550 555 560Asp Asn Val Glu Arg Thr Asn Lys Ile Lys Asp Gly
Tyr Trp Asp Pro 565 570 575Gly Pro Arg Ala Asp Pro Phe Glu Asp Met
Arg Tyr Val Trp Gly Gly 580 585 590Phe Ala Tyr Leu Gln Asp Val Val
Glu Gln Ala Ile Ile Arg Val Leu 595 600 605Thr Gly Thr Glu Lys Lys
Thr Gly Val Tyr Met Gln Gln Met Pro Tyr 610 615 620Pro Cys Tyr Val
Asp Asp Ile Phe Leu Arg Val Met Ser Arg Ser Met625 630 635 640Pro
Leu Phe Met Thr Leu Ala Trp Ile Tyr Ser Val Ala Val Ile Ile 645 650
655Lys Gly Ile Val Tyr Glu Lys Glu Ala Arg Leu Lys Glu Thr Met Arg
660 665 670Ile Met Gly Leu Asp Asn Ser Ile Leu Trp Phe Ser Trp Phe
Ile Ser 675 680 685Ser Leu Ile Pro Leu Leu Val Ser Ala Gly Leu Leu
Val Val Ile Leu 690 695 700Lys Leu Gly Asn Leu Leu Pro Tyr Ser Asp
Pro Ser Val Val Phe Val705 710 715 720Phe Leu Ser Val Phe Ala Val
Val Thr Ile Leu Gln Cys Phe Leu Ile 725 730 735Ser Thr Leu
Phe Ser Arg Ala Asn Leu Ala Ala Ala Cys Gly Gly Ile 740 745 750Ile
Tyr Phe Thr Leu Tyr Leu Pro Tyr Val Leu Cys Val Ala Trp Gln 755 760
765Asp Tyr Val Gly Phe Thr Leu Lys Ile Phe Ala Ser Leu Leu Ser Pro
770 775 780Val Ala Phe Gly Phe Gly Cys Glu Tyr Phe Ala Leu Phe Glu
Glu Gln785 790 795 800Gly Ile Gly Val Gln Trp Asp Asn Leu Phe Glu
Ser Pro Val Glu Glu 805 810 815Asp Gly Phe Asn Leu Thr Thr Ser Ile
Ser Met Met Leu Phe Asp Thr 820 825 830Phe Leu Tyr Gly Val Met Thr
Trp Tyr Ile Glu Ala Val Phe Pro Gly 835 840 845Gln Tyr Gly Ile Pro
Arg Pro Trp Tyr Phe Pro Cys Thr Lys Ser Tyr 850 855 860Trp Phe Gly
Glu Glu Ser Asp Glu Lys Ser His Pro Gly Ser Asn Gln865 870 875
880Lys Arg Met Ser Glu Ile Cys Met Glu Glu Glu Pro Thr His Leu Lys
885 890 895Leu Gly Val Ser Ile Gln Asn Leu Val Lys Val Tyr Arg Asp
Gly Met 900 905 910Lys Val Ala Val Asp Gly Leu Ala Leu Asn Phe Tyr
Glu Gly Gln Ile 915 920 925Thr Ser Phe Leu Gly His Asn Gly Ala Gly
Lys Thr Thr Thr Met Ser 930 935 940Ile Leu Thr Gly Leu Phe Pro Pro
Thr Ser Gly Thr Ala Tyr Ile Leu945 950 955 960Gly Lys Asp Ile Arg
Ser Glu Met Ser Thr Ile Arg Gln Asn Leu Gly 965 970 975Val Cys Pro
Gln His Asn Val Leu Phe Asp Met Leu Thr Val Glu Glu 980 985 990His
Ile Trp Phe Tyr Ala Arg Leu Lys Gly Leu Ser Glu Lys His Val 995
1000 1005Lys Ala Glu Met Glu Gln Met Ala Leu Asp Val Gly Leu Pro
Ser Ser 1010 1015 1020Lys Leu Lys Ser Lys Thr Ser Gln Leu Ser Gly
Gly Met Gln Arg Lys1025 1030 1035 1040Leu Ser Val Ala Leu Ala Phe
Val Gly Gly Ser Lys Val Val Ile Leu 1045 1050 1055Asp Glu Pro Thr
Ala Gly Val Asp Pro Tyr Ser Arg Arg Gly Ile Trp 1060 1065 1070Glu
Leu Leu Leu Lys Tyr Arg Gln Gly Arg Thr Ile Ile Leu Ser Thr 1075
1080 1085His His Met Asp Glu Ala Asp Val Leu Gly Asp Arg Ile Ala
Ile Ile 1090 1095 1100Ser His Gly Lys Leu Cys Cys Val Gly Ser Ser
Leu Phe Leu Lys Asn1105 1110 1115 1120Gln Leu Gly Thr Gly Tyr Tyr
Leu Thr Leu Val Lys Lys Asp Val Glu 1125 1130 1135Ser Ser Leu Ser
Ser Cys Arg Asn Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Ser Tyr Leu 1140 1145 1150Lys
Lys Glu Asp Ser Val Ser Gln Ser Ser Ser Asp Ala Gly Leu Gly 1155
1160 1165Ser Asp His Glu Ser Asp Thr Leu Thr Ile Asp Val Ser Ala
Ile Ser 1170 1175 1180Asn Leu Ile Arg Lys His Val Ser Glu Ala Arg
Leu Val Glu Asp Ile1185 1190 1195 1200Gly His Glu Leu Thr Tyr Val
Leu Pro Tyr Glu Ala Ala Lys Glu Gly 1205 1210 1215Ala Phe Val Glu
Leu Phe His Glu Ile Asp Asp Arg Leu Ser Asp Leu 1220 1225 1230Gly
Ile Ser Ser Tyr Gly Ile Ser Glu Thr Thr Leu Glu Glu Ile Phe 1235
1240 1245Leu Lys Val Ala Glu Glu Ser Gly Val Asp Ala Glu Thr Ser
Asp Gly 1250 1255 1260Thr Leu Pro Ala Arg Arg Asn Arg Arg Ala Phe
Gly Asp Lys Gln Ser1265 1270 1275 1280Cys Leu Arg Pro Phe Thr Glu
Asp Asp Ala Ala Asp Pro Asn Asp Ser 1285 1290 1295Asp Ile Asp Pro
Glu Ser Arg Glu Thr Asp Leu Leu Ser Gly Met Asp 1300 1305 1310Gly
Lys Gly Ser Tyr Gln Val Lys Gly Trp Lys Leu Thr Gln Gln Gln 1315
1320 1325Phe Val Ala Leu Leu Trp Lys Arg Leu Leu Ile Ala Arg Arg
Ser Arg 1330 1335 1340Lys Gly Phe Phe Ala Gln Ile Val Leu Pro Ala
Val Phe Val Cys Ile1345 1350 1355 1360Ala Leu Val Phe Ser Leu Ile
Val Pro Pro Phe Gly Lys Tyr Pro Ser 1365 1370 1375Leu Glu Leu Gln
Pro Trp Met Tyr Asn Glu Gln Tyr Thr Phe Val Ser 1380 1385 1390Asn
Asp Ala Pro Glu Asp Thr Gly Thr Leu Glu Leu Leu Asn Ala Leu 1395
1400 1405Thr Lys Asp Pro Gly Phe Gly Thr Arg Cys Met Glu Gly Asn
Pro Ile 1410 1415 1420Pro Asp Thr Pro Cys Gln Ala Gly Glu Glu Glu
Trp Thr Thr Ala Pro1425 1430 1435 1440Val Pro Gln Thr Ile Met Asp
Leu Phe Gln Asn Gly Asn Trp Thr Met 1445 1450 1455Gln Asn Pro Ser
Pro Ala Cys Gln Cys Ser Ser Asp Lys Ile Lys Lys 1460 1465 1470Met
Leu Pro Val Cys Pro Pro Gly Ala Gly Gly Leu Pro Pro Pro Gln 1475
1480 1485Arg Lys Gln Asn Thr Ala Asp Ile Leu Gln Asp Leu Thr Gly
Arg Asn 1490 1495 1500Ile Ser Asp Tyr Leu Val Lys Thr Tyr Val Gln
Ile Ile Ala Lys Ser1505 1510 1515 1520Leu Lys Asn Lys Ile Trp Val
Asn Glu Phe Arg Tyr Gly Gly Phe Ser 1525 1530 1535Leu Gly Val Ser
Asn Thr Gln Ala Leu Pro Pro Ser Gln Glu Val Asn 1540 1545 1550Asp
Ala Ile Lys Gln Met Lys Lys His Leu Lys Leu Ala Lys Asp Ser 1555
1560 1565Ser Ala Asp Arg Phe Leu Asn Ser Leu Gly Arg Phe Met Thr
Gly Leu 1570 1575 1580Asp Thr Arg Asn Asn Val Lys Val Trp Phe Asn
Asn Lys Gly Trp His1585 1590 1595 1600Ala Ile Ser Ser Phe Leu Asn
Val Ile Asn Asn Ala Ile Leu Arg Ala 1605 1610 1615Asn Leu Gln Lys
Gly Glu Asn Pro Ser His Tyr Gly Ile Thr Ala Phe 1620 1625 1630Asn
His Pro Leu Asn Leu Thr Lys Gln Gln Leu Ser Glu Val Ala Leu 1635
1640 1645Met Thr Thr Ser Val Asp Val Leu Val Ser Ile Cys Val Ile
Phe Ala 1650 1655 1660Met Ser Phe Val Pro Ala Ser Phe Val Val Phe
Leu Ile Gln Glu Arg1665 1670 1675 1680Val Ser Lys Ala Lys His Leu
Gln Phe Ile Ser Gly Val Lys Pro Val 1685 1690 1695Ile Tyr Trp Leu
Ser Asn Phe Val Trp Asp Met Cys Asn Tyr Val Val 1700 1705 1710Pro
Ala Thr Leu Val Ile Ile Ile Phe Ile Cys Phe Gln Gln Lys Ser 1715
1720 1725Tyr Val Ser Ser Thr Asn Leu Pro Val Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu
Leu Leu 1730 1735 1740Tyr Gly Trp Ser Ile Thr Pro Leu Met Tyr Pro
Ala Ser Phe Val Phe1745 1750 1755 1760Lys Ile Pro Ser Thr Ala Tyr
Val Val Leu Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Phe 1765 1770 1775Ile Gly Ile Asn
Gly Ser Val Ala Thr Phe Val Leu Glu Leu Phe Thr 1780 1785 1790Asp
Asn Lys Leu Asn Asn Ile Asn Asp Ile Leu Lys Ser Val Phe Leu 1795
1800 1805Ile Phe Pro His Phe Cys Leu Gly Arg Gly Leu Ile Asp Met
Val Lys 1810 1815 1820Asn Gln Ala Met Ala Asp Ala Leu Glu Arg Phe
Gly Glu Asn Arg Phe1825 1830 1835 1840Val Ser Pro Leu Ser Trp Asp
Leu Val Gly Arg Asn Leu Phe Ala Met 1845 1850 1855Ala Val Glu Gly
Val Val Phe Phe Leu Ile Thr Val Leu Ile Gln Tyr 1860 1865 1870Arg
Phe Phe Ile Arg Pro Arg Pro Val Asn Ala Lys Leu Ser Pro Leu 1875
1880 1885Asn Asp Glu Asp Glu Asp Val Arg Arg Glu Arg Gln Arg Ile
Leu Asp 1890 1895 1900Gly Gly Gly Gln Asn Asp Ile Leu Glu Ile Lys
Glu Leu Thr Lys Ile1905 1910 1915 1920Tyr Arg Arg Lys Arg Lys Pro
Ala Val Asp Arg Ile Cys Val Gly Ile 1925 1930 1935Pro Pro Gly Glu
Cys Phe Gly Leu Leu Gly Val Asn Gly Ala Gly Lys 1940 1945 1950Ser
Ser Thr Phe Lys Met Leu Thr Gly Asp Thr Thr Val Thr Arg Gly 1955
1960 1965Asp Ala Phe Leu Asn Lys Asn Ser Ile Leu Ser Asn Ile His
Glu Val 1970 1975 1980His Gln Asn Met Gly Tyr Cys Pro Gln Phe Asp
Ala Ile Thr Glu Leu1985 1990 1995 2000Leu Thr Gly Arg Glu His Val
Glu Phe Phe Ala Leu Leu Arg Gly Val 2005 2010 2015Pro Glu Lys Glu
Val Gly Lys Val Gly Glu Trp Ala Ile Arg Lys Leu 2020 2025 2030Gly
Leu Val Lys Tyr Gly Glu Lys Tyr Ala Gly Asn Tyr Ser Gly Gly 2035
2040 2045Asn Lys Arg Lys Leu Ser Thr Ala Met Ala Leu Ile Gly Gly
Pro Pro 2050 2055 2060Val Val Phe Leu Asp Glu Pro Thr Thr Gly Met
Asp Pro Lys Ala Arg2065 2070 2075 2080Arg Phe Leu Trp Asn Cys Ala
Leu Ser Val Val Lys Glu Gly Arg Ser 2085 2090 2095Val Val Leu Thr
Ser His Ser Met Glu Glu Cys Glu Ala Leu Cys Thr 2100 2105 2110Arg
Met Ala Ile Met Val Asn Gly Arg Phe Arg Cys Leu Gly Ser Val 2115
2120 2125Gln His Leu Lys Asn Arg Phe Gly Asp Gly Tyr Thr Ile Val
Val Arg 2130 2135 2140Ile Ala Gly Ser Asn Pro Asp Leu Lys Pro Val
Gln Asp Phe Phe Gly2145 2150 2155 2160Leu Ala Phe Pro Gly Ser Val
Leu Lys Glu Lys His Arg Asn Met Leu 2165 2170 2175Gln Tyr Gln Leu
Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Ala Arg Ile Phe Ser 2180 2185 2190Ile
Leu Ser Gln Ser Lys Lys Arg Leu His Ile Glu Asp Tyr Ser Val 2195
2200 2205Ser Gln Thr Thr Leu Asp Gln Val Phe Val Asn Phe Ala Lys
Asp Gln 2210 2215 2220Ser Asp Asp Asp His Leu Lys Asp Leu Ser Leu
His Lys Asn Gln Thr2225 2230 2235 2240Val Val Asp Val Ala Val Leu
Thr Ser Phe Leu Gln Asp Glu Lys Val 2245 2250 2255Lys Glu Ser Tyr
Val 226031643DNAHomo sapiens 3gaattccttg ctggtggctc cacatgcact
tccagggcct gcttggctct tctatgggtc 60tgtcctgagt gttgatagaa ccactgatgt
gagtacctgg gcttgagcgt ggcctggaga 120tcctgttgac tgtagcatgg
agggggcttg tcagctgaat gtctgtatgc aggtggtggg 180agttctggaa
tatgatggag ctggaggtgg gaagagaagt aggcttgggg cagctctctc
240atgccacctc attctggcca aaactcaggt caaactgtga agagtctaaa
tgtgaatctg 300cccttcaagg tggctacaaa ggtatctttg tcaaggtagg
agaccttgtg gcctccacgt 360gcacttccag ggcctgcttg gcctcttcta
cgggtctgtc ctgagtcttc tatgaatctc 420ccttcagggc agattcatat
ttagactctt cacagtttga cctgagtttt ggccagaata 480aggtgacatt
tagtttgttg gcttgatgaa tgacttaaat atttagacat atggtgtgta
540ggcctgcatt cctactcttg cctttttttt tgcccctcca gtgttttggg
tagttttgct 600ccccctacag ccaaaggcaa acagataagt tggaggtctg
gagtggctac ataattttac 660acgactgcaa ttctctggct gcacttcaca
aatgtataca aactaaatac aagtcctgtg 720tttttatcac agggaggctg
atcaatataa tgaaattaaa agggggctgg tcccatattg 780ttctgtgttt
ttgtttgttt gtttcttttt ttgtttttgt ggcctccttc ctctcaattt
840atgaagagaa gcagtaagat gttcctctcg ggtcctctga gggacctggg
gagctcaggc 900tgggaatctc caaggcagta ggtcgcctat caaaaatcaa
agtccaggtt tgtgggggga 960aaacaaaagc agcccattac ccagaggact
gtccgccttc ccctcacccc agcctaggcc 1020tttgaaagga aacaaaagac
aagacaaaat gattggcgtc ctgagggaga ttcagcctag 1080agctctctct
cccccaatcc ctccctccgg ctgaggaaac taacaaagga aaaaaaaatt
1140gcggaaagca ggatttagag gaagcaaatt ccactggtgc ccttggctgc
cgggaacgtg 1200gactagagag tctgcggcgc agccccgagc ccagcgcttc
ccgcgcgtct taggccggcg 1260ggcccgggcg ggggaagggg acgcagaccg
cggaccctaa gacacctgct gtaccctcca 1320cccccacccc acccacctcc
ccccaactcc ctagatgtgt cgtgggcggc tgaacgtcgc 1380ccgtttaagg
ggcgggcccc ggctccacgt gctttctgct gagtgactga actacataaa
1440cagaggccgg gaacggggcg gggaggaggg agagcacagg ctttgaccga
tagtaacctc 1500tgcgctcggt gcagccgaat ctataaaagg aactagtccc
ggcaaaaacc ccgtaattgc 1560gagcgagagt gagtggggcc gggacccgca
gagccgagcc gacccttctc tcccgggctg 1620cggcagggca gggcggggag ctc
16434748DNAHomo sapiensunsure(1)..(748)All n's are unknown.
4attccaanaa cattttccng catctgtggt tgccaactca caatgtcttt cattttctga
60acttacccnc caaatgaagn tcggcacgca attatgtagt agcnactctt aggcccccgg
120cttacactta tgcttccggc tngttgtgtg ggaattggac ggataccatt
tcacncagga 180aacagatatg nccatgatta cgccaagtta tttaggtgcn
cgatagaata ctcaagcttg 240gaattcgcgg ccgcagtcga cggacccccg
ggaaagattc ctctcattac acaaaaacca 300gacagtagtg gacgttgcag
ttctcacatc ttctctacag gatgagaaag tgaaagaaag 360ctatgtatga
agaatcctgt tcatacgggg tggctgaaag taaagaggaa ctagactttc
420ctttgcacca tgtgaagtgt tgtggagaaa agagccagaa gttgatgtgg
gaagaagtaa 480actggatact gtactgatac tattcaatgc aatgcaattc
aatgcaatga aaacaaaatt 540ccattacagg ggcagtgcct ttgtagccta
tgtcttgtat ggctctcaag tgaaagactt 600gaatttagtt ttttacctat
acctatgtga aactctatta tggaacccaa tggacatatg 660ggtttgaact
cacacttttt tttttttgtt cctgtgtatt ctcattgggg ttgcaacaat
720aattcatcaa gtaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa 74852011DNAHomo sapiens
5agaatcctgt tcatactggg gtggcttgaa agtaaatgga ggaactagac tttcctttgc
60accatgtgaa gtgttgtgga gaaaagagcc agaagttgat gtgggaagaa gtaaactgga
120tactgtactg atactattca atgcaatgca attcaatgca atgaaaacaa
aattccatta 180caggggcaag tgcctttgta gcccatgtct tgtatggctc
tcaagtgaaa gacttgaatt 240tagtttttta cctataccta tgtgaaactc
tattatggaa cccaatggac atatgggttt 300gaactcacac tttttttttt
ttttgttcct gtgtattctc attggggttg caacaataat 360tcatcaagta
atcatggcca gcgattattg atcaaaatca aaaggtaatg cacatcctca
420ttcactaagc catgccatgc ccaggagact ggtttcccgg tgacacatcc
attgctggca 480atgagtgtgc cagagttatt agtgccaagt ttttcagaaa
gtttgaagca ccatggtgtg 540tcatgctcac ttttgtgaaa gctgctctgc
tcagagtcta tcaacattga atatcagttg 600acagaatggt gccatgcgtg
gctaacatcc tgctttgatt ccctctgata agctgttctg 660gtggcagtaa
catgcaacaa aaatgtgggt gtctctaggc acgggaaact tggttccatt
720gttatattgt cctatgcttc gagccatggg tctacagggt catccttatg
agactcttaa 780atatacttag atcctggtaa gaggcaaaga atcaacagcc
aaactgctgg ggctgcaagc 840tgctgaagcc agggcatggg attaaagaga
ttgtgcgttc aaacctaggg aagcctgtgc 900ccatttgtcc tgactgtctg
ctaacatggt acactgcatc tcaagatgtt tatctgacac 960aagtgtatta
tttctggctt tttgaattaa tctagaaaat gaaaagatgg agttgtattt
1020tgacaaaaat gtttgtactt tttaatgtta tttggaattt taagttctat
cagtgacttc 1080tgaatcctta gaatggcctc tttgtagaac cctgtggtat
agaggagtat ggccactgcc 1140ccactatttt tattttctta tgtaagtttg
catatcagtc atgactagtg cctagaaagc 1200aatgtgatgg tcaggatctc
atgacattat atttgagttt ctttcagatc atttaggata 1260ctcttaatct
cacttcatca atcaaatatt ttttgagtgt atgctgtagc tgaaagagta
1320tgtacgtacg tataagacta gagagatatt aagtctcagt acacttcctg
tgccatgtta 1380ttcagctcac tggtttacaa atataggttg tcttgtggtt
gtaggagccc actgtaacaa 1440tattgggcag cctttttttt tttttttttt
aattgcaaca atgcaaaagc caagaaagta 1500taagggtcac aagtctaaac
aatgaattct tcaacaggga aaacagctag ctagaaaact 1560tgctgaaaac
acaacttgtg tttatggcat ttagtacctt caaataattg gctttgcaga
1620tattggatac cccattaaat ctgacagtct caaatttttc atctcttcaa
tcactagtca 1680agaaaaatat aaaaacaaca aatacttcca tatggagcat
ttttcagagt tttctaaccc 1740agtcttattt ttctagtcag taaacatttg
taaaaatact gtttcactaa tacttactgt 1800taactgtctt gagagaaaag
aaaaatatga gagaactatt gtttggggaa gttcaagtga 1860tctttcaata
tcattactaa cttcttccac tttttccaaa atttgaatat taacgctaaa
1920ggtgtaagga cttcagattt caaattaatc tttctatatt ttttaaattt
acagaatatt 1980atataaccca ctgctgaaaa aaaaaaaaaa a 201163366DNAHomo
sapiensunsure(1)..(3366)All n's are unknown. 6agaatcctgt tcatacgggg
tggctgaaag taaagaggaa ctagactttc ctttgcacca 60tgtgaagtgt tgtggagaaa
agagccagaa gttgatgtgg gaagaagtaa actggatact 120gtactgatac
tattcaatgc aatgcaattc aatgcaatga aaacaaaatt ccattacagg
180ggcagtgcct ttgtagccta tgtcttgtat ggctctcaag tgaaagactt
gaatttagtt 240ttttacctat acctatgtga aactctatta tggaacccaa
tggacatatg ggtttgaact 300cacacttttt tttttttttt gttcctgtgt
attctcattg gggttgcaac aataattcat 360caagtaatca tggccagcga
ttattgatca aaatcaaaag gtaatgcaca tcctcattca 420ctaagccatg
ccatgcccag gagactggtt tcccggtgac acatccattg ctggcaatga
480gtgtgccaga gttattagtg ccaagttttt cagaaagttt gaagcaccat
ggtgtgtcat 540gctcactttt gtgaaagctg ctctgctcag agtctatcaa
cattgaatat cagttgacag 600aatggtgcca tgcgtggcta acatcctgct
ttgattccct ctgataagct gttctggtgg 660cagtaacatg caacaaaaat
gtgggtgtct ctaggcacgg gaaacttggt tccattgtta 720tattgtccta
tgcttcgagc catgggtcta cagggtcatc cttatgagac tcttaaatat
780acttagatcc tggtaagagg caaagaatca acagccaaac tgctggggct
gcaagctgct 840gaagccaggg catgggatta aagagattgt gcgttcaaac
ctagggaagc ctgtgcccat 900ttgtcctgac tgtctgctaa catggtacac
tgcatctcaa gatgtttatc tgacacaagt 960gtattatttc tggctttttg
aattaatcta gaaaatgaaa agatggagtt gtattttgac 1020aaaaatgttt
gtacttttta atgttatttg gaattttaag ttctatcagt gacttctgaa
1080tccttagaat
ggcctctttg tagaaccctg tggtatagag gagtatggcc actgccccac
1140tatttttatt ttcttatgta agtttgcata tcagtcatga ctagtgccta
gaaagcaatg 1200tgatggtcag gatctcatga cattatattt gagtttcttt
cagatcattt aggatactct 1260taatctcact tcatcaatca aatatttttt
gagtgtatgc tgtagctgaa agagtatgta 1320cgtacgtata agactagaga
gatattaagt ctcagtacac ttcctgtgcc atgttattca 1380gctcactggt
ttacaaatat aggttgtctt gtggttgtag gagcccactg taacaatatt
1440gggcagcctt tttttttttt ttttaattgc aacaatgcaa aagccaagaa
agtataaggg 1500tcacaagttt aaacaatgaa ttcttcaaca gggaaaacag
ctagcttgaa aacttgctga 1560aaaacacaac ttgtgtttat ggcatttagt
accttcaaat aattggcttt gcagatattg 1620gataccccat taaatctgac
agtctcaaat ttttcatctc ttcaatcact agtcaagaaa 1680aatataaaaa
caacaaatac ttccatatgg agcatttttc agagttttct aacccagtct
1740tatttttcta gtcagtaaac atttgtaaaa atactgtttc actaatactt
actgttaact 1800gtcttgagag aaaagaaaaa tatgagagaa ctattgtttg
gggaagttca agtgatcttt 1860caatatcatt actaacttct tccacttttt
ccaaaatttg aatattaacg ctaaaggtgt 1920aagacttcag atttcaaatt
aatctttcta tattttttaa atttacagaa tattatataa 1980cccactgctg
aaaaagaaaa aaatgattgt tttagaagtt aaagtcaata ttgattttaa
2040atataagtaa tgaaggcata tttccaataa ctagtgatat ggcatcgttg
caatttacag 2100tatcttcaaa aatacagaat ttatagaata atttctcctc
atttaatatt tttcaaaatc 2160aaagttatgg tttcctcatt ttactaaaat
cgtattctaa ttcttcatta tagtaaatct 2220atgagcaact ccttacttcg
gttcctctga tttcaaggcc atattttaaa aaatcaaaag 2280gcactgtgaa
ctattttgaa gaaaacacga cattttaata cagattgaaa ggacctcttc
2340tgaagctaga aacaatctat agttatacat cttcattaat actgtgttac
cttttaaaat 2400agtaattttt tacattttcc tgtgtaaacc taattgtggt
agaaattttt accaactcta 2460tactcaatca agcaaaattt ctgtatattc
cctgtggaat gtacctatgt gagtttcaga 2520aattctcaaa atacgtgttc
aaaaatttct gcttttgcat ctttgggaca cctcagaaaa 2580cttattaaca
actgtgaata tgagaaatac agaagaaaat aataagccct ctatacataa
2640atgcccagca caattcattg ttaaaaaaca accaaacctc acactactgt
atttcattat 2700ctgtactgaa agcaaatgct ttgtgactat taaatgttgc
acatcattca ttcactgtat 2760agtaatcatt gactaaagcc atttgctgtg
ttttcttctt gtggntgnat atatcaggta 2820aaatattttc caaagagcca
tgtgtcatgt aatactgaac cctttgatat tgagacatta 2880atttggaccc
ttggtattat ctactagaat aatgtaatac tgnagaaata ttgctctaat
2940tctttcaaaa tggtgcatcc cccttaaaan gttctatttc cataaggatt
tagcttgctt 3000atcccttctt ataccctaag atgaagctgt ttttgtgctc
tttgttcatc attggccctc 3060attccaagca ctttacgctg tctgtaatgg
gatctatttt tgcactggaa tatctgagaa 3120ttgcaaaact agacaaaagt
ttcacaacag atttctaagt taaatcattt tcattaaaag 3180gaaaaaagaa
aaaaaatttt gtatgtcaat aactttatat gaagtattaa aatgcatatt
3240tctatgttgt aatataatga gtcacaaaat aaagctgtga cagttctgtt
aaaaaaaaaa 3300aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 3360aaaaaa 3366710474DNAHomo
sapiensunsure(1)..(10474)All n's are unknown. 7tctagaactg
ggtaccagct gctagcaagc ttcggcacga gccgcagagc cgagccgacc 60cttctctccc
gggctgcggc agggcagggc ggggagctcc gcgcaccaac agagccggtt
120ctcagggcgc tttgctcctt gttttttccc cggttctgtt ttctcccctt
ctccggaagg 180cttgtcaagg ggtaggagaa agagacgcaa acacaaaagt
ggaaaacagt taatgaccag 240ccacgggcgt ccctgctgtg agctctggcc
gctgccttcc agggctcccg agccacacgc 300tgggcgtgct ggctgaggga
acatggcttg ttggcctcag ctgaggttgc tgctgtggaa 360gaacctcact
ttcagaagaa gacaaacatg tcagctgtta ctggaagtgg cctggcctct
420atttatcttc ctgatcctga tctctgttcg gctgagctac ccaccctatg
aacaacatga 480atgccatttt ccaaataaag ccatgccctc tgcaggaaca
cttccttggg ttcaggggat 540tatctgtaat gccaacaacc cctgtttccg
ttacccgact cctggggagg ctcccggagt 600tgttggaaac tttaacaaat
ccattgtggc tcgcctgttc tcagatgctc ggaggcttct 660tttatacagc
cagaaagaca ccagcatgaa ggacatgcgc aaagttctga gaacattaca
720gcagatcaag aaatccagct caaacttgaa gcttcaagat ttcctggtgg
acaatgaaac 780cttctctggg ttcctatatc acaacctctc tctcccaaag
tctactgtgg acaagatgct 840gagggctgat gtcattctcc acaaggtatt
tttgcaaggc taccagttac atttgacaag 900tctgtgcaat ggatcaaaat
cagaagagat gattcaactt ggtgaccaag aagtttctga 960gctttgtggc
ctaccaaagg agaaactggc tgcagcagag cgagtacttc gttccaacat
1020ggacatcctg aagccaatcc tgagaacact aaactctaca tctcccttcc
cgagcaagga 1080gctggctgaa gccacaaaaa cattgctgca tagtcttggg
actctggccc aggagctgtt 1140cagcatgaga agctggagtg acatgcgaca
ggaggtgatg tttctgacca atgtgaacag 1200ctccagctcc tccacccaaa
tctaccaggc tgtgtctcgt attgtctgcg ggcatcccga 1260gggagggggg
ctgaagatca agtctctcaa ctggtatgag gacaacaact acaaagccct
1320ctttggaggc aatggcactg aggaagatgc tgaaaccttc tatgacaact
ctacaactcc 1380ttactgcaat gatttgatga agaatttgga gtctagtcct
ctttcccgca ttatctggaa 1440agctctgaag ccgctgctcg ttgggaagat
cctgtataca cctgacactc cagccacaag 1500gcaggtcatg gctgaggtga
acaagacctt ccaggaactg gctgtgttcc atgatctgga 1560aggcatgtgg
gaggaactca gccccaagat ctggaccttc atggagaaca gccaagaaat
1620ggaccttgtc cggatgctgt tggacagcag ggacaatgac cacttttggg
aacagcagtt 1680ggatggctta gattggacag cccaagacat cgtggcgttt
ttggccaagc acccagagga 1740tgtccagtcc agtaatggtt ctgtgtacac
ctggagagaa gctttcaacg agactaacca 1800ggcaatccgg accatatctc
gcttcatgga gtgtgtcaac ctgaacaagc tagaacccat 1860agcaacagaa
gtctggctca tcaacaagtc catggagctg ctggatgaga ggaagttctg
1920ggctggtatt gtgttcactg gaattactcc aggcagcatt gagctgcccc
atcatgtcaa 1980gtacaagatc cgaatggaca ttgacaatgt ggagaggaca
aataaaatca aggatgggta 2040ctgggaccct ggtcctcgag ctgacccctt
tgaggacatg cggtacgtct gggggggctt 2100cgcctacttg cgggatgtgg
tggagcaggc aatcatcagg gtgctgacgg gcaccgagaa 2160gaaaactggt
gtctatatgc aacagatgcc ctatccctgt tacgttgatg acatctttct
2220gcgggtgatg agccggtcaa tgcccctctt catgacgctg gcctggattt
actcagtggc 2280tgtgatcatc aagggcatcg tgtatgagaa ggaggcacgg
ctgaaagaga ccatgcggat 2340catgggcctg gacaacagca tactctggtt
tagctggttc attagtagcc tcattcctct 2400tcttgtgagc gctggcctgc
tagtggtcat cctgaagtta ggaaacctgc tgccctacag 2460tgatcccagc
gtggtgtttg tcttcctgtc cgtgtttgct gtggtgacaa tcctgcagtg
2520cttcctgatt agcacactct tctccagagc caacctggca gcagcctgtg
ggggcatcat 2580ctacttcacg ctgtacctgc cctacgtcct gtgtgtggca
tggcaggact acgtgggctt 2640cacactcaag atcttcgcta gcctgctgtc
tcctgtggct tttgggtttg gctgtgagta 2700ctttgccctt tttgaggagc
agggcattgg agtgcagtgg gacaacctgt ttgagagtcc 2760tgtggaggaa
gatggcttca atctcaccac ttcgatctcc atgatgctgt ttgacacctt
2820cctctatggg gtgatgacct ggtacattga ggctgtcttt ccaggccagt
acggaattcc 2880caggccctgg tattttcctt gcaccaagtc ctactggttt
ggcgaggaaa gtgatgagaa 2940gagccaccct ggttccaacc agaagagaat
gtcagaaatc tgcatggagg aggaacccac 3000ccacttgaag ctgggcgtgt
ccattcagaa cctggtaaaa gtctaccgag atgggatgaa 3060ggtggctgtc
gatggcctgg cactgaattt ttatgagggc cagatcacct ccttcctggg
3120ccacaatgga gcggggaaga cgaccaccat gtcaatcctg accgggttgt
tccccccgac 3180ctcgggcacc gcctacatcc tgggaaaaga cattcgctct
gagatgagca ccatccggca 3240gaacctgggg gtctgtcccc agcataacgt
gctgtttgac atgctgactg tcgaagaaca 3300catctggttc tatgcccgct
tgaaagggct ctctgagaag cacgtgaagg cggagatgga 3360gcagatggcc
ctggatgttg gtttgccatc aagcaagctg aaaagcaaaa caagccagct
3420gtcaggtgga atgcagagaa agctatctgt ggccttggcc tttgtcgggg
gatctaaggt 3480tgtcattctg gatgaaccca cagctggtgt ggacccttac
tcccgcaggg gaatatggga 3540gctgctgctg aaataccgac aaggccgcac
cattattctc tctacacacc acatggatga 3600agcggacgtc ctgggggaca
ggattgccat catctcccat gggaagctgt gctgtgtggg 3660ctcctccctg
tttctgaaga accagctggg aacaggctac tacctgacct tggtcaagaa
3720agatgtggaa tcctccctca gttcctgcag aaacagtagt agcactgtgt
catacctgaa 3780aaaggaggac agtgtttctc agagcagttc tgatgctggc
ctgggcagcg accatgagag 3840tgacacgctg accatcgatg tctctgctat
ctccaacctc atcaggaagc atgtgtctga 3900agcccggctg gtggaagaca
tagggcatga gctgacctat gtgctgccat atgaagctgc 3960taaggaggga
gcctttgtgg aactctttca tgagattgat gaccggctct cagacctggg
4020catttctagt tatggcatct cagagacgac cctggaagaa atattcctca
aggtggccga 4080agagagtggg gtggatgctg agacctcaga tggtaccttg
ccagcaagac gaaacaggcg 4140ggccttcggg gacaagcaga gctgtcttcg
cccgttcact gaagatgatg ctgctgatcc 4200aaatgattct gacatagacc
cagaatccag agagacagac ttgctcagtg ggatggatgg 4260caaagggtcc
taccaggtga aaggctggaa acttacacag caacagtttg tggccctttt
4320gtggaagaga ctgctaattg ccagacggag tcggaaagga ttttttgctc
agattgtctt 4380gccagctgtg tttgtctgca ttgcccttgt gttcagcctg
atcgtgccac cctttggcaa 4440gtaccccagc ctggaacttc agccctggat
gtacaacgaa cagtacacat ttgtcagcaa 4500tgatgctcct gaggacacgg
gaaccctgga actcttaaac gccctcacca aagaccctgg 4560cttcgggacc
cgctgtatgg aaggaaaccc aatcccagac acgccctgcc aggcagggga
4620ggaagagtgg accactgccc cagttcccca gaccatcatg gacctcttcc
agaatgggaa 4680ctggacaatg cagaaccctt cacctgcatg ccagtgtagc
agcgacaaaa tcaagaagat 4740gctgcctgtg tgtcccccag gggcaggggg
gctgcctcct ccacaaagaa aacaaaacac 4800tgcagatatc cttcaggacc
tgacaggaag aaacatttcg gattatctgg tgaagacgta 4860tgtgcagatc
atagccaaaa gcttaaagaa caagatctgg gtgaatgagt ttaggtatgg
4920cggcttttcc ctgggtgtca gtaatactca agcacttcct ccgagtcaag
aagttaatga 4980tgccatcaaa caaatgaaga aacacctaaa gctggccaag
gacagttctg cagatcgatt 5040tctcaacagc ttgggaagat ttatgacagg
actggacacc agaaataatg tcaaggtgtg 5100gttcaataac aagggctggc
atgcaatcag ctctttcctg aatgtcatca acaatgccat 5160tctccgggcc
aacctgcaaa agggagagaa ccctagccat tatggaatta ctgctttcaa
5220tcatcccctg aatctcacca agcagcagct ctcagaggtg gctctgatga
ccacatcagt 5280ggatgtcctt gtgtccatct gtgtcatctt tgcaatgtcc
ttcgtcccag ccagctttgt 5340cgtattcctg atccaggagc gggtcagcaa
agcaaaacac ctgcagttca tcagtggagt 5400gaagcctgtc atctactggc
tctctaattt tgtctgggat atgtgcaatt acgttgtccc 5460tgccacactg
gtcattatca tcttcatctg cttccagcag aagtcctatg tgtcctccac
5520caatctgcct gtgctagccc ttctactttt gctgtatggg tggtcaatca
cacctctcat 5580gtacccagcc tcctttgtgt tcaagatccc cagcacagcc
tatgtggtgc tcaccagcgt 5640gaacctcttc attggcatta atggcagcgt
ggccaccttt gtgctggagc tgttcaccga 5700caataagctg aataatatca
atgatatcct gaagtccgtg ttcttgatct tcccacattt 5760ttgcctggga
cgagggctca tcgacatggt gaaaaaccag gcaatggctg atgccctgga
5820aaggtttggg gagaatcgct ttgtgtcacc attatcttgg gacttggtgg
gacgaaacct 5880cttcgccatg gccgtggaag gggtggtgtt cttcctcatt
actgttctga tccagtacag 5940attcttcatc aggcccagac ctgtaaatgc
aaagctatct cctctgaatg atgaagatga 6000agatgtgagg cgggaaagac
agagaattct tgatggtgga ggccagaatg acatcttaga 6060aatcaaggag
ttgacgaaga tatatagaag gaagcggaag cctgctgttg acaggatttg
6120cgtgggcatt cctcctggtg agtgctttgg gctcctggga gttaatgggg
ctggaaaatc 6180atcaactttc aagatgttaa caggagatac cactgttacc
agaggagatg ctttccttaa 6240caaaaatagt atcttatcaa acatccatga
agtacatcag aacatgggct actgccctca 6300gtttgatgcc atcacagagc
tgttgactgg gagagaacac gtggagttct ttgccctttt 6360gagaggagtc
ccagagaaag aagttggcaa ggttggtgag tgggcgattc ggaaactggg
6420cctcgtgaag tatggagaaa aatatgctgg taactatagt ggaggcaaca
aacgcaagct 6480ctctacagcc atggctttga tcggcgggcc tcctgtggtg
tttctggatg aacccaccac 6540aggcatggat cccaaagccc ggcggttctt
gtggaattgt gccctaagtg ttgtcaagga 6600ggggagatca gtagtgctta
catctcatag tatggaagaa tgtgaagctc tttgcactag 6660gatggcaatc
atggtcaatg gaaggttcag gtgccttggc agtgtccagc atctaaaaaa
6720taggtttgga gatggttata caatagttgt acgaatagca gggtccaacc
cggacctgaa 6780gcctgtccag gatttctttg gacttgcatt tcctggaagt
gttctaaaag agaaacaccg 6840gaacatgcta caataccagc ttccatcttc
attatcttct ctggccagga tattcagcat 6900cctctcccag agcaaaaagc
gactccacat agaagactac tctgtttctc agacaacact 6960tgaccaagta
tttgtgaact ttgccaagga ccaaagtgat gatgaccact taaaagacct
7020ctcattacac aaaaaccaga cagtagtgga cgttgcagtt ctcacatctt
ttctacagga 7080tgagaaagtg aaagaaagct atgtatgaag aatcctgttc
atacggggtg gctgaaagta 7140aagaggaact agactttcct ttgcaccatg
tgaagtgttg tggagaaaag agccagaagt 7200tgatgtggga agaagtaaac
tggatactgt actgatacta ttcaatgcaa tgcaattcaa 7260tgcaatgaaa
acaaaattcc attacagggg cagtgccttt gtagcctatg tcttgtatgg
7320ctctcaagtg aaagacttga atttagtttt ttacctatac ctatgtgaaa
ctctattatg 7380gaacccaatg gacatatggg tttgaactca cacttttttt
ttttttttgt tcctgtgtat 7440tctcattggg gttgcaacaa taattcatca
agtaatcatg gccagcgatt attgatcaaa 7500atcaaaaggt aatgcacatc
ctcattcact aagccatgcc atgcccagga gactggtttc 7560ccggtgacac
atccattgct ggcaatgagt gtgccagagt tattagtgcc aagtttttca
7620gaaagtttga agcaccatgg tgtgtcatgc tcacttttgt gaaagctgct
ctgctcagag 7680tctatcaaca ttgaatatca gttgacagaa tggtgccatg
cgtggctaac atcctgcttt 7740gattccctct gataagctgt tctggtggca
gtaacatgca acaaaaatgt gggtgtctct 7800aggcacggga aacttggttc
cattgttata ttgtcctatg cttcgagcca tgggtctaca 7860gggtcatcct
tatgagactc ttaaatatac ttagatcctg gtaagaggca aagaatcaac
7920agccaaactg ctggggctgc aagctgctga agccagggca tgggattaaa
gagattgtgc 7980gttcaaacct agggaagcct gtgcccattt gtcctgactg
tctgctaaca tggtacactg 8040catctcaaga tgtttatctg acacaagtgt
attatttctg gctttttgaa ttaatctaga 8100aaatgaaaag atggagttgt
attttgacaa aaatgtttgt actttttaat gttatttgga 8160attttaagtt
ctatcagtga cttctgaatc cttagaatgg cctctttgta gaaccctgtg
8220gtatagagga gtatggccac tgccccacta tttttatttt cttatgtaag
tttgcatatc 8280agtcatgact agtgcctaga aagcaatgtg atggtcagga
tctcatgaca ttatatttga 8340gtttctttca gatcatttag gatactctta
atctcacttc atcaatcaaa tattttttga 8400gtgtatgctg tagctgaaag
agtatgtacg tacgtataag actagagaga tattaagtct 8460cagtacactt
cctgtgccat gttattcagc tcactggttt acaaatatag gttgtcttgt
8520ggttgtagga gcccactgta acaatattgg gcagcctttt tttttttttt
ttaattgcaa 8580caatgcaaaa gccaagaaag tataagggtc acaagtttaa
acaatgaatt cttcaacagg 8640gaaaacagct agcttgaaaa cttgctgaaa
aacacaactt gtgtttatgg catttagtac 8700cttcaaataa ttggctttgc
agatattgga taccccatta aatctgacag tctcaaattt 8760ttcatctctt
caatcactag tcaagaaaaa tataaaaaca acaaatactt ccatatggag
8820catttttcag agttttctaa cccagtctta tttttctagt cagtaaacat
ttgtaaaaat 8880actgtttcac taatacttac tgttaactgt cttgagagaa
aagaaaaata tgagagaact 8940attgtttggg gaagttcaag tgatctttca
atatcattac taacttcttc cactttttcc 9000aaaatttgaa tattaacgct
aaaggtgtaa gacttcagat ttcaaattaa tctttctata 9060ttttttaaat
ttacagaata ttatataacc cactgctgaa aaagaaaaaa atgattgttt
9120tagaagttaa agtcaatatt gattttaaat ataagtaatg aaggcatatt
tccaataact 9180agtgatatgg catcgttgca atttacagta tcttcaaaaa
tacagaattt atagaataat 9240ttctcctcat ttaatatttt tcaaaatcaa
agttatggtt tcctcatttt actaaaatcg 9300tattctaatt cttcattata
gtaaatctat gagcaactcc ttacttcggt tcctctgatt 9360tcaaggccat
attttaaaaa atcaaaaggc actgtgaact attttgaaga aaacacgaca
9420ttttaataca gattgaaagg acctcttctg aagctagaaa caatctatag
ttatacatct 9480tcattaatac tgtgttacct tttaaaatag taatttttta
cattttcctg tgtaaaccta 9540attgtggtag aaatttttac caactctata
ctcaatcaag caaaatttct gtatattccc 9600tgtggaatgt acctatgtga
gtttcagaaa ttctcaaaat acgtgttcaa aaatttctgc 9660ttttgcatct
ttgggacacc tcagaaaact tattaacaac tgtgaatatg agaaatacag
9720aagaaaataa taagccctct atacataaat gcccagcaca attcattgtt
aaaaaacaac 9780caaacctcac actactgtat ttcattatct gtactgaaag
caaatgcttt gtgactatta 9840aatgttgcac atcattcatt cactgtatag
taatcattga ctaaagccat ttgctgtgtt 9900ttcttcttgt ggntgnatat
atcaggtaaa atattttcca aagagccatg tgtcatgtaa 9960tactgaaccc
tttgatattg agacattaat ttggaccctt ggtattatct actagaataa
10020tgtaatactg nagaaatatt gctctaattc tttcaaaatg gtgcatcccc
cttaaaangt 10080tctatttcca taaggattta gcttgcttat cccttcttat
accctaagat gaagctgttt 10140ttgtgctctt tgttcatcat tggccctcat
tccaagcact ttacgctgtc tgtaatggga 10200tctatttttg cactggaata
tctgagaatt gcaaaactag acaaaagttt cacaacagat 10260ttctaagtta
aatcattttc attaaaagga aaaaagaaaa aaaattttgt atgtcaataa
10320ctttatatga agtattaaaa tgcatatttc tatgttgtaa tataatgagt
cacaaaataa 10380agctgtgaca gttctgttaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 10440aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaa
1047482261PRTHomo sapiens 8Met Ala Cys Trp Pro Gln Leu Arg Leu Leu
Leu Trp Lys Asn Leu Thr1 5 10 15Phe Arg Arg Arg Gln Thr Cys Gln Leu
Leu Leu Glu Val Ala Trp Pro 20 25 30Leu Phe Ile Phe Leu Ile Leu Ile
Ser Val Arg Leu Ser Tyr Pro Pro 35 40 45Tyr Glu Gln His Glu Cys His
Phe Pro Asn Lys Ala Met Pro Ser Ala 50 55 60Gly Thr Leu Pro Trp Val
Gln Gly Ile Ile Cys Asn Ala Asn Asn Pro65 70 75 80Cys Phe Arg Tyr
Pro Thr Pro Gly Glu Ala Pro Gly Val Val Gly Asn 85 90 95Phe Asn Lys
Ser Ile Val Ala Arg Leu Phe Ser Asp Ala Arg Arg Leu 100 105 110Leu
Leu Tyr Ser Gln Lys Asp Thr Ser Met Lys Asp Met Arg Lys Val 115 120
125Leu Arg Thr Leu Gln Gln Ile Lys Lys Ser Ser Ser Asn Leu Lys Leu
130 135 140Gln Asp Phe Leu Val Asp Asn Glu Thr Phe Ser Gly Phe Leu
Tyr His145 150 155 160Asn Leu Ser Leu Pro Lys Ser Thr Val Asp Lys
Met Leu Arg Ala Asp 165 170 175Val Ile Leu His Lys Val Phe Leu Gln
Gly Tyr Gln Leu His Leu Thr 180 185 190Ser Leu Cys Asn Gly Ser Lys
Ser Glu Glu Met Ile Gln Leu Gly Asp 195 200 205Gln Glu Val Ser Glu
Leu Cys Gly Leu Pro Lys Glu Lys Leu Ala Ala 210 215 220Ala Glu Arg
Val Leu Arg Ser Asn Met Asp Ile Leu Lys Pro Ile Leu225 230 235
240Arg Thr Leu Asn Ser Thr Ser Pro Phe Pro Ser Lys Glu Leu Ala Glu
245 250 255Ala Thr Lys Thr Leu Leu His Ser Leu Gly Thr Leu Ala Gln
Glu Leu 260 265 270Phe Ser Met Arg Ser Trp Ser Asp Met Arg Gln Glu
Val Met Phe Leu 275 280 285Thr Asn Val Asn Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Thr
Gln Ile Tyr Gln Ala Val 290 295 300Ser Arg Ile Val Cys Gly His Pro
Glu Gly Gly Gly Leu Lys Ile Lys305 310 315 320Ser Leu Asn Trp Tyr
Glu Asp Asn Asn Tyr Lys Ala Leu Phe Gly Gly 325 330 335Asn Gly Thr
Glu Glu Asp Ala Glu Thr Phe Tyr Asp Asn Ser Thr Thr 340 345 350Pro
Tyr Cys Asn Asp Leu
Met Lys Asn Leu Glu Ser Ser Pro Leu Ser 355 360 365Arg Ile Ile Trp
Lys Ala Leu Lys Pro Leu Leu Val Gly Lys Ile Leu 370 375 380Tyr Thr
Pro Asp Thr Pro Ala Thr Arg Gln Val Met Ala Glu Val Asn385 390 395
400Lys Thr Phe Gln Glu Leu Ala Val Phe His Asp Leu Glu Gly Met Trp
405 410 415Glu Glu Leu Ser Pro Lys Ile Trp Thr Phe Met Glu Asn Ser
Gln Glu 420 425 430Met Asp Leu Val Arg Met Leu Leu Asp Ser Arg Asp
Asn Asp His Phe 435 440 445Trp Glu Gln Gln Leu Asp Gly Leu Asp Trp
Thr Ala Gln Asp Ile Val 450 455 460Ala Phe Leu Ala Lys His Pro Glu
Asp Val Gln Ser Ser Asn Gly Ser465 470 475 480Val Tyr Thr Trp Arg
Glu Ala Phe Asn Glu Thr Asn Gln Ala Ile Arg 485 490 495Thr Ile Ser
Arg Phe Met Glu Cys Val Asn Leu Asn Lys Leu Glu Pro 500 505 510Ile
Ala Thr Glu Val Trp Leu Ile Asn Lys Ser Met Glu Leu Leu Asp 515 520
525Glu Arg Lys Phe Trp Ala Gly Ile Val Phe Thr Gly Ile Thr Pro Gly
530 535 540Ser Ile Glu Leu Pro His His Val Lys Tyr Lys Ile Arg Met
Asp Ile545 550 555 560Asp Asn Val Glu Arg Thr Asn Lys Ile Lys Asp
Gly Tyr Trp Asp Pro 565 570 575Gly Pro Arg Ala Asp Pro Phe Glu Asp
Met Arg Tyr Val Trp Gly Gly 580 585 590Phe Ala Tyr Leu Arg Asp Val
Val Glu Gln Ala Ile Ile Arg Val Leu 595 600 605Thr Gly Thr Glu Lys
Lys Thr Gly Val Tyr Met Gln Gln Met Pro Tyr 610 615 620Pro Cys Tyr
Val Asp Asp Ile Phe Leu Arg Val Met Ser Arg Ser Met625 630 635
640Pro Leu Phe Met Thr Leu Ala Trp Ile Tyr Ser Val Ala Val Ile Ile
645 650 655Lys Gly Ile Val Tyr Glu Lys Glu Ala Arg Leu Lys Glu Thr
Met Arg 660 665 670Ile Met Gly Leu Asp Asn Ser Ile Leu Trp Phe Ser
Trp Phe Ile Ser 675 680 685Ser Leu Ile Pro Leu Leu Val Ser Ala Gly
Leu Leu Val Val Ile Leu 690 695 700Lys Leu Gly Asn Leu Leu Pro Tyr
Ser Asp Pro Ser Val Val Phe Val705 710 715 720Phe Leu Ser Val Phe
Ala Val Val Thr Ile Leu Gln Cys Phe Leu Ile 725 730 735Ser Thr Leu
Phe Ser Arg Ala Asn Leu Ala Ala Ala Cys Gly Gly Ile 740 745 750Ile
Tyr Phe Thr Leu Tyr Leu Pro Tyr Val Leu Cys Val Ala Trp Gln 755 760
765Asp Tyr Val Gly Phe Thr Leu Lys Ile Phe Ala Ser Leu Leu Ser Pro
770 775 780Val Ala Phe Gly Phe Gly Cys Glu Tyr Phe Ala Leu Phe Glu
Glu Gln785 790 795 800Gly Ile Gly Val Gln Trp Asp Asn Leu Phe Glu
Ser Pro Val Glu Glu 805 810 815Asp Gly Phe Asn Leu Thr Thr Ser Ile
Ser Met Met Leu Phe Asp Thr 820 825 830Phe Leu Tyr Gly Val Met Thr
Trp Tyr Ile Glu Ala Val Phe Pro Gly 835 840 845Gln Tyr Gly Ile Pro
Arg Pro Trp Tyr Phe Pro Cys Thr Lys Ser Tyr 850 855 860Trp Phe Gly
Glu Glu Ser Asp Glu Lys Ser His Pro Gly Ser Asn Gln865 870 875
880Lys Arg Met Ser Glu Ile Cys Met Glu Glu Glu Pro Thr His Leu Lys
885 890 895Leu Gly Val Ser Ile Gln Asn Leu Val Lys Val Tyr Arg Asp
Gly Met 900 905 910Lys Val Ala Val Asp Gly Leu Ala Leu Asn Phe Tyr
Glu Gly Gln Ile 915 920 925Thr Ser Phe Leu Gly His Asn Gly Ala Gly
Lys Thr Thr Thr Met Ser 930 935 940Ile Leu Thr Gly Leu Phe Pro Pro
Thr Ser Gly Thr Ala Tyr Ile Leu945 950 955 960Gly Lys Asp Ile Arg
Ser Glu Met Ser Thr Ile Arg Gln Asn Leu Gly 965 970 975Val Cys Pro
Gln His Asn Val Leu Phe Asp Met Leu Thr Val Glu Glu 980 985 990His
Ile Trp Phe Tyr Ala Arg Leu Lys Gly Leu Ser Glu Lys His Val 995
1000 1005Lys Ala Glu Met Glu Gln Met Ala Leu Asp Val Gly Leu Pro
Ser Ser 1010 1015 1020Lys Leu Lys Ser Lys Thr Ser Gln Leu Ser Gly
Gly Met Gln Arg Lys1025 1030 1035 1040Leu Ser Val Ala Leu Ala Phe
Val Gly Gly Ser Lys Val Val Ile Leu 1045 1050 1055Asp Glu Pro Thr
Ala Gly Val Asp Pro Tyr Ser Arg Arg Gly Ile Trp 1060 1065 1070Glu
Leu Leu Leu Lys Tyr Arg Gln Gly Arg Thr Ile Ile Leu Ser Thr 1075
1080 1085His His Met Asp Glu Ala Asp Val Leu Gly Asp Arg Ile Ala
Ile Ile 1090 1095 1100Ser His Gly Lys Leu Cys Cys Val Gly Ser Ser
Leu Phe Leu Lys Asn1105 1110 1115 1120Gln Leu Gly Thr Gly Tyr Tyr
Leu Thr Leu Val Lys Lys Asp Val Glu 1125 1130 1135Ser Ser Leu Ser
Ser Cys Arg Asn Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Ser Tyr Leu 1140 1145 1150Lys
Lys Glu Asp Ser Val Ser Gln Ser Ser Ser Asp Ala Gly Leu Gly 1155
1160 1165Ser Asp His Glu Ser Asp Thr Leu Thr Ile Asp Val Ser Ala
Ile Ser 1170 1175 1180Asn Leu Ile Arg Lys His Val Ser Glu Ala Arg
Leu Val Glu Asp Ile1185 1190 1195 1200Gly His Glu Leu Thr Tyr Val
Leu Pro Tyr Glu Ala Ala Lys Glu Gly 1205 1210 1215Ala Phe Val Glu
Leu Phe His Glu Ile Asp Asp Arg Leu Ser Asp Leu 1220 1225 1230Gly
Ile Ser Ser Tyr Gly Ile Ser Glu Thr Thr Leu Glu Glu Ile Phe 1235
1240 1245Leu Lys Val Ala Glu Glu Ser Gly Val Asp Ala Glu Thr Ser
Asp Gly 1250 1255 1260Thr Leu Pro Ala Arg Arg Asn Arg Arg Ala Phe
Gly Asp Lys Gln Ser1265 1270 1275 1280Cys Leu Arg Pro Phe Thr Glu
Asp Asp Ala Ala Asp Pro Asn Asp Ser 1285 1290 1295Asp Ile Asp Pro
Glu Ser Arg Glu Thr Asp Leu Leu Ser Gly Met Asp 1300 1305 1310Gly
Lys Gly Ser Tyr Gln Val Lys Gly Trp Lys Leu Thr Gln Gln Gln 1315
1320 1325Phe Val Ala Leu Leu Trp Lys Arg Leu Leu Ile Ala Arg Arg
Ser Arg 1330 1335 1340Lys Gly Phe Phe Ala Gln Ile Val Leu Pro Ala
Val Phe Val Cys Ile1345 1350 1355 1360Ala Leu Val Phe Ser Leu Ile
Val Pro Pro Phe Gly Lys Tyr Pro Ser 1365 1370 1375Leu Glu Leu Gln
Pro Trp Met Tyr Asn Glu Gln Tyr Thr Phe Val Ser 1380 1385 1390Asn
Asp Ala Pro Glu Asp Thr Gly Thr Leu Glu Leu Leu Asn Ala Leu 1395
1400 1405Thr Lys Asp Pro Gly Phe Gly Thr Arg Cys Met Glu Gly Asn
Pro Ile 1410 1415 1420Pro Asp Thr Pro Cys Gln Ala Gly Glu Glu Glu
Trp Thr Thr Ala Pro1425 1430 1435 1440Val Pro Gln Thr Ile Met Asp
Leu Phe Gln Asn Gly Asn Trp Thr Met 1445 1450 1455Gln Asn Pro Ser
Pro Ala Cys Gln Cys Ser Ser Asp Lys Ile Lys Lys 1460 1465 1470Met
Leu Pro Val Cys Pro Pro Gly Ala Gly Gly Leu Pro Pro Pro Gln 1475
1480 1485Arg Lys Gln Asn Thr Ala Asp Ile Leu Gln Asp Leu Thr Gly
Arg Asn 1490 1495 1500Ile Ser Asp Tyr Leu Val Lys Thr Tyr Val Gln
Ile Ile Ala Lys Ser1505 1510 1515 1520Leu Lys Asn Lys Ile Trp Val
Asn Glu Phe Arg Tyr Gly Gly Phe Ser 1525 1530 1535Leu Gly Val Ser
Asn Thr Gln Ala Leu Pro Pro Ser Gln Glu Val Asn 1540 1545 1550Asp
Ala Ile Lys Gln Met Lys Lys His Leu Lys Leu Ala Lys Asp Ser 1555
1560 1565Ser Ala Asp Arg Phe Leu Asn Ser Leu Gly Arg Phe Met Thr
Gly Leu 1570 1575 1580Asp Thr Arg Asn Asn Val Lys Val Trp Phe Asn
Asn Lys Gly Trp His1585 1590 1595 1600Ala Ile Ser Ser Phe Leu Asn
Val Ile Asn Asn Ala Ile Leu Arg Ala 1605 1610 1615Asn Leu Gln Lys
Gly Glu Asn Pro Ser His Tyr Gly Ile Thr Ala Phe 1620 1625 1630Asn
His Pro Leu Asn Leu Thr Lys Gln Gln Leu Ser Glu Val Ala Leu 1635
1640 1645Met Thr Thr Ser Val Asp Val Leu Val Ser Ile Cys Val Ile
Phe Ala 1650 1655 1660Met Ser Phe Val Pro Ala Ser Phe Val Val Phe
Leu Ile Gln Glu Arg1665 1670 1675 1680Val Ser Lys Ala Lys His Leu
Gln Phe Ile Ser Gly Val Lys Pro Val 1685 1690 1695Ile Tyr Trp Leu
Ser Asn Phe Val Trp Asp Met Cys Asn Tyr Val Val 1700 1705 1710Pro
Ala Thr Leu Val Ile Ile Ile Phe Ile Cys Phe Gln Gln Lys Ser 1715
1720 1725Tyr Val Ser Ser Thr Asn Leu Pro Val Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu
Leu Leu 1730 1735 1740Tyr Gly Trp Ser Ile Thr Pro Leu Met Tyr Pro
Ala Ser Phe Val Phe1745 1750 1755 1760Lys Ile Pro Ser Thr Ala Tyr
Val Val Leu Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Phe 1765 1770 1775Ile Gly Ile Asn
Gly Ser Val Ala Thr Phe Val Leu Glu Leu Phe Thr 1780 1785 1790Asp
Asn Lys Leu Asn Asn Ile Asn Asp Ile Leu Lys Ser Val Phe Leu 1795
1800 1805Ile Phe Pro His Phe Cys Leu Gly Arg Gly Leu Ile Asp Met
Val Lys 1810 1815 1820Asn Gln Ala Met Ala Asp Ala Leu Glu Arg Phe
Gly Glu Asn Arg Phe1825 1830 1835 1840Val Ser Pro Leu Ser Trp Asp
Leu Val Gly Arg Asn Leu Phe Ala Met 1845 1850 1855Ala Val Glu Gly
Val Val Phe Phe Leu Ile Thr Val Leu Ile Gln Tyr 1860 1865 1870Arg
Phe Phe Ile Arg Pro Arg Pro Val Asn Ala Lys Leu Ser Pro Leu 1875
1880 1885Asn Asp Glu Asp Glu Asp Val Arg Arg Glu Arg Gln Arg Ile
Leu Asp 1890 1895 1900Gly Gly Gly Gln Asn Asp Ile Leu Glu Ile Lys
Glu Leu Thr Lys Ile1905 1910 1915 1920Tyr Arg Arg Lys Arg Lys Pro
Ala Val Asp Arg Ile Cys Val Gly Ile 1925 1930 1935Pro Pro Gly Glu
Cys Phe Gly Leu Leu Gly Val Asn Gly Ala Gly Lys 1940 1945 1950Ser
Ser Thr Phe Lys Met Leu Thr Gly Asp Thr Thr Val Thr Arg Gly 1955
1960 1965Asp Ala Phe Leu Asn Lys Asn Ser Ile Leu Ser Asn Ile His
Glu Val 1970 1975 1980His Gln Asn Met Gly Tyr Cys Pro Gln Phe Asp
Ala Ile Thr Glu Leu1985 1990 1995 2000Leu Thr Gly Arg Glu His Val
Glu Phe Phe Ala Leu Leu Arg Gly Val 2005 2010 2015Pro Glu Lys Glu
Val Gly Lys Val Gly Glu Trp Ala Ile Arg Lys Leu 2020 2025 2030Gly
Leu Val Lys Tyr Gly Glu Lys Tyr Ala Gly Asn Tyr Ser Gly Gly 2035
2040 2045Asn Lys Arg Lys Leu Ser Thr Ala Met Ala Leu Ile Gly Gly
Pro Pro 2050 2055 2060Val Val Phe Leu Asp Glu Pro Thr Thr Gly Met
Asp Pro Lys Ala Arg2065 2070 2075 2080Arg Phe Leu Trp Asn Cys Ala
Leu Ser Val Val Lys Glu Gly Arg Ser 2085 2090 2095Val Val Leu Thr
Ser His Ser Met Glu Glu Cys Glu Ala Leu Cys Thr 2100 2105 2110Arg
Met Ala Ile Met Val Asn Gly Arg Phe Arg Cys Leu Gly Ser Val 2115
2120 2125Gln His Leu Lys Asn Arg Phe Gly Asp Gly Tyr Thr Ile Val
Val Arg 2130 2135 2140Ile Ala Gly Ser Asn Pro Asp Leu Lys Pro Val
Gln Asp Phe Phe Gly2145 2150 2155 2160Leu Ala Phe Pro Gly Ser Val
Leu Lys Glu Lys His Arg Asn Met Leu 2165 2170 2175Gln Tyr Gln Leu
Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Ala Arg Ile Phe Ser 2180 2185 2190Ile
Leu Ser Gln Ser Lys Lys Arg Leu His Ile Glu Asp Tyr Ser Val 2195
2200 2205Ser Gln Thr Thr Leu Asp Gln Val Phe Val Asn Phe Ala Lys
Asp Gln 2210 2215 2220Ser Asp Asp Asp His Leu Lys Asp Leu Ser Leu
His Lys Asn Gln Thr2225 2230 2235 2240Val Val Asp Val Ala Val Leu
Thr Ser Phe Leu Gln Asp Glu Lys Val 2245 2250 2255Lys Glu Ser Tyr
Val 2260910474DNAHomo sapiensunsure(1)..(10474)All n's are unknown.
9tctagaactg ggtaccagct gctagcaagc ttcggcacga gccgcagagc cgagccgacc
60cttctctccc gggctgcggc agggcagggc ggggagctcc gcgcaccaac agagccggtt
120ctcagggcgc tttgctcctt gttttttccc cggttctgtt ttctcccctt
ctccggaagg 180cttgtcaagg ggtaggagaa agagacgcaa acacaaaagt
ggaaaacagt taatgaccag 240ccacgggcgt ccctgctgtg agctctggcc
gctgccttcc agggctcccg agccacacgc 300tgggcgtgct ggctgaggga
acatggcttg ttggcctcag ctgaggttgc tgctgtggaa 360gaacctcact
ttcagaagaa gacaaacatg tcagctgtta ctggaagtgg cctggcctct
420atttatcttc ctgatcctga tctctgttcg gctgagctac ccaccctatg
aacaacatga 480atgccatttt ccaaataaag ccatgccctc tgcaggaaca
cttccttggg ttcaggggat 540tatctgtaat gccaacaacc cctgtttccg
ttacccgact cctggggagg ctcccggagt 600tgttggaaac tttaacaaat
ccattgtggc tcgcctgttc tcagatgctc ggaggcttct 660tttatacagc
cagaaagaca ccagcatgaa ggacatgcgc aaagttctga gaacattaca
720gcagatcaag aaatccagct caaacttgaa gcttcaagat ttcctggtgg
acaatgaaac 780cttctctggg ttcctatatc acaacctctc tctcccaaag
tctactgtgg acaagatgct 840gagggctgat gtcattctcc acaaggtatt
tttgcaaggc taccagttac atttgacaag 900tctgtgcaat ggatcaaaat
cagaagagat gattcaactt ggtgaccaag aagtttctga 960gctttgtggc
ctaccaaagg agaaactggc tgcagcagag cgagtacttc gttccaacat
1020ggacatcctg aagccaatcc tgagaacact aaactctaca tctcccttcc
cgagcaagga 1080gctggctgaa gccacaaaaa cattgctgca tagtcttggg
actctggccc aggagctgtt 1140cagcatgaga agctggagtg acatgcgaca
ggaggtgatg tttctgacca atgtgaacag 1200ctccagctcc tccacccaaa
tctaccaggc tgtgtctcgt attgtctgcg ggcatcccga 1260gggagggggg
ctgaagatca agtctctcaa ctggtatgag gacaacaact acaaagccct
1320ctttggaggc aatggcactg aggaagatgc tgaaaccttc tatgacaact
ctacaactcc 1380ttactgcaat gatttgatga agaatttgga gtctagtcct
ctttcccgca ttatctggaa 1440agctctgaag ccgctgctcg ttgggaagat
cctgtataca cctgacactc cagccacaag 1500gcaggtcatg gctgaggtga
acaagacctt ccaggaactg gctgtgttcc atgatctgga 1560aggcatgtgg
gaggaactca gccccaagat ctggaccttc atggagaaca gccaagaaat
1620ggaccttgtc cggatgctgt tggacagcag ggacaatgac cacttttggg
aacagcagtt 1680ggatggctta gattggacag cccaagacat cgtggcgttt
ttggccaagc acccagagga 1740tgtccagtcc agtaatggtt ctgtgtacac
ctggagagaa gctttcaacg agactaacca 1800ggcaatccgg accatatctc
gcttcatgga gtgtgtcaac ctgaacaagc tagaacccat 1860agcaacagaa
gtctggctca tcaacaagtc catggagctg ctggatgaga ggaagttctg
1920ggctggtatt gtgttcactg gaattactcc aggcagcatt gagctgcccc
atcatgtcaa 1980gtacaagatc cgaatggaca ttgacaatgt ggagaggaca
aataaaatca aggatgggta 2040ctgggaccct ggtcctcgag ctgacccctt
tgaggacatg tggtacgtct gggggggctt 2100cgcctacttg caggatgtgg
tggagcaggc aatcatcagg gtgctgacgg gcaccgagaa 2160gaaaactggt
gtctatatgc aacagatgcc ctatccctgt tacgttgatg acatctttct
2220gcgggtgatg agccggtcaa tgcccctctt catgacgctg gcctggattt
actcagtggc 2280tgtgatcatc aagggcatcg tgtatgagaa ggaggcacgg
ctgaaagaga ccatgcggat 2340catgggcctg gacaacagca tactctggtt
tagctggttc attagtagcc tcattcctct 2400tcttgtgagc gctggcctgc
tagtggtcat cctgaagtta ggaaacctgc tgccctacag 2460tgatcccagc
gtggtgtttg tcttcctgtc cgtgtttgct gtggtgacaa tcctgcagtg
2520cttcctgatt agcacactct tctccagagc caacctggca gcagcctgtg
ggggcatcat 2580ctacttcacg ctgtacctgc cctacgtcct gtgtgtggca
tggcaggact acgtgggctt 2640cacactcaag atcttcgcta gcctgctgtc
tcctgtggct tttgggtttg gctgtgagta 2700ctttgccctt tttgaggagc
agggcattgg agtgcagtgg gacaacctgt ttgagagtcc 2760tgtggaggaa
gatggcttca atctcaccac ttcgatctcc atgatgctgt ttgacacctt
2820cctctatggg gtgatgacct ggtacattga ggctgtcttt ccaggccagt
acggaattcc 2880caggccctgg tattttcctt gcaccaagtc ctactggttt
ggcgaggaaa gtgatgagaa 2940gagccaccct ggttccaacc agaagagaat
gtcagaaatc tgcatggagg aggaacccac 3000ccacttgaag ctgggcgtgt
ccattcagaa cctggtaaaa gtctaccgag atgggatgaa 3060ggtggctgtc
gatggcctgg cactgaattt ttatgagggc cagatcacct ccttcctggg
3120ccacaatgga gcggggaaga cgaccaccat gtcaatcctg accgggttgt
tccccccgac 3180ctcgggcacc gcctacatcc tgggaaaaga cattcgctct
gagatgagca ccatccggca 3240gaacctgggg gtctgtcccc agcataacgt
gctgtttgac atgctgactg tcgaagaaca 3300catctggttc tatgcccgct
tgaaagggct ctctgagaag cacgtgaagg
cggagatgga 3360gcagatggcc ctggatgttg gtttgccatc aagcaagctg
aaaagcaaaa caagccagct 3420gtcaggtgga atgcagagaa agctatctgt
ggccttggcc tttgtcgggg gatctaaggt 3480tgtcattctg gatgaaccca
cagctggtgt ggacccttac tcccgcaggg gaatatggga 3540gctgctgctg
aaataccgac aaggccgcac cattattctc tctacacacc acatggatga
3600agcggacgtc ctgggggaca ggattgccat catctcccat gggaagctgt
gctgtgtggg 3660ctcctccctg tttctgaaga accagctggg aacaggctac
tacctgacct tggtcaagaa 3720agatgtggaa tcctccctca gttcctgcag
aaacagtagt agcactgtgt catacctgaa 3780aaaggaggac agtgtttctc
agagcagttc tgatgctggc ctgggcagcg accatgagag 3840tgacacgctg
accatcgatg tctctgctat ctccaacctc atcaggaagc atgtgtctga
3900agcccggctg gtggaagaca tagggcatga gctgacctat gtgctgccat
atgaagctgc 3960taaggaggga gcctttgtgg aactctttca tgagattgat
gaccggctct cagacctggg 4020catttctagt tatggcatct cagagacgac
cctggaagaa atattcctca aggtggccga 4080agagagtggg gtggatgctg
agacctcaga tggtaccttg ccagcaagac gaaacaggcg 4140ggccttcggg
gacaagcaga gctgtcttcg cccgttcact gaagatgatg ctgctgatcc
4200aaatgattct gacatagacc cagaatccag agagacagac ttgctcagtg
ggatggatgg 4260caaagggtcc taccaggtga aaggctggaa acttacacag
caacagtttg tggccctttt 4320gtggaagaga ctgctaattg ccagacggag
tcggaaagga ttttttgctc agattgtctt 4380gccagctgtg tttgtctgca
ttgcccttgt gttcagcctg atcgtgccac cctttggcaa 4440gtaccccagc
ctggaacttc agccctggat gtacaacgaa cagtacacat ttgtcagcaa
4500tgatgctcct gaggacacgg gaaccctgga actcttaaac gccctcacca
aagaccctgg 4560cttcgggacc cgctgtatgg aaggaaaccc aatcccagac
acgccctgcc aggcagggga 4620ggaagagtgg accactgccc cagttcccca
gaccatcatg gacctcttcc agaatgggaa 4680ctggacaatg cagaaccctt
cacctgcatg ccagtgtagc agcgacaaaa tcaagaagat 4740gctgcctgtg
tgtcccccag gggcaggggg gctgcctcct ccacaaagaa aacaaaacac
4800tgcagatatc cttcaggacc tgacaggaag aaacatttcg gattatctgg
tgaagacgta 4860tgtgcagatc atagccaaaa gcttaaagaa caagatctgg
gtgaatgagt ttaggtatgg 4920cggcttttcc ctgggtgtca gtaatactca
agcacttcct ccgagtcaag aagttaatga 4980tgccatcaaa caaatgaaga
aacacctaaa gctggccaag gacagttctg cagatcgatt 5040tctcaacagc
ttgggaagat ttatgacagg actggacacc agaaataatg tcaaggtgtg
5100gttcaataac aagggctggc atgcaatcag ctctttcctg aatgtcatca
acaatgccat 5160tctccgggcc aacctgcaaa agggagagaa ccctagccat
tatggaatta ctgctttcaa 5220tcatcccctg aatctcacca agcagcagct
ctcagaggtg gctctgatga ccacatcagt 5280ggatgtcctt gtgtccatct
gtgtcatctt tgcaatgtcc ttcgtcccag ccagctttgt 5340cgtattcctg
atccaggagc gggtcagcaa agcaaaacac ctgcagttca tcagtggagt
5400gaagcctgtc atctactggc tctctaattt tgtctgggat atgtgcaatt
acgttgtccc 5460tgccacactg gtcattatca tcttcatctg cttccagcag
aagtcctatg tgtcctccac 5520caatctgcct gtgctagccc ttctactttt
gctgtatggg tggtcaatca cacctctcat 5580gtacccagcc tcctttgtgt
tcaagatccc cagcacagcc tatgtggtgc tcaccagcgt 5640gaacctcttc
attggcatta atggcagcgt ggccaccttt gtgctggagc tgttcaccga
5700caataagctg aataatatca atgatatcct gaagtccgtg ttcttgatct
tcccacattt 5760ttgcctggga cgagggctca tcgacatggt gaaaaaccag
gcaatggctg atgccctgga 5820aaggtttggg gagaatcgct ttgtgtcacc
attatcttgg gacttggtgg gacgaaacct 5880cttcgccatg gccgtggaag
gggtggtgtt cttcctcatt actgttctga tccagtacag 5940attcttcatc
aggcccagac ctgtaaatgc aaagctatct cctctgaatg atgaagatga
6000agatgtgagg cgggaaagac agagaattct tgatggtgga ggccagaatg
acatcttaga 6060aatcaaggag ttgacgaaga tatatagaag gaagcggaag
cctgctgttg acaggatttg 6120cgtgggcatt cctcctggtg agtgctttgg
gctcctggga gttaatgggg ctggaaaatc 6180atcaactttc aagatgttaa
caggagatac cactgttacc agaggagatg ctttccttaa 6240caaaaatagt
atcttatcaa acatccatga agtacatcag aacatgggct actgccctca
6300gtttgatgcc atcacagagc tgttgactgg gagagaacac gtggagttct
ttgccctttt 6360gagaggagtc ccagagaaag aagttggcaa ggttggtgag
tgggcgattc ggaaactggg 6420cctcgtgaag tatggagaaa aatatgctgg
taactatagt ggaggcaaca aacgcaagct 6480ctctacagcc atggctttga
tcggcgggcc tcctgtggtg tttctggatg aacccaccac 6540aggcatggat
cccaaagccc ggcggttctt gtggaattgt gccctaagtg ttgtcaagga
6600ggggagatca gtagtgctta catctcatag tatggaagaa tgtgaagctc
tttgcactag 6660gatggcaatc atggtcaatg gaaggttcag gtgccttggc
agtgtccagc atctaaaaaa 6720taggtttgga gatggttata caatagttgt
acgaatagca gggtccaacc cggacctgaa 6780gcctgtccag gatttctttg
gacttgcatt tcctggaagt gttctaaaag agaaacaccg 6840gaacatgcta
caataccagc ttccatcttc attatcttct ctggccagga tattcagcat
6900cctctcccag agcaaaaagc gactccacat agaagactac tctgtttctc
agacaacact 6960tgaccaagta tttgtgaact ttgccaagga ccaaagtgat
gatgaccact taaaagacct 7020ctcattacac aaaaaccaga cagtagtgga
cgttgcagtt ctcacatctt ttctacagga 7080tgagaaagtg aaagaaagct
atgtatgaag aatcctgttc atacggggtg gctgaaagta 7140aagaggaact
agactttcct ttgcaccatg tgaagtgttg tggagaaaag agccagaagt
7200tgatgtggga agaagtaaac tggatactgt actgatacta ttcaatgcaa
tgcaattcaa 7260tgcaatgaaa acaaaattcc attacagggg cagtgccttt
gtagcctatg tcttgtatgg 7320ctctcaagtg aaagacttga atttagtttt
ttacctatac ctatgtgaaa ctctattatg 7380gaacccaatg gacatatggg
tttgaactca cacttttttt ttttttttgt tcctgtgtat 7440tctcattggg
gttgcaacaa taattcatca agtaatcatg gccagcgatt attgatcaaa
7500atcaaaaggt aatgcacatc ctcattcact aagccatgcc atgcccagga
gactggtttc 7560ccggtgacac atccattgct ggcaatgagt gtgccagagt
tattagtgcc aagtttttca 7620gaaagtttga agcaccatgg tgtgtcatgc
tcacttttgt gaaagctgct ctgctcagag 7680tctatcaaca ttgaatatca
gttgacagaa tggtgccatg cgtggctaac atcctgcttt 7740gattccctct
gataagctgt tctggtggca gtaacatgca acaaaaatgt gggtgtctct
7800aggcacggga aacttggttc cattgttata ttgtcctatg cttcgagcca
tgggtctaca 7860gggtcatcct tatgagactc ttaaatatac ttagatcctg
gtaagaggca aagaatcaac 7920agccaaactg ctggggctgc aagctgctga
agccagggca tgggattaaa gagattgtgc 7980gttcaaacct agggaagcct
gtgcccattt gtcctgactg tctgctaaca tggtacactg 8040catctcaaga
tgtttatctg acacaagtgt attatttctg gctttttgaa ttaatctaga
8100aaatgaaaag atggagttgt attttgacaa aaatgtttgt actttttaat
gttatttgga 8160attttaagtt ctatcagtga cttctgaatc cttagaatgg
cctctttgta gaaccctgtg 8220gtatagagga gtatggccac tgccccacta
tttttatttt cttatgtaag tttgcatatc 8280agtcatgact agtgcctaga
aagcaatgtg atggtcagga tctcatgaca ttatatttga 8340gtttctttca
gatcatttag gatactctta atctcacttc atcaatcaaa tattttttga
8400gtgtatgctg tagctgaaag agtatgtacg tacgtataag actagagaga
tattaagtct 8460cagtacactt cctgtgccat gttattcagc tcactggttt
acaaatatag gttgtcttgt 8520ggttgtagga gcccactgta acaatattgg
gcagcctttt tttttttttt ttaattgcaa 8580caatgcaaaa gccaagaaag
tataagggtc acaagtttaa acaatgaatt cttcaacagg 8640gaaaacagct
agcttgaaaa cttgctgaaa aacacaactt gtgtttatgg catttagtac
8700cttcaaataa ttggctttgc agatattgga taccccatta aatctgacag
tctcaaattt 8760ttcatctctt caatcactag tcaagaaaaa tataaaaaca
acaaatactt ccatatggag 8820catttttcag agttttctaa cccagtctta
tttttctagt cagtaaacat ttgtaaaaat 8880actgtttcac taatacttac
tgttaactgt cttgagagaa aagaaaaata tgagagaact 8940attgtttggg
gaagttcaag tgatctttca atatcattac taacttcttc cactttttcc
9000aaaatttgaa tattaacgct aaaggtgtaa gacttcagat ttcaaattaa
tctttctata 9060ttttttaaat ttacagaata ttatataacc cactgctgaa
aaagaaaaaa atgattgttt 9120tagaagttaa agtcaatatt gattttaaat
ataagtaatg aaggcatatt tccaataact 9180agtgatatgg catcgttgca
atttacagta tcttcaaaaa tacagaattt atagaataat 9240ttctcctcat
ttaatatttt tcaaaatcaa agttatggtt tcctcatttt actaaaatcg
9300tattctaatt cttcattata gtaaatctat gagcaactcc ttacttcggt
tcctctgatt 9360tcaaggccat attttaaaaa atcaaaaggc actgtgaact
attttgaaga aaacacgaca 9420ttttaataca gattgaaagg acctcttctg
aagctagaaa caatctatag ttatacatct 9480tcattaatac tgtgttacct
tttaaaatag taatttttta cattttcctg tgtaaaccta 9540attgtggtag
aaatttttac caactctata ctcaatcaag caaaatttct gtatattccc
9600tgtggaatgt acctatgtga gtttcagaaa ttctcaaaat acgtgttcaa
aaatttctgc 9660ttttgcatct ttgggacacc tcagaaaact tattaacaac
tgtgaatatg agaaatacag 9720aagaaaataa taagccctct atacataaat
gcccagcaca attcattgtt aaaaaacaac 9780caaacctcac actactgtat
ttcattatct gtactgaaag caaatgcttt gtgactatta 9840aatgttgcac
atcattcatt cactgtatag taatcattga ctaaagccat ttgctgtgtt
9900ttcttcttgt ggntgnatat atcaggtaaa atattttcca aagagccatg
tgtcatgtaa 9960tactgaaccc tttgatattg agacattaat ttggaccctt
ggtattatct actagaataa 10020tgtaatactg nagaaatatt gctctaattc
tttcaaaatg gtgcatcccc cttaaaangt 10080tctatttcca taaggattta
gcttgcttat cccttcttat accctaagat gaagctgttt 10140ttgtgctctt
tgttcatcat tggccctcat tccaagcact ttacgctgtc tgtaatggga
10200tctatttttg cactggaata tctgagaatt gcaaaactag acaaaagttt
cacaacagat 10260ttctaagtta aatcattttc attaaaagga aaaaagaaaa
aaaattttgt atgtcaataa 10320ctttatatga agtattaaaa tgcatatttc
tatgttgtaa tataatgagt cacaaaataa 10380agctgtgaca gttctgttaa
aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 10440aaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaa 10474102261PRTHomo sapiens 10Met Ala Cys
Trp Pro Gln Leu Arg Leu Leu Leu Trp Lys Asn Leu Thr1 5 10 15Phe Arg
Arg Arg Gln Thr Cys Gln Leu Leu Leu Glu Val Ala Trp Pro 20 25 30Leu
Phe Ile Phe Leu Ile Leu Ile Ser Val Arg Leu Ser Tyr Pro Pro 35 40
45Tyr Glu Gln His Glu Cys His Phe Pro Asn Lys Ala Met Pro Ser Ala
50 55 60Gly Thr Leu Pro Trp Val Gln Gly Ile Ile Cys Asn Ala Asn Asn
Pro65 70 75 80Cys Phe Arg Tyr Pro Thr Pro Gly Glu Ala Pro Gly Val
Val Gly Asn 85 90 95Phe Asn Lys Ser Ile Val Ala Arg Leu Phe Ser Asp
Ala Arg Arg Leu 100 105 110Leu Leu Tyr Ser Gln Lys Asp Thr Ser Met
Lys Asp Met Arg Lys Val 115 120 125Leu Arg Thr Leu Gln Gln Ile Lys
Lys Ser Ser Ser Asn Leu Lys Leu 130 135 140Gln Asp Phe Leu Val Asp
Asn Glu Thr Phe Ser Gly Phe Leu Tyr His145 150 155 160Asn Leu Ser
Leu Pro Lys Ser Thr Val Asp Lys Met Leu Arg Ala Asp 165 170 175Val
Ile Leu His Lys Val Phe Leu Gln Gly Tyr Gln Leu His Leu Thr 180 185
190Ser Leu Cys Asn Gly Ser Lys Ser Glu Glu Met Ile Gln Leu Gly Asp
195 200 205Gln Glu Val Ser Glu Leu Cys Gly Leu Pro Lys Glu Lys Leu
Ala Ala 210 215 220Ala Glu Arg Val Leu Arg Ser Asn Met Asp Ile Leu
Lys Pro Ile Leu225 230 235 240Arg Thr Leu Asn Ser Thr Ser Pro Phe
Pro Ser Lys Glu Leu Ala Glu 245 250 255Ala Thr Lys Thr Leu Leu His
Ser Leu Gly Thr Leu Ala Gln Glu Leu 260 265 270Phe Ser Met Arg Ser
Trp Ser Asp Met Arg Gln Glu Val Met Phe Leu 275 280 285Thr Asn Val
Asn Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Thr Gln Ile Tyr Gln Ala Val 290 295 300Ser
Arg Ile Val Cys Gly His Pro Glu Gly Gly Gly Leu Lys Ile Lys305 310
315 320Ser Leu Asn Trp Tyr Glu Asp Asn Asn Tyr Lys Ala Leu Phe Gly
Gly 325 330 335Asn Gly Thr Glu Glu Asp Ala Glu Thr Phe Tyr Asp Asn
Ser Thr Thr 340 345 350Pro Tyr Cys Asn Asp Leu Met Lys Asn Leu Glu
Ser Ser Pro Leu Ser 355 360 365Arg Ile Ile Trp Lys Ala Leu Lys Pro
Leu Leu Val Gly Lys Ile Leu 370 375 380Tyr Thr Pro Asp Thr Pro Ala
Thr Arg Gln Val Met Ala Glu Val Asn385 390 395 400Lys Thr Phe Gln
Glu Leu Ala Val Phe His Asp Leu Glu Gly Met Trp 405 410 415Glu Glu
Leu Ser Pro Lys Ile Trp Thr Phe Met Glu Asn Ser Gln Glu 420 425
430Met Asp Leu Val Arg Met Leu Leu Asp Ser Arg Asp Asn Asp His Phe
435 440 445Trp Glu Gln Gln Leu Asp Gly Leu Asp Trp Thr Ala Gln Asp
Ile Val 450 455 460Ala Phe Leu Ala Lys His Pro Glu Asp Val Gln Ser
Ser Asn Gly Ser465 470 475 480Val Tyr Thr Trp Arg Glu Ala Phe Asn
Glu Thr Asn Gln Ala Ile Arg 485 490 495Thr Ile Ser Arg Phe Met Glu
Cys Val Asn Leu Asn Lys Leu Glu Pro 500 505 510Ile Ala Thr Glu Val
Trp Leu Ile Asn Lys Ser Met Glu Leu Leu Asp 515 520 525Glu Arg Lys
Phe Trp Ala Gly Ile Val Phe Thr Gly Ile Thr Pro Gly 530 535 540Ser
Ile Glu Leu Pro His His Val Lys Tyr Lys Ile Arg Met Asp Ile545 550
555 560Asp Asn Val Glu Arg Thr Asn Lys Ile Lys Asp Gly Tyr Trp Asp
Pro 565 570 575Gly Pro Arg Ala Asp Pro Phe Glu Asp Met Trp Tyr Val
Trp Gly Gly 580 585 590Phe Ala Tyr Leu Gln Asp Val Val Glu Gln Ala
Ile Ile Arg Val Leu 595 600 605Thr Gly Thr Glu Lys Lys Thr Gly Val
Tyr Met Gln Gln Met Pro Tyr 610 615 620Pro Cys Tyr Val Asp Asp Ile
Phe Leu Arg Val Met Ser Arg Ser Met625 630 635 640Pro Leu Phe Met
Thr Leu Ala Trp Ile Tyr Ser Val Ala Val Ile Ile 645 650 655Lys Gly
Ile Val Tyr Glu Lys Glu Ala Arg Leu Lys Glu Thr Met Arg 660 665
670Ile Met Gly Leu Asp Asn Ser Ile Leu Trp Phe Ser Trp Phe Ile Ser
675 680 685Ser Leu Ile Pro Leu Leu Val Ser Ala Gly Leu Leu Val Val
Ile Leu 690 695 700Lys Leu Gly Asn Leu Leu Pro Tyr Ser Asp Pro Ser
Val Val Phe Val705 710 715 720Phe Leu Ser Val Phe Ala Val Val Thr
Ile Leu Gln Cys Phe Leu Ile 725 730 735Ser Thr Leu Phe Ser Arg Ala
Asn Leu Ala Ala Ala Cys Gly Gly Ile 740 745 750Ile Tyr Phe Thr Leu
Tyr Leu Pro Tyr Val Leu Cys Val Ala Trp Gln 755 760 765Asp Tyr Val
Gly Phe Thr Leu Lys Ile Phe Ala Ser Leu Leu Ser Pro 770 775 780Val
Ala Phe Gly Phe Gly Cys Glu Tyr Phe Ala Leu Phe Glu Glu Gln785 790
795 800Gly Ile Gly Val Gln Trp Asp Asn Leu Phe Glu Ser Pro Val Glu
Glu 805 810 815Asp Gly Phe Asn Leu Thr Thr Ser Ile Ser Met Met Leu
Phe Asp Thr 820 825 830Phe Leu Tyr Gly Val Met Thr Trp Tyr Ile Glu
Ala Val Phe Pro Gly 835 840 845Gln Tyr Gly Ile Pro Arg Pro Trp Tyr
Phe Pro Cys Thr Lys Ser Tyr 850 855 860Trp Phe Gly Glu Glu Ser Asp
Glu Lys Ser His Pro Gly Ser Asn Gln865 870 875 880Lys Arg Met Ser
Glu Ile Cys Met Glu Glu Glu Pro Thr His Leu Lys 885 890 895Leu Gly
Val Ser Ile Gln Asn Leu Val Lys Val Tyr Arg Asp Gly Met 900 905
910Lys Val Ala Val Asp Gly Leu Ala Leu Asn Phe Tyr Glu Gly Gln Ile
915 920 925Thr Ser Phe Leu Gly His Asn Gly Ala Gly Lys Thr Thr Thr
Met Ser 930 935 940Ile Leu Thr Gly Leu Phe Pro Pro Thr Ser Gly Thr
Ala Tyr Ile Leu945 950 955 960Gly Lys Asp Ile Arg Ser Glu Met Ser
Thr Ile Arg Gln Asn Leu Gly 965 970 975Val Cys Pro Gln His Asn Val
Leu Phe Asp Met Leu Thr Val Glu Glu 980 985 990His Ile Trp Phe Tyr
Ala Arg Leu Lys Gly Leu Ser Glu Lys His Val 995 1000 1005Lys Ala
Glu Met Glu Gln Met Ala Leu Asp Val Gly Leu Pro Ser Ser 1010 1015
1020Lys Leu Lys Ser Lys Thr Ser Gln Leu Ser Gly Gly Met Gln Arg
Lys1025 1030 1035 1040Leu Ser Val Ala Leu Ala Phe Val Gly Gly Ser
Lys Val Val Ile Leu 1045 1050 1055Asp Glu Pro Thr Ala Gly Val Asp
Pro Tyr Ser Arg Arg Gly Ile Trp 1060 1065 1070Glu Leu Leu Leu Lys
Tyr Arg Gln Gly Arg Thr Ile Ile Leu Ser Thr 1075 1080 1085His His
Met Asp Glu Ala Asp Val Leu Gly Asp Arg Ile Ala Ile Ile 1090 1095
1100Ser His Gly Lys Leu Cys Cys Val Gly Ser Ser Leu Phe Leu Lys
Asn1105 1110 1115 1120Gln Leu Gly Thr Gly Tyr Tyr Leu Thr Leu Val
Lys Lys Asp Val Glu 1125 1130 1135Ser Ser Leu Ser Ser Cys Arg Asn
Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Ser Tyr Leu 1140 1145 1150Lys Lys Glu Asp Ser
Val Ser Gln Ser Ser Ser Asp Ala Gly Leu Gly 1155 1160 1165Ser Asp
His Glu Ser Asp Thr Leu Thr Ile Asp Val Ser Ala Ile Ser 1170 1175
1180Asn Leu Ile Arg Lys His Val Ser Glu Ala Arg Leu Val Glu Asp
Ile1185 1190 1195 1200Gly His Glu Leu Thr Tyr Val Leu Pro Tyr Glu
Ala Ala Lys Glu Gly 1205 1210 1215Ala Phe Val Glu Leu Phe His Glu
Ile Asp Asp Arg Leu Ser Asp Leu 1220 1225 1230Gly Ile Ser Ser Tyr
Gly Ile Ser Glu Thr Thr Leu Glu Glu Ile Phe 1235 1240 1245Leu Lys
Val Ala Glu Glu Ser Gly Val Asp Ala Glu Thr Ser Asp Gly 1250 1255
1260Thr Leu Pro Ala Arg Arg Asn Arg Arg Ala Phe Gly Asp Lys Gln
Ser1265 1270 1275 1280Cys Leu Arg Pro Phe Thr Glu Asp Asp Ala Ala
Asp Pro Asn Asp Ser 1285 1290
1295Asp Ile Asp Pro Glu Ser Arg Glu Thr Asp Leu Leu Ser Gly Met Asp
1300 1305 1310Gly Lys Gly Ser Tyr Gln Val Lys Gly Trp Lys Leu Thr
Gln Gln Gln 1315 1320 1325Phe Val Ala Leu Leu Trp Lys Arg Leu Leu
Ile Ala Arg Arg Ser Arg 1330 1335 1340Lys Gly Phe Phe Ala Gln Ile
Val Leu Pro Ala Val Phe Val Cys Ile1345 1350 1355 1360Ala Leu Val
Phe Ser Leu Ile Val Pro Pro Phe Gly Lys Tyr Pro Ser 1365 1370
1375Leu Glu Leu Gln Pro Trp Met Tyr Asn Glu Gln Tyr Thr Phe Val Ser
1380 1385 1390Asn Asp Ala Pro Glu Asp Thr Gly Thr Leu Glu Leu Leu
Asn Ala Leu 1395 1400 1405Thr Lys Asp Pro Gly Phe Gly Thr Arg Cys
Met Glu Gly Asn Pro Ile 1410 1415 1420Pro Asp Thr Pro Cys Gln Ala
Gly Glu Glu Glu Trp Thr Thr Ala Pro1425 1430 1435 1440Val Pro Gln
Thr Ile Met Asp Leu Phe Gln Asn Gly Asn Trp Thr Met 1445 1450
1455Gln Asn Pro Ser Pro Ala Cys Gln Cys Ser Ser Asp Lys Ile Lys Lys
1460 1465 1470Met Leu Pro Val Cys Pro Pro Gly Ala Gly Gly Leu Pro
Pro Pro Gln 1475 1480 1485Arg Lys Gln Asn Thr Ala Asp Ile Leu Gln
Asp Leu Thr Gly Arg Asn 1490 1495 1500Ile Ser Asp Tyr Leu Val Lys
Thr Tyr Val Gln Ile Ile Ala Lys Ser1505 1510 1515 1520Leu Lys Asn
Lys Ile Trp Val Asn Glu Phe Arg Tyr Gly Gly Phe Ser 1525 1530
1535Leu Gly Val Ser Asn Thr Gln Ala Leu Pro Pro Ser Gln Glu Val Asn
1540 1545 1550Asp Ala Ile Lys Gln Met Lys Lys His Leu Lys Leu Ala
Lys Asp Ser 1555 1560 1565Ser Ala Asp Arg Phe Leu Asn Ser Leu Gly
Arg Phe Met Thr Gly Leu 1570 1575 1580Asp Thr Arg Asn Asn Val Lys
Val Trp Phe Asn Asn Lys Gly Trp His1585 1590 1595 1600Ala Ile Ser
Ser Phe Leu Asn Val Ile Asn Asn Ala Ile Leu Arg Ala 1605 1610
1615Asn Leu Gln Lys Gly Glu Asn Pro Ser His Tyr Gly Ile Thr Ala Phe
1620 1625 1630Asn His Pro Leu Asn Leu Thr Lys Gln Gln Leu Ser Glu
Val Ala Leu 1635 1640 1645Met Thr Thr Ser Val Asp Val Leu Val Ser
Ile Cys Val Ile Phe Ala 1650 1655 1660Met Ser Phe Val Pro Ala Ser
Phe Val Val Phe Leu Ile Gln Glu Arg1665 1670 1675 1680Val Ser Lys
Ala Lys His Leu Gln Phe Ile Ser Gly Val Lys Pro Val 1685 1690
1695Ile Tyr Trp Leu Ser Asn Phe Val Trp Asp Met Cys Asn Tyr Val Val
1700 1705 1710Pro Ala Thr Leu Val Ile Ile Ile Phe Ile Cys Phe Gln
Gln Lys Ser 1715 1720 1725Tyr Val Ser Ser Thr Asn Leu Pro Val Leu
Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu 1730 1735 1740Tyr Gly Trp Ser Ile Thr Pro
Leu Met Tyr Pro Ala Ser Phe Val Phe1745 1750 1755 1760Lys Ile Pro
Ser Thr Ala Tyr Val Val Leu Thr Ser Val Asn Leu Phe 1765 1770
1775Ile Gly Ile Asn Gly Ser Val Ala Thr Phe Val Leu Glu Leu Phe Thr
1780 1785 1790Asp Asn Lys Leu Asn Asn Ile Asn Asp Ile Leu Lys Ser
Val Phe Leu 1795 1800 1805Ile Phe Pro His Phe Cys Leu Gly Arg Gly
Leu Ile Asp Met Val Lys 1810 1815 1820Asn Gln Ala Met Ala Asp Ala
Leu Glu Arg Phe Gly Glu Asn Arg Phe1825 1830 1835 1840Val Ser Pro
Leu Ser Trp Asp Leu Val Gly Arg Asn Leu Phe Ala Met 1845 1850
1855Ala Val Glu Gly Val Val Phe Phe Leu Ile Thr Val Leu Ile Gln Tyr
1860 1865 1870Arg Phe Phe Ile Arg Pro Arg Pro Val Asn Ala Lys Leu
Ser Pro Leu 1875 1880 1885Asn Asp Glu Asp Glu Asp Val Arg Arg Glu
Arg Gln Arg Ile Leu Asp 1890 1895 1900Gly Gly Gly Gln Asn Asp Ile
Leu Glu Ile Lys Glu Leu Thr Lys Ile1905 1910 1915 1920Tyr Arg Arg
Lys Arg Lys Pro Ala Val Asp Arg Ile Cys Val Gly Ile 1925 1930
1935Pro Pro Gly Glu Cys Phe Gly Leu Leu Gly Val Asn Gly Ala Gly Lys
1940 1945 1950Ser Ser Thr Phe Lys Met Leu Thr Gly Asp Thr Thr Val
Thr Arg Gly 1955 1960 1965Asp Ala Phe Leu Asn Lys Asn Ser Ile Leu
Ser Asn Ile His Glu Val 1970 1975 1980His Gln Asn Met Gly Tyr Cys
Pro Gln Phe Asp Ala Ile Thr Glu Leu1985 1990 1995 2000Leu Thr Gly
Arg Glu His Val Glu Phe Phe Ala Leu Leu Arg Gly Val 2005 2010
2015Pro Glu Lys Glu Val Gly Lys Val Gly Glu Trp Ala Ile Arg Lys Leu
2020 2025 2030Gly Leu Val Lys Tyr Gly Glu Lys Tyr Ala Gly Asn Tyr
Ser Gly Gly 2035 2040 2045Asn Lys Arg Lys Leu Ser Thr Ala Met Ala
Leu Ile Gly Gly Pro Pro 2050 2055 2060Val Val Phe Leu Asp Glu Pro
Thr Thr Gly Met Asp Pro Lys Ala Arg2065 2070 2075 2080Arg Phe Leu
Trp Asn Cys Ala Leu Ser Val Val Lys Glu Gly Arg Ser 2085 2090
2095Val Val Leu Thr Ser His Ser Met Glu Glu Cys Glu Ala Leu Cys Thr
2100 2105 2110Arg Met Ala Ile Met Val Asn Gly Arg Phe Arg Cys Leu
Gly Ser Val 2115 2120 2125Gln His Leu Lys Asn Arg Phe Gly Asp Gly
Tyr Thr Ile Val Val Arg 2130 2135 2140Ile Ala Gly Ser Asn Pro Asp
Leu Lys Pro Val Gln Asp Phe Phe Gly2145 2150 2155 2160Leu Ala Phe
Pro Gly Ser Val Leu Lys Glu Lys His Arg Asn Met Leu 2165 2170
2175Gln Tyr Gln Leu Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Ala Arg Ile Phe Ser
2180 2185 2190Ile Leu Ser Gln Ser Lys Lys Arg Leu His Ile Glu Asp
Tyr Ser Val 2195 2200 2205Ser Gln Thr Thr Leu Asp Gln Val Phe Val
Asn Phe Ala Lys Asp Gln 2210 2215 2220Ser Asp Asp Asp His Leu Lys
Asp Leu Ser Leu His Lys Asn Gln Thr2225 2230 2235 2240Val Val Asp
Val Ala Val Leu Thr Ser Phe Leu Gln Asp Glu Lys Val 2245 2250
2255Lys Glu Ser Tyr Val 22601124DNAArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence ABC1 amplification primer 11cctctcatta
cacaaaaacc agac 241223DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 amplification primer 12gctttctttc
acttctcatc ctg 231322DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 RT-PCR primer 13tccttgggtt caggggatta tc
221421DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
RT-PCR primer 14caatgttttt gtggcttcgg c 211540DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 RT-PCR primer
15agtcgagctc caaacatgtc agctgttact ggaagtggcc 401625DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 RT-PCR primer
16tctctggatt ctgggtctat gtcag 251723DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 RT-PCR primer
17gggagccttt gtggaactct ttc 231841DNAArtificial SequenceDescription
of Artificial Sequence ABC1 RT-PCR primer 18actggtcgac cattgaattg
cattgcattg aatagtatca g 411919DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer 19tttcctggtg gacaatgaa
192018DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
sequencing primer 20agtgacatgc gacaggag 182118DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer
21gatctggaag gcatgtgg 182218DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer 22ccaggcagca ttgagctg
182318DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
sequencing primer 23ggcctggaca acagcata 182419DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer
24ggacaacctg tttgagagt 192518DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer 25aagacgacca ccatgtca
182618DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
sequencing primer 26atatgggagc tgctgctg 182724DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer
27gggcatgagc tgacctatgt gctg 242818DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer
28aagagactgc taattgcc 182918DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer 29agcgacaaaa tcaagaag
183018DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
sequencing primer 30tggcatgcaa tcagctct 183118DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer
31tcctccacca atctgcct 183218DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer 32ttcttcctca ttactgtt
183318DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
sequencing primer 33gatgccatca cagagctg 183417DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer
34agtgtccagc atctaaa 173518DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer 35caaagttcac aaatactt
183619DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
sequencing primer 36cttagggcac aattccaca 193718DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer
37tgaaagttga tgattttc 183819DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer 38tttttcacca tgtcgatga
193917DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
sequencing primer 39ctccactgat gaactgc 174018DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer
40gtttcttcat ttgtttga 184118DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer 41agggcgtgtc tgggattg
184218DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
sequencing primer 42cagaatcatt tggatcag 184318DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer
43catcagaact gctctgag 184419DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer 44agctggcttg ttttgcttt
194518DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
sequencing primer 45tggacacgcc cagcttca 184618DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer
46cctgccatgc cacacaca 184718DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer 47ctcatcaccc gcagaaag
184818DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
sequencing primer 48cacactccat gaagcgag 184918DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer
49tccagataat gcgggaaa 185018DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence ABC1 sequencing primer 50tcaggattgg cttcagga
185121DNAArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1
sequencing primer 51aagtttgagc tggatttctt g 215225DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence beta-globin antisense
oligonucleotide 52cctcttacct cagttacaat ttata 255326DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence ABC1 antisense
oligonucleotide 53catgttgttc atagggtggg tagctc 265424DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence beta-actin amplification
primer 54tcacccacac tgtgccatct acga 245525DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence beta-actin amplification
primer 55cagcggaacc gctcattgcc aatgg 255626DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence sterol response element
oligonucleotide 56tcgagtgacc gatagtaacc tctcga 265726DNAArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence mutated sterol response
element oligonucleotide 57tcgagctgca catagtaacc tctcga
265860PRTHomo sapiens 58Met Ala Cys Trp Pro Gln Leu Arg Leu Leu Leu
Trp Lys Asn Leu Thr1 5 10 15Phe Arg Arg Arg Gln Thr Cys Gln Leu Leu
Leu Glu Val Ala Trp Pro 20 25 30Leu Phe Ile Phe Leu Ile Leu Ile Ser
Val Arg Leu Ser Tyr Pro Pro 35 40 45Tyr Glu Gln His Glu Cys His Phe
Pro Asn Lys Ala 50 55 605910RNAArtificialVigilin binding sequence
59aancuucaan 106022PRTArtificialSynthetic ABC1 peptide 60Lys Asn
Gln Thr Val Val Asp Ala Val Leu Thr Ser Phe Leu Gln Asp1 5 10 15Glu
Lys Val Lys Glu Ser 206116DNAArtificialSterol response element
61tgaccgatag taacct 166216DNAArtificialMutated sterol response
element 62ctgcacatag taacct 16
* * * * *