U.S. patent application number 11/979154 was filed with the patent office on 2008-06-05 for topical product formulations containing strontium for reducing skin irritation.
This patent application is currently assigned to COSMEDERM TECHNOLOGIES, INC.. Invention is credited to Gary S. Hahn, David O. Thueson.
Application Number | 20080131386 11/979154 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 27495896 |
Filed Date | 2008-06-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080131386 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hahn; Gary S. ; et
al. |
June 5, 2008 |
Topical product formulations containing strontium for reducing skin
irritation
Abstract
Topical formulations containing aqueous-soluble divalent
strontium cation in a suitable topical formulation vehicle, and
methods of using these formulations to inhibit skin irritation, are
disclosed.
Inventors: |
Hahn; Gary S.; (Cardiff by
the sea, CA) ; Thueson; David O.; (Poway,
CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
NATH & ASSOCIATES
112 South West Street
Alexandria
VA
22314
US
|
Assignee: |
COSMEDERM TECHNOLOGIES,
INC.
San Diego
CA
|
Family ID: |
27495896 |
Appl. No.: |
11/979154 |
Filed: |
October 31, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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09992491 |
Nov 21, 2001 |
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11979154 |
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09871576 |
May 31, 2001 |
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09992491 |
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09149886 |
Sep 8, 1998 |
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09871576 |
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08666978 |
Jun 20, 1996 |
5804203 |
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09149886 |
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08362100 |
Dec 21, 1994 |
5716625 |
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08666978 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/65 ;
424/617 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 8/20 20130101; A61K
8/365 20130101; A61K 31/28 20130101; A61K 33/14 20130101; A61K
33/24 20130101; A61K 33/00 20130101; A61Q 5/00 20130101; A61P 17/00
20180101; A61K 31/19 20130101; A61K 2800/75 20130101; A61K 8/19
20130101; A61Q 5/12 20130101; A61K 45/06 20130101; A61Q 19/00
20130101; A61Q 19/10 20130101; A61K 33/24 20130101; A61K 2300/00
20130101; A61Q 5/04 20130101; A61Q 17/00 20130101; A61Q 1/06
20130101; A61P 29/00 20180101; Y10S 514/846 20130101; A61Q 9/02
20130101; A61P 17/04 20180101; A61Q 1/02 20130101; A61Q 15/00
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
424/65 ;
424/617 |
International
Class: |
A61K 33/24 20060101
A61K033/24; A61K 8/19 20060101 A61K008/19; A61Q 15/00 20060101
A61Q015/00 |
Claims
1-65. (canceled)
66. A composition for topical application to and for inhibiting
skin irritation in an animal subject comprising (a) an irritant
ingredient contained in an amount capable of inducing skin
irritation in the subject, (b) an anti-irritant amount of
aqueous-soluble divalent strontium cation, and (c) a topical
vehicle.
67. The composition of claim 66, wherein the composition is in the
form of a solid, liquid, suspension, semisolid, powder, or a finely
dispersed liquid.
68. The composition of claim 67, wherein the composition in the
form of a solid, liquid, suspension, semisolid, powder, or a finely
dispersed liquid is in a form selected from: creams, lotions,
moisturizers, sprays, exfoliants, skin cell renewal agents,
fragrances, perfumes, colognes, deodorants, shaving creams, shaving
bracers, aftershaves, hair removal products, depilatory products,
skin cleansers, toners, astringents, pre-moistened wipes or
washcloths, tanning lotions, sunscreens, bath products, eye
lotions, makeup removers, foot care products, skin colorants,
foundations, blushes, rouges, eye shadows, eye liners, lip colors,
mascaras, lip balms, lip sticks, lozenges, mouthwashes, hair care
and treatment products, baby lotions, baby oils, baby shampoos,
baby powders, baby wet wipes, feminine hygiene products, skin
peels, and facial peels.
69. The composition of claim 66, wherein the irritant ingredient is
selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, keto acids,
.alpha.-hydroxy acids, .beta.-hydroxy acids, retinoids, peroxides,
organic alcohols, and mixtures thereof
70. The composition of claim 66, wherein the amount of
aqueous-soluble divalent strontium cation is at a concentration
ranging from about 10 mM to about 3,000 mM.
71. The composition of claim 66, wherein the amount of
aqueous-soluble divalent strontium cation is at a concentration of
at least 5 mM.
72. The composition of claim 66, wherein the amount of
aqueous-soluble divalent strontium cation is at a concentration of
at least 10 mM.
73. The composition of claim 66, wherein the amount of
aqueous-soluble divalent strontium cation is at a concentration of
at least 50 mM.
74. The composition of claim 66, wherein the inhibition of skin
irritation represents an average reduction in one or more of sting,
burn and itch in the human population susceptible to the skin
irritation upon topical application of the composition, as compared
to the level of irritation induced in the population upon topical
application of a control formulation containing the irritant
ingredient in a vehicle without the strontium cation.
75. The composition of claim 66, wherein the irritant ingredient
comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of
benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, retinol, retinal,
1-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid,
.alpha.-hydroxy decanoic acid, .alpha.-hydroxy octanoic acid,
gluconolactone, methoxypropyl gluconamide, oxalic acid, malic acid,
tartaric acid, mandelic acid, benzylic acid, gluconic acid, pyruvic
acid, and phenol.
76. The composition of claim 66, wherein the pH of the composition
is in the range of 1 to 6.
77. The composition of claim 66, wherein the composition is
selected from the group consisting of antibiotic, analgesic,
contraceptive, anti-acne, and anti-dandruff, exfoliant, depilatory,
skin cell renewal, antiperspirant, antihistamine,
anti-inflammatory, skin protective, insect repellent, and sunscreen
products.
78. The composition of claim 66, further comprising at least one
second anti-irritant agent.
79. The composition of claim 78, wherein the second agent is
selected from the group consisting of potassium channel mediating,
regulating or blocking agents, calcium channel blocking or
regulatory agents, sodium channel blocking agents, steroids,
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, aloe vera, chamomile,
.alpha.-bisabolol, cola nitida extract, green tea extract, tea tree
oil, licorice extract, allantoin, urea, caffeine and other
xanthines, glycyrrhizic acid, benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, retinol,
retinal, 1-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid,
.alpha.-hydroxy decanoic acid, .alpha.-hydroxy octanoic acid,
gluconolactone, methoxypropyl gluconamide, oxalic acid, malic acid,
tartaric acid, mandelic acid, benzylic acid, gluconic acid, pyruvic
acid and phenol.
80. A topical formulation for reducing skin irritation in animals
comprising: a non-strontium active ingredient for effecting primary
activity of the topical formulation; a skin irritation reducing
salt comprising aqueous-soluble divalent strontium cation; and a
suitable topical formulation vehicle.
81. The formulation of claim 80, comprising about 0.5% by weight to
about 14% by weight of the total formulation of the aqueous-soluble
divalent strontium cation.
82. The formulation of claim 80, comprising the aqueous-soluble
divalent strontium cation at a concentration ranging from about 10
mM to about 3,000 mM.
83. The formulation of claim 80, wherein salt in the formulation
consists essentially of aqueous-soluble divalent strontium cation
and one or more counteranions.
84. A topical formulation for reducing skin irritation in animals
comprising: (a) a salt comprising aqueous-soluble divalent
strontium cation in an amount of about 0.5% by weight to about 14%
by weight of the total formulation, (b) an irritant ingredient, and
(c) a suitable topical formulation vehicle, wherein the formulation
vehicle comprises at least one ingredient selected from emollients,
moisturizers, fragrances, dyes, and pigments.
85. A topical formulation for reducing skin irritation in animals
comprising: a skin irritation reducing salt comprising
aqueous-soluble divalent strontium cation; and a suitable topical
formulation vehicle.
86. The formulation of claim 85, wherein the skin irritation
reducing salt is present at a pharmaceutically effective
concentration to reduce skin irritation.
Description
[0001] This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/992,491,
filed Nov. 21, 2001, Ser. No. 09/871,576, filed May 31, 2001, Ser.
No. 09/149,886, filed Sep. 8, 1998, which is a continuation of Ser.
No. 08/666,978, filed Jun. 20, 1996, and issued as U.S. Pat. No.
5,804,203, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/362,100,
filed Dec. 21, 1994, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,625. The
present application claims the benefit of the filing date of Ser.
No. 08/362,100 (Dec. 21, 1994), as well as the benefit of all
intervening applications, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 120 and
other applicable law, and the entire disclosures of all of these
applications are incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Many substances are applied topically to the skin or mucous
membranes of humans or animals (hereinafter "skin") in order to
alter the subject's appearance, to protect the subject from the
environment, or to produce a biological change in the skin or other
tissue for therapeutic, preventive or cosmetic purposes. These
substances may generically be termed "topical products" and include
such topically applied substances as cosmetics, over-the-counter
and prescription topical drugs, and a variety of other products
such as soaps and detergents.
[0003] Topical products occur in a variety of forms, including
solids, liquids, suspensions, semisolids (such as creams, gels,
lotions, pastes or "sticks"), powders or finely dispersed liquids
such as sprays or mists. Examples of topical products commonly
classified as "cosmetics" include skin care products such as
moisturizing creams and lotions, and "treatment cosmetics" such as
exfoliants and/or skin cell renewal agents; fragrances such as
perfumes and colognes, and deodorants; shaving-related products
such as creams, "bracers" and aftershaves; depilatories and other
hair removal products; skin cleansers, toners and astringents;
pre-moistened wipes and washcloths; tanning lotions and sunscreens;
bath products such as oils; eye care products such as eye lotions
and makeup removers; foot care products such as powders and sprays;
skin colorant and make-up products such as foundations, blushes,
rouges, eye shadows and liners, lip colors and mascaras; lip balms
and sticks; hair care and treatment products such as shampoos,
conditioners, colorants, dyes, bleaches, straighteners, and
permanent wave products; baby products such as baby lotions, oils,
shampoos, powders and wet wipes; feminine hygiene products such as
deodorants and douches; skin or facial peels applied by
dermatologists or cosmeticians; and others. Examples of topical
products commonly classified as "topical drugs" are many and
varied, and include over-the-counter and/or prescription products
such as antiperspirants, insect repellents, sunscreens and sunburn
treatments, anti-acne agents, antibiotics, therapeutic retinoids,
anti-dandruff agents, external analgesics such as capsaicin
products, topical contraceptives, topical drug delivery systems,
suppositories and enemas, hemorrhoid treatments, vaginal
treatments, lozenges, and many other products with therapeutic or
other effects. Other topical products include hand, facial and body
soaps and detergents and other forms of skin cleansers, as well as
household detergents and many other household products such as
solvents, propellants, polishes, lubricants, adhesives, waxes and
others which are either applied topically or are topically exposed
to the body during normal use.
[0004] In a large number of cases, topical products contain
chemicals which may produce irritation or inflammation when applied
to the skin or mucosa. The present invention is directed in part to
compositions for inhibiting the irritation associated with such
topical products.
[0005] The occurrence, frequency and nature of
topical-product-induced irritation often varies from user to user.
The severity of irritation to the susceptible user may range from
subclinical to mild to severe. Typical symptoms of irritation
include itching (pruritus), stinging, burning, tingling,
"tightness," erythema (redness) or edema (swelling). The irritation
response may be due to the direct effect on the skin of certain
topical product chemicals or to a response by the immune system
directed toward the chemicals alone or in combination with skin
components (e.g. allergic dermatitis).
[0006] The sensation of itch is one of the most common skin
problems experienced by humans and animals. Itch can be defined as
a sensation which provokes the desire to scratch the site from
which the sensation originates. All skin contains sensory nerves
which transmit itch in response to chemical irritation,
environmental exposure or disease processes. Although the precise
population of itch producing nerves have not been identified, the
thinnest, unmyelinated nerve population, termed type C nociceptive
neurons are thought to be the most important in producing the
sensation. Itch: Mechanisms and Management of Pruritus, Jeffrey D.
Bernhard, McGraw-Hill, Inc. (San Francisco, 1994), pp. 1-22. The
itch-producing nerves of the skin can be considered to be a "final
common pathway" for the many irritating conditions which are
ultimately sensed as itch including chemical exposure,
environmental exposure (such as that which produces dry, itchy
skin) and disease processes such as atopic dermatitis. Many
chemical substances are able to produce itch when topically applied
to the skin. No matter what the ultimate cause of itch, the
sensation experienced is the same and provokes the desire to
scratch.
[0007] Many ingredients used in topical products are known
irritants or are potentially irritating, especially to people with
"sensitive skin". These irritating ingredients include fragrances,
preservatives, solvents, propellants and many other ingredients
that might otherwise be considered inert components of the
products. Additionally, many topical product active ingredients,
including chemicals that may also be classified as drugs, produce
irritation when applied to the skin. These include, but are not
limited to, such ingredients as exfoliants and skin cell renewal
agents, anti-acne drugs, antiperspirant compounds, antihistamines,
anti-inflammatory agents, skin protective agents, insect repellent
chemicals, sunscreens and many others. Where more than one chemical
irritant is present, their irritating effects may be additive.
Furthermore, chemical ingredients may react with one another, or in
the environment of the skin, to form new chemicals which are
irritating. The vehicles in which the active drug ingredients are
formulated may also produce irritation in sensitive people,
especially in drugs such as topical corticosteroids.
[0008] In addition to chemicals which directly trigger skin
irritation, some chemicals indirectly cause the skin to become more
sensitive to other chemicals or environmental conditions which
would not normally cause irritation. Many chemicals which act as
skin "exfoliants" such as retinoids (e.g. tretinoin, retinol and
retinal), carboxylic acids including .alpha.-hydroxy acids (e.g.
lactic acid, glycolic acid), .beta.-hydroxy acids (e.g. salicylic
acid), .alpha.-keto acids, acetic acid and trichloroacetic acid,
1-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid,
.alpha.-hydroxy decanoic acid, .alpha.-hydroxy octanoic acid,
gluconolactone, methoxypropyl gluconamide, oxalic acid, malic acid,
tartaric acid, mandelic acid, benzylic acid, gluconic acid, benzoyl
peroxide and phenol, among others, may cause the skin to become
more sensitive to irritation triggered by other topically-applied
chemicals such as moisturizers, sunscreens, fragrances,
preservatives, surfactants (e.g. soaps, shaving cream) and other
topical products. Exfoliants and other ingredients may also
increase the skin's sensitivity to environmental conditions such as
sunlight, wind, cold temperature and dry air, or may exacerbate the
irritation attributable to a pre-existing skin disease.
[0009] Conversely, environmental influences may themselves increase
the skin's sensitivity to chemicals in topical products by reducing
the skin's "barrier function." The barrier function acts to
minimize absorption or passage of potentially irritating chemicals
through the outer "dead" cell layer into the living skin tissue.
Extremes of humidity, for example, can greatly increase irritation
from topically-applied products. A very common condition due to low
humidity is termed "winter itch" in which the very low humidity
characteristics of many cold climates (particularly when
accompanied by indoor heating) or long exposure to refrigerated air
from air conditioners in the summer produces itchy skin--especially
in older people--which can exacerbate the irritating effects of
topical products. Additionally, soaps, detergents, cleansing
products, shaving creams, alcohol and other products which remove
some of the skin's protective lipids and/or secretions may increase
the skin's permeability and sensitivity to topically-applied
chemicals which would otherwise not produce irritation. Normal
processes such as sweating may also increase the ability of
irritant materials, such as antiperspirants, deodorants or
sunscreens, to penetrate the skin through pores or glands, thus
exacerbating the potential for irritation. Exposure of the skin to
high humidity environments or liquids may also increase the ability
of potential irritants to penetrate the skin. Similarly, the skin
may become sensitized or inflamed due to infection, shaving
abrasion, repeated or excessive washing or bathing, sun exposure,
or other mechanical abrasion or injury, resulting in sensory
irritation responses upon subsequent application of underarm
deodorants, after-shaves or other topical products.
[0010] In addition to chemical and environmental causes of skin
irritation, many people have an inherent sensitivity or genetic
predisposition to skin irritants. People with respiratory
allergies, for example, tend to have excessively dry skin which
facilitates increased absorption of potentially irritating
chemicals. The excessively dry skin which accompanies atopic
dermatitis, for example, predisposes patients with this condition
to irritation from many topically-applied products. Other skin
diseases and conditions such as allergic or non-allergic contact
dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, candida albicans, post-herpetic
neuralgia, infectious diseases manifested by, for example, sore
throat or skin lesions, insect bites and the like produce intrinsic
irritation which may be exacerbated by application of topical
products. Many other individuals exhibit sensitive skin as a
condition that is not related to an identifiable skin disease.
[0011] Whatever the exact cause of irritation, many attempts have
been made to reduce the irritation potential of topical products by
identifying chemicals which tend to cause irritation and reducing
their concentration or eliminating them from the products. Many of
these products are advertised to consumers as "hypoallergenic" or
the like to designate a product's reduced tendency to cause
irritation in consumers with sensitive skin. Most skin or mucosal
irritation responses, however, are not allergic in origin. In any
event, it is often not feasible or practical to identify or
eliminate all of the irritating chemical(s), particularly when the
irritating chemical(s) are the active ingredient of the product or
are required for formulation, preservative or other functional
reasons.
[0012] As one example, there is a substantial practical and
commercial need in the field of exfoliants and related skin care
products for a composition or method that will reduce or prevent
the irritation caused by such products. Common exfoliants include
.alpha.- and .beta.-hydroxy carboxylic acids such as lactic acid,
glycolic acid, salicylic acid and the like, .alpha.-keto acids such
as pyruvic acid, as well as assorted compounds such as acetic acid
and trichloroacetic acid, 1-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid,
capryloyl salicylic acid, .alpha.-hydroxy decanoic acid,
.alpha.-hydroxy octanoic acid, gluconolactone, methoxypropyl
gluconamide, oxalic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid,
benzylic acid, gluconic acid, peroxides, phenols, and skin cell
renewal agents such as retinoids. Such products are used as
exfoliants and/or cell renewal agents to reduce the occurrence or
severity of skin wrinkles, particularly facial wrinkles, or as
anti-acne, anti-"dry skin" or skin whitening agents. See U.S. Pat.
Nos. 4,105,782, 4,105,783, 4,246,261, and 5,091,171 (Yu et al.) and
5,262,153 (Mishima et al.); W. P. Smith, "Hydroxy Acids and Skin
Aging," Soap/Cosmetics/Chemical Specialties for September 1993, p.
54 (1993). Hydroxy acids, in concentrations high enough to
exfoliate, are well known often to cause skin irritation and
rashes. The danger of irritation is even higher for persons that
have sensitive skin.
[0013] Currently available methods reported by Yu et al. to reduce
the irritation caused by hydroxy- and keto-acids in topical
products include adding a strong alkali metal base such as sodium
hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, thereby raising the pH of the
preparation and reducing the acidity of the hydroxy acid. Such
methods have the reported drawback of reducing the ability of the
resulting hydroxy acid salt to penetrate the skin and thus
compromising the beneficial effects (particularly anti-acne or
anti-"dry skin" effects) of the hydroxy acid. Alternatively, Yu et
al. have proposed the approach of formulating the hydroxy acid with
a non-alkali metal base such as ammonium hydroxide or an organic
base such as a primary, secondary or tertiary organic amine,
thereby forming an amide or ammonium salt of the active ingredient
hydroxy (or keto) acid. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,105,782 and 4,105,783
(Yu et al.). The effect of such formulations is, again, to raise
the pH of the preparation to a non-irritating level. However, the
increased pH (reduced acidity) of the resulting preparations
renders them less efficacious as exfoliating or anti-wrinkle
agents, which desirably have an acidity equivalent to pH 0.5-6, and
more preferably pH 3-5. See Smith, above, at Table 1. Other
approaches to reducing the irritation associated with exfolient
products include the use of slow-release topical formulations such
as polymer-based vehicles (see, e.g., Chess et al., U.S. Pat. No.
4,971,800) or microsponges, and inclusion of, e.g., plant-derived
anti-irritant components (see, e.g., Smith et al., U.S. Pat. No.
5,028,428).
[0014] Mishima, et al. have reported that certain alkali or
alkaline-earth metal salts of lactic acid were useful as
skin-whitening agents (U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,153), but no recognition
is expressed as to any need or ability to reduce irritation
effects; in addition, the particular formulations of Mishima were
typically "neutralized" or adjusted to pH 5.5 prior to screening or
skin-whitening testing (see Experiments 1 and 2).
[0015] A clear need exists, therefore, for topical product
formulations that reduce or do not result in skin irritation which
can be caused by low-pH (high-acidity) organic or inorganic acid
ingredients and that retain the efficacy of such acids as
exfoliant/cell-renewal agents. More generally, it would be highly
desirable to identify topical product formulations that would
reduce or prevent the irritation caused by a wide range of
otherwise safe and effective topical product ingredients, or to
reduce or prevent the intrinsic irritation associated with various
skin diseases and conditions (such as atopic dermatitis, eczema or
psoriasis) or caused by exposure to irritating chemicals or
environmental conditions such as sun, wind or extremes in
humidity.
[0016] As explained in more detail below in the Detailed
Description, the present invention involves the surprising
discovery that the inclusion of strontium metal cation in the
topical product formulations of the present invention is useful in
reducing the incidence and severity of irritation associated with
topically applied skin irritants, including irritation caused by
various ingredients of the topical product. While the exact
mechanism (or mechanisms) of activity of this cation is not known
and the invention is not limited to any particular mechanism, it is
presently believed that the strontium cation may reduce irritation
by interacting with epidermal nerve cells to prevent or counteract
the sensation of irritation, and/or by interfering with
irritation-inducing components of skin cells that are triggered by
exposure to or application of the skin irritant(s). Thus, the
cation may alter the ability of epidermal nerve cells to depolarize
or repolarize, as for example by blocking or interfering with ion
channel or pump operation or by altering the transmembranal action
potential, or the cation may interfere with the transmission of
nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another (as by suppressing
neurotransmitter release). General descriptions of the function of
channel proteins are given in B. Hille (ed.), Ionic Channels of
Excitable Membranes, Sinauer Associates (Sunderland, Mass.: 2d Ed.
1992), and Siemen & Hescheler (eds.), Nonselective Cation
Channels: Pharmacology. Physiology and Biophysics, Birkhauser
Velgag (Basel, Switzerland: 1993). In addition, or alternatively,
the strontium cation may act to inhibit or modify the action of
skin cell proteases or other irritation-inducing biological
molecules (such as eicosanoids or cytokines) that may otherwise be
activated by topical application of skin irritants, or may alter
"second-messenger" function within sensory cells.
[0017] A number of ionic species, and certain metal cations in
particular, have been associated with various aspects of nerve cell
activity. For example, during the resting (polarized) state of a
typical nerve cell, the intracellular concentration of potassium in
the nerve axon is high relative to the extracellular potassium
concentration, and the intracellular concentration of sodium is low
relative to the extracellular sodium concentration. During the
process of nerve depolarization, potassium ions flow out of the
cell across the membrane, and sodium ions flow into the cell,
through pores created by axonal membrane proteins known as
"channels". Following depolarization, membranal proteins known as
ion "pumps" act to reestablish the resting, polarized state of the
cell.
[0018] Other metal ions have also been shown to influence nerve
function. For example, calcium (Ca.sup.2+) is carefully regulated
in higher eukaryotic organisms and is reported to have many
important effects on cellular and neuronal activity. Calcium
signaling pathways control many cellular processes, including
fertilization, cell growth, transformation, secretion, smooth
muscle contraction, sensory perception and neuronal signaling
(Berridge, Nature 361(6410) 315-25 (1993)). The wide diversity of
cells which display and use intercellular calcium waves and
regulate calcium concentrations inside and outside the cell
suggests that calcium levels provide a general mechanism by which
cells communicate (Sanderson et al., Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 98(2),
173-87 (1994)).
[0019] More particularly, calcium ion is a transducer of
depolarization, and flows into the cell through a calcium channel
during depolarization, although the amount of current flow varies
from cell to cell (Stein, Nerve and Muscle--Membranes, Cells and
Systems, pp. 33-64 at p. 56 (Plenum Press 1980); Forsen &
Kordel, "Calcium in Biological Systems," in Bioinorganic Chemistry
(Bertini et al., eds.), University Science Books (Mill Valley,
Calif.: 1993), pp. 107-166). Several messenger pathways of
intracellular calcium signal transduction also exist, such as
inositol triphosphate-induced release of intracellular stores of
calcium (Tsunoda, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1154(2), 105-56 (1993)).
Calcium is a critical second messenger in virtually all cell types,
and the signals generated by calcium can be single transients or
prolonged elevations of intracellular calcium concentrations.
Signaling patterns often vary from cell to cell and may contain
more complex features such as calcium oscillations. Sub-cellular
calcium signals and local concentration changes suggest even a
further level of complexity and control of cell function and
specialization. Nathanson, Gastroenterology 106(5), 1349-64
(1994).
[0020] Calcium also appears to modulate the release of
neurotransmitters and, in a variety of cells, elevated calcium
levels may result in stimulation of neurotransmitter release in
some experimental systems. The divalent cations strontium and
barium, while not normally found naturally in the body in
physiologically significant amounts, may, by virtue of their atomic
resemblance to calcium, similarly stimulate neurotransmitter
release, whereas magnesium and manganese cations may have an
inhibitory effect in the same system. Calcium is also involved in
the postsynaptic action of neurotransmitters, and may also alter
the activity of various nerve cell enzymes. Harris et al., J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 195, 488-498 (1975).
[0021] Calcium, strontium, barium and certain other divalent
cations have also been reported to modulate or block the gating
and/or conductance properties of certain ion transporting proteins
such as sodium and potassium channels (Shioya et al., Pflugers
Arch. 422, 427-435 (1993); Cukierrnan, Biophys. J. 65, 1168-73
(1993); Marrero & Orkland, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 253, 219-224
(1993)). One mechanism that has been proposed to explain these
effects is that the cations may bind to the outer membrane of the
nerve cell, thus altering the electric field locally near the
membrane (Stein, above, at p. 57); others have proposed models
involving specific interactions between the divalent cations and
the channel gate and/or pore (Shioya et al., above; Cukierman,
above). Alternatively, the cations may regulate the function of
many calcium-binding regulatory proteins such as calmodulin or may
affect intracellular second messengers such as cyclic nucleotides
("Calcium: Controls and Triggers," in daSilva & Williams
(eds.), The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic
Chemistry of Life, Oxford University Press (New York: 1991), pp.
268-98).
[0022] Early studies involving selected nerve cell samples
indicated that certain divalent cations, including magnesium and
calcium, can have a "depressant" effect on nerve activity
(Frankenhaueser & Meves, J. Physiol., 360-365 (1958); Krnjevic,
Brit. Med. Bull. 21, 10 (1965); Kato & Somjen, J. Neurobiol. 2,
181-195 (1969); Kelly et al., J. Neurobiol. 2, 197-208 (1969)).
These results were generally attributed to post-synaptic membranal
effects, as for example the inhibition of potassium or sodium
currents in nerve samples exposed to the cations.
[0023] While laboratory studies such as these using cultured single
cells or microelectrode single-cell electrophysiological techniques
have done much to advance the understanding of nerve activity,
distinct challenges are presented in the clinical setting. A number
of factors make it difficult to predict what effects, if any,
particular agents (cationic or otherwise) may have on nerve
activity and sensation in intact animal bodies. For example, the
animal body (and particularly the human body) contains a wide
variety of nerve-containing tissues and organs adapted to perform
many different and specialized functions. Other cells in the
body--notably muscle cells and neuro-endocrine secretory
systems--are "excitable" in a manner akin to nerve cell excitation.
In order to achieve the disparate functions required in the animal
body, the various tissues and organs are differently disposed
within the body, and the nerves (and other excitable cells) within
a given tissue are typically highly specialized as well as uniquely
disposed within the particular tissue. As a result, different
nerve-containing tissues may respond differently to a given agent
depending on, for example, the type of nerve (or other excitable)
cell and its structural disposition within the tissue, the mode of
administration of the agent, the ability of the agent to penetrate
to the respective nerve site, and the rate at which the agent is
removed from the nerve site.
[0024] For example, while certain divalent cations including
magnesium and calcium have long been reported in laboratory studies
to have a "depressant" effect on nerves, clinical studies have
shown that intravenously-administered magnesium sulfate produces
neither anesthesia nor even analgesia in humans (Kato et al., Can.
Anaes. Soc. J. 15, 539-544 (1968)). Instead, the magnesium ion
induces paralysis of skeletal muscles, due perhaps to the
inhibitory effects of magnesium on muscle cell activity. Oral
ingestion of large doses of magnesium (e.g., magnesium sulfate as a
laxative) does not result in paralysis or depressed neural activity
in healthy individuals. On the other hand, when magnesium is
applied directly to the brains of test animals, depressed neural or
synaptic activity, and even a sleep-like state, reportedly result
(Kato et al. (1968), above).
[0025] In addition, the mechanisms underlying sensory stimulation
and perception in the animal body are diverse and exceedingly
complex. Even within a single tissue or organ, different nerve
groups having different organizations and functions may appear.
Depending on how they are disposed within the tissue, the various
nerve groups may be differently affected (or affected not at all)
by an applied agent. Moreover, to the extent that different types
of nerve cells occur within a tissue, they may have different
susceptibilities to a particular applied agent. This is
particularly true in the skin, which has nerves adapted to sense a
wide variety of sensory inputs.
[0026] Another complicating factor arises from the detailed nature
of nerve cell activity and response. The firing activity of an
individual nerve cell may be influenced in a complex fashion, and
may vary over time, depending on such factors as the extracellular
and intracellular concentration of nerve-related ions as sodium,
potassium, chloride, calcium and the like, as well as the time
course of exposure to such ions. Other bioactive agents, such as
prostaglandins present during inflammatory responses, may further
influence nerve sensitivity. In addition, nerves may respond to
non-chemical stimuli such as hydrodynamic pressure changes, which
in turn may depend on the nature of the tissue in which the nerve
is disposed. Such factors lead to considerable clinical uncertainty
as to how various agents may affect such nervous responses.
[0027] For example, studies have been undertaken over the last
several decades in an effort to identify and elucidate the effects
of various putative tooth-desensitizing agents and therapies. Tooth
nerves are disposed primarily in the central pulp of the tooth, but
also extend partially into the surrounding "dentin" material. The
dentin material is a mineralized collagen matrix containing
microscopic, fluid-filled "dentinal tubules." It has long been
known that tooth nerve activity (which is sensed as pain) may be
triggered by hydrodynamic pressure changes in the tubule fluid, as
may be caused for example by probing or air-blasting the tooth or
by applying an ionic solution having a high osmotic pressure
(particularly when the protective enamel surrounding the dentin is
degraded). Accordingly, one reportedly effective treatment for
tooth hypersensitivity involves sealing or occluding the dentinal
tubules using chemical or physical means (Scherman & Jacobsen,
J. Am. Dent. Ass. 123, 57-61 (1992)). In addition, potassium and
strontium salts, particularly potassium nitrate and strontium
chloride, have been employed in dentrifices and are reported to
reduce tooth sensitivity following two to six weeks of continuous
use (Scherman & Jacobsen, above; Silverman, Comp. Cont. Dent.
Educ. 6, 131-136 (1985)). One mechanism commonly advanced to
explain this putative desensitizing activity is that precipitated
potassium or strontium ions block or inhibit fluid flow within the
dentinal tubules (Scherman & Jacobsen, above; Knight et al., J.
Periodontal Res. 64, 366-373 (1993)). This explanation is
consistent with the chemical/physical sealing therapies noted
above, and also appears consistent with the clinical observation
that several weeks of treatment are required in order to achieve
substantial desensitizing effects.
[0028] A number of studies have attempted to elucidate other
possible effects of various ions on tooth nerve activity, and have
established that such effects may vary greatly depending on the
clinical or experimental system employed. For example, pain is
induced when potassium ion is applied to exposed tooth pulp but not
when applied to the dentin (Nahri et al., Arch. Oral Biol. 27,
1053-58 (1982). Hypertonic solutions of calcium and magnesium salts
have been reported to evoke pain and/or transient nerve electrical
activity when applied to the dentin, probably due to dentinal
tubule water movement induced by osmotic pressure effects
(Orchardson, in Lisney & Matthew (eds.), Current Topics in Oral
Biology, University of Bristol Press (Bristol: 1985), pp. 205-215;
Nahri, above; Markowitz & Kim, Proc. Finn. Dent. Soc. 88 (Supp.
1), 39-54 (1992)). On the other hand, electrical activity studies
undertaken on exposed tooth nerves (obtained, for example, by
deeply abrading the dentin material) have indicated that various
divalent cations (particularly calcium and magnesium) may suppress
nerve electrical responses, while monovalent potassium evokes a
transient electrical response followed by inhibition of
excitability (Markowitz & Kim, above; Orchardson, above). In
the final analysis, the Markowitz and Kim group concluded that it
is difficult to explain the clinical desensitizing effects of the
available ionic desensitizing dentrifices (which require several
weeks of treatment) in terms of a direct nerve cell membrane
function, and that studies undertaken with exposed nerves may not
reflect the pain-induction mechanisms observed clinically
(Markowitz & Kim, above).
[0029] The human skin presents a sensory and structural environment
that is much more complicated than that of the tooth. For example,
the skin contains nerves and highly specific sensory organs that
are specialized and disposed so as to differentiate the stimuli
leading to such distinct sensations as heat, cold, pressure, pain,
itch and the like. In addition to normal sensory stimuli, nerves in
the skin are also responsive to native or foreign chemicals such as
proteases, prostaglandins, complement-system molecules, allergens,
mitogens and the like which may be presented due to tissue injury
or environmental exposure. Agents which are effective to combat one
source of sensory stimulus--for example steroidal agents to treat
skin inflammation--are ineffective against other sensory stimuli
such as pressure, heat, or the transitory sting or itch caused by
an applied skin care product. Conversely, local anesthetic agents
which are effective to depress all sensory or even motor activity
in a treated region are not desirable if only a single
sensation--for example a transitory sting or itch--is sought to be
eliminated. To complicate the situation, the structural matrix of
the skin affords a "barrier function" which tends to exclude or
inhibit the entry of foreign material, including potentially
therapeutic agents.
[0030] Accordingly, it is desirable to identify agents which are
effective in the skin to inhibit certain identified sensory
responses (as for example burn, sting, or itch) while not adversely
affecting other nervous responses in the same tissue (as for
example tactual sensations), and to include such anti-irritant
agents in topical product formulations. In copending application
Ser. No. 08/362,100, filed Dec. 21, 1994, from which the present
application is a continuation-in-part, we identified strontium
cation, and certain aqueous-soluble salts thereof, as effective in
suppressing skin irritation due to sources such as chemical and
environmental exposure, or tissue inflammation, injury or skin
pathology.
[0031] Thus, one aspect of the present invention is to provide
topical product formulations that comprise strontium cation (or a
suitable aqueous-soluble strontium salt) at a concentration
effective to reduce irritation to the skin produced by these
sources.
[0032] Another aspect of the invention is to provide topical
product formulations that comprise strontium cation (or a suitable
aqueous-soluble strontium salt) to reduce or inhibit skin
irritation caused by various other ingredients in the topical
product, including the non-strontium active ingredient(s) of the
product.
[0033] A third aspect of the invention is to provide topical
product formulations comprising an aqueous-soluble strontium salt
(at concentrations effective to inhibit skin irritation) wherein
(i) the formulation is stable at such strontium salt
concentrations; (ii) the formulation retains its efficacy and
aesthetic qualities at these strontium salt concentrations; and
(iii) the active ingredients of the formulation (including the
strontium cation) penetrate the stratum corneum of the skin and
thus are bioavailable to the living cells of the skin.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0034] The present invention is directed to topical product
formulations containing the divalent cation strontium (Sr.sup.2+)
and aqueous-soluble salts thereof as ingredients to provide
fast-acting, efficient and safe topical skin anti-irritant effects.
It is one object of the present invention to provide topical
formulations and ingredients which can suppress skin irritation due
to chemical or environmental exposure, or due to tissue
inflammation, injury or other skin pathology. The invention is
particularly useful for preventing, reducing or eliminating the
potential irritation caused by topical application of products
containing irritating ingredients, including especially cosmetics
such as hydroxy acid or other exfoliant containing products, facial
peels, shaving products, sunscreen products, deodorants and other
cosmetics as described above, as well as topical drug/therapeutic
products containing irritating active ingredients or vehicles, and
other products such as cleansing products, including soaps,
detergents, solvents and the like which are either applied
topically or are topically exposed to the body. Thus, the present
invention meets a clear need for formulations and ingredients that
will prevent or reduce the potential skin irritation caused by
topical products. The formulations of the present invention may be
topically applied simultaneously with, prior and/or subsequent to
application of irritating topical products, such as those described
above. Alternatively, such cosmetic, therapeutic, cleansing and
other irritating topical products themselves may be formulated to
comprise divalent strontium cation, which would act to inhibit or
suppress the skin irritating properties of other various
ingredients in these formulations.
[0035] The invention is also useful for preventing, reducing or
eliminating the skin irritation caused by skin diseases or other
conditions such as environmental exposure to irritating chemicals
or influences such as wind, heat, cold and extremes in humidity,
including the intrinsic irritation associated with these conditions
as well as such irritation as may be exacerbated by the application
of a topical product.
[0036] Preferred embodiments of the formulations of the present
invention comprise an anti-irritant amount of the strontium cation
accompanied (as in the form of a salt) by one or more ionizing
anionic species, preferably an acidic anion species such as a
chloride, nitrate, or acetate anion, dissolved or dispersed in an
appropriate vehicle. Investigations relating to the present
invention have shown that the anti-irritant effects of the cations
of the invention can be optimized by suitable selection of the
accompanying anionic species. Especially preferred cation-anion
pairs include strontium chloride, strontium nitrate, and strontium
acetate.
[0037] In the preferred embodiments, the strontium cation of the
invention is included in a suitable topical formulation vehicle at
a concentration of about 50 to about 1000 mM, more preferably about
100 to about 500 mM, and most preferably about 150 to about 300 mM.
The most highly preferred concentration range in many instances is
from about 200 to about 300 mM, as for example where the
formulation of the invention includes an irritant ingredient such
as an exfoliant ingredient or where the formulation of the
invention is applied to the skin immediately prior or subsequent to
(or simultaneously with) the topical application of a product
containing an irritant ingredient. The appropriate cation
concentration can be achieved, for example, using a single
strontium salt, or multiple different cation salts may be combined
to yield the total desired cation concentration.
[0038] In one preferred embodiment, the strontium cation is
combined in a topical product formulation further comprising a
potentially irritating ingredient, the cation being present in a
total amount effective to reduce or eliminate irritation due to the
irritant ingredient.
[0039] In another preferred embodiment, the formulation of the
invention comprises the strontium cation paired with one or more
anionic species selected so as to achieve a desired level of
acidity or basicity in the formulated composition, and a total
cation concentration effective to reduce skin irritation. In one
such particularly preferred embodiment, strontium is combined in a
a hydroxy acid or other exfolient preparation accompanied by one or
more suitable anionic species such that the pH of the hydroxy acid
preparation is maintained in the range of pH 0.5-6, and more
preferably in the range of pH 3-5. It will be understood that,
where the formulation employs an anhydrous vehicle, the acidity of
the formulation may not be expressible in typical pH terms, but
that such acidity will manifest itself upon exposure of the
formulation to the skin where water is present both intracellularly
and extracellularly.
[0040] In another embodiment, the formulation of the present
invention may comprise strontium cation combined in the formulation
with other anti-irritants, such as steroidal or non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory agents or other materials such as aloe vera,
chamomile, .alpha.-bisabolol, cola nitada extract, green tea
extract, tea tree oil, licorice extract, allantoin, urea, caffeine
or other xanthenes, glycyrrhizic acid and its derivatives, or with
other anti-irritant species such as those identified in co-pending
patent application Ser. Nos. 08/362,101, 08/362,097, 08/362,055 and
08/362,058 (entitled "Formulations and Methods for Reducing Skin
Irritation"), filed on Dec. 21, 1994 and in co-pending patent
application Ser. No. 08/384,263 (entitled "Amino Acid Formulations
and Methods for Reducing Skin Irritation"), filed on Feb. 3, 1995,
by the present inventors, so as to achieve a multiple anti-irritant
effect.
[0041] The invention further provides formulations for treating,
reducing or eliminating skin irritation comprising the topical
application of a formulation comprising an anti-irritant effective
amount of strontium. The formulation may further include one or
more potentially irritating components. Alternatively, the
strontium cation formulation of the present invention may be
applied separately and prior to application of another product
containing a potentially irritating component, or the formulation
may be applied alone in order to prevent the development of
irritation or to treat a pre-existing irritation attributable to
conditions such as skin disease, chemical irritant exposure or
environmental exposure.
[0042] The invention further provides vehicles and vehicle
components that are especially useful in the formulations of the
invention, as well as concentration ranges and processing steps to
obtain useful formulation forms including solids, creams, lotions,
gels, and liquids.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0043] FIGS. 1 through 4 depict experimental data showing the time
course of irritation responses (FIG. 1), the cumulative irritation
over time (FIG. 2), and the subject-by-subject cumulative
irritation suppression and irritation responses (FIGS. 3 and 4) for
a panel of humans treated with 250 mM strontium nitrate (and
control) in a lactic acid skin irritation challenge.
[0044] FIGS. 5 through 8 depict experimental data showing the time
course of irritation responses (FIG. 5), the cumulative irritation
over time (FIG. 6), and the subject-by-subject cumulative
irritation suppression and irritation responses (FIGS. 7 and 8) for
a panel of humans treated with 250 mM strontium nitrate (and
control) in a capsaicin skin irritation challenge.
[0045] FIGS. 9 through 12 depict experimental data showing the time
course of irritation responses (FIG. 9), the cumulative irritation
over time (FIG. 10), and the subject-by-subject cumulative
irritation suppression and irritation responses (FIGS. 11 and 12)
for a panel of humans treated with 250 mM strontium nitrate (and
control) in a glycolic acid skin irritation challenge.
[0046] FIGS. 13 through 16 depict experimental data showing the
time course of irritation differential responses (FIG. 13), the
cumulative irritation differential over time (FIG. 14), and the
subject-by-subject cumulative suppression of irritation
differential and irritation differential responses (FIGS. 15 and
16) for a panel of humans treated with 250 mM strontium nitrate
(and control) in a benzoyl peroxide skin irritation challenge.
[0047] FIGS. 17 through 20 depict experimental data showing the
time course of irritation responses (FIG. 17), the cumulative
irritation over time (FIG. 18), and the subject-by-subject
cumulative irritation suppression and irritation responses (FIGS.
19 and 20) for a panel of humans treated with 500 mM strontium
nitrate (and control) in a post-shaving ocean water skin irritation
challenge.
[0048] FIGS. 21 through 24 depict experimental data showing the
time course of irritation responses (FIG. 21), the cumulative
irritation over time (FIG. 22), and the subject-by-subject
cumulative irritation suppression and irritation responses (FIGS.
23 and 24) for a panel of humans treated with 500 mM strontium
nitrate (and control) in a post-shaving lactic acid skin irritation
challenge.
[0049] FIG. 25 depicts experimental data showing the cumulative
irritation inhibition effects of strontium nitrate administered at
varying concentrations (31-500 mM) in a lactic acid skin irritation
challenge.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0050] Human clinical trials undertaken in connection with the
present invention have established that the cation species
strontium(II) (Sr.sup.2+) is effective, when applied topically to
the skin in appropriate concentrations and vehicles, to suppress
the relatively severe stinging, burning, tingling, itching and/or
erythema induced by topical application of the hydroxy acid skin
irritant lactic acid as well as the skin irritants glycolic acid,
capsaicin, capryloyl salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, and
post-shaving-applied seawater, among others. Formulations
containing the strontium cation are useful in suppressing a wide
range of topical-product-induced irritation responses attributable
to exfoliants, sunscreens, retinoids, anti-perspirants, deodorants,
anti-acne and other products which contain components potentially
capable of causing irritation. For example, the strontium cation
has been found to be useful for preventing or reducing the skin
irritation caused by .alpha.- or .beta.-hydroxy acids, .alpha.-keto
acids and other carboxylic acids, as well as retinoids, phenols,
peroxides and similar irritants found in over-the-counter topical
products for home or cosmetologist use such as,
1-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, capryloyl salicylic acid,
.alpha.-hydroxy decanoic acid, .alpha.-hydroxy octanoic acid,
gluconolactone, methoxypropyl gluconamide, oxalic acid, malic acid,
tartaric acid, mandelic acid, benzylic acid, and gluconic acid, as
well as in certain prescription topical drugs containing high (for
example, 12% w/w or even higher) dosage forms of such irritants.
The irritation attributable to combinations of such irritating
ingredients, such as lactic acid/salicylic acid combinations and
hydroxy acid/retinoid combinations, as well as irritation
attributable to purified isomeric forms of such ingredients, can
also be inhibited by the formulations of the invention.
[0051] Additionally, formulations containing the cation are useful
in ameliorating irritation in conditions where the skin is
inherently hypersensitive to topical products (e.g. dry skin,
"winter itch," and other inflammation or injury conditions) and in
ameliorating the irritation due to such conditions even in the
absence of other applied topical products. The formulations arc
also useful in treating non-human animal skin irritation, as for
example dog or cat irritation and resultant scratching due to fleas
or other skin disease or condition.
[0052] An additional benefit of the present anti-irritant
formulations is that they do not have the undesirable anesthetic
side-effects (e.g., numbness) exhibited by Lidocaine and other
similar skin local anesthetics. Upon application of a solution of
the compound used in the clinical trials described here, subjects
typically reported no sensations other than those sensations caused
by the vehicle alone, and no lack of normal sensations.
FORMULATIONS OF THE INVENTION
[0053] The formulations of the present invention overcome several
difficult problems inherent in incorporating high concentrations
(greater than about 2% w/w) of aqueous-soluble, charged inorganic
salts (e.g., strontium salts) into aesthetic (e.g.,
pleasant-feeling, elegant, etc.) and functionally active topical
products (i.e., products which retain their cosmetic, therapeutic,
or other functional characteristics).
[0054] Many topical formulations contain chemical emulsions which
use surface active ingredients (emulsifiers) to disperse dissimilar
chemicals in a particular solvent system. For example, most
lipid-like (oily or fatty) or lipophilic ingredients do not
uniformly disperse in aqueous solvents unless they are first
combined with emulsifiers which form microscopic aqueous soluble
micelles that contain a lipid-soluble interior and an
aqueous-soluble exterior, resulting in an oil-in-water emulsion. In
order to be soluble in aqueous media, a molecule must be polar or
charged so as to favorably interact with water molecules which are
also polar. Similarly, to dissolve an aqueous-soluble polar or
charged ingredient in a largely lipid or oil-based solvent, an
emulsifier is typically used which forms stable micelles that
contain the aqueous-soluble components in the micelle interior
while the exterior of the micelle is lipophilic so that it can
dissolve in the lipophilic solvent to form a water-in-oil emulsion.
It is well known that such emulsions can be destabilized by the
addition of salts or other charged ingredients which can interact
with the polar or charged portions of the emulsifier within an
emulsion micelle. Emulsion destabilization results in the aqueous
and lipophilic ingredients separating into two layers, potentially
destroying the commercial value of a topical product. Because the
aqueous-soluble strontium cation has two positive charges, it is
especially disruptive of emulsion systems compared to ions with
only one positive charge (e.g., sodium ions). The concentrations of
strontium salts, particularly strontium nitrate, in many of the
topical formulations of the present invention that provide an
optimum consumer benefit (e.g., anti-irritant properties) are
approximately 4-6% w/w (approximately 190-280 mM). In this
concentration range many common emulsion systems become unstable
and separate into their two phases. The formulations of the
invention have overcome the inherent tendency of high salt
concentrations in general, and high strontium salt concentrations
in particular, to destabilize emulsions.
[0055] In addition to destabilizing emulsions, formulations with
high salt concentrations often precipitate out other ingredients
commonly found in topical product formulations like cosmetics and
topical therapeutics. Many factors such as pH, choice of solvent,
active ingredients, preservatives, and the number and
concentrations of many other ingredients may cause salts to
precipitate and form crystals, thus reducing or destroying the
value of the product. The process of "salting out" proteins and
other aqueous-soluble chemicals is well known in the art to be a
problem with solutions containing high salt concentrations. The
formulations of the present invention have overcome the inherent
tendency of high salt concentrations in general, and high strontium
salt concentrations in particular, to precipitate ingredients in
topical formulations.
[0056] One of the most important aspects of topical products in
general, and cosmetic products in particular, is the consumer's
perception of the aesthetic qualities of a product. For example,
while petrolatum (e.g., Vaseline.TM.) is an excellent "moisturizer"
and skin product, it is rarely used alone, especially on the face,
because it is greasy, sticky, does not rub easily into the skin and
may soil clothing. Consumers highly value products which are
aesthetically elegant and have an acceptable tactile feel and
performance on their skin. Formulations with high salt
concentrations frequently have relatively poor aesthetics due to
their unfavorable effects on the other ingredients of the
formulation. The formulations of the present invention have
overcome the inherent tendency of high salt concentrations in
general, and high strontium salt concentrations in particular, to
produce aesthetically poor products.
[0057] In addition to consumers desiring products with excellent
aesthetics, topical products must perform as consumers expect. For
example, an alpha hydroxy acid-containing moisturizer or exfoliant
must retain its moisturizing or exfoliant properties when
formulated into a particular formulation. Similarly, a sunscreen,
antiperspirant and acne therapeutic must all produce their intended
effect. The formulations of the present invention all preserve the
primary activity of the topical product while allowing the
anti-irritant activity of the strontium salt to provide consumer
benefit.
[0058] Another major challenge inherent in formulating topical
products designed to deliver a biologically active ingredient to
the living skin is to enable the active ingredient to penetrate the
stratum corneum and thus be "bioavailable" to the living cells of
the skin. The stratum corneum is highly impermeable to many
molecules and serves to prevent body fluids from leaking out of the
skin and prevents foreign molecules from penetrating into the body.
In order for the strontium salts of the present invention to exert
their anti-irritant effects, they must penetrate the stratum
corneum to a sufficient extent to contact the nerves and other
cells responsible for producing cutaneous irritation. Since the
stratum corneum is especially impermeable to charged molecules, the
challenge of formulating products which deliver sufficient
strontium ion through the stratum corneum is a distinct challenge.
The formulations of the present invention are optimized to enable
strontium ion to be bioavailable to the skin and thus provide the
consumer with effective anti-irritant benefits.
[0059] The anti-irritant topical formulations of the invention
comprise a topical vehicle suitable for administration to the
animal (particularly human) skin, and an amount of the strontium
cation effective to reduce, inhibit or eliminate existing or
potential skin irritation or inflammation. The cation component is,
of course, accompanied in the formulation by one or more
charge-neutralizing anionic counterions, although the cation-anion
pairs as originally incorporated into the vehicle may become
dissociated in the resulting formulation, or the strontium cations
may become associated in the formulation with other anionic species
appearing in the overall formulation. In one embodiment, the
anti-irritant topical formulations additionally contain an irritant
ingredient(s) that is itself capable of inducing skin irritation or
inflammation, as for example a cosmetic or skin care product
ingredient, or a pharmaceutically active ingredient or drug
ingredient.
[0060] The topical anti-irritant formulation of the invention
contains the divalent cation strontium (Sr.sup.2+) in a
concentration effective to prevent or reduce (hereafter, "inhibit")
the skin irritation that is sought to be eliminated. The
formulation preferably contains this cation component in a suitable
topical vehicle at a total concentration of about 50 to about 1000
mM, more preferably about 100 to about 500 mM, and most preferably
about 150 to about 300 mM. These preferred concentration ranges
correspond to bioavailable forms of such cations within the
formulation, particularly, ionizable and aqueous-soluble forms of
the strontium cation as contrasted with insoluble or
covalently-bonded forms of the cation. If other anti-irritant
compounds are included in the formulation, then lower
concentrations of the strontium cations may be utilized.
[0061] Preferred cation concentrations can also be expressed in
weight/volume or weight/weight percentage terms which will vary
somewhat depending on the density of the vehicle and other
components in the formulation. Thus, to take an example in which
the vehicle has a density of 0.93 g/ml (as in a 50:50 [by volume]
mixture of 95% ethyl alcohol and water) and the cation component is
incorporated in the form of strontium nitrate (formula weight 212),
represent molarity concentration values correspond approximately
to
TABLE-US-00001 10 mM: 0.21% (w/v) 0.23% (w/w) 50 mM: 1.05% (w/v)
1.14% (w/w) 100 mM: 2.1% (w/v) 2.28% (w/w) 250 mM: 5.3% (w/v) 5.7%
(w/w) 500 mM: 10.5% (w/v) 11.4% (w/w) 1000 mM: 21.2% (w/v) 22.8%
(w/w) 1500 mM: 31.7% (w/v) 34.2% (w/w)
[0062] The preferred concentration ranges expressed above
contemplate that a typical topical dosage will be approximately 0.5
grams of strontium cation formulation over a 5 cm.times.5 cm area
of skin (25 cm.sup.2). Clinical studies have shown that such
preferred concentration ranges are generally effective to inhibit
skin irritation and, in the formulations of the present invention,
do not leave any significant visible residue when applied to the
skin. Higher concentration formulations, such as saturated pastes
or other forms, may also be successfully used, particularly where
visible appearance is not a limiting consideration (as in
therapeutic applications).
[0063] Furthermore, routine clinical assessments such as those
described below can readily be employed to optimize the strontium
cation concentration and to ascertain if lower, or higher,
concentrations are appropriate for a given formulation or
irritation indication. For example, the concentration of strontium
cation may be adjusted to account for the amount of formulation
that is typically applied to a given skin area by the user, which
will depend to an extent on the physical nature of the topical
vehicle (e.g., lotion as compared to liquid or cream). Likewise,
the amount of cation required may be reduced in such cases where
the formulation contains a skin penetration-enhancing ingredient or
other agent which increases the ability of the cations to permeate
the stratum corneum to their site of anti-irritant activity.
Preferably, the formulations of the invention include an amount of
anti-irritant cation capable of inhibiting irritation in
susceptible individuals by at least about 20% or more, as measured
by a mean reduction in cumulative irritation across a susceptible
test population as exemplified in the clinical protocols described
below. Alternatively, the formulations of the invention include an
amount of anti-irritant cation capable of inhibiting irritation by
at least about 40% or more in at least about 10% of the susceptible
population, as measured by a reduction in cumulative irritation on
an individual-by-individual basis (treated vs. control areas). This
latter measure of efficacy reflects the fact that the present
formulations, similar to many therapeutic products, may in some
cases be effective in delivering a significant benefit to some, but
not all, of the susceptible population.
[0064] The optimum concentration of the strontium cation may also
be reduced below (or within) the preferred ranges set forth above
if some other anti-irritant component is included in the
formulation along with the strontium cation. In particular, it is
contemplated that lower (e.g. halved) amounts of strontium
(Sr.sup.2+) cations may be used, while still maintaining comparable
levels of anti-irritant activity, by further including an
approximately equal concentration of, for example, a potassium
channel mediating, regulating or blocking agent, a calcium channel
blocking or regulatory agent, or a sodium channel blocking agent,
or other anti-irritant agent such as a steroid or non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory agent. Examples of suitable additional
anti-irritant ingredients are described in applicants' co-pending
U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/362,101, 08/362,097,
08/362,055 and 08/362,058 (entitled "Formulations and Methods for
Reducing Skin Irritation"), filed Dec. 21, 1994, and co-pending
patent application Ser. No. 08/384,263 (entitled "Amino Acid
Formulations and Methods for Reducing Skin Irritation"), filed Feb.
3, 1995, and incorporated by reference in their entirety. Other
anti-irritant ingredients, such as aloe vera, chamomile,
oc-bisabolol, Cola nitida extract, green tea extract, tea tree oil,
licorice extract, allantoin, urea, caffeine or other xanthines, and
glycyrrhizic acid and its derivatives, may also be beneficially
incorporated into the formulations of the invention in order
further to inhibit irritation effects or symptoms.
[0065] The strontium cation component is typically incorporated
into the present formulations by mixing an appropriate amount of a
suitable aqueous-soluble salt form of the strontium cation into the
chosen formulation vehicle, along with such other skin care
components as are desired. From a formulation standpoint, it is
preferred that the selected salt be sufficiently soluble in the
formulation vehicle as to allow a consistent formulation having the
desired physical and topical application characteristics. It will
be recognized that, depending on the particular formulation vehicle
chosen, the salt form of the strontium cation of the invention may
dissociate within the formulation (and in this case may associate
with other anions also present in the formulation), or the salt
form may remain substantially associated. It is also highly
preferred that the salt (or salts) chosen be sufficiently
aqueous-soluble such that, upon application to the skin, the
component strontium cations (and corresponding counteranions) can
dissociate and be taken up into the water-containing milieu of the
skin. In addition, it will be clear that the particular salt
ingredient(s) chosen should be topically acceptable and preferably
will not themselves be irritating, toxic or otherwise deleterious
to the user.
[0066] With these considerations in mind, it will be recognized
that a variety of topically acceptable strontium/counteranion salt
ingredients may be utilized in the present formulations in order to
achieve the objectives of the invention. Such salts can be readily
identified by those skilled in the art in view of the present
disclosure based on known physical (e.g., solubility),
pharmacological and toxicological information and, if necessary, by
the application of routine experimentation.
[0067] Examples of potentially suitable counteranion components for
use with the strontium cations of the invention include a variety
of mono-, di- and trivalent inorganic and organic anions. Examples
of potentially suitable inorganic anions include nitrate and the
halogens (particularly Cl, Br and I). Examples of potentially
suitable organic anions include carboxylic acids, alkoxylates,
amino acids (especially, lysine, arginine, histidine, ornithine,
aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, and cysteine), peptides,
saturated and unsaturated organic acids, and saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids. Particular examples include acetate,
lactate, glycolate, tartrate, maleate, benzoate, propionate,
salicylate, ascorbate, formate, succinate, folinate, aspartate,
phthalate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, lauryl sulfate, lanolate,
myristate, behenate, caseinate, cyclamate, pantothenate, EDTA and
other polyaminopolycarboxylates, saccharin, thioglycolate, laurate,
methylparaben, propylparaben, ricinoleate and sorbate anions. It
should be recognized that in order for any particular example from
the foregoing list of possible candidate counteranions to be
suitable for use in the present invention, the corresponding
strontium salt must be sufficiently aqueous-soluble. It will also
be recognized in view of the foregoing disclosure that certain of
these suitable anion components, particularly various carboxylic
acid anions, are themselves known active ingredients in various
topical products (e.g. exfoliant products), and it will be seen
accordingly that such active ingredients anions can be incorporated
into useful formulations along with the anti-irritant strontium
countercations.
[0068] Clinical trials relating to the invention have established
that certain cation-anion pairs are particularly active as
anti-irritants. These include strontium chloride, strontium
nitrate, and strontium acetate.
[0069] Also preferred are these and other cation-anion pairs in
which the anionic species is acidic, because such pairs will
generally exhibit higher solubility in many common topical vehicles
and suitable ionization upon application to the skin. In addition,
strongly acidic anion components may be useful where it is desired
to maintain the pH of the resulting formulation at a relatively
acidic level, as for example in the case of hydroxy-acid or other
acidic exfoliant products where the activity of the product to
exfoliate or reduce wrinkles, or bring about other beneficial
effects may be reduced if the formulation is not relatively acidic.
In any event, however, the desired level of acidity in such cases
can be achieved by adjusting the formulation with a suitable acid
(or base if necessary).
[0070] In one such particularly preferred embodiment, the strontium
cation component is combined in a hydroxy acid or other exfoliant
preparation accompanied by one or more suitable anionic or other
acidic species such that the pH of the hydroxy acid preparation is
maintained in the range of approximately pH 0.5-6, and more
preferably in the range of pH 3-5. It will be understood that,
where the formulation employs an anhydrous vehicle, the acidity of
the formulation may not be expressible in typical pH terms, but
that such acidity will manifest itself upon exposure of the
formulation to the skin where water is present both intracellularly
and extracellularly.
[0071] Suitable topical vehicles and vehicle components for use
with the formulations of the invention are well known in the
cosmetic and pharmaceutical arts, and include such vehicles (or
vehicle components) as water; organic solvents such as alcohols
(particularly lower alcohols readily capable of evaporating from
the skin such as ethanol), glycols (such as propylene glycol,
butylene glycol, and glycerin), aliphatic alcohols (such as
lanolin); mixtures of water and organic solvents (such as water and
alcohol), and mixtures of organic solvents such as alcohol and
glycerin (optionally also with water); lipid-based materials such
as fatty acids, acylglycerols (including oils, such as mineral oil,
and fats of natural or synthetic origin), phosphoglycerides,
sphingolipids and waxes; protein-based materials such as collagen
and gelatin; silicone-based materials (both non-volatile and
volatile) such as cyclomethicone, demethiconol and dimethicone
copolyol (Dow Corning); hydrocarbon-based materials such as
petrolatum and squalane; anionic, cationic and amphoteric
surfactants and soaps; sustained-release vehicles such as
microsponges and polymer matrices; stabilizing and suspending
agents; emulsifying agents; and other vehicles and vehicle
components that are suitable for administration to the skin, as
well as mixtures of topical vehicle components as identified above
or otherwise known to the art. The vehicle may further include
components adapted to improve the stability or effectiveness of the
applied formulation, such as preservatives, antioxidants, skin
penetration enhancers, sustained release materials, and the like.
Examples of such vehicles and vehicle components are well known in
the art and are described in such reference works as
Martindale--The Extra Pharmacopoeia (Pharmaceutical Press, London
1993) and Martin (ed.), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
[0072] The choice of a suitable vehicle will depend on the
particular physical form and mode of delivery that the formulation
is to achieve. Examples of suitable forms include liquids (e.g.,
gargles and mouthwashes, including dissolved forms of the strontium
cation as well as suspensions, emulsions and the like); solids and
semisolids such as gels, foams, pastes, creams, ointments, "sticks"
(as in lipsticks or underarm deodorant sticks), powders and the
like; formulations containing liposomes or other delivery vesicles;
rectal or vaginal suppositories, creams, foams, gels or ointments;
and other forms. Typical modes of delivery include application
using the fingers; application using a physical applicator such as
a cloth, tissue, swab, stick or brush (as achieved for example by
soaking the applicator with the formulation just prior to
application, or by applying or adhering a prepared applicator
already containing the formulation--such as a treated or
premoistened bandage, wipe, washcloth or stick--to the skin);
spraying (including mist, aerosol or foam spraying); dropper
application (as for example with ear drops); sprinkling (as with a
suitable powder form of the formulation); and soaking.
[0073] The topical formulations of the present invention may be
prepared in a variety of physical forms. The primary product forms
are solids, creams, lotions, gels/serums, and aqueous liquids. The
principal differences between these forms are their physical
appearance and viscosity (or thickness), which are governed
primarily by the presence and amount of emulsifiers and viscosity
adjusters; in fact, the main ingredients are, in many cases, common
among these product forms. Moreover, a particular topical
formulation may often be prepared in a variety of these forms.
Solids are generally firm and non-pourable and commonly are
formulated as a bar or stick, or in particulate form; solids may be
opaque or transparent, and optionally may contain solvents
(including water and alcohol), emulsifiers, moisturizers,
emollients, fragrances, dyes/colorants, preservatives and active
ingredients. Creams and lotions are often similar to one another,
differing mainly in their viscosity (creams are typically thicker
and more viscous than lotions); both lotions and creams may be
opaque, translucent or clear and often contain emulsifiers,
solvents (including water and alcohol) and viscosity adjusting
agents. Lotions and creams also may optionally contain moisturizers
and emollients (especially in the case of skin care products), as
well as fragrances, dyes/colorants, preservatives and active
ingredients. Gels/serums may be prepared with a range of
viscosities, from thick (high viscosity) to thin (low viscosity)
and differ principally from lotions and creams in that gels/serums
are usually clear rather than opaque. Like lotions and creams,
gels/serums often contain emulsifiers, solvents (including water
and alcohol) and viscosity adjusters, and may also contain
moisturizers and emollients, fragrances, dyes/colorants,
preservatives and active ingredients. Aqueous liquids are thinner
than creams, lotions or gels, and are generally transparent;
liquids usually do not contain emulsifiers. Liquid topical products
often contain other solvents in addition to water (including
alcohol) and may also contain viscosity adjusters, moisturizers and
emollients, fragrances, dyes/colorants/pigments, preservatives and
active ingredients.
[0074] Suitable emulsifiers for use in the formulations of the
present invention include, but are not limited to, Incroquat
Behenyl TMS (behentrimonium methosulfate, cetearyl alcohol),
non-ionic emulsifiers like polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, PEG-40
stearate, ceteareth-12 (e.g, Eumulgin B-1 manufactured by Henkel),
ceteareth-20 (e.g., Eumulgin B-2 manufactured by Henkel),
ceteareth-30, Lanette 0 (manufactured by Henkel; ceteareth
alcohol), glyceryl stearate (e.g., Cutina GMS manufactured by
Henkel), PEG-100 stearate, Arlacel 165 (glyceryl stearate and
PEG-100 stearate), steareth-2 and steareth-20, or
combinations/mixtures thereof, as well as cationic emulsifiers like
stearamidopropyl dimethylamine and behentrimonium methosulfate, or
combinations/mixtures thereof. In addition, cationic emulsifiers
are preferably combined or mixed with non-ionic emulsifiers in
order to form stable emulsion product forms containing high
strontium salt concentrations.
[0075] Suitable viscosity adjusting agents (i.e., thickening and
thinning agents) for use in the formulations of the present
invention include, but are not limited to, protective colloids or
non-ionic gums such as hydroxyethylcellulose (e.g., Cellosize HEC
QP52,000-H, manufactured by Amerchol), xanthan gum, and sclerotium
gum (Amigel 1.0), as well as magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum
Ultra), silica, microcrystalline wax, beeswax, paraffin, and cetyl
palmitate. In addition, appropriate combinations or mixtures of
these viscosity adjusters may be utilized according to the present
invention. A particularly preferred thickening agent for use in the
formulations of the present invention, especially in the case of
gels/serums, is the nonionic polymer hydroxyethylcellulose, which
is compatible with strontium nitrate and is stable at pH values
around 3. We have observed stability problems in using Carbopol as
a viscosity adjusting agent in low pH strontium salt
formulations.
[0076] Suitable solvents for use in the formulations of the present
invention include, but are not limited to, water, ethanol, butylene
glycol, propylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, isoprene glycol,
glycerin, Carbowax 200, Carbowax 400, Carbowax 600, and Carbowax
800. In addition, combinations or mixtures of these solvents may be
used according to the present invention.
[0077] Suitable surfactants for use in the formulations of the
present invention include, but are not limited to, nonionic
surfactants like Surfactant 190 (dimethicone copolyol), Polysorbate
20 (Tween 20), Polysorbate 40 (Tween 40), Polysorbate 60 (Tween
60), Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), lauramide DEA, cocamide DEA, and
cocamide MEA, amphoteric surfactants like oleyl betaine and
cocamidopropyl betaine (Velvetex BK-35), and cationic surfactants
like Phospholipid PTC (Cocamidopropyl phosphatidyl PG-dimonium
chloride). Appropriate combinations or mixtures of such surfactants
may also be used according to the present invention. Anionic
surfactants have been found to present stability difficulties when
used alone in formulations containing high strontium salt
concentrations. However, we have discovered that anionic
surfactants, such as ammonium laureth sulfate (Standapol EA-2),
when combined with amphoteric surfactants, such as oleyl betaine
and cocamidopropyl betaine (Velvetex BK-35), provide stable
formulations even at high strontium salt concentrations.
Accordingly, it is particularly preferred to use a combination of
anionic and amphoteric surfactants in the formulations of the
present invention.
[0078] Suitable preservatives for use in the formulations of the
present invention include, but are not limited to, anti-microbials
such as Germaben II (manufactured by ICI; propylene glycol,
diazolidinyl urea, methylparaben, and propylparaben),
methylparaben, propylparaben, imidazolidinyl urea, benzyl alcohol,
sorbic acid, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, dichlorobenzyl alcohol,
and formaldehyde, as well as physical stabilizers and anti-oxidants
such as alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), sodium ascorbate/ascorbic
acid, ascorbyl palmitate and propyl gal late. In addition,
combinations or mixtures of these preservatives may also be used in
the formulations of the present invention.
[0079] Suitable moisturizers for use in the formulations of the
present invention include, but are not limited to, lactic acid and
other hydroxy acids and their salts, glycerin, propylene glycol,
butylene glycol, sodium PCA, Carbowax 200, Carbowax 400, and
Carbowax 800. Suitable emollients for use in the formulations of
the present invention include, but are not limited to, PPG-15
stearyl ether, lanolin alcohol, lanolin, lanolin derivatives,
cholesterol, petrolatum, isostearyl neopentanoate, octyl stearate,
mineral oil, isocetyl stearate, Ceraphyl 424 (myristyl myristate),
octyl dodecanol, dimethicone (Dow Corning 200-100 cps), phenyl
trimethicone (Dow Corning 556), Dow Corning 1401 (cyclomethicone
and dimethiconol), and cyclomethicone (Dow Corning 344), and
Miglyol 840 (manufactured by Huls; propylene glycol
dicaprylate/dicaprate). In addition, appropriate combinations and
mixtures of any of these moisturizing agents and emollients may be
used in accordance with the present invention.
[0080] Suitable active ingredients for use in the formulations of
the present invention include, but are not limited to, alpha
hydroxy acids, sunscreens, antiperspirants, anti-acne drugs,
vitamins (especially vitamins A and C) and minerals, and various
prescription and over-the-counter medications. The present
invention also contemplates the inclusion of multiple active
ingredients within the same topical formulation, and combinations
of active ingredients such as those listed above may be used, as
appropriate, according to the present invention.
[0081] Suitable fragrances and colors, such as FD&C Red No. 40
and FD&C Yellow No. 5, may be used in the formulations of the
present invention. Other examples of fragrances and colors suitable
for use in topical products are known in the art.
[0082] Other suitable additional and adjunct ingredients which may
be included in the formulations of the present invention include,
but are not limited to abrasives, absorbents, anti-caking agents,
anti-foaming agents, anti-static agents, astringents (e.g., witch
hazel, alcohol, and herbal extracts such as chamomile extract),
binders/excipients, buffering agents, chelating agents (e.g.,
Versene EDTA), film forming agents, conditioning agents, opacifying
agents, pH adjusters (e.g., citric acid and sodium hydroxide), and
protectants. Examples of each of these ingredients, as well as
examples of other suitable ingredients in topical product
formulations, may be found in publications by The Cosmetic,
Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA). See, e.g., CTFA
Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook, 2nd edition, eds. John A. Wenninger
and G. N. McEwen, Jr. (CTFA, 1992).
[0083] Also, a variety of product types, including particularly
cosmetics, may be formulated in each of the forms described above
(i.e., solids, creams, lotions, gels, and liquids). For example,
cleansers (for face and body), shampoos/conditioners, hair
treatments/dyes/perms/straighteners, antiperspirants/deodorants,
make-up products, and other facial, hand and body products may be
formulated in any of the five major product forms: solids, creams,
lotions, gels, or liquids. Common solid form products include
cosmetics such as lipsticks, blushes and rouges, makeup products,
antiperspirant and deodorant sticks, and cleansers such as bar soap
and powder detergents. Other examples of solid form products
include lozenges and suppositories. Common cream and lotion form
products include alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) products, moisturizing
products and sunscreens, shampoos/conditioners and other hair care
products, and cosmetics like concealers and foundations. Common gel
products include shaving gels and aftershaves. Common liquid form
products include anti-acne solutions, perfumes/colognes,
aftershaves, gargles/mouthwashes, and toners/bracers/skin
conditioners.
[0084] Other methodologies and materials for preparing formulations
in a variety of forms are also described in Anthony L. L. Hunting
(ed.), "A Formulary of Cosmetic Preparations (Vol. 2)--Creams,
Lotions and Milks," Micelle Press (England, N.J. 1993). See, for
example, Chapter 7, pp. 5-14 (oils and gels); Chapter 8, pp. 15-98
(bases and emulsions); Chapter 9, pp. 101-120 ("all-purpose
products"); Chapter 10, pp. 121-184 (cleansing masks, creams,
lotions); Chapter 11, pp. 185-208 (foundation, vanishing and day
creams); Chapter 12, pp. 209-254 (emollients); Chapter 13, pp.
297-324 (facial treatment products); Chapter 14, pp. 325-380 (hand
products); Chapter 15, pp. 381-460 (body and skin creams and
lotions); and Chapter 16, pp. 461-484 (baby products); the contents
of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0085] One aspect of the present invention is to provide
formulations containing both strontium cation anti-irritant and an
alpha hydroxy acid (AHA). One preferred embodiment employs a
formulation whose pH is adjusted to approximately 3.2 in order to
maximize the exfoliating activity of the lactic acid while
maintaining the anti-irritancy properties of the strontium cation.
Another preferred embodiment employs a formulation whose pH is
adjusted to approximately 4.5 in order to minimize the exfoliating
activity while preserving the moisturizing activity of the lactic
acid. Additionally, AHA/strontium formulations may optionally
contain moisturizing agents, such as butylene glycol. For example,
moisturizing properties may be derived from the combination of
butylene glycol and the small amounts of lactate salt which is
formed at a pH around 3; this combination optimizes moisturization
while not being sticky or tacky on the skin.
[0086] The formulations of the invention are most preferably
formulated such that the strontium cation component of the
formulation (as occurring with any accompanying anion counterion
components) is substantially invisible upon application to the
skin. This is particularly true in the case of many cosmetic
formulations that are applied to the face or other exposed parts of
the body, although it is also generally desirable that the cation
(and anion) component not be visible even if applied to non-exposed
portions of the body. It will be recognized that in some cases,
particularly with colored facial skin care products such as
blushes, blemish covers, lipsticks and the like, the formulation
will be designed to be visible on the skin; in such cases, it is
desirable that the cation component not adversely change the
appearance or skin feel of the overall formulation as applied to
the skin.
[0087] In this regard, clinical studies relating to the invention
have shown that anti-irritant effects can be achieved using
strontium cation concentrations well below those concentrations
that, as applied in a typical topical vehicle, result in a visible
cation (or salt) residue on the skin. For example, a blended
formulation of 500 mM strontium nitrate in a silicone-based vehicle
(Dow Corning cyclomethicone [DC344]: cyclomethicone/dimethiconol
[DC1401]: cyclomethicone/dimethicone polyol [DC3225C]: water;
10:20:15:55) results in an opaque white lotion which typically
leaves no visible residue when applied to the skin of a
representative subject.
[0088] In another embodiment of the invention, the anti-irritant
strontium cation can be formulated into a form for topical oral
administration to treat irritation in the mouth or throat such as
that due to irritated throats, gum irritation or inflammation or
the like, including such irritation as may be exacerbated by spicy
or acidic foods. Preliminary studies related to the invention have
suggested that oral formulations containing strontium cation in a
concentration comparable to that described for external topical
application are effective in reducing sore throat irritation. Thus,
suitable forms for oral administration include liquids (e.g.
mouthwash or gargle solutions) and lozenges. As with other topical
forms described herein, the components used in such oral
formulations (including the strontium cation salts) should be
chosen to be non-toxic. Methods for preparing oral formulations
suitable for use in the present invention are well known in the
art.
[0089] Clinical Results
[0090] The anti-irritant efficacy of the formulations of the
present invention was tested and confirmed in numerous clinical
trials, the results of which are described in the examples below.
While these examples further illustrate various aspects and
preferred embodiments of the invention as described herein, they
are examples only, and should not be considered as limiting the
scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.
EXAMPLE 1
Clinical Studies of Anti-Irritation Activity
[0091] The objective of the clinical trials was to determine
whether and to what extent topical formulations of the strontium
cation reduced or prevented skin irritation caused by certain
severe skin irritants, including particularly lactic acid and
glycolic acid (which are hydroxy acids), capryloyl salicylic acid
(a .beta.-hydroxy acid ester) and capsaicin (an isolate from
cayenne and paprika known for its skin-irritating properties). The
trials were conducted in a double blind, randomized,
vehicle-controlled manner. Various formulations of the invention
were tested in over 740 people. The results confirm the highly
reproducible anti-irritant activity of the formulations of the
present invention.
[0092] a. Lactic Acid Irritation Trials
[0093] 1. Protocol
[0094] The majority of the trials were conducted using lactic acid
as the skin irritant, and proceeded generally as follows.
[0095] The subjects were women who had been screened and shown to
exhibit normal to above normal susceptibility to irritation by the
tested irritant. Tests were conducted in multiple panels of from 7
to 12 subjects each. Subjects were instructed not to wear any
makeup or facial lotions to the clinic the day of testing. The
subjects were instructed to wash their face with Ivory bar soap in
the clinic prior to application of test solutions.
[0096] Lactic acid skin-irritant compositions were formulated in an
appropriate vehicle prior to application to the skin of the
subjects. In the majority of the tests, the irritant composition
was 7.5% lactic acid dissolved in a 10% ethanol-in-water
solution.
[0097] Test anti-irritant formulations containing measured amounts
of strontium salts (concentration 250 mM) were applied either (a)
15 minutes prior to application to the skin of the skin-irritant
("pretreatment test") or (B) simultaneously with the application of
the skin-irritant ("time zero test") In the case of the time zero
tests, the anti-irritant formulation included both the lactic acid
irritant and the cation anti-irritant ingredient of the invention,
whereas in the pretreatment tests the anti-irritant formulation was
separately formulated (typically in Elizabeth Arden "Visible
Difference Refining Toner," a commercially available alcohol-based
cosmetic solution) and applied 15 minutes before application of the
irritant composition. Controls were performed by applying
corresponding formulation(s) (pretreatment and/or skin-irritant
composition) with an equimolar amount of sodium chloride to a
contralateral portion of the subject's skin. Typically, the test
materials were applied to the face of the subject.
[0098] All test solutions (including controls) were applied in a
double blind, randomized fashion using the prepared solutions as
previously placed in coded vial designated for use on either the
right or left side of the face (or other test area). Solutions were
typically applied using a cotton swab (six strokes) or sponge
applicator to the face and cheek area extending from the midline of
the nose over to the center of the cheek and from the cheek bone
down to the jaw line. Application was made first to the right side
and then to the left.
[0099] Sensory assessment scores were recorded for each treated
side of the subject's skin every minute for 15 minutes or until
three consecutive scores of "zero" irritation were obtained. The
following scaled scores were used for sensory assessment:
TABLE-US-00002 Score Description of Irritation 0 NO irritation 1
SLIGHT irritation - (Barely perceptible stinging, burning or
itching) 2 MILD irritation - (Definite stinging, burning or
itching) 3 MODERATE irritation - (Distinctly uncomfortable
stinging, burning or itching; constantly aware of irritation) 4
SEVERE irritation - (Continuous stinging, burning or itching, and
intensely uncomfortable; would interfere with daily routine)
Symptom scores were cumulated, separately for the cation-treated
and control-treated areas, for each individual and also for the
panel as a whole. Individuals not reporting a cumulative score of
at least "7" on at least one treatment area were excluded (in a
blinded fashion) from further analysis in order to ascertain
anti-irritant efficacy with respect to the more
severely-susceptible test subjects. From a practical standpoint,
scores of "0" and "1" on the above scale would be considered highly
desirable for a commercial product because such a response would
likely not result in a consumer ceasing to use a product. Some
consumers, in fact, might view the "barely perceptible" sensations
represented by a score of 1 to be an indication that a facial
treatment skin care product (especially an exfoliant) was working
as advertised. By contrast, irritation scores of "2", "3" and "4"
would likely often result in a consumer never purchasing the
product again.
[0100] In those subjects and skin samples where an irritation was
sensed, the irritation commonly involved a spectrum of
burn-sting-itch reactions over time. For example, a subject might
at first experience a sting, but moments later might experience an
itch with no sting. Subjects experiencing higher levels of
irritation (e.g. scores of "3" or "4") occasionally exhibited
erythema (visually observable inflammation) in addition to sensor
irritation effects.
[0101] 2. Results
[0102] Clinical tests of over 740 subjects, performed as generally
described above, demonstrated that the strontium cation has
significant and reproducible anti-irritant effects, particularly if
administered simultaneously with an irritant compound. The average
inhibition of cumulative irritation for various cation salts of the
invention (at 250 mM) are shown in the following tables.
Time Zero Tests
TABLE-US-00003 [0103] Cation Salt Percent Inhibition Strontium
chloride 60% Strontium nitrate 65%
Pretreatment Tests
TABLE-US-00004 [0104] Cation Salt Percent Inhibition Strontium
chloride 25% Strontium nitrate 50% Strontium acetate 46%
[0105] A representative set of test results from several subject
panels, performed using cation concentrations of 250 mM, is set
forth in the following tables.
Pretreatment Tests
TABLE-US-00005 [0106] Percent Cation Anion Salt Formula Vehicle
Inhibition Strontium Chloride SrCl.sub.2 VIS DIFFERENCE 20
Strontium Nitrate Sr(NO.sub.3).sub.2 VIS DIFFERENCE 56 Strontium
Acetate Sr(CH.sub.3CO.sub.2).sub.2 VIS DIFFERENCE 46
Time Zero Tests
TABLE-US-00006 [0107] Percent Cation Anion Salt Formula Vehicle
Inhibition Strontium Chloride SrCl.sub.2 10% EtOH 58 Strontium
Nitrate Sr(NO.sub.3).sub.2 10% EtOH 64
[0108] FIGS. 1 through 4 show more detailed experimental data for
one panel test conducted using strontium nitrate (250 mM) as the
anti-irritant salt component of the subject formulation (time zero
test). FIG. 1 shows the time course of irritation responses for
both cation-treated and non-treated (control) skin portions for the
panel. FIG. 2 shows the cumulative irritation over time for the
same panel, while FIGS. 3 and 4 show cumulative irritation
suppression and treated/untreated irritation responses on a
subject-by-subject basis. While individual responses vary somewhat,
the overall efficacy of the subject formulation is clear.
[0109] b. Capsaicin Irritation Trials
[0110] Similar clinical trials were conducted to assess the
efficacy of the cation of the invention to inhibit irritation
induced by capsaicin. The clinical protocol was similar to that
conducted with lactic acid, with the irritant/anti-irritant and
control formulations being applied to the arms of the test
subjects. The test compounds of the invention were formulated in
Elizabeth Arden "Visible Difference Refining Toner", with the Toner
mixed with equimolar sodium chloride serving as the control. The
test solutions (and control) were provided in coded vials for
application to either the right or left arms. A template (1.5
in..times.4.0 in.) was placed on each forearm to mark the challenge
area. The pre-treatment solutions containing the anti-irritant
cation of the invention were applied to extend 1 inch beyond the
marked challenge area in all directions and were allowed to dry for
5 minutes. 0.5 ml of 0.15% capsaicin cream or a swab moistened with
capsaicin solution was thereafter applied to each arm by the
clinical technician, who rubbed in the cream using gloved fingers.
Application and scoring of test and control formulations was
performed sequentially for each arm. Scoring was recorded every
minute starting at 5 minutes post-application for 10 minutes and
then every 5 minutes for 15 minutes (30 minutes total) for the
cream, and every minute starting immediately for 15 minutes for the
solution. Assessment was made using the irritation scale described
above for the lactic acid test, and a simultaneous visual
assessment of erythema was made by the monitoring technician.
[0111] FIGS. 5 through 8 depict results from one representative
panel tested in this trial, in which the anti-irritant cation
component was applied in the form of strontium nitrate (250 mM).
FIG. 5 shows the time course of irritation responses for both
cation-treated and non-treated (control) skin portions for the
panel. FIG. 6 shows the cumulative irritation over time for the
same panel, while FIGS. 7 and 8 show cumulative irritation
suppression and treated/untreated irritation responses on a
subject-by-subject basis. Here again, while individual responses
vary somewhat, the overall efficacy of the subject formulation is
evident.
[0112] c. Glycolic Acid Irritation Trials
[0113] Following a protocol parallel to that of the lactic acid
irritant trials described above, glycolic acid (6.0% in 10%
ethanol-in-water) was applied as a skin irritant to subject panels.
Strontium nitrate was co-administered as an anti-irritant (time
zero testing), and was shown to inhibit cumulative irritation in
subject panels by 64% to 84% at concentrations ranging from 250 mM
to 500 mM. Time course and subject-by-subject data for one such
test (cation concentration 250 mM) are presented in FIGS. 9 through
12.
[0114] d. Benzoyl Peroxide Irritation Trials
[0115] In this test, male and female subjects were recruited who
had experienced a grade "2" or higher response in the
sting/burn/itch lactic acid irritation protocol described above.
Test subjects were limited to those who self-reported a sensitivity
(sting, burn, itch) to benzoyl peroxide.
[0116] Subjects were instructed not to wear makeup or facial
lotions on the day of testing. Those who had applied sunscreens to
the face within 24 hours prior to testing, or who had taken any
oral analgesic within 12 hours prior to testing, were disqualified.
Subjects were instructed to wash their face with Ivory bar soap
prior to application of test and control solutions. All materials
were applied and scored in a double-blind, randomized fashion.
[0117] Facial irritation was induced by application of a 10%
benzoyl peroxide wash product ("Oxy 10") to one side of the face.
The other side of the face was treated with the same irritant
composition containing 250 mM strontium nitrate as the test
anti-irritant. Inactive ingredients in the benzoyl peroxide product
included citric acid, cocamidopropyl betaine, diazolidinyl urea,
methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium citrate, sodium cocoyl
isethionate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, water, and xanthan
gum.
[0118] The respective formulations were applied (from coded
weighing vessels) using gloved fingers to the cheek area, first to
the right side and immediately thereafter to the left. In order to
maximize the irritation response above a baseline noise level, the
solutions were left on the face for the entire 10 minutes of the
study, rather than for only 1-2 minutes as instructed for the
commercial benzoyl peroxide product.
[0119] To allow for adequate quantitation of the relatively low
irritation levels in small numbers of subjects to be measured
reliably and true differences in irritation to be determined, a
differential scoring scale was developed. Using this method, each
subject was asked to rate the magnitude of the difference in
irritation response between the two sides of the face, as
follows:
TABLE-US-00007 Score Relative Subjective Irritation 0 No irritation
on either side of face, or No difference in irritation between the
right and left sides of face. 1 Slight difference in irritation
between fight and left sides of face; difference is barely
noticeable and only evident after thinking about it. 2 Clear
difference in irritation between right and left sides of face;
difference is obvious and immediately evident.
It was found that this simultaneous, differential scoring approach
allowed for accurate comparisons to be made for the low levels of
irritation associated with the present protocol, since it was much
easier for the subjects to quantify the difference in irritation
when both sides of the face were challenged simultaneously than to
rate irritation sequentially on an "absolute" 0-4 scale as used in
the lactic acid and glycolic acid protocols. On the other hand,
when high levels of irritation are present, the use of sequential
"absolute" scoring is preferred because it avoids uncertainty and
"carry-over" effects from one side of the face to the other.
[0120] FIGS. 13 through 16 depict results obtained in this protocol
using strontium nitrate as the anti-irritant cation component (250
mM). FIG. 13 shows the time course of differential irritation
responses for both cation-treated and non-treated (control) skin
portions for the panel. FIG. 14 shows the cumulative irritation
over time for the same panel, while FIGS. 15 and 16 show cumulative
irritation suppression and treated/untreated irritation responses
on a subject-by-subject basis.
[0121] e. Post-Shaving Ocean Water Irritation
[0122] Ocean water is known to induce irritation in subjects with
sensitive skin, particularly if the skin has been abraded by
shaving or other means. The present test was performed to determine
the ability of the present cation formulations to inhibit
irritation of shaved skin due to ocean water.
[0123] Female subjects were instructed not to apply any sunscreen
to their legs within 24 hours prior to testing, and not to ingest
any oral analgesic medications within 12 hours prior to testing.
The subjects were instructed to shave the lateral portions of their
calves, spanning from the ankle to below the knee, with Ivory soap
and a disposable razor prior to application of test, control and
ocean water irritant solutions. All materials were applied and
scored in a double-blind, randomized fashion.
[0124] Following shaving, 1 ml of pretreatment solution (test or
control) was applied from coded vials to the respective right and
left calves using cosmetic sponges. The test cation solution
contained strontium nitrate (500 mM) in nanopure water (pH 4.5),
and the control vehicle was nanopure water (pH 5.5). The solutions
were allowed to dry for 2-3 minutes. Cosmetic sponges saturated
with ocean water (La Jolla, Calif.) were used to apply ocean water
challenge solutions to the right and left calves within the
pretreated areas. The subjects were asked to rate levels of
irritation (sting, burn or itch) on right and left calves, and
irritation scores were recorded every minute for 10 minutes. The
0-4 scoring scale described above for the lactic acid irritation
protocol was used in this test.
[0125] Irritation scores were cumulated for each individual and for
the panel as a whole. FIG. 17 shows the time course of differential
irritation responses for both cation-treated and non-treated
(control) skin portions for the panel. FIG. 18 shows the cumulative
irritation over time for the same panel, while FIGS. 19 and 20 show
cumulative irritation suppression and treated/untreated irritation
responses on a subject-by-subject basis.
[0126] f. Post-Shaving Lactic Acid Irritation
[0127] Following a protocol parallel to that of the post-shaving
ocean water irritation test described above, a commercial lotion
containing 5% lactic acid was applied to contralateral shaved
calves of the subject females. The control solution was Vaseline
Smooth Legs and Feet Lotion (containing water, lactic acid (5%),
glycerin, isopropyl palmitate PEG-40 stearate, cetyl alcohol,
potassium hydroxide, steareth-2, magnesium aluminum silicate,
lecithin, soya sterol, tocopheryl acetate, tetinyl palmitate,
dimethicone, menthol, camphor, stearic acid, laureth-7, xanthan
gum, polyacrylamide, C13-14 isoparaffin, corn oil, fragrance, DMDM
hydantoin, iodopropynyl butylcarmamate, disodium EDTA, PG, and Ext.
violet 2); the cation test formulation included strontium nitrate
(500 mM) in the same Vaseline lactic acid lotion. 0.5 g of test and
control solutions were applied with gloved fingers to the right and
left calves. Subjects were asked to rate levels of irritation
(sting, burn or itch) on the right calves, and irritation scores
were recorded every minute for 10 minutes.
[0128] Irritation scores were cumulated for each individual and for
the panel as a whole. FIG. 21 shows the time course of differential
irritation responses for both cation-treated and non-treated
(control) skin portions for the panel. FIG. 22 shows the cumulative
irritation over time for the same panel, while FIGS. 23 and 24 show
cumulative irritation suppression and treated/untreated irritation
responses on a subject-by-subject basis.
EXAMPLE 2
Dose-Response Studies
[0129] Additional studies of anti-irritant activity using varying
concentrations of strontium cations were conducted in order to
assess the dose-response behavior of the present formulations. The
lactic acid irritation protocol described above was used in which
the anti-irritant cation component was strontium nitrate (31-500
mM). Cumulative irritation inhibition data are set forth in the
following table, and are depicted graphically in FIG. 25.
TABLE-US-00008 Concentration (mM) Percent Inhibition 31 27 62 32
125 42 250 72 500 82
EXAMPLE 3
Additional Formulation Examples
[0130] Cation salts of the invention were formulated at various
concentrations in a number of commercially available topical
vehicles, and also in various commercially available topical
cosmetic products. The resulting mixtures generally did not alter
the texture, color, consistency or other physical properties of the
product, and could be used as formulations to inhibit topical
irritation.
[0131] a. Silicone-Based Vehicles
[0132] A 500 mM strontium nitrate topical lotion was prepared as
follows. 10.58 g of strontium nitrate was dissolved in 55 ml of
deionized water. This solution was combined with 10 ml
cyclomethicone (Dow Corning, "DC344"), 20 ml
cyclomethicone/dimethiconol (Dow Corning, "DC1401") and 15 ml
cyclomethicone/dimethicone copolyol (Dow Corning, "DC3225C") and
blended for 2-3 minutes. Imidizolidinyl urea (0.5%) was added as a
preservative. An opaque white lotion (100 ml) resulted which, when
applied to the skin of a fair (olive) skinned individual left no
visible residue.
[0133] A 500 mM strontium nitrate topical gel was prepared as
follows. 5.29 g of strontium nitrate was dissolved in 17 ml of
deionized water. This solution was combined with 10 ml
cyclomethicone (Dow Corning, "DC344"), 7.5 ml
cyclomethicone/dimethiconol (Dow Corning, "DC 1401"), 7.5 ml
cyclomethicone/dimethicone copolyol (Dow Corning, "DC3225C") and 8
ml PEG-8 and blended for 2-3 minutes. Imidizolidinyl urea (0.5%)
was added as a preservative. A clear, thick gel resulted (50
ml).
[0134] A 1500 mM strontium nitrate topical gel was prepared as
follows. 31.75 g of strontium nitrate was dissolved in 50 ml of
deionized water. This solution was combined with 10 ml
cyclomethicone (Dow Corning, "DC344"), 20 ml
cyclomethicone/dimethiconol (Dow Corning, "DC 1401") and 20 ml
cyclomethicone/dimethicone copolyol (Dow Corning, "DC3225C") and
blended for 2-3 minutes. Imidizolidinyl urea (0.5%) and benzyl
alcohol (1%) were added as preservatives. A clear, thick gel
resulted (100 ml) which, upon application to the skin of a
fair-skinned subject, left a visible white residue.
[0135] A 1500 mM strontium nitrate topical gel with a glycerin
component was prepared as follows. 31.75 g of strontium nitrate was
dissolved in 60 ml of deionized water. This solution was combined
with 5 ml cyclomethicone (Dow Corning, "DC344"), 10 ml
cyclomethicone/dimethiconol (Dow Corning, "DC 1401"), 15 ml
cyclomethicone/dimethicone copolyol (Dow Corning, "DC3225C") and 10
ml glycerin and blended for 2-3 minutes. Imidizolidinyl urea (0.5%)
was added as a preservative. A clear, thick gel resulted (100
ml).
[0136] b. Commercial Cosmetic Vehicles
[0137] Topical solution forms of strontium nitrate, strontium
chloride and strontium acetate were prepared by combining various
amounts of the named salts with Elizabeth Arden Visible Difference
Refining Toner (an alcohol-containing solution). The concentrations
achieved were shown to be effective to inhibit skin irritation as
described in the protocols set forth above.
[0138] Similarly, other solution forms of strontium nitrate were
prepared by combining anti-irritant effective amounts of the salt
with Estee Lauder Clean Finish Purifying Toner Normal/Dry, Oil of
Olay Refreshing Toner Cleanser and Toner, Mary Kay Refining
Refreshener Formula 2, Clearasil Clearstick Max Strength, and
Oxy-10 Benzoyl Peroxide Wash.
[0139] Topical lotion forms of strontium nitrate were prepared by
combining anti-irritant effective amounts of the salt with
Cheseborough-Ponds Lotions (CCB-3-83-L15), Vaseline Intensive Care
Lotion Smooth Legs and Feet, and Lubriderm Moisture Recovery
Lotion. Similarly, serum and cream forms of strontium nitrate were
prepared by combining anti-irritant effective amounts of the salt
with Mary Kay Revival Serum (with 15% lactic acid) and L'Oreal
Vichy Novactia Cream (with 2% capryloyl salicylic acid),
respectively.
[0140] Other examples of topical product formulations comprising
the anti-irritant strontium cation in various product forms and
categories are provided in the Examples below. In the examples that
follow, formulation ingredients are listed according to their
chemical or proprietary name (left column) as well as their
designation according to the Cosmetic Toiletry and Fragrance
Association (CTFA). In addition, one example of a specific
percentage (% w/w) of each of the ingredients is shown (second
column from right), as well as the most highly preferred range of
concentrations of each ingredient (rightmost column). The
percentages of the ingredients can be varied within the most highly
preferred ranges specified in the right column without any
significant effect on the aesthetic or performance characteristics
of these formulations. Although the examples specify only selected
formulations useful according to this invention, it should be
understood that the following examples are illustrative only, and
the present invention is not limited to the examples disclosed
herein. The various ingredients (and their formulation percentages)
may be varied within or beyond the ranges suggested herein
according to general guidelines known in the art given the
teachings of the present disclosure.
[0141] In addition, the following Examples provide processing steps
and techniques that are especially useful in overcoming formulation
difficulties associated with high salt concentration products,
particularly emulsion system forms, such as gels, lotions and
creams.
EXAMPLE 4
Gel/Serum
Lactic Acid AHA Formulation; Final pH=3.2
TABLE-US-00009 [0142] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENT CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Deionized Water Water 61.55 60-65%
1,3-Butylene Glycol Butylene Glycol 5.00 3-5% Tween 20 Polysorbate
20 1.00 0.5-1.5% Germaben II Propylene Glycol, 1.00 0.5-1.0%
Diazolidinyl Urea, Methylparaben, Propylparaben Cellosize HEC
QP52,000-H Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.60 0.4-0.8% (Amerchol) Lactic
Acid, 85% Lactic Acid 17.25 1-20% Strontium Nitrate Strontium
Nitrate 5.00 0.5-6% Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide 8.60 0.5-10%
(20% soln)
[0143] The butylene glycol, Germaben II and Cellulose HEC were
mixed to form a slurry and were then added to the already agitating
water. The resulting mixture was heated to 60-65.degree. C. and
mixed until a clear viscous gel-like solution formed. Tween 20 was
then added and dispersed in the solution while reducing the batch
temperature to 40-45.degree. C. The lactic acid and sodium
hydroxide solutions were mixed together and added to the resulting
solution and mixed until the ingredients were completely dispersed.
The strontium nitrate was then added and mixed until completely
dissolved, and the batch temperature was reduced to 25-30.degree.
C.
[0144] The final pH of this formulation was adjusted to
approximately 3.2 with sodium hydroxide in order to maximize the
exfoliating activity of the lactic acid while maintaining the
anti-irritant properties of the strontium cation. Moisturizing
properties in this formulation are derived from the combination of
butylene glycol and the small amounts of lactate salt which are
formed at pH 3.2; this combination optimizes moisturization while
not being sticky or tacky on the skin, when combined with the
nonionic polymer gum Cellosize. While Germaben II was used as a
preservative in this Example, other preservatives including sorbic
acid, benzyl alcohol, sodium benzoate, or dichlorobenzyl alcohol
(or combinations thereof) would be useful.
[0145] This gel/serum formulation is also useful as the basis for
the formulation of other gel products such as aftershaves or
skin-conditioning gels by adjusting the level of the lactic acid,
optionally together with the addition of fragrance or other
moisturizers or skin-conditioning ingredients. The pH of the system
is also adjustable to other levels more appropriate for toiletry
and skin care products.
[0146] In clinical trials conducted on 24 subjects using two
gel/serum formulations (12 subjects for each of two gel/serum
formulations containing 15% lactic acid with a pH=3.2, similar to
the gel/serum formulation of this Example), we observed 59% and 86%
inhibition for the two formulations compared to Ponds Age Defying
Complex.TM. (8% glycolic acid, pH 3.8).
EXAMPLE 5
Toner/Skin Conditioner
Final pH=4.0
TABLE-US-00010 [0147] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENT CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Deionized Water Water 83.75 80-85%
Ethanol, anyhydrous Ethyl alcohol 7.0 5-10% Glycerin Glycerin 0.50
0.1-3% Polysorbate 20 Polysorbate 20 0.50 0.1-1% Lactic Acid (85%)
Lactic Acid 0.50 0-5% Strontium Nitrate Strontium Nitrate 5.00
0.5-6% Phospholipid PTC Cocamidopropyl Phosphatidyl 1.00 0.5-2%
PG-Dimonium Chloride Benzyl alcohol Benzyl alcohol 1.00 0.5-1.5%
Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide 0.75 0.5-1% (20% soln)
[0148] All the ingredients, except for strontium nitrates, were
mixed to form a clear solution. Strontium nitrate was then added
and mixed until completely dissolved.
[0149] Optionally, the resulting formulation mixture is filtered to
remove undissolved materials. In the above toner formulation, the
combination of Phospholipid PTC and Polysorbate 20 enabled a clear
solution to form. Without this combination of surfactants, the
addition of 5.0% strontium nitrate would produce a cloudy
suspension at pH=4.0. The cationic phospholipid also provides
conditioning to the skin as well as effective antimicrobial
activity. The level of alcohol was adjusted to a level that
provided mild astringency without causing burning or stinging.
Moisturization in this formulation is provided by the phospholipid,
glycerin and sodium lactate (formed by the reaction of lactic acid
with sodium hydroxide). The benzyl alcohol provides preservation as
well as a mild floral masking scent.
[0150] The toner formulation provided in this Example also provides
a basis to develop aftershave bracers/tonics or lotions, by for
example increasing the level of alcohol in the formulation to
20-25%, while reducing the level of water in a similar amount, and
adding a small amount of fragrance. The surfactants together with
the alcohol would solubilize the fragrance. Similarly, a cologne or
perfume may be formulated by simply adjusting the level of alcohol,
water, and surfactants in the formulation, and adding the desired
fragrance.
EXAMPLE 6
Facial Cleanser
Final pH=5.4
TABLE-US-00011 [0151] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENT CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Standapol EA-2 Ammonium laureth sulfate
30.00 28-32% Versene Na2 Disodium EDTA 0.05 0.01-0.1% Velvetex
BK-35 Cocamidopropyl betaine 8.00 6-9% Phospholipid PTC
Cocamidopropyl Phosphatidyl 2.00 1-3% PG-Dimonium Chloride Cocamide
DEA Cocamide DEA 2.00 1-3% Lactic Acid (85%) Lactic Acid 0.10 0-3%
Glycerin Glycerin 3.00 1-5% Germaben II Propylene glycol,
imidazolidinyl 1.00 0.5-1.0 urea, methylparaben, propylparaben
Deionized Water Water 53.695 50-55% Strontium Nitrate Strontium
Nitrate 0.010 0.001-0.02% Citric Acid Citric Acid 0.145
0.1-0.2%
[0152] Water, Versene, lactic acid, glycerin, Germaben and
strontium nitrate were added in that order to a container and mixed
moderately to form mixture A. In a separate container, the
Standapol, Velvetex, Phospholipid PTC and cocamide DEA were slowly
mixed until completely blended to form a clear viscous blend B.
While slowly mixing A, blend B was gradually added to A, and mixing
was continued until a clear viscous solution resulted. Citric acid
was added to adjust the pH to 5.4.
[0153] In this formulation, the cocamidopropyl betaine enables the
Standapol EA-2, an anionic surfactant, which is normally
incompatible with strontium nitrate, to be mixed together and
allows the cleanser formulation to remain clear. The addition of
Phospholipid PTC provides additional clarity to the system while
also acting as a skin conditioning agent. The phospholipid also
enhances the antimicrobial activity provided by the preservative
Germaben. The combination of surfactants (Standapol EA and
cocamidopropyl betaine), together with the Phospholipid PTC and
cocamide DEA, yielded a mild, high-foaming product that effectively
cleans and conditions the skin. Skin moisturization is derived from
a combination of lactate, glycerin and phospholipid PTC.
[0154] Similar and/or related-type products may be formulated based
on this Example, to provide cleansing and conditioning of the hair
and body, as in commonly used shampoos, hand and body soap and bath
cleansing products (e.g., bubble bath products). Various
combinations of the surfactants (with or without additional
surfactants) may be used to optimize cleansing conditions for each
particular product. In addition, supplemental conditioners such as
proteins or protein derivatives, or lanolin derivatives or
vitamins, herbal extracts or cationic conditioners, may be added to
provide unique formulations.
EXAMPLE 7
Cream
Lactic Acid AHA Formulation; Final pH=3.2
TABLE-US-00012 [0155] EXEMPLARY PREFERRED INGREDIENT CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Incroquat Behenyl TMS Behentrimonium
Methosulfate, 2.00 0.5-4.0% Cetearyl Alcohol Miglyol 840 (Huls)
Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ 10.00 5-10% Dicaprate Arlacel 165
Glyceryl stearate & PEG-100 stearate 8.00 5-12% Dow Corning 556
Phenyl Trimethicone 2.00 0.5-4% Glycerin Glycerin 3.80 0.5-6%
Germaben II (ICI) Propylene Glycol, Diazolidinyl 1.00 0.5-2% Urea,
Methylparaben, Propylparaben Xanthan Gum Xanthan Gum 0.20 0.05-2%
Veegum Ultra Magnesium aluminum silicate 0.40 0.05-5% Spheron L1500
Silica 0.50 0.05-3% Tween 60 Polysorbate 60 1.00 0.05-2% Lactic
Acid, 85% Lactic Acid 17.25 1-20% Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide
11.70 0.5-12% (20% soln.) Strontium Nitrate Strontium Nitrate 5.00
0.5-6% Dow Corning 1401 fluid Cyclomethicone, Dimethiconol 1.00
0.5-2% Deionized Water Water 36.15 30-70%
[0156] The Veegum, xanthan gum, glycerin and Germaben were mixed
together to form a slurry, and this mixture was added to the water
(heated to 70-75.degree. C.) and mixed until completely hydrated.
To this was added the previously mixed lactic acid and sodium
hydroxide solutions. Strontium nitrate was then added, and mixing
continued until the strontium nitrate was completely dissolved
(Mixture A). The Miglyol, Spheron, Arlacel, Incroquat Behenyl TMS,
Tween 60, Dow Corning 556 were separately mixed together and heated
to 70-75.degree. C., melting all solids, and this mixture was added
to A. While continuing to mix, the batch temperature was reduced to
55-60.degree. C. The Dow Corning 1401 was added and mixed until
fully dispersed. The entire batch was then homogenized for 5
minutes and the batch temperature was reduced to 25-30.degree.
C.
[0157] This Example demonstrates the use of strontium nitrate in an
emulsion formulation. We have determined that nonionic and cationic
emulsifiers, and especially combinations thereof, are compatible
with strontium nitrate in emulsion systems. By varying the ratio of
the emulsifiers, the viscosity of the emulsion can be controlled
and regulated. Additional emulsion stability and variance of
viscosity may be achieved by using nonionic gums such as xanthan
gum, together with Veegum and silica. Sodium hydroxide was used to
adjust the pH to 3.2 to optimize the efficacy of the lactic acid as
an exfoliant while providing optimal functionality of strontium
nitrate as an anti-irritant. While Germaben was used as the
preservative in this Example, other preservatives which would
function equally well at this pH include sorbic acid,
dichlorobenzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, or a combination thereof.
Similarly, while glycerin was used in this Example as a
moisturizer, other humectants such as propylene glycol, butylene
glycol or carbowaxes could have been used in this formulation.
[0158] In clinical trials conducted on 12 subjects using a cream
formulation containing 15% lactic acid with a pH=3.2, similar to
the cream formulation of this Example, we observed 61% inhibition
compared to Ponds Age Defying Complex.TM. (8% glycolic acid,
pH=3.8).
EXAMPLE 8
Lotion
Lactic Acid AHA Formulation; Final pH=3.2
TABLE-US-00013 [0159] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENT CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Veegum Ultra Magnesium Aluminum
Silicate 0.40 0.2-0.5 Xanthan Gum Xanthan Gum 0.20 0.1-0.3 Arlacel
165 Glyceryl stearate & PEG-100 stearate 8.00 5-10 Tween 60
Polysorbate 60 1.00 0.5-2.0 Lanette O (Henkel) Ceteareth Alcohol
1.00 0.5-2.0 Germaben II (ICI) Propylene Glycol, Diazolidinyl 1.00
0.5-2.0 Urea, Methylparaben, Propylparaben Glycerin Glycerin 5.00
2-6 Miglyol 840 (Huls) Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ 10.00 8-12
Dicaprate Dow Corning 556 Phenyl Trimethicone 2.00 1-3 Dow Corning
1401 fluid Cyclomethicone & Dimethiconol 1.00 0.5-2.0 Lactic
Acid (85%) Lactic Acid 17.25 1-20 Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide
11.70 0.5-13 (20% soln.) Strontium Nitrate Strontium Nitrate 5.00
0.5-6 Deionized Water Water 36.45 35-38
[0160] The Veegum, xanthan gum, glycerin and Germaben were mixed
into a slurry, and this slurry was added gradually to the agitating
water (heated to 70-75.degree. C.) and mixed until all the gums
were thoroughly dispersed (Mixture A) In a separate container, the
Miglyol, Spheron, Arlacel, Lanette O, Tween and Dow Corning 556
were heated to 70-75.degree. C. and mixed, melting all solids in
the mixture to form Mixture B. With moderate mixing, Mixture B was
added to A and mixed until a uniform emulsion was formed, and the
temperature of the resulting emulsion was reduced to 55-60.degree.
C. The Dow Corning 1401 fluid was then added and mixed until
completely dispersed. To this was added a mixture of the lactic
acid and the sodium hydroxide solution, while mixing until
completely dissolved. The batch temperature was then reduced to
25-30.degree. C.
[0161] In clinical trials conducted on 24 subjects using two lotion
formulations (12 subjects for each of two lotion formulations
containing 15% lactic acid with a pH=3.2, similar to the lotion
formulation of this Example), we observed 26% and 37% inhibition
for the two formulations compared to Ponds Age Defying Complex.TM.
(8% glycolic acid, pH=3.8).
EXAMPLE 9
Liquid Makeup Foundation
TABLE-US-00014 [0162] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENTS % WT/WT
% WT/WT Part A Isostearyl Neopentanoate 5.00 4-6.0 Isocetyl
Stearate 9.00 5-10.0 Triisocetyl Citrate 5.00 3-6.0 Generol 122E
2.00 1-3.0 Glyceryl Stearate 1.60 1-3.0 Generol 122 1.50 0.5-3.0
Dimethicone (100 Vis) 1.00 0.5-3.0 Propylparben 0.15 0.5-0.15 Part
B Strontium Nitrate 2.00 1-3.0 Cocamido Propyl Betaine 1.00 0.5-2.0
Disodium Oleamido PEG 0.90 0.5-1.0 Sulfosuccinate Magnesium
Aluminum Silicate 0.40 0.1-0.5 Xanthan Gum 0.20 0.1-0.5 Propylene
Glycol 6.00 3-6.0 Glycerin 2.00 1-3.0 Disodium EDTA 0.10 0.05-0.10
Imidazolidinyl Urea 0.30 0.2-0.30 Methylparaben 0.25 0.1-0.30
Sodium Dehydroacetate 0.20 0.05-0.2 Lactic Acid 3.00 0-5.0 Purified
Water 47.28 45-60.0 Part C Iron Oxides 2.50 1-3.0 Titanium Dioxide
7.50 5-10.0 Part D Sodium Hydroxide (20% sol.) q.s. to pH 5.0-5.5
or Citric Acid
[0163] Part A is heated to 70-75.degree. C. In a separate
container, the magnesium aluminum silicate, xanthan gum, propylene
glycol, and glycerin of Part B are mixed together and dispersed
completely in the water. The strontium nitrate of Part B is then
added and mixing is continued until completely dissolved. The
remaining ingredients of Part B are added and the batch is heated
to 70-75.degree. C. The pigments of Part C are micronized and added
to Part A with mixing until uniform. The Part A/C mixture is added
to Part B with agitation. The final pH is adjusted to 5.0-5.5 using
sodium hydroxide and/or citric acid. Mixing is continued and the
batch is cooled to 25-30.degree. C.
[0164] The nonionic emulsifiers (Generol 122, Generol 122E and
glyceryl stearate) are compatible with and provide a stable
emulsion system. The Generol emulsifiers also act as dispersants
for the pigments in the system; glyceryl stearate also acts as a
viscosity builder for the emulsion. These emulsifiers are designed
to tolerate high concentrations of alpha hydroxy acids in a given
formulation and remain stable. The use of a betaine provides
compatibility of an anionic surfactant (sulfosuccinate) with the
formulations of the present invention. The sulfosuccinate
surfactant also functions as an effective setting agent and
dispersant for the pigments. Emollience in this makeup formulation
is provided by the combination of isostearyl neopentanoate,
isocetyl stearate, and triisocetyl citrate, which is stable at
relatively low pH and compatible with strontium nitrate. Additional
emollience is derived from the use of a silicone (dimethicone)
which is also stable at acidic pH and compatible with strontium
nitrate. Veegum and xanthan gum are used to build viscosity in the
emulsion, help suspend the pigments and stabilize the emulsion
system. Glycerin and propylene glycol function as stable
moisturizers, and propylparaben, together with methylparaben and
sodium dehydroacetate, provides a preservative system for the
formulation.
[0165] Other liquid color makeup or cosmetic products and a variety
of pigmented emulsion-type products can be produced on the basis of
this Example by varying the levels and types of pigments used in
the formulation. Sunscreens containing titanium dioxide and/or zinc
oxide may also be developed utilizing same formulation, except for
the substitution of these oxides for the pigments specified in Part
C of the Example. Other skin conditioners such as lanolin or
lanolin derivatives, or vitamins or herbal derivatives may also be
added to the formulation. Pre-sun or sunless tanning products such
as those containing dihydroxyacetone can also be developed
utilizing similar formulation guidelines. Combination sunscreen
products containing pigments or physical blocking agents, together
with chemical sunscreens (TV absorbers) or a combination thereof,
may easily be developed from this general recipe with appropriate
modifications.
EXAMPLE 10
Hair Conditioner/Scalp Protectant
TABLE-US-00015 [0166] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENTS CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Part A Deionized Water Water 91.20
89-92 Strontium Nitrate Strontium Nitrate 1.00 0.5-6.0 Busan 1504
Dimethyl Hydroxymethyl 0.10 0.05-0.5 Pyrazole Panthenol Panthenol
0.25 0.1-0.3 Disodium EDTA Disodium EDTA 0.05 0.02-0.1 Promulgen D
Cetearyl Alcohol (and) 1.10 1-2 Ceteareth-20 Stearyl Alcohol
Stearyl Alcohol 5.00 4-6 Cetrimonium Bromide Cetrimonium Bromide
5.00 4-6 Jojoba Oil Jojoba Oil 0.30 0.2-0.5 Part B Acetamide MEA
Acetamide MEA 1.00 0.5-2.0 Lactamide MEA Lactamide MEA 1.00
0.5-2.0
[0167] The strontium nitrate and the Busan 1504 are dissolved and
mixed in the water and then heated to 70-75.degree. C. The
remaining ingredients of Part A are then added (in the order
indicated) with mixing until completely dispersed. The resulting
mixture is cooled to 40.degree. C. The ingredients of Part B are
added with mixing until completely dispersed. Mixing is continued
and the batch temperature is reduced to 25-30.degree. C.
[0168] This formulation utilizes a combination of nonionic and
cationic emulsifiers in order to make strontium nitrate compatible
in this system and to provide stability to the formulation. The
nonionic emulsifiers also provide thickening activity to the
formulation. Further hair conditioning and hair sheen is derived
from the jojoba oil in the formulation. Additional hair
conditioning is provided by the acetamide MEA and lactamide MEA.
Other conditioning agents such as proteins and protein derivatives,
vitamins or even UV absorbers could be added to this formulation
for additional benefits. Similar formulations can easily be made
from this Example, including the addition of dyes to impart color
to the hair. Small amounts of alpha hydroxy acids such as lactic,
glycolic, citric or malic acids could also be added to the
formulation as moisturizers or conditioners of the scalp to provide
enhanced aesthetics and more desirable conditioning activity.
EXAMPLE 11
Antiperspirant/Deodorant Solution
TABLE-US-00016 [0169] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENT CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Reach 501 Solution Aluminum
Chlorohydrate 36.10 10-40 Alcohol SDA 40 SD Alcohol 40 28.00 25-35
Transcutol Ethoxydiglycol 10.00 5-10 Tween 20 Polysorbate 20 1.00
0.5-1.00 Phospholipid PTC Cocamidopropyl- 1.00 1-2 Phosphatidyl
PG-Dimonium Chloride Deionized Water Water 20.90 20-25 Strontium
Nitrate Strontium Nitrate 5.00 0.5-10
[0170] The water, Polysorbate 20, Phospholipid PTC and Transcutol
are mixed together. The strontium nitrate is added and mixed until
completely dissolved. The resulting mixture is added to the
previously mixed aluminum chlorohydrate and SD alcohol 40, and
mixing is continued to form a solution.
[0171] The combination of ethoxydiglycol, Polysorbate 20 and
Phospholipid PTC is utilized to maintain the strontium nitrate in
solution. By doing so, the irritation potential of the aluminum
chlorohydrate and/or the alcohol to the skin is reduced. Variations
of this Example may be formulated in different physical forms by
adding various waxes to the liquid antiperspirant to develop a
stick-like product, or various gel-producing ingredients can be
used to form a gel. Cream and lotion form antiperspirants can be
made using standard emulsion forming techniques. In addition,
aluminum chlorohydrate may be replaced with a deodorant active such
as triclosan by adjusting the ratio of alcohol to water to
compensate for the lower level of deodorant active used in the
system. In this manner, a full range of deodorant products such as
sticks, gels, lotions or creams can be formulated based on this
Example.
EXAMPLE 12
Creamy Lipstick Formulation
TABLE-US-00017 [0172] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENTS % WT/WT
% WT/WT Part A Castor Oil 38.00 30-40 Isopropyl Lanolate 10.00 5-15
Mica 5.80 4-6 Titanium Dioxide 3.50 3-6 Iron Oxides 2.50 0.5-4
FD&C Colors 6.00 3-7 Part B Isopropyl Lanolate 12.00 8-15
Candelilla Wax 9.00 7-10 Isostearyl Neopentanoate 6.50 3-10 Beeswax
1.50 0.5-5 Microcrystalline Wax 1.00 0.5-5 Carnauba Wax 0.80 0.4-1
Propylparaben 0.20 0.05-0.3 BHT 0.10 0.01-0.1 Tocopherol 0.10
0.05-0.5 Part C Strontium Nitrate 3.00 0.5-6
[0173] The ingredients of Part A are mixed together and passed
through a three-roller mill until all pigments are completely
extended, and the mixture is then heated to 85.degree. C. In a
separate container, the ingredients of Part B are mixed together
and heated to 85.degree. C. Part. A is added to Part B and mixed
until homogeneous. Mixing is continued and the batch is cooled to
72.degree. C. The strontium nitrate is then added and mixing is
continued until completely dispersed. The final mixture is poured
into molds and cooled to room temperature.
EXAMPLE 13
Hair Straightener/Relaxer
Final pH=11-13.5
TABLE-US-00018 [0174] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENTS CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Part A Polawax Emulsifying Wax 7.5 6-8
Crodacol S-70 Stearyl Alcohol 2.5 1-3 Crodacol C-70 Cetyl Alcohol
1.0 0.5-2 Petrolatum Petrolatum 21.0 19-22 Mineral Oil Mineral Oil
15.0 12-16 Volpo S-2 Steareth-2 0.5 0.5-1.0 Volpo S-10 Steareth-10
2.5 1-3 Crodafos N-10 Neutral DEA Oleth-10 Phosphate 1.0 0.5-2.0
Part B Deionized Water Water 42.0 40-45 Propylene Glycol Propylene
Glycol 3.0 2-5 Strontium Nitrate Strontium Nitrate 4.0 0.5-6 Part C
Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide 2.0 2-3
[0175] The ingredients of Part A are combined with mixing and
heated to 70-75.degree. C. The ingredients of Part B are combined
in a separate container and heated to 70-75.degree. C. Mixture B is
added to A with moderate mixing and cooled to 40.degree. C. The
sodium hydroxide of Part C is slowly added to the resulting A/B
mixture, the batch is cooled to 25-30.degree. C., and homogenized.
The pH of the formulation is then adjusted to pH=11-13.5 using the
sodium hydroxide.
[0176] The strontium nitrate, together with the mineral oil and
petrolatum, help alleviate the burning, itching, and stinging of
the scalp due to the high level of alkali in this formulation. This
level of alkali is necessary for the functional activity of the
hair straightener/relaxer. Similar formulations may be prepared and
used as permanents, where the hair is chemically "straightened" in
the rolled position physically and then "restored" to its normal
state of crosslinking while still in rollers to "permanently" leave
it in the curled state.
EXAMPLE 14
Anti-Irritant Lotion without AHA
TABLE-US-00019 [0177] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENTS CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Part A Polawax Emulsifying wax, N.F.
10.0 5-15 Incroquat Behenyl TMS Behentrimonium Methosulfate, 3.0
1-5 Cetearyl Alcohol Ceraphyl 375 Isostearyl Neopentanoate 5.0 3-7
Part B Germaben II (ICI) Propylene Glycol, Diazolidinyl 1.0 0.1-2
Urea, Methylparaben, Propylparaben Strontium Nitrate Strontium
Nitrate 5.0 0.5-6 Glycerin Glycerin 3.0 1-6 Deionized Water Water
73.0 65-80
[0178] The ingredients of Part A are mixed together and heated to
70-75.degree. C., melting all solids. The ingredients of Part B are
separately mixed together and heated to 70-75.degree. C. With
mixing, Mixture A is added to B and mixed until homogeneous. Mixing
is continued and the batch is cooled to 25-30.degree. C.
[0179] The combination of a nonionic emulsifier (polawax) with a
cationic emulsifier (Incroquat Behenyl TMS) produces a stable
emulsion in which the strontium nitrate is compatible for a neutral
pH lotion. In addition, the cationic emulsifier produces an
aesthetic skin feel which is quite pleasing. Strontium chloride can
be substituted in place of strontium nitrate, or a combination of
anti-irritants may be used. Other emollients could replace or be
combined with the Ceraphyl 375 to modify the skin feel. For
example, octyl stearate, hexadecyl alcohol, isocetyl stearate or
mineral oil could replace the Ceraphyl 375 or be used in
combination with it. Additionally, other moisturizers/humectants
could be used in place of glycerin or in conjunction with it in the
formulation, including propylene glycol, butylene glycol or various
carbowaxes. Also, active ingredients could be added to the
formulation, such as benzocaine or allantoin.
EXAMPLE 15
Glycolic Acid Chemical Peel Solution or Gel
Final pH=0.5-2.7
TABLE-US-00020 [0180] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENTS CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Glycolic Acid (98%) Glycolic Acid 70.00
10-80 Purified Water Purified Water 22.40 20-70
Hydroxyethylcellulose Hydroxyethylcellulose 0.6 0.4-1.0 Strontium
Nitrate Strontium Nitrate 10.0 4-15 Butylene Glycol Butylene Glycol
2.0 1-5
[0181] The butylene glycol and hydroxyethylcellulose are mixed
together to form a slurry, which is then added slowly to the water,
and the temperature is adjusted to 60-65.degree. C. while mixing
until a clear viscous solution forms. The resulting mixture is
cooled to 25-30.degree. C. and the strontium nitrate is added,
mixing until completely dissolved. The pH is adjusted to 0.5-2.7
using the sodium hydroxide.
[0182] Other alpha hydroxy acids could be substituted for glycolic
acid, including lactic, malic, or citric acid. The formulation may
also be modified to incorporate alcohol or preservatives.
EXAMPLE 16
Gel without AHA
Final pH=5.5
TABLE-US-00021 [0183] PREFERRED CTFA EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENTS
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Deionized Water Water 92.0 90-95
Strontium Nitrate Strontium Nitrate 5.0 2-10 Germaben II Germaben
II 1.0 0.5-1.0 Propylene Glycol Propylene Glycol 1.0 1-3 Amigel
Sclerotium Gum 1.0 0.5-2.0
[0184] The Germaben, propylene glycol and sclerotium gum are mixed
together to form a slurry, which is slowly added to the water which
has been heated to 60-65.degree. C. and mixed until the gum is
completely hydrated. The batch is cooled to 25-30.degree. C. and
the strontium nitrate is added and the batch is mixed until the
strontium nitrate is completely dissolved
EXAMPLE 17
Non-Exfoliating AHA Moisturizing Cream
Final pH=4.5
TABLE-US-00022 [0185] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENTS CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Part A Deionized Water Water 34.55
30-40 Trisodium EDTA Trisodium EDTA 0.10 0.05-0.1 Natrasol 250HR
Hydroxyethylcellulose 0.50 0.2-5 Butylene Glycol Butylene Glycol
5.00 3-6 Germaben II Propylene Glycol, Diazolidinyl 1.00 0.5-1
Urea, Methylparaben, Propylparaben Veegum Ultra Magnesium aluminum
silicate 0.70 0.3-0.8 Part B Lactic Acid (88%) Lactic Acid 17.05
15-17 Ammonium Hydroxide Ammonium Hydroxide 1.00 1-2 (28% sol'n)
Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide 8.60 8-9 (20% sol'n) Strontium
Nitrate Strontium Nitrate 4.50 2-10 Part C Cyclomethicone
Cyclomethicone 7.0 5-7 Dimethicone Dimethicone 3.0 2-5 Spheron
L1500 Silica 1.00 0.5-1 Octyl Stearate Octyl Stearate 5.00 3-6
Isocetyl Stearate Isocetyl Stearate 5.00 3-6 PEG-40 Stearate PEG-40
Stearate 1.5 1-2 Glyceryl Stearate Glyceryl Stearate 2.0 1-3
Steareth-2 Steareth-2 1.5 1-2 Cetyl Alcohol Cetyl Alcohol 1.0
1-2
[0186] The Veegum, Natrasol, butylene glycol and Germaben are mixed
together to form a slurry, which is then added to the already
agitating water heated to 70-75.degree. C. and mixed until
completely dispersed and the gums are hydrated. To this is added a
mixture of the ingredients of Part B and mixing is continued until
uniform mixture is obtained. The strontium nitrate is added and
mixed until completely dissolved, maintaining the temperature at
70-75.degree. C. to form Mixture A. In a separate container, the
ingredients of Part C are mixed together and heated to
70-75.degree. C., melting all solids, and then this mixture is
added to Mixture A while continuing to mix and reducing the batch
temperature to 50-55.degree. C. The resulting mixture is
homogenized and the batch temperature is reduced to 25-30.degree.
C. while mixing
EXAMPLE 18
Gel/Serum
Glycolic Acid AHA Formulation; Final pH=3.0
TABLE-US-00023 [0187] PREFERRED EXEMPLARY RANGE INGREDIENTS CTFA
DESIGNATION % WT/WT % WT/WT Deionized water water 57.30 50-60
1,3-Butylene glycol Butylene glycol 5.00 3-7 Cellosize HEC
Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.60 0.1-1 qp-52,000 H Glycolic acid
Glycolic acid, 98% 15.30 1-20 Strontium nitrate Strontium nitrate
5.00 2-6 L-lysine L-lysine 5.00 1-6 Germaben II Propylene glycol,
1.00 0.5-2 Imidazolidinyl urea Methylparaben, Propylparaben Tween
20 Polysorbate 20 1.00 0.5-2 Fragrance Belmay 1199460995 0.10
0.01-0.2 Sodium hydroxide (20%) Sodium hydroxide qs to pH 3.0
[0188] The butylene glycol and Germaben II were mixed together and
heated to 45-50.degree. C., mixing until completely dissolved. To
this was added the hydroxyethylcellulose, and the batch was mixed
gently and briefly until the cellulose wetted out. The resulting
mixture was added to the already agitating water and mixing was
continued until a clear gel (free of undispersed particles) was
formed. After the gel was completely formed, it was cooled to
25-30.degree. C. The glycolic acid was then added and the batch was
mixed. The strontium nitrate was then added and mixed and the
L-lysine was added and mixed until completely dissolved. The pH of
the final mixture was adjusted to pH=3.0 using sodium
hydroxide.
[0189] The L-lysine is added in this Example as an additional
anti-irritant ingredient to be used in the formulation in
combination with the strontium nitrate.
[0190] The foregoing examples are not intended to limit the scope
of the present invention, which is set forth in the following
claims. In particular, various equivalents and substitutions will
be recognized by those skilled in the art in view of the foregoing
disclosure, and these are contemplated to be within the scope of
the invention.
* * * * *