U.S. patent application number 11/949571 was filed with the patent office on 2008-06-19 for apparatus for classifying or disambiguating data.
This patent application is currently assigned to CRYSTAL REFERENCE SYSTEMS LIMITED. Invention is credited to David Crystal, Judi VERNAU.
Application Number | 20080147663 11/949571 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 10840102 |
Filed Date | 2008-06-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080147663 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
VERNAU; Judi ; et
al. |
June 19, 2008 |
APPARATUS FOR CLASSIFYING OR DISAMBIGUATING DATA
Abstract
A computing system has a data storage device (4, 5, 6) for
storing a database consisting of a classified vocabulary of terms.
A processor (1) of the apparatus is arranged to associate each term
with one of a number of different categories of data and to
associate all terms falling within the same category with a common
code identifying a collocation of terms that exemplify that
category so that terms in different categories are associated with
different codes and can be disambiguated. The processor (1) is
arranged to write, directly or indirectly, a classified vocabulary
consisting of the terms together with the associated code onto a
computer-readable storage medium (RDD2) or to supply an electrical
signal via, for example a MODEM (10) or a LAN/WAN (11). The
database may be used in classification of documents, spelling
checking of documents and refining of keyword search results.
Inventors: |
VERNAU; Judi; (Clapham,
GB) ; Crystal; David; (Holyhead, GB) |
Correspondence
Address: |
OBLON, SPIVAK, MCCLELLAND MAIER & NEUSTADT, P.C.
1940 DUKE STREET
ALEXANDRIA
VA
22314
US
|
Assignee: |
CRYSTAL REFERENCE SYSTEMS
LIMITED
Holyhead
GB
|
Family ID: |
10840102 |
Appl. No.: |
11/949571 |
Filed: |
December 3, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10990534 |
Nov 18, 2004 |
7305415 |
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11949571 |
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09412754 |
Oct 5, 1999 |
6847972 |
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10990534 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 ;
707/999.007; 707/E17.046; 707/E17.09 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y10S 707/99937 20130101;
Y10S 707/99947 20130101; G06F 16/30 20190101; Y10S 707/99943
20130101; Y10S 707/99931 20130101; Y10S 707/99945 20130101; Y10S
707/99934 20130101; G06F 16/353 20190101; Y10S 707/99935 20130101;
Y10S 707/99942 20130101; Y10S 707/99944 20130101; Y10S 707/99936
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
707/7 ;
707/E17.046 |
International
Class: |
G06F 7/08 20060101
G06F007/08; G06F 17/30 20060101 G06F017/30 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Oct 6, 1998 |
GB |
9821787.0 |
Claims
1. A computer processing apparatus for classifying a document,
comprising: means for accessing a database structure providing a
plurality of different subject matter categories, the database
containing a classified vocabulary consisting of terms in all of
the different subject matter categories with each term being
classified in accordance with the subject matter category structure
of the database; means for receiving in computer-readable form a
text documents to be classified; processor means operable to
compare terms appearing in the text document with the terms in the
classified vocabulary and to determine from the comparison the
category for the document; and means for supplying a signal
carrying data representing the text document and data associating
the text document with the determined category.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a Continuation of and is based upon and
claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120 for U.S.
Ser. No. 10/990,534, filed Nov. 18, 2004, which is a Continuation
of U.S. Ser. No. 09/412,754, filed Oct. 5, 1999 and claims the
benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119 from British Patent
Application No. 9821787.0, filed Oct. 6, 1998, the entire contents
of each which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0002] This invention relates to apparatus for classifying or
processing data. In particular this invention is concerned with
apparatus for enabling use, storage, disambiguating or manipulating
of an item of data in accordance with a category, for example a
subject matter area, within which that item of data is determined
to fall.
[0003] Classification schemes are used to enable items of data in a
particular category to be retrieved either from a physical location
or electronically. Various different specific classification
schemes exist. Thus, for example, the Dewey Decimal, Universal
Decimal and Library of Congress classification schemes are all used
to classify library material to enable librarians and other people
using a library to identify the location of books and other
publications by title, by author or by subject matter. In addition,
international standard industry codes exist to classify commercial
products and the Whittacker system classifies living organisms.
Each of these existing classification schemes is thus particular to
a certain type of subject matter and, moreover, requires that each
individual item of data such as a book or publication be manually
classified to enable its subsequent retrieval using the
classification scheme.
[0004] Since such manual classification is a time-consuming and
costly activity, several attempts have been made to devise a means
of automatically classifying documents, primarily by comparing
words in the document with words known to occur frequently in
particular subject areas. Such an approach is described in
WO97/10557. Where the words in the document include sufficient of
the frequently-occurring subject words, the document is determined
to be about that subject. A drawback to this approach is that when
a large number of subject areas are involved, the speed of
comparison may be slow. It is also the case that, since this
approach is based on word frequencies, a document which contains
unusual words may be classified incorrectly.
[0005] The Internet provides, via the world wide web, access to a
large amount of data. A number of search engines are available via
the world wide web to enable retrieval of documents containing text
on a specific topic. To retrieve documents relating to a specific
topic, a keyword (which may consist of one or more terms) is
entered and the search engine then searches for documents available
electronically via the world wide web and containing that keyword.
The results of the search are then collated and the titles
displayed to the user who can then access the individual documents.
However, such search engines are extremely inefficient frequently
returning very large numbers of `hits` or documents which are not
directly related to the search because, in many cases, it is not
possible to identify precisely the field of enquiry simply by means
of a keyword. For example, if the keyword is `depression`,
documents relating to each of the meteorological, economic and
medical meanings of the term `depression` will be retrieved. Some
search engines seek to improve results by offering additional
keywords for selection by the user in order to expand the search
term. Such keywords are generally based on frequency counts and may
therefore exclude the required subject area if this is less
common.
[0006] It is an aim of the present invention to provide an
apparatus for classifying terms in a manner which can be universal
and which enables more efficient and accurate identification and
extraction of terms relating to a specific desired topic or subject
matter area, so enabling disambiguation.
[0007] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
storing data on a computer readable storage medium having means for
associating all terms falling within a common category with a
common code identifying a collocation associated with that category
and means for directly or indirectly writing each term together
with the associated code onto a computer readable storage medium.
The writing means may be arranged also to write the collocation for
the associated code onto the computer readable storage medium. The
writing means may be replaced or supplemented by signal generating
means for generating a signal carrying each term together with the
associated code and optionally also the associated collocation.
[0008] The categories may comprise different subject matter areas
which are desirably sufficient to encompass all data currently
available in the world. Typically, the subject matter areas may be
the universe, the earth, the environment, natural history,
humanity, recreation, society, the mind, human history and human
geography. Each of these subject matter areas may be divided into
smaller subject matter areas which may themselves in turn be
divided into even smaller subject matter areas. Desirably, each
category comprises a combination of a subject matter area and a
species or genus with each item of data being allocated to only one
species or genus. Typically, there may be five species or genus
which may consist of, for example, people, places, organisations,
products and terminology with the latter genus including general
concepts within the subject matter area. The classification of
terms into both subject matter areas and genera enables efficient
and accurate retrieval of terms in a context specific manner and
enables a distinction to be made between the use of the same term
as the name of the person, the name of a place and the name of an
organisation, for example.
[0009] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
storing data on a computer readable storage medium, comprising:
[0010] means for storing terms;
[0011] means for associating each term with one of a number of
different subject matter areas;
[0012] means for associating each term with one of a number of
different species areas such that each item of data is associated
with one or more subject matter areas but only with one species
area; and
[0013] means for directly or indirectly writing each term onto a
computer readable storage medium in association with a code or
codes identifying the associated subject matter and species
areas.
[0014] The writing means may be replaced or supplemented by means
for generating a signal carrying the same data as is written onto
the computer readable storage medium.
[0015] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
processing data by determining which of a number of collocations
each associated with a specific different category is relevant to a
received term.
[0016] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
checking the spelling of terms in a text which comprises means for
determining a category relevant to the text and means for
highlighting or otherwise identifying to a user terms which may
have been incorrectly used. Such apparatus may desirably comprise:
means storing a vocabulary and means for comparing the terms used
in the text with the terms in the vocabulary to identify any terms
in the text not present in the vocabulary; means for determining,
when unknown terms are identified in the text, likely possible
alternative terms in the vocabulary that have the same category and
means for advising a user of the possible alternative term or
terms. Such apparatus may be used as part of a word processing
arrangement to check the spelling of terms or words in a text
document. Such apparatus may also be used to check, where the
spelling is correct, that none of the terms used in the text being
checked are inappropriate for the determined category of the
document.
[0017] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
classifying a text which comprises means for comparing terms used
in the text with the terms used in a classified vocabulary in which
classified terms are associated with categories and means for
allocating a classification code to the text in accordance with the
results of the comparison. The text to be classified may be
supplied in a computer readable form or may be optically scanned
and then converted into a computer readable form using known
optical character recognition software. Such apparatus enables text
to be classified automatically without the need for a person
skilled in the subject matter area of the text or in document
classification to study the text to determine the subject matter
area to which the text relates.
[0018] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
refining the results of a subject matter search carried out by a
search engine using a keyword, for example an Internet search
engine, the apparatus comprising:
[0019] means for accessing a plurality of collocations, each
collocation being associated with a respective different one of a
number of categories;
[0020] means for determining whether the keyword falls in one or
more of the different categories and, if the keyword used falls
within a number of different categories, advising a user of these
different categories; user operable selection means for selecting
one of the determined categories;
[0021] means for comparing the terms used in each text located by
the search with the terms in the collocation associated with the
selected category; and
[0022] means for filtering the search results in accordance with
the number of terms the search result texts have in common with the
collocation associated with the selected category.
[0023] The present invention also provides a computer usable
storage medium carrying processor implementable instructions for
causing operation of apparatus according to any of the aspects
referred to above.
[0024] The present invention also provides a computer readable
storage medium or signal carrying the results of operation of
apparatus in accordance with any one of the aspects referred to
above.
[0025] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described,
by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in
which:
[0026] FIG. 1 shows a block diagram for illustrating the
architecture of a computer apparatus for use in the present
invention;
[0027] FIG. 2 shows diagrammatically how terms are divided into
subject matter areas or domains;
[0028] FIG. 3A shows the structure of an item of data in a
classified vocabulary;
[0029] FIG. 3B shows the structure of an item from a classification
scheme data set;
[0030] FIG. 4 shows a flowchart for illustrating use of apparatus
embodying the invention for classifying a text or document;
[0031] FIGS. 5 to 9 show diagrammatically the image displayed on a
display of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 at various stages in a
method embodying the invention for refining the results of a
search;
[0032] FIG. 10 shows a flow chart for illustrating a method
embodying the invention of refining the results of a search;
[0033] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart for illustrating use of apparatus
embodying the invention for checking the spelling of terms in a
document; and
[0034] FIG. 12 shows a flow chart for illustrating use of apparatus
embodying the invention for checking for usage of terms in a
document.
[0035] For ease of understanding definitions of several of the
terms or phrases used herein will now be given.
[0036] As used herein the phrase "item of data" means an entry in
the classified vocabulary that includes a term, its description and
at least one of a corresponding category identification and a
classification code.
[0037] As used herein the word "term" means a term which may
consist of one or more words (including made up words, proper
nouns, etc.) or abbreviations and which may have one or more
different meanings but which, for a given meaning, conveys a single
concept. It will be understood that a single term may have more
than one meaning. Thus, for example, the term "depression" has a
number of meanings including a meteorological, a medical and an
economic meaning.
[0038] As used herein "classification scheme" means the set of
subject matter areas or domains and associated genera used to
classify terms.
[0039] As used herein "category" means a specific combination of
the subject area and genus in which a term is classified.
[0040] As used herein "classification code" means the code
allocated to a term and which identifies the category within which
the term falls.
[0041] As used herein "category identification" means a code unique
to a classification code and a particular collocation.
[0042] As used herein "classified vocabulary" means a set of terms
classified in accordance with the classification scheme.
[0043] As used herein "classification data set" means a set of
items each consisting of a collocation, a characterisation or
description of that collocation and at least one of the
corresponding category identification and classification code.
[0044] As used herein "collocation" means a collection of terms
(not necessarily organised in any specific order) that exemplify a
category of data and which would frequently be found in documents
that should fall within that category.
[0045] As used herein "keyword" means a search term (which may be
made up of one or more words and/or abbreviations) entered by a
user.
[0046] FIG. 1 shows a computing system which is constructed of
conventional components. In this example, the computing system
comprises a conventional personal, for example desktop, computer
and associated peripherals. The computing system could, however,
also be a mobile computing system such as a lap-top with
appropriate peripherals or an in-car system or a larger system such
as a minicomputer or mainframe depending upon the user's
requirements. FIG. 1 shows a functional block diagram of the main
elements of the computing system necessary for understanding the
present invention. It will, of course, be appreciated that the
computing system will have all the necessary interfaces, buses etc.
for enabling correct operation of the computing system.
[0047] As shown in FIG. 1, the computing system has a processor 1
for carrying out processor implementable instructions, a random
access memory (RAM) 2 for storing data and other instructions used
by the processor 1, a read-only memory (ROM) 3, a hard disk drive
(HD) 4 also for storing instructions and data usable by the
processor 1 and, in this example, two storage devices (RD1 and RD2)
5 and 6 having removable data storage media or disks (RDD1 and
RDD2) which are shown partly inserted into their respective drives
in FIG. 1. As an example, one of the data storage devices 5 and 6
may be a read-only device such as a CD ROM drive with the removable
data storage disk RDD1 providing data and/or processor
implementable instructions to be read by the processor 1 while the
other data storage device may be capable of both reading to and
writing from the removable disk RDD2 and may be, for example, a
floppy disk drive, a writable or many times writable CD or other
optical or magnetooptical disk drive or a ZIP (Trade Mark) or SPARQ
(Trade Mark) magnetic storage type device.
[0048] As shown in FIG. 1, the computing system also has a display
7 such as a cathode ray tube or liquid crystal display, a user
input device or devices 8 which may comprise both a pointing device
such as a mouse and a keyboard, a printer 9, a MODEM 10 for
enabling connection to, for example, the Internet and possibly also
a local area or wide area network (LAN/WAN) connection 11 for
coupling the computing system in a network with other similar
computing systems. The computing system may also have a scanner 12
which, together with conventional optical character recognition
software stored in, for example, the hard disk drive 4, enables the
computing system to convert paper text documents into electronic
text documents. The user input device(s) 8 may also include a
microphone and the computing system may have speech recognition
software for enabling vocal input of data or instructions.
[0049] FIG. 2 illustrates functionally the overall structure of a
database which is accessible by the processor 1 of the computing
system from one of the local data storage devices (such as the hard
disk drive 4 or one of the two removable disk drives 5 and 6) or
remotely via the MODEM 10 or the LAN/WAN connection 11. The
database consists of: 1) a classification scheme and accompanying
classification scheme data set; and 2) a classified vocabulary
consisting of classified terms. Block 20 in FIG. 2 illustrates
schematically the classification scheme. The classified terms may
relate to any information known in the world and the classified
vocabulary can cover all of the subject matter categories of the
database shown in FIG. 2. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the
classification scheme classifies terms into ten major subject
matter areas or domains 21 with, in this example, the major domains
being: the Universe (UN), the earth (EA), the environment (EN),
natural history (NH), humanity (HU), recreation (RE), society (SO),
the mind (MI), human history (HH) and human geography (HG).
[0050] In the classification scheme, each of these major subject
matter areas is divided into subsidiary subject matter areas or
subsidiary domains. FIG. 2 illustrates this schematically only for
the major subject matter area UN (the Universe) and partly for the
major subject matter area EA (the Earth). As shown in FIG. 2, the
subject matter area UN is divided into four subsidiary subject
matter areas: space exploration (SPA), cosmology (COS), time (TIM),
and aliens and other signs of extraterrestrial life (ALI). Although
not shown in this example, each of these subsidiary subject matter
areas or domains may be itself divided into a number of subsidiary
subject matter areas or domains which may in turn be divided into
further smaller subject matter areas or domains and so on. It will,
of course, be appreciated that there are areas of overlap between
the identified subject matter areas and that some terms may be
classified in more than one subsidiary subject matter area or
domain or even in more than one major subject matter area or
domain.
[0051] Each (major or subsidiary) subject area or domain has five
species areas or genera 23 which are, in this example, people,
locations, products, organisations and terminology. The genus
`product` includes the names by which anything may be sold which
will include, in addition to trade names and trade marks, song and
book titles, for example. The genus `terminology` includes general
concepts in the related subject matter area or domain. Any one item
of data can belong only to one genus although it may belong to more
than one (major or subsidiary) subject matter area or domain. Thus,
each meaning of a term in the classified vocabulary will be
allocated to a specific category in the classification scheme with
the specific category being defined by its allocated major and
subsidiary subject matter areas or domains and its allocated genus.
This facilitates differentiation between use of the same word as a
common noun, a person's name and the name of an organisation
because the database treats the three different meanings of the
same word as being different terms because they are allocated to
different ones of the five genera.
[0052] To facilitate understanding of the database structure,
specific examples will be given below.
[0053] Thus, a term which relates to space exploration will be
classified in the subsidiary subject matter area or domain (SPA)
within the major subject matter area or domain (UN). Each
classified term within the subsidiary subject matter area (SPA)
will then be allocated to one of the five genera. Thus, for
example, terms consisting of the names of astronauts, cosmonauts
and mission control personnel will be allocated to the genus
`people` and so to a category defined by the combination of the
subject matter and the genus with, in this example, a
classification code: UN SPA SPAP, where the latter four letter term
indicates the genus, that is people (P), in the subsidiary domain
SPA. In contrast, terms consisting of the names of space
exploration organisations will be allocated to the genus
`organisations` and will have a category or classification code: UN
SPA SPAORG where the last three letters of the final part of the
code indicates that the genus is the organisation genus.
[0054] To take another example, one of the subsidiary subject
matter areas of the major subject matter area or domain `the earth`
is climate (CLI) and the field of meteorology is classified at: EA
CLI. Terms consisting of the names of meteorologists are classified
in category: earth-climate-people (classification code EA CL CLIP)
while the term "the UK meteorological office" is classified in the
category: earth-climate-organisations (classification code EA CLI
CLIORG). The term "UK meteorological office" may also be classified
in: human geography; Europe; UK; organisations (classification code
HG EU UKIORG) to enable it to be identified as a UK organisation
independently of its existence within the field of meteorology.
[0055] It will, of course, be appreciated that the above subsidiary
subject matter areas are examples only and that the person skilled
in the art may adopt or add different subject matter divisions.
Generally, however, the ten major subject matter areas or domain
will be those given above. Similarly, the five particular genus
selected are exemplary and it is possible that alternative genera
may be used. What is, however, important is that all terms are
classified in accordance with the classification scheme with each
classified term being allocated to one or more specific subject
matter areas (which may be a subsidiary subject matter area within
a major or other subsidiary subject matter area) but only to one
specific one of the available genera so as to enable disambiguation
between different meanings of the same word, phrase or
abbreviation.
[0056] As illustrated schematically by FIG. 3A, each entry 30 in
the classified vocabulary consists of the classified term 31, a
description 32 which comprises a word or phrase describing the
general nature or subject matter area domain of the term, a
definition 33 and, in this example, a category ID (CAT ID) which
identifies the category to which the term is allocated. Because the
category ID is unique to the classification code, the
classification code may be used in place of the category ID in FIG.
3A.
[0057] Each entry in the classified vocabulary may also include a
field 35 for containing part of speech (for example noun, verb,
adjective, adverb) information to assist in document classification
and fields 36 and 37 for containing inflected forms and
abbreviations and derivatives so that the classified vocabulary
need contain only an entry for the root term and does not require
separate entries for inflections, derivatives and
abbreviations.
[0058] Two examples of vocabulary entries are shown below. These
entries omit, in the interests of clarity, inflections and
abbreviations or derivatives.
EXAMPLE 1
TABLE-US-00001 [0059] Term: Depression. Description: Economics.
Definition: A period of low business and industrial activity
accompanied by a rise in unemployment. Classification SO ECO ECOGEN
(society- economics-economic Code: terminology). Part of speech:
Noun
EXAMPLE 2
TABLE-US-00002 [0060] Term: Tony Blair. Description: Politician.
Definition: UK Politician, leader of the Labour Party and Prime
Minister from 1 May 1997. Classification SO POL POLP
(society-politics- person). Code: Part of speech: Proper nouns.
[0061] Each different category (that is each specific combination
of subject matter subsidiary domain and genus) is associated with a
unique classification scheme data set item CL in the classification
scheme data set. FIG. 3B illustrates the basic structure of an item
CL in the classification scheme data set.
[0062] Each classification scheme data set item CL includes the
corresponding classification code and collocation for the category
and a characterisation which gives a brief description of the
category.
[0063] As noted above, the collocation consists of terms that
exemplify the category and which would frequently be found in
documents that should fall within the category. For example, a
collocation will include terms which may be used to describe the
function, appearance or relationship with other objects of the
classified terms in the associated category or any other terms (for
example `buy`, `sell` in relation to cars) which may generally be
used in the same context as the classified terms. For example,
where the item of data is the term `depression` in the economic
sense, then terms which may be included in the corresponding
collocation include: economy, employment, low, poor, poverty,
market, social, failure, money, jobs etc.
[0064] It should, of course, be understood that the classification
scheme data set items CL are in no way the same as the set of
sub-headings which will generally be found in a standard library
classification under each subject matter heading. Such sub-headings
are analogous to the subsidiary subject matter domains mentioned
above in that they define subject matter areas or specific topics
which fall within the main headings. Such sub-headings do not
relate to terms which may be used in discussing or describing items
of data falling within the category or heading.
[0065] The collocations for the categories recognised within the
classification system are determined using a mixture of
encyclopedic and lexicographical criteria. They are not just
subject lexicons in the usual sense; for example, as a test case, a
collocation lexicon for the category of meat within nutrition would
include terms for various kinds of meat foodstuffs (lamb, pork,
beef, poultry, etc) but also general words to do with the category
(eat, cook, joint, fat, grilled, etc).
[0066] The collocations do not just identify domain A compared with
domain B (e.g. meteorology vs literature), but levels of sub-domain
within a domain (e.g. literature vs novel vs types of novel). The
terms within the collocations are derived from three main
sources:
[0067] 1) Encyclopedic sources including: [0068] i) relevant
headwords and words within entries belonging to a particular
domain, as displayed in encyclopaedias such as The Cambridge
Encyclopaedia, and associated publications; and
[0069] ii) relevant headwords taken from specialist sources outside
of the above, for example place-names for a particular country from
atlases, environmental terms from the indexes of various
specialised works on the environment.
[0070] 2) Lexicographic sources including: [0071] i) relevant
headwords taken from dictionaries such as the Chambers Dictionary;
and [0072] ii) relevant headwords taken from conceptually and
alphabetically organised thesauri.
[0073] 3) Other sources such as: [0074] i) relevant words found in
a set of records after searching a particular subject matter domain
on the Internet; [0075] ii) relevant words taken from a frequency
listing of words in a set of Internet records; and [0076] iii)
human input from a person collating the collocations using the
above information.
[0077] The terms providing a collocation may be grouped within the
collocation, according to their relevance to the category.
[0078] Where a classified vocabulary entry 30 gives, as shown in
FIG. 3A, a category ID rather than the classification code then, as
shown in FIG. 3B, each classification scheme data set item CL will
include the appropriate category ID so that each classified term in
the classified vocabulary is linked to a unique classification
scheme data set item CL by the category ID. As noted above, this
linking may be achieved by the classification codes. However, the
use of a separate category ID is more efficient in computing
terms.
[0079] The attached Appendix A lists examples of items classified
vocabulary entries and the associated classification scheme data
set items.
[0080] Section 1 of Appendix A lists two entries in the classified
vocabulary both relating to the word `bayonet`. The first example
given in Appendix A is for the term `bayonet` when used in the term
of a light bulb fitting while the second entry is for the term
`bayonet` when used in the context of a camera lens fitting. As can
be seen from Appendix A, these two meanings of the term `bayonet`
have different category IDs with the category ID for the light bulb
fitting being 00010 and the category ID for the camera lens fitting
being 0020 in this example.
[0081] Section 2 of Appendix A shows the classification scheme data
set items identified by the category numbers 00010 and 00020. As
can be seen from Appendix A, each classification scheme data set
item is headed by its category ID followed by the classification
code defined by the code for the main domain followed by the code
for each subsidiary domain with these in turn being followed by the
collocation only a part of which is shown in Appendix A for each of
the two classification scheme data set items.
[0082] Terms to be classified using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1
may be supplied via one of the removable disk drives, for example
on a floppy disk or CD ROM, via the scanner 12 and optical
character recognition software stored on the hard disk 4 or from
another similar computer via the LAN/WAN interface 11 or the MODEM
10. Alternatively or additionally, terms to be classified may be
input manually by a user using the input device 8.
[0083] Individual terms may be manually classified by the user
using the input device. Thus, the processor 1 will first cause the
display 7 to display the table shown in FIG. 3A. Where the terms
are being entered manually by the user, the user will first fill in
the term in the cell 31a in FIG. 3A. If, however, the terms to be
classified have been already supplied to the processor 1 and stored
on the hard disk 4, then the processor 1 may be programmed to cause
a first one of the terms to be displayed in the cell 31a for
classification by the user and then for another term (for example
the next term in an alphabetical order of the data stored on the
hard disk) to be displayed once the user has classified the current
term and so on. Alternatively, the processor may display all of the
stored data on the display 7 and allow the user to select a term
for classification by highlighting it in known manner.
[0084] Once the term to be classified has been entered into the
cell 31a, the user then enters in the cell 32a a description in the
form of a word or phrase describing the general nature or subject
matter area of the term. For example, where the term is
`depression` in the economic sense as mentioned above, then the
description entered by the user may be `economics`.
[0085] Once the user has entered the description, the processor 1
prompts the user to enter a definition of the specific term into
cell 33a. Where the term is `depression` then the user may enter:
`a period of low business and industrial activity accompanied by a
rise in unemployment` or some other similar short description.
[0086] The category ID may be determined manually by the user
referring to a hard copy list of the classification codes or may be
determined using the computer. Thus, for example, the processor may
first request the user to select one of the ten major subject
matter areas or domains and then, once the major subject matter
area or domain has been selected, request the user to select one of
the available subsidiary domains and, once the subsidiary domain
has been selected, a subsidiary domain of that domain if it exists,
and so on. Once the subject area subsidiary domain has been
determined, the processor may then request the user to select the
required genus. Once the user has done this, then the processor 1
determines the classification code and category ID from a
classification code key stored in memory (for example in the ROM 3
or on the hard disk 4). Once the category ID has been determined
and entered in the cell 34a, the processor 1 may prompt the user to
enter, in turn, data indicating the part of speech in cell 35a,
details of inflected forms in cell 36a and details of abbreviations
and derivatives in cell 37a. Where the processor 1 has access to a
dictionary, for example, where an electronic dictionary is stored
on the hard disc drive 4 or on a removable disc inserted into one
of the drives RD1 and RD2 or an electronic dictionary is accessible
via the LAN/WAN interface 11 or over the Internet then the
processor 1 may be programmed to determine inflections,
abbreviations and derivatives automatically from electronically
available dictionary sources. Once the data has been entered in
cell 37a, then the processor 1 may request the user to confirm that
the entry is correct and, once this has been done, the processor
will store the classified term in the classified vocabulary so that
the category ID determined by the user links the classified term to
the appropriate item in the classification scheme data set.
[0087] Once all the desired terms have been classified, the
classified vocabulary consisting of the classified terms each with
their description, definition and category ID may be written onto a
removable disk of the removable disk disk drive 5 or 6 or supplied
as a signal to, via a network or the Internet, for example, another
computing system. It will be appreciated that although the
classified vocabulary may change or need to be updated fairly
frequently, updating or changing of the classification scheme data
set may be required less frequently. Accordingly, because the
classification scheme data set would generally constitute a
relatively large amount of data which requires infrequent
modification, the classification scheme data set may be stored
separately from the classified vocabulary, for example on a
separate CD ROM. It will, of course, be appreciated that the
computer apparatus shown in FIG. 1 may not be the original source
of the classification scheme data set subsidiary database but that
this may be accessed by the processor 1 via a disk inserted into
one of the two removable disk disk drives or via the LAN/WAN
interface or via the MODEM 10; for example, the classification
scheme data set may be accessed via the Internet from another web
site.
[0088] For convenience, the classified vocabulary and
classification scheme data set may both be written by the processor
onto a removable disk which may be, for example, a writable CD
(compact disc) or both be supplied as a signal to another computing
system. Where the classified vocabulary is specific to one or more
of the subject matter areas 21 shown in FIG. 2, then it would, of
course, be necessary for the processor 1 to write to the removable
disk or incorporate in the signal only those items of the
classification scheme data set appropriate for those subject matter
areas or domains.
[0089] The database described above comprising the classified
vocabulary and the classification scheme consisting of the
classification scheme data set has many applications. For example,
once the processor 1 has access to the classified vocabulary and
the classification scheme data set, text documents can be
classified automatically using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
[0090] FIG. 4 shows a flowchart for illustrating automatic
classification of a text document.
[0091] In order for the computer apparatus to classify a text
document it must, of course, be in computer readable form. Where
the text document is supplied as an electrical signal via the
LAN/WAN 11, the MODEM 10 or via a removable disk inserted into one
of the removable disk disk drives 5 and 6, this will already be the
case. Where the document to be classified is not in an electronic
form, then the scanner 12 and conventional optical character
recognition software may be used to convert the text document into
a form readable by the computer. As another possibility, the text
may be entered verbally if the computing system has speech
recognition software.
[0092] Whichever way the text document is provided to the computing
system, it is first stored on the hard disk 4. The processor 1 then
reads the document at step S1, matches the terms used in the text
document being classified against the classified vocabulary at step
S2, identifies (at step S3) the classification codes of the terms
found in both the classified vocabulary and the text document by
using the classified vocabulary and classification scheme data set
(see FIGS. 3A and 3B) and assigns a weighting to each
classification code. The processor 1 then determines the total
weighting for each classification code at step S4 to determine the
predominant classification code and then, at step S5, restores the
text document with the predominant code so that the text document
is linked with the appropriate classification scheme data set
item.
[0093] Weighting of the classification codes may be carried out
according to a number of different parameters and the criteria for
assigning a classification code with confidence will vary from
application to application. However, one way of weighting the
classification codes which works well in practice is to assign each
term in the text document a total weighting of one and to divide
that total weighting by the number of classification codes which
may relate to that term so that where a term has a number of
different senses (such as the term "depression", for example) the
processor 1 will identify the classification code for each sense
and will assign each classification code a weighting of 1/n where n
is the number of classification codes identified for the term.
Another approach is for the processor 1 to assign a weighting only
to terms associated with the single classification codes, however
this does not give good results in practice. Another alternative
approach is for the processor 1 to process the text document
sentence by sentence, determine a weighted classification code for
each sentence and then to combine the sentence classification
codes. Provided the processor 1 has access to some elementary
grammatical rules (for example stored on the hard disc drive), this
approach enables the processor 1 to take advantage of the part of
speech information in the classified vocabulary to assist in
differentiating between different senses of the same word.
Generally extremely frequent words such as "a", "the", "but",
"and", "it" etc. will be ignored in step S2.
[0094] The description above with reference to FIG. 4 assumes that
each text document will be allocated to a single category.
Generally, however, text documents may be classifiable in more than
one subject matter area and more than one genus. Accordingly,
instead of identifying the classification codes of the classified
terms having the most matches at step S3, the processor 1 may
identify each classification code having greater than a
predetermined percentage of matches according to the weighting and
may then determine at step S4 one or more classification codes
which relate to the document, thereby linking the document to each
of the relevant classification scheme data set items.
[0095] The automatic classification software may also provide a
user with a mechanism for overriding or modifying an automatic
allocated classification code. For example, the instructions
supplied to the processor may cause a user to be alerted via the
display 7 if the processor 1 has been unable to allocate a
classification code or codes to the text document, so allowing the
user to classify such documents manually.
[0096] FIGS. 5 to 10 illustrate another example of the use of the
database described above. In this example, the computing system
shown in FIG. 1 is configured to conduct a search via the world
wide web. This is achieved by connection to the Internet via the
MODEM 10 and the use of a conventional world wide web browser such
as Netscape or Microsoft Explorer.
[0097] Initially, when a user wishes to search for documents
relating to a particular topic, the user activates one of the
search engines available on the world wide web causing a user
interface similar to that shown in FIG. 5 to be displayed on the
display 7 where the box 40 illustrates diagrammatically where the
logo and other information relating to the selected search engine
would be displayed.
[0098] Once the user interface has been displayed, the user is
prompted to enter the required search keyword in box 41 and then to
instigate the search by, for example, positioning the cursor using
the mouse or other pointing device over the phrase `Search Now!`
and then clicking.
[0099] Once the user has initiated the search, the search engine
carries out the search in conventional manner. However, when the
search engine returns the results of the search, the processor 1
intercepts and stores these before displaying them to the user and
reads the search keyword input by the user (step S6 in FIG. 10).
Although not shown in the figures, at this stage the processor 1
may inform the user via the display 7 that the search results have
been received and give the user the option of continuing on-line or
storing the results of the search so as to minimise on-line time
and thus charges.
[0100] The processor 1 then checks the classified vocabulary of the
database for matches to the keyword used to initiate the search
(step S7). Where matches in different categories (which may or may
not be genus specific) are identified, the processor 1 reads the
description from the classified vocabulary for each term and
displays it to the user with a request for the user to select the
category required (step S8). FIG. 6 illustrates an example of this
user interface. As shown in FIG. 6, the keyword entered by the user
was AA and three defined subject matter domains were
identified--health, roads and weapons. In addition to these, the
processor 1 causes the display 7 to give the user the option of
selecting the domain `other`, that is an undefined domain which is
none of the identified domains.
[0101] The user interface prompts the user to enter the desired
domain in box 42 in FIG. 6 or, if he is unsure of the desired
domain, to click on the domain name for a definition. If a
definition is requested (step S9) the processor then displays the
selected definition on display 7 (step S10). FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 show,
respectively, the subsequent screens which would be displayed if
the user clicked on health, roads or weapons, respectively. As will
be appreciated, each of these displays shows the definition stored
in the classified vocabulary for the term in that domain.
[0102] If the user enters the required domain in FIG. 6 by typing
in health, roads, weapons or other or selects the domain from the
definition screen 7, 8 or 9 by clicking on the words `Select
Domain` (that is the answer at step S11 is yes), then the processor
1 calls up the collocation of the classified scheme data set item
for the selected domain and searches at step S12 for the use of
terms listed in the collocation in the documents forming the search
results.
[0103] The processor then determines at step S13 which of the
search results documents have at least a predetermined number of
matches with the collocation terms and then displays to the user at
step S14 only those search results documents having at least the
predetermined number of collocation terms. If the domain `other` is
selected, the processor lists those documents not containing (or
containing the least number of) terms used in the collocations
associated with the other three domains. The processor may order
the search results in accordance with the number of matches with
the collocation terms of the selected domain and may list all of
the search results in an order determined by the number of matches
with the selected collocation with the highest number of matches
being listed first or may display a given number of the search
results for example the first ten or twenty search results to the
user.
[0104] By using the collocations, the processor 1 can disambiguate
different meanings of the same word and the search results produced
by the search engine can be refined so as to select only those
documents which use terms relevant to or which would be used in
discussing or describing the keyword in the subject matter area or
domain selected by the user. Thus, the search results relating to
the use of the term `AA` in subject matter areas different from the
one selected by the user can be filtered out so that, for example,
if the user selects the domain: `AA:HEALTH`, he will be provided
with only the documents relating to Alcoholics Anonymous and not
documents relating to the Automobile Association or anti-aircraft
weapons.
[0105] A further application of the database will now be described
with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12.
[0106] Commonly used software applications such as word processors,
databases and spreadsheets need to be able to validate words.
However, current spelling checkers are extremely limited in their
application. For example, most current spelling checkers cannot
identify place names, product names, company names and the names of
people, particularly surnames, where these words are not also
common nouns.
[0107] The spelling checkers of such word processors, database and
spreadsheets may, however, be modified using the apparatus
described above and the classification scheme data set to enable
far more accurate verification of text.
[0108] In this example, the dictionary of a conventional spelling
checker is replaced by the database described above. When
instructed to verify the text, the processor first reads the
document at step S20, compares the terms used in the document with
the classified vocabulary of the database at step S21, identifies
at step S22 any terms not in the vocabulary then matches at step
S23 the document terms against the terms in classified vocabulary
so as to determine at step S24 the domain having the most matches
so as to determine the subject matter area and so the
classification code of the document. This is carried out in a
similar manner to the automatic document classification discussed
above with reference to FIG. 4. Steps S21 and S22 may be carried
out after steps S23 and S24.
[0109] Once the subject matter area of the document has been
determined, the processor 1 at step S25 checks for terms in
classified vocabulary which have the same classification code as
that allocated to the document and are closest in spelling to the
unknown term and displays these to the user at step S26. This
enables the selection of the possible alternatives for the unknown
word or term to be specifically directed toward the subject matter
of the document being checked so that inappropriate alternatives
are not presented.
[0110] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart illustrating a modification of the
process described with reference to FIG. 11. In the modification
shown in FIG. 12, after the processor 1 has identified any terms
not in the classified vocabulary at step S22, the processor 1
identifies at step S27 the closest terms or most likely terms in
the vocabulary regardless of their classification code, that is
regardless of their subject matter area or domain and then displays
these closest terms to the user at step S28 via the user interface.
At this time, as indicated by step S29, the processor also requests
the use, via the user interface, to select whether or not context
specific identification of possible closest terms is required. If
the answer is no, then the spell checking is terminated at step
S30. If, however, the answer is yes, then the processor proceeds to
steps S24 to S26 as discussed with reference to FIG. 11. This
enables the user to select whether or not context or subject matter
specific selection of possible alternatives for the unknown word is
required.
[0111] The above description suggests that a single general
database consisting of the classified vocabulary and the
accompanying classification scheme data set will be provided. This
need, however, not be the case. Rather, the contents of the
database provided may be specific to the requirements of the user
with, for example, a particular user perhaps only being provided
with the classified vocabulary for a specific subject matter area
or areas and the associated classification scheme data set item or
items. Additionally, the general database or a specific such
database may be supplemented by additional classified terms
specific to a particular user's requirements. Thus, individual
lists of specialist classified terms may be prepared and supplied
together with related items of the classification scheme data set.
Examples of such specialist classified vocabulary lists are, for
example, lists of pharmaceutical compound names and chemical names
for the pharmaceutical industry, specialist lists of persons
involved in a specific field, for example a list of all recognised
chemists in a particular field or all recognised scientists such
as, for example, people like Einstein, Oppenheimer, Newton etc.
[0112] Such classified lists may provide a key to standardised data
and therefore greatly improve retrieval of data from a database. At
present, some companies may have their own internal standards or
authority files to ensure that employees are using the same
terminology but with the growing use of the Internet and intranets
there is a fast growing need for standard data than can be used for
all organisations around the world. Classified lists provide a
powerful way of establishing standard specialist vocabularies. Such
specialist vocabulary classified lists may be used, for example, to
supplement word processing spell checkers such as those described
above with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12. For example, the
pharmaceutical industry may be provided with one or more classified
lists listing the chemical and trade names of pharmaceuticals and
related terminology. Other classified lists may include specialist
lists of persons recognised in a particular field, for example
recognised physicists or chemists or a classified list which
enables different language versions of the same name to be
identified (for example Vienna and Wien) for example to facilitate
postal services.
[0113] The apparatus described above may also be used to index
documents. Thus, for example, where specialist classified lists are
provided, then documents in the field of the specialist classified
list may be indexed in accordance with that list. For example, the
processor 1 may index documents in the field of chemistry in
accordance with the names of recognised chemists appearing in those
documents by comparing the terms used in the documents with
specialist classified lists accessible to the processor 1 and then
indexing each document under each term in the specialist classified
list identified in the document. This would enable, for example, a
researcher to identify all papers published by a specific person
identified in the classified list or to extract all documents
referring to each of a number of persons identified in the
classified list.
[0114] As noted above, because the database is classified both as
to subject matter and as to genus, it enables the processor 1 to
validate words including proper nouns which are stored in the
classified vocabulary, to differentiate between semantic items, for
example the use of the word `wood` as a surname or as a material,
to identify the use of common terms as also being names of
products, to provide via the classified lists variants on forms or
spellings of names such as Vienna/Wien and to provide, again via
the classified lists, lists of specialist terms for example all
chemical compounds, all mathematicians, all units of currency as
required by the end user. Moreover, because the classification
scheme is modular, an end user may be supplied with only a part of
the classified vocabulary specific to his particular needs with the
associated classification scheme data set items without having to
make any modifications to the classified vocabulary. Furthermore,
the subject matter areas or domains can easily be refined by the
addition of deeper and deeper levels of subsidiary domains without
disturbing the overall structure of the database.
[0115] The classified vocabulary or items of data may be provided
in different languages. Different classification scheme data sets
will however be required for different languages because there is
not always a direct correlation in meaning. The apparatus described
above may be used to assist in translation of documents. In order
to achieve this, the apparatus is given access to two different
language versions of the database and to an electronically stored
conventional dictionary providing translations of the source
language into the required final language. In order to assist in
the translation of the document, the apparatus first determines, in
a manner similar to that described above with reference to FIG. 4,
the category within which the source language document falls by
comparing the terms used in the source language document against
the source language classified vocabulary. Once the category of the
document has been determined, the processor then looks up the
translation of each word in the document using the electronic
dictionary and, where a number of alternative translations are
looks up the translation in the final language database and selects
as the translation the term having the same category as the source
term. Of course, the apparatus will generally not be used to
provide an automatic translation of a document but simply to
provide the user of the apparatus with a translation of the term
which is specific to the context of the document to assist the user
in preparing a more accurate translation. As another possibility, a
first database consisting of a vocabulary of terms in one language
and an associated classification scheme data set in that language
may be associated within a second database consisting of a
vocabulary of terms in a second language with the terms in the
second vocabulary being associated with the same collocations as
the first database. An apparatus provided with such databases would
then be able to, at the request of a user, provide the user with a
translation of a term in the document by determining the
collocation associated with that term and then determining which
possible translation of the term is associated with the same
collocation. Such an arrangement could be associated with the
above-mentioned classified list to provide or improve a foreign
language dictionary.
[0116] As noted above as used herein, the term `collocation` means
a collection or list of terms which exemplify the domain or
category with which the collocation is associated. However, the
collocations may be ranked so that the terms within each
collocation are arranged in order of significance. For example, the
terms used in the collocation may be split into a number of groups
of terms with the groups of terms being ordered in accordance with
their significance to the domain with which they are associated.
This would enable, where necessary or desired, limited numbers of
the groups of terms to be used by the computing system. Limiting
the number of terms in the collocation which are actually used in
practice to those of most significance in relation to the subject
matter area should facilitate more rapid carrying out by the
computing system of the processors described above, for example,
searching, classification or spell checking, with only a slight
degradation in accuracy.
[0117] The classification scheme discussed above with reference to
FIG. 2 may be associated with existing classification schemes.
Thus, for example, a link may be provided between a particular
subsidiary subject matter area or domain and an existing specialist
classification scheme for that area. For example, a subsidiary
subject matter area or domain directed toward patents may be linked
to the international patent classification system and the
subsidiary subject matter area relating to living organisms may,
for example, be linked to the Whittacker system to enable advantage
to be taken of the specialist information in those classification
systems.
[0118] Although in the arrangements described above, each specific
category is associated with a particular classification scheme data
set item and thus with a specific collocation, items of data of
different genus but falling within the same subject matter area or
domain may share a collocation because frequently the same terms
will be used in relation to items of data falling within different
genus in the same subject matter area.
[0119] In the arrangement described above with reference to FIGS.
4, 11 and 12, the classified vocabulary is used to determine the
category of a document. As another possibility, the terms used in a
document to be classified may be compared against the collocations.
This requires, however, that the text document be compared against
each collocation in turn and then the collocation having the most
number of matches be identified to determine the predominant
category for the document. This approach relies on a fixed body of
data and, because each collocation is specific to a category and
each collocation has to be tested in turn, tends to be less
accurate and takes longer to classify the document. In contrast,
using the classified vocabulary which encompasses all subject
matter areas of the database (possibly minus any extremely common
or frequently used words such as "it", "an", "a", "and", "but",
"can", "do" and so on) provides for greater flexibility and
moreover results in quicker and more accurate classification of the
vocabulary. It is preferred that the classified vocabulary be used
for the document classification and the collocations be used for
disambiguation such as in the case of the example described above
with reference to FIGS. 5 to 10.
[0120] In the above examples, the classified vocabulary consists of
classified terms. Conceivably, however, the classified vocabulary
may be images, music or other sounds or non-textual matter. Of
course, manual classification will be necessary if the items of
data are not accompanied by related text.
[0121] It will be appreciated that the processor implementable
instructions for causing the processor 1 to carry out any of the
operations described above may be supplied via a storage medium
insertable into a removable disk disk drive as discussed above.
Alternatively, or additionally, the computer or processor
implementable instructions can be supplied as a signal by, for
example, downloading the code over a network which may be an
intranet or the Internet. An aspect of the present invention thus
provides a storage medium storing processor implementable
instructions for controlling the processor to carry out one or more
of the processes described above. Another aspect of the present
invention provides an electrical signal carrying processor
implementable instructions for controlling the processor to carry
out one or more of the methods described above.
[0122] As noted above, the database for use by the apparatus may be
supplied on a storage medium insertable into one of the removable
disk disk drives or may be accessed remotely as a signal downloaded
over a network such as the Internet or an intranet. Also, the
classification scheme data set may be supplied separately from the
classified vocabulary or items of data. The present invention thus
also provides a storage medium storing a classified vocabulary or
items of data and/or the classification scheme data set or items
therefrom as discussed above. The present invention also provides
an electrical signal carrying a classified vocabulary and/or the or
some of the items from the classification scheme data set as
discussed above.
[0123] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
storing data on a computer readable storage medium, comprising:
[0124] means for storing items of data;
[0125] means for associating each item of data with one of a number
of different categories of data;
[0126] means for associating all items of data falling within the
same category with a common code identifying a collocation of terms
that exemplify that category so that items of data in different
categories are associated with different codes identifying
different collocations of terms with each collocation of terms
being specific to the associated category; and
[0127] means for directly or indirectly writing each item of data
together with the associated code onto a computer readable storage
medium.
[0128] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
storing data on a computer readable storage medium, comprising:
[0129] means for storing items of data;
[0130] means for storing a plurality of different collocations of
terms with the terms in each different collocation being terms that
exemplify a specific different one of a plurality of categories of
data;
[0131] means for associating each item of data with one of said
number of different categories of data;
[0132] means for associating all items of data falling within the
same category with a common code identifying which one of said
collocations contains terms that exemplify items of data in that
category so that items of data in different categories are
associated with different codes identifying different ones of said
collocations of terms; and
[0133] means for directly or indirectly storing the plurality of
collocations and each item of data together with its associated
code onto a computer readable storage medium.
[0134] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
storing data on a computer readable storage medium, comprising:
[0135] means for storing items of data;
[0136] means for associating each item of data with one of a number
of different species of data and one of a number of different
subject matter areas such that the associated species and subject
matter area define a category for that item of data;
[0137] means for associating all items of data falling within the
same category with a common code identifying a collocation of terms
that exemplify that category so that items of data in different
categories are associated with different codes identifying
different collocations of terms with each collocation of terms
being specific to the associated category; and
[0138] means for directly or indirectly writing each item of data
together with the associated code onto a computer readable storage
medium.
[0139] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
storing data on a computer readable storage medium, comprising:
[0140] means for storing items of data;
[0141] means for storing a plurality of different collocations of
terms with the terms in each different collocation being terms that
exemplify items of data falling within a specific different
combination of one of a number of different species of data and one
of a number of different subject matter areas such that the
associated species and subject matter area define a category for
that item of data;
[0142] means for associating each item of data with a category;
[0143] means for associating all items of data falling within the
same category with a common code identifying which one of said
collocations contains terms exemplifying items of data in that
category so that items of data in different categories are
associated with different codes identifying different ones of said
collocations of terms; and
[0144] means for directly or indirectly storing the plurality of
collocations and each item of data together with its associated
code onto a computer readable storage medium.
[0145] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
processing computer usable data, comprising:
[0146] means for storing items of data;
[0147] means for associating each item of data with one of a number
of different categories of data;
[0148] means for associating all items of data falling within the
same category with a common code identifying a collocation of terms
usable in relation to items of data in that category so that items
of data in different categories are associated with different codes
identifying different collocations of terms with each collocation
of terms being specific to the associated category; and
[0149] means for generating a signal carrying each item of data
together with its associated code for supply to a computer readable
storage medium.
[0150] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
processing computer usable data, comprising:
[0151] means for storing items of data;
[0152] means for storing a plurality of different collocations of
terms with the terms in each different collocation exemplifying
items of data falling within a specific different one of a
plurality of categories of data;
[0153] means for associating each item of data with one of said
number of different categories of data;
[0154] means for associating all items of data falling within the
same category with a common code identifying which one of said
collocations contains terms exemplifying items of data in that
category so that items of data in different categories are
associated with different codes identifying different ones of said
collocations of terms; and
[0155] means for generating a signal carrying each item of data
together with its associated code for supply to a computer readable
storage medium.
[0156] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
processing computer usable data, comprising:
[0157] means for storing items of data;
[0158] means for associating each item of data with one of a number
of different species of data and one of a number of different
subject matter areas such that the associated species and subject
matter area define a category for that item of data;
[0159] means for associating all items of data falling within the
same category with a common code identifying a collocation of terms
usable in relation to items of data in that category so that items
of data in different categories are associated with different codes
identifying different collocations of terms with each collocation
of terms being specific to the associated category; and
[0160] means for generating a signal carrying each item of data
together with its associated code for supply to a computer readable
storage medium.
[0161] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
storing data on a computer readable storage medium, comprising:
[0162] means for storing items of data;
[0163] means for storing a plurality of different collocations of
terms with the terms in each different collocation exemplifying
items of data falling within a specific different combination of
one of a number of different species of data and one of a number of
different subject matter areas such that the associated species and
subject matter area define a category for that item of data;
[0164] means for associating each item of data with a category;
[0165] means for associating all items of data falling within the
same category with a common code identifying which one of said
collocations contains terms usable in relation to items of data in
that category so that items of data in different categories are
associated with different codes identifying different ones of said
collocations of terms; and
[0166] means for generating a signal carrying each item of data
together with its associated code for supply to a computer readable
storage medium.
[0167] In one aspect, the present invention provides a computer
usable medium having computer readable instructions stored therein
for causing the computer:
[0168] to associate each of a plurality of items with one of number
of different categories;
[0169] to associate all the items of data falling within the same
category with a common code identifying a collocation of terms
exemplifying items of data in that category so that items of data
in different categories are associated with different codes
identifying different collocations of terms with each collocation
of terms being specific to the associated category; and
[0170] to generate a signal carrying each item of data together
with its associated code for supply to a computer readable storage
medium.
[0171] In one aspect, the present invention provides a computer
usable medium having computer readable instructions stored therein
for causing the computer:
[0172] to associate each of a plurality of items of data with one
of a number of different species of data and one of a number of
different subject matter areas such that the associated species and
subject matter area define a category for that item of data;
[0173] to associate all items of data falling within the same
category with a common code identifying a collocation exemplifying
items of data in that category so that items of data in different
categories are associated with different codes identifying
different collocations of terms with each collocation of terms
being specific to the associated category; and
[0174] to generate a signal carrying each item of data together
with its associated code for supply to a compute readable storage
medium.
[0175] In one aspect, the present invention provides a computer
usable medium having computer readable instructions stored therein
for causing the computer:
[0176] to associate each of a plurality of items of data with one
of a number of different categories of data;
[0177] to associate all items of data falling within the same
category with a common code identifying a collocation of terms
exemplifying items of data in that category so that items of data
in different categories are associated with different codes
identifying different collocations of terms with each collocation
being specific to the associated category; and
[0178] directly or indirectly to write each item of data together
with the associated code onto a computer readable storage
medium.
[0179] In one aspect, the present invention provides a computer
usable medium having computer readable instructions stored therein
for causing the computer:
[0180] to associate each of a plurality of items of data with one
of a number of different species of data and one of a number of
different subject matter areas such that the associated species and
subject matter area define a category for that item of data;
[0181] to associate all items of data falling within the same
category with a common code identifying a collocation of terms
exemplifying that category so that items of data in different
categories are associated with different codes identifying
different collocations of terms with each collocation of terms
being specific to the associated category; and
[0182] directly or indirectly to write each item of data together
with the associated code onto a computer readable storage
medium.
[0183] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
processing data comprising:
[0184] means for accessing from storage means a plurality of
collocations of terms with each collocation being associated with a
different category of data and containing terms exemplifying that
category;
[0185] means for receiving items of data;
[0186] means for determining a collocation which is relevant to a
received item of data; and
[0187] means for processing the received item of data using terms
from that collocation.
[0188] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
checking the spelling of terms in a text, comprising:
[0189] means for receiving the text to be checked;
[0190] means for accessing first storage means storing a plurality
of different collocations of terms with the terms in each
collocation being usable in relation to a particular different
category;
[0191] means for accessing second storage means storing a
vocabulary with each term in the vocabulary being associated with a
respective code identifying a specific one of said different
collocations and a specific category for each different context or
meaning of the term;
[0192] means for comparing the terms used in the text with the
terms in the vocabulary to identify any terms in the text not
present in the vocabulary;
[0193] means for, when unknown terms not present in the vocabulary
are identified, comparing the rest of the terms in the text with
the terms in the collocations to determine the collocation which
has terms most closely matching the terms of the text to
determining the category to which the text should be allocated;
[0194] means for determining any term in the vocabulary associated
with the determined category for which the unknown term may be a
misspelling; and
[0195] means for advising a user of the determined term(s).
[0196] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
classifying a text into one of a number of different subject matter
categories, comprising:
[0197] means for receiving the text to be classified;
[0198] means for accessing storage means storing a plurality of
different collocations of terms with the terms in each collocation
being usable in relation to a particular subject matter category
and each collocation being associated with a classification code
identifying the particular subject matter category to which the
collocation is relevant;
[0199] means for comparing terms used in the text with the terms in
the collocations;
[0200] means for determining which of the collocations has the most
terms in common with the text being classified; and
[0201] means for allocating to the text the classification code
associated with the determined collocation.
[0202] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
refining the results of a subject matter search carried out by a
search engine using a keyword, comprising:
[0203] means for accessing first storage means storing a plurality
of different collocations of terms with the terms in each
collocation exemplifying a particular different subject matter
category;
[0204] means for accessing second storage means storing a
vocabulary with each term in the vocabulary being associated with a
respective code identifying a specific one of said different
collocations and a specific category for each different context or
meaning of the term;
[0205] means for receiving the results of the subject matter
search;
[0206] means for comparing the keyword used to carry out the search
with the term in the vocabulary to determine each category with
which the keyword is associated;
[0207] means for advising a user of the different categories with
which the keyword is associated;
[0208] user operable selection means for selecting one of the
categories with which the keyword is associated;
[0209] means for comparing the terms used in text in each of the
search results with the collocation of terms of the selected
category; and
[0210] means for advising the user of the search results for which
the text has greater than a predetermined number of terms in common
with the collocation for the selected category.
[0211] In one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for
checking the usage of terms in a text, comprising:
[0212] means for receiving the text to be checked;
[0213] means for accessing first storage means storing a classified
vocabulary in which the terms are allocated to categories;
[0214] means for comparing terms in the text with the terms in the
classified vocabulary to determine a category for the text; and
[0215] means for identifying any terms not in the classified
vocabulary; and
[0216] means for advising the user of any term in the classified
vocabulary similar to an unidentified term and having the
determined category.
[0217] Other modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the
art.
TABLE-US-00003 APPENDIX A Data Samples 1. Classified Vocabulary
TERM bayonet DESCRIPTION technology DEFINITION type of fitting for
a light bulb in which prongs on its side fit into slots to hold it
in place CAT ID 00010 TERM bayonet DESCRIPTION Photography
DEFINITION type of fitting for a camera lens in which prongs on its
side fit into slots to hold it in CAT ID 00020
[0218] 2. Classification Scheme
CAT ID=00010
[0219] DOMAIN MI SUBDOMAIN TEC SUBDOMAIN POW SUBDOMAIN POWGEN
COLLOCATIONS; A; AF; AGR; CAD; Calor gas; EP; P; acceptor;
accident; accumulator; acoustic coupler; actuator; adapter;
adaptor; advanced gas-cooled reactor; afterdamp; alternating
current; alternator; ambisonics; ammeter; amp; amplification;
amplifier; analogue-to-digital converter; anode; anthracite;
antinuclear; armature; audio; audiometer; bank; barrel; battery;
bayonet; bell; bezel; binaural; biological shield; bipolar;
bipolarity; blackout; bleep; blip; bloop; blow-out; blow; boiler;
booster; bore; borehole; bowser; brakeman; brakesman; brazier;
breadboard; break; breed; breeder reactor; bridge; briquet;
briquette; bromine; brush; bulb; bunker; burn-up; butane; button
cell battery; button cell; buzzer; bypass; cable; cage; candle;
capacitor; capstan; ceramic stratus; chemical laser; codec;
coder/decoder; cut-out; cut; damp; damper; deck; derrick;
diaphragm; diesel; diffuser; disc; discharge; dross; earth;
electro; element; envelope; excitant; exciter; excitor; fantail;
feedback; feeder; fender; fidelity; filament; filter; fireman;
flasher; flashlight; flip side; flip-flop; fuel; fuse; gain; gap;
gas; gate; geyser; kieselguhr; oiler; outage; paraffin . . .
<CAT
ID=00020><BRANCH><DOM>MI<SUBDOM>TEC<SUBDOM&g-t;OP-
T<SUBDOM>OPTGEN</BRANCH><COLLS>; Betacam;
Betamax; Brownie; Calotype; Overcoat; PAL; aberration; achromat;
achromatic; adaptive optics; aliasing; amplifier; anaglyph;
anamorphic lens; aperture synthesis; aperture; apochromat; aspect
ratio; atomic force microscope; autofocus; automatic exposure;
autotype; b/w; back projection; bath; bayonet; bellows; bifocal;
binocular; black and white; blimp; blow-up; blue-backing shot; box
camera; bromide paper; bromine; bromoil; bull's-eye; camcorder;
camera lucida; camera obscura; camera; carbro; color
cinematography; color negative; colorization; colour
cinematography; colour negative; conforming; coronagraph; couplers;
daguerreotype; develop; developer; diaphragm; dolly; emulsion;
exposure; film; filter; fix; fixer; flash; flashlight; flood; fog;
frame; freezeframe; gauge; ghost; meniscus; microdot; mil; monitor;
mount; negative; nosepiece; objective; ocular; opaque; pan . .
.
* * * * *