U.S. patent application number 11/950026 was filed with the patent office on 2008-06-05 for recloseable bag.
This patent application is currently assigned to The Protecter & Gamble Company. Invention is credited to Neil John Rogers.
Application Number | 20080131035 11/950026 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 37964022 |
Filed Date | 2008-06-05 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080131035 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Rogers; Neil John |
June 5, 2008 |
RECLOSEABLE BAG
Abstract
The invention relates to bag (10) comprising a line of weakness
(28) for ease of opening, and a reclosing means (32), wherein the
bag (10) comprises a front panel (12), back panel (14) and opposing
side panels (16, 18), the panels being sealed together to provide a
top section (24) and a bottom section (26), and wherein the line of
weakness (28) extends around all of the front (12), back (14) and
side (16, 18) panels so that the top section (24) is completely
removable from the rest of the bag, and wherein the reclosing means
(32) is attached to the front (12), back (14) and side (16, 18)
panels adjacent to the line of weakness (28). The invention also
relates to process for forming bags (10) from a web of film (30),
wherein the web of film (30) is transported along one or more
machines, the process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a line
of weakness (28) across substantially the whole width of the film
substantially in the cross-machine direction, (b) affixing
reclosing means (32) adjacent to the line of weakness; (c) cutting
and sealing the film to form a bag (10) comprising the line of
weakness (28) and the reclosing means (32).
Inventors: |
Rogers; Neil John;
(Vilvoorde, BE) |
Correspondence
Address: |
THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY;INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION - WEST BLDG.
WINTON HILL BUSINESS CENTER - BOX 412, 6250 CENTER HILL AVENUE
CINCINNATI
OH
45224
US
|
Assignee: |
The Protecter & Gamble
Company
|
Family ID: |
37964022 |
Appl. No.: |
11/950026 |
Filed: |
December 4, 2007 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
383/203 ;
383/120; 383/207; 53/412 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65D 75/5827 20130101;
B31B 70/81 20170801; B31B 50/8144 20170801; B65D 2313/02
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
383/203 ;
383/120; 383/207; 53/412 |
International
Class: |
B65D 33/00 20060101
B65D033/00; B65B 61/18 20060101 B65B061/18; B65D 65/26 20060101
B65D065/26; B65D 30/20 20060101 B65D030/20 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 5, 2006 |
EP |
06125377.9 |
Claims
1. A bag (10) comprising a line of weakness (28) for ease of
opening, and a reclosing means (32), wherein the bag (10) comprises
a front panel (12), back panel (14) and opposing side panels (16,
18), the panels being sealed together to provide a top section (24)
and a bottom section (26), and wherein the line of weakness (28)
extends around all of the front (12), back (14) and side (16, 18)
panels so that the top section (24) is completely removable from
the rest of the bag, wherein the reclosing means (32) is attached
to the front (12), back (14) and side (16, 18) panels adjacent to
the line of weakness (28).
2. A bag according to claim 1 wherein the bag (10) comprises front
panel (12), back panel (14) and opposing side panels (16, 18), the
side panels (16, 18) forming gussets between the front (12) and
back (14) panels, and wherein the front (12), back (14) and
gusset-forming side panels (16, 18) are sealed together at opposite
ends (20, 22) to form a top seal and a bottom seal, and wherein the
line of weakness (28) extends around all of the front (12), back
(14) and gusset-forming side (16, 18) panels so that the top seal
is completely removable from the rest of the bag.
3. A bag (10) according to claim 1 wherein the reclosing means (32)
extends around substantially all of the front (12), back (14) and
side (16, 18) panels on the inside of the bag (10), the reclosing
means (32) being attached to the front (12), back (14) and side
(16, 18) panels adjacent to the line of weakness (28) so that the
bag (10) is recloseable after the top section (24) has been
completely removed from the rest of the bag.
4. A bag (10) according to claim 1 wherein the reclosing means (32)
comprises a mechanical fastener, the mechanical fastener comprising
interoperating hooks and/or loops.
5. A bag (10) according to claim 4 wherein the loop materials have
a basis weight of less than 40 grams per square metre and the basis
weight of the hook material is less than 200 grams per square
metre.
6. A bag according comprising a line of weakness (28) for ease of
opening, and a reclosing means (32), wherein the bag (10) comprises
front panel (12), back panel (14) and opposing side panels (16,
18), the side panels (16, 18) forming gussets between the front
(12) and back (14) panels, and wherein the front (12), back (14)
and gusset-forming side panels (16, 18) are sealed together at
opposite ends (20, 22) to form a top seal and a bottom seal, and
wherein the line of weakness (28) extends around all of the front
(12), back (14) and gusset-forming side (16, 18) panels so that the
top seal is completely removable from the rest of the bag, wherein
the reclosing means (32) comprises a mechanical fastener, the
mechanical fastener comprising interoperating hooks and/or loops
attached to the front (12), back (14) and side (16, 18) panels
adjacent to the line of weakness (28).
7. A bag (10) according to claim 6 wherein the loop material has a
basis weight of less than 40 grams per square metre.
8. A bag (10) according to claim 6 wherein the hook material has a
basis weight of less than 200 grams per square metre.
9. A process for forming bags (10) from a web of film (30), wherein
the web of film (30) is transported along one or more machines in a
machine direction, the perpendicular direction in the plane of the
film being the cross-machine direction, the process comprising the
steps of: (a) providing a line of weakness (28) across
substantially the whole width of the film substantially in the
cross-machine direction, (b) affixing reclosing means (32) adjacent
to the line of weakness; (c) cutting and sealing the film to form a
bag (10) comprising the line of weakness (28) and the reclosing
means (32); and wherein steps (a), (b) and (c) are carried out in
any order, on the same or separate machines; and repeating steps
(a), (b) and (c) at regular intervals along the web of film so as
to form multiple bags.
10. A process for forming bags (10) according to claim 9 wherein
steps (a) and (b) are completed before step (c).
11. A process for forming a bag (10) according to claim 9 wherein
step (c) comprises the steps of folding the film to form a front
panel (12), back panel (14) and opposing side panels (16, 18),
sealing adjacent to opposing edges of the film to form a back seal,
and cutting and sealing the film to form top and bottom seals.
12. A process for forming a bag (10) according to claim 9 wherein
the film is folded so that the reclosing means (32) extends around
substantially all of the front (12), back (14) and side (16, 18)
panels on the inside of the bag (10).
13. A process for forming a bag (10) according to claim 12 wherein
the reclosing means (32) comprises a mechanical fastener, the
mechanical fastener comprising interoperating hooks and/or
loops.
14. A process for forming a bag (10) according to claim 13 wherein
the loop material has a basis weight of less than 40 grams per
square metre.
15. A process for forming a bag (10) according to claim 13 wherein
the hook material has a basis weight of less than 200 grams per
square metre.
16. A process for forming a bag (10) according to claim 9 wherein
the line of weakness (28) is formed by scoring, perforating,
chemical treatment, or embossing methods.
17. A process for forming a bag (10) according to claim 16 wherein
the line of weakness (28) is formed by laser scoring, laser
perforation, mechanical scoring, or mechanical perforation.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to bags for use in storing products
such as but not limited to powdered or granular detergent, pet
food, coffee, cereal etc., wherein the bag has a line of weakness,
which provides for easy opening of the bag, and a re-closing
means.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Flexible bags are used today to package a wide variety of
consumer products including granular detergents. In order to be
useful as a package these bags must be resistant to opening during
shipping and handling at the store. Currently marketed detergent
bags have several disadvantages. First, current bags are difficult
to open without the aid of scissors, a knife or other utensil.
Often times the consumer attempts to rip open the bag, with the end
result being that the contents are spilled out. Additionally, the
bag and any text printed on the bag, can become distorted by the
pulling and stretching of the opening action.
[0003] Second, once opened, current detergent bags offer no
efficient and effective means of re-closing the bag. The ability to
re-close the bag is desired by many consumers. This is especially
true for bulk size packages. Until now methods for re-closing such
bags have been unsatisfactory. These methods include zippers and
adhesive tapes as well as simple folding mechanisms. The main
drawback of the aforementioned methods is that contamination of the
re-closing means with the contents of the bag prevents the means
from forming a reliable, re-usable seal. Additionally, simple
folding mechanisms provide no protection from product leakage.
[0004] Accordingly the need remains for a flexible bag for
packaging consumer products that is easy to open i.e. without the
aid of a knife, scissors or other utensil. There remains an
additional need for a mechanism by which the bag can be securely
re-closed after opening by the consumer. The re-closing mechanism
preferably should be unaffected by any contamination.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present invention meets the aforementioned needs by
providing a bag comprising a line of weakness for ease of opening,
and a reclosing means, wherein the bag comprises a front panel,
back panel and opposing side panels, the panels being sealed
together to provide a top section and a bottom section, and wherein
the line of weakness extends around all of the front, back and side
panels so that the top section is completely removable from the
rest of the bag, and wherein the reclosing means is attached to the
front, back and side panels adjacent to the line of weakness.
[0006] The present invention further provides a process for forming
bags from a web of film wherein the web of film is transported
along one or more machines in a machine direction, the
perpendicular direction in the plane of the film being the
cross-machine direction, the process comprising the steps of:
[0007] (a) providing a line of weakness across substantially the
whole width of the film substantially in the cross-machine
direction; [0008] (b) affixing reclosing means adjacent to the line
of weakness; [0009] (c) cutting and sealing the film to form a bag
comprising the line of weakness and the reclosing means; wherein
steps (a), (b) and (c) are carried out in any order, on the same or
separate machines, preferably steps (a) and (b) being completed
before step (c); and repeating steps (a), (b) and (c) at regular
intervals along the web so as to form multiple bags.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIGS. 1 and 2 are perspective views of a bag of the present
invention.
[0011] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a bag of the present
invention after the top section has been completely removed.
[0012] FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of a section of web of film
illustrating the process embodiment of the present invention.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of a section of web of film
illustrating an alternative process embodiment of the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0014] Reference will now be made in detail to the present
preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are
illustrated in the accompanying figures. As will be understood, the
terms front and back as used herein to describe panels of the bag
are for orientation purposes only and are otherwise
interchangeable. As discussed more fully hereafter, the present
invention is directed to a flexible bag for containing granular,
powdered or other contents, preferably granular detergent, provided
with a line of weakness to facilitate opening. A particularly
preferred bag 10 made in accordance with the present invention is
illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. The bag 10 is illustrated having
front panel 12, back panel 14, and side panels 16 and 18 with each
panel having an upper edge 20 and a lower edge 22. The bag 10 also
has a top section 24 and a bottom section 26, which are sealed by
joining front panel 12 to back panel 14 along upper edges 20 and
lower edges 22. The bag 10 is provided with a line of weakness 28
in each of the front, back and side panels 12, 14, 16, 18. FIG. 3
illustrates the bag after the top section 24 has been completely
removed, and shows the reclosing means 32.
Bag Materials
[0015] The bags of the present invention are formed from materials
including but not limited to polymeric film, woven materials,
non-woven materials, preferably polyethylene film, more preferably
monolayers, coextrusions, two-layer laminations, three-layer
laminations and metalized laminations, all materials with or
without lacquer coatings. Bags according to the present invention
can be formed by any method known in the art. One method for
forming flexible bags from a continuous web of material is well
known in the art and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,054,619. issued
to Muckenfuhs. According to a preferred embodiment of the present
invention, described in further detail below, a continuous web of
material 30 shown in FIG. 4 is transported in the machine
direction, MD, and is provided with a line of weakness 28 across
substantially the whole width of the web 30 substantially in the
cross-machine direction, CMD, and reclosing means 32 are affixed
adjacent to the line of weakness 28 substantially in the
cross-machine direction, CMD. The reclosing means 32 shown in FIG.
4 comprises one strip of loops 34 and two strips of hooks 36.
Line of Weakness
[0016] The easy opening feature of bags according to the present
invention results from the weakening of the film material in the
desired trajectory of bag rupture or separation.
[0017] The line of weakness extends through each of the front, back
and side panels of the bag. This enables the entire top of the bag
to be separated upon opening.
[0018] The line of weakness will deteriorate the strength of the
film in such a way that it can withstand normal filling, packing
and handling operation and yet be easily opened by the consumer.
This behavior is achieved by reducing the trapezoidal tear strength
of the original film. Reduction of the trapezoidal tear strength is
also most likely accompanied by loss of tensile strength.
[0019] The line of weakness is characterized by the following test
methods: a) ASTM D-882 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties
on Thin Plastic Sheeting and b) ASTM D-5733 Standard Test Method
for Tearing Strength of Nonwoven Fabrics by the Trapezoidal
Procedure. In accordance with ASTM D-882 and ASTM D-5733, the line
of weakness must be parallel to the shortest side of the sample
(i.e. width). The line of weakness must cover the entire width of
the sample and must be centered with respect to the sample length.
The slot for initiating the cut of the trapezoidal tear sample must
be on top of the line of weakness.
[0020] The line of weakness is characterized by three parameters
obtained from the above-mentioned standard tests. The first
parameter is yield stress value. Preferably the yield stress value
of the weakened film in the ASTM D-882 tensile test should be no
less than 90% of the yield stress value of the un-weakened film.
Second, the final or rupture stress value of the weakened film
preferably should be no lower than 90% of the yield stress value of
the unweakened film Y.sub.1.
[0021] Third, the average trapezoidal tearing force according to
ASTM D-5733, of the weakened film preferably should be less than 4
Kgf.
[0022] Additionally, the line of weakness may possess a pattern.
Those patterns may take the form of a continuous line, a dashed
line, or a combination thereof. However the most preferred pattern
is the dashed line, wherein the dashed line is comprised of a
plurality of scored segments. The length of each scored segment
varies from about 0.12 mm to 4.4 mm, preferably varies from about
0.3 mm to 2 mm, and most preferably varies from about 0.6 mm to 1
mm. The distance between adjacent scored segments varies from about
0.4 mm to 4 mm, preferably varies from about 1 mm to 3 mm, and most
preferably varies from about 1.5 mm to 2 mm. The score depth will
vary depending upon the thickness of the film.
[0023] A starting notch may be provided at some point along the
line of weakness. The starting notch provides an area, which is
easier to tear because the scoring is deeper. If the line of
weakness spans the back panel wherein there is also a vertical
seal, the starting notch provides easy tearing through the multiple
plies of the vertical seal to the line of weakness.
Method of Producing the Line of Weakness
[0024] The line of weakness can be produced using methods including
but not limited to scoring, perforating, chemical treatment,
preferably laser scoring, laser perforation, mechanical scoring,
mechanical perforation, embossing methods, or combinations of these
methods. The line of weakness is preferably made in the film before
it is formed into a bag.
[0025] One method of making a line of weakness in a flexible film
uses at least one laser. First a laser beam with sufficient wattage
to evaporate a portion of the film material is focused onto the
film. The use of laser technology allows for very accurate control
of the depth or penetration from very slight scoring to complete
perforation of the film. A laser using any form of electromagnetic
radiation can be used. Suitable lasers for use in the present
invention include those based on CO.sub.2 gas.
[0026] The speed of the film and the movement of the laser beam are
dependent upon the pattern and depth of score desired as well as
the type of film used. Suitable methods for laser scoring films are
disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,626,143, 3,790,744, 3,909,582 all to
American Can Company and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,158,499 and 5,229,180 to
American National Can Company. U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,325 to LPF
Verpakkingen B.V, U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,123 to Wavin B. V., Japanese
Patents 09133018, 07008283 and 06103200 all to Dainippon Printing
Company.
[0027] Another suitable method for producing the line of weakness
is the use of blades. The blades are installed on an engraving
cylinder, which is mounted directly on the film processing
machinery so that the cuts are made prior to formation of the bag.
Different blade patterns can be used to get different patterns in
the line of weakness. The pressure applied to the blades is also
varied during the process to control the dimensions and depth of
the cuts to ensure the bag opens easily.
[0028] Embossing is another alternative method for production of
the line of weakness. The embossing technology weakens the film in
specific areas by means of pressure, temperature, time and a
deforming profile. The desired results are achieved by changing the
caliper and/or material structure at the embossed trajectory. The
basic equipment used for embossing consists of a sealing jaw
capable of pressing against a back plate. A deforming profile or
pattern is fixed to the jaw and heated. The film is pressed between
the deforming profile and the back plate. The main variables known
to affect this process are: heating temperature, cooling
temperature, pressure, heating time, cooling time, film tension
while embossing, film tension after embossing, back plate material,
back plate thickness, back plate temperature, jaw pattern and jaw
thickness. The embossing unit would be installed alter an unwinding
station of film, preferably incorporated into the packaging
equipment line. Suitable examples of embossing are described in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,878,549 to American National Can Company.
Re-Closing Means
[0029] The re-closing means is preferably resistant to
contamination by the contents of the bag. Its main objective is to
protect granule products contained in bags from spillage, humidity,
and other external factors that might affect the integrity of the
product. This re-closing means preferably comprises a mechanical
fastener, more preferably hook and loop or hook and hook type,
attached to a flexible bag that allows consumers to open and
securely close the bags as many times as product uses in the
bag.
[0030] The means consists of placing fastening materials on
opposite panels of the bag. In a preferred embodiment, the panels
are the front and the back panel although other configurations are
contemplated. The fasteners can be either disposable or industrial
materials. It is desired to use disposable materials to optimize
costs. The mechanical fasteners can be of any shape and size, and
in any disposition. The particular configuration of the re-closing
means components should be such that the bag can be sealed
throughout the entire use of the product contained therein. By
sealed is meant that no product spills out when the bag is tipped
on its side. Specifically, the re-closing means is characterized by
the energy required to peel off one component of the fastener from
the other component. This energy preferably should not be less than
2.4 Kgfmm per each Kg of product contained in the bag.
[0031] In a preferred embodiment the loop materials have a basis
weight of less than 40 grams per square metre and more preferably
less than 30 gsm. Preferably the basis weight of the hook material
is less than 200 gsm. In particular loop materials such N29
supplied by Aplix, France have been found to be particularly
effective. For the hooks, low basis weight extruded polypropylene
hooks such Aplix 963 supplied by Aplix, France are preferred.
[0032] The re-closing means is intended to work with the easy
opening feature described above which facilitates the opening of
the bag. At least one piece of the mechanical fastener is placed on
one panel of the bag while a piece of the matching fastener is
placed on the opposite panel of the bag. Preferably one piece of
the mechanical fastener is a horizontal strip adhered to the inside
of the bag, most preferably two interacting horizontal strips are
adhered to the insides of the front panel and the back panel just
below the line of weakness.
[0033] These mechanical fasteners can be adhered to the bag by the
means of adhesives. The adhesive can be either a hot melt or
pressure sensitive adhesive. A hot melt adhesive is applied to the
mechanical fastener right before the piece is to be applied to the
bag. The pressure sensitive adhesive is adhered to the fastener as
one piece.
[0034] The application of these mechanical fasteners to the bag can
be accomplished in different ways. One way is to adhere these
fasteners to the film before the bag is produced. In this case, the
pieces of mechanical fasteners are attached to the film either
while the web of film is being prepared or while the web of film is
being unwound from a roll at the machine. In an alternative
embodiment of the present invention the bags may be preformed, and
the mechanical fasteners may be adhered to the bag after it has
been so formed.
[0035] However, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention
the hook and loops are adhered to the flat film. Most preferably
one strip of loops and two strips of hooks or one strip of hooks
and two strips of loops are applied onto the flat film adjacent to
the line of weakness. This allows the reclosing means to be kept
out of the bag length seal while positioning the reclosing means
substantially completely around the bag opening to allow the
consumer to completely close the bag. This provides significant
advantage in terms of roll stability prior to converting the film
into a bag if the application process of the reclosing means is
separate from the bag forming process, and carried out on different
machines.
[0036] According to this embodiment of the present invention, a
process is provided for forming bags from a web of film wherein the
web of film is transported along one or more forming machines in a
machine direction, the perpendicular direction in the plane of the
film being the cross-machine direction, the process comprising the
steps of: [0037] (a) providing a line of weakness across
substantially the whole width of the film substantially in the
cross-machine direction; [0038] (b) affixing reclosing means
adjacent to the line of weakness; [0039] (c) cutting and sealing
the film to form a bag comprising the line of weakness and the
reclosing means; and wherein steps (a), (b) and (c) are carried out
in any order, on the same or separate machines, preferably steps
(a) and (b) being completed before step (c); and repeating steps
(a), (b) and (c) at regular intervals along the web so as to form
multiple bags.
[0040] In a first embodiment, the hooks are applied in
substantially the cross machine direction of the web of film, while
the loop strips are applied in substantially the machine direction
of the web of film.
[0041] In FIG. 5 an second, preferred, embodiment, is shown. A
series of patches of either hooks 36 and/or loops 34 are applied
onto the web of film 30 adjacent to the line of weakness 28. This
has the advantage of allowing gaps to be created between adjacent
patches to reduce the usage of the hooks or loops to reduce cost
while still allowing effective bag closure.
[0042] Alternatively, the use of patches allows the application of
hooks to be carried out as a series of applications in the machine
direction of the web of film. This is generally easier to perform
compared to the application in the cross-machine direction as
described hereinabove, and also enables the orientation of hooks
and loops to be matched with respect to each other in the bag to
optimize closure performance. Indeed, patches could be applied onto
the web of film at any angle between the cross machine and machine
directions to control closure performance.
[0043] In one preferred process, one machine is used to carry out
steps (a) and (b), and a separate machine in a different location
is used to perform step (c).
[0044] In another preferred process, three separate machines are
used to independently perform steps (a), (b) and (c) in three
separate locations. In both cases, machines performing steps (a)
and (b) will unwind the film at the beginning of the step and then
rewind the film into a roll at the end of the step such that the
film can be easily transported to the next machine to perform the
next process step. These two preferred processes have the advantage
of separating the different process steps to make the final bag.
This separation allows the use of a smaller number of high speed
machines to carry out steps (a) and (b) producing film pre-labeled
with reclose materials and with lines of weakness that can then be
processed on multiple bag making machines which typically run at
slower speeds than machinery to performs steps (a) and (b). This
results in lower capital investment since only a small number of
machines are required to perform steps (a) and (b). It also results
in better process efficiency since steps (a) and (b) do not
interfere with the complex bag making process of step (c). It also
allows the option to build an off-line inventory of film
pre-labeled with reclose materials to insure film is always
available for step (c). Also, this allows steps (a), (b) and (c) to
be carried out independently allowing bags to be easily made
without any line of weakness or reclose materials, or bags with
just a line of weakness or reclose materials, or bags with both the
line of weakness and the reclose materials without major changes to
machine or process set up.
[0045] Preferably bag forming step (c) comprises the steps of
folding the film to form a front panel, back panel and opposing
side panels, sealing adjacent to opposing edges of the film to form
a back seal, and cutting and sealing the film to form top and
bottom seals.
[0046] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the
process steps (b) and (c) are carried out in such a way that the
reclosing means extends around substantially all of the front, hack
and side panels on the inside of the bag.
[0047] The dimensions and valued disclosed herein are not to be
understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values
recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension
is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally
equivalent surrounding that value. For example, a dimension
disclosed as "40 mm" is intended to mean "about 40 mm".
[0048] All documents cited in the Detailed Description of the
Invention are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference;
the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission
that it is prior art with respect to the present invention. To the
extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document
conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a
document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition
assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
[0049] While particular embodiments of the present invention have
been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those
skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can
be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims
all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of
this invention.
* * * * *