U.S. patent application number 11/928942 was filed with the patent office on 2008-05-29 for polyarylcarboxamides useful as lipid lowering agents.
Invention is credited to Leo Jacobus Jozef Backx, Lieven Meerpoel, Peter Walter Maria Roevens, Louis Jozef Elisabeth Van der Veken, Marcel Viellevoye.
Application Number | 20080125412 11/928942 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 8171980 |
Filed Date | 2008-05-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080125412 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Meerpoel; Lieven ; et
al. |
May 29, 2008 |
POLYARYLCARBOXAMIDES USEFUL AS LIPID LOWERING AGENTS
Abstract
Polyarylcarboxamide compounds of formula (I) ##STR00001## are
useful as lipid lowering agents.
Inventors: |
Meerpoel; Lieven; (Beerse,
BE) ; Roevens; Peter Walter Maria; (Malle, BE)
; Backx; Leo Jacobus Jozef; (Arendonk, BE) ; Van
der Veken; Louis Jozef Elisabeth; (Vosselaar, BE) ;
Viellevoye; Marcel; (Breda, NL) |
Correspondence
Address: |
PHILIP S. JOHNSON;JOHNSON & JOHNSON
ONE JOHNSON & JOHNSON PLAZA
NEW BRUNSWICK
NJ
08933-7003
US
|
Family ID: |
8171980 |
Appl. No.: |
11/928942 |
Filed: |
October 30, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11551288 |
Oct 20, 2006 |
|
|
|
11928942 |
|
|
|
|
11474911 |
Jun 26, 2006 |
7253157 |
|
|
11551288 |
|
|
|
|
11029956 |
Jan 5, 2005 |
7169796 |
|
|
11474911 |
|
|
|
|
10363665 |
Feb 28, 2003 |
6878724 |
|
|
PCT/EP2001/009926 |
Aug 27, 2001 |
|
|
|
11029956 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/218 ;
514/255.03; 514/331; 540/575; 544/392; 546/237 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D 333/24 20130101;
C07D 213/55 20130101; C07D 243/08 20130101; A61P 7/00 20180101;
A61P 3/06 20180101; A61P 9/10 20180101; A61P 1/18 20180101; A61P
3/04 20180101; C07D 211/34 20130101; A61P 3/00 20180101; C07D
211/70 20130101; C07D 307/54 20130101; C07D 213/40 20130101; A61P
9/14 20180101; A61P 9/00 20180101; C07D 211/26 20130101; C07D
213/56 20130101; A61P 9/08 20180101; A61P 3/10 20180101; C07D
241/04 20130101; C07D 295/15 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/218 ;
514/255.03; 514/331; 540/575; 544/392; 546/237 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/55 20060101
A61K031/55; A61K 31/495 20060101 A61K031/495; C07D 243/08 20060101
C07D243/08; C07D 211/10 20060101 C07D211/10; C07D 241/04 20060101
C07D241/04; A61K 31/451 20060101 A61K031/451 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 4, 2000 |
EP |
00203067.4 |
Claims
1. Polyarylcarboxamide compounds of formula (I) ##STR00312## the
N-oxides, the pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts and the
stereochemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein Z.sub.1 is
selected from (CH.sub.2).sub.n wherein n is 1 to 3,
CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O and OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2; Z.sub.2 is
(CH.sub.2).sub.m wherein m is 1 or 2; X.sub.1 represents O,
CH.sub.2, CO, NH, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2S, SCH.sub.2 or a
direct bond; X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 are each independently selected
from CH, N and a sp.sup.2 carbon atom; R.sub.1 is hydrogen or
C.sub.1-4alkyl; Ar.sup.1 is an aromatic ring selected from phenyl,
naphthalenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl,
triazinyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl,
isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl and thienyl, optionally
substituted with one or two R.sub.3 substituents; Ar.sup.2 is an
aromatic ring selected from phenyl, naphthalenyl, pyridinyl,
pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl,
imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl,
furanyl and thienyl, optionally substituted with one, two or three
R.sub.4 substituents; each R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is independently
selected from C.sub.1-4alkyl, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, halo and
trifluoromethyl; each R.sub.4 is independently selected from
C.sub.1-4alkyl, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, cyano,
nitro, C.sub.1-4alkylthio or polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl, amino,
C.sub.1-4alkylamino and di(C.sub.1-4alkyl)amino; p.sup.1 and
p.sup.2 are each 0 to 2; p.sup.3 is 0 to 3; X.sub.1 and R.sub.4
taken together with the aromatic rings Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 to
which they are attached may form a fluoren-1-yl or a fluoren-4-yl
group; A represents a C.sub.1-6alkanediyl substituted with one or
two groups selected from aryl, heteroaryl, and
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl; or when X.sub.3 is CH, A may also represent a
nitrogen atom substituted with hydrogen, C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl,
heteroaryl, arylC.sub.1-10alkyl, heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl or
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl; B represents hydrogen; C.sub.1-10alkyl; aryl
or heteroaryl each optionally substituted with a group selected
from halo, cyano, nitro, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, amino,
C.sub.1-10alkylamino, di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino, C.sub.1-10acyl,
C.sub.1-10alkylthio, C.sub.1-10alkoxycarbonyl,
C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl and di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl;
arylC.sub.1-6alkyl; heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl;
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl; polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl; C.sub.3-6alkenyl;
C.sub.3-6alkynyl; NR.sub.6R.sub.7; or OR.sub.8; R.sub.6 and R.sub.7
each independently represent hydrogen, C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl or
heteroaryl each optionally substituted with a group selected from
halo, cyano, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, amino, C.sub.1-10alkylamino,
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino, C.sub.1-10acyl, C.sub.1-10alkylthio,
C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl and di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl;
arylC.sub.1-10alkyl, heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl,
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl, C.sub.7-10polycycloalkyl,
polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-8alkenyl, C.sub.3-8alkynyl, fused
benzo-C.sub.5-8cycloalkyl, and wherein R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 taken
together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may form
a C.sub.4-8 saturated heterocyclic radical; R.sub.8 represents
C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl each optionally substituted
with a group selected from halo, cyano, nitro, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy,
amino, C.sub.1-10alkylamino, di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino,
C.sub.1-10acyl, C.sub.1-10alkylthio, C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl
and di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl; arylC.sub.1-10alkyl;
heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl; and C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl;
C.sub.7-10polycycloalkyl; polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl; C.sub.3-8alkenyl;
C.sub.3-8alkynyl; or fused benzo-C.sub.5-8 cycloalkyl.
2. Polyarylcarboxamide compounds according to claim 1, wherein
Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 taken together form a
six-membered heterocycle.
3. Polyarylcarboxamide compounds according to claim 1, wherein
Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 taken together form a
piperidine or piperazine group and X.sub.1 is a direct bond.
4. Polyarylcarboxamide compounds according to claim 1, wherein
R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each hydrogen and R.sub.4 is hydrogen,
trifluoromethyl, chloro or tert-butyl.
5. A process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound according
to claim 1, wherein an intermediate phenylene amine having the
formula (II) ##STR00313## wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.2,
X.sub.3, p.sup.1, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, A and B are as defined in
formula (I), is reacted with a polyarylcarboxylic acid or halide
having the formula (III), ##STR00314## wherein X.sub.1, Ar.sup.1,
Ar.sup.2, p.sup.1, p.sup.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined in
formula (I) and Y.sub.1 is selected from hydroxy and halo, in at
least one reaction-inert solvent and optionally in the presence of
a suitable base, the said process further optionally comprising
converting a compound of formula (I) into an addition salt thereof,
and/or preparing stereochemically isomeric forms thereof.
6. A process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound according
to claim 1 wherein X.sub.3 is nitrogen, wherein an intermediate
having the formula (IV) ##STR00315## wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2,
X.sub.1, X.sub.2, p.sup.1, p.sup.2, p.sup.3, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2,
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined in formula (I)
and X.sub.3 is nitrogen, is reacted with a reactant having the
formula (V) ##STR00316## wherein A and B are as defined in formula
(I) and Y.sub.2 is selected from halo, tosyloxy, mesyloxy,
naphtylsulfonyloxy, or -A-Y.sub.2 is R.sub.15COR.sub.5, wherein
R.sub.5 and R'.sub.5 are such that the radical R.sub.15CHR.sub.5 is
encompassed by the definition of A in formula (I), in at least one
reaction-inert solvent and optionally in the presence of at least
one suitable nucleophilic substitution activator and/or a suitable
base, the said process further optionally comprising converting a
compound of formula (I) into an addition salt thereof, and/or
preparing stereochemically isomeric forms thereof.
7. A process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound according
to claim 1, wherein an intermediate having the formula ##STR00317##
wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, p.sup.1,
p.sup.2, p.sup.3, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
R.sub.4 and A are as defined in formula (I) and Y.sub.3 is selected
from halo and hydroxy, is reacted with a reactant of the formula
BH, wherein B is NR.sub.6R.sub.7 or OR.sub.8 and R.sub.6, R.sub.7
and R.sub.8 are as defined in formula (I), in at least one
reaction-inert solvent and optionally in the presence of at least
one suitable coupling reagent and/or a suitable base, the said
process further optionally comprising converting a compound of
formula (I) into an addition salt thereof, and/or preparing
stereochemically isomeric forms thereof.
8. A process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound according
to claim 1 wherein X.sub.3 is nitrogen and wherein A is a group
suitable for a Michael addition reaction, wherein an intermediate
having the formula ##STR00318## wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.1,
X.sub.2, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4
are as defined in formula (I) and X.sub.3 is nitrogen, is reacted
with a reactant of the formula (VII) ##STR00319## wherein B is as
defined in formula (I), and Y.sub.4 and Y'.sub.4 are such that the
radical ##STR00320## is encompassed by the definition of A in
formula (I), in at least one reaction inert solvent, the said
process further optionally comprising converting a compound of
formula (I) into an addition salt thereof, and/or preparing
stereochemically isomeric forms thereof.
9. A process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound according
to claim 1, wherein an intermediate having the formula (VIII)
##STR00321## wherein X.sub.1, p.sup.1, p.sup.2, p.sup.3, Ar.sup.1,
Ar.sup.2, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined in
formula (I) and Y.sub.5 is selected from halo, B(OH).sub.2,
alkylboronates and cyclic analogues thereof, is reacted with a
reactant having the formula (IX) ##STR00322## wherein Z.sub.1,
Z.sub.2, X.sub.3, A and B are as defined in formula (I), in at
least one reaction-inert solvent and optionally in the presence of
at least one transition metal coupling reagent and/or at least one
suitable ligand, the said process further optionally comprising
converting a compound of formula (I) into an addition salt thereof,
and/or preparing stereochemically isomeric forms thereof.
10. A process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound
according to claim 1, wherein an intermediate having the formula
(X) ##STR00323## wherein p.sup.1, p.sup.2, p.sup.3, Ar.sup.1,
Ar.sup.2, X.sub.1, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as
defined in formula (I), is reacted with a reactant having the
formula (XI) ##STR00324## wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.3, A and
B are as defined in formula (I), one of Y.sub.6 and Y.sub.7 is
selected from bromo, iodo and trifluoromethylsulfonate and the
other of Y.sub.6 and Y.sub.7 is selected from tri(C.sub.1-4alkyl)
tin, B(OH).sub.2, alkylboronates and cyclic analogues thereof, in
at least one reaction-inert solvent and optionally in the presence
of at least one transition metal coupling reagent and/or at least
one suitable ligand, the said process further optionally comprising
converting a compound of formula (I) into an addition salt thereof,
and/or preparing stereochemically isomeric forms thereof
11. A process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound
according to claim 1, wherein an intermediate having the formula
(XII) ##STR00325## wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, P,
p.sup.2, Ar.sup.1, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, A and B are as
defined in formula (I) and Y.sub.8 is selected from bromo, iodo and
trifluoromethylsulfonate, is reacted either with an arylboric acid
having the formula (XIII a) ##STR00326## wherein p.sup.3, Ar.sup.2
and R.sub.4 are as defined in formula (I), or with an aryl-tin
reactant having the formula (XIII b) ##STR00327## wherein R.sub.3,
R.sub.4, Ar.sup.2 and p.sup.3 are as defined in formula (I), in at
least one reaction-inert solvent and optionally in the presence of
at least one transition metal coupling reagent and/or at least one
suitable ligand, the said process further optionally comprising
converting a compound of formula (I) into an addition salt thereof,
and/or preparing or stereochemically isomeric forms thereof.
12. A process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound
according to claim 1, wherein B is NR.sub.6R.sub.7, from a
polyarylcarboxamide compound according to claim 1 wherein B is
OR.sub.5, comprising in a first step hydrolyzing the latter and in
a second step reacting the resulting corresponding carboxylic acid
with an amine having the formula HNR.sub.6R.sub.7 in at least one
reaction-inert solvent and further optionally comprising converting
the resulting compound of formula (I) wherein B is NR.sub.6R.sub.7
into an addition salt thereof, and/or preparing stereochemically
isomeric forms thereof.
13. Compounds of any of the formulae: ##STR00328## Z.sub.1 is
selected from (CH.sub.2).sub.n wherein n is 1 to 3,
CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O and OCH.sub.2Ch.sub.2; Z.sub.2 is
(CH.sub.2).sub.m wherein m is 1 or 2; X.sub.1 represents O,
CH.sub.2, CO, NH, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2S, SCH.sub.2 or a
direct bond; X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 are each independently selected
from CH, N and a sp2 carbon atom; R.sub.1 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-4
alkyl; Ar.sup.1 is an aromatic ring selected from phenyl,
naphthalenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl,
triazinyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl,
isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl and thienyl, optionally
substituted with one or two R.sub.3 substituents; Ar.sup.2 is an
aromatic ring selected from phenyl, naphthalenyl, pyridinyl,
pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl,
imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl,
furanyl and thienyl, optionally substituted with one, two or three
R.sub.4 substituents; each R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is independently
selected from C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 alkyloxy, halo and
trifluoromethyl; each R.sub.4 is independently selected from
C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 alkyloxy, halo, hydroxy, mercapto,
cyano, nitro, C.sub.1-4 alkylthio or polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl, amino,
C.sub.1-4alkylamino and di(C.sub.1-4alkyl)amino; p.sup.1 and
p.sup.2 are each 0 to 2; p.sup.3 is 0 to 3; X.sub.1 and R.sub.4
taken together with the aromatic rings Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 to
which they are attached may form a fluoren-1-yl or a fluoren-4-yl
group; A represents a C.sub.1-6 alkanediyl optionally substituted
with one or two groups selected from aryl, heteroaryl and
C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl; oxygen; or a direct bond; B represents
hydrogen; C.sub.1-10alkyl; aryl or heteroaryl each optionally
substituted with a group selected from halo, cyano, nitro,
C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, amino, C.sub.1-10 alkylamino,
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino, C.sub.1-10acyl, C.sub.1-10alkylthio,
C.sub.1-10alkoxycarbonyl, C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl and
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl; arylC.sub.1-10alkyl;
heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl; C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl;
polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl; C.sub.3-6 alkenyl; C.sub.3-6alkynyl;
NR.sub.6R.sub.7; or OR.sub.8; R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 each
independently represent hydrogen, C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl or
heteroaryl each optionally substituted with a group selected from
halo, cyano, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, amino, C.sub.1-10alkylamino,
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino, C.sub.1-10acyl, C.sub.1-10alkylthio,
C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl and di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl;
arylC.sub.1-10alkyl, heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl,
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl, C.sub.7-10polycycloalkyl,
polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-8alkenyl, C.sub.3-8alkynyl, fused
benzo-C.sub.5-8cycloalkyl, and wherein R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 taken
together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may form
a C.sub.4-8 saturated heterocyclic radical; R.sub.8 represents
C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl each optionally substituted
with a group selected from halo, cyano, nitro, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy,
amino, C.sub.1-10alkylamino, di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino,
C.sub.1-10acyl, C.sub.1-10alkylthio, C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl
and di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl; arylC.sub.1-10alkyl;
heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl; C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl; C.sub.7-10
polycycloalkyl; polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl; C.sub.3-8alkenyl;
C.sub.3-8alkynyl; or fused benzo-C.sub.5-8 cycloalkyl; when X.sub.3
is CH, A may also represent a nitrogen atom substituted with
hydrogen, C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylC.sub.1-10alkyl,
heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl or C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl; Y.sub.1 and
Y.sub.3 are each independently selected from hydroxy and halo;
Y.sub.5 is selected from halo, B(OH).sub.2, alkylboronates and
cyclic analogues thereof; and Y.sub.6 and Y.sub.8 are each
independently selected from bromo, iodo and
trifluoromethylsulfonate, useful as intermediates for the
preparation of polyarylcarboxamide compounds according to claim
1.
14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective
amount of a compound according to claim 1.
15. (canceled)
16. A polyarylcarboxamide compound according to claim 13 for use in
the treatment of hyperlipidemia, obesity, type II diabetes,
atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular
disease, cerebral vascular disease, hypercholesterolemia,
hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis or coronary artery disease.
17. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, further
comprising at least one additional lipid-lowering agent.
18. A method of treating a condition selected from hyperlipidemia,
obesity, type II diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease,
peripheral vascular disease, cerebral vascular disease,
hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis or
coronary artery disease, comprising administering to a mammal in
need of such treatment a polyarylcarboxamide compound according to
claim 1 in an amount sufficient to decrease the secretion of
apolipoprotein B.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation application of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 11/551,288, filed Oct. 20, 2006, which
is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
11/474,911 filed Jun. 26, 2006 which is a divisional application of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/029,956 filed Jan. 5, 2005,
which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 10/363,665 filed Feb. 28, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,878,724,
which is the national stage of Application No. PCT/EP01/09926,
filed Aug. 27, 2001, which application claims priority from EP
00203067.4, file Sep. 4, 2000.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention is concerned with novel
polyarylcarboxamides having apolipoprotein B inhibiting activity
and concomitant lipid lowering activity. The invention further
relates to methods for preparing such compounds, pharmaceutical
compositions comprising said compounds as well as the use of said
compounds as a medicine for the treatment of hyperlipidemia,
obesity and type II diabetes.
[0003] Obesity is the cause of a myriad of serious health problems
like the adult onset of diabetes and heart disease. In addition,
the loss of weight is getting an obsession among an increasing
proportion of the human population.
[0004] The causal relationship between hypercholesterolemia,
particularly that associated with increased plasma concentrations
of low density lipoproteins (hereinafter referred as LDL) and very
low density lipoproteins (hereinafter referred as VLDL), and
premature atherosclerosis and/or cardiovascular disease is now
widely recognized. However, a limited number of drugs are presently
available for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Drugs primarily used
for the management of hyperlipidemia include bile acid sequestrant
resins such as cholestyramine and colestipol, fibric acid
derivatives such as bezafibrate, clofibrate, fenofibrate,
ciprofibrate and gemfibrozil, nicotinic acid and cholesterol
synthesis inhibitors such as HMG Co-enzyme-A reductase inhibitors.
The inconvenience of administration (a granular form to be
dispersed in water or orange juice) and the major side-effects
(gastro-intestinal discomfort and constipation) of bile acid
sequestrant resins constitute major drawbacks. Fibric acid
derivatives induce a moderate decrease (by 5 to 25%) of LDL
cholesterol (except in hypertriglyceridemic patients in whom
initially low levels tend to increase) and, although usually well
tolerated, suffer from side-effects including potentiation of
warfarine, pruritus, fatigue, headache, insomnia, painful
reversible myopathy and stiffness in large muscle groups, impotency
and impaired renal function. Nicotinic acid is a potent lipid
lowering agent resulting in a 15 to 40% decrease in LDL cholesterol
(and even 45 to 60% when combined with a bile acid sequestrant
resin) but with a high incidence of troublesome side-effects
related to the drug's associated vasodilatory action, such as
headache, flushing, palpitations, tachychardia and occasional
syncopes, as well as other side-effects such as gastro-intestinal
discomfort, hyperucemia and impairment of glucose tolerance. Among
the family of HMG Co-enzyme-A reductase inhibitors, lovastatin and
simvastatin are both inactive prodrugs containing a lactone ring
which is hydrolyzed in the liver to form the corresponding active
hydroxy-acid derivative. Inducing a reduction of LDL cholesterol by
35 to 45%, they are generally well tolerated with alow incidence of
minor side effects. However there still remains a need for new
lipid lowering agents with improved efficiency and/or acting via
other mechanisms than the above mentioned drugs.
[0005] Plasma lipoproteins are water-soluble complexes of high
molecular weight formed from lipids (cholesterol, triglyceride,
phospholipids) and apolipoproteins. Five major classes of
lipoproteins that differ in the proportion of lipids and the type
of apolipoprotein, all having their origin in the liver and/or the
intestine, have been defined according to their density (as
measured by ultracentrifugation). They include LDL, VLDL,
intermediate density lipoproteins (hereinafter referred as IDL),
high density lipoproteins (hereinafter referred as HDL) and
chylomicrons. Ten major human plasma apolipoproteins have been
identified. VLDL, which is secreted by the liver and contains
apolipoprotein B (hereinafter referred as Apo-B), undergoes
degradation to LDL which transports 60 to 70% of the total serum
cholesterol. Apo-B is also the main protein component of LDL.
Increased LDL-cholesterol in serum, due to oversynthesis or
decreased metabolism, is causally related to atherosclerosis. In
contrast high density lipoproteins (hereinafter referred as HDL),
which contain apolipoprotein A1, have a protective effect and are
inversely correlated with the risk of a coronary heart disease. The
HDL/LDL ratio is thus a convenient method of assessing the
atherogenic potential of an individual's plasma lipid profile.
[0006] The two isoforms of apolipoprotein (apo) B, apo B-48 and apo
B-100, are important proteins in human lipoprotein metabolism. Apo
B-48, so named because it appears to be about 48% the size of apo
B-100 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, is synthesized
by the intestine in humans. Apo B-48 is necessary for the assembly
of chylomicrons and therefore has an obligatory role in the
intestinal absorption of dietary fats. Apo B-100, which is produced
in the liver in humans, is required for the synthesis and secretion
of VLDL. LDL, which contain about 2/3 of the cholesterol in human
plasma, are metabolic products of VLDL. Apo B-100 is virtually the
only protein component of LDL. Elevated concentrations of apo B-100
and LDL cholesterol in plasma are recognized risk factors for
developing atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.
[0007] A large number of genetic and acquired diseases can result
in hyperlipidemia. They can be classified into primary and
secondary hyperlipidemic states. The most common causes of the
secondary hyperlipidemias are diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse,
drugs, hypothyroidism, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome,
cholestasis and bulimia. Primary hyperlipidemias have also been
classified into common hypercholesterolaemia, familial combined
hyperlipidaemia, familial hypercholesterolaemia, remnant
hyperlipidaemia, chylomicronaemia syndrome and familial
hyper-triglyceridaemia.
[0008] Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (hereinafter
referred as MTP) is known to catalyze the transport of triglyceride
and cholesteryl ester by preference to phospholipids such as
phosphatidylcholine. It was demonstrated by D. Sharp et al., Nature
(1993) 365:65 that the defect causing abetalipoproteinemia is in
the MTP gene. This indicates that MTP is required for the synthesis
of Apo B-containing lipoproteins such as VLDL, the precursor to
LDL. It therefore follows that an MTP inhibitor would inhibit the
synthesis of VLDL and LDL, thereby lowering levels of VLDL, LDL,
cholesterol and triglyceride in humans. MTP inhibitors have been
reported in Canadian patent application No. 2,091,102 and in WO
96/26205. MTP inhibitors belonging to the class of
polyarylcarboxamides have also been reported in U.S. Pat. No.
5,760,246 as well as in WO-96/40640 and WO-98/27979.
[0009] One of the goals of the present invention is to provide an
improved treatment for patients suffering from obesity or
atherosclerosis, especially coronary atherosclerosis and more
generally from disorders which are related to athero-sclerosis,
such as ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and
cerebral vascular disease. Another goal of the present invention is
to cause regression of atherosclerosis and inhibit its clinical
consequences, particularly morbidity and mortality.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The present invention is based on the unexpected discovery
that a class of novel polyarylcarboxamide compounds is acting as
selective MTP inhibitors, i.e. is able to selectively block MTP at
the level of the gut wall in mammals, and is therefore a promising
candidate as a medicine, namely for the treatment of
hyperlipidemia. The present invention additionally provides several
methods for preparing such polyarylcarboxamide compounds, as well
as pharmaceutical compositions including such compounds.
Furthermore, the invention provides a certain number of novel
compounds which are useful intermediates for the preparation of the
therapeutically active polyarylcarboxamide compounds, as well as
methods for preparing such intermediates. Finally, the invention
provides a method of treatment of a condition selected from
atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, obesity, hypercholesterolemia,
hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and type II
diabetes, comprising administering a therapeutically active
polyarylcarboxamide compound to a mammal.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0011] The present invention relates to a family of novel
polyarylcarboxamide compounds of formula (I)
##STR00002##
the N-oxides, the pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts and
the stereochemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein [0012] Z.sub.1
is selected from (CH.sub.2).sub.n wherein n is 1 to 3,
CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O and OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2; [0013] Z.sub.2 is
(CH.sub.2).sub.m wherein m is 1 or 2; [0014] X.sub.1 represents O,
CH.sub.2, CO, NH, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2S, SCH.sub.2 or a
direct bond; [0015] X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 are each independently
selected from CH, N and a sp.sup.2 carbon atom; [0016] R.sub.1 is
hydrogen or C.sub.1-4alkyl; [0017] Ar.sup.1 is an aromatic ring
selected from phenyl, naphthalenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl,
pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl and
thienyl, optionally substituted with one or two R.sub.3
substituents; [0018] Ar.sup.2 is an aromatic ring selected from
phenyl, naphthalenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl,
pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl,
thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl and thienyl,
optionally substituted with one, two or three R.sub.4 substituents;
[0019] each R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is independently selected from
C.sub.1-4alkyl, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, halo, trifluoromethyl; [0020]
each R.sub.4 is independently selected from C.sub.1-4alkyl,
C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, cyano, nitro,
C.sub.1-4alkylthio or polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl, amino,
C.sub.1-4alkylamino and di(C.sub.1-4alkyl)amino; [0021] p.sup.1 and
p.sup.2 are each 0 to 2; [0022] p.sup.3 is 0 to 3; [0023] X.sub.1
and R.sub.4 taken together with the aromatic rings Ar.sup.1 and
Ar.sup.2 to which they are attached may form a fluoren-1-yl or a
fluoren-4-yl group; [0024] A represents a C.sub.1-6alkanediyl
substituted with one or two groups selected from aryl, heteroaryl
and C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl; or when X.sub.3 is CH, A may also
represent a nitrogen atom substituted with hydrogen,
C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylC.sub.1-10alkyl,
heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl or C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl; [0025] B
represents hydrogen; C.sub.1-10alkyl; aryl or heteroaryl each
optionally substituted with a group selected from halo, cyano,
nitro, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, amino, C.sub.1-10alkylamino,
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino, C.sub.1-10acyl, C.sub.1-10alkylthio,
C.sub.1-10alkoxycarbonyl, C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl and
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl; arylC.sub.1-10alkyl; heteroaryl
C.sub.1-10alkyl; C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl; polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl;
C.sub.3-6 alkenyl; C.sub.3-6 alkynyl; NR.sub.6R.sub.7; or OR.sub.8;
[0026] R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 each independently represent hydrogen,
C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl each optionally substituted
with a group selected from halo, cyano, C.sub.1-4 alkyloxy, amino,
C.sub.1-10alkylamino, di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino, C.sub.1-10acyl,
C.sub.1-10alkylthio, C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl and
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl; arylC.sub.1-10alkyl,
heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl, C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl,
C.sub.7-10polycycloalkyl, polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-8alkenyl,
C.sub.3-8 alkynyl, fused benzo-C.sub.5-8cycloalkyl, and wherein
R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which
they are attached may form a C.sub.4-8 saturated heterocyclic
radical; and [0027] R.sub.8 represents C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl or
heteroaryl each optionally substituted with a group selected from
halo, cyano, nitro, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, amino, C.sub.1-10alkylamino,
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino, C.sub.1-10acyl, C.sub.1-10alkylthio,
C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl and di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl;
arylC.sub.1-10alkyl; heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl;
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl; C.sub.7-10 polycycloalkyl;
polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl; C.sub.3-8 alkenyl; C.sub.3-8alkynyl; or
fused benzo-C.sub.5-8cycloalkyl.
[0028] Unless otherwise stated, as used in the foregoing
definitions and hereinafter: [0029] halo is generic to fluoro,
chloro, bromo and iodo; [0030] C.sub.1-4alkyl defines straight and
branched chain saturated hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 4
carbon atoms such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl,
1-methylethyl, 2-methylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl and the like;
[0031] C.sub.1-6alkyl is meant to include C.sub.1-4alkyl (as
hereinabove defined) and the higher homologues thereof having 5 or
6 carbon atoms, such as for instance 2-methylbutyl, n-pentyl,
dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl and the
like; [0032] C.sub.1-10alkyl is meant to include C.sub.1-6alkyl (as
hereinabove defined) and the higher homologues thereof having 7 to
10 carbon atoms, such as for instance heptyl, ethylhexyl, octyl,
nonyl, decyl and the like; [0033] C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl is generic
to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,
cyclooctyl, cyclononyl and cyclodecyl; [0034]
polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl is defined as polyhalosubstituted
C.sub.1-6alkyl, in particular C.sub.1-6alkyl (as hereinabove
defined) substituted with 2 to 13 halogen atoms such as
difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, octafluoropentyl
and the like; [0035] aryl is defined as mono- and polyaromatic
groups such as phenyl or naphthalenyl optionally substituted with
one to three substituents each independently selected from nitro,
azido, cyano, halo, hydroxy, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl,
C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl, amino, mono- or
di(C.sub.1-6alkyl)amino; [0036] heteroaryl is defined as mono- and
polyheteroaromatic groups such as those including one or more
heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus,
in particular pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl,
triazinyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl,
isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl and the like,
including all possible isomeric forms thereof; [0037]
C.sub.3-6alkenyl defines straight and branched chain hydrocarbon
radicals containing one double bond and having from 3 to 6 carbon
atoms such as, for example, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-butenyl,
2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl
and the like; [0038] C.sub.3-6alkynyl defines straight and branched
chain hydrocarbon radicals containing one triple bond and having
from 3 to 6 carbon atoms such as, for example, 2-propynyl,
3-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 3-methyl-2-butynyl,
3-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl and the like; [0039] C.sub.4-8cycloalkenyl
defines cyclic hydrocarbon radicals containing one double bond and
having from 4 to 8 carbon atoms such as, for example cyclobutenyl,
cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl and the
like; [0040] fused benzo-C.sub.5-8cycloalkyl defines radicals such
as, for instance, indanyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl,
fluorenyl and the like; [0041] C.sub.7-10 polycycloalkyl defines
radicals having from 7 to 10 carbon atoms such as, for instance,
norbornyl; [0042] C.sub.1-6alkylamino defines primary amino
radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as, for example,
methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, iso propylamino, butylamino,
isobutylamino and the like; [0043] di(C.sub.1-6 alkyl)amino defines
secondary amino radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as,
for example, dimethylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino,
di-isopropylamino, N-methyl-N'-ethylamino, N-ethyl-N'-propylamino
and the like; [0044] C.sub.1-6alkylthio defines a C.sub.1-6alkyl
group attached to a sulfur atom, such as methylthio, ethylthio,
propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio and the like; [0045]
C.sub.1-6acyl defines a C.sub.1-6alkyl group attached to a carbonyl
group such as, for instance acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl
and the like.
[0046] The pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts as mentioned
hereinabove are meant to include the therapeutically active
non-toxic acid addition salt forms which the compounds of formula
(I) are able to form and which may conveniently be obtained by
treating the base form of such compounds with an appropriate acid.
Examples of such appropriate acids include, for instance, inorganic
acids such as hydrohalic acids, e.g. hydrochloric or hydrobromic
acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like; or
organic acids such as, for example, acetic, propanoic,
hydroxyacetic, 2-hydroxypropanoic, 2-oxopropanoic, lactic, pyruvic,
oxalic (i.e. ethanedioic), malonic, succinic (i.e. butanedioic
acid), maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, methanesulfonic,
ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic,
cyclohexanesulfamic, salicylic (i.e. 2-hydroxybenzoic),
p-aminosalicylic, pamoic and the like. Conversely the salt form can
be converted by treatment with an appropriate alkali into the free
base form.
[0047] The term pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt as used
hereinabove also includes the solvates which the compounds of
formula (I) as well as their salts are able to form, such as for
example hydrates, alcoholates and the like.
[0048] The N-oxide forms of the compounds of formula (I), are meant
to include those compounds wherein one or more nitrogen atoms are
oxidized, using methods well known in the art for converting a
trivalent nitrogen into its N-oxide form. Said N-oxidation reaction
may usually be carried out by reacting the compound of formula (I)
with 3-phenyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)oxaziridine or with an appropriate
organic or inorganic peroxide in at least one suitable solvent.
Appropriate inorganic peroxides include for example hydrogen
peroxide and alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal peroxides, e.g.
sodium or potassium peroxides. Appropriate organic peroxides may
comprise peroxy acids such as, for example benzenecarboperoxoic
acid or halo substituted benzenecarbo-peroxoic acid (e.g.
3-chlorobenzene-carboperoxoic acid), peroxoalkanoic acids (e.g.
peroxoacetic acid) and alkylhydroperoxides (e.g. tert-butyl
hydroperoxide). Suitable solvents for this reaction include for
instance water, lower alcohols (e.g. ethanol and the like),
hydrocarbons (e.g. toluene), ketones (e.g. 2-butanone), halogenated
hydrocarbons (e.g. dichloromethane) and mixtures of such
solvents.
[0049] The polyarylcarboxamide compounds of formula (I) may have at
least one chiral center in the A group and/or the B group and/or
the cyclic group including X.sub.2 and X.sub.3.
[0050] The term "stereochemically isomeric forms" as used
hereinbefore defines all the possible isomeric forms which the
compounds of formula (I) may possess. Unless otherwise stated, the
chemical designation of compounds denotes the mixture of all
possible stereochemically isomeric forms, said mixtures containing
all diastereomers and enantiomers of the basic molecular structure.
More particularly, stereogenic centers may have either the R- or
S-configuration; substituents on bivalent cyclic saturated radicals
may have either the cis- or trans-configuration. The same
definition applies to the various novel intermediates, as described
herein, which are used to prepare the polyarylcarboxamide compounds
of formula (I).
[0051] Pure stereoisomeric forms of the said compounds and
intermediates are defined as isomers substantially free of other
enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms of the same basic molecular
structure. In particular, the term "stereoisomerically pure" or
"chirally pure" relates to compounds or intermediates having a
stereoisomeric excess of at least 80% (i.e. at least 90% of one
isomer and at most 10% of the other possible isomers), preferably
at least 90%, more preferably at least 94% and most preferably at
least 97%. The terms "enantiomerically pure" and
"diastereomerically pure" should be understood in a similar way,
having regard to the enantiomeric excess, respectively the
diastereomeric excess, of the mixture in question.
[0052] Consequently, if a mixture of enantiomers is obtained during
any of the following preparation methods, it can be separated by
liquid chromatography using a suitable chiral stationary phase.
Suitable chiral stationary phases are, for example,
polysaccharides, in particular cellulose or amylose derivatives.
Commercially available polysaccharide based chiral stationary
phases are ChiralCel.TM. CA, OA, OB, OC, OD, OF, OG, OJ and OK, and
Chiralpak.TM. AD, AS, OP(+) and OT(+). Appropriate eluents or
mobile phases for use in combination with said polysaccharide
chiral stationary phases are hexane and the like, modified with an
alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol and the like.
[0053] The terms cis and trans are used herein in accordance with
Chemical Abstracts nomenclature and refer to the position of the
substituents on a ring moiety.
[0054] The absolute stereochemical configuration of the
polyarylcarboxamide compounds of formula (I) and of the
intermediates used in their preparation may easily be determined by
those skilled in the art while using well-known methods such as,
for example, X-ray diffraction.
[0055] Furthermore, some polyarylcarboxamide compounds of formula
(I) and some of the intermediates used in their preparation may
exhibit polymorphism. It is to be understood that the present
invention encompasses any polymorphic forms possessing properties
useful in the treatment of the conditions noted hereinabove.
[0056] A group of interesting compounds consists of those compounds
of formula (I) wherein one or more of the following restrictions
apply: [0057] a) R.sup.1 is hydrogen; [0058] b) R.sup.2 is hydrogen
or C.sub.1-4alkyl; [0059] c) R.sup.3 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-4alkyl;
[0060] d) R.sup.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-4alkyl or trifluoromethyl;
[0061] e) p.sup.1 is 1; [0062] f) p.sup.2 is 1; [0063] g) p.sup.3
is 1; [0064] h) the bivalent radical A is C.sub.1-6alkanediyl
substituted with one aryl group, in particular A is a methylene
group substituted with phenyl; [0065] i) B is C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, or
C.sub.1-10alkylamino.
[0066] Interesting compounds are those compounds of formula (I)
wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 taken together form a
six-membered heterocycle.
[0067] Particular compounds are those compounds of formula (I)
wherein radical B represents methyloxy or ethyloxy.
[0068] Other particular compounds are those compounds of formula
(I) wherein R.sub.2 and/or R.sub.3 are/is C.sub.1-4alkyl.
[0069] Yet other particular compounds are those compounds of
formula (I) wherein R.sub.4 is C.sub.1-4alkyl or
trifluoromethoxy.
[0070] More preferred compounds are those particular compounds of
formula (I) wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 taken
together form a piperidine or piperazine group and X.sub.1 is a
direct bond.
[0071] More preferred compounds of formula (I) are those compounds
wherein R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each hydrogen and R.sub.4 is
hydrogen, trifluoromethyl, chloro or tert-butyl.
[0072] Most preferred compound of formula (I) are
##STR00003## ##STR00004## ##STR00005## ##STR00006## ##STR00007##
##STR00008## ##STR00009##
and the stereoisomeric forms, the pharmaceutically acceptable acid
addition salts, or the N-oxides thereof.
[0073] One advantage of the present invention is the easiness with
which the compounds of formula (I) can be manufactured by a high
number of different processes. Some of these processes will now be
described in details, without pretending to provide an exhaustive
list of the methods for preparing the said compounds.
[0074] A first process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound
according to this invention is a process wherein an intermediate
phenylene amine having the formula
##STR00010##
wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, p.sup.1, R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, A and B are as defined in formula (I), is reacted with a
polyarylcarboxylic acid or halide having the formula (III),
##STR00011##
wherein X.sub.1, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, p.sup.2, p.sup.3, R.sub.3 and
R.sub.4 are as defined in formula (I) and Y.sub.1 is selected from
hydroxy and halo, in at least one reaction-inert solvent and
optionally in the presence of a suitable base, the said process
further optionally comprising converting a compound of formula (I)
into an addition salt thereof, and/or preparing stereochemically
isomeric forms thereof. In case Y.sub.1 is hydroxy, it may be
convenient to activate the biphenylcarboxylic acid of formula (III)
by adding an effective amount of a reaction promoter. Non-limiting
examples of such reaction promoters include carbonyldiimidazole,
diimides such as N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or
1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide, and functional
derivatives thereof. For this type of acylation procedure, it is
preferred to use a polar aprotic solvent such as, for instance,
methylene chloride. Suitable bases for carrying out this first
process include tertiary amines such as triethylamine,
triisopropylamine and the like. Suitable temperatures for carrying
out the first process of the invention typically range from about
20.degree. C. to about 140.degree. C., depending on the particular
solvent used, and will most often be the boiling temperature of the
said solvent.
[0075] A second process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide
compound according to this invention, wherein X.sub.3 is nitrogen,
is a process wherein an intermediate having the formula
##STR00012##
wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.1, X.sub.2, p.sup.1, p.sup.2,
p.sup.3, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4
are as defined in formula (I) and X.sub.3 is nitrogen, is reacted
with a reactant having the formula (V)
##STR00013##
wherein A and B are as defined in formula (I) and Y.sub.2 is
selected from halo, tosyloxy, mesyloxy, naphtylsulfonyloxy, or
-A-Y.sub.2 is R'.sub.5COR.sub.5, wherein R.sub.5 and R.sub.15 are
such that the radical R.sub.15CHR.sub.5 is encompassed by the
definition of A in formula (I), in at least one reaction-inert
solvent and optionally in the presence of at least one suitable
nucleophilic substitution activator and/or a suitable base, the
said process further optionally comprising converting a compound of
formula (I) into an addition salt thereof, and/or preparing
stereochemically isomeric forms thereof. When Y.sub.2 is halo, the
alkylation coupling procedure may for instance be effected in the
presence of sodium or potassium carbonate or a tertiary amine such
as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine in a solvent such as
dimethylformamide or methylisopropylketone and optionally in the
presence of a catalytic amount of potassium iodide in order to
enhance nucleophilic substitution. Intermediates of formula (IV)
wherein X.sub.3 is nitrogen may also be reductively N-alkylated by
means of an aldehyde or a ketone of formula (V) wherein -A-Y.sub.2
is R.sub.15COR.sub.5, thus forming compounds of formula (I). Said
reductive N-alkylation may be performed in a reaction-inert solvent
such as for example toluene, methanol, tetrahydrofuran or a mixture
thereof, and in the presence of a reducing agent. Non-limiting
examples of such reducing agents include hydrogen and borohydrides,
e.g. sodium borohydride, zinc borohydride, lithium borohydride,
sodium cyanoborohydride, triacetoxy borohydride and the like. When
a borohydride is used as the reducing agent, it may be convenient
to perform the N-alkylation in the additional presence of a
catalyst. Non-limiting examples of such catalysts include
transition metal alkoxides, e.g. titanium(IV) isopropoxide,
titanium(IV)-n-butoxide and the like, as disclosed in J. Org. Chem.
(1990), 55:2552-4. When hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, it
may be convenient to perform the N-alkylation in the additional
presence of a catalyst. Non-limiting examples of catalysts suitable
for this purpose include a noble metal supported on a carrier such
as for instance palladium-on-charcoal or platinum-on-charcoal. The
formation of a Schiff base in a first step of the said reductive
N-alkylation reaction may be further enhanced by the additional
presence of a suitable reagent such as aluminium terbutoxide,
calcium oxide, calcium hydride and the like. An appropriate
catalyst-poison, e.g. thiophene, butanethiol, quinoline sulfur or
the like, may also be added to the reaction mixture in order to
prevent undesired hydrogenation of certain functional groups in the
reactants and/or the reaction product. Stirring and optionally
elevated temperature and/or pressure may further enhance the rate
of such a reaction.
[0076] A third process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound
of the invention is a process wherein an intermediate having the
formula
##STR00014##
wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, p.sup.1,
p.sup.2, p.sup.3, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
R.sub.4 and A are as defined in formula (I) and Y.sub.3 is selected
from halo and hydroxy, is reacted with a reactant of the formula
BH, wherein B is NR.sub.6R.sub.7 or OR.sub.8 and R.sub.6, R.sub.7
and R.sub.8 are as defined in formula (I), in at least one
reaction-inert solvent and optionally in the presence of at least
one suitable coupling reagent and/or a suitable base, the said
process further optionally comprising converting a compound of
formula (I) into an addition salt thereof, and/or preparing
stereochemically isomeric forms thereof. In case Y.sub.3 is
hydroxy, it may be convenient to activate the carboxylic acid of
formula (VI) by adding an effective amount of a reaction promoter.
Non-limiting examples of such reaction promoters include
carbonyldiimidazole, diimides such as N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
or 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbo-diimide, and functional
derivatives thereof. In case a chirally pure reactant of formula
(V) is used, a fast and enantiomerization-free reaction of the
intermediate of formula (VI) with the said reactant may be
performed in the further presence of an effective amount of a
compound such as hydroxybenzotriazole, benzotriazolyloxytris
(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate,
tetrapyrrolidinophospho-nium hexafluorophosphate,
bromotripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluoro-phosphate, or a
functional derivative thereof, such as disclosed by D. Hudson, J.
Org. Chem. (1988), 53:617. In case Y.sub.3 is hydroxy and B is
OR.sub.8, then the esterification reaction may conveniently be
performed in the presence of an effective amount of an acid such as
sulfuric acid and the like.
[0077] A fourth process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide
compound according to this invention wherein X.sub.3 is nitrogen
and wherein A is a group suitable for a Michael addition reaction,
is a process wherein an intermediate having the formula (IV),
wherein X.sub.3 is nitrogen, is reacted with a reactant of the
formula (VII)
##STR00015##
wherein B is as defined in formula (I), and Y.sub.4 and Y'.sub.4
are such that the radical
##STR00016##
is encompassed by the definition of A in formula (I), in at least
one reaction-inert solvent, the said process further optionally
comprising converting a compound of formula (I) into an addition
salt thereof, and/or preparing stereochemically isomeric forms
thereof. The reaction-inert solvent may be, for instance,
dimethylformamide or methanol and the reaction temperature may be
the boiling point of the said solvent. Contrary to most of the
alternative processes for preparing the polyarylcarboxamide
compounds of this invention, this fourth process does not require
the presence of a catalyst or otherwise coupling reagent in order
to quantitatively yield the target compound. A base such as sodium
carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate and the like may
optionally be added to the reaction mixture. As conventionally
defined in the art, A preferably is an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated
carbonyl compound, such as a ketone or an ester, the .beta. carbon
atom of which is susceptible of a nucleophilic attack. Non-limiting
examples of groups A suitable for such a Michael addition reaction
include for instance:
##STR00017##
[0078] A fifth process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound
according to this invention is a process wherein an intermediate
having the formula (VIII)
##STR00018##
wherein X.sub.1, p.sup.1, p.sup.2, p.sup.3, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2,
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined in formula (I)
and Y.sub.5 is selected from halo, B(OH).sub.2, alkylboronates and
cyclic analogues thereof, is reacted with a reactant having the
formula (IX)
##STR00019##
wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.3, A and B are as defined in
formula (I), in at least one reaction-inert solvent and optionally
in the presence of at least one transition metal coupling reagent
and/or at least one suitable ligand, the said process further
optionally comprising converting a compound of formula (I) into an
addition salt thereof, and/or preparing stereochemically isomeric
forms thereof. This type of reaction being known in the art as the
Buchwaldt reaction, reference to the applicable metal coupling
reagents and/or suitable ligands, e.g. palladium compounds such as
palladium tetra(triphenylphosphine), tris(dibenzylidene-acetone
dipalladium, 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphtyl and the
like, may be found for instance in Tetrahedron Letters (1996)
37(40) 7181-7184 and J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1996) 118:7216. If Y.sub.5
is B(OH).sub.2, an alkylboronate or a cyclic analogue thereof, then
cupric acetate should be used as the coupling reagent, according to
Tetrahedron Letters (1998) 39:2933-6.
[0079] A sixth process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide compound
according to this invention is a process wherein an intermediate
having the formula (X)
##STR00020##
wherein p.sup.1, p.sup.2, p.sup.3, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, X.sub.1,
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined in formula
(I), is reacted with a reactant having the formula (X.sub.1)
##STR00021##
wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.3, A and B are as defined in
formula (I), one of Y.sub.6 and Y.sub.7 is selected from bromo,
iodo and trifluoromethylsulfonate and the other of Y.sub.6 and
Y.sub.7 is selected from tri(C.sub.1-4alkyl) tin, B(OH).sub.2,
alkylboronates and cyclic analogues thereof, in at least one
reaction-inert solvent and optionally in the presence of at least
one transition metal coupling reagent and/or at least one suitable
ligand such as palladium associated with triphenylphosphine,
triphenylarsine and the like, the said process further optionally
comprising converting a compound of formula (I) into an addition
salt thereof, and/or preparing stereochemically isomeric forms
thereof. This type of reaction being known in the art as the Stille
reaction or the Suzuki reaction, reference to the applicable
transition metal coupling reagents and/or suitable ligands may be
found for instance in Syn. Letters (1998)6, 671-5, in Chem. Rev.
(1999)99(6)1549-1581 and in The Stille Reaction (John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.) ISBN 0-471-31273-8.
[0080] A seventh process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide
compound according to this invention is a process wherein an
intermediate having the formula (XII)
##STR00022##
wherein Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, p.sup.1, p.sup.2,
Ar.sup.1, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, A and B are as defined in
formula (I) and Y.sub.8 is selected from bromo, iodo and
trifluoromethylsulfonate, is reacted either with an aryl-boric acid
having the formula (XIII a)
##STR00023##
wherein p.sup.3, Ar.sup.2 and R.sub.4 are as defined in formula
(I), or with an aryl-tin reactant having the formula (XIII b)
##STR00024##
wherein R.sub.3, R.sub.4, Ar.sup.2 and p.sup.3 are as defined in
formula (I), in at least one reaction-inert solvent and optionally
in the presence of at least one transition metal coupling reagent
and/or at least one suitable ligand, the said process further
optionally comprising converting a compound of formula (I) into an
addition salt thereof, and/or preparing or stereochemically
isomeric forms thereof. This type of reaction being known in the
art as the Stille reaction or the Suzuki reaction, reference to the
applicable transition metal coupling reagents and/or suitable
ligands may be found for instance in the literature cited above.
Exemplary coupling reagents for this process are e.g.
bis(triphenylphosphine) dichloropalladium and diacetylpalladium.
Exemplary reaction-inert solvents for this reaction are
1,4-dioxane, toluene, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran,
dimethylether and the like.
[0081] Furthermore, a process for preparing a polyarylcarboxamide
compound of the formula (I) wherein B is NR.sub.6R.sub.7, from a
polyarylcarboxamide compound of the formula (I) wherein B is
OR.sub.5 is a process comprising in a first step hydrolyzing the
latter and in a second step reacting the resulting corresponding
carboxylic acid with an amine having the formula HNR.sub.6R.sub.7
in at least one reaction-inert solvent and further optionally
comprising converting the resulting compound of formula (I) wherein
B is NR.sub.6R.sub.7 into an addition salt thereof, and/or
preparing stereochemically isomeric forms thereof. The hydrolysis
first step is preferably effected in an acidic medium such as
strongly concentrated hydrochloric acid and optionally in the
presence of an organic solvent such as dioxane.
[0082] The compounds of formula (I) can also conveniently be
prepared using solid phase synthesis techniques. In general, solid
phase synthesis involves reacting an intermediate in a synthesis
with a polymer support. This polymer supported intermediate can
then be carried on through a number of synthetic steps. After each
step, impurities are removed by filtering the resin and washing it
numerous times with various solvents. At each step the resin can be
split up to react with various intermediates in the next step thus
allowing for the synthesis of a large number of compounds. After
the last step in the procedure the resin is treated with a reagent
or process to cleave the resin from the sample. More detailed
explanation of the techniques used in solid phase chemistry are
described in for example "The Combinatorial Index" (B. Bunin,
Academic Press) and Novabiochem's 1999 Catalogue & Peptide
Synthesis Handbook (Novabiochem AG, Switzerland) both incorporated
herein by reference.
[0083] Furthermore, the invention provides compounds of any of the
formulae (II), (III), (IV), (VI), (VII), (X) and (XII)
hereunder:
##STR00025## ##STR00026##
wherein [0084] Z.sub.1 is selected from (CH.sub.2).sub.n wherein n
is 1 to 3, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O and OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2; [0085] Z.sub.2
is (CH.sub.2).sub.m wherein m is 1 or 2; [0086] X.sub.1 represents
O, CH.sub.2, CO, NH, CH.sub.2O, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2S, SCH.sub.2 or
a direct bond; [0087] X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 are each independently
selected from CH, N and a sp2 carbon atom; [0088] R.sub.1 is
hydrogen or C.sub.1-4 alkyl; [0089] Ar.sup.1 is an aromatic ring
selected from phenyl, naphthalenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl,
pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl and
thienyl, optionally substituted with one or two R.sub.3
substituents; [0090] Ar.sup.2 is an aromatic ring selected from
phenyl, naphthalenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl,
pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl,
thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl and thienyl,
optionally substituted with one, two or three R.sub.4 substituents;
[0091] each R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is independently selected from
C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 alkyloxy, halo and trifluoromethyl;
[0092] each R.sub.4 is independently selected from C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
C.sub.1-4 alkyloxy, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, cyano, nitro,
C.sub.1-4 alkylthio or polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl, amino,
C.sub.1-4alkylamino and di(C.sub.1-4alkyl)amino; [0093] p.sup.1 and
p.sup.2 are each 0 to 2; [0094] p.sup.3 is 0 to 3; [0095] X.sub.1
and R.sub.4 taken together with the aromatic rings to which they
are attached may form a fluoren-1-yl or a fluoren-4-yl group;
[0096] A represents a C.sub.1-6 alkanediyl optionally substituted
with one or two groups selected from aryl, heteroaryl and
C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl; oxygen; or a direct bond; [0097] B
represents hydrogen; C.sub.1-10alkyl; aryl or heteroaryl each
optionally substituted with a group selected from halo, cyano,
nitro, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, amino, C.sub.1-10alkylamino,
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino, C.sub.1-10acyl, C.sub.1-10alkylthio,
C.sub.1-10alkoxycarbonyl, C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl and
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl; arylC.sub.1-10alkyl;
heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl; C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl;
polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl; C.sub.3-6 alkenyl; C.sub.3-6 alkynyl;
NR.sub.6R.sub.7; or OR.sub.8; [0098] R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 each
independently represent hydrogen, C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl or
heteroaryl each optionally substituted with a group selected from
halo, cyano, C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, amino, C.sub.1-10alkylamino,
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino, C.sub.1-10acyl, C.sub.1-10alkylthio,
C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl and di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl;
arylC.sub.1-10alkyl, heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl,
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl, C.sub.7-10polycycloalkyl,
polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-8alkenyl, C.sub.3-8alkynyl, fused
benzo-C.sub.5-8cycloalkyl, and wherein R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 taken
together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may form
a C.sub.4-8 saturated heterocyclic radical; [0099] R.sub.8
represents C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl each optionally
substituted with a group selected from halo, cyano, nitro,
C.sub.1-4alkyloxy, amino, C.sub.1-10alkylamino,
di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)amino, C.sub.1-10acyl, C.sub.1-10alkylthio,
C.sub.1-10alkylaminocarbonyl and di(C.sub.1-10alkyl)aminocarbonyl;
arylC.sub.1-10alkyl; heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl;
C.sub.3-10cycloalkyl; C.sub.7-10 polycycloalkyl;
polyhaloC.sub.1-6alkyl; C.sub.3-8alkenyl; C.sub.3-8alkynyl; or
fused benzo-C.sub.5-8 cycloalkyl; [0100] when X.sub.3 is CH, A may
also represent a nitrogen atom substituted with hydrogen,
C.sub.1-10alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylC.sub.1-10alkyl,
heteroarylC.sub.1-10alkyl or C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl; [0101] Y.sub.1
and Y.sub.3 are each independently selected from hydroxy and halo;
[0102] Y.sub.5 is selected from halo, B(OH).sub.2, alkylboronates
and cyclic analogues thereof; and [0103] Y.sub.6 and Y.sub.8 are
each independently selected from bromo, iodo and
trifluoromethylsulfonate, which are useful as intermediates for the
preparation of the polyarylcarboxamide compounds of the present
invention. In turn, the present invention provides methods for
preparing the above-mentioned families of intermediate compounds,
such as disclosed in the foregoing examples.
[0104] The polyarylcarboxamide compounds of formula (I), the
N-oxide forms, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and
stereoisomeric forms thereof possess favourable apolipoprotein B
inhibiting activity and concomitant lipid lowering activity.
Therefore the present compounds are useful as a medicine especially
in a method of treating patients suffering from hyperlipidemia,
obesity, atherosclerosis or type II diabetes. In particular the
present compounds may be used for the manufacture of a medicine for
treating disorders caused by an excess of very low density
lipoproteins (VLDL) or low density lipoproteins (LDL), and
especially disorders caused by the cholesterol associated with said
VLDL and LDL.
[0105] The causal relationship between
hypercholesterolemia--particularly that associated with increased
plasma concentrations of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very
low density lipoproteins (VLDL)--and premature atherosclerosis and
cardiovascular disease is well established. VLDL is secreted by the
liver and contains apolipoprotein B (apo-B); these particles
undergo degradation in the circulation to LDL, which transports
about 60 to 70% of the total serum cholesterol. Apo-B is also the
principal protein component of LDL. Increased LDL-cholesterol in
serum, due to oversynthesis or decreased metabolism, is causally
related to atherosclerosis. In contrast, high density lipoproteins
(HDL) which contain apolipoprotein A1, have a protective effect and
are inversely correlated with risk of coronary heart disease. The
HDL/LDL ratio is thus a convenient method of assessing the
atherogenic potential of an individual's plasma lipid profile.
[0106] The principal mechanism of action of the compounds of
formula (I) appears to involve inhibition of MTP (microsomial
triglyceride transfer protein) activity in hepatocytes and
intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in decreased VLDL and
chylomicron production, respectively. This is a novel and
innovative approach to hyperlipidemia, and is expected to lower
LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides through reduced hepatic
production of VLDL and intestinal production of chylomicrons.
[0107] A large number of genetic and acquired diseases can result
in hyperlipidemia. They can be classified into primary and
secondary hyperlipidemic states. The most common causes of the
secondary hyperlipidemias are diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse,
drugs, hypothyroidism, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome,
cholestasis and bulimia. Primary hyperlipidemias are common
hypercholesterolaemia, familial combined hyperlipidaemia, familial
hypercholesterolaemia, remnant hyperlipidaemia, chylomicronaemia
syndrome, familial hypertriglyceridaemia. The present compounds may
also be used to prevent or treat patients suffering from obesitas
or from atherosclerosis, especially coronary atherosclerosis and
more in general disorders which are related to atherosclerosis,
such as ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease,
cerebral vascular disease. The present compounds may cause
regression of atherosclerosis and inhibit the clinical consequences
of atherosclerosis, particularly morbidity and mortality.
[0108] In view of the utility of the compounds of formula (I), it
follows that the present invention also provides a method of
treating warm-blooded animals, including humans, (generally called
herein patients) suffering from disorders caused by an excess of
very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) or low density lipoproteins
(LDL), and especially disorders caused by the cholesterol
associated with said VLDL and LDL. Consequently a method of
treatment is provided for relieving patients suffering from
conditions, such as, for example, hyperlipidemia, obesity,
atherosclerosis or type II diabetes.
[0109] Apo B-48, synthesized by the intestine, is necessary for the
assembly of chylomicrons and therefore has an obligatory role in
the intestinal absorption of dietary fats. The present invention
provides polyarylcarboxamide compounds which are acting as
selective MTP inhibitors at the level of the gut wall.
[0110] Additionally the present invention provides pharmaceutical
compositions comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a
polyarylcarboxamide compound having the formula (I).
[0111] In order to prepare the pharmaceutical compositions of this
invention, an effective amount of the particular compound, in base
or addition salt form, as the active ingredient is combined in
intimate admixture with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier, which carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending
on the form of preparation desired for administration. These
pharmaceutical compositions are desirably in unitary dosage form
suitable, preferably, for oral administration, rectal
administration, percutaneous administration or parenteral
injection.
[0112] For example in preparing the compositions in oral dosage
form, any of the usual liquid pharmaceutical carriers may be
employed, such as for instance water, glycols, oils, alcohols and
the like in the case of oral liquid preparations such as
suspensions, syrups, elixirs and solutions; or solid pharmaceutical
carriers such as starches, sugars, kaolin, lubricants, binders,
disintegrating agents and the like in the case of powders, pills,
capsules and tablets. Because of their easy administration, tablets
and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form,
in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed.
For parenteral injection compositions, the pharmaceutical carrier
will mainly comprise sterile water, although other ingredients may
be included in order to improve solubility of the active
ingredient. Injectable solutions may be prepared for instance by
using a pharmaceutical carrier comprising a saline solution, a
glucose solution or a mixture of both. Injectable suspensions may
also be prepared by using appropriate liquid carriers, suspending
agents and the like. In compositions suitable for percutaneous
administration, the pharmaceutical carrier may optionally comprise
a penetration enhancing agent and/or a suitable wetting agent,
optionally combined with minor proportions of suitable additives
which do not cause a significant deleterious effect to the skin.
Said additives may be selected in order to facilitate
administration of the active ingredient to the skin and/or be
helpful for preparing the desired compositions. These topical
compositions may be administered in various ways, e.g., as a
transdermal patch, a spot-on or an ointment. Addition salts of the
compounds of formula (I), due to their increased water solubility
over the corresponding base form, are obviously more suitable in
the preparation of aqueous compositions.
[0113] It is especially advantageous to formulate the
pharmaceutical compositions of the invention in dosage unit form
for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. "Dosage unit
form" as used herein refers to physically discrete units suitable
as unitary dosages, each unit containing a predetermined amount of
active ingredient calculated to produce the desired therapeutic
effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
Examples of such dosage unit forms are tablets (including scored or
coated tablets), capsules, pills, powder packets, wafers,
injectable solutions or suspensions, teaspoonfuls, tablespoonfuls
and the like, and segregated multiples thereof.
[0114] For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions of
the present invention may take the form of solid dose forms, for
example, tablets (both swallowable and chewable forms), capsules or
gelcaps, prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically
acceptable excipients and carriers such as binding agents (e.g.
pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and the like), fillers (e.g. lactose,
microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate and the like),
lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc, silica and the like),
disintegrating agents (e.g. potato starch, sodium starch glycollate
and the like), wetting agents (e.g. sodium laurylsulphate) and the
like. Such tablets may also be coated by methods well known in the
art.
[0115] Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the
form of e.g. solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be
formulated as a dry product for admixture with water and/or another
suitable liquid carrier before use. Such liquid preparations may be
prepared by conventional means, optionally with other
pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents
(e.g. sorbitol syrup, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
or hydrogenated edible fats), emulsifying agents (e.g. lecithin or
acacia), non-aqueous carriers (e.g. almond oil, oily esters or
ethyl alcohol), sweeteners, flavours, masking agents and
preservatives (e.g. methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic
acid).
[0116] Pharmaceutically acceptable sweeteners useful in the
pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise preferably at
least one intense sweetener such as aspartame, acesulfame
potassium, sodium cyclamate, alitame, a dihydrochalcone sweetener,
monellin, stevioside sucralose
(4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose) or, preferably,
saccharin, sodium or calcium saccharin, and optionally at least one
bulk sweetener such as sorbitol, mannitol, fructose, sucrose,
maltose, isomalt, glucose, hydrogenated glucose syrup, xylitol,
caramel or honey. Intense sweeteners are conveniently used in low
concentrations. For example, in the case of sodium saccharin, the
said concentration may range from about 0.04% to 0.1%
(weight/volume) of the final formulation. The bulk sweetener can
effectively be used in larger concentrations ranging from about 10%
to about 35%, preferably from about 10% to 15% (weight/volume).
[0117] The pharmaceutically acceptable flavours which can mask the
bitter tasting ingredients in the low-dosage formulations are
preferably fruit flavours such as cherry, raspberry, black currant
or strawberry flavour. A combination of two flavours may yield very
good results. In the high-dosage formulations, stronger
pharmaceutically acceptable flavours may be required such as
Caramel Chocolate, Mint Cool, Fantasy and the like. Each flavour
may be present in the final composition in a concentration ranging
from about 0.05% to 1% (weight/volume). Combinations of said strong
flavours are advantageously used. Preferably a flavour is used that
does not undergo any change or loss of taste and/or color under the
circumstances of the formulation.
[0118] The polyarylcarboxamide compounds of this invention may be
formulated for parenteral administration by injection, conveniently
intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, for example
by bolus injection or continuous intravenous infusion. Formulations
for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g. in
ampoules or multi-dose containers, including an added preservative.
They may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in
oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulating agents such
as isotonizing, suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
Alternatively, the active ingredient may be present in powder form
for mixing with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile pyrogen-free
water, before use.
[0119] The polyarylcarboxamide compounds of this invention may also
be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or
retention enemas, e.g. containing conventional suppository bases
such as cocoa butter and/or other glycerides.
[0120] The polyarylcarboxamide compounds of this invention may be
used in conjunction with other pharmaceutical agents, in particular
the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may
further comprise at least one additional lipid-lowering agent, thus
leading to a so-called combination lipid-lowering therapy. The said
additional lipid-lowering agent may be, for instance, a known drug
conventionally used for the management of hyperlipidaemia such as
e.g. a bile acid sequestrant resin, a fibric acid derivative or
nicotinic acid as previously mentioned in the background of the
invention. Suitable additional lipid-lowering agents also include
other cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors and cholesterol
absorption inhibitors, especially HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and
HMG-CoA synthase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase gene expression
inhibitors, CETP inhibitors, ACAT inhibitors, squalene synthetase
inhibitors and the like.
[0121] Any HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor may be used as the second
compound in the combination therapy aspect of this invention. The
term "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor" as used herein, unless otherwise
stated, refers to a compound which inhibits the biotransformation
of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A to mevalonic acid as catalyzed
by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. Such inhibition may be determined
readily by one skilled in the art according to standard assays,
i.e. Methods of Enzymology (1981) 71:455-509. Exemplary compounds
are described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,938 (including
lovastatin), U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,784 (including simvastatin), U.S.
Pat. No. 4,739,073 (including fluvastatin), U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,227
(including pravastatin), EP-A-491,226 (including rivastatin) and
U.S. Pat. No. 4,647,576 (including atorvastatin).
[0122] Any HMG-CoA synthase inhibitor may be used as the second
compound in the combination therapy aspect of this invention. The
term "HMG-CoA synthase inhibitor" as used herein, unless otherwise
stated, refers to a compound which inhibits the biosynthesis of
hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A from acetyl-coenzyme A and
acetoacetyl-coenzyme A, catalyzed by the enzyme HMG-CoA synthase.
Such inhibition may be determined readily by one skilled in the art
according to standard assays, i.e. Methods of Enzymology (1985)
110:19-26. Exemplary compounds are described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No.
5,120,729 relating to beta-lactam derivatives, U.S. Pat. No.
5,064,856 relating to spiro-lactone derivatives and U.S. Pat. No.
4,847,271 relating to oxetane compounds.
[0123] Any HMG-CoA reductase gene expression inhibitor may be used
as the second compound in the combination therapy aspect of this
invention. These agents may be HMG-CoA reductase trancription
inhibitors that block the transcription of DNA or translation
inhibitors that prevent translation of mRNA coding for HMG-CoA
reductase into protein. Such inhibitors may either affect
trancription or translation directly or may be biotransformed into
compounds having the above-mentioned attributes by one or more
enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthetic cascade or may lead to
accumulation of a metabolite having the above-mentioned activities.
Such regulation may be determined readily by one skilled in the art
according to standard assays, i.e. Methods of Enzymology (1985)
110:9-19. Exemplary compounds are described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No.
5,041,432 and E. I. Mercer, Prog. Lip. Res. (1993) 32:357-416.
[0124] Any CETP inhibitor may be used as the second compound in the
combination therapy aspect of this invention. The term "CETP
inhibitor" as used herein, unless otherwise stated, refers to a
compound which inhibits the cholesteryl ester transfer protein
(CETP) mediated transport of various cholesteryl esters and
triglycerides from HDL to LDL and VLDL. Exemplary compounds are
described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,512,548, in J. Antibiot. (1996)
49(8):815-816 and Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (1996) 6:1951-1954.
[0125] Any ACAT inhibitor may be used as the second compound in the
combination therapy aspect of this invention. The term "ACAT
inhibitor" as used herein, unless otherwise stated, refers to a
compound which inhibits the intracellular esterification of dietary
cholesterol by the enzyme acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase.
Such inhibition may be determined readily by one skilled in the art
according to standard assays, i.e. the method of Heider et al.,
Journal of Lipid Research (1983) 24:1127. Exemplary compounds are
described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,379, in WO 96/26948 and WO
96/10559.
[0126] Any squalene synthetase inhibitor may be used as the second
compound in the combination therapy aspect of this invention. The
term "squalene synthetase inhibitor" as used herein, unless
otherwise stated, refers to a compound which inhibits the
condensation of two molecules of farnesylpyrophosphate to form
squalene, catalyzed by the enzyme squalene synthetase. Such
inhibition may be determined readily by one skilled in the art
according to standard methods, i.e. Methods of Enzymology (1985)
110:359-373. Exemplary compounds are described e.g. in
EP-A-567,026, in EP-A-645,378 and in EP-A-645,377.
[0127] Those of skill in the treatment of hyperlipidemia will
easily determine the therapeutically effective amount of a
polyarylcarboxamide compound of this invention from the test
results presented hereinafter. In general it is contemplated that a
therapeutically effective dose will be from about 0.001 mg/kg to
about 5 mg/kg of body weight, more preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg
to about 0.5 mg/kg of body weight of the patient to be treated. It
may be appropriate to administer the therapeutically effective dose
in the form of two or more sub-doses at appropriate intervals
throughout the day. Said sub-doses may be formulated as unit dosage
forms, for example each containing from about 0.1 mg to about 350
mg, more particularly from about 1 to about 200 mg, of the active
ingredient per unit dosage form.
[0128] The exact dosage and frequency of administration depends on
the particular polyarylcarboxamide compound of formula (I) used,
the particular condition being treated, the severity of the
condition being treated, the age, weight and general physical
condition of the particular patient as well as the other medication
(including the above-mentioned additional lipid-lowering agents),
the patient may be taking, as is well known to those skilled in the
art. Furthermore, said effective daily amount may be lowered or
increased depending on the response of the treated patient and/or
depending on the evaluation of the physician prescribing the
polyarylcarboxamide compounds of the instant invention. The
effective daily amount ranges mentioned hereinabove are therefore
only guidelines.
Experimental Part
[0129] In the procedures described hereinafter the following
abbreviations were used: "ACN" stands for acetonitrile; "THF"
stands for tetrahydrofuran; "DCM" stands for dichloromethane;
"DIPE" stands for diisopropylether; "DMF" means
N,N-dimethyl-formamide; "NMP" means N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; "TFA"
means trifluoroacetic acid; "TIS" means triisopropylsilane; "DIPEA"
means diisopropylethylamine; "TMSOTf" means trimethylsilyl triflate
and "MIK" means methyl isobutyl ketone. Extrelut.TM. is a product
of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and is a short column comprising
diatomaceous earth.
A. Preparation of Intermediate Compounds
EXAMPLE A.1
[0130] .alpha.-Bromo-methyl ester benzeneacetic acid (0.026 mole)
was added dropwise to a mixture of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine
(0.028 mole) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.024 mole) in DMF (150 ml)
while stirring. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 66
hours, poured out into ice water (500 ml) and stirred for 30
minutes. The precipitate was filtered off and dissolved in DCM. The
organic solution was dried, filtered and the solvent was
evaporated. This fraction was purified over silica gel on a glass
filter (eluent: CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/CH.sub.3OH 99/1). The pure
fractions were collected and the solvent was evaporated. Part of
this fraction was stirred in ethanol. The precipitate was filtered
off and dried, yielding 0.04 g of (.+-.)-methyl
4-(4-nitrophenyl)-.alpha.-phenyl-1-piperazineacetate (intermediate
1, melting point 92.degree. C.).
EXAMPLE A.2
[0131] A mixture of intermediate (1) (0.026 mole) and KOH (0.13
mole) in ethanol (150 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 18
hours, heated at 50.degree. C. for 2.5 hours and cooled to room
temperature. The precipitate was filtered off, stirred in
2-propanol, filtered off, washed three times with 2-propanol and
dried. This fraction was stirred and refluxed in 2-propanol.
HCl/2-propanol 6N (19.94 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred and
refluxed, filtered warm and stirred in water (350 ml). The
precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 5.94 g of
(.+-.)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-.alpha.-phenyl-1-piperazineacetic acid
monohydrate (intermediate 2).
EXAMPLE A.3
[0132] A mixture of intermediate (1) (0.0136 mole) and
1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (0.02 mole) in DCM
(125 ml) was stirred for two hours to give mixture (1). A mixture
of 2,2,2-trifluoroethylamine (0.014 mole) in DCM (25 ml) was
stirred. Triethylamine (1.5 g) was added and the mixture was
stirred for 5 minutes to give mixture (2). Mixtures (1) and (2)
were combined. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight and
washed with water. The organic layer was separated, dried, filtered
and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column
chromatography over silica gel (eluent: CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/CH.sub.3OH
98/2). The pure fractions were collected and the solvent was
evaporated. This fraction was purified by column chromatography
over silica gel (eluent: DCM/hexane/ethyl acetate 50/20/30). The
pure fractions were collected and the solvent was evaporated,
yielding 2.3 g
(.+-.)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-.alpha.-phenyl-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1-pipera-
zineacetamide (intermediate 3).
EXAMPLE A.4
[0133] A mixture of intermediate (3) (0.0054 mole) in methanol (150
ml) was hydrogenated with Pd/C 10% (1 g) as a catalyst in the
presence of a 4% thiophene solution (1 ml). After uptake of
hydrogen (2 equivalents), the catalyst was filtered off and the
filtrate was evaporated. The residue was triturated in DIPE. The
precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 1.5 g of
(.+-.)-4-(4-aminophenyl)-.alpha.-phenyl-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1-pipera-
zineacetamide (intermediate 4, melting point 136.degree. C.).
EXAMPLE A.5
[0134] A mixture of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carbonyl
chloride (0.185 mole) in DCM (1500 ml) and triethylamine (50 ml)
was stirred on an ice-bath for 5 minutes.
4-[4-(Phenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-benzenamine (0.37 mole) in DCM
(500 ml) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours.
The organic layer was separated, washed with water, dried, filtered
and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was triturated in DIPE.
The precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 99.8 g of
N-[4-[4-(phenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]phenyl]-4'-(trifluoro-methyl)-[1,1'--
biphenyl]-2-carboxamide (intermediate 5, melting point 180.degree.
C.).
EXAMPLE A.6
[0135] A mixture of intermediate (5) (0.19 mole) in methanol (600
ml) and THF (600 ml) was hydrogenated overnight with Pd/C 10% (3 g)
as a catalyst. After uptake of hydrogen (1 equivalent), the
catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated. The
residue was triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off,
dried, and dissolved in water. The mixture was alkalinized with
Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 and then extracted with DCM. The organic layer was
separated, dried, filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The
residue was triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off
and dried, yielding 40 g of
N-[4-(1-piperazinyl)phenyl]-4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carbox-
amide (intermediate 6).
EXAMPLE A.7
[0136] A mixture of
4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid (0.09 mole)
in DCM (500 ml) and DMF (5 ml) was stirred. Ethanedioyl dichloride
(0.09 mole) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour
to give mixture (1). A mixture of
4-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-benzenamine (0.046 mole) in DCM
(500 ml) and triethylamine (20 ml) was stirred on an ice-bath.
Mixture (1) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred and
refluxed overnight, then cooled and washed with water. The organic
layer was separated, dried, filtered and the solvent was
evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography over
silica gel (eluent: CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/CH.sub.3OH 98/2). The pure
fractions were collected and the solvent was evaporated. The
residue was triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off
and dried, yielding 5.6 g of
N-[4-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]phenyl]-4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-b-
iphenyl]-2-carboxamide (intermediate 7, melting point 134.degree.
C.).
EXAMPLE A.8
[0137] A mixture of intermediate (7) (0.025 mole) in methanol (250
ml) was hydrogenated at 50.degree. C. overnight with Pd/C 10% (2 g)
as a catalyst. After uptake of hydrogen (1 equivalent), the
catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated. The
residue was triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off
and dried. A part (0.2 g) of this fraction was purified by high
performance liquid chromatography over RP-18 (eluent: (NH.sub.4OAc
0.5%/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN 75/25/0, 0/50/50,
0/0/100 and 75/25/0; column: Hyperprep RP 100 .ANG. 8 .mu.m). The
pure fractions were collected and the solvent was evaporated,
yielding 0.119 g of
N-[4-(4-piperidinyl)phenyl]-4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carbox-
amide acetate (1:2) (intermediate 8, melting point 150.degree.
C.).
EXAMPLE A.9
[0138] A mixture of 4-[4-(phenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-benzenamine
(0.12 mole) in THF (300 ml) and triethylamine (50 ml) was stirred.
[1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-carbonyl chloride (0.12 mole) was added dropwise.
The mixture was stirred overnight. The solvent was evaporated. The
residue was dissolved in DCM. The organic layer was separated,
washed, dried, filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The residue
was triturated in DIPE/2-propanol. The precipitate was filtered off
and dried. A part (1 g) of this fraction was purified by column
chromatography over silica gel (eluent: CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/CH.sub.3OH
99/1). The pure fractions were collected and the solvent was
evaporated. The residue was triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was
filtered off and dried, yielding 0.84 g of
N-[4-[4-(phenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]phenyl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamid-
e (intermediate 9, melting point 162.degree. C.).
EXAMPLE A.10
[0139] A mixture of intermediate (9) (0.1 mole) in methanol (500
ml) was hydrogenated for two hours with palladium-on-carbon (10%)
(10 g) as a catalyst. After uptake of hydrogen (1 equivalent), the
catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated. The
residue was triturated in 2-propanol. The precipitate was filtered
off and dried, yielding 29 g of
N-[4-(1-piperazinyl)phenyl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamide
(intermediate 10, melting point 176.degree. C.).
EXAMPLE A.11
[0140] a) A mixture of
4-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinol (0.23 mole) and
Cu.sub.2O (2 g) in aqueous ammonia (500 ml) was stirred at
180.degree. C. for twelve hours. The mixture was cooled, extracted
with DCM and washed with water. The organic layer was dried,
filtered off and evaporated, yielding 60 g of
4-[1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-(phenylmethyl)-4-pyridinyl]benzenamine.
[0141] b) [1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-carbonyl chloride (0.05 mole) was added
dropwise to a stirring mixture of
4-[1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-(phenylmethyl)-4-pyridinyl] benzenamine
(0.045 mole) in THF (300 ml) and triethylamine (25 ml). The mixture
was stirred overnight. The solvent was evaporated. The residue was
dissolved in DCM. The organic layer was separated, washed, dried,
filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was triturated
in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 18.5
g of
N-[4-[1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-(phenylmethyl)-4-pyridinyl]phenyl]-[1,1'-biphe-
nyl]-2-carboxamide (intermediate 11, melting point 142.degree.
C.).
EXAMPLE A.12
[0142] A mixture of .alpha.-phenyl-4-piperidineacetonitrile
hydrochloride (0.05 mole), 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene (0.06 mole) and
potassium carbonate (0.15 mole) in DMF (200 ml) was stirred at
50.degree. C. for four hours. Water and DIPE were added. The
mixture was cooled. The precipitate was filtered off, washed with
water and DIPE and dried, yielding 11.6 g of
(.+-.)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-.alpha.-phenyl-4-piperidine-acetonitrile
(intermediate 12, melting point 118.degree. C.).
EXAMPLE A.13
[0143] A mixture of intermediate (12) (0.036 mole) in a 48% aqueous
solution of hydrogen bromide (100 ml) was stirred and refluxed for
three hours, cooled, poured out into water and extracted twice with
DCM. The organic layer was separated, washed with water, dried,
filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was triturated
with 2-propanol. The precipitate was filtered off and dried,
yielding 9.5 g of
(.+-.)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-.alpha.-phenyl-4-piperidineacetic acid
(intermediate 13, melting point 216.degree. C.).
EXAMPLE A.14
[0144] Thionyl chloride (0.01 mole) was added to a mixture of
intermediate (13) (0.0029 mole) in DCM (10 ml). The mixture was
stirred for one minute overnight and then allowed to stand. The
solvent was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in DCM (10 ml).
Methanol (10 ml) was added. The mixture was allowed to stand for
four hours, then poured out into a NaHCO.sub.3 solution and
extracted with DCM. The organic layer was separated, dried,
filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was triturated
in hexane/DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off and dried,
yielding 0.9 g of (.+-.)-methyl
1-(4-nitrophenyl)-.alpha.-phenyl-4-piperidineacetate (intermediate
14, melting point 124.degree. C.).
EXAMPLE A.15
[0145] A mixture of intermediate (14) (0.0022 mole) in methanol
(100 ml) was hydrogenated at 50.degree. C. with palladium-on-carbon
(10%) (0.1 g) as a catalyst in the presence of a 4% thiophene
solution (0.1 ml). After uptake of hydrogen (3 equivalents), the
catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated. The
residue was triturated in hexane. The precipitate was filtered off
and dried, yielding 0.7 g of (.+-.)-methyl
1-(4-aminophenyl)-.alpha.-phenyl-4-piperidineacetate (intermediate
15, melting point 125.degree. C.).
EXAMPLES A.16 to A.18
[0146] In order to facilitate the understanding of these examples,
the following presents a scheme (scheme 1) of the preparation of
intermediate resins starting from a commercially available
resin:
##STR00027##
R.sup.c being ortho-iodophenyl, and Z.sup.a being hydroxy or
chloro.
EXAMPLE A.16
[0147] Ethylamine (0.0056 mole; 2.8 ml of a 2 M solution in THF,
thus R.sup.a=a in scheme 1) was added to a Novabiochem 01-64-0261
commercial resin (1 g) in DCM (15 ml). Titanium (IV) isopropoxide
(1.65 ml) was added and the mixture was shaken for one hour at room
temperature. Triacetoxy borohydride (1.187 g) was added and the
reaction mixture was shaken for 48 hours at room temperature. The
mixture was filtered, and the filter residue was washed three times
with DCM, three times with a (1:1) mixture of DCM and methanol,
three times with firstly methanol, then secondly with DCM, once
with a mixture of 10 ml DCM and 2 ml DIPEA, three times with
firstly DCM, then secondly with methanol, then dried,
quantitatively yielding an ethylamino terminated resin identified
as I-a in scheme 1, which is used in the next reaction step without
further purification.
EXAMPLE A.17
[0148] Intermediate (13) (0.0056 mole) was added to the resin of
example A.16 (0.00112 mole). A solution of a complex of
(T-4)-hexafluorophosphate(.sup.1-)
(1-hydroxy-1H-benzotriazolato-O)tri-1-pyrrolidinyl-phosphorus(.sup.1+)
(hereinafter referred to as "PyBOP") (2.9 g) in DCM (15 ml) and DMF
(5 ml) was added. Triethylamine (0.0112 mole) was added and the
reaction mixture was shaken for 24 hours at room temperature,
filtered and the filter residue was washed with DMF (5.times.20
ml), then five times with (1:1) mixture of DCM and methanol (20
ml), five times with a (95:5) mixture of DCM with acetic acid (20
ml), five times with DMF (20 ml) and three times with NMP (20 ml),
quantitatively yielding a nitro terminated resin identified as 1'-a
in scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.18
[0149] A mixture of the resin of example A.17 (0.00112 mole) and
SnCl.sub.2.2H.sub.2O (0.0224 mole) in NMP (20 ml) was shaken for
six days at 55.degree. C., then cooled, filtered and the filter
residue was washed with DMF (three times), with a mixture of 10 ml
DMF and 2 ml DIPEA, and then three times with firstly DCM, followed
by secondly methanol, then dried, quantitatively yielding an amino
terminated resin identified as III-a in scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.19
[0150] Triisopropylamine (0.011 mole) was added to the resin of
example A.18 (0.00112 mole) in DCM (10 ml).
N,N-dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (0.0003 mole) in DCM (3 ml) was added.
A solution of o-iodobenzoyl chloride (0.00336 mole) in DCM (5 ml)
was added and the reaction mixture was shaken overnight at room
temperature. The mixture was filtered, the residue was washed three
times with DCM, once with a mixture of DCM (10 ml) and DIPEA (2
ml), three times with DCM then methanol, then dried. The resulting
product was treated with benzylamine (1 ml) in DCM (10 ml) and
shaken for 60 hours at room temperature. The mixture was filtered,
washed three times with DCM, once with DCM/methanol 50/50, three
times with DCM then methanol, then dried, yielding 0.00515 g (46%)
of a resin identified as IV-a in scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.20
[0151] The procedure of example A.16 is repeated while replacing
ethylamine by n-propylamine, thus quantitatively yielding a
n-propylamino terminated resin identified as 1-b in scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.21
[0152] The first experimental procedure of example A.17 is repeated
while replacing the resin of example A.16 by the resin of example
A.20, thus quantitatively yielding the resin identified as 1-b in
scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.22
[0153] The procedure of example A.18 is repeated while replacing
the resin of example A.17 by the resin of example A.21, thus
quantitatively yielding the resin identified as II-b in scheme
1.
EXAMPLE A.23
[0154] The procedure of example A.19 is repeated while replacing
the resin of example A.18 by the resin of example A.22, thus
yielding the resin identified as IV-b in scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.24
[0155] The procedure of example A.16 is repeated while replacing
ethylamine by isopropylamine, thus quantitatively yielding an
isopropylamino terminated resin identified as 1-c in scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.25
[0156] The first experimental procedure of example A.17 is repeated
while replacing the resin of example A.16 by the resin of example
A.24, thus quantitatively yielding the resin identified as 1'-c in
scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.26
[0157] The procedure of example A.18 is repeated while replacing
the resin of example A.17 by the resin of example A.25, thus
quantitatively yielding the resin identified as III-c in scheme
1.
EXAMPLE A.27
[0158] The procedure of example A.19 is repeated while replacing
the resin of example A.18 by the resin of example A.26, thus
yielding the resin identified as IV-c in scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.28
[0159] The procedure of example A.16 is repeated while replacing
ethylamine by phenylamine, thus quantitatively yielding a
phenylamino terminated resin identified as 1-d in scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.29
[0160] The first experimental procedure of example A.17 is repeated
while replacing the resin of example A.16 by the resin of example
A.28, thus quantitatively yielding the resin identified as 1'-d in
scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.30
[0161] The procedure of example A.18 is repeated while replacing
the resin of example A.17 by the resin of example A.29, thus
quantitatively yielding the resin identified as III-d in scheme
1.
EXAMPLE A.31
[0162] The procedure of example A.19 is repeated while replacing
the resin of example A.18 by the resin of example A.30, thus
yielding the resin identified as IV-d in scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.32
[0163] The procedure of example A.16 is repeated while replacing
ethylamine by benzylamine, thus quantitatively yielding a
benzylamino terminated resin identified as I-e in scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.33
[0164] The first experimental procedure of example A.17 is repeated
while replacing the resin of example A.16 by the resin of example
A.32, thus quantitatively yielding the resin identified as 1'-e in
scheme 1.
EXAMPLE A.34
[0165] The procedure of example A.18 is repeated while replacing
the resin of example A.17 by the resin of example A.33, thus
quantitatively yielding the resin identified as III-e in scheme
1.
EXAMPLE A.35
[0166] The procedure of example A.19 is repeated while replacing
the resin of example A.18 by the resin of example A.34, thus
yielding the resin identified as IV-e in scheme 1.
EXAMPLES A.36 to A.38
[0167] In order to facilitate the understanding of these examples,
the following presents another scheme (scheme 2) for the
preparation of intermediate resins starting from a commercially
available resin
##STR00028##
EXAMPLE A.36
[0168] A mixture of commercial Novabiochem 01-64-0261 resin (25.1
g, 0.028 mole), 4-bromoaniline (24 g, 0.140 mole) and titanium (IV)
isopropoxide (41 ml, 0.140 mole) in DCM (400 ml) was stirred gently
for one hour at room temperature. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (30
g, 0.140 mole) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred
overnight at room temperature. Methanol (50 ml) was added and the
mixture was stirred for one hour, then filtered, washed once with
DCM, once with methanol, then once with DCM (200 ml)+DIPEA (20 ml),
washed three times with firstly DCM, followed secondly by methanol,
then dried, yielding 29.28 g of a resin identified as V in scheme
2, which is used in the next reaction step without further
purification.
EXAMPLE A.37
[0169] 4-Phenyl benzoic acid (8.3 g, 0.042 mole) was dissolved in
DCM (100 ml). Thionyl chloride (10 g, 0.084 mole) was added. DMF
(10 drops) was added and the mixture was stirred and refluxed for
one hour. The solvent was evaporated. DCM (three times 50 ml) was
added. The solvent was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in DCM
(50 ml). This solution was added to a mixture of the resin of
example A.36 (14.64 g, 0.0133 mole), DIPEA (24 ml, 0.140 mole) and
4-dimethylaminopyridine (hereinafter referred as DMAP) (0.5 g) in
DCM (150 ml). The reaction mixture was shaken overnight at room
temperature, then filtered and the filter residue was washed with
100 ml DMF+20 ml DIPEA, then with methanol, water, DCM, methanol,
DCM and methanol, and dried, yielding 15.73 g of a resin identified
as VI-a in scheme 2.
EXAMPLE A.38
[0170] 4'-(Trifluoromethyl)-2-biphenyl carboxylic acid (14.64 g,
0.042 mole) was dissolved in DCM (100 ml). DMF (1 ml) was added.
Thionyl chloride (10 g, 0.084 mole) was added and the mixture was
stirred and refluxed for one hour. The solvent was evaporated. DCM
(twice 50 ml) was added, then the solvent was evaporated. The
residue was dissolved in DCM (50 ml). This solution was added to a
mixture of the resin of example A.36 (14.64 g, 0.0133 mole), DIPEA
(24 ml, 0.140 mole) and DMAP (0.5 g) in DCM (150 ml). The reaction
mixture was shaken for four hours at room temperature then filtered
and the filter residue was washed with 100 ml DMF+20 ml DIPEA, then
washed three times firstly with DCM and secondly with methanol, and
finally dried. This reaction product was reacted once more with
half the initial quantities of 4'-(trifluoro-methyl)-2-biphenyl
carboxylic acid, thionyl chloride, DIPEA and DMAP. The reaction
mixture was shaken overnight at room temperature, then filtered,
and the filter residue was shaken with DMF+20 ml DIPEA, then
methanol, water, methanol, DCM, methanol, DCM and methanol, then
dried, yielding 17.48 g of a resin identified as VI-b in scheme
2.
EXAMPLE A.39
[0171] a) A mixture of
4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid (0.09 mol)
in DCM (500 ml) and DMF (5 ml) was stirred. Ethanedioyl dichloride
(0.09 mol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour
to give mixture 1. A mixture of
4-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-benzenamine hydrochloride salt
(1:1) (0.046 mol) in DCM (500 ml) and triethylamine (20 ml) was
stirred on an ice-bath. Mixture 1 was added dropwise. The mixture
was stirred and refluxed overnight, then cooled and washed with
water. The organic layer was separated, dried, filtered and the
solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column
chromatography over silica gel (eluent: CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/CH.sub.3OH
98/2). The pure fractions were collected and the solvent was
evaporated. The residue was triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was
filtered off and dried, yielding 5.6 g of
N-[4-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]phenyl]-4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-b-
iphenyl]-2-carboxamide (intermediate 16, mp. 134.degree. C.). b) A
mixture of intermediate (16) (0.025 mol) in methanol (250 ml) was
hydrogenated at 50.degree. C. overnight with Pd/C 10% (2 g) as a
catalyst. After uptake of hydrogen (1 equivalent), the catalyst was
filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated. The residue was
triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off and dried,
yielding 7.7 g
N-[4-(4-piperidinyl)phenyl]-4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carbox-
amide (intermediate 17).
EXAMPLE A.40
[0172] a) [1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid (0.25 mol) was
dissolved in DCM (500 ml) and DMF (0.5 ml). Thionyl chloride (0.51
mol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred and refluxed for 1
hour under nitrogen flow. The solvent was evaporated. DCM (500 ml)
was added twice. The solvent was evaporated twice. The residue was
dissolved in DCM (200 ml) and then added dropwise at 0.degree. C.
to a mixture of 4-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-benzenamine
(0.25 mol) and N-(1-methylethyl)-2-propanamine (0.75 mol) in DCM
(800 ml). The mixture was brought to room temperature and then
stirred at room temperature overnight under nitrogen flow. The
mixture was washed three times with water (800 ml). The organic
layer was separated, dried, filtered and the solvent was
evaporated, yielding 125 g of
N-[4-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]phenyl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamid-
e (intermediate 18). b) A mixture of intermediate (18) (0.145 mol)
in methanol (500 ml) was hydrogenated at 50.degree. C. during 48
hours with Pd/C (10%, 3 g) as a catalyst. After uptake of hydrogen
(1 equivalent), the catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was
evaporated. The residue was triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was
filtered off and dried, yielding 49 g of
N-[4-(4-piperidinyl)phenyl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamide
(intermediate 19).
EXAMPLE A.41
[0173] a) 4'-(Trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carbonyl chloride
(0.12 mol) was added dropwise to a stirring mixture of
4-[1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-(phenylmethyl)-4-pyridinyl]benzenamine
(0.095 mol) in DCM (300 ml) and triethylamine (50 ml). The mixture
was stirred overnight, poured out into water and then stirred for
30 minutes. The organic layer was separated, washed, dried,
filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was triturated
in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 43 g
of
N-[4-[1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-(phenylmethyl)-4-pyridinyl]phenyl]-4'-(trifluo-
romethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamide (intermediate 20). b)
1-Chloroethyl chloroformate (0.078 mol) was added dropwise to a
stirring mixture of intermediate (20) (0.039 mol) in
1,2-dichloro-ethane (500 ml). The mixture was stirred for 30
minutes and then stirred and refluxed overnight. The solvent was
evaporated. Methanol (500 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred
and refluxed overnight. The solvent was evaporated. The residue was
triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off and dried,
yielding 20.8 g of
N-[4-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)phenyl]-4'-(trifluoro-methyl)-[1,1'--
biphenyl]-2-carboxamide (intermediate 21).
EXAMPLE A.42
[0174] A mixture of intermediate (11) (0.04 mol) in
1,2-dichloro-ethane (200 ml) was stirred on an ice-bath.
1-Chloroethyl chloroformate (15 ml) was added dropwise at a
temperature below 5.degree. C. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour
and then stirred and refluxed overnight. The solvent was
evaporated. Methanol (200 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred
and refluxed for 2 hours. The solvent was evaporated. The residue
was triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off and dried,
yield 16.7 g of
N-[4-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)phenyl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2--
carboxamide (intermediate 22).
EXAMPLE A.43
[0175] a) A mixture of intermediate (6) (0.0047 mol) and
di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.0052 mol) in DCM (50 ml) was stirred
at room temperature for 2 hours. DMF (5 ml) was added. The mixture
was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The solvent was
evaporated. The residue was stirred in DIPE. The precipitate was
filtered off and dried in vacuo at 54.degree. C., yielding 2.47 g
of 1,1-dimethylethyl ester
4-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-1-
-piperazinecarboxylic acid (intermediate 23, mp. 204.degree. C.).
b) NaH 60% in mineral oil (0.0056 mol) was treated with hexane;
stirred under nitrogen flow and decanted. DMF dry (25 ml) was added
to the residue. The suspension was stirred at room temperature
under nitrogen flow. A solution of intermediate (23) (0.00375 mol)
in DMF dry (25 ml) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at
room temperature under nitrogen flow for 2.5 hours. A solution of
methyl methanesulfonate (0.0045 mol) in DMF dry (50 ml) was added
dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours.
Water (150 ml) was added. The mixture was extracted twice with DCM.
The organic layer was separated, dried, filtered and the solvent
was evaporated. The residue was stirred in 60 ml of hexane/DIPE
(3:1). The mixture was stirred and refluxed until a clear solution
was obtained and then brought to room temperature. The precipitate
was filtered off and dried, yielding 1.6 g of 1,1-dimethylethyl
ester
4-[4-[methyl[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl]amino]phe-
nyl]-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid (intermediate 24). c) A solution
of trifluoroacetate (20 ml) and DCM (200 ml) was added to
intermediate (24) (0.0024 mol) and stirred for 1 hour and 30
minutes at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated. DCM was
added and again the solvent was evaporated, yielding 1.7 g of
N-methyl-N-[4-(1-piperazinyl)phenyl]-4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-
-2-carboxamide (intermediate 25).
EXAMPLE A.44
[0176] Intermediate resins wherein X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 represent N
and Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 represent --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2-- can be
prepared as depicted in scheme 3 starting from a commercially
available resin
##STR00029##
a) A mixture of commercial Novabiochem 01-64-0261 resin (0.180 g,
0.002 mol), 4-(1-tert-butoxycarbonylpiperazin-4-yl)aniline ((0.001
mol), dissolved in DCM (2 ml)) and titanium (IV) isopropoxide
(0.001 mol) in DCM (3 ml) was shaken for 2 hours at room
temperature. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.001 mol) was added
portionwise and the reaction mixture was shaken for 20 hours at
room temperature. The mixture was filtered and the filter residue
was washed three times with DCM (3 times), methanol (3 times), and
then three times with DCM, then dried, yielding resin (VII-a).
##STR00030##
b) 2-Bromo-4-methylbenzoic acid (0.001 mol) in DCM (5 ml) with
thionyl chloride (0.013 mol) was stirred and refluxed for one hour.
The mixture was blown dry under nitrogen. Again, DCM (5 ml) with
thionyl chloride (0.013 mol) was added. The reaction mixture was
stirred and refluxed for one hour. The mixture was blown dry under
nitrogen and three times with DCM (3 ml) was added, then evaporated
again. The residue was dissolved in DCM (3 ml). this solution was
added to a solution of resin (VII-a) (0.0002 mol) in DCM (1 ml).
DMAP (0.0002 mol) in DCM (1 ml) was added. DIPEA (0.002 mol) was
added and the reaction mixture was shaken for 20 hours at room
temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filter
residue was washed three times with DCM (3 times), methanol (3
times), and then three times with DCM, then dried, yielding resin
(VII-a).
##STR00031##
c) A solution of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneboronic acid (0.0016
mol) in dioxane (3 ml) was added to resin (VII-a) (0.0002 mol)
which was previously washed with dioxane (5 ml). Then, KOH (0.0032
mol of a 2 M solution) was added and the reaction mixture was
shaken for 30 minutes at room temperature under a nitrogen
atmosphere. PdCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2 (0.00004 mol) in NMP (0.5
ml) was added and the reaction mixture was shaken for 2 hours at
90.degree. C. Again, PdCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2 (0.00004 mol) in
NMP (0.5 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was shaken for 2
hours at 90.degree. C. The mixture was cooled, filtered and the
filter residue was washed with DMF (3 times), with water (3 times),
DMF (3 times), methanol (3 times), DCM (3 times), methanol (3
times) and DCM (3 times), then dried yielding a residue. Said
residue was stirred in a solution of TMSTf (1 M) and 2,6-lutidine
(1.5 M) in DCM (4 ml) for 2 hours at room temperature, filtered,
and washed with DCM (3 times) and methanol (3 times), and dried,
yielding resin (IX-a).
##STR00032##
EXAMPLE A.45
[0177] a) A suspension of 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)piperidine
(15 equivalents) in NMP (2 ml) was added to resin (VI-b) in NMP (1
ml). [1,1'-Binaphthalene]-2,2'-diylbis[diphenyl-phosphine (BINAP)
(0.00011 mol) was added portionwise. tert-Butoxysodium (15
equivalents) was added portionwise. The reaction mixture was shaken
for one hour under nitrogen flow. Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.000022
mol) in NMP (1 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was shaken
for 18 hours at 105.degree. C. The mixture was cooled, filtered and
the filter residue was washed with three times (with DMF followed
with water), and then three times with methanol, then DCM, yielding
resin (X).
##STR00033##
b) Resin (X) (0.00011 mol) was shaken in NMP (2 ml). Bromobenzene
(0.00165 mol) in NMP (1 ml) was added. BINAP (0.068 g) was added
portionwise. Tert-butoxysodium (0.190 g) was added portionwise. The
mixture was shaken for 1 hour under nitrogen. Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3
(0.020 g) in NMP (1 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was
shaken for 18 hours at 105.degree. C., then cooled, filtered and
the filter residue was washed with three times (with DMF followed
with water), and then three times with methanol, then DCM yielding
resin (XI).
##STR00034##
EXAMPLE A.45
[0178] Resin (XI) (0.0002 mol) was washed with DCM (4 ml), then
filtered off, then dissolved in DCM (5 ml). Trichloromethyl
chloroformate (0.001 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was
shaken for 4 hours at room temperature. The mixture was filtered,
washed three times with DCM, then dried, yielding resin (XII).
##STR00035##
EXAMPLE A.46
[0179] a) 1-Ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
hydrochloride (EDCI) (0.096 mol) was added at room temperature to a
mixture of 4-(4-aminophenyl)-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid ethyl
ester (0.08 mol), 2-iodo benzoic acid (0.096 mol) and
1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) (0.096 mol) in DCM (500 ml). The
mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water was added.
The mixture was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was
separated, dried, filtered, and the solvent was evaporated. The
residue was taken up in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off and
dried, yielding 39 g of
4-[4-[(2-iodobenzoyl)-amino]phenyl]-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid,
ethyl ester (intermediate 27). b) A mixture of intermediate (27)
(0.041 mol) and potassium hydroxide (0.41 mol) in isopropanol (200
ml) was stirred and refluxed for 3 hours and the solvent was
evaporated till dryness. Water was added. The mixture was extracted
with DCM and the solvent was evaporated, yielding
2-iodo-N-[4-(1-piperazinyl)phenyl]benzamide (intermediate 28). c)
.alpha.-Bromo-benzeneacetic acid methyl ester (0.0123 mol) was
added at room temperature to a mixture of intermediate (28) (0.0123
mol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.0123 mol) in DMF (50 ml). The mixture
was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Water was added. The
mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The
precipitate was filtered, washed with diethyl ether and dried,
yielding 5.8 g of
4-[4-[(2-iodobenzoyl)amino]phenyl]-.alpha.-phenyl-1-piperazine-acetic
acid, methyl ester (intermediate 29). d) A mixture of intermediate
(29) (0.0036 mol), tributyl-2-furanyl-stannane (0.029 mol),
PdCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2 (0.0007 mol) and Na2CO3 (0.0576 mol) in
dioxane (30 ml) was stirred and refluxed for 1 hour. Water was
added. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic
layer was separated, dried, filtered, and the solvent was
evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography over
silica gel (eluent: cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 80/20). The pure
fractions were collected and the solvent was evaporated, yielding
4-[4-[[2-(2-furanyl)benzoyl]amino]phenyl]-.alpha.-phenyl-1-piperazineacet-
ic acid, methyl ester (intermediate 30, mp. 90.degree. C.). e) A
mixture of intermediate (30) (0.0006 mol) and potassium hydroxide
(0.006 mol) in isopropanol (5 ml) was stirred at room temperature
overnight. The solvent was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in
isopropanol/HCl 6N and converted into the hydrochloric acid salt.
The precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 0.31 g of
4-[4-[[2-(2-furanyl)benzoyl]amino]phenyl]-.alpha.-phenyl-1-piperazineacet-
ic acid (intermediate 31).
B. Preparation of Polyarylcarboxamide Compounds of the
Invention.
EXAMPLE B.1
[0180] A mixture of
4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid (0.012 mole)
in DCM (100 ml) and DMF (8 drops) was stirred. Ethanedioyl
dichloride (0.012 mole) was added. The mixture was stirred for 2
hours, to give mixture (I). Triethylamine (8 ml) was added to a
mixture of intermediate (4) (0.005 mole) in DCM (100 ml). The
mixture was stirred on an ice-salt bath to give mixture (II).
Mixture (I) was added dropwise to mixture (II) and the resulting
reaction mixture was stirred and refluxed for two days. The solvent
was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in DCM. The organic layer
was separated, washed, dried, filtered and the solvent was
evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography over
silica gel (eluent: DCM/CH.sub.3OH 99/1). The desired fractions
were collected and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was
triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off and dried,
yielding 2.99 g of
N-[4-[4-[2-oxo-1-phenyl-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino]ethyl]-1-piperazin-
yl]-phenyl]-4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamide
(melting point 208.degree. C.) identified as compound No. 1 in the
following table F-1.
EXAMPLE B.2
[0181] Fluorene-4-carboxylic acid (0.00032 mole) in 1 ml of
1/1-mixture of DCM/NMP was added to PyBOP (0.00064 mole) in DCM (1
ml). This mixture was stood for 30 minutes, then added to the resin
of example A.34. DCM (5 ml) was added, followed by DIPEA (0.00085
mole). The reaction mixture was shaken for 24 hours at room
temperature, then filtered, washed 3 times with DCM, 3 times with
methanol, followed by DCM. A mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS (5/93/2) (4 ml)
was added and the mixture was shaken for one hour at room
temperature. The mixture was filtered, the filter residue was
washed with a mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS (5/93/2) (2 ml) and with DCM
(2 ml). The filtrate was blown dry at 50.degree. C. under a gentle
stream of nitrogen gas, dissolved in DCM (5 ml) and DMF (1 ml) and
a Novabiochem 01-64-0171 resin was added while stirring the mixture
at room temperature. Then, after one hour, an Argonaut P/N 800277
resin (0.040 g) was added. The mixture was stirred for four hours
at room temperature, filtered, and the filtrate was blown dry at
50.degree. C. under a nitrogen flow, yielding 0.027 g of the
compound identified as No. 2 in the following table F-1.
Compounds identified as No. 3 to No. 11 in the following table F-1
were similarly prepared while using the same experimental procedure
and replacing fluorene-4-carboxylic acid by the appropriate
reactive acid.
EXAMPLE B.3
[0182] Fluorene-4-carboxylic acid (0.00028 mole) in 1 ml of a 1/1
mixture of DCM/NMP was added to PyBOP (0.00028 mole) in DCM (1 ml).
This mixture was stood for 30 minutes, then added to the resin of
example A.22. DCM (5 ml) was added, followed by triethylamine
(0.00057 mole). The reaction mixture was shaken for 20 hours at
room temperature, then filtered, washed three times with DCM, three
times with first methanol, followed by secondly DCM. 4 ml of a
mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS (5/93/2) was added and the mixture was
shaken for one hour at room temperature. The mixture was filtered,
the filter residue was washed with a mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS (2 ml;
5/93/2) and with DCM (1 ml). The filtrate was blown dry at
50.degree. C. under a gentle stream of nitrogen. This fraction was
purified by high performance liquid chromatography over Hyperprep
RP-C18 BDS (100 g, 100 .ANG., 8 .mu.m; eluent: [(0.5% NH.sub.4OAc
in H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)]/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN (0 minutes)
75/25/0, (10 minutes) 0/50/50, (16 minutes) 0/0/100, (18.10-20.00
minutes) 75/25/0). The pure fractions were collected and the
organic solvent was evaporated. The aqueous concentrate was
extracted with DCM/aqueous K.sub.2CO.sub.3 solution, then separated
over Extrelut.TM.. The organic phase was blown dry under nitrogen
at 50.degree. C. The residue was dried further under vacuum at
60.degree. C., yielding 0.002 g of the compound identified as No.
12 in the following table F-1.
[0183] Compounds identified as No. 13 to No. 20 in the following
table F-1 were similarly prepared while using the same experimental
procedure and replacing fluorene-4-carboxylic acid by the
appropriate reactive acid.
EXAMPLE B.4
[0184] Fluorene-4-carboxylic acid (0.00015 mole) in 1 ml of 1/1
mixture of DCM/NMP was added to PyBOP (0.0003 mole) in DCM (1 ml).
This mixture was stood for 30 minutes, then added to the resin of
example A.26. DCM (5 ml) was added, followed by DIPEA (0.00057
mole). The reaction mixture was shaken for 24 hours at room
temperature, then filtered, washed three times with DCM, three
times with first methanol, followed by secondly DCM. 4 ml of a
mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS (5/93/2) was added and the mixture was
shaken for one hour at room temperature. The mixture was filtered,
the filter residue was washed with 2 ml of a mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS
(5/93/2) and with DCM (1 ml). The filtrate was blown dry at
50.degree. C. under a gentle stream of nitrogen. This fraction was
purified by high performance liquid chromatography over Hyperprep
C18 BDS (100 g, 100 .ANG., 8 .mu.m; eluent: [(0.5% NH.sub.4OAc in
H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)]/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN (0 minute)
75/25/0, (10 minute) 0/50/50, (16 minute) 0/0/100, (18.10-20.00
minute) 75/25/0). The pure fractions were collected and the organic
solvent was evaporated. The aqueous concentrate was extracted with
DCM/aqueous potassium carbonate solution, then separated over
Extrelut.TM.. The organic phase was blown dry under nitrogen at
50.degree. C. The residue was dried further under vacuum at
60.degree. C., yielding 0.002 g of the compound identified as No.
21 in the following table F-1.
[0185] Compounds identified as No. 22 to No. 28 in the following
table F-1 were similarly prepared while using the same experimental
procedure and replacing fluorene-4-carboxylic acid by the
appropriate reactive acid.
EXAMPLE B.5
[0186] Fluorene-4-carboxylic acid (0.00023 mole) in 1 ml of 1/1
mixture of DCM/NMP was added to PyBOP (0.00046 mole) in DCM (1 ml).
This mixture was stood for 30 minutes, then added to the resin of
example A.30. DCM (5 ml) was added, followed by DIPEA (0.00057
mole). The reaction mixture was shaken for 24 hours at room
temperature, then filtered, washed three times with DCM, three
times with first methanol, followed by secondly DCM. A mixture of
TFA/DCM/TIS (4 ml; 75/23/2) was added and the mixture was shaken
for one hour at room temperature. The mixture was filtered, the
filter residue was washed with 2 ml of a mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS
(75/23/2) and with DCM (2 ml). The filtrate was blown dry at
50.degree. C. under a gentle stream of nitrogen. The residue was
dissolved in DCM (5 ml), then blown dry once more. This fraction
was purified by high performance liquid chromatography over
Hyperprep RP-C18 BDS (100 g, 100 .ANG., 8 .mu.m; eluent: [(0.5%
NH.sub.4OAc in H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)]/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN
(0 minute) 75/25/0, (10 minutes) 0/50/50, (16 minutes) 0/0/100,
(18.10-20.00 minutes) 75/25/0). The pure fractions were collected
and the organic solvent was evaporated. The aqueous concentrate was
extracted with DCM/aqueous potassium carbonate solution, then
separated over Extrelut.TM.. The organic phase was blown dry under
nitrogen at 50.degree. C. The residue was dried further under
vacuum at 60.degree. C., yielding 0.0046 g of the compound
identified as No. 29 in the following table F-1.
[0187] Compounds identified as No. 30 to No. 36 in the following
table F-1 were similarly prepared while using the same experimental
procedure and replacing fluorene-4-carboxylic acid by the
appropriate reactive acid.
EXAMPLE B.6
[0188] A mixture of the Novabiochem 01-64-0261 commercial resin
(0.00011 mole), intermediate (15) (0.00061 mole) and isopropyl
titanate (0.18 ml) in DCM (5 ml) was shaken for one hour at room
temperature. Triacetoxy borohydride (0.128 g) was added and the
reaction mixture was shaken for 16 hours at room temperature.
Methanol (1 ml) was added and the mixture was shaken for 5 minutes,
then filtered, washed three times with DCM, methanol and dried
under vacuum, yielding a residue (1).
[0189] Thionyl chloride (0.0020 mole) was added to
4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid (0.00055
mole) in DCM (2 ml) and the mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes
while stirring followed by evaporation of the solvent. The residue
was dissolved in DCM (5 ml) and the solution was added to the
above-prepared residue (1). DIPEA (0.0011 mole) was added, followed
by the addition of N,N-dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (0.00008 mole). The
reaction mixture was shaken for 21 hours at room temperature, then
filtered, washed three times with DCM, then three times with first
a 4% acetic acid/DCM mixture, secondly DCM and finally three times
with first DCM and secondly methanol, then dried, and 4 ml of a
mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS (49/49/2) was added. This mixture was shaken
for one hour, filtered, washed with 2 ml of a mixture of
TFA/DCM/TIS (49/49/2) and DCM (2 ml). The filtrate was blown dry
with nitrogen at 50.degree. C. DCM (5 ml) was added, then removed
under a nitrogen stream at 50.degree. C., yielding 0.080 g of
methyl
.alpha.-phenyl-1-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]ca-
rbonyl]amino]phenyl]-4-piperidineacetate trifluoroacetate (1:1)
identified as compound No. 37 in the following table F-1.
EXAMPLE B.7
[0190] 4'-(Trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid
(0.00033 mole) and PyBOP (0.171 g) were dissolved in DCM (5 ml).
This mixture was added to the resin of example A.22 (0.00066 mole).
DIPEA (0.00066 mole) was added and the reaction mixture was shaken
for 48 hours at room temperature, filtered and the residue was
washed three time with DMF, then three times with DCM and methanol,
dried, yielding a residue. Said residue and a TFA/DCM/TIS (5:93:2)
(4 ml) was shaken for 30 minutes at room temperature, then
filtered, washed with a mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS (5/93/2) (2 ml) and
DCM (2 ml), then the filtrates were blown dry with nitrogen gas at
50.degree. C., then dried further under vacuum at 60.degree. C.,
yielding 0.030 g of
N-[4-[4-[2-oxo-1-phenyl-2-(propylamino)ethyl]-1-piperidinyl]phenyl]-4'-(t-
rifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamide trifluoroacetate
(1:1) identified as compound No. 38 in the following table F-1.
EXAMPLE B.8
[0191] DMF (0.5 ml) was added to a solution of
4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid (0.014 mole)
in DCM (50 ml) and thionyl chloride (0.028 mole). The mixture was
stirred and refluxed for one hour. The solvent was evaporated. DCM
(50 ml) was added twice and the solvent was evaporated. The residue
was dissolved in DCM (20 ml) and this solution was added to a
mixture of intermediate (15) (0.014 mole) and DIPEA (0.028 mole) in
DCM (80 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for three
hours and washed with water. The organic layer was dried and the
solvent was evaporated. The residue was crystallized from
2-propanol. The precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding
6.2 g of methyl
.alpha.-phenyl-1-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl-
]amino]phenyl]-4-piperidineacetate (melting point 151.degree. C.)
identified as compound No. 39 in the following table F-1.
EXAMPLE B.9
[0192] A mixture of intermediate (6) (0.023 mole) and
Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.023 mole) in DMF (150 ml) was stirred. Methyl
.alpha.-bromo-.alpha.-phenylacetate (0.023 mole) was added
dropwise. The mixture was stirred overnight. The solvent was
evaporated. The residue was dissolved in DCM. The organic layer was
separated, washed, dried, filtered and the solvent was evaporated.
The residue was triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered
off and dried, yielding 11.4 g of methyl
.alpha.-phenyl-4-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]ca-
rbonyl]amino]phenyl]-1-piperazineacetate identified as compound No.
40 in the following table F-1.
EXAMPLE B.10
[0193] A mixture of intermediate (8) (0.018 mole) and
Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.03 mole) in DMF (100 ml) was stirred. Methyl
.alpha.-bromo-.alpha.-phenylacetate (0.025 mole) was added
dropwise. The mixture was stirred overnight. The solvent was
evaporated. The residue was dissolved in DCM. The organic layer was
separated, washed, dried, filtered and the solvent was evaporated.
The residue was purified by column chromatography over silica gel
(eluent: CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/CH.sub.3OH 99/1). The pure fractions were
collected and the solvent was evaporated, yielding 7.2 g of
methylphenyl-4-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl]am-
ino]phenyl]-1-piperidineacetate (melting point 138.degree. C.)
identified as compound No. 41 in the following table F-1.
EXAMPLE B.11
[0194] Methyl .alpha.-bromo-.alpha.-phenylacetate (0.1 mole) was
added dropwise to a stirring mixture of intermediate (10) (0.07
mole) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (13 g) in DMF (300 ml). The mixture was
stirred overnight. The solvent was evaporated. The residue was
crystallized from methanol. The precipitate was filtered off and
dried, yielding 30.2 g of methyl
4-[4-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]phenyl]-.alpha.-phenyl-1-
-piperazineacetate (melting point 125.degree. C.) identified as
compound No. 52 in the following table F-1.
EXAMPLE B.12
[0195] a) A mixture of compound (40) (0.19 mole) in HCl (36%) (100
ml) was stirred and refluxed for five hours, then stirred overnight
at room temperature. The precipitate was filtered off and
triturated under 2-propanol, filtered off and dried, yielding 5 g
of the intermediate compound
.alpha.-phenyl-4-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]-
carbonyl]amino]phenyl] piperazineacetic acid monohydrochloride.
[0196] b) A mixture of the intermediate compound obtained in step
(a) (0.00016 mole), PyBOP (0.00032 mole) and triethylamine (0.1 ml)
in DCM (5 ml) was stirred for 30 minutes. Ethylamine (0.0005 mole)
was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at
40.degree. C. The reaction mixture was cooled. Water (2 ml) was
added and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes, then filtered
through Extrelut.TM., and the desired compound was isolated by high
performance liquid chromatography, yielding 0.046 g of
N-[4-[4-[2-(ethylamino)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl]-1-piperazinyl]phenyl]-4'-(tr-
ifluoromethyl) -[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamide (melting point
123.degree. C.) identified as compound No. 54 in the following
table F-1.
[0197] Compounds identified as No. 55 to No. 61 in the following
table F-1 were similarly prepared while using the same experimental
procedure and replacing ethylamine by the appropriate reactive
amine.
EXAMPLE B.13
[0198] A mixture of
.alpha.-phenyl-4-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl]-
amino]-phenyl]-1-piperazineacetic acid monohydrochloride (0.011
mole) in sulfuric acid (10 ml) and propanol (150 ml) was stirred
and refluxed overnight. The solvent was evaporated. The residue was
dissolved in DCM and washed with a solution of Na.sub.2CO.sub.3.
The organic layer was separated, washed, dried, filtered and the
solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column
chromatography over silica gel (eluent: CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/CH.sub.3CN
95/5). The pure fractions were collected and the solvent was
evaporated. The residue was triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was
filtered off and dried, yielding 2.6 g of
propyl-phenyl-4-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl]a-
mino]phenyl]-1-piperazineacetate (melting point 151.degree. C.)
identified as compound No. 62 in the following table F-1.
EXAMPLE B.14
[0199] A mixture of intermediate (6) (0.017 mole) and ethyl
2-phenylacrylate (0.017 mole) in DMF (100 ml) was stirred for two
days. Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1 g) was added. The mixture was stirred for
two days. The solvent was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in
DCM. The organic layer was separated, washed, dried, filtered and
the solvent was evaporated. The residue was triturated in DIPE. The
precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 10.6 g of
ethylphenyl-4-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl]ami-
no]-phenyl]-1-piperazine propanoate (melting point 195.degree. C.)
identified as compound No. 81 in the following table F-1.
EXAMPLE B.15
[0200] a) A mixture of compound No. 81 (0.016 mole) in HCl (36%)
(100 ml) was stirred and refluxed for eight hours, then cooled and
filtered. The residue was triturated in 2-propanol. The precipitate
was filtered off and dried. A part (0.2 g) of this fraction was
purified by high performance liquid chromatography over RP-18
eluent: (NH.sub.4OAc 0.5%/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN
75/25/0, 0/50/50 and 75/25/0; column: HYPERPREP 8 .mu.m). The pure
fractions were collected and the solvent was evaporated. The
residue was triturated in DIPE. The precipitate was filtered off
and dried, yielding 0.12 g of the intermediate compound
2-phenyl-4-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl]amino]-
phenyl]-1-piperazinepropanoic acid (melting point 202.degree. C.).
b) A mixture of the intermediate compound obtained in step (a)
(0.00016 mole), PyBOP (0.00032 mole) and triethylamine (0.1 ml) in
DCM (5 ml) was stirred for 30 minutes. Propylamine (0.0004 mole)
was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at
40.degree. C. The reaction mixture was cooled, washed with water (2
ml), then filtered through Extrelut.TM., and the extract's solvent
was evaporated. The desired compound was isolated by high
performance liquid chromatography over Hyperprep RP-C18 BDS (100 g,
100 .ANG., 8 .mu.m; eluent: [(0.5% NH.sub.4OAc in
H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)]/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN (0 min) 75/25/0,
(10 min) 0/50/50, (16 min) 0/0/100, (18.10-20.00 min) 75/25/0). The
pure fractions were collected and the solvent was evaporated,
yielding of
N-[4-[4-[3-oxo-2-phenyl-3-(propylamino)propyl]-1-piperazinyl]phenyl]-4'-(-
trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamide identified as
compound No. 63 in the following table F-1.
[0201] Compounds identified as No. 64 to No. 67 in the following
table F-1 were similarly prepared while using the same experimental
procedure and replacing propylamine by the appropriate reactive
amine.
EXAMPLE B.16
[0202] a) A mixture of compound No. 41 (0.012 mole) in HCl (36%)
(100 ml) was stirred and refluxed for six hours, then stirred
overnight at room temperature. The precipitate was filtered off and
triturated under 2-propanol. The precipitate was filtered off and
dried, yielding 6.2 g of the intermediate compound
.alpha.-phenyl-4-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl]-
amino]phenyl]-1-piperidineacetic acid monohydrochloride. [0203] b)
A mixture of the intermediate compound obtained in step (a)
(0.00017 mole), PyBOP (0.3 g) and triethylamine (0.1 ml) in DCM (5
ml) was stirred for 30 minutes. Ethylamine (0.00017 mole) was
added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at 40.degree. C.,
then cooled and water (2 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred for
one hour, then filtered through Extrelut.TM., and the filtrate was
evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography over
silica gel (eluent: CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/CH.sub.3OH 90/10). The product
fractions were collected and the solvent was evaporated, yielding
0.010 g of
N-[4-[1-[2-(ethylamino)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl]-4-piperidinyl]phenyl]-4'-(tr-
ifluoromethyl) -[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamide identified as
compound No. 69 in the following table F-1.
[0204] Compounds identified as No. 70 to No. 80 in the following
table F-1 were similarly prepared while using the same experimental
procedure and replacing ethylamine by the appropriate reactive
amine.
EXAMPLE B.17
[0205] The resin of example A.23 (0.000045 mole) was washed twice
with dioxane. 1,4-Dioxane (1 ml) was added.
2,4-Difluorophenylboronic acid (0.0004 mole) in 1,4-dioxane (1 ml)
was added. KOH (2 M) (0.25 ml) was added. The mixture was shaken
for 30 minutes under an argon atmosphere.
PdCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2 (0.00001 mole) in NMP (0.250 ml) was
added. The mixture was stirred for 90 minutes at 98.degree. C.
Again, PdCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2 was added and the reaction
mixture was warmed for 90 minutes at 98.degree. C. The mixture was
allowed to cool to room temperature, then filtered and the filter
residue was washed three times with dioxane, three times with water
and three times with methanol, then three times with DCM then
methanol, finally three times with DCM. F (4 ml) was added. The
mixture was shaken for 30 minutes, filtered, washed with
TFA/DCM/TIS (2 ml, 5/93/2) and DCM (2 ml), and the filtrates were
blown dry with a stream of nitrogen. The residue was purified by
high performance liquid chromatography over Purospher Star RP-18
(20 g, 5 .mu.m; eluent: ((0.5% NH.sub.4OAc in H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN
90/10)/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN (0 min) 75/25/0, (10.00 min) 0/50/50,
(16.00 min) 0/0/100, (18.10-20 min) 75/25/0). The desired fractions
were collected and the organic solvent was evaporated. The aqueous
concentrate was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/Na.sub.2CO.sub.3
solution. The extract was purified through Extrelut.TM. and the
organic phase was blown dry with a stream of nitrogen. The residue
was dried under vacuum at 60.degree. C., yielding 0.008 g of
2',4'-difluoro-N-[4-[4-[2-oxo-1-phenyl-2-(propylamino)ethyl]-1-piperidiny-
l]phenyl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamide identified as compound No.
84 in the following table F-1.
[0206] Compound identified as No. 68 in the following table F-1 was
similarly prepared while using the same experimental procedure.
EXAMPLE B.18
[0207] The resin of example A.19 (0.0001 mole) was washed three
times with dioxane. 1,4-Dioxane (3 ml) was added.
2-Methylphenylboronic acid (0.0008 mole) in dioxane (1 ml) was
added. KOH (2 M) (0.8 ml) was added. The mixture was shaken for 30
minutes under argon atmosphere. PdCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2
(0.00002 mole) in NMP (0.5 ml) was added. The mixture was shaken
for two hours at 96.degree. C. Again, PdCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2
in 0.5 ml of NMP was added and the mixture was warmed for two hours
at 96.degree. C. The mixture was allowed to cool to room
temperature, then filtered and the filter residue was washed three
times with DMF, three times with H.sub.2O, three times with DMF,
three times with methanol, three times with DCM, three times with
methanol, and three times with methanol. A mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS
(4 ml) was added. The mixture was shaken for 60 minutes at room
temperature, filtered, washed with a mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS (2 ml)
and DCM (2 ml), and the filtrates were blown dry with a stream of
nitrogen. The residue was purified by high performance liquid
chromatography over Purospher Star RP-18 (20 g, 5 .mu.m; eluent:
((0.5% NH.sub.4OAc in H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN
90/10)/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN (0 min) 75/25/0, (10.00 min) 0/50/50,
(16.00 min) 0/0/100, (18.10-20 min) 75/25/0), yielding 0.004 g of
N-[4-[4-[2-(ethylamino)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl]-1-piperidinyl]phenyl]-2'-met-
hyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamide identified as compound No. 85 in
the following table F-1.
[0208] Compounds identified as No. 86 to No. 96 in the following
table F-1 were similarly prepared while using the same experimental
procedure.
EXAMPLE B.19
[0209] Argon gas was bubbled through a mixture of the resin of
example A.23 (0.0001 mole) and 3,5-dichlorobenzeneboronic acid
(0.0008 mole) in K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (2M in H.sub.2O) (0.0008 mole) and
1,4-dioxane (5 ml) for five minutes. Palladium (II) acetate
(0.00001 mole) in dioxane (0.5 ml) was added and the reaction
mixture was warmed and shaken for sixteen hours at 97.degree. C.,
then cooled, filtered, washed with DMF (three times), water (three
times), DMF (three times), then three times with firstly methanol
and secondly DCM. A mixture of TFA/DCM/TIS (4 ml, 5/93/2) was added
and the mixture was shaken for one hour then filtered. A mixture of
TFA/DCM/TIS (2 ml, 5/93/2) was added. The mixture was shaken for 10
minutes, then filtered, washed with DCM (3 ml) and the filtrate was
blown dry under nitrogen at 50.degree. C. The residue was purified
by HPLC over Purospher Star RP-18-e (20 g, 5 .mu.m; eluent: ((0.5%
NH.sub.4OAc in H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN (0
min) 75/25/0, (10.00 min) 0/50/50, (16.00 min) 0/0/100, (18.10-20
min) 75/25/0). The desired fractions were collected and the organic
solvent was evaporated. The aqueous concentrate was extracted with
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/aqueous K.sub.2CO.sub.3 solution. The extract was
purified through Extrelut.TM. and the organic phase was blown dry
with a stream of nitrogen. The residue was dried under vacuum at
60.degree. C., yielding 0.008 g of
3',5'-dichloro-N-[4-[4-[2-oxo-1-phenyl-2-(propylamino)ethyl]-1-piperidiny-
l]phenyl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxamide identified as compound No.
97 in the following table F-1.
[0210] Compounds identified as No. 42 to 51, 53, 82, 83, and 98 to
118 in the following table F-1 were similarly prepared while using
the same experimental procedure.
EXAMPLE B.20
[0211] a) A suspension of
2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphtyl (0.086 g, 0.00014 mole)
in NMP (1 ml) was added to the resin of example A.38 (0.2 g,
0.00014 mole) and sodium terbutoxide (0.242 g, 0.00252 mole).
Homopiperazine (0.126 g, 0.0021 mole) in NMP (2 ml) was added and
the mixture was stirred under argon. Tris(dibenzylidene acetone)
di-palladium (0.026 g, 0.000028 mole) in NMP (1 ml) was added and
the reaction mixture was shaken for 19 hours at 105.degree. C. The
mixture was cooled, filtered and the filter residue was washed with
DMF, water, DMF (three times), H.sub.2O (three times), DMF (three
times), CH.sub.3OH (three times), CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (three times),
CH.sub.3OH (three times) and NMP (two times). NMP (3 ml) was added.
[0212] b) Methyl-bromophenylacetate (0.16 g, 0.0007 mole) in NMP (1
ml) was added to the product obtained in step (a). DIPEA (0.3 ml)
was added and the mixture was shaken for 18 hours at room
temperature. The mixture was filtered, washed with DMF and water,
then with DMF (three times), water (three times), DMF (three
times), methanol (three times), DCM (three times), methanol (three
times) DCM (three times). [0213] TFA/TIS/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (49/2/49)
(4 ml) was added and the mixture was shaken for one hour at room
temperature. The mixture was filtered and more
TFA/TIS/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (49/2/49) (1.5 ml) was added. The mixture
was shaken for 15 minutes, filtered, washed with DCM (2 ml), then
the filtrates were blown dry under nitrogen. The residue was
purified by high performance liquid chromatography over Purospher
Star RP-18 (20 g, 5 .mu.m; eluent: ((0.5% NH.sub.4OAc in
H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)/CH.sub.3CN/CH.sub.3OH (0 min) 75/25/0,
(10.00 min) 0/50/50, (16.00 min) 0/0/100, (18.10-20 min) 75/25/0).
The desired fractions were collected and the organic solvent was
evaporated. The aqueous concentrate was treated with an aqueous
sodium carbonate solution, then extracted with DCM. The extract was
separated through Extrelut.TM. and the filtrates were blown dry
under nitrogen at 50.degree. C., yielding 0.021 g of the compound
identified as compound 119 in the following table F-1.
[0214] Compounds identified as No. 120 to No. 128 in the following
table F-1 were similarly prepared while using the same experimental
procedure.
EXAMPLE B.21
[0215] A mixture of intermediate (17) (0.019 mol) and
Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.019 mol) in DMF (125 ml) was stirred at room
temperature. Methyl .alpha.-bromo-.alpha.-phenylacetate (0.01907
mol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours. The
solvent was evaporated. The residue was taken up in water and DCM.
The separated organic layer was dried, filtered and the solvent was
evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography over
silica gel (eluent: CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/CH.sub.3OH 100/0; 99.5/0.5).
The pure fractions were collected and the solvent was evaporated
yielding a residue that separated in its enantiomers by high
performance liquid chromatography over Chiralpak AD (eluent:
hexane/ethanol 70/30). The desired fractions were collected and the
solvent was evaporated, yielding, after crystallisation from
2-propanol, compound (229), mp. 158.degree. C.,
[.alpha.].sub.D.sup.20=-28.86.degree. (c=24.95 mg/5 ml in
CH.sub.3OH); and compound (230), mp. 160.degree. C.,
[.alpha.].sub.D=+27.69.degree. (c=24.95 mg/5 ml in CH.sub.30H).
EXAMPLE B.22
[0216] Methyl .alpha.-bromo-.alpha.-phenylacetate (0.0010 mole) in
NMP (1 ml) was added to resin (IX-a) (0.0002 mol) in NMP (3 ml).
N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.0023 mol) was added and the reaction
mixture was shaken for 48 hours at room temperature, then filtered
and the filter residue was washed with DMF (3 times), water (3
times), DMF (3 times), methanol (3 times), DCM (3 times), methanol
(3 times) and DCM (3 times). A mixture of TFA/TIS/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2
(49/2/49) (4 ml) was added. the reaction mixture was shaken for 2
hours at room temperature, then filtered and again a mixture of
TFA/TIS/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (49/2/49) (4 ml) was added. The reaction
mixture was shaken for another 15 minutes, then filtered and the
filtrates were blown dry under nitrogen. The residue was purified
by high performance liquid chromatography over Purospher Star RP-18
(20 g, 5 .mu.m; eluent: ((0.5% NH.sub.4OAc in H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN
90/10)/CH.sub.3CN/CH.sub.3OH (0 min) 75/25/0, (10.00 min) 0/50/50,
(16.00 min) 0/0/100, (18.10-20 min) 75/25/0). The desired fractions
were collected and the organic solvent was evaporated. The aqueous
concentrate was treated with an aqueous sodium carbonate solution,
then extracted with DCM. The extract was separated through
Extrelut.TM. and the filtrates were blown dry under nitrogen at
50.degree. C., yielding compound (184) in the following table
F-1.
EXAMPLE B.23
[0217] Dimethylallyl alcohol (0.00017 mol) was added to a mixture
of
.alpha.-phenyl-4-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl]-
amino]phenyl]-1-piperidineacetic acid monohydrochloride (as
prepared in Example B.16.a) (0.000084 mol) in DCM (4 ml) and
N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.00010 mol) stirred under nitrogen at
-20.degree. C. and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes.
1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-tetrafluoroborate(1-)-1H-benzotriazolium
3-oxide (TBTU) (0.00013 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was
stirred for 30 minutes at -20.degree. C. The mixture was allowed to
gradually warm to room temperature and the reaction mixture was
stirred for 75 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was
washed with water (1 ml), then filtered through Extrelut.TM. and
the filter residue was rinsed three times with 3 ml of DCM. The
filtrate was evaporated and the residue was purified by HPLC
(Waters column, with Xterra MS C18; eluent: [(0.5% NH.sub.4OAc in
H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)]/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN (0 min) 75/25/0,
(10 min) 0/50/50, (16 min) 0/0/100, (18.10-20.00 min) 75/25/0). The
product fractions were collected and the organic solvent was
evaporated. The aqueous concentrates were partitioned between DCM
and an aqueous Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 solution. The combined organic
layers were separated, dried, filtered and the filtrate was blown
dry under nitrogen at 50.degree. C. The residue was dried (vacuum,
60.degree. C.), yielding compound (220).
EXAMPLE B.24
[0218] N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.0010 mol) was added to a
mixture of
.alpha.-phenyl-4-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl]-
amino]phenyl]-1-piperidine-acetic acid monohydrochloride (as
prepared in Example B.16.a) (0.000084 mol) in DCM (4 ml). Ethanol
(0.00017 mol) and
1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-tetrafluoroborate(1-)-1H-benzotriazolium
3-oxide (TBTU) (0.00013 mol) were added. The reaction mixture was
stirred for 75 hours at room temperature. Water (1 ml) was added.
The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, then filtered through
Extrelut.TM., rinsed 3 times with DCM (3 ml each time) and the
filtrate was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in DCM, washed
with 1 ml of 1 N HCl, filtered through Extrelut.TM. and the
filtrate was washed with a saturated aqueous NaHCO.sub.3 solution
(1 ml). This mixture was filtered through Extrelut.TM.. The
filtrate was collected, and the filter residue was washed with DCM
(2.times.4 ml). The filtrate was evaporated. Each residue was
purified by HPLC (Waters column, with Xterra MS C18; eluent: [(0.5%
NH.sub.4OAc in H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)]/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN
(0 min) 75/25/0, (10 min) 0/50/50, (16 min) 0/0/100, (18.10-20.00
min) 75/25/0). The product fractions were collected and the organic
solvent was evaporated. The aqueous concentrates were partitioned
between DCM and an aqueous Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 solution. The combined
organic layers were separated, dried, filtered and the filtrate was
blown dry under nitrogen at 50.degree. C. The residue was dried
(vacuum, 60.degree. C.), yielding compound (222).
EXAMPLE B.25
[0219] a) A mixture of compound (39) (0.0014 mol) in concentrated
HCl (25 ml) and dioxane (20 ml) was stirred and refluxed for 4
hours, cooled and poured out into water. The mixture was extracted
with DCM. The organic layer was separated, dried, filtered and the
solvent was evaporated. The residue was triturated in DIPE. The
precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 0.48 g of
.alpha.-phenyl-1-[4-[[[4'-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl]carbonyl]-
amino]phenyl]-4-piperidineacetic acid (intermediate 26) (mp.
196.degree. C.). b) Ethylbromide (1.2 equivalent, 0.00010 mol) was
added to a mixture of intermediate (26) (0.000084 mol) in DMF (5
ml) and Cs.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.00018 mol) and the reaction mixture was
stirred for 3 hours at 70.degree. C. The solvent was evaporated.
The residue was partitioned between water and DCM. The extract's
solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by HPLC (Waters
column, with Xterra MS C18; eluent: [(0.5% NH.sub.4OAc in
H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)]/CH.sub.3CN (0 min) 85/15, (10 min)
10/90, (16 min) 0/100, (18.10-20.00 min) 85/15). The product
fractions were collected and the organic solvent was evaporated.
The aqueous concentrates were extracted and the extract's solvent
was evaporated, yielding compound (243).
EXAMPLE B.26
[0220] Acetyl chloride (0.0007 mol) was added to resin (XI)
(0.00011 mol) in DCM (4 ml). N,N-dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (0.00011
mol) was added. N,N-diisopropyl-ethylamine (0.0011 mol) was added
and the reaction mixture was shaken overnight at room temperature.
The mixture was filtered and the filter residue was washed with
DCM, methanol, DCM, methanol, CHDCM2Cl2, methanol, and DCM.
TFA/TIS/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (49/2/49) (4 ml) was added and the mixture
was shaken for 2 hours at room temperature. The mixture was
filtered, More TFA/TIS/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (49/2/49) (2 ml) was added
and the mixture was shaken for 15 minutes, then filtered and the
filter residue was washed with DCM (2 ml). The filtrates were blown
dry under nitrogen. The residue was purified by HPLC over Purospher
Star RP-18 (20 g, 5 .mu.m; eluent: ((0.5% NH.sub.4OAc in
H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN (0 min) 75/25/0,
(10.00 min) 0/50/50, (16.00 min) 0/0/100, (18.10-20 min) 75/25/0).
The desired fractions were collected and the organic solvent was
evaporated. The aqueous concentrate was extracted and the extract's
solvent was evaporated, yielding 0.001 g of compound (253).
EXAMPLE B.27
[0221] Methanol (0.5 ml) was added to resin (XII) (0.0002 mol) in
DCM (4 ml). N,N-dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (0.0002 mol) was added.
DIPEA (0.002 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was shaken for
18 hours at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and the
filter residue was washed with DCM (3.times.), methanol (3.times.),
DCM (3.times.), methanol (3.times.), DCM (3.times.), methanol
(3.times.), DCM (3 x). TFA/TIS/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (49/2/49) (4 ml)
was added and the mixture was shaken for 2 hours at room
temperature. The mixture was filtered, More
TFA/TIS/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (49/2/49) (2 ml) was added and the mixture
was shaken for 15 minutes, then filtered and the filter residue was
washed with DCM (2 ml). The filtrates were blown dry under
nitrogen. The residue was purified by HPLC over Purospher Star
RP-18 (20 g, 5 .mu.m; eluent: ((0.5% NH.sub.4OAc in
H.sub.2O)/CH.sub.3CN 90/10)/CH.sub.3OH/CH.sub.3CN (0 min) 75/25/0,
(10.00 min) 0/50/50, (16.00 min) 0/0/100, (18.10-20 min) 75/25/0).
The desired fractions were collected and the organic solvent was
evaporated. The aqueous concentrate was extracted and the extract's
solvent was evaporated, yielding 0.002 g of compound (251).
EXAMPLE B.28
[0222] A mixture of intermediate (31) (0.0006 mol), ethylamine
hydrochloride (0.0015 mol), EDCI (0.0007 mol), HOBT (0.0007 mol)
and triethylamine (0.0015 mol) in DCM (10 ml) was stirred at room
temperature overnight. Water was added. The mixture was extracted
with DCM. The organic layer was separated, dried, filtered, and the
solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column
chromatography over kromasil (eluent: DCM). The pure fractions were
collected and the solvent was evaporated, yielding 0.034 g of
compound (276).
EXAMPLE B.29
[0223] A mixture of intermediate (29) (0.0045 mol), 3-thienyl
boronic acid (0.036 mol), PdCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2 (0.0009 mol)
and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.072 mol) in dioxane (50 ml) was stirred and
refluxed for 30 minutes. Water was added. The mixture was extracted
with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, dried,
filtered, and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified
by column chromatography over silica gel (eluent: DCM/ethyl acetate
90/10). The pure fractions were collected and the solvent was
evaporated, yielding compound (267) (mp. 150.degree. C.).
EXAMPLE B.30
[0224] A mixture of intermediate (29) (0.0025 mol), 3-pyridinyl
boronic acid (0.02 mol), PdCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2 (0.005 mol)
and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.04 mol) in dioxane (30 ml) was stirred and
refluxed for 3 hours. Water was added. The mixture was extracted
with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, dried,
filtered, and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified
by column chromatography over silica gel (eluent:
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/CH.sub.3OH/NH.sub.4OH 97/3/0.1), yielding compound
(270) (mp. 194.degree. C.).
[0225] Table F-1 lists the polyarylcarboxamide compounds of the
present invention, together with their detailed formulae, that were
prepared according to one of the above examples B.1 to B.20. In
this table, the abbreviation ".C.sub.2HF.sub.3O.sub.2" stands for
the trifluoroacetate salt, ".C.sub.3H.sub.8O" stands for the
2-propanolate salt, and ".CH.sub.4O" stands for the methanolate
salt of the said compound.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE F-1 ##STR00036## ##STR00037## Co. No. 1; Ex.
B.1; mp. 208.degree. C. Co. No. 38; Ex. B.7;
.C.sub.2HF.sub.3O.sub.2 ##STR00038## ##STR00039## Co. No. 40; Ex.
B.9; mp. 143.degree. C. Co. No. 81; Ex. B.14; mp. 195.degree. C.
##STR00040## ##STR00041## Co. No. 68; Ex. B.17 Co. No. 54; Ex.
B.12; mp. 123.degree. C. ##STR00042## ##STR00043## Co. No. 55; Ex.
B.12 Co. No. 56 ; Ex. B.12 ##STR00044## ##STR00045## Co. No.57; Ex.
B.12 Co. No.58; Ex. B.12 ##STR00046## ##STR00047## Co. No. 59 ; Ex.
B.12 Co. No. 60; Ex. B.12 ##STR00048## ##STR00049## Co. No. 61; Ex.
B.12; mp. 142.degree. C. Co. No. 62 ; Ex. B.13; mp. 151.degree. C.
##STR00050## ##STR00051## Co. No. 3; Ex. B.2 Co. No. 2; Ex. B.2
##STR00052## ##STR00053## Co. No. 4; Ex. B.2 Co. No. 5; Ex. B.2
##STR00054## ##STR00055## Co. No. 6 ; Ex. B.2 Co. No. 7; Ex. B.2
##STR00056## ##STR00057## Co. No. 8; Ex. B.2 Co. No. 9; Ex. B.2
##STR00058## ##STR00059## Co. No. 10; Ex. B.2 Co. No. 11; Ex. B.2;
mp. 218.degree. C. ##STR00060## ##STR00061## Co. No. 13 ; Ex. B.3
Co. No. 12; Ex. B.3 ##STR00062## ##STR00063## Co. No. 14; Ex. B.3
Co. No. 15; Ex. B.3 ##STR00064## ##STR00065## Co. No. 16; Ex. B.3
Co. No. 17; Ex. B.3 ##STR00066## ##STR00067## Co. No. 18; Ex. B.3
Co. No. 19; Ex. B.3 ##STR00068## ##STR00069## Co. No. 20; Ex. B.3
Co. No. 22 ; Ex. B.4 ##STR00070## ##STR00071## Co. No. 21; Ex. B.4
Co. No. 23; Ex. B.4 ##STR00072## ##STR00073## Co. No. 24; Ex. B.4
Co. No. 25; Ex. B.4 ##STR00074## ##STR00075## Co. No. 26; Ex. B.4
Co. No. 27; Ex. B.4 ##STR00076## ##STR00077## Co. No. 28; Ex. B.4
Co. No. 30 ; Ex. B.5 ##STR00078## ##STR00079## Co. No. 29; Ex. B.5
Co. No. 31; Ex. B.5 ##STR00080## ##STR00081## Co. No. 32; Ex. B.5
Co. No. 33; Ex. B.5 ##STR00082## ##STR00083## Co. No. 34 ; Ex. B.5
Co. No. 35; Ex. B.5 ##STR00084## ##STR00085## Co. No. 36; Ex. B.5
Co. No. 63; Ex. B.15 ##STR00086## ##STR00087## Co. No. 64; Ex. B.15
Co. No. 65; Ex. B.15 ##STR00088## ##STR00089## Co. No. 66; Ex. B.15
Co. No.67 ; Ex. B.15 ##STR00090## ##STR00091## Co. No. 37; Ex. B.6;
.cndot.C.sub.2HF.sub.3O.sub.2 Co. No. 41; Ex. B.10; mp. 138.degree.
C. ##STR00092## ##STR00093## Co. No. 84; Ex. B.17 Co. No. 97; Ex.
B.19 ##STR00094## ##STR00095## Co. No. 82; Ex. B.19 Co. No. 83; Ex.
B.19 ##STR00096## ##STR00097## Co. No. 42; Ex. B.19 Co. No. 43; Ex.
B.19 ##STR00098## ##STR00099## Co. No. 44; Ex. B.19 Co. No. 45; Ex.
B.19 ##STR00100## ##STR00101## Co. No. 46; Ex. B.19 Co. No. 47; Ex.
B.19 ##STR00102## ##STR00103## Co. No. 48; Ex. B.19 Co. No. 49; Ex.
B.19 ##STR00104## ##STR00105## Co. No. 52; Ex. B.11 Co. No. 85; Ex.
B.18 ##STR00106## ##STR00107## Co. No. 86; Ex. B.18 Co. No. 87; Ex.
B.18 ##STR00108## ##STR00109## Co. No. 88; Ex. B.18 Co. No. 89; Ex.
B.18 ##STR00110## ##STR00111## Co. No. 90; Ex. B.18 Co. No. 91; Ex.
B.18 ##STR00112## ##STR00113## Co. No. 92; Ex. B.18 Co. No. 93; Ex.
B.18 ##STR00114## ##STR00115## Co. No. 94; Ex. B.18 Co. No. 95; Ex.
B.18 ##STR00116## ##STR00117## Co. No. 96; Ex. B.18 Co. No. 69; Ex.
B.16 ##STR00118## ##STR00119## Co. No. 70; Ex. B.16 Co. No. 71; Ex.
B.16 ##STR00120## ##STR00121## Co. No. 72; Ex. B.16 Co. No. 73; Ex.
B.16 ##STR00122## ##STR00123## Co. No. 74; Ex. B.16 Co. No. 75; Ex.
B.16 ##STR00124## ##STR00125## Co. No. 76; Ex. B.16 Co. No. 77; Ex.
B.16 ##STR00126## ##STR00127## Co. No. 78; Ex. B.16 Co. No.79 ; Ex.
B.16 ##STR00128## ##STR00129## Co. No. 80; Ex. B.16 Co. No. 39; Ex.
B.8 ##STR00130## ##STR00131## Co. No.50 ; Ex. B.19 Co. No. 51; Ex.
B.19 ##STR00132## ##STR00133## Co. No. 53; Ex. B.19 Co. No. 98; Ex.
B.19 ##STR00134## ##STR00135## Co. No. 99; Ex. B.19 Co. No. 100;
Ex. B.19 ##STR00136## ##STR00137## Co. No. 101; Ex. B.19 Co. No.
102; Ex. B.19 ##STR00138## ##STR00139## Co. No. 103; Ex. B.19 Co.
No. 104; Ex. B.19 ##STR00140## ##STR00141## Co. No. 105; Ex. B.19
Co. No. 106; Ex. B.19 ##STR00142## ##STR00143## Co. No. 107; Ex.
B.19 Co. No. 108; Ex. B.19 ##STR00144## ##STR00145## Co. No. 109;
Ex. B.19 Co. No. 110; Ex. B.19 ##STR00146## ##STR00147## Co. No.
111; Ex.B.19 Co. No. 112; Ex.B.19 ##STR00148## ##STR00149## Co. No.
113; Ex. B.19 Co. No. 114; Ex. B.19 ##STR00150## ##STR00151## Co.
No. 115; Ex. B.19 Co. No. 116; Ex.. B.19 ##STR00152## ##STR00153##
Co. No. 117; Ex. B.19 Co. No. 118; Ex. B.19 ##STR00154##
##STR00155## Co. No. 119; Ex. B.20 Co. No. 120; Ex. B.20
##STR00156## ##STR00157## Co. No. 121; Ex. B.20 Co. No. 122; Ex.
B.20 ##STR00158## ##STR00159## Co. No. 123; Ex. B.20 Co. No. 124;
Ex. B.20 ##STR00160## ##STR00161## Co. No. 125; Ex. B.20 Co. No.
126; Ex. B.20 ##STR00162## ##STR00163## Co. No. 127; Ex. B.20 Co.
No. 128; Ex. B.20 ##STR00164## ##STR00165## Co. No. 129; Ex. B.3
Co. No. 130; Ex. B.19 ##STR00166## ##STR00167## Co. No. 131; Ex.
B.17 Co. No. 132; Ex. B.17 ##STR00168## ##STR00169## Co. No. 133;
Ex. B.17 Co. No. 134; Ex. B.18 ##STR00170## ##STR00171## Co. No.
135; Ex. B.18 Co. No. 136; Ex. B.17 ##STR00172## ##STR00173## Co.
No. 137; Ex. B.17 Co. No. 138; Ex. B.17 ##STR00174## ##STR00175##
.cndot.CH.sub.4O (1:1); Co. No. 139; Ex. B.9; Co. No 140; Ex. B. 9;
mp. 231.degree. C. mp. 152.degree. C. ##STR00176## ##STR00177## Co.
No. 141; Ex. B.9 Co. No. 142; Ex. B.9 ##STR00178## ##STR00179## Co.
No. 143; Ex. B.9 Co. No. 144; Ex. B.9; mp. 138.degree. C.
##STR00180## ##STR00181## Co. No. 145; Ex. B.9; mp. 217.degree. C.
Co. No. 146; Ex. B.9; mp. 136.degree. C. ##STR00182## ##STR00183##
Co. No. 147; Ex. B.9; mp. 132.degree. C. .cndot.C.sub.3H.sub.8O
(1:1); Co. No. 148; Ex. B.9 ##STR00184## ##STR00185## Co. No. 149;
Ex. B.9; mp. 125.degree. C. .cndot.HCl (1:2); Co. No. 150; Ex. B.9;
mp. 151.degree. C. ##STR00186## ##STR00187## Co. No. 151; Ex. B.9
Co. No. 152; Ex. B.9 ##STR00188## ##STR00189## Co. No. 153; Ex. B.9
Co. No. 154; Ex. B.9 ##STR00190## ##STR00191## Co. No. 155; Ex. B.9
Co. No. 156; Ex. B.9 ##STR00192## ##STR00193## Co. No. 157; Ex.
B.8; mp. 174.degree. C. .cndot.HCl (1:2) .cndot.H.sub.2O (1:1); Co.
No. 158; Ex. B.9
##STR00194## ##STR00195## Co. No. 159; Ex. B.22 Co. No. 160; Ex.
B.22 ##STR00196## ##STR00197## Co. No. 161; Ex. B.9 Co. No. 162;
Ex. B.9 ##STR00198## ##STR00199## Co. No. 163; Ex. B.9 Co. No. 164;
Ex. B.9 ##STR00200## ##STR00201## Co. No. 165; Ex. B.9 Co. No. 166;
Ex. B.9 ##STR00202## ##STR00203## Co. No. 167; Ex. B.9 Co. No. 168;
Ex. B.9 ##STR00204## ##STR00205## Co. No. 169; Ex. B.9 Co. No. 170;
Ex. B.9 ##STR00206## ##STR00207## Co. No. 171; Ex. B.9 Co. No. 172;
Ex. B.12 ##STR00208## ##STR00209## Co. No. 173; Ex. B.12 Co. No.
174; Ex. B.12 ##STR00210## ##STR00211## Co. No. 175; Ex. B.12 Co.
No. 176; Ex. B.12 ##STR00212## ##STR00213## Co. No. 177; Ex. B.12
Co. No. 178; Ex. B.12 ##STR00214## ##STR00215## Co. No. 179; Ex.
B.12 Co. No. 180; Ex. B.16; mp. 192.degree. C. ##STR00216##
##STR00217## Co. No. 181; Ex. B.16; mp. 142.degree. C. .cndot.HCl
(1:1); Co. No. 182; Ex. B.9 ##STR00218## ##STR00219## .cndot.HCl
(1:1); Co. No. 183; Ex. B.9 Co. No. 184; Ex. B.22 ##STR00220##
##STR00221## Co. No. 185; Ex. B.22 Co. No. 186; Ex. B.22
##STR00222## ##STR00223## Co. No. 187; Ex. B.22 Co. No. 188; Ex.
B.22 ##STR00224## ##STR00225## Co. No. 189; Ex. B.22 Co. No. 190;
Ex. B.22 ##STR00226## ##STR00227## Co. No. 191; Ex. B.22 Co. No.
192; Ex. B.22 ##STR00228## ##STR00229## Co. No. 193; Ex. B.22 Co.
No. 194; Ex. B.22 ##STR00230## ##STR00231## Co. No. 195; Ex. B.22
Co. No. 196; Ex. B.22 ##STR00232## ##STR00233## Co. No. 197; Ex.
B.22 Co. No. 198; Ex. B.22 ##STR00234## ##STR00235## Co. No. 199;
Ex. B.22 Co. No. 200; Ex. B.22 ##STR00236## ##STR00237## Co. No.
201; Ex. B.22 Co. No. 202; Ex. B.22 ##STR00238## ##STR00239##
.cndot.HCl (1:1) .cndot.C.sub.3H.sub.8O (1:1); Co. No. 203; Co. No.
204; Ex. B.22 Ex. B.8 ##STR00240## ##STR00241## Co. No. 205; Ex.
B.22 Co. No. 206; Ex. B.22 ##STR00242## ##STR00243## Co. No. 207;
Ex. B.22 Co. No. 208; Ex. B.22 ##STR00244## ##STR00245## Co. No.
209; Ex. B.22 Co. No. 210; Ex. B.22 ##STR00246## ##STR00247## Co.
No. 211; Ex. B.22 Co. No. 212; Ex. B.22 ##STR00248## ##STR00249##
Co. No. 213; Ex. B.22 Co. No. 214; Ex. B.22 ##STR00250##
##STR00251## Co. No. 215; Ex. B.22 Co. No. 216; Ex. B.22
##STR00252## ##STR00253## Co. No. 217; Ex. B.22 Co. No. 218; Ex.
B.22 ##STR00254## ##STR00255## Co. No. 219; Ex. B.22 Co. No. 220;
Ex. B.23 ##STR00256## ##STR00257## Co. No. 221; Ex. B.23 Co. No.
222; Ex. B.24 ##STR00258## ##STR00259## Co. No. 223; Ex. B.24 Co.
No. 224; Ex. B.24 ##STR00260## ##STR00261## Co. No. 225; Ex. B.24
Co. No. 226; Ex. B.24 ##STR00262## ##STR00263## Co. No. 227; Ex.
B.24 Co. No. 228; Ex. B.24 ##STR00264## ##STR00265## (-); Co. No.
229; Ex. B.21; mp. 158.degree. C.; (+); Co. No. 230; Ex. B.21; mp.
160.degree. C.; [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.20 = -28.86.degree. (c = 24.95
mg/5 ml in [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.20 = +27.69.degree. (c = 24.38 mg/5
ml in CH.sub.3OH) CH.sub.3OH) ##STR00266## ##STR00267## Co. No.
231; Ex. B.17 Co. No. 232; Ex. B.17 ##STR00268## ##STR00269## Co.
No. 233; Ex. B.17 Co. No. 234; Ex. B.17 ##STR00270## ##STR00271##
Co. No. 235; Ex. B.17 Co. No. 236; Ex. B.17 ##STR00272##
##STR00273## Co. No. 237; Ex. B.17 Co. No. 238; Ex. B.17
##STR00274## ##STR00275## (A); Co. No. 239; Ex. B.9 (B); Co. No.
240; Ex. B.9 ##STR00276## ##STR00277## (A); Co. No. 241; Ex. B.8
(B); Co. No. 242; Ex. B.8 ##STR00278## ##STR00279## Co. No. 243;
Ex. B.25 Co. No. 244; Ex. B.25 ##STR00280## ##STR00281## Co. No.
245; Ex. B.25 Co. No. 246; Ex. B.25 ##STR00282## ##STR00283## Co.
No. 247; Ex. B.25 Co. No. 248; Ex. B.25 ##STR00284## ##STR00285##
Co. No. 249; Ex. B.25 Co. No. 250; Ex. B.25 ##STR00286##
##STR00287## Co. No. 251; Ex. B.27 Co. No. 252; Ex. B.27
##STR00288## ##STR00289## Co. No. 253; Ex. B.26 Co. No. 254; Ex.
B.2 ##STR00290## ##STR00291## Co. No. 255; Ex. B.2 Co. No. 256; Ex.
B.2 ##STR00292## ##STR00293## Co. No. 257; Ex. B.2 Co. No. 258; Ex.
B.9 ##STR00294## ##STR00295## Co. No. 259; Ex. B.9 Co. No. 260; Ex.
B.9 ##STR00296## ##STR00297## Co. No. 261; Ex. B.9 Co. No. 262; Ex.
B.9 ##STR00298## ##STR00299## Co. No. 263; Ex. B.9 (-); Co. No.
264; Ex. B.24; mp. 147.degree. C.; [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.20 =
-18.03.degree. (c = 24.51 mg/5 ml in CH.sub.3OH) ##STR00300##
##STR00301## (+); Co. No. 265; Ex. B.24; mp. 142.degree. C.; Co.
No. 266; Ex. B.24 [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.20 = +15.76.degree. (c =
25.70 mg/5 ml in CH.sub.3OH) ##STR00302## ##STR00303## Co. No. 267;
Ex. B.29; mp. 150.degree. C. Co. No. 268; Ex. B.9; mp. 114.degree.
C. ##STR00304## ##STR00305## Co. No. 269; Ex. B.29; mp. 90.degree.
C. Co. No. 270; Ex. B.30; mp. 194.degree. C. ##STR00306##
##STR00307## Co. No. 271; Ex. B.29; mp. 60.degree. C. Co. No. 272;
Ex. B.28; mp. 114.degree. C. ##STR00308## ##STR00309## Co. No. 273;
Ex. B.30 Co. No. 274; Ex. B.28 ##STR00310## ##STR00311## Co. No.
275; Ex. B.28 Co. No. 276; Ex. B.28
C. Pharmacological Examples
[0226] C.1. Quantification of the secretion of ApoB.
[0227] HepG2 cells were cultured in 24-well plates in Minimal
Essential Medium Rega 3 containing 10% fetal calf serum. Rega 3 has
the following composition: CaCl.sub.2 (264 .mu.g/ml), KCl (400
.mu.g/ml), MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2O (200 .mu.g/ml), NaCl (6800
.mu.g/ml), NaHCO.sub.3 (850 .mu.g/ml), NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4.H.sub.2O
(158 .mu.g/ml), D-glucose (1000 .mu.g/ml), phenol red (10
.mu.g/ml), L-alanine (8.9 .mu.g/ml), L-arginine HCl (12 .mu.g/ml),
L-asparagine.H.sub.2O (15 .mu.g/ml), L-aspartic acid (13.3
.mu.g/ml), L-cystine (24 .mu.g/ml), L-glutamic acid (14.7
.mu.g/ml), glycine (7.5 .mu.g/ml), L-histidine.HCl .H.sub.2O (42
.mu.g/ml), L-isoleucine (52 .mu.g/ml), L-leucine (52 .mu.g/ml),
L-lysine.HCl (72.5 .mu.g/ml), L-methionine (15 .mu.g/ml),
L-phenylalanine (32 .mu.g/ml), L-proline (11.5 .mu.g/ml), L-serine
(10.5 .mu.g/ml), L-threonine (48 .mu.g/ml), L-tryptophan (10
.mu.g/ml), L-tyrosine (36 .mu.g/ml), L-valine (46 .mu.g/ml), D-Ca
pantothenate (1 .mu.g/ml), choline chloride (1 .mu.g/ml), folic
acid (1 .mu.g/ml), 1-enositol (2 .mu.g/ml), nicotinamide (1
.mu.g/ml), pyridoxal HCl (1 .mu.g/ml), riboflavin (0.1 .mu.g/ml)
and thiamine HCl (1 .mu.g/ml).
[0228] At 70% confluency, the medium was changed and the test
compound or carrier (dimethylsulfoxide, 0.4% final concentration)
was added. After 24 hours of incubation, the medium was transferred
to Eppendorf tubes and cleared by centrifugation. A sheep antibody
directed against either apo B was added to the supernatant and the
mixture was kept at 8.degree. C. for 24 hours. Then, rabbit
anti-sheep antibody was added and the immune complex was allowed to
precipitate for 24 hours at 8.degree. C. The immunoprecipitate was
pelleted by centrifugation for 25 minutes at 1320 g and washed
twice with a buffer containing 40 mM 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic
acid, 40 mM NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4, 100 mM NaF, 0.2 mM dithiothreitol, 5
mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, 5 mM ethylenebis
(oxyethylenenitrilo) tetraacetic acid, 1% Triton-X-100, 0.5% sodium
deoxycholate, 0.1% sodium dodecylsulphate, 0.2 .mu.M leupeptin and
0.2 .mu.M phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride. Radioactivity in the
pellet was quantified by liquid scintillation counting.
[0229] Resulting IC.sub.50 values are enumerated in Table C.1 for a
number of compounds No. 1 to No. 123.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE C.1 Co. No. pIC.sub.50 1 8.103 2 6.974 3 7.591
4 5.523 5 6.802 6 6.967 7 6.583 8 7.221 9 6.655 10 6.618 11 8.335
12 6.636 13 7.523 14 5.523 15 6.688 16 7.077 17 6.702 18 6.687 19
6.578 20 6.005 21 6.611 22 6.984 23 5.523 24 6.072 25 6.542 26
6.561 27 5.885 28 6.115 29 5.523 30 6.782 31 5.894 32 5.621 33
5.523 34 5.809 35 5.523 36 7.523 37 7.507 38 8.179 39 7.791 40
7.586 41 7.666 42 5.523 43 5.751 44 5.981 45 5.523 46 6.336 47
6.702 48 6.198 49 6.627 50 7.028 51 7.163 52 6.531 53 8.736 54
8.103 55 7.523 56 7.523 57 8.121 58 7.523 59 7.523 60 7.523 61
8.414 62 7.19 63 6.912 64 6.799 65 6.62 66 7.099 67 6.608 68 7.523
69 8.051 70 7.523 71 7.987 72 7.523 73 8.216 74 7.523 75 7.943 76
7.286 77 7.523 78 7.488 79 7.301 80 6.448 81 6.749 82 7.011 83
7.364 84 7.1 85 6.888 86 7.075 87 8.688 88 7.523 89 6.44 90 7.851
91 8.061 92 7.199 93 7.141 94 7.356 95 7.523 96 7.493 97 6.63 98
7.237 99 7.523 99 8.062 100 7.935 101 6.684 102 7.732 103 7.133 104
8.1 105 7.043 106 6.6 107 6.535 108 6.725 109 5.833 110 6.8 111
6.655 112 6.363 113 6.938 114 6.078 115 5.766 116 6.414 117 6.916
118 6.895 119 6.757 120 6.447 121 5.676 122 6.383 123 6.618 129
5.557 130 6.444 131 6.38 132 7.299 133 <5.523 134 7.185 135
6.826 136 6.829 137 5.752 138 7.003 139 7.065 140 7.693 141 7.601
142 6.944 143 6.631 144 6.695 145 6.732 146 6.467 147 6.542 148
7.219 149 7.38 150 6.761 151 6.213 152 7.025 153 5.809 154 5.634
156 6.915 157 6.97 158 7.671 159 6.973 160 7.489 161 7.162 162
7.015 163 6.602 164 7 165 7.482 166 7.444 167 >7.523 168 6.881
174 7.035 175 >7.523 176 6.873 177 6.583 178 7.465 179 6.395 180
6.945 181 8.48 182 8.118 183 7.666 184 8.505 185 7.312 186 6.698
187 7.386 188 8 189 6.979 190 8.193 191 8.143 192 6.802 193 6.629
194 7.367 195 7.047 196 6.999 197 7.783 198 7.136 200 7.096 201
>7.523 202 6.736 203 8.333 204 6.369 205 7.323 206 6.106 207
>7.523 208 8.126 209 8.099 210 6.316 211 7.702 212 >7.523 213
>7.523 214 >7.523 215 >7.523 216 7.327 217 5.57 218
>7.523 219 7.105 220 >7.523 221 >7.523 222 7.716 223 6.432
224 6.254 225 7.17 227 6.727 229 7.409 230 8.31 231 >7.523 232
>7.523 233 >7.523 234 >7.523 235 >7.523 236 7.663 237
>7.523 238 7.824 239 7.855 240 7.982 241 7.578 242 8.133 243
>7.523 245 6.28 246 6.762 247 <5.523 248 7.164 249 <5.523
250 6.632 251 8.016 252 7.915 253 6.887 254 7.541 255 8.298 256
7.821 257 7.857 258 6.856 259 6.377
260 >7.523 261 6.129 262 6.253 263 6.555 266 7.591
C.2. MTP Assay
[0230] MTP activity was measured using an assay similar to one
described by J. R. Wetterau and D. B. Zilversmit in Chemistry and
Physics of Lipids (1985) 38, 205-222. In order to prepare the donor
and acceptor vesicles, the appropriate lipids in chloroform were
put into a glass test tube and dried under a stream of nitrogen. A
buffer containing 15 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM ethylenediamine
tetra-acetic acid, 40 mM NaCl, 0.02% NaN.sub.3 (assay buffer) was
added to the dried lipid. The mixture was vortexed briefly and the
lipids were then allowed to hydrate for 20 minutes on ice. Vesicles
were then prepared by bath sonication (using a Branson 2200 device)
at room temperature for at most 15 minutes. Butylated
hydroxytoluene was included in all vesicle preparations at a
concentration of 0.1%. The lipid transfer assay mixture contained
donor vesicles (40 nmole phosphatidylcholine, 7.5 mole %
cardiolipin and 0.25 mole % glycerol tri [1-.sup.14C]-oleate),
acceptor vesicles (240 nmol phosphatidylcholine) and 5 mg bovine
serum albumin in a total volume of 675 .mu.l in a 1.5 ml
microcentrifuge tube. Test compounds were added dissolved in
dimethylsulfoxide (0.13% final concentration). After 5 minutes of
pre-incubation at 37.degree. C., the reaction was started by the
addition of MTP in 100 .mu.l of a dialysis buffer. The reaction was
stopped by the addition of 400 .mu.l diethylaminoalkyl (DEAE)-52
cellulose (Sephadex) pre-equilibrated in 15 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1
mM ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid and 0.02% NaN.sub.3 (1:1
volume/volume). The mixture was agitated for 4 minutes and
centrifuged for 2 minutes at maximum speed in an Eppendorf
centrifuge (4.degree. C.) to pellet the DEAE-52-bound donor
vesicles. An aliquot of the supernatant containing the acceptor
liposomes was counted and the [.sup.14C]-counts were used to
calculate the percent triglyceride transfer from donor to acceptor
vesicles.
Resulting IC.sub.50 values are enumerated in Table C.2 for some of
the above-referred compounds.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE C.2 Co. No. pIC.sub.50 1 7.864 3 7.735 6 6.703
7 6.44 10 <5.523 11 8.136 16 6.682 39 7.922 40 8.344 41 8.063 54
8.269 55 8.37 57 8.163 58 7.799 60 8.082 61 8.32 62 7.98 75 8.077
87 8.495 199 8.334 203 8.682 222 8.075 229 7.279 230 8.439 232
7.602 239 8.703 241 7.985 242 7.94 264 7.497 265 8.25
* * * * *